REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1929. [In continuation of E.-1, 1929.]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1930 Session I, E-01

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1930. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1929. [In continuation of E.-1, 1929.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Page Page Introductory and General .. .. .. 2 Primary Education — continued. Cost of Education .. .. .. .. 5 Applicants for Probationerships .. .. 19 School Buildings . . .. .. .. 5 Supply of Teachers .. .. .. .. 20 Pupils in Attendance at Educational Institutions .. 7 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 20 Kindergartens .. .. .. .. 8 Grading of Teachers .. .. .. .. 21 Primary Education- Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 21 Number of Schools .. .. .. .. 8 Native Schools .. .. .. .. 22 Enrolment and Attendance 9 Junior High Schools 23 Age and Classification of Pupils .. ..11 g eoond Education 25 Special Classes for Backward Children .. ..11 Teonnica i Education 30 Elimination of large Classes 12 Child Welfare 33 Pupils leaving School 13 University Education 34 Destination of Pupils ...... 13 Registered Private Schools .. .. .. 15 GeneralConsolidation of Schools .. .. .. 15 School Music .. .. .. ... 35 Correspondence School .. .. .. 15 Annual Examinations .. .. .. 35 Physical Education .. .. .. .. 16 Teachers' Superannuation .. • .. .. 36 Manual Instruction .. .. .. .. 16 Subsidy to Public Libraries .. .. .. 36 Staffing of Primary Schools .. .. .. 17 Appendix—Details of Expenditure for Year ended Teachers' Salaries .. .. .. ..191 31st March, 1930 .. .. .. ..37

Office of the Department of Education, Your Excellency,'— Wellington, 7th July, 1930. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1929. I have, &c, Harry Atmore. His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.

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REPORT. INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. In the sphere of primary education a new syllabus came into operation at the beginning of the year, and was intended by my Department to bring the instruction given in the schools into closer relation with the actualities of life. In form the syllabus does not differ greatly from its predecessors of 1904 and 1919 ; in spirit, however, theie is a marked difference, inasmuch as the present syllabus allows teachers as much freedom as they are ready and competent to take to organize their teaching in any way that most appeals to them. Such freedom must, of course, be subordinated to the true progress of the pupils, and it must always be the duty of headmasters and Inspectors to make sure that the teacher uses his freedom wisely. Instructions have, however, been issued to the Inspectors to allow full measure of freedom to all teachers who are competent enough to use it wisely. I am well aware of the criticism not infrequently made of the New Zealand school system —that it tends to be too rigid —and I have repeatedly expressed the desire that where a departure from the well-beaten track laid down by tradition appears likely to be advantageous every encouragement should be given to the teacher who is capable of introducing new methods either of teaching or of school organization. The new syllabus stresses the importance of character-training, and this phase of the teacher's work is receiving ever-increasing attention. Teachers are now realizing how readily all the subjects of instruction can be made to serve the major object of development of character in its broadest sense. In the new syllabus a beginning has been made to link up more closely the primary and the post-primary schools. While it must always be recognized that the first duty of the primary schools is to lay the foundations of education firmly and surely, it is also important that the instruction should not be divorced from either the secondary or the technical school curricula. In other words, the work done in the primary school should lead in a perfectly natural way either to technical education or to the more academic secondary education, the term " secondary " being used here in its ordinary restricted sense. And the primary-school curriculum »f to-day meets this test of suitability very successfully. Every pupil receives sufficient training in the manual arts to enable him to discover whether it will be advantageous to him to continue his education in a technical school. At the same time the introduction into the primary syllabus of such secondary academic subjects as Latin, French, and mathematics gives the pupil the opportunity to show whether or not his talents lie more towards the academic than towards the more practical type of education. The new syllabus should therefore do much to prevent pupils from making a wrong choice of post-primary courses of instruction, and so should lessen considerably the waste of having educational misfits in secondary and technical schools. It is acknowledged that the present system of school organization whereby a pupil is kept in the primary school until he is between thirteen and fourteen years of age is not the best way to carry out the purpose of the syllabus. It would be much more advantageous to the pupil when he is mature enough for manual-training and secondary instruction to place him in a specially equipped school where the presence of a larger number of pupils of approximately the same age as himself would enable a better classification to be made according to the varying capacities

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and aptitudes of the pupils. In the meantime, however, the public schools without any such change in organization have been given a curriculum which aims to secure the advantages already referred to —namely, better articulation with the work of the post-primary schools. During the year valuable surveys of the primary-school system were carried out in Taranaki at the instance of the Senior Inspector, and in other districts by an officer of the central Department. One of the conclusions arrived at merits special consideration —namely, that the method adopted in classifying pupils in primary schools is based on more or less empirical grounds, and not on any certain estimate of the intellectual capacity of the pupils. The class a pupil is to be placed in has from time immemorial been based on what may be called the average attainments of past generations of school-children of about the same age. The question arises whether such a method of determining classification is reliable. The probability is that the standard of attainment fixed upon in this more or less arbitrary fashion may not be a true measure of the child's mental capacity. In the course of years the standard may imperceptibly fall, or may not have kept pace with the normal racial increase in intellectual capacity. The question is a sufficiently important one to demand the closest investigation. If the pupil is proceeding through his primary course at a somewhat too leisurely pace, he has a correspondingly shorter space of time for his post-primary course, with the result that he is, on the one hand, ill-prepared to enter the University; or, on the other hand, insufficiently trained to make a good beginning in some industrial pursuit. It is not denied that even under the present somewhat rough-and-ready methods of classifying primary-school pupils a number do manage to reach the post-primary schools at sufficiently early an age to enable them to complete a good course of secondary or technical education ; and from this group we may expect to derive our University graduates and our leaders in industry. For many years there existed a marked cleavage between the secondary schools and the technical schools ; but the distinction was never so slightly marked as at the present time, when we find an ever-increasing desire on the part of the secondary-school teachers to provide a much broader curriculum than formerly. The conviction has grown that for many children it is waste of time to engage on purely academic studies ; and, consequently, there is an ever-increasing demand in secondary schools for manual-training equipment. In several of the secondary schools, too, an excellent course in agricultural science is provided. It is evident, then, that in New Zealand post-primary schools will soon be of one main type — namely, schools providing purely academic courses for the few, and broadly cultural courses with a leaven of manual training for the majority. One or more of such schools will necessarily be set apart for advanced technical instruction, but this is likely to be the only distinction in the future. During the year a select parliamentary Committee was appointed by the House to inquire into the education system, and to bring down a report and recommendations for improvement. The report will be presented to Parliament now sitting, and it is confidently anticipated that as a result of the searching investigations that have been made important changes will be made bearing particularly on the interrelation of primary, secondary, and technical schools. Considerable attention was given during the year both by the University and by the Department to the question of accrediting pupils for University entrance. The majority of members of the Senate appeared to favour the system as being less liable to error than the present selection of candidates by a written examination outside the schools. The University considered that certain safeguards were necessary, and finally decided to postpone the adoption of the system until further investigation had been made to ascertain how accrediting for matriculation was viewed by other Universities and by other examining bodies concerned. The Department is definitely of the opinion that the external examination for University entrance has had an unhealthy influence on the secondary schools,, inasmuch'.as it has dominated not only the curriculum, but the very methods of teaching. The removal of such an influence cannot but be for good both to pupils and teachers. In the meantime the Department is about to introduce the practice of awarding

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leaving certificates on the basis of partial accrediting by principals, as has been done for some years in connection with the award of intermediate certificates. At present the end of the primary-school course is marked by the award of the proficiency certificate, which, is gained by pupils of the average age of thirteen years and seven months ; an intermediate certificate marks the end of the junior free place secondary course of two years ; a lower leaving certificate is intended to mark the same standard of attainment as that required for University matriculation ; and, lastly, a higher leaving certificate marks the completion of a good secondary course one year in advance of University entrance or matriculation requirements. The higher leaving certificate is most prized, since the holder is entitled to free University education to the value of £20 in tuition fees. The proposal is to abandon the lower leaving certificate, which is little used, and to substitute a leaving certificate which will connote a standard of post-primary attainment at least equivalent to the standard required for University entrance. When the award of this certificate is placed on a thoroughly satisfactory basis, the Department hopes that it will be freely used not only by the University as an entrance qualification, but also by business firms who desire to single out from applicants for employment those who have had the kind of training and possess the special qualifications the type of business demands. The child-welfare activities of the Department, the work done in special schools and classes for physically and mentally defective children, the efforts to reform delinquent children, and to care for the neglected have all been pursued with vigour during the past year, and improvements effected. For example, the responsibilities of the two Departments concerned in the care of mentally subnormal children — namely, the Education Department and the Mental Hospitals Department—have been clearly defined, and uneducable children, who had previously hampered the work in both the special schools and special classes, are being removed and cared for by the latter Department; and the Education Department concerns itself solely with the training of those defectives who are considered educable. In dealing with the problem of delinquency the Department is endeavouring more and more to ascertain the causes of delinquency, and to remove neglected children from a harmful environment before habits of ill-doing have had time to form. This preventive work is undoubtedly of the utmost importance to the State, and well repays the amount of money spent on it. It may not be generally known how wide are the responsibilities of the Department in regard to the education of Natives. Not only are there 320 teachers employed in schools for the Maori race, but there are also schools in the Chatham Islands directly under the Department's control. In Samoa, in the Cook Islands, and in Fiji all the important schools are manned by New-Zealand-trained teachers, whose work is regularly examined by New Zealand Inspectors. It is particularly pleasing to record, the excellent service rendered by our teachers in the Native schools and in Native villages where the conditions of life and the demands made on the teachers are so different from those attaching to ordinary public schools. New Zealand has every reason to be proud of the generous assistance given to University students. All that is required of a boy or girl who desires free education at a University College is the completion in a satisfactory manner of one year's work at a post-primary school after he or she has qualified academically for University entrance. The University bursaries held on this basis now number 1,113, while scholarships of various kinds bring free University education to a further number —namely, 970. The extent to which University education is free in this country is shown by the fact that of 4,128 students 2,083, or 50 per cent., hold free places. The importance of vocational guidance has not been overlooked, and a comprehensive pamphlet entitled " Careers " was issued to the parents of pupils leaving Standard VI and all post-primary schools. This pamphlet gave a great deal of information about the different types of post-primary schools and the various types of occupations which it might be profitable for the pupils to follow. In the com-

