MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (THIRTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1933. Prepared by Direction of the Minister of External Affairs for the Information of the League of Nations, pursuant to Article 6 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1933 Session I, A-04

A.—4

1933. NEW ZEALAND.

MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA (THIRTEENTH REPORT OF THE GOVERNMENT OF NEW ZEALAND ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF) FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1933. Prepared by Direction of the Minister of External Affairs for the Information of the League of Nations, pursuant to Article 6 of the Mandate and Article 22 of the Covenant.

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

Sir,— Prime Minister's Office, Wellington, N.Z., 21st July, 1933. I have the honour to forward herewith the Thirteenth Annual Report on the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa for the year ended 31st March, 1933. This Report has been prepared by the Administrator of Western Samoa, and adopted by the New Zealand Government as its report for the purposes of Article 6 of the Mandate, and in conformity with Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. A copy has been forwarded direct to each member of the Permanent Mandates Commission, and 120 additional copies have been despatched to you under., separate cover. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, J. G. Coates, The Secretary-General, League of Nations, Geneva. Acting Prime Minister.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. PAGE. I.—lntroductory .. .. .. .. ~ .. .. 2 ll.— Status of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 111. —Status of the Population .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 LV.—lnternational Relations .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 V. —General Administration .. .. .. .. .. ;{ VI. —Public Finance .. .. .. .. .. . , ...5 VII. —Direct Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Vlll.—lndirect Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 IX.—Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 X.—.Judicial Organization .. .. .. .. .. 10 XI. —Police and Prisons .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11 Xll.—Defence of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. ..11 Xlll.—Arms and Ammunition .. .. .. .. .. ..11 XIV. —Social Condition of the Natives .. .. .. .. ..11 XV.—Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 XVl.—Freedom of Conscience .. .. .. .. .. 12 XVll.—Education .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 XVIII. —Liquor and Drugs .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 XlX.—Health .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..15 XX.—Land Tenure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 XXI. —Forests and Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. 17 XXll.—Mines .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..18 XXlll.—Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 18 XXlV.—Public Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 Appendices : Charts — Values of Import, Export, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1910-1932 .. 19 Details of Quantities of Exports, 1920-1932 .. .. .. .. .. 20 Native Copra Production, 1901-1932 .. .. .. .. .. 21 Map : Western Samoa, with Inset showing Geographical Position of the Territory .. 23

I—A. 4.

A.—4

I.—INTRODUCTORY. The report this year has been altered to bring it more into conformity with the reports supplied to the Council of the League in respect of other mandated territories. An endeavour has been made to group under one heading all references to the same subject, and it is believed the new arrangement of contents will be an advantage. In compiling this report special attention has been given to the matters considered by the Permanent Mandates Commission during the examination, in the course of its twenty-second session, of the report for 1931-32, and in particular to those questions where additional information was requested. In order to facilitate reference an index is given below showing where such information may be found : —

Western Samoa lies between latitudes 13° and 15° south, and longitudes 171° and 173° west, and consists of the two main islands, Savai'i and Upolu, and the smaller islets of Apolima, Manono, Fanuatapu, Namua, Nuutele, Nuulua, and Nuusafee. The Group has a linear disposition in a direction from west-north-west to east-south-east, along which line Savai'i has a length of forty-seven miles, its greatest breadth being twenty-seven miles ; the Apolima Strait occupies about eight miles, and Upolu has a length of forty-seven miles, its greatest breadth being only fifteen miles. All the islands are mountainous, rising to heights of 6,094 ft. in Savai'i and 3,608 ft. in Upolu, the Native population living in villages along the seaboard. The total area is 1,133 square miles. The climate is mild and equable throughout the year. The average temperature during the last ten years has been 79-5° Fahrenheit; the average annual rainfall for the same period was 119-7 in. The Native population is 44,126. The non-Native population is 3,693. lI.—STATUS OF THE TERRITORY. The Territory is administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th December, 1920. lII.— STATUS OF THE POPULATION. The status of the Native inhabitants is defined in documents of travel as " British protected persons, Natives of Western Samoa." Pursuant to a resolution adopted by the Council of the League of Nations on the 23rd April, 1923, provision for individual inhabitants of the Territory to voluntarily obtain British naturalization was enacted ; certificates of naturalization have been granted to sixteen Native Samoans, and to fourteen others. IV.—INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS. (a) International Conventions. The General International Conventions that have been applied to Western Samoa were described in the report for 1931-32 (page 24). There has been no addition during the year under review. A list of Bi-lateral Agreements extended to the Territory was published in the minutes of the twenty-second session of the Permanent Mandates Commission (page 72), and, similarly, there is no addition to report. (b) Economic Equality. Save as to the protection afforded to Native Samoans in the inalienability of Native land, and their exemption from personal tax, there are no derogations from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions, land-tenure, or direct or indirect taxation ; the question of mining rights does not apply. There is a preference in Customs import duties of 7| per cent, in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported, export trade, or shipping. Immigration is governed by the Samoa Immigration Order, 1930.

2

Minutes of Twenty-second Kenort for WS2 <n Session, Permanent Report, lor L\*6£-A6. Subject. Mandates Commission. Page. Chapter. Page. Anthropological and botanical research .. .. .. .. 77 XIV 12 Banana trade.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 75, 76, 368 IX 9 Conventions and treaties .. .. .. .. .. 72, 75, 313 IV 2 Form of annual reports .. . . . . .. .. 75, 78 12 Infant-mortality .. .. .. .. .. .. 78, 368 XIX 16 Justice .. .. . . . . .. .. .. 73-75, 368 V 3 Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 77 XV 12 Medical work of missions .. .. .. .. .. 78 XIX 16 Native medical practitioners . . .. ., .. .. 78 XIX 16 Schools statistics .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 XVII 13 Yaws .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 78, 368 XIX 15

A.—4

V.—GENERAL ADMINISTRATION. The executive government of Western Samoa is vested in His Majesty the King in the same manner as if the Territory were part of His Majesty's dominions. The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of External Affairs of New Zealand. The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament, or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinances passed by the local Legislative Council, which consists of six official members, two unofficial members elected by the taxable male adult European community, and two nominated members representative of the Native race. Two sessions of the Legislative Council were held during the year, one before and one after the triennial election of European unofficial members held on the 9th November, 1932, when the Honourables I. H. Carruthers and A. R. Cobcroft were returned. The following legislative measures have been brought into force since last report:— In New Zealand— The Samoa Importation and Exportation of Coinage Order, 1932. The Samoa Legislative Council (Elective Membership) Amendment Order, 1932. The Samoa Treasury Regulations Amendment Order, 1933. The New Zealand Reparation Estates Amendment Order, 1932. In Samoa — No. 1/1932.—The Stamp Duty Ordinance. No. 2/1932.—The General Laws (No. 2) Ordinance. No. 3/1932. —The Building Alignment Ordinance. No. 4/1932.™ The Port Control Ordinance. Regulations under the Road Traffic Ordinance, 1931. Western Samoa Gazette No. 73. Board of Health Regulations No. 10, as to Importation of Goods from the State of California. Western Samoa Gazette No. 74. Copies of all these measures have been furnished to the Permanent Mandates Commission. Statutory recognition is given to the Faipule, Native representatives who meet in Fono twice annually and confer with the Administrator in an advisory capacity. For the purposes of this representation the Territory is divided into thirty-three districts, each district is invited by the Administrator to submit the name of a representative, the person so elected is then confirmed in the appointment of Faipule for a term of three years, when further nominations are invited. The Administrator has the benefit, also, of the advice of two Native chiefs of the highest standing, the Honourables Malietoa Tanumafili, 0.8. E., and Mataafa, the present nominated Native members of the Legislative Council. Native administration is effected through representatives of the Native Affairs Department at Apia and Tuasivi, four district officers in other centres and delegated through part-time district Native officials, of whom the principal are Pulenu'u (village rulers) and Pule Faatoaga (Lands Inspectors). See staff table below. No major changes in general administration have been made during the year. The political situation throughout the Territory has during the year shown steady and satisfactory improvement. Present conditions are indicated by the following table relating to convictions which arose out of the political agitation, covering a period of five years :—

The trade turnover showed a decrease of 7 per cent, compared with a decrease of 35 per cent, the previous year. The revenue for the year exceeded the amount estimated by £7,958, and the expenditure was £151 less than the amount estimated. The financial year closed with a surplus for the year of £7,754. Visits. In the course of cruises to islands of the South Pacific, H.M.S. " Diomede " visited Apia from 28th July to Ist August, 1932 ; and H.M.S. " Laburnum " from 23rd June to 3rd July, and from 29th July to 3rd August, 1932.

