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1911. NEW ZEALAND

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS: REPORT ON THE DUNE-AREAS OF NEW ZEALAND, THEIR GEOLOGY, BOTANY, AND RECLAMATION. By L. COCKAYNE, Ph.D., F.L.S.

Presenter] to hnth Houses nf the General Assembly by ('nmmnnd of His Excellency.

INDEX To_ CONTENTS. Introduction. i „•■, Part I. The Geologi \nt> Botany or the page Dunks continued. (a.) General remarks .. .. .. ..3 (6.) Objects of dune-culture 4 [. Geofoffy-continued. (c.) Previous investigations of New Zealand dunes .. 6 <'■' lnUm l ''." K '- s . .•• " " •• j° (A) The dune-areas of New Zealand .. .. 6 <!• ™'?"! C pla V>f'' " "I* (v.) The Canterbury Plain .. ..18 (iii.) Central Otago .. .. ..18 Part I. I'm: GEOLOQY and Botany ok thk Dunks. 11. Botany. I. Geokxjj. (A.) Ecological botany .. .. .. ..19 (a.) General .. .. .. .. .. 1 (a.) General remarks .. .. ..19 (b.) The material of dunes, and its origin .. ..7 (6.) Conditions for plant-life .. ..19 (i.) Origin of dune-sand .. .. ..7 (i.) General .. .. ..19 (ii.) Material of dunes .. .. ..8 (ii.) Climatic factors .. ..19 (iii.) Form of the sand-grains .. ..8 (a.) Wind .. .. ..19 (r.) Dune-building on the coast .. .. .. 9 (0.) Heat (partly considered in (i.) General .. .. .. ..9 relation with the soil) .. 20 (ii.) Movement of sand by the wind .. 9 (7.) Light .. .. ..21 (iii.) Sand-ripples .. .. ..9 (5.) Moisture .. ..21 (iv.) Plants as dune-builders .. ..10 (iii.) The soil factor .. ..21 (v.) Effect of obstacles .. .. ..10 (iv.) The topographical factor .. 22 (a.) General .. .. ..10 (v.) The plant-covering factor .. 22 (0.) Solid obstacles .. ..10 (vi.) The animal factor .. ..22 (7.) Flexible open obstacle* . . .. 11 (vii.) Fire . . .. .. ..22 (J.) Inflexible open obstacles .. 11 if.) The most characteristic plants, their (vi.) Stratification of dunes .. .. 11 . growth-forms, and adaptations .. 22 (vii.) Effect of climate .. .. ..II .(J.) General .. .. ..22 (d.) Tho foreduue ..' .. .. ..11 (ii.) The leading dune-plants .. 23 («.) General topography of a dune-arc ;i in .New 'Ana.- (a.) Sand-binders .. ..23 land .. .. -. ..12 (a.) Major .. ..23 (/.) Movements of dunes and dune-sand .. ..12 (b.) Minor .. ..23 (i.) General .. .. .. ..12 (/S.) Sand-collectors .. ..23 (ii.) Wind as a destructive; agent .. .. 13 (a.) Major .. .. 23 (iii.) Dune-wandering .. ..14 (b.) Minor ..23 (iv.) Sand-drifting .. ..14 (7.) Wet-ground plants .. 23 (g.) Land-forms of the dune-area .. .. 15 (iii.) Descriptions of plants .. ..23 (i.) Dunes .. .. .. ..15 (a.) Spinifex hirxnln.i .. 24 (a.) Dane-ridges .. .. ..15 (/S.) Scirpua frondoatw .. 24 (j3.) Isolated hills .. .. ..18 (7-) Euphorbia glaum .. 24 (7.) Mounds .. .. ..15 (S.) Calystegia Soldanella .. 24 (5.) Wandering dunes .. ..15 (c.) Carer pwmSa .. ..24 (c.) Cliff-dunes .. .. ..16 (£.) Arundo compicva .. 25 (a.) The under cliff-dune ..16 (>;.) Coprosma acerosa .. 25 (b.) The upper cliff-dune ..16 (1.) Pimelea arenaria.. 25 (ii.) Sandspits .. .. ..16 (<c.) The dune species of Cassinia 26 (iii.) Sand-plains .. .. ..16 l\.) Festuea littoralis.. .. 26 (iv.) Quicksands .. .. ..17 (M-) Calamagro&tis Billardieri .. 26 (v.) Swamps .. .. .. ..17 («•) Scirpus nodosus .. ..26 (vi.) Lakes and ponds .. .. ..I" (0.) Leplocarpus ..implex .. 26 (A.) The virgin dunes .. .. ..17 (ir.) Gunnera arenaria .. 26 («'.) Effect of man, &c, on the dunes .. ..17 [d.) Methods of spreading of dune-plants 26