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pilation of the information willing assistance was given the Department's staff by those employed in the various occupations and by the Wellington Rotary Club. The. pamphlet proved to be of great assistance to headmasters and principals in carrying out their self-imposed duty of advising pupils leaving school regarding the type of occupation they were best fitted to follow. Two of the largest technical high schools were allowed to appoint assistant teachers who had specialized in vocational guidance, and who, in addition to their ordinary duties, would act as counsellors to the pupils who desired advice regarding their future occupation. Extension of the Department's operations in this direction is undoubtedly desirable, and as soon as the finances of the country permit further progress will be made. At the same time it must not be supposed that the guidance of the pupils in this important respect is neglected, since, as has been indicated above, head teachers are in close touch with parents and employers, and readily give their advice and assistance to their pupils in choosing their life-work. Cost of Education. The appendix to this report shows in detail, under various headings, the expenditure on education during the financial year ended 31st March, 1930. The total expenditure, including endowment revenue, amounted to £4,138,577, as against £3,962,979 in the previous year, an increase of £175,598. If from the total sum of £4,138,577 expended on education in 1929-30 is deducted the sum of £443,885 spent on buildings, the net amount remaining is £3,694,692, which is equivalent to £2 10s. 2d. per head of the mean population of New Zealand (1,472,925) for the year 1929. The cost per head in the previous year, excluding cost of buildings, was £2 9s. 3d. The expenditure per head of mean population on the main branches of education in 1929 was (exclusive of expenditure on new buildings) as follows : Primary, £l lis. 9d. ; secondary, 6s. 2d. ; technical, 3s. ; higher education, 2s. School Buildings and Sites. During the year a number of schools were erected in newly settled and backblock districts, and many overcrowded schools were added to. A considerable sum was also spent in modernizing old-fashioned school buildings. It is now a little over fifty years ago since the schools were taken over from Provincial Governments and placed under the control of the national Government. As this had been a period of very great building activity, the Government is now being faced with the necessity of rebuilding many of these old and, in some cases, worn-out buildings. With a view to ascertaining the most urgent requirements in connection with school accommodation, Education Boards submit at the beginning of the financial year a list of their needs in order of urgency. A similar procedure is adopted in connection with secondary schools. A comparison of these lists enables a decision to be come to as to which works are the most important in the Dominion as a whole. The erection of dental clinics has advanced steadily, the number being determined by the number of dental nurses available. For these clinics the Department finds two-thirds of the building-cost, the balance of the cost being found by local contribution. In these clinics the cost of furniture is also provided by local effort, but actual dental equipment is provided by the Health Department. The expenditure required for the repair of buildings damaged by the earthquake of June, 1929, including the removal of dangerous projections on school buildings, amounted to £4,959, of which £3,391 was spent on primary schools and £1,566 on secondary and technical schools. In planning school buildings to be erected in permanent material, special care is being taken that they will be as far as possible earthquake-proof.

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The Government Fire Insurance Fund was called on to provide £6,357 for the replacement or repair of schools destroyed or damaged by fire. Among the larger works completed during the year were additions at Otorohanga, Glen Eden, Hikurangi. in the Auckland District; Fitzroy, New Plymouth ; and Linwood Avenue, Christchurch. New schools were erected at Richardson Road, Auckland ; Milson's Line, Palmerston North ; St. John's, Wanganui ; Rand wick Road and Brooklyn (Infants), Wellington. A district high school was erected at Opunake, a manual-training building at Tauranga, and schools at Terrace End, Palmerston North ; Castlecliff, Wanganui. Invercargill Middle and Normal School (Dunedin) were remodelled. Additional accommodation was provided at the Dannevirke High School and at the Pukekohe, Hamilton, Palmerston North, and Southland Technical Schools. Several large works are in progress, including additions to the Morrinsville, Te Kuiti, Christchurch West, and Wilford primary schools ; Hawera Technical School, Hastings High School, Rongotai Boys' College, Wellington East Girls' College ; and temporary class-rooms are being provided at the Nelson Boys' College until the new school is available. The Richmond Special School for Girls and the Burwood Girls' Home are also being added to. The following schools are being rebuilt: Wellington Boys' College, College Street Infant School, Palmerston North, Hunterville, Tapanui, and Nelson Central. Further hostel accommodation is being erected at the Mount Albert Boys' Grammar School, and considerable progress is being made with the erection of the science building and refectory for the Massey Agricultural College. Pending a decision regarding the proposed reorganization scheme, it was deemed inadvisable to erect expensive additions to schools that would be affected if the scheme came into operation. Accordingly, in many such schools temporary expedients were adopted in the way of temporary or rented buildings to accommodate the children in the meantime. Thanks are due to the forbearance of Education Boards and School Committees in accepting such temporary accommodation without great demur. The following table shows for the year ended 31st March, 1930, the amount expended by the Department on new buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences :— £ Public schools . . . . . . . . 253,636 Secondary schools .. .. . . .. 78,438 Technical schools . . . . . . . . 32,593 Training colleges. . .. .. .. .. 10,984 Universities . . . . . . . . . . 800 Native schools .. .. .. .. .. * 1,068 Schools for feeble-minded .. .. .. 2,999 Child-welfare institutions .. .. . . 9,995 School for the Deaf Kindergartens . . . . . . . . . . 1,107 Massey Agricultural College . . . . . . 45,304 Canterbury Agricultural College . . . . . . 6,961 Total .. .. .. .. £443,885 In addition, a grant of £2,500 was made by the Department towards the cost of erecting a social hall, at Canterbury College.

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Pupils in Attendance at Educational Institutions. The following table shows the number of persons, by ages, who, on the 30th June, 1929, were receiving instruction at recognized educational institutions in New Zealand. The figures are exclusive of students in attendance at University colleges and of children in attendance at free and private kindergarten schools :—

_ , Children. Adolescents. Adults. Total Type of School. N "^ bCT , in j j j j j I ! i j j ace Under 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21 Years 10 Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. and over. 1 !_ 1 : | I 1 _ I 17 and over. Public primary schools .. .. 210,396 118,782 22,537 22,762 22,222 15,838 6,629 1,440 169 17 Special classes for backward children.. 466 140 59 73 71 81 24 14 2 2 15 and over. Native schools .. .. .. 6,951 3,692 732 740 712 616 323 136 Under 11. 15 and over. Junior high schools .. .. 2,321 .. 35 393 762 689 340 102 Under 13. Over 17. Secondary departments of district high 4,568 i .. .. .. 282 993 1,430 1,044 556 263 schools Under 13. Over 17. Secondary schools .. .. .. 16,223 j .. .. .. 748 2,937 4,416 4,024 2,546 1,552 Under 13. Over 17. Technical high and day schools .. 7,536 .. .. .. 413 1,757 2,458 1,838 709 361 .. Under 13. Technical classes (part-time students at 11,187. .. .. .. 107 245 953 1,629 2,067 1,807 1,279! 841 568 1,691 day and night classes) Over 17. Private primary schools .. .. 26,556 13,598 2,954 2,982 3,093 2,259 1,099 397 110 64 I Under 13. Over 17. Private secondary schools .. .. 3,877 .. .. .. 181 583 906 921 737 549 Training college .. .. .. 1 1,188 i .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. j 29 146 307 322 384 Schools for the feeble-minded .. j 268 20 j 18 24 23 22 22 19 13 16 20 | 10 11 50 School for the Deaf* .. .. 108 38 j 13 7 8 15 9 12 5 .. .... .. 1 Institute for the Blind* .. .. 23 5 1 4.. 1 3 1 2 2 3; 1 Grand total .. .. 291, 668 . I j .. i j . . .. . . .. .. j I 1 I I ' i ' ! I * At at 31st January, 1930.

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KINDERGARTEN SCHOOLS. While the Department does not undertake the establishment of kindergarten schools, it has for some years past rendered financial assistance by way of subsidy and capitation to kindergarten schools conducted by recognized kindergarten associations. To obtain recognition by the Department an association must satisfy the Department that its business is not conducted for private profit, that the school in respect to which the payment of grants is desired is necessary in the locality in which it is situated, that the building and equipment are suitable, that the teaching staff is adequate and the instruction efficient. No fees shall be payable by pupils attending a recognized kindergarten school. Capitation payable is limited to £4 for each pupil in average attendance, and £l ss. for every £l raised by voluntary contributions and expended on the maintenance of the schools during any year. In addition, subsidies not exceeding £1 for £l may be paid on voluntary contributions raised by an association and expended on buildings, sites, and equipment approved by the Minister of Education. During 1929 seven associations were recognized by the Department, and a sum of £5,064 was paid as capitation and £1,1.07 as building subsidy. The number of pupils in attendance at schools conducted in 1929 by the recognized associations, and the average attendance of such pupils, were as follows : — . ... Pupils on Roll Average Attendance, Association. at End rf lg2g _ lg29 _ Auckland.. .. .. 464 303 Hastings .. .. . . 40 29 Hutt Valley . . . . 78 63 Wellington .. .. 346 262 Christchurch . . .. 366 253 Dunedin .. .. .. ..320 251 Invercargill .. .. .. 118 92 1,732 1,253 PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. The number of public schools open at the end of 1929 was 2,597, one less than in the previous year. In the following table the schools are classified according to their grade, and the yearly average attendance and the number of children per teacher are shown.

Total Average Average Number of Schools.* Number of Xnge l o! C Ave°Llf Department. Secondary Department. Totals. Attendance. -j ; Teacher in In each In each In each In each In each In each In each In each Subgrade.l Grade. Subgrade.' Grade. Subgrade. Grade. Subgrade. Grade. * + I I I I 1 0 (1-8) .. I 234 I 234 1,380 1,380 .. .. 1,380] 1,380 6 1 (9-20) .. 790 790 11,248 11,248 .. .. 11,248 11,248 14 TI (21-35) .. 513 513 13,602 13,602 .. .. 13,602 13,602 24 IIIa (36-50) .. 305 1 f 13,138 1 f .. f 13,138 ~) f 22 IIIB (51-80) .. 246 > 692-< 15,167 J- 41,927-! 52 y 174<! 15,219 y 42,101 <( 30 IIIo (81-120) .. 141 j I 13.622 j L 122 J I 13,744 J L 31 IVa (121-160) .. 69 1 f 9,516 1 f 299 1 f 9,815 ) IVB (161-200) .. 30 y 134<( 5,307 y 22,562<! 331 1, 5,638 J- 23,834 34 IVo (201-240) .. 35 J I 7,739 j I 642 J I 8,381 J Va (241-280) .. 33 1 f 8,726 1 f 634 ] f 9,360 1 Vb (281-320) .. 14 y 81 -< 4,278 y 24,312<| 96 4,374 25,409 40 Vc (321-360) .. 34 j \ 11,308 J L 367 J I 11,675 J VIA (361-400) .. 25 } f 9,475 "} f 580 ] f 10,055 1 VIb (401-440) .. 16 }■ 6H 6,765 y 25,361 <! 292 >-1, 7,057 y 26,366 43 VIo (441-480) .. 20 j [ 9,121 J I 133 J I 9,254 J VIIa (481-520) .. 16 1 f 8,061 1 f 93 1 f 8,154 VIIB (521-560) .. 15 8,012 .. 8,012 VIIc (561-600) .. 19 10,884 102 10,986 VIId (601-640) .. 14 8,544 271 8,815 VIIe (641-680) .. 10 6,607 .. 6,607 VIlF (681-720) .. 10 L no J 6,760 L 54 o 07 J •• I 46fi J 6,760 I „ 4 „ Vila (721-760) .. 4 f 2,940 f 54 " ,b7 T .. f 4b0 2,940 f 4d VIIh (761-800) .. 2 1,546 .. 1,546 VIIx (801-840) ..1 767 .. 767 VITj (841-880) ..1 846 .. 846 VIIk (881-920) ..... j VIIl (921-960) .. .. L - - jJ I •• ' y I •• Totals, 1929 .. I 2,597 2,597 195,359 I 195,359 4,014 4,014 199,373; 199,373 31 Totals, 1928 .. j 2,598 2,598 195,411] 195,411 3,726 3,726 199,137, 199,137 32 Difference ..I -1 j -1 -52 J -52 .+288 j +288 +236 | +236 -1 * Half-time, main, and side schools are counted as separate schools. fThe average attendance shown under this heading is the average attendance for the year ended 31st August, 1929, computed and adjusted in accordance with the regulations governing the staffing of schools. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended 31st December, 1929, was—primary departments, 193,978; and secondary departments, 4,054. X Head teachers are counted as class-teachers up to and including Grade V schools that are not district high schools.