3

[ 1928. 1929-30. 1930-31. 1931-32. 1932-33. I i Maintenance of Authority in Native Affairs Ordinance 400 100 269 51 8 Intimidation Ordinance . . . . . . .. 402 . . 2 Seditious Organizations Regulations .. . . . . 322 42 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. 802 422* j 313 52 8 * A period of fifteen months.

A.—4

Postal and Radio. There have been four overseas mails, both inward and outward, each four weeks, providing three connections with New Zealand, two each with Fiji and European and American countries, and one with Australia. The volume of mail-matter was maintained, but postal revenue declined by reason of penny postage having been resumed on the Ist June, 1932. There was a large increase in the value of money-orders paid at Apia (from £1,191 in 1931-32 to £8,796), mainly through exchange favouring remittances from American Samoa. In other business there were slight decreases. For the first time since 1927-28 deposits in the Post Office Savings-bank exceeded withdrawals, the amount held on 31st March, 1933, being £38,934 4s. 4d. at credit of 1,575 depositors, an increase (with interest £1,245 3s. 5d.) of £4,006 13s. 9d. Radio traffic showed a further decline, the number of messages handled and receipts having been 9,600 and £2,054, as compared with 11,642 and £2,463 respectively in 1931-32. This was due to an increasing number of other island stations becoming proficient to work direct instead of by relay through Apia Radio, coupled with a general practice of economy. The combining of the postal and radio staffs continues to function very smoothly. The privately-owned local broadcasting service was discontinued as from 31st March, 1933. Lands and Survey. The services of this Department remained of routine nature. Progress was made on a draft of survey regulations for issue under the Land Surveys Regulation Ordinance, 1922, and the Building Alignment Ordinance, 1932, provided for general rather than limited application of this principle. The usual surveys were made for proceedings of the Land and Titles Commission. At the conclusion of furlough in New Zealand the Chief Surveyor was attached temporarily to the New Zealand Lands and Survey Department for some two and a half months in order to gain further experience of New Zealand methods. Public Trust Office. This Department was instituted in 1921, and is under the control of the Treasurer and Collector of Customs, who is also Public Trustee and Official Assignee. The office is self-supporting ; income for 1932-33 was £1,216, and expenditure £804. Funds invested amount to £13,146, and there is an Office reserve of £450. Port and Harbour Services. Pilotage and harbour services, and maintenance of lights, beacons, and plant, continued to function very satisfactorily under contract with the Harbourmaster. There was no new work or serious accident to shipping during the year. The Port Control Ordinance, 1932, consolidated a number of earlier measures with introduced provisions as to port regulations, fumigation, and survey and licensing of local shipping and seamen. In February, 1933, two tourist vessels, the " Carinthia," a Cunard liner of 19,000 tons, and the " Stella Polaris," visited the port.

Staff. Particulars are given in the following table, as at 31st March for each year : —

4

, European, Native Samoans. Services. 1932. 1933. 1932. 1933. 1932. 1933. Classified departmental staffs — Education .. . . . . .. 5 5 6 6 85 77 Health 16 16 2 2 57 55 Native Affairs (including Savai'i) .. 6 6 1 1 12 12 Police and Prisons .. .... 21 15 1 1 53 52 Other services 28 26 16 17 28 18 76 68 26 27 235 214 Part-time officials, Native administration . . 1 .. . ■ • • 189 190 Casual employees .. .. .. • • • • 1 16 27 40 New Zealand Reparation Estates staff . . 17 19 12 7 2 4 Totals .. .. 94 87 39 50 453 448

A.—4

m VI. PUBLIC FINANCE. The year 1932-33 was a very satisfactory one from a financial point of view ; the excess of receipts iivcr payments, excluding repayment of the temporary loan of £6,000 out of the balance brought forward from the previous year, was £7,754. The actual surplus of £7,041 at 31st March, 1932, was increased to £8,795 at 31st March, 1.933. No cash reserves have been built up as yet for replacement of assets, and it is intended in future to invest a sum of money annually whenever possible for this purpose. The following statement shows the amount of revenue and expenditure for the financial year ended 31st March, 1933, together with the corresponding figures for the previous year : —

Revenue.

The Health Department revenue for 1932-33 included a pound-for-pound subsidy of £884 received from the Rockefeller Institute towards the yaws campaign. In respect of both revenue and expenditure for 1931-32 there has been a recasting of the items under departmental headings, the totals being unaffected.

Expenditure.

5

Head of Revenue. 1932-33. 1931-32. I. Customs, taxes, and marine— • ■ £ £ J mport duties .. .. .. 39,924 Export duties — Copra .. .. .. .. 14,914 Cacao .. .. .. .. 1,748 Bananas* .. .. . . 8,692 Other receipts .. . . .. 7,934 73,212 70,382 II. Education .. .. .. .. 628 733 III. Health 11,374 11,522 IV. Justice .. .. .. .. 1,081 1,490 V. Lands and survey .. .. .. 201 343 VI. Native .. .. .. .. 1,019 1,369 VII. Police and prisons .. .. .. 2,738 3,214 VIII. Postal and radio .. .. .. 5,968 9,200 IX. Public works .. .. .. 4,501 5,190 X. Treasury .. .. .. .. 5,198 5,597 Total receipts .. .. 105,920 109,040 * Gross amount, nine-tenths of which was refunded to banana export scheme.

Head of Expenditure. 1932-33. 1931-32. I. Permanent charges on public debt, in- £ £ eluding sinking - fund payments, and repayment of £6,000 temporary advance from New Zealand Government .. 17,113 11,071 II. Administrator and Government House.. 3,682 4,151 III. Customs, taxes, and marine .. .. 4,008 18,987 IV. Education .. .. .. .. 5,459 6,794 V. Health 21,819 17,824 VI. Justice .. .. .. .. 2,320 2,632 VII. Labour 859 1,365 VIII. Lands and survey .. .. .. 907 1,423 IX. Native .. .. .. .. 6,953 8,505 X. Police and prisons .. .. .. 12,968 19,020 XI. Postal and radio .. .. .. 6,114 9,456 XII. Public Trust .. .. .. 804 1,029 XIII. Public works .. .. .. 11,908 15,797 XIV. Secretariat .. .. .. .. 6,509 9,614 XV. Treasury .. .. .. .. 4,406 3,662 105,829 131,330 Less Public Trust and Labour 1,663 2,394 Departments recovered [ 104,166 128,936

A.—4

The following is a comparative statement of revenue and expenditure of each year since 1925-26 :—

Loan Account. No additional loan-money was raised during the year. The temporary advance of £6,000 received from the New Zealand Treasury in March, 1932, was repaid in May, 1932. In December, 1932, £26,155 loan-money was repaid out of the sinking fund, the balance of which stood at £11 9s. lid. on 31st March, 1933. The financial statistics published in League of Nations Document C. 143, M. 34, 1928, VI, are now brought up to date as follows : —

6

Actual Revenue „ c 'if. Surplus Subsidy , Final Surplus Year obtained in the of the or from or Territory. Territory Deficit. New Zealand. Deficit. I £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 .. .. 128,638 145,687 —17,049 21,400 +4,351 1926-27 .. .. 113,812 141,710 -27,898 20,000 - 7,898 1927-28 .. .. 106,038 143,421 —37,383 20,000 —17,383 1928-29 .. .. 121,904 157,829* -35,925* 47,374* +11,449* 1929-30 .. .. 131,416 150,728* -19,312* 39,448* +20,136* 1930-31 .. .. 130,385 140,288* - 9,903* 21,000 +11,097* 1931-32 .. .. 109,040 128,936* —19,896* .. —19,896* 1932-33 .. .. 105,920 98,166 + 7,754| .. + 7,754 i * Includes expenditure on extra police : £27,374 in 1928-29, £19,448 in 1929-30, £16,561 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32, when a separate item of expenditure under this heading was discontinued. t Includes repayment of advance from New Zealand Government, £6,000.

ofhTZn founts spent on Financial Year , from 1 — Loans and j n ,, External | Native Agri- | Public Public Advances, i ,-, , Sources. lEducation culture. I Health. Works. Grants. [ | £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1930-31 .. .. .. .. 21,000 130,385 7,439 * 18,224 15,726 1931-32 .. .. .. 6,000 .. 109,040 6,794 * 17,824 15,797 1932-33 .. .. .. .. .. 105,920 5,459 * 21,819 11,908 Total 204,200 Less amount of loan subsequently treated as a gift by New Zealand Government (not in respect of any £ specific year) .. 25,000 Less repayment of temporary advances .. 6,000 Less repayment of principal in 1928-29 .. 8,000 Less repayment of principal in 1932-33 .. 26,155 65,155 Public debt, 31st March, 1933 .. .. .. £139,045 * Inspection of Native lands absorbed into Native Department and of produce for export into Customs Department. The salaries involved in these services amounted to approximately £1,000 in 1932-33.

A.—4.

ADMINISTRATION OF WESTERN SAMOA.—BALANCE-SHEET AS AT 31st MARCH, 1933. Liabilities. Assets. „ ~ , . £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Capital Account .. .. .. 187,139 f> 5 Land and buildings .. .. .. 130,534 7 0 Loans — Roads and bridges .. .. ~ .. 0 0 Public works and general pur- Plant and machinery .. .. .. .. 32 546 8 9 poses .. .. .. 165,200 0 0 Launches, boats, &o. .. .. .. .. 14 0 Temporary loan from New Zea- Buoys, beacons, and moorings .. .. .. 1*240 0 0 land Treasury (section 33, Motor and other vehicles .. .. .. 1,946 010 subsection (3), Samoa Act) 6,000 0 0 Arms and accoutrements .. .. '739 18 0 Fire-fighting appliances .. .. .. 278 Iβ 4 171,200 0 0 Furniture and fittings .. .. .. 11,606 15 3 Less temporary loan repaid.. 6,000 0 0 Mechanical office appliances .. .. .. 394 1 0 Medical and technical instruments and equipment 1,582 17 1] 165,200 0 0 Libraries .. 236 14 9 Less public works and general Loose tools .. .. .. .. .. 5181810 purposes loan investments Saddlery and harness .. " 143 2 6 redeemed .. .. 26,155 0 0 Live-stock .. .. .. .. .. 393 11 0 139,045 0 0 Sundry stores .. .. .. ..13 470 16 11 Sundry creditors— Investments— £ s d Ordinary .. .. .. 92113 1 Public Debt Sinking Fund .. 11 911 Land purchased .. .. 3,500 0 0 Samoan currency investment .. 32,000 0 0 4,421 13 1 Mortgage over freehold in Apia 356 16 4 Samoan currency notes .. 32,000 0 0 Bank of New Zealand, Apia: Less unissued notes .. .. 2,000 0 0 Fixed deposit .. .. 2,552 4 9 30,000 0 0 Post Office Savings-bank .. '6314 10 Labour Department— 34 gg4 g jq Importation and Repatriation Chinese Fund Fund .. .. .. 7,842 711 Investments in New Zealand .. 3 650 0 0 Sundry creditors .. .. 110 3 Mortgage on freehold property Sundry deposits held .. 14 6 2 in Samoa .. .. .. 789 7 6 7,858 4 4 Fixed deposit in Apia .. 847 15 3 Sundry depositors, Post Office Savings-bank .. .. .. 38,934 4 4 5,287 2 9 Sundry deposits— Sundry debtors .. .. 2'571 ] 7 Held by Treasury .. .. 2,340 16 9 7 858 4 4 In departmental trust accounts 305 14 2 Post Office Savings-bank— 2,646 10 11 Investments in New Zealand .. 35,141 0 0 Depreciation Reserve .. .. .. 27,047 10 4 Fixed deposit in Samoa .. 2 000 0 0 Public Works Loan Sinking Fund .. .. 11 911 Cash in Bank of New Zealand, Reserve for writings-oft .. .. .. 713 1 8 Apia .. .. .. 1,793 4 4 Balance, Revenue Account, for year .. .. 1,040 14 9 ! ;j8 934 4 4 Writinga-off in suspense.. .. .. 713 1 8 Sundry debtors .. .. .. 10,663 11 6 Sundry advances .. .. .. 209 15 10 Payments in advance . . .. .. 283 2 5 Cash and bank balances— Cash in hand, Resident Commissioner, Savaii .. .. 82 3 1 Cash in Deposits Account, New Zealand Treasury .. .. 6,024 13 9 Cash in transit from New Zealand . . . . ... 134 0 0 Bank of New Zealand— Apia and Wellington .. 1,574 3 8 London .. .. .. 136 14 1 Deposits held in departmental trust accounts .. .. 305 14 2 Cash in hand at Apia .. 0 18 0 8,258 6 9 £438,557 14 9 £438,857 14 9

7

A.—4,

VII.—DIRECT TAXES. The direct taxes are :—

In addition there are the usual motor-vehicle licenses, water rates, and similar fees. VIII.—INDIRECT TAXES. The principal revenue of the Territory is derived from Customs duties —see annual reports on " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping " —store and copra house and other taxes as set out in the Revenue Ordinance, 1929, and the port and shipping fees defined in the Port Control Ordinance, 1932. The law as to stamp duties was brought up to date in the Stamp Duty Ordinance, 1932. The increase of 5 per cent, in import duties on Ist January, 1932, does not appear to have had an unduly restrictive effect on trade. Imports in 1932 were 82-4 per cent, of the value of exports, as compared with 84-8 per cent, in 1931. At the present time when economic necessity for increased taxation is world-wide it is an interesting comparison that a 5-per-cent. import duty and slightly increased shipping dues have been the only additional charges on the public to which the Territory has had recourse in achieving a balanced Budget. IX.—TRADE. The commerce of the Territory is, of course, dependent entirely upon world conditions, and there was a further decline in total trade during 1932 as compared with 1931 of 7 per cent. In last year's report a decline from the previous year's figures of 35 per cent, was recorded, and it is hoped that the lowest point has been reached. This, however, must depend largely upon whether copra values can be prevented from falling below the low level of 1932, which is uncertain. The following return shows the principal exports, and the total values of the exports, imports, and total trade of the Territory for recent years.