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From the foregoing table it will be seen that 1,537 schools, or more than half the total number, each had an average attendance of less than thirty-six pupils. These schools are sole-teacher schools, and the total average attendance at such schools in 1929 was 26,230. Eliminating from the above table the details in respect to sole-teacher schools, the position regarding the remaining schools may be summarized as in the following table. For the purpose of comparison the average numbers of children per adult teacher in 1928 are given in parentheses.

Enrolment and Attendance. The total enrolment in public primary schools (including junior high schools conducted by the Auckland Education Board) at the end of the year 1929 was 217,961, a decrease of 833 when compared with the figures for the previous year. The decrease in roll numbers of public schools which commenced in 1928 and continued last year follows as a consequence of the diminishing rate of increase in population recorded in the past few years. The main causes contributing to this movement are stated by the Government Statistician to be the continued fall in the birth-rate and the shrinkage in the nominal excess of overseas arrivals over departures. So long as these conditions continue, further decreases can accordingly be expected in the enrolments at primary schools. Regularity of Attendance. —The regularity of attendance has continued at a highly satisfactory figure, the average attendance for the year 1929 being 90-9 per cent, of the average weekly roll number, an increase of 0-7 per cent, over the figure for the previous year. The Otago Education District, with 92-4 per cent., had the highest degree of regularity, but the figures for all districts are creditable, in no case falling below 90-2 per cent. The relative responsibilities of the nine Education Boards may be gauged from the following figures, which are exclusive of the secondary departments of district high schools, but inclusive of the junior high, schools conducted by the Auckland Education Board :—

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| Total Average < Attendance. u ™ ber of ! /X ) _ x Children per ( ri ary.) Adult Teacher. Grades III-YII (two or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 169,129 36 (37) Grades V-VII (six or more teachers) .. .. .. . . 104,640 42 (43) All schools (Grades 0-VII) .. .. .. .. .. 195,359 31 (32)

Enrolment. Schools, 1929 ,, m , Education District. | p ercentag0 11 erR > 1924. 1929. Increase, Grade 0) ' I Five Years. I — " ! Auckland .. .. .. 64,689 67,389 4 710 1,940 Taranaki .. .. .. 11,310 11,895 5 159 373 Wanganui .. .. .. 16,983 16,881 -1 189 512 Hawke'sBay .. .. 15,865 16,335 3 171 484 Wellington.. .. .. 26,533 28,330 7 233 796 Nelson 7,074 6,872 -3 115 250 Canterbury .. .. 36,853 37,155 1 377 1,077 Otago .. .. .. 21,749 20,981 -4 231 630 Southland .. .. .. 12,234 12,123 -1 178 376 Totals .. .. I 213,290 217,961 2 2,363 6,438

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Age and Classification of Pupils in Public Schools at 30th June, 1929 (exclusive of Pupils in Junior High Schools or in Secondary Departments of District High Schools).

Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standardly. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII. Totals. Ag e s. . S j j ; = Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. | Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 5 and under 6 .. .. 10 2 9,937 9,003 1 3 .. I .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. J 9,948 9,008 j I 6 „ 7 .... 6 8 11,878 10,725 561 728 11 5j .. .. | .. 12,456 11,466 7 8 .. 11 9 7,395 6,061 5,154 5,399 753 1,007 28 33 13,341 12,509 1 8 9 .. 33 18 2,226 1,513)5,168 4,379 4,750 5,080 958 1,145 34 32 .. 1 13,169 12,168 9 „ 10 .. .. 22 21 578 384 2,076 1,362 4,940 4,366 4,520 4,890 759 879 20 39 .. 1 .. 12,915 11,942 10 „ 11 .. .. 36 23 174 130 563 332 1,956 1,453 4,565 3,959 3,819 4,109. 655 724 60 38 .. .. 11,828 10,768 11 „ 12 .. .. 44 29 76 59 169 132 702 424 2,386 1,884 4,515 4,242 3,139 3,671 687 667 4 5 11,722 11,113 12 „ 13 .. .. 53 18 32 24 75 48 181 153 | 1.019 650 2,660 2,194 4,346 4,177 3,131 3,441 41 50 11,538 10,755 13 „ 14 .. '15 36 17 5 36 32 74 64 337 219 1,197 846 2,693 2,234 3,979 3,913 81 111 8,459 7,460 14 „ 15 ..16 8 1 5 10 6 29 16 90 48 336 178 1,027 642 2,355 1,697 97 92 3,961 2,692 15 „ 16 .. .. 8 6 2 1 3 2 4 14 4 36 19 220 89 650 336 30 30 967 487 16 „ 17 .. .. 2 .. 1 .. 1 '4 1 6 2 23 11 77 28 10 5 123 48 17 years and oyer .. .. 1 1 •• ■■ - - 1 1 .. 1 2 1 7 1 1 2 13 6 Totals .. .. 287 179 32,316 27,911 13,816 12,423 13,402 12,569 13,921 12,833 13,363 12,501 12,125 11,589 10,946 10,122 264 295 110,440 100,422 Median age in years and months 11 7 11 4 6 6 6 6 8 3 8 0 9 3 9 1 10 4 10 1 11 6 11 3 12 6 12 4 13 5 13 3 14 1 13 10 of pupils in each class

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Age and Classification oe Pupils. The table on the previous page classifies, according to age and standard of education, the whole of the pupils who were in attendance at public primary schools at the 30th June, 1929. The table does not give a reliable basis for estimating the extent of retardation in the public schools, since there are included children who on account of racial difficulties, or sickness, or mental deficiency, or similar cause have either entered school late or .have suffered breaks in their school career. The percentage distribution of pupils amongst the various classes and age groups was as follows : — Percentage of Percentage of Class. Total Roll. Age Group. Total Roll. Special classes for backward children .. 0-2 . 5-6 .. .. .. . . 9'o Primer .. .. .. .. 28-6 6-7 .. .. .. .. 11-3 Standard I .. .. .. 124 7-8 .. .. .. .. 12-3 II .. .. .. 12-3 8-9 .. .. .. .. 12-0 111 .. .. .. 12-7 9-10 .. .. .. .. 11-8 IV .. .. .. 12-3 10-11 .. .. .. .. 10-7 V 11-2 11-12 10-8 VI .. .. .. 10-0 12-13 .. .. .. .. 10-6 ~ VII ... .. .. 0-3 13-14 .. .. .. ..7-5 14-15 .. .. .. ..3-2 100-0 15-16 .. .. .. ..0-7 Over 16 .. .. .. .. 0-1 100-0 Special Classes for Backward Children. In order to meet the requirements of children who are retarded in their development owing to physical or other defects, special classes to the number of forty-nine have been established. Eleven of these are classes in public hospitals, where the tedium of convalescence is relieved by school-work of a suitable kind, six are for hard-of-hearing children and speech defectives, two are for undernourished and physically defective children, and thirty are for children who fail to develop under the ordinary school curriculum. On the 30th June, 1929, there were 466 children (287 boys and 179 girls) enrolled in the thirty classes established for children who have failed to develop under the ordinary school curriculum. The number enrolled on the same date in 1928 was 386 (241 boys and 145 girls). The children are enrolled in the hospital classes on the advice of the Medical Superintendent ; in the classes for hard-of-hearing and speech defectives, on the recommendation of Schools Medical Officers ; in the classes for physical defectives, on recommendation of Schools Medical Officers and other medical practitioners ; in the other classes for backward children, on the recommendation of the Supervisors of Special Classes, acting in conjunction with the Schools Medical Officer. In the last named classes, the Psychiatric Clinic reviews the decisions of the Supervisors of Special Classes from time to time, to ensure that no children of low-grade mentality are retained on the roll. The curriculum in each type of class is modified to suit the needs of the children, who are thus enabled to undergo maximum development. Many of the children in the special classes for physical defectives, and for speech defectives are returned to the ordinary classes when a cure has been effected. The children in the other special classes usually remain in the special class until the leaving age, when, if employment cannot be found for them in the ordinary way, the officers of the Child Welfare Branch take them over and, if necessary, supervise them until they show ability to fend for themselves. In dealing with backward children the Department works in co-operation with the Mental Hospitals Department and the Health Department, whose advice and assistance are much appreciated.

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Elimination of Large Classes. The usual returns showing the sizes of classes in public schools of Grade IV and upwards were received and examined by the Department, and the action necessary for the elimination of unduly large classes was taken. Senior Inspectors of Schools were asked to make recommendations for the appointment of additional assistants and for reorganization in order to effect the reduction of large classes. As a result, since the beginning of 1930 the Department has approved the employment of two hundred additional assistants to enable a reduction to be made in the sizes of certain large classes shown by the returns to be in existence in February, 1930. In addition, Senior Inspectors have been asked to ascertain from the attendance returns for the first term of 1930 all cases where additional assistants can be approved with advantage, and to make recommendations immediately. It will thus be apparent that short of embarking on a wholesale reduction of classes to the size at present regarded as the ideal, the Department is doing all it can to minimize as much as possible the undoubted evil of large classes. As pointed out in previous reports, any scheme for the reduction of classes to the ideal limit would involve in the building of the necessary accommodation and the provision of a large number of additional teachers, a very considerable increase in education expenditure, for which the Department has as yet no authority. The following table shows the progress that has been made since 1924 in the elimination of large classes : —

Sizes of Classes in Schools of Grade IV and over.

The extent to which improvements have been effected in the past ten years in the ratio of adult teachers to pupils enrolled is clearly shown by the following table and graph. From these it will be noted that the rate of increase in the number of adult teachers employed has been more than twice that in the number of pupils enrolled.

Pupils and Adult Teachers in Public Schools and Forms I and II of Junior High Schools, 1920-1929.