These figures are given in respect of complete years instead of by quarters as previously, as the quarterly figures fluctuate according to non-regular arrivals and departures of overseas shipping, and are thus apt to be misleading. The trade figures for the quarter ended 31st March, 1933, which are inserted to bring the position up to date, should be viewed in this light, though there is still a heavy carry-over of local copra stocks which should assist the returns of following quarters.

8

~ ~ " Received 1932 33. 1931-32. j £ £ (a) Personal tax of £1 5s. per annum payable by male adult Europeans 736 838 (6) Graduated salary-tax, from £1 on £200-£300, to £30 over £1,500.. 444 518 (c) Building-tax, 1 per cent, per annum of capital value of European ; 2,250 2,425 buildings I I

Exports. Imports. Calendar Year. Copra. Cacao. Bananas. Total — ™»1 Tow yalue. Tons, Value. Tons. Value. Cases. Value. ~~ ~~~~~~~~ " o -£ ' £ £ £ £ 1927 .. ] 1,665 242.672 792 48,216 .. .. 335,978 304,36!) i 640,347 1928 15 989 319,259 959 69,507 22,815 11,219 422,175 326,553 748,728 1929 .. J 12,941 205,330 677 46,286 53,652 24,640 293,938 288,849 582,787 1930 .. 12,285 i 166,221 1,007 61,294 95,867 44,259 284,515 275,355 559,870 1931 i 11,062 , 109,220 620 35,284 85,231 39,022 194,447 164,950 359,397 1932 .. I 10,879 108,698 825 49,712 66,715 20,016 183,028 150,902 333,930 March quarter, 2,355 23,366 206 11,252 16,576 4,973 40,860 j 61,873 102,733 1933

A.—4

Imports. The following is a table of principal countries of origin : —

This table reflects continued adverse foreign exchange and the discount, increased to approximately 25 per cent, in January, 1933, operative against New Zealand and local currency in relation to sterling. In total values of imports there were further decreases as compared with the preceding year of £3,773 in preserved fish, £3,237 in unmilled rice, £2,004 in motor-vehicles, £1,200 in agricultural machinery, £1,026 in hardware, and £912 in motor-spirit, while there were recoveries of £4,608 in drapery, £1,147 in bags and sacks, and £727 in kerosene. Exports. Copra, Cacao, and Rubber are dealt with in the report on Agriculture, Chapter XXI. Bananas. —ln May, 1928, upon the introduction into service of the New Zealand Government motor-vessel " Maui Pomare," with facilities for carriage of refrigerated fruit cargo, the Administration fostered this new item of export trade, paying a fixed price per case of fruit delivered by the growers, and handling disposal on the New Zealand market. After nearly five years' experience the scheme is now successfully established. Bananas to the value of nearly £140,000 were exported to the end of 1932, and other exports show no diminution other than can be attributed to world conditions. For many years prior to the inauguration of banana export, and for two years after it was commenced, there was no private enterprise in the trade. Its success is dependent upon co-ordination of supplies reaching the limited New Zealand market, and to protect the trade an export duty of 2s. 6d. per case was imposed as from Ist January, 1931. As the trade is an Administration venture, all export duty in respect of shipments by the Administration is refunded to the scheme, less 3d. per case to cover administration. A shrinkage in both quantity and values of exports reflects diminished demand in New Zealand, but the trade, though temporarily reduced, is sound. Further details relative to trade are given in " Trade, Commerce, and Shipping of the Territory of Western Samoa for the Calendar Year, 1932," and in the graphs appended to this report.

Shipping. Overseas Merchant Shipping entering Port of Apia.

Also (1932-33) : 4 British, 7 United States of America warships, 1 British yacht. No overseas sailing-vessels. The existing connections with New Zealand, Australia, Fiji, and Pago Pago were maintained.

2—A. 4.

9

1930. 1931. 1932. Countries. — : ; Value. Percentage. Value. Percentage. Value. Percentage. £ £ £ United Kingdom .. .. 47,183 17-1 29,286 17-8 32,213 21-3 New Zealand .. .. 81,388 29-6 56,450 34-2 54,403 36-1 Australia .. .. .. 58,653 21-3 35,468 21-5 31,707 21-0 United States of'America .. 54,369 19-7 23,805 144 12,105 8-0 Other countries .. .. 33,762 12-3 19,941 12-1 20,474 13-6 Totals .. .. 275,355 100-0 164,950 100-0 150,902 100-0

Financial Year ended 31st March, 1932. 31st March, 1933. British. Other. Total. British. Other. Total. Number of vessels .. .. .. 86 51 137 85 36 | 121 Tonnage, vessels .. .. .. 65,684 34,027 99,711 61,603 30,028 91,631 Tons cargo, inwards .. .. .. 7,517 1,980 9,497 9,312 1,920; 11,232 Tons cargo, outwards .. .. .. 8,150 11,430 19,580 11,433 9,496 j 20,929

A.—4

X.—JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION. The Samoa Act, 1921, proscribes the judiciary for the Territory. Almost all judicial functions are performed by the Chief Judge, the one other Judge exercising jurisdiction principally when the Chief Judge is absent from Apia. The two Commissioners of the High Court rarely have occasion to act within their limited jurisdiction. One session of the High Court was held at Sala'ilua in Savai'i. The Land and Titles Commission is a special branch of the High Court constituted under the authority of the Samoa Native Land and Titles Commission Order, 1924. It is the only Court having jurisdiction to hear and adjudicate upon claims or disputes between Samoans relating to Native land, Samoan names or titles, or succession to any property or rights in accordance with Samoan custom. During the year the Commission was occupied for twenty-eight sitting-days. Judgments were delivered in eleven cases, one case was settled by agreement of the parties, and one adjourned to next sitting of the Commission. In its civil jurisdiction the High Court recorded judgments in 179 cases ; forty-five cases were either struck out or withdrawn. The total sums sued for amounted to £6,610. Particulars of criminal cases are given in the tables hereunder which show a further decrease. One murder case was heard, the parties involved being all Samoan Natives. The trial lasted four days, and the one accused was convicted, of manslaughter and sentenced to seven years' imprisonment.

Criminal Offences in the Period 1st April, 1932, to 31st March, 1933.