1924. February, 1929. j February, 1930. I I Number of Children. I .Number of „ „ , Number of „ , Number of n , n . Per Cent. r,, i Per Cent. Per Cent. Classes. Classes. ! Classes. 1 ; J Under 31 .. .. 124 5 233 8 331 10 31-40 .. .. .. 406 16 860 28 845 27 41-50 .. .. .. 716 28 1,138 37 1,175 37 51-60 .. .. .. 700 28 788 25 760 2461 and over .. .. 573 23 66 2 48* 2 Totals .. .. 2,519 100 3,085 100 3,159 100 J 1 I 1 * This number has been reduced by the appointment of additional assistant teachers.

Percentage Increase Percentage Increase y ear j Number of Pupils I of Pupils over Number of Adult j of Teachers over on Roll. ! Number shown for Teachers. '■ Number shown for 1920. I 1920. 1920 .. .. .. 197,645 .. 5,175 ' 1921 .. .. .. 205,181 3-8 5,260 ! 1-6 1922 .. .. .. 210,491 6-5 5,465 5-6 1923 .. .. .. 211,960 7-2 5,656 9-3 1924 .. .. .. 213,290 7-9 5,822 12-5 1925 .. .. .. 215,004 8-8 i 6,010 16-1 1926 .. .. .. 217.427 10-0 6,203 19-9 1927 .. .. .. 220,964 11-8 i 6,264 21-0 1928 .. .. .. 219,857 11-2 1 6,373 23-2 1929 .. .. .. 218,996 10-8 j 6,468 25-0

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Pupils leaving Primary Schools.

In 1929, 23,022 pupils (12,059 boys and 10,963 girls) left public primary schools ; of these 17,852, or 78 per cent., had passed Standard VI, and 5,170, or 22 per cent., had not passed that standard. Amongst the 5,170 children who left without passing Standard VI were 700 children who had not attained the age of fourteen years. It is thought, however, that the greater portion of these will be children who, though not fourteen years of age when the schools closed in December, 1929, attained that age before the 1930 school year commenced. A number left the Dominion, and others transferred either to private schools or to lower departments of secondary schools. The few who are not thus accounted for will doubtless have been dealt with by the Education Boards for irregular attendance. It is interesting to note that in 1929 the diminution of primary-school roll numbers experienced during the past two years apparently commenced to effect the numbers of children leaving school, for, as stated above, 23,022 children definitely left primary school in 1929, whereas in the previous year the number was 23,742. This downward movement will probably continue so long as the primary-school roll continues to fall, and its possible effect on the problem of unemployment amongst young people, on the enrolment at post-primary schools, and on the national expenditure on post-primary education appears to provide an interesting field for speculation and inquiry. Destination of Pupils leaving Primary Schools. The Department again obtained from public schools, through the Education Boards, returns as to the destination of pupils leaving school. A summary of the returns showing the number of pupils who left last year is given in the following

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table. From this table it will be seen that 51 per cent, of the boys and 53 per cent, of the girls who left last year proceeded to post-primary schools, 20 per cent, of the boys engaged in farming pursuits, and 7 per cent, of the boys entered various trades.

Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Public Primary Schools during, or at End of, Year 1929.

The percentages of pupils proceeding to various destinations on leaving primary school have varied little in the past three years, as will be seen from the following table. The percentages of boys proceeding to agricultural and pastoral occupations and to trades remained unaltered. The most appreciable movement was in the increasing percentage of pupils proceeding to post-primary school after completing the primary course. This increase, it is felt, is due to the fact that, when sufficient employment is not available for boys and girls at the termination of their postprimary school course, as has been the case in the past few years, parents prefer to send their children to post-primary schools where the period of awaiting employment can be more profitably spent than if the children were permitted to waste this time in idleness. To this course no objection can reasonably be made, even though the pupils concerned may spend only very short periods at the post-primary schools. It is preferable, however, that such pupils should enrol at technical schools, rather than at secondary schools. Advice to this effect is given to parents in the Department's pamphlet " Careers," which is issued each year to children leaving school.

Percentages of Pupils leaving Primary Schools in 1927-29 who proceeded to the various Destinations and Occupations.

Totals. Had passed Had not passed Standard VI. Standard VI. Destination. Girk " [ 1 j Boys. ; Girls. Boys. Girls. Number, Number, Post-primary .. .. .. 5,964 5,594 231 199 6,195 51 5,793 53 Commercial occupations — (a) Clerical (including typing) .. 135 74 30 20 165 1 94 1 (b) Shop and warehouse assistants 307 183 145 101 452 4 284 3 Trades — (a) Engineering .. .. 116 .. 57 .. 173 1 (b) Building .. 114 61 1 175 2 1 * (c) Other .. .. .. 283 41 184 26 467 4 67 * Agricultural and pastoral .. 1,362 96 1,072 77 2,434 20 173 2 Other occupations .. .. 410 292 408 298 818 7 590 5 Home .. .. .. 472 2,206 334 1,457 806 7 3,663 33 Not known .. .. .. 126 77 248 221 374 3 298 3 Total number of children leaving 9,289 8,563 2,770 2,400 ! 12,059 100 10,963 100 * No significant percentage.

Boys. Girls. Destination. i — 1927. 1928. 1929. 1927. j 1928. 1929. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent, i Per Cent. Per Cent. Post-primary .. .. .. 50 51 51 49 j 51 53 Commercial occupations — (a) Clerical . . .. .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 (b) Shop and warehouse assistants 4 4 4 3 3 3 Trades — (а) Engineering.. .. .. 1 2 1 * * * (б) Building .. .. .. 2 1 2 * * * (c) Other .. .. .. 4 4 4 1 1 * Agricultural and pastoral .. 20 20 20 2 1 2 Other occupations .. .. 6 6 7 5 6 5 Home .... .. .. 8 8 7 36 34 33 Not known .. .. .. 4 3 3 3 3 3 Totals .. .. .. 100 100 100 100 100 100 * No significant percentage.

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Registered Private Primary Schools. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by registered private primary schools with respect to the year 1929 : —

The number of schools at the end of the previous year was 302 and the total enrolment 26,596. Consolidation of Schools. The activities in connection with school consolidation during the year have been mainly in the direction of the closing of isolated, small, schools and the conveyance of children to larger neighbouring schools. In many cases the replacement of worn-out buildings has thus been avoided. In still other instances the establishment of new schools in districts to which settlement is extending has been made unnecessary by conveying the children to existing schools where, in general, they will receive better tuition and, through being conveyed, will attend more regularly. In every case in which a scheme of consolidation has been suggested, the cost of the proposals has been carefully examined and compared with, that of maintenance under previously existing conditions, to ensure that the undoubted advantages of consolidation are not purchased at too great a price. There are over fifteen hundred sole-teacher schools in the Dominion, and it would be wasteful expenditure to embark upon an extensive consolidation programme that would involve the abandonment of good school buildings and the enlargement of other buildings, in addition to the cost of conveyance of children to other schools. A fact that is not generally recognized is that consolidation is not found to result in reduced expenditure, for, usually, the increased educational facilities obtained under consolidation are gained at some increase in cost. Correspondence School. The past year has been one of progressive development for the Correspondence School. In 1928 preliminary arrangements were made for the establishment of a secondary department, and in February, 1929, post-primary courses in English, mathematics, geography, history, agriculture, Latin, and book-keeping were made available. The children taking these courses comprise ex-primary pupils living in remote districts, whose only opportunity of obtaining a secondary education is by means of correspondence. It is intended to make a special feature of practical agriculture, and a qualified assistant has been recently appointed for this purpose. At the end of the year the roll of the primary department was 795, and of the secondary department 98. The staff consisted of the headmaster, fourteen assistant teachers, and five clerical assistants. The school was examined by both primary and secondary Inspectors, the reports indicating that very good work indeed is being done. Of the thirty-five pupils who sat for examination in Standard VI, thirty-four gained proficiency certificates.

Undenomi- | Catholic Other national ! Church Church Total. | Schools. Schools. Schools. Number of schools .. .. .. 42 208 52 302 Roll—Boys .. .. .. .. 861 10,472 1,165 12,498 Girls .. .. .. .. 864 11,654 1,961 14,479 Total .. .. .. 1,725 22,126 3,126 26,977 Average attendance .. .. .. 1,532-4 19,636-6 2,766-4 23,935-4 Teachers—Men .. .. . . .. 37 42 31 110 Women .. .. .. 77 665 125 867 Total .. .. .. 114 707 156 977

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Needlework, a new subject authorized in 1928, was added to the curriculum in 1929, and has proved a most popular subject, much work of a high standard already having been sent in. It is found in some instances that children who are comparatively backward in general subjects do exceedingly well in this type of handwork. The second number of The Postman, the annual magazine, compiled almost wholly from material sent in by the scholars, was published in December. The magazine, which was financed by advertising and voluntary donations from the parents, has done much to strengthen the spirit of co-operation between home and school, and also to foster the growth of a real school spirit. Physical Education. This phase of the school-work continues to make very good progress. In addition to physical exercises, folk dancing, organized games, rhythmic movements, field sports, swimming, and life-saving are receiving adequate attention. Physically defective children selected by Schools Medical Officers receive a special course of physical exercises. The treatment of physical education is in keeping with the modern trend of education, teachers relying more on the spirit of the work than on the performance of the various drill movements. During the year physical instructors, seventeen in number, received a special advanced course in physical education under Dr. Renfrew White, and a course in swimming and life-saving and in folk dancing at Wellington. Increased attention to instruction in the various phases of physical education is being given in all the training colleges, and students so trained will be qualified to act as instructors in every branch of the work. In addition, twelve specially selected students received a third year's training in physical education at the Dunedin Training College. A Manual of Hygiene and Physical Training is in course of preparation. Great progress has been made in swimming and life-saving. Last year 15,836 certificates were issued to primary and secondary pupils, an increase of 4,000 certificates on the previous year's returns. Practically all training-college students can swim, and an increasing percentage earn life-saving certificates and other awards. The staff of instructors continues to do very good work both in the training colleges and in the schools. Manual Instruction. Staffing. —On the 30th June, 1929, there was in the employ of the various Education Boards a total of J3l full-time specialist teachers engaged in giving instruction to senior pupils in woodwork, metalwork, and domestic subjects, besides twenty-three specialist instructors in elementary agriculture. These teachers were classified as under. Class VII is the highest, and in Division I are placed those teachers whose classification is based on academic or professional qualifications equivalent to at least a University diploma involving three years' preparation of University standard.

Full-time Classified Teachers in Manual-training Classes as at 30th June, 1929.

Division I. Division II. Class. j j Totals. Men. Women. Men. ' Women. j I I | . I VII .. VI .. .. .. 1 5 6 12 V .. .. .. 9 1 19 8 37 IV .. .... 3 .. 14 7 24 III .. .. .. 2 | 5 12 7 26 II .. .. .. 1 6 8 4 19 I .. .. 2 | 19 11 4 36 Totals, 1929 .. 18 • 31 69 ' 36 154 Totals, 1928 .. 17 23 j 65 38 143

Saluting the Flag.