10

1930-31 1931-32. „ •] Sβ Convietedin Offences withdrawn or | I Offences. || |°| ! by High | J la la III -r — " s O £ O g H I § TJpolu. Savai'i. TJpolu. Savai'i. Misleading justice— M. F. M. P. M. F. M. p. m. p. Escape from lawful custody .. .. 11 9 9 9 2 Contempt of Court . . . . .. 61 20 20 18 .. 2 41 Offences against morality— Adultery .. .. .. .. 5 4 4 2 ...... 1 1 1 Abduction carnally to know .. .. 7 10 10 6 .. 2 i .. 2 3 .. Carnal knowledge .. .. .. 1 .. .. j 1 Offences against the person— Assault, common . . . . .. 92 74 74 52 5 8 .. 8 1 18 Assault, indecent . . . . . . 6 10 10 8 2 4 .. Assault, causing actual or grievious bodily harm 8 17 16 12 1 .. .. 3 9 Rape .. .. .. .. .. 1 2 2 1 1 .. j .. .. 1 .. Murder .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 1 .. Manslaughter .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 i .. .. 1 Attempted suicide . . .. .. 1 .. . . ! ] Bigamy .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 2 2.. Buggery .. .. .. . . 1 1 Offences against property rights — Burglary .. ,'. .. .. 16 10 8 5 3 6 Theft .. .. . . . . .. 171 104 81 62 3 4 1 9 1 1 .... 67 Wilful mischief .. .. .. .. 59 18 18 15 3 41 Forgery and uttering .. . . .. 1 .. I , 1 Receiving stolen property .. . . 5 .. j .. 5 Minor offences .. .. .. .. 40 40 j 40 27 .. 8 .. 4 1 .. .. j .. Police offences — Threatening behaviour .. .. .. "I 1 1 5 Indecent exposure .. .. .. .. 6 6 6 I 6.. Disorderly conduct .. .. .. 27 35 35 18 11 1 1 4 I 8 .. Drunkenness .. .. .. .. 5 6 | 6 6 j 1 Throwing stones .. .. .. .. 11 .. .. 11 Taking part in affray .. .. .. 17 19 19 8 10 i 1 .. \ 2 .. Indecent acts .. .. .. .. 4 2 2.. .. 2 !.. 2 Resisting police .. .. .. .. 2 2 2 2 Vagrancy .. .. .. .. 10 16 16 16 6 .. Witchcraft .. .. .. .. 2 .. .. 2 Minor offences .. . . .. . . 35 19 19 3 1 2 .. 10 3 16 Dangerous drug offences (opium) .. .. 12 .. .. I 12 Liquor offences —■ Supplying liquor to Natives .. .. .. .. .. Other offences .. .. . . .. 6 17 16 15 1 11 .. Arms Ordinance, breaches of . . .. 4 12 12 9 .. 3 .. [ 8 .. Road Traffic Ordinance, breaches of.. .. 224 136 136 128 1 2 .. 2 ; 2 ] 88 Miscellaneous — Failure to pay personal tax .. .. 25 197 179 75 | .. 93 8 .. 3 .. 172 .. Immigration Order .. .. .. 5 1 1 1 j 4 Maintenance of Authority in Native Affairs ! 62 8 i 8 8 I ! .. 54 Ordinance Seditious Organizations Regulations .. j 4 .. .. ' .. 4 Native Titles Protection Order .. .. 11 4 4 4 .. [ .. 7 Minor offences .. .. . . 28 62 62 39 3 ! 19 .. 1 34 .. . i ! Totals .. .. .. .. 987 865 820 559 26 146 2 72 ! 10 5 .. 268 390 Net decrease . . .. .. .. .... .. j j .. 122

A.—4

XL—POLICE AND PRISONS. Establishment. The total European strength, which was twenty-two at the commencement of the year, numbered sixteen on 31st March, 1933. The Native uniformed strength remained at thirty-eight. For some time past a policy has been followed of appointing as Native police only Samoans who speak English, and as a result there is an improvement in efficiency. Native police receive no training in the use of arms. One of the six posts in outer districts has been made non-resident, being visited as required from the post within nearest distance. Prisons. On Ist April, 1932, the total number of prisoners was 79. During the year 454 prisoners were admitted, and 427 discharged, 106 remaining it) custody on 31st March, 1933. General. There are no special police problems from a criminal point of view. Statistics for 1932-33 given in the preceding chapter indicate a general decrease in offences. Warrants held for execution on the 31st March, 1932, were : For arrest, 97 ; for commitment, 55 ; and on the 31st March, 1933, the numbers were 11 and 13 respectively. XII.—DEFENCE OF THE TERRITORY. No military forces or defensive bases are maintained in the Territory. XIIL—ARMS AND AMMUNITION. Transactions in firearms and ammunition are controlled by the Arms Ordinance, 1921. There is no suggestion of illicit traffic in Samoa, and the subject is one of no special significance. Importations during 1932-33, not including Administration requirements, were as follow : — Arms — Smooth-bore shotguns, 5. Rifle, 1. Revolver, 1. Ammunition— Shot cartridges, 53,400. Rifle cartridges : -22 calibre only, 6,000. Revolver cartridges, 600. XIV.—SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE NATIVES. The social system of the Samoan people is such that poverty cannot exist. All families (or more correctly " clans ") are well endowed with land, and as the soil is very fertile they have little difficulty in growing all food-supplies required. Their wants in the way of clothing are few, and although the lavalava, or loin-cloth, is now of European material it is for all general purposes the only clothing worn by adult men and children in the ordinary village life, an additional upper garment usually being worn by the women. On formal occasions, more particularly when Europeans are present, the men wear shirts and in some cases even collars, ties, and jackets. The Samoans are conservative in the matter of housing, in that they have shown no tendency to adopt European ideas as to design and construction, as has been done by other peoples of the Pacific having the same commercial contacts. This is due no doubt to the fact that Samoan Native houses are of particularly good design, being large, well ventilated, and cool. They have no walls, and are quite open to the air on all sides, resembling a beehive roof of cane thatch raised on posts, but are fitted with heavy blinds which when lowered, on the Venetian principle, give full protection from wind or rain. In the matter of housing, as in other directions, the economic aspect has played a part in postponing- change, as all materials for a Samoan dwelling are grown by the people on their own land. The Native people are well and suitably housed, and it is in their interests that there be no change. The economic depression has not affected the Natives of Western Samoa to nearlyj the same extent as in European communities. In spite of low prices, the production of copra and bananas has been reasonably maintained, the return therefrom generally being sufficient to meet the needs of the Samoans in the way of imported commodities. The production of food-supplies is well attended to, and the cultivation and planting of new areas for future supplies is kept up to date. The village areas are clean and well cared for, the grass being cut frequently, and all rubbish burned. A strong conservatism has retained observance of the best of Native customs as to general village life and employment. The men still spend their time in fishing and the cultivation of food-supplies, and the women in the making of Native cloth and mats, arts in which they are expert. The people generally show no particular keenness in seeking employment outside their own style of living, though during the year under review they have shown more willingness than usual to accept employment, this no doubt being due to some extent to the low prices of copra and the desire in some cases to supplement their incomes. . The extent to which Native Samoans participate in the Administration Service is indicated in a staff table on page 4 of this report, and the chapter dealing with population (page 18) contains information as to the gratifying way in which their numbers are increasing.

11

A.—4

The Administration have been in communication with the Bishop Museum of Hawaii as to the availability of reports on researches carried out in Western Samoa by Dr. Christophersorj and Mr. G. McGregor of the Museum organization, but are informed that it will be several months before the reports of these gentlemen are published. The likelihood of their being of interest to the Permanent Mandates Commission, as well as to the Administration, will be kept in view. XV.—LABOUR. Engagement by Samoans in regular employment for wages is quite extraneous to the style of living of the bulk of the Native population ; and, as economic conditions leave the people completely free of need for such employment, there is no codification of conditions. Plantation work, when availed of, is usually arranged by contract with the head of a family under terms which return from Is. 6d. to 2s. per day per head of those engaged. The work is not over arduous, being mainly weeding or cutting of copra, and the total number of Samoans so employed at any one time would probably not exceed four hundred. These conditions apply to the Reparation Estates equally with other plantations, but, as already stated, there is no economic compulsion on Native Samoans to accept them. There was a further repatriation of Chinese labourers during the year, the number remaining on 31st March, 1933, being 636. The conduct of these labourers has been good ; the number of visits by labourers to the Commissioner's office numbered 3,518, as compared with 4,878 in 1931-32. Service is still contracted for periods of three years, but a minority of labourers of good record are permitted to re-engage. Excluding some forty-seven men who arrived prior to 1914, and for whom advancing age would render repatriation a hardship, but including a small number of early arrivals who have remained for a considerable period, the average length of service of the labourers now in Samoa is five and a half years. There were 119 Melanesian labourers on 31st March, 1933, all in the employ of the New Zealand Reparation Estates. The primary purpose of the Chinese Benevolent Fund (contributed by the labourers) is to meet the cost of medical treatment of labourers ; it is never of sufficient amount to do this, and consequently the labourers do not contribute to anything else. The Overhead Fund (contributed by employers) is quite distinct —it meets the balance of medical expenses and all other costs. XVI.—FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE. All Samoans profess Christianity. There is complete freedom of conscience, and Article sof the mandate is observed entirely. Mission work in education is referred to in the next succeeding chapter of this report, and in health services in Chapter XIX. XVII.—EDUCATION. The general scheme of progressive education is as follows : — Grade I Schools ( Village, Pastor, or (Jalechisl Schools — Missions). London Methodist Seventh Day Latter Bay Roman Mission (80) Adventist Saints Catholic (175) (Nil) (20) (71) tirade II Schools (Missions and Administration). Village Administration Sisters Schools. schools I (2) Training school (35) (3) (!) I Vaipouli Malifa Intermediate I I Avole Senior Resident Resident Resident Resident Resident colleges colleges colleges colleges colleges in Ifi (European). (3). (4) (2) (2) (11) Day schools Day schools Special day (2).(2). schools (all grades) (2). Mission Schools. Grade I Schools (for Boys and Girls).— These are the village schools taught by Native pastors or catechists, who are trained and provided by the missions concerned. The majority of these teachers receive regular refresher courses of instruction from the Administration. Girls' Schools (Resident) .—The girls of these schools are prepared for the higher standard of village life. The majority marry soon after leaving school, and in this way the whole of Samoan life is being influenced. Their Christian education is specially stressed. One new school has been established since last report. Boys , Schools (Resident).— These can be regarded as colleges where the boys are prepared for useful work in the missions as pastors or teachers, or as artisans. Girls' Schools (Day). —These schools are found in the centres of population, and meet the needs of pupils desiring further education. Music, sewing, typewriting, and shorthand form a special part of the syllabus of instruction in some schools.