[Face p. 16

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A HEALTH CAMP FOR SCHOOL CHILDREN, PALMERSTON NORTH.

Boys sunbathing.

A Rest Period.

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Folk-dancing.

DENTAL TREATMENT.

Interior of a School Dental Clinic.

PHYSICAL INSTRUCTION.

Folk-dancing.

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SWIMMING AND LIFE-SAVING.

Training Students in Life-saving.

Teaching to Swim.

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Physical Drill Demonstration by Students at Dunedin Training College.

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In this table are included nine teachers (four men and five women) on staffs of junior higli schools. The average rates of salary on the 30th June, 1929, were as follows : Men, £362 ; women, £227 ; both, £303. The following are some particulars of the number of schools and the number of pupils receiving instruction in manual training during 1929 : — Elementary agriculture : Number of public primary schools, 2,003 ; number of pupils, 50,267. Elementary science : Number of public primary schools, 73 ; number of pupils, 3,492. Woodwork : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 22,367, of which 17,303 attended from public primary schools and 1,663 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Metalwork : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 1,089, of which 94 attended from public primary schools and 34 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high, schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Domestic subjects : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 22,037, of which 16,508 attended from public primary schools and 1,866 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Financial. —The total amount due by the Department to the Education Boards for the salaries and incidental expenses for the year 1929 was approximately £73,654, made up as follows : — Salaries — v £ £ Full-time assistants .. .. .. .. .. 45,514 Full-time student teachers . . . . . . . . 79 Overtime .. .. .. .. . . . . 88 Capitation for part-time teachers (including commercial instructors in district high schools) . . .. . . 805 46,486 Incidental allowances .. .. .. .. .. . . 10,862 Capitation grants .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16,306 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73,654 In addition, capitation amounting to £1,685 and incidental allowances amounting to £505 were earned on account of commercial instruction in district high schools given by part-time teachers. The Department also provided handwork materials for use in 1929 costing some £11,600, and also refunded to Education Boards the actual receiving and distributing charges, amounting approximately to £1,400, involving a total expenditure of £13,000. The above figures exclude salaries and incidental allowances payable in respect of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards. STAFFS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The number of adult teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools at the end of 1929 was 6,438 (men 2,270 ; women, 4,168), an increase of 97 over the previous year. Included in the foregoing figures for adult teachers are 224 probationary assistants who were employed in public schools completing their training as teachers. The number of such assistants for the previous year was 133. In addition to adult teachers there were employed in public schools at

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the end of 1929, 547 probationers (males, 150 ; females, 397), compared with 572 at the end of the previous year. The following table shows the number of teachers in the schools of the various grades : —

Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1929.

Ratio of Men to Women Teachers. —The following table indicates the number of women for each 100 men teachers : —

The number of adult women teachers to each 100 adult men teachers in all schools has steadily declined since the years of the Great War, the number in 1929 being nine less than in 1915, and sixty-nine less than in 1918. The diminution in the proportion of adult women teachers employed is particularly marked in the schools with less than twenty-one pupils in average attendance, the number of adult women teachers employed in such schools to every 100 adult men teachers so employed having shrunk from 323 in 1915 to 162 in 1929. This movement is attributable to the comparatively higher salaries paid in sole-teacher schools in recent years, thus inducing male teachers to undertake service in these schools. In a previous section, entitled " Elimination of Large Classes," reference was made to steps that had been taken to staff the primary schools more liberally. The following figures give further evidence of what has been done in this direction during the last few years : —

Sole Teachers. Head Teachers. Teachers' Total Adult Teachers. Grade of School. , . : : M. | F. M. F. M. F. M. , F. Total. Grade 0 (1-8) .. 23 177 1 23 178 201 I (9-20) .. 344 417 344 417 761 II (21-35) .. 205 231 32 32 2 62 239 325 564 „ IIIA (36-50) .. 6 4 194 94 5 286 205 384 589 „ IIIb (51-80) 198 42 3 257 201 299 500 „ IIIc (81-120) 124 10 7 271 131 281 412 IY (121-240) 126 1 92 407 218 408 626 Y (241-360) 79 1 130 414 209 415 624 VI (361-480) 59 .. 171 420 230 420 650 „ VII (over 480) 100 .. 370 1,041 ; 470 1,041 1,511 All grades .. 578 829 912 180 780 S, 159 2,270 4,168 6,438

1915. 1918. 1922. 1927. 1928. 1929. ■ I I I Adult teachers —• All schools .. .. .. 193 253 197 187 1 183 184 Schools with roll 1-20 .. .. 323 523 299 202 185 162 Schools with roll over 20 .. .176 227 182 185 182 188 Pupil-teachers .. .. .. 344 425 223 * * * Probationers .. . . . . 647 688 349 236 303 265 Training-college students .. . . 387 488 256 213 227 242 * The position of " pupil-teacher " has now been abolished.

v I Average Number of Number of Pupils ear ' I Attendance. Adult Teachers. , u leacher. 1925 .. .. .. .. .. .. 194,741 6,002 32-4 1926 .. .. .. .. .. .. 192,588 6,183 31-1 1927 .. .. .. .. .. .. 192,284 6,230 30-8 1928 .. .. .. 195,411 6,341 30-8 1929 .. .. .. .. .. .. 195,359 6,438 30-3

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Teachers' Salaries. The total amount of all salaries and allowances for the year ending on the 31st March, 1930, was £1,810,612, or £29,223 more than in the previous year. These figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £50,532, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £8 10s. 9d. per head of the total roll number. The corresponding amount in 1928 was £8 7s. 6d. The average salaries of adult teachers (including house allowances and value of residences) in 1914 and for the last five years are shown in the following table : — Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers. 1914. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. (1) Teachers in all schools — ££££££ (a) Men and women .. .. 163 280 280 279 280 281 (b) Men .. .. .. .. 224 364 359 356 354 356 (c) Woman .. .. .. 128 238 239 238 240 240 (2) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a) Men and women .. 286 285 286 287 287 (6) Men .. .. .. .. .. 366 361 359 358 359 (c) Women.. .. .. .. ..244 244 246 247 246 (3) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a) Men and women .. .. .. 292 295 290 291 290 (6) Men .. .. .. .. .. 384 384 375 370 376 (c) Women.. .. .. .. ..244 248 245 246 245 (4) Head teachers— (a) Men .. ... .. .. .. 442 443 445 444 443 (b) Women .. ■ .. .. .. 359 380 375 374 368 (5) All sole teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. 264 273 278 276 279 (6) Women .. ... .. ..240 244 239 241 242 (6) Assistants— W (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. 329 318 310 309 313 (6) Women .. .. .. .. 231 230 231 233 232 The next table groups certificated teachers according to their salaries. This table shows that 35 per cent, of the certificated male teachers receive salaries over £400 per annum and 57 per cent, receive salaries over £350. Of the certificated women teachers 41 per cent, receive salaries in excess of £250.

Applicants for Probationerships. In 1929 the number of qualified applicants for entrance to the teaching service as probationers far exceeded the number of probationerships. The Education Boards were therefore again able to select for appointment young people with high academic attainments. Sixty-eight per cent, of those appointed as probationers in 1929 had higher leaving certificates or a full pass in the Teachers' Class D Examination, the highest qualification necessary for appointment, and the remainder had either passed the Matriculation Examination, secured a partial pass in the Class D Examination, or held lower leaving certificates. There were 861 applications received in 1929 from young persons desirous of receiving appointment as

Certificated Male Teachers. Certificated Female Teachers. Salaries (including Allowances and Value of Residences). Sole and Head Asa i stan ts. Assistants. Not exceeding £180 .. .. 18 24 65 448 £181 to £250 .. .. 98 159 66 1,675 £251 „ £300 .. .. 255 87 359 327 £301 „ £350 .. .. 195 94 139 358 £351 „ £400 .. .. 253 226 188 139 Over £400 .. .. .. 628 133 31 12 Totals .. .. 1,447 723 J 848 2,959

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probationers. Seven hundred and thirty of these applicants had the minimum educational qualification necessary for appointment. About seven hundred of those with the minimum educational qualification were medically examined, and, with the exception of thirty-five applicants, were passed as physically fit for entrance to the Education service. It was possible, however, to find positions for only 556 of the applicants thus qualified. Supply of Teachers. In pursuance of the practice followed in the past few years the number of new entrants required to make good the wastage from the ranks of the teaching service was carefully estimated by the Department, and, as a result, the Education Boards were advised that the position would be adequately met by the appointment in 1929 of 556 probationers. Training of Teachers. The period of training for a young person desiring recognition by the Department as a trained teacher is now four years, consisting in general of one year as a probationer in a public school, two years as a training-college student, and one year as a probationary assistant in a public school. In the case of a few students desirous of qualifying as specialist teachers the training-college course is extended for a third year, and the requirement as to service as a probationery assistant is in these cases dispensed with. As stated at an earlier stage in this report, there were in 1929, 547 probationers and 224 probationary assistants employed in public schools. The table which follows will show that in the same year there were 1,183 young persons in attendance at the four training colleges. There were thus in 1929 1,954 young persons receiving training in Government institutions for the teaching profession. The number in the previous year was 1,819. The following table shows the number of students in training in the four training colleges during 1929. The figures for the previous year are also given for the purposes of comparison : —

Students may be admitted to the training colleges under one or other of the following divisions : Division A, students who, having obtained the necessary educational qualifications, have completed a course of training as probationers, or have completed a course of training at a recognized kindergarten school, or have completed a full-time course as student teachers in a technical school; Division B, other students who, being over seventeen years of age, have obtained higher leaving certificates or partial passes in the Class D Examination or have obtained equivalent or higher qualifications ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year ; Division D. teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students under the several divisions in 1929 were : Division A, 1,145 ; Division B, nil ; Division C, 24 ; and Division D, 14 : total, 1,183. The numbers for the previous year were : Division A, 1,079 ; Division B, 11 ; Division C, 24 ; and Division D, nil : total, 1,114. In October, 1929, the regulations governing admission to training colleges were amended and, commencing in 1930, any young person desiring admission as a Division B student will require to (1) be not less than seventeen years of age ; (2)

1928. 1929. College. — r — — - Men. ! Women. ! Total. Men. | Women. Total. _ ' I 1 I Auckland .. .. .. 118 263 381 116 253 369 Wellington .. .. .. 57 172 229 48 186 234 Christchurch .. .. .. 82 174 256 87 203 290 Dunedin .. .. .. 84 164 248 95 195 290 Totals .. .. 341 773 1,114 346 837 1,183

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have obtained some educational qualification approved by the Director of Education ; (3) give satisfactory evidence as to moral character and health ; and (4) pay fees at the rate of £7 7s. per term for tuition and training. Of the 1,183 students in attendance at training colleges in 1929, 591 were in their first year, 542 in the second, and 50 in the third year. Each of the 50 thirdyear students was aiming to qualify as a specialist teacher in some particular subject. Eleven were qualifying as teachers of science ; 1, mathematics ; 9, drawing and handwork; 3, mathematics and science both ; 14, music and eurhythmies ; and 12, physical training : total, 50. The number of students who left training colleges in 1929 was 592, and their examination status was as follows : Class A certificate, 1 ; Class B certificate, 96 ; Class C certificate, 405 ; Class D with partial success towards Class C, 78 ; Class D, 1 ; credited with some subjects towards a teacher's certificate, 11. Grading of Teachers. The total number of teachers graded as at the 31st December, 1929, was 7,348, including 38 New Zealand teachers employed in Island Schools (Fiji, Western Samoa, and Cook Islands). The total for the previous year was 7,203. Appeals against grading were lodged by 200 teachers, as compared with 148 for the previous year. Of the latter number, 61 appeals were withdrawn, 56 were disallowed, and 31 were upheld. Status of Teachers in Eegard to Certificates. The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers holding teachers' certificates in the last three years : —

Primary Teachers in Public Schools.

The numbers of teachers holding certificates of the various classes in 1928 and 1929 were as follows : —

1927. 1928. 1929. Number. Number. ■ r " Number. r centage. centage. centage. I. Certificated teachers .. .. 5,730 92 5,916 93 5,969 93 II. Uncertificated teachers — (1) Holding licenses .. .. 35 1 14 * 8 (2) Unlicensed .. .. 465 7 411 6 461 7 Total uncertificated .. . . 500 8 425 7 469 7 Totals of I and II .. .. 6,230 100 6,341 100 6,438 100 ♦No significant percentage.

1928. 1929. Class of Certificate. — — —r — M. F 1 Total. M, F. Total. I I ' * i c > 4ht 11| A ...... 50 9 59 42 10 52 B .. .. .. 570 339 909 630 391 1,021 C .. .. .. 1,127 2,311 3,438 1,140 2,359 3,499 D .. .. .. 371 1,063 1,434 342 987 1,329 E ...... 10 66 76 10 58 68 Total .. .. 2,128 3,788 5,916 2,164 3,805 5,969

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It will be noted from the foregoing tables that between the years 1928 and 1929 an increase took place in the number of uncertificated teachers employed. This increase, however, is explained by the fact that there was a greater number of probationary assistants employed in 1929 than in the previous year. Each year there is included amongst the number of uncertificated teachers shown in the Department's statistics a considerable number of teachers who, while not actually certificated, have received professional training at the training colleges, and require to pass in only one or two subjects or to serve their term as probationary assistants in order to complete the requirements for a teacher's certificate In 1928 there were at least 133 such teachers serving as probationary assistants, and included with the 411 teachers shown as uncertificated in that year. In 1929 the corresponding figures were 224 and 461. It will thus be seen that there were actually fewer uncertificated and untrained teachers employed in 1929 than was the case in the previous year. In addition to the improvement that has taken place in recent years in regard to the number of uncertificated teachers employed, there has been a decided improvement in the professional and academic status of those teachers who are certificated. In 1924 only 64 per cent, of the adult teachers in public schools held certificates above Class D, whereas in 1929 the corresponding percentage was 77. The following figures show the percentage of teachers holding certificates of the various classes in the years 1924 and 1929 : — Certificate. Percentage, * r <*»± a S<S' A 1 ' 1 B .. .. .. .. .. ..10 17 C .. .. .. .. .. ..53 59 D .. .. .. ..33 22 E .. .. .. .. .... 3 1 100 100 NATIVE SCHOOLS. At the end of 1929 there were 137 Native-village schools under the direct control of the Department for the primary education of Maori children in districts principally settled by Natives. In addition there were ten primary and twelve secondary (boarding) schools controlled by various religious organizations. Maoris are also admitted to the ordinary public schools —and in fact the number attending these schools is greater than the number in attendance at Native schools. The following table shows the number of schools with the enrolment at the end of 1928 and at the end of 1929 :—

These figures include a number of European children (888 in 1929) who attend Native-village schools, and if these be deducted the enrolment of Native children in primary schools at the end of last year becomes 14,399, compared with 13,977 at the close of the previous year. The continued increase in the number of Maori children attending school is particularly interesting in the case of Native-village schools. It shows, first, that the Maori population is not diminishing; and, second, that there is a growing desire amongst the Maoris for education. When the Native schools were taken over by the Department in 1880 the total roll was 1,042. Some twenty years ago it was considered that the Maori race was passing away, and if was even suggested that the Native-schools system was one of the contributing causes of the physical decay

| Schools, 1929. Roll, 1928. | Roll, 1929. Native-village schools .. .. .. ..J 137 6,671 6,979 Mission schools (primary) .. . . .. . . 10 550 532 Public schools with Native children enrolled .. .. 767 7,593 7,772 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 914 14,814 ' 15,283 I

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of the Maori. The regular increase in the numbers of Maori children attending the Native-village schools and the present high physical and intellectual standard of the Maori race prove completely, however, that such a view was entirely unfounded. The average yearly attendance at Native-village schools was maintained at a creditably high percentage (89-9) of the average weekly enrolment. Boarding-schools for the secondary education of Maoris have been established by religious bodies, and the Government provides a number of scholarships tenable at these schools, which are inspected by the Department's officers. There were twelve schools at the end of last year, with an enrolment of 533 pupils, of whom 167 held Government scholarships. In addition, three Maoris held scholarships at Auckland University College and Otago University, taking courses in arts, theology, and medicine, and five Maoris held agricultural scholarships at Te Aute College. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS. The number of post-primary schools of the type sometimes called junior high schools in operation during the year was the same as in the previous year —namely, eight. No new junior high schools were opened during the year. A new secondary school—Rongotai Boys' College—was opened at Wellington in 1928, and, as the available accommodation at the school was in excess of that required for the time being for secondary pupils, it was decided to admit meantime boys of Standard VI from neighbouring schools. Owing to this unusual constitution the junior department of the school, which is designated Form 11, is for statistical purposes being treated as a junior high school, and details regarding it are therefore included in the following tables regarding junior high schools. The total number of children enrolled at junior high, schools (including Rongotai Boys' College) at the end of 1929 was 2,204, as against 2,280 in the previous year. Information regarding the attendance and classification of pupils in attendance at junior high schools in 1929 is shown in the following tables : —

Roll Number and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools.

oo -g g :=j g cj Classification of Pupils on Roll as at 30th June, 1929. s# «-S ® : r ■ tt* i q i i ° ~ ° H S °§S g'S Form I. Form II. Form III. All Forms. Junior High School. g |c ~ _Q .£3 © H _Q rH h> rri E~> 5. afl J Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. & _Js_ (a) Whangarei .. 122 198 295 278 79 75 74 72 * * 153 147 300 (c) Kowhai .. 474 405 764 753 186 161 168 160 76 67 430 388 818 (c) Northcote .. 163 129 250 258 55 69 58 56 20 23 133 148 281 (b) Matamata .. 66 118 155 145 48 38 44 27 | t 92 65 157 (a) Rotorua .. 69 80 134 128 52 39 27 21 * * 79 60 139 (d) Rongotai .. 2 82 79 76 .. .. 80 .. .. .. 80 80 (a) Marlborough 117 135 224 221 72 56 55 56 * * 127 112 239 (a) Waitaki Boys' 101 79 160 155 68 .. 92 .. * .. 160 .. 160 (a) Waitaki Girls' 74- 78 143 135 .. 69 .. 78 .. * .. 147 147 Totals, 1929 1,188 1,304 2,204 2,149 560 507 598 470 96 90 1,2541,0672,321 Totals, 1928 1,271 1,312 2,280 2,221 574 462 659 493 92 115 1,3251,0702,395 Diflerence .. -83 -8 --76 -72 -14 +45 1—61 j-23 +4 -25 -71 -3 -74 (а) These schools are senior high schools to which junior departments consisting of Standard V and Standard VI pupils have been attached. They are sometimes called junior-senior high schools. (б) A district high school including a primary-school department up to Standard IV, a junior high school or junior secondary department consisting of the former Standard V and Standard VI pupils, and a senior high school or senior secondary department. (c) These schools are separate junior high schools including the former Standard V and Standard VI pupils and also a small Form III or the lowest form of the senior high school. (d) A senior secondary school to which boys of Standard VI are admitted." * Number of Form III pupils included in the statistics for secondary schools. f Number of Form III pupils included in the statistics for district high schools.

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24

Ages of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 30th June, 1929.

Ages and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 30th June, 1929.

Destination of Pupils. As in previous years, the Department obtained from junior high schools returns showing the probable destination of pupils leaving school in 1929, and these have been amalgamated and are tabulated below. From this table it will be observed that 61 per cent, of the boys and 60 per cent, of the girls who left junior high schools last year proceeded to post-primary education at some other school. The corresponding percentages in the previous year were 63 and 57 respectively.

Destination of Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during, or at End of, 1929.

Under 11 Years and 12 Years and 13 Years and j 14 Years and 15 Years and 11 Years. under 12. under 13. under 14. I under 15. over. Junior High School. j Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, j Girls, j Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Whangarei .. 1 1 28 33 56 56 38 37 25 16 5 4 Kowhai .. .. 6 2 57 57 115 131 131 124 81 60 40 14 Northcote .. .. 3 8 38 34 43 46 28 40 19 18 2 2 Matamata .. .. 1 3 11 10 28 17 34 26 13 7 5 2 Rotorua .. 8 9 22 22 31 18 12 10 6 1 Rongotai . . 6 .. 25 .. 33 .. 14 .. 2 Marlborough 1 4 19 22 47 40 39 33 14 9 7 4 Waitaki Boys' .. 1 .. 29 .. 64 .. 33 .. 29 .. 4 Waitaki Girls' .. .. 4 .. 32 .. 50 .. 44 .. 13 .. 4 Totals .. 13 22 196 197 400 362 367 322 207 133 71 31

Form I. Form II. Form III. ' Total. Age. j j - - — — - —|— Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. 1 Girls. | | | Under 11 years .. 12 21 1 1 .. .. 13 22 11 years and under 12 .. 151 169 44 28 1 .. 196 197 12 „ 13 .. 225 198 171 159 4 5 400 362 13 „ 14 .. 124 90 219 194 24 38 367 322 14 „ 15 .. 42 25 122 71 43 37 207 133 15 years and over .. 6 4 41 17 24 10 71 31 Totals .. .. 560 507 598 470 96 90 1,254 1,067

Boys. Girls. I Occupation. First Second Third m ± 1 t> * First Second j Third m 1 n , 7 , 7 „ lotal. | Percentage. , 7 , T | Total. 1 Percentage. Year. Year. Year. 1 ! e Year. Year. Year, j 6 Continued full-time 38 362 31 431 61 ! 41 235 40 316 60 education Commercial (clerical, 4 13 18 35 5 ! 2 9 15 26 5 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 4 42 17 63 9 1 2 6 9 2 Agricultural or pas- 14 52 8 74 10 i toral Home .. .. 1 14 15 30 4 10 95 27 132 25 Miscellaneous .. 5 36 2 43 1 24 4 Not known .. 2 15 18 35 : 5 3 18 2 23 4 I Totals .. 68 534 109 711 100 61 378 91 530 100

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For the purpose of showing the tendencies in the choice of occupations by pupils leaving junior high schools, the percentages of pupils proceeding to various destinations or occupations in the past four years are shown below. As in the case of the statistics showing the destination of pupils leaving primary school, the figures relating to junior high schools, so far as ex-pupils proceeding to postprimary education are concerned, respond to the prevailing economic conditions. This would appear to be borne out by the fact that in the past few years of economic depression, with fewer opportunities of placing young boys and girls in occupations, the percentage of boys proceeding to post-primary education at another school on leaving junior high school has risen from 55 to 61, and that of girls from 54 to 60. A further feature of the comparative table shown below is the fact that the percentage of boys proceeding to agricultural or pastoral occupations on leaving junior high school has risen from 6 in 1926 to 10 in 1929.