12

A.--4

Marist Brothers' Boys' School (Day). —This school has been established in Apia for fifty yens. It is a primary school, admitting boys of any denomination, and preparing them for the New Zealand Proficiency Examination and the commercial houses of Apia. The Grade II Schools (which are partly Administration and partly mission) are dealt with separately below. In the following table, relating to purely mission schools, the attendance figures for the more elementary schools are approximate.

Table showing Number of European and Native Teachers in respective Schools.

In the mission schools children attend from the age of three years (village schools) to the age of thirty years (colleges). Numbers of pupils in Administration and Grade II schools are included in the above mission figures owing to pupils also attending mission schools for religious instruction. Grade II Schools. The Administration is responsible for the training, supervision, and payment of teachers, whilst schoolhouses and sites are arranged for by the respective missions. As these schools have been established to meet the needs of village life, the curriculum is arranged accordingly, instruction being in the vernacular ; a limited amount of English is taught. There are now thirty-nine of these schools, having total roll numbers at 31st March, 1933, of 2,982. The teaching staff (Samoans) numbers fifty-eight, of whom twenty-nine have passed the New Zealand Proficiency Examination, and this proportion will increase as time goes on. Administration Schools. The change which was made at the commencement of 1932 in the system of schools has operated satisfactorily, and the trained Native teachers in the senior school at Avele have done good work. In the training school and the intermediate school at Malifa likewise the Native staff has carried on successfully. The Vaipouli School, Savai'i, has functioned without change. In the Ifi In School (for Europeans) there has been a slight increase in roll numbers, and good school work has been achieved. Particulars of average attendances and teaching staffs are given in the following table :—

13

Totals. Pastors' and Catechists' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special —;• —j Schools, Villages. Boys', Girls', Day Schools, Day Schools, 3 Grade I. Eesident. Besident. Boys'. Girls'. g Attendances. Missions. m I Boys. Girls. Total. f |g f |J§ | || | || | Boys. Girls. a . 5 s 31-38 s Sβ ; -us s a J K < fc ] ■< K^lfe^l!? London Mission .. ; 175 4,370 3,278 7,648 2 190 1 150 178 4,560 3,428 Roman Catholic .. 71 1,200 1,351 2,551 2 j 120 9 320 1 400 3 l 425 86 1,720 2,096 Methodist . . j 80 890 1,453 2,343 3 ! 100 1 60 2 60 .. j .. 86 1,050 1,513 Latter Day Saints . . 20 320 235 j 555 1 j 55 1 64 1 47 1 38 24 422 337 Seventh Day Ad- . . 1 j 39 I 12 2 39 12 346 6,780 6,317 13,097 9 j 504 13 606 4 507 4 463 376 7.791 7.386 _ I

Pastors' and Catechiste' Colleges, Colleges, Special Special Schools, Boys," Girls,' Day Schools, Bay Schools, Totals. Villages. Resident. Eesident. Bovs'. Girls'. Grade I. Missions. H o= H 1 02 H m H m W « H x j j London Mission .. .. 1 175 1 7 1 8 3 190 Honian Catholic .. .... 71 2 4 10 16 6 I .. 3 2\ 91 Methodist .. .. .... 80 1 2 1 3 13 .. .. 3 88 Latter Day Saints .. ..126 3 4 3 4 1 1 1.. 9 35 Seventh Day Adventist .... .. 1 1 1 1 .. .. .. .. 2 2 I 38 406 , !

*** <b». «* 31st March, 1932 .. . . 216 460 54 70 800 30th June, 1932 .. .. 214 480 60 70 824 30th September, 1932 .. 215 520 58 75 . 868 31st December, 1932.. .. 227 495 58 73 853 31st March, 1933 .. .. 229 536 80 86 931 Teachers —European.... 7 . . 1 1 9 Samoan ...... 14 2 3 19

A.—4,

In the New Zealand Proficiency Examinations the following results were obtained :

XVIII.—LIQUOR AND DRUGS. (Information in the Form recommended by the Permanent Mandates Commission in the Report of its Twenty-first Session.) A. There were no changes in legislation or regulations issued during the year. B. The judicial statistics on page 10 show sixteen persons arrested or summoned during 1932-33 for breaches of the laws and regulations relating to liquor. All were convicted. Figures for preceding years were : — Arrested or „ . , , summoned. Con ™ted. 1931-32 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 4 1930-31 .. .. .. .. .. ..33 30 1929-30* .. .. .. .. 20 18 * A period of fifteen months.

C. Imports of spirits and alcoholic beverages during the year 1932-33 : —

For sacramental purposes, 263 gallons of wine ; for industrial purposes, nil gallons rectified spirits of wine. D. Production within the territory is prohibited by law. E. Revenue derived from duties on importation, 1932-33 : — Medicinal liquor (import duty per cent, or 25 per cent., and Port £ s. d. and Customs service tax 5 per cent.) .. . . . . 661 2 6 Industrial liquor (ditto) . . . . .. . . .. Nil. Sacramental liquor (free of import duty ; Port and Customs Service tax, 5 per cent.) . . .. .. . . .. .. 310 0 These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty ; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty on liquor, for the rate of duty is immaterial, having regard to the fact that all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. F. In view of the position explained in E, there are no other duties, license fees, or taxes. G. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native drink " kava," if allowed to stand, does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes Stale and unpalatable. It is not consumed in Western Samoa in sufficient strength or quantity to have toxic effects. H. General information with regard to liquor, in addition to the above, was given in the Eighth Report, 1928. During 1932-33 there were no offences detected or convictions under the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order, 1930.

14

School. Candidates presented. Pass Proficiency. Sfetenc "' ■ Ifi Ifi .. 14 8 3 Marist Brothers' ...... 15 8 1 Marist Sisters' ...... 4 2 1 Avele ........ 22 14 5

Quantities issued under Average Approxi- Quantity Medical Permits. mate Percentage of imported, Countries of Origin. Alcohol by Weight.* 1932-33. 1931-32. 1932-33. Spirituous liquors— Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Whisky .. .. 38-5 to 51*0 1,886 726| 1,003 United Kingdom. Brandy .. .. 38-5 to 49-3 40 95J 65 France and Australia. Gin .. .. 40-6 355 230-| 377 United Kingdom and Holland. Alcoholic beveragesPort and sherry .. 12-0 to 17-8 438 248J 309|- , r Claret .. .. 5-5 to 10-0 40 21 26J j Australla - Stout .. .. 5-5 680 666J 419 United Kingdom and Australia. Champagne .. 7-5 to 10-6 4 3-1 3§ Prance. * The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted by the Customs Department in New Zealand. Analyses have been made of samples of all brands of ale imported, with results showing percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1*51 to only 2*39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of "intoxicating beverages" as accepted by the Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the tenth session, page 182), and have accordingly been omitted from the return.

A.—4,

XIX—HEALTH. The staff comprises four European Medical Officers, and seven Native medical practitioners, one Health Inspector, and bacteriological and nursing staffs, the total strength of the Health service being eighteen Europeans and fifty-five Native Samoans. One of the Native medical practitioners returned from Suva in January, 1933, having qualified at the Central Medical School. HOSPITALS AND DISPENSARIES. Alterations have been made to Tuasivi Hospital, where a new dispensary has been erected. Admissions to hospitals : — Apia Hospital— . 1931. 1932. Europeans . . .. . . .. .. .. 246 237 Samoans . . . . .. .. .. .. 724 458 Chinese . . . . .. .. .. .. 368 248 Melanesians . . .. .. .. .. 18 26 1,356 969 Tuasivi Hospital .. . . .. .. .. 180 94 Aleipata Hospital . . . . .. . . .. 106 175 Safotu Hospital .. . . . . .. . . 45 5 Total in-patients .. . . .. . . .. 1,687 1,243 Out-patients: Hospitals and dispensaries- .. .. .. 18,680 12,240 Grand totals .. .. .. .. .. 20,367 13,483 Deaths in hospitals .. .. .. .. .. 67 48 Owing to the falling-off in attendance at Safotu Hospital, it was closed in March, 1932. Main Diseases. (a) Yaws. —A village-to-village campaign was conducted during the year in the course of which 74,088 injections of neoarsphenamine were given ; first injections numbered 38,166, or 86-5 per cent, of the Native population. Included in this number were a large proportion not actively infected, who presented themselves voluntarily for prophylactic reasons. The number found infected by yaws in its first, second, or third stages was 26,106, or 59-16 per cent, of the population. The campaign, which will be continued this year, is being conducted in conjunction with the Rockefeller Foundation of New York under the direction of Dr. S. M. Lambert, Medical Director of the Foundation in the Western Pacific. By the time the campaign is completed it is anticipated that yaws will have decreased considerably in the Territory. In addition, 3,259 injections have been given at the hospitals and dispensaries. (b) Leprosy. —There were twenty-two lepers undergoing treatment at the Central Leper Asylum in Makogai at the end of 1932, and there are seven awaiting transfer at the Apia Hospital. (c) Bacittary Dysentery is endemic, only eight cases reported in the Territory. (d) Dengue is also endemic, but no cases were reported during the year. (e) Respiratory Diseases. —Bronchitis lobar and broncho-pneumonia : Fifty-three cases reported. (/) Venereal Diseases. —A few cases of gonorrhoea seen in the year. (g) Helminthic Diseases. —Ascaris very common. Hookworm : Ova frequently met with, but adult worms are very rarely seen. (h) Enteric Fever Group (including Para-typhoid A and B). —Sixty-one cases were notified. (i) Chicken Pox. —Fourteen cases notified. (j) Tuberculosis. —Both pulmonary and abdominal cases are seen ; fifteen of the former were notified. (k) Influenza. —No cases reported ; there has not been an epidemic of any kind during the year. (I) Filariasis is very common ; twenty-four hydroceles and one elephantoid scrotum operated upon. Other Diseases. —Beriberi, three cases ; abscesses, fifty-one ; some caused by filarise and some due to Myositis Tropica. Skin-diseases. —Ringworm, scabies, and dermatities are common. Mental Defectives, of whom there were only nine at the 31st March, 1933, are quartered for convenience within the precincts of Vaimea Prison, but in a private annexe ; patients and attendants being under the control of the Chief Medical Officer. Ten mental patients were admitted, and eight discharged during the year. Sanitation and Hygiene. A complete sanitary survey of both islands is being made, but is not yet completed. It aims at preventing soil-pollution, and it is hoped to increase considerably the number of drop latrines. Bore latrines are not practicable in Samoa, owing to the rocky nature of the soil.

15

A.—4

Native Medical Practitioners. All Native medical practitioners employed by the Administration hold a diploma entitling them to practise medicine and surgery in Western Samoa. This is awarded by the Central Medical School in Suva by examination tests at the end of a three-year course, which since January, 1931, has been extended to four years. The Administration pay all expenses of the students whilst at the Medical School. There are forty students in the school, four being the Samoa quota.

Infant Mortality. Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages.

The infant-mortality rates, per 1,000 registered births, have been as follow : — Year. Year. Year. Year. 1923 .. 200 1926 .. 106 1929 .. 70 1931 .. 11l 1924 .. 153 1927 .. 101 1930 .. 61 1932 .. 121 1925 .. 186 1928 .. 58 During the years 1926 to 1930 notifications of births and deaths were neglected by the Natives, and it is a likely corollary of this deficiency that infant deaths would have escaped registration in greater proportion than all others. In consequence, though the rate of infant-mortality is serious, it shows no definite evidence of increase, while the Native population generally is increasing at the rate of over 3 per cent, per annum (see Population, Chapter XXIII). The matter is engaging the earnest attention of the Administration. Participation by Missions in Medical Work. All the missions of different denominations purchase stocks of drugs and dressings at the Apia Hospital dispensary from time to time, and use them in their schools.

Laboratory. Specimens examined numbered 900, and 633 Kahn tests for yaws were carried out.

Meteorological.

16

Number of Deaths. Percentage of Total Deaths. 1930. 1931. 1932. 1930. 1931. 1932. i Under 1 week 25 17 20 5-22 2-89 3-74 From 1 week to 1 month .. . . 12 13 16 2-50 2-21 2-99 From 1 month to 3 months . . .. 13 14 13 2-72 2-39 243 From 3 months to 6 months .. .. 9 20 26 1-88 340 4-86 From 6 months to 12 months . . . . 31 89 79 647 1547 14-77 From 1 year to 2 years . . . . . . 18 42 36 3-76 746 6-73 From 2 years to 3 years . . . . . . 13 47 27 2-72 8-00 5-05 From 3 years to 4 years .. .. .. 11 16 14 2-31 2-73 ! 2-60 From 4 years to 5 years . . .. .. 17 15 7 3-54 2-56 1-31 From 5 years to 10 years .. .. 15 46 24 343 7-83 449 Over 10 years .. .. .. .. 315 268 273 65-75 45-66 ; 51-03 Totals .. .. .. 479 587 535 i 100-00 100-00 | 100-00