SECONDARY EDUCATION. The Chief Inspector of Secondary Schools reports that in the secondary schools the year 1929 was one of steady application and reasonable progress so far as standard of work accomplished and methods employed were concerned. No start!ingly new method of attack or presentation was applied in the teaching of any subject, and, on the whole, the tendency was to realize that, after all, some of the older methods had in them many elements that made for soundness and thoroughness. Unfortunately, they were often of such a nature as to fail to retain, or even to arouse, the pupil's interest, and by their very thoroughness they sometimes succeeded in creating an actual distaste for the subject studied. It was only natural that following the lead and guidance of expert and earnest educationists we should adopt brighter and less rigid methods, and seek to give the pupil greater scope to develop his own aptitudes in his own way. There is a growing conviction among many teachers, however, that, as applied to some subjects, the new methods have gone a little too far in their laudable desire to escape formalism, and that, as a consequence, our school children have not the sound knowledge of certain fundamental processes that their predecessors of ten to twenty years possessed. In 1929 there were in operation forty-four secondary schools at which Government free places were held and for which the teachers' salaries, &c, were provided by the Government. Thirteen of the schools were for boys only, fifteen were for girls only, and sixteen were for both boys and girls. In addition, two boys' schools, the Wanganui Collegiate School and Christ's College Grammar School, were originally endowed with public property. There were also seventy-nine secondary departments of district high schools, fourteen technical high schools, seven organized technical or art schools offering day courses, twelve Maori secondary schools, and forty-seven registered private secondary schools. Further, of the eight junior high schools in operation during the year, two schools—namely, Kowhai and Northcote —each provided a three-year course, the last year of which was devoted to secondary instruction. There was thus a total of 207 schools providing secondary education.

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Boys. | Girls. Occupation. , 1 : ■, 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. j 1926. 1927. 1928. 1929. I Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Continued full-time education .. 55 56 63 61 54 58 57 60 Commercial (clerical, typing, shop, 10 9 5 5 4 7 9 5 and warehouse) Trades .. .. 17 12, 6 9 3 3 j .. 2 Agricultural and pastoral .. 6 8 5 10 .. ! Home .. .. .. 4 8 4 4 31 25 ! 21 25 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 1 2 4 6 1 4 4 4 Not known .. .. .. 7 5 13 5 7 3 9 4 , 100 100 I 100 100 j 100 100 ' 100

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The following figures show the roll and attendance at these schools for 1929 : — (a) Secondary schools (46) — Poll, Ist March .. .. .. .. ... ..17,845 Poll, 31st December (boys, 8,517 ; girls, 6,981) .. .. 15,498 (b) District high schools—secondary departments (79) — Roll 31st December (boys, 1,937 ; girls, 1,932).. .. .. 3,869 (c) Technical high schools and technical day schools (21) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 3,287 ; girls, 2,827) .. .. 6,114 (d) Registered private secondary schools (47) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 1,534 ; girls, 2,164) .. .. 3,698 (e) Secondary schools for Maoris (12) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 295 ; girls, 238) .. .. .. 533 (/) Junior high schools, third-year pupils only (2) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 61 ; girls, 70) .. .. .. 131 The total number of pupils receiving secondary education at the end of the year was 29,843, an increase of 901 over the figures for the previous year. Destination of Pupils on Completion of their Secondary Education. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by Principals of schools respecting the destination of pupils who left high schools, district high schools, technical high schools, and day technical schools during or at the end of the year 1929. The figures are in all cases exclusive of pupils who left one school to enter another full-time post-primary school:—

In the table below are shown for comparative purposes the percentages of the total number of boys leaving each class of school last year who proceeded to the University or to employment in the three main occupational groups. The corresponding figures for the four previous years are also shown where these are available.

The two most noteworthy features of the above table are the steady increases in the percentages of boys who on leaving post-primary school proceed to farming or trades and industrial occupations. The increase in the percentage of boys from purely secondary schools proceeding to farming occupations is particularly grati-

Secondary Schools. Technical High, and Secondary Departments T t l ' Day Schools. of District High Schools. Occupation. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. No Per No Per No Per No Per No Per No Per No Per No PeI JN0 ' Cent. JN0 - Cent. JNa Cent. iN0 ' Cent. JN0 - Cent. Cent. Cent. wo ' Cent. University college .. 106 3 94 4 9* 3* 81 5 * 123 2 102 2 Teaching or training college 112 4 252 10 12 1 27 2 24 2 72 8 148 2 351 7 Clerical — Government or local body 232 8 19 1 87 4 30 2 102 10 7 1 421 7 56 1 Banks, insurance .. 159 5 2* 17 1 2* 14 1.... 190 3 4 * Legal .. .. 48 2 8* 3* 3* 3* 71 54 1 18 * Commercia .. ..400 13 433 17 182 9 323 20 55 6 83 9 637 10 839 17 Engineering, surveying, and 119 4 .. .. 207 10 .. .. 22 2 .. .. 348 6 architecture Various trades and industries 382 12 25 1 528 25 124 7 173 17 15 2 1,083 17 164 3 Shop and warehouse .. 439 14 218 9 282 13 223 14 129 13 91 10 850 14 532 10 Farming .. .. 570 19 .... 391 18 1 * 334 33 3 * 1,295 21 4 * Home .. .. ..162 5 1,260 49 75 4 701 43 93 9 571 62 330 5 2,532 50 Other occupations.. .. 96 3 155 6 85 4 49 3 28 3 53 6 209 3 257 5 Not known .. ..253 8 78 3 243 11 150 9 34 3 11 1 530 9 239 5 Totals .. .. 3,078 100 [2,544 100 2,121 100 1,636 100 1,019 100 918 100 6,218 100 5,098 100 * No significant percentage.

University. Cle^iC ai^ r wS 0 0u a S e. Sh0P • Farming. Trades and Industries. Class of School. ! j I 1925. 1926.1927. 1928. 1929. 1925. 1926. 1927.11928. 1929. 1925.1926.1927. 1928. 1929. 1925. [1926. 1927.1928. 1929. 1 I I | Secondary .. * * 7 5 3 * * 43 44 50 * * 17 18 19 * * 11 12 12 Technical .. * * 1 1 t * * 34 35 38 * * 17 18 18 * * 25 23 25 District high .. * * t 1 1 * * 39 33 34 * * 31 34 33 * * 12 13 17 All schools .. 3 4 4 3 2 46 43 40 39 43 17 20 19 21 21 13 15 16 16 17 * Separate figures not available. t No significant percentage.

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fying in view of the charge so often made that schools of this type are creating a bias from farming pursuits. Examination of the returns from individual schools shows that some secondary schools are making very appreciable efforts towards counteracting the townward drift of young people. Last year 53 per cent, of the boys who left Rangiora High School took up farming-work. From Waitaki Boys' High School the percentage was 48, Dannevirke High, 40 ; and Gore High School, 37. In the case of technical high schools 53 per cent, of boys who left Ashburton Technical School last year proceeded to farming occupations, while in the cases of Pukekohe Technical High School and Feilding Technical High School the percentages were 52 and 45 respectively. This large percentage of ex-pupils proceeding to farming occupations is, of course, not maintained by all schools. The percentages in the case of large secondary schools in the cities are, as might be expected, much lower than those quoted above. As a result the percentage number of boys leaving all secondary schools in 1929 and proceeding to farm-work was 19 only. Nevertheless, the fact that this percentage has increased from 17 in 1927 shows that the trend is in the right direction so far as the future prosperity of the country is concerned. Post-primary schools, and particularly secondary schools, should continue to avoid any tendency that will encourage an urban drift or the neglect of the farming industry. Length of Post-primary Course. The returns compiled by teachers show also the duration of the post-primary course taken by pupils who have now left school. Summarized, the position is as follows : —

From the above figures the average length of school life in the three classes of post-primary schools can be obtained approximately by dividing the total school life of all pupils leaving during the year by the total number of such pupils. For the purposes of this computation the school life of children leaving in the fourth and later years has been taken as four years, since the separate figures for each year after the third are not obtained by the Department. For this reason the average lengths of school life shown below will probably be one to two months lower than is actually the case. Average Length of School Life. Years. Months. Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 2 8 District high schools .. .. .. .. .. 2 2 Technical high and technical day schools .. .. .. 2 0 All schools .. .. .. . . . . 2 4 In the case of pupils who commence on post-primary courses and leave during the same year, the Department has been furnished with information showing in months the duration of the period of attendance of such pupils, and this information is tabulated below. The totals shown in the table are slightly below those shown as leaving in the first year in the table immediately preceding. This difference is due to the fact that the table below concerns only pupils who commenced and terminated their post-primary courses in the same year, while the table above includes under " first year " pupils who, though in the first year of a post-primary course when they left, actually commenced that course in a previous calendar year or at a private secondary school.

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o j t\* 4. • x tt" i. Technical High Secondary District High , T h • A11 School „ nil nil aiiu XCOiilHOcH r\H ijtuuuis. Schools. Schools. Day Sohools _ Number. | | Number. | **£ Number. | Number. | Leaving in first year .. .. 989 17 703 36 1,412 38 3,104 j 27 Leaving in second year .. .. 1,734 31 592 31 1,328 35 3,654- 32 Leaving in third year .. .. 1,227 22 327 17 679 18 2,233 20 Leaving in fourth, and later years .. 1,672 30 315 16 338 9 2,325 21 Totals .. .. 5,622 100 1,937 100 3,757 100 11,316 I 100

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Number of Children who commenced Post-primary Courses in 1929 and who definitely left in the same Year.