Month. Pressure. Temperature. Rainfall. Humidity. Sunshine. Wind. - Per Cent. ! Miles per 1932 In °F In. ( 9 a - m -) Hours. Hour - January .'. .. 29-743 79-8 21-34 82 157-5 3-4 February .. .. 29-780 79-8 13-70 78 193-1 3-7 March .. .. 29-783 79-7 14-20 77 210-6 3-4 April .. .. 29-770 79-2 12-81 83 158-8 2-7 May .. 29-856 80-6 3-80 76 251-1 4-2 June .. .. 29-867 78-3 1-31 76 239-1 2-3 July .. .. 29-836 79-2 2-42 76 247-7 3-4 August .. .. 29-880 78-8 5-99 77 254-4 3-4 September .. .. 29-865 78-6 6-27 74 231-1 3-5 October .. .. 29-857 79-7 6-77 73 248-1 4-6 November .. .. 29-800 79-6 20-09 79 191-6 3-0 December .. .. 29-756 80-2 15-24 79 215-8 2-8 Mean or total.. 29-82 79-5 123-9 77 2598-9 3-4

A.—4

Notes on Tropical Storms and other Disturbances, 1932-33. October, 1932. —Strong east winds prevailed in Samoa and Tonga and the neighbouring seas during the first few days of the month. They were associated with high readings of the barometer in the area lying to the south of these islands. November, 1932. —Torrential rain fell at Apia amounting to as much as 10 in. in one day of twenty-four hours. January, 1933. —Gales from north and north-west occurred in Samoa during the first week. They were associated with low readings of the barometer in the area lying between Samoa and Fiji. February, 1933. —Tropical cyclones of fair intensity visited Tonga and the Cook Islands. XX.—LAND-TENURE. Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally — (a) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate in fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates) 103,630 acres; or (b) European land, being land acquired (mainly prior to 1900) for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres ; or (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown as trustee of the beneficial owners thereof, and held by the Crown subject to Native title — i.e., Native land communally owned, of which there are 581,370 acres. Titles to Crown land, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered by the Administration. Titles to Native land, when in dispute, are adjudicated upon by the Land and Titles Commission referred to in Chapter X of this report, and determined in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. Usurious contracts with Natives are unenforceable at law and Native land is incapable of being taken in execution for the payment of the debts of a Samoan on his decease or insolvency. Generally, alienation of Native land is prohibited, save an alienation or disposition in favour of the Crown. Provision has been made for sale of Native land in the Apia town area, and His Majesty may grant a lease of Native land for a period not exceeding forty years, but in each instance the grant is made only if the Administration is satisfied that the transaction is in accordance with the desires and in the interest of the Native owners and in conformity with the public interest. Although large areas in the interior of each of the two main islands are incapable of cultivation, there is more than ample Native land available for all requirements of the indigenous population. XXI.—FORESTS AND AGRICULTURE. Forests. The mountainous interior, comprising by far the greater portion of the area of both principal islands, is completely covered with virgin native forest. The Territory has been visited on occasion by representatives of milling interests, who have formed the opinion that the indigenous forest has insufficient millable trees' to the acre to be profitable, whilst afforestation with exotic species is rather discouraged by the steep and ravine-cleft nature of the country. On European plantations teak is planted in a small way, but quite successfully, for general utility. Agriculture. The circumstances of the Territory do not warrant the maintenance of a separate Administration Department of Agriculture, but there is inspection of all produce exported. Copra is the staple product of the Territory ; it is produced approximately 75 per cent, by Natives, and the output of the New Zealand Reparation Estates accounts for roughly two-thirds of the balance. Exports for the five years 1926-30 averaged 13,026 tons. There is considerable fluctuation in local stocks held between shipments, and for this reason records are kept of Native production as distinct from export, as indicated in the following : — Exported. Native Production. Year Tons. Tons. 1930 12,285 10,514 1931 11,062 7,644 1932 10,879 11,103 There were practically no local stocks at the end of 1931, but a very heavy carry-over at the close of 1932. The figures above appear at first sight to be promising, and reflect improved local prices during 1932 as compared with 1931, but in March, 1933, falling overseas values again brought local prices down to the level of 1931, and the position is uncertain. Cacao is produced in Western Samoa primarily by Europeans, and is of very high quality, being a standardized hybrid of Criollo and Forastero, but with the Criollo predominating, and in a recent report of the Imperial Economic Committee on Cocoa, which classified the world's production into three broad divisions as to quality, Samoan was included in the finest. Export during the five years 1926-30 averaged 758 tons, and in 1932 was 825 tons.

3 —A. 4.

17

A.—4

During the last two years abnormally long periods of wet weather have occasioned considerable loss through " black pod " disease, and the Administration are keeping in touch with research in other countries with a view to the application of any fresh methods of treatment that may become available. Bananas continue to be a source of assistance to both European and Native producers in augmenting their diminished returns from their main products. Towards the middle of 1932 it became necessary to reduce the local price to 2s. per case of fruit supplied, but at the commencement of 1933 it was possible for this to be increased to 3s. Production was affected by reduced demand in the New Zealand market. Particulars of the banana-export scheme are given in the report on trade, at page 9. Rubber (Hevea Braziliensis) is planted to some extent, and export of a good-quality smoked sheet reached 167 tons in 1928. Owing to very low value, there is no production at present. In 1931 the European producers of the territory formed themselves into a Planters' Association, from which the Administration receive much assistance. XXII.—MINES. There are no mines nor any known mineral deposits of value in the territory. XXIII.—POPULATION. Statistics for the calendar year 1932 are as follow : —

These figures have been based on returns received over the period since last census, on 31st December, 1925, but a count of the population taken in course of the yaws campaign now gives a Native population at 31st December, 1932, as shown in parentheses above, indicating that the statistics have been conservative. The Samoan Native population is increasing steadily, the present total being 31 per cent, above that of ten years ago. XXIV.—PUBLIC WORKS. Buildings maintenance was attended to, and the year closed with buildings generally in good order. Roads were maintained in good condition ; some 116 chains were rebuilt and macadamized in preparation for bituminous surfacing. Roads suffered severely from abnormally wet weather throughout the months of December to March, which necessitated constant attention. A steel bridge at Solosolo was renewed to about 60 per cent, of the structure, and thirteen other bridges were repaired. Some 50 lineal feet of the seawall at Apia was replaced, having been damaged by heavy seas early in the year. The hydro-electric service continued to function satisfactorily.

18

Net As at 1st January, ■(..-«„ r> M tha Mar " Arrivals Dcnari-urns As at 31st Increase 1932. Births. Deaths. riages . Arrivals. Departures. December, 1932. or Decrease. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. ! V. M. F. M. F. Europeans .. .. 374 240 9 2 9 .. 5 156 75 162 | 73 368 244 - 2 Native Samoans .. 21,502 20,794 641 636 283 252 157 395 | 369 344 j 311 21,911 21,236 +851 (22,644) (21,482) Persons of European 1,152 1,117 34 37 3 3 17 118 139 122 146 1,179 1,144 + 54 and Samoan descent Chinese labourers .. 714 5 71 .. 638 .. - 76 Melanesian labourers 129 1 .... 2 8 .. 119 1-10 and dependants 23,871 22,152 684 675 302 255 .. 669 583 707 530 24,215 22,625 (24,948) (22,871) Totals .. 46,023 ' 1,359 557 179 1,252 1,237 46,840 +817 __ (47,819)

Graph showing Values of Import, Export, and Total Trade of Western Samoa, 1910-1932, (inclusive). (Values shown are averages for each period.) 4—A. 4.

A.-4

APPENDICES.

19

A.—4

DETAIL EXPORT GRAPH

Graf>h of Rubber Export between 0 end 2,00 fons shown thus Cacao " 0 &nd 2000 •• • — Cofara " 0 and £0000 •« Banana » 0 and £0 000 »>

20

A.—4

NATIVE COPRA PRODUCTION

Graph showing averages for each period

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given; printing (1,375 copies, including graphs and maps), £40.

By Authority : G. H. Lonby, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 933. Price ls.\

21

A-4-. ~ II

WESTERN SAMOA