Free Places. The following table shows the number of free places held in 1929 on the dates shown : — (i) Secondary schools (at 30th June, 1929) — Boys. Girls. Totals. (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 5,734 5,124 10,858 (6) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 2,712 2,176 4,888 Totals .. .. .. .. 8,446 7,300 15,746 (ii) District high schools (at 30th June, 1929)— (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 1,859 1,716 3,575 (b) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 401 460 861 Totals .. .. .. .. 2,260 2,176 4,436 (iii) Maori secondary schools (at 31st December, 1929) .. .. .. .. .. 80 87 167 (iv) Technical high schools and technical day schools (at 30th June, 1929)— {a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 3,393 2,771 6,164 (6) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 634 526 1,160 Totals .. .. .. .. 4,027 3,297 7,324 (v) Third-year pupils at Kowhai and Northcote Junior High Schools (at 30th June, 1929) .. 96 90 186 Grand totals .. .. ..14,909 12,950 27,859 There were on the 30th June, 1929, 28,513 children in attendance at Government schools providing secondary education, as against 27,084 in the previous year. Ninety-seven per cent, of the children in attendance in 1929 at Government schools providing secondary education were holders of free places. This liberality in the provision of free secondary education is a phase of educational policy in New Zealand which can justifiably be regarded with satisfaction. The extent to which New Zealand leads even older countries in this matter becomes apparent when it is noted that in 1929 only 44 per cent, of the pupils in attendance at secondary schools in England and Wales were free-place holders.

During During During During During During During During During During During First Second Third Fourth Fifth i Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Type of School. Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Month Total. of of of of of of of of of of of Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course. Course Course. Course. Course. B. G.B. G.B. G.B. G.B. G.B. G. B. GjB. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. Secondary schools .. .. 3 210 6 26 1131 16 27 8 30 14 53 34 30 18 33 25 36 19 244 305 523 458 Percentage .. .. * 2~ 4 5 3 4 9 | 5 6 6 56 100 Secondary departments of district 13 1510 517 1617 1418 15 25 21 29 23j27 25 26 17 30 16147 167 359 334 Percentage .. .. T ~2~|~5 ~5 ~5 T j j T ! IT ~45 100 Technical high and day schools ..11 1 14 1413 19 23 28 32 18 35 20 66 43;45 28| 63 30 63 46 406 376 771 623 Percentage .. .. T ~2~ j ~2~ T ~3~ ~4 i IT ~5 ~~8 ~56 100 Totals.. .. .. |27 18 34 25 56 46 71 58 77 4190 55148 100102 71 122 72129 81797 8481,653 1,415 Percentage .. T TIT T T ~5:iT ~6 ~7 ~?4 100 I I I I * No significant percentage.

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Numbers commencing Secondary Education, and Ages at which commenced. In 1929, 12,697 children (6,725 boys and 5,972 girls) commenced post-primary education, as against 12,291 in the previous year. The ages of children commencing post-primary education in 1929 and the type of post-primary school at which they enrolled are shown below : —

Of the 12,697 children who embarked on post-primary courses last year, 474 (196 boys and 278 girls) came from private schools. Returns furnished by Education Boards show that 23,742 children left public primary schools in 1928. Assuming that, with few exceptions, the children who commenced secondary education in 1929 completed the primary course in the previous year, it is found that of the children who left public primary schools in 1928 51 per cent, commenced secondary courses in 1929. It must be noted, of course, that not all the 23,742 children who left public primary schools in 1928 were entitled to admission to secondary schools. The number of such children who had qualified for admission to secondary schools by passing Standard VI was 18,508, and allowing for children entering secondary schools from private schools it will be seen that 12,223, or 66 per cent, of the number so qualified, actually did embark on secondary courses in 1929. Staffs and Salaries. The number of full-time teachers on the staffs of the forty-four secondary schools at the end of 1929 was 657, compared with 623 in 1928. There were 29 male and 15 female Principals and 331 male and 282 female assistants. The average rates of salary at the end of the year were as follows, the figures for 1923 being also shown : — 1923. 1929. Principals— £ £ Men .. .. .. .. .. .. ..713 729 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 546 573 Both sexes . . .. .. .. .. .. 651 676 Assistants— Men .. .. .. .. .. .. ..370 397 Women .. .. .. .. .. ..271 290 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. ..324 348 All teachers —| Men .. .. .. .. .. .. ..399 424 Women .. .. .. .. -.. ..287 305 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. ..348 370 In addition, male Principals for whom a residence was not provided received house allowance of £60 per annum. The opinion is still held in some quarters that the great majority of secondary school teachers have received no training as teachers ; but an examination of the position reveals that this belief is contrary to fact. So far as male teachers are concerned the proportion of those who are trained before entering the secondaryschool service has for some years risen steadily. In 1929 a record in this connection was established in that 97 per cent, of the male entrants into the ranks of secondary school teachers had passed through a training college. Of the forty-one women entrants thirty had either attended a training college or had obtained practice as home science student-teachers, and six others had had previous teaching experience.

Age at which Post-primary Course commenced. Total Numbers commencing Post-primary Class of School. Under 13 Years. 13 Years. 14 Years. 15 Years and over. Education in 1929. I 1 i Boys. ! Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls, j Boys. Girls. I I I Secondary .. 736 695 1,309 1,238 847 758 267 194 3,159 2,885 Technical .. 283 292 926 823 789 552 246 161 2,244 ! 1,828 District high .. 276 280 487 453 340 332 117 96 1,220 1,161 Junior high .. 12 21 39 46 34 25 17 6 102 98 Totals .. 1,307 1,288 2,761 2,560 2,010 1,667 647 457 6,725 5,972

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION. General. Number of Schools. —The number of technical high schools open during 1929 was fourteen, in addition to which there were seven organized technical or art schools offering full-day courses. From the Ist January, 1927, the New Plymouth Technical Day School was amalgamated with the New Plymouth High School, and the statistics as far as the full-time pupils are concerned are included in the secondary schools report. Technical classes were conducted at twenty of the twenty-one centres referred to above, and also at seventeen other centres, the total number of centres for all classes being thirty-eight. Attendance. —The following table shows the numbers in attendance at technical schools and classes in 1929 :—

In the technical high schools and technical day schools the total enrolments increased from 7,817 in 1928 to 8,266 in 1929, an increase of 5-7 per cent. It is to be noted that the increase in the numbers in both day and evening classes is due to the increase in the number of free pupils, more than balancing a diminution in the numbers of other pupils. Staffing. —On the 30th June, 1929, there were 327 full-time assistant teachers on the staffs of technical schools, besides a large number of part-time teachers. There were also twenty full-time student teachers, eleven being males and nine females. The following table shows the classification of the 327 full-time assistant teachers, Class VII being the highest: —

It is interesting to note that in the last ten years the number of Division I teachers has increased from sixty-three in 1920 to 188 in 1929 — i.e., an increase of 198 per cent., while the number of Division II teachers has increased from 112 to 1.39, an increase of only 24 per cent. The average rates of salary on the 30th June, 1929, were as follows : Principals (male), £658 (excluding house allowance). Assistants —Men, £403 ; women, £259 ; both, £347. All teachers (Principals and assistants) —Men, £429; women, £259 ; both, £367.

I —-—■ Free. Other. Total. Total number of pupils on the roll of technical high ancl technical day 7,324 212 7,536 schools at 30th June, 1929 Total number of students in attendance at other technical classes (i.e., 5,627 5,560 11,187 part-time and evening classes) at 30th June, 1929 Grand total .. .. .. .. .. 12,951 5,772 18,723

Division I. Division II. Glass. Totals. Men. Women. Men. Women. I I VII .. .. . J .. 2 .. 4 6 VI ...... 7 5 6 10 28 V .. .. .. .. ! 24 9 12 '20 65 IV .. .. .. j 34 7 17 17 75 III ...... j 30 9 17 3 59 II .. .. .. .. | 17 8 12 10 47 I .. .. .. ..18 18 6 5 47 Totals, 1929 .. .. 130 58 70 69 327 Totals, 1928 .. ..119 57 61 65 305

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With the inclusion of manual-training teachers employed by Education Boards the average rates of salary for all teachers (including Principals of technical schools) graded under the Regulations for Manual and Technical Instruction were as follows : Men, £410 ; women, £248 ; both, £347. Evening Technical Classes and Part-time Day Classes. Classes were held at thirty-seven centres, as compared with thirty-eight in the previous year. The number of individual students was as follows : — In classes conducted by Technical School Boards .. .. .. 8,912 In classes conducted by Secondary Education Boards .. .. .. 232 In classes conducted by Education Boards .. .. .. .. 481 In classes conducted by High School Boards .. .. .. .. 1, 151 In classes conducted by University College Boards .. .... ... 411 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,187 Of these students 5,627 held Government free places, classified as follows : —

The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupation of students : —

Summary of Occupations of Students.

I Males. j Females. j Totals. - : ■ I i 1 I First year .. .. .. 828 501 1,329 Second year .. .. .. 708 I 329 1,037 Third year .. .. .. 962 487 1,449 Fourth year .. .. .. 707 ; 385 1,092 Fifth year and over .. .. 451 ! 269 720 3,656 | 1,971 5,627

Sex and Age. Sex. Under 13 13 Years. ! 14 Years. I IS Years. I 16 Years. I 1 J,^? ai ' s er 21 Totals. Years. ! 1 j |to 21 Years. Years. Males .. 51 105 1 516 j 991 1,351 3,486 607 7.107 Females .. 56 140 437 638 716 1,471 622 4,080 I ; Totals 107 245 j 953 1,629 2,067 4,957 1,229 11,187 I 1

Number of Pe , rc r ?\ ta p Percentage Students of iota1 ' of r ° tal > btuaents. ]92g^ Various trades and industries .. .. .. .. 5,211 46-6 46-7 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 160 1-4 1-8 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 625 5-6 5-9 Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,303 20-6 20-6 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 1,259 ] 1-3 11-5 No occupation .. .. .. .. .. 1,225 10-9 8-6 Other occupations, not stated .. .. .. .. 404 3-6 4-9 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 11,187 100-0 100-0

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Technical High Schools, Technical Day Schools, and Full-time Day Classes. At the 30th June, 1929, the numbers of pupils taking the various courses provided were as follows : —

It is to be noted that in some cases under the general course are included pupils preparing for the Engineering Preliminary Examination. Of the total number of pupils (7,536) 7,324 held Government free places, classified as follows : —

During 1929 4,354 new pupils were admitted, and of this number 4,072 were commencing their secondary education. The following table shows the classification of pupils according to age at 30th June, 1929 :—

Financial. The total amount due by the Department to the controlling authorities for the salaries and incidental expenses of all technical classes, including technical high and day schools for the year 1929 was approximately £200,340, made up as follows : — Salaries — £ £ Full-time principals and assistants .. .. .. 127,538 Full-time student teachers .. .. .. .. 1,752 Full-time teachers —overtime .. .. .. 10,590 Capitation for part-time assistants .. .. .. 23,177 163,057 Incidental allowances .. .. .. .. .. .. 47,587 i 210,644 Less recoveries from tuition fees .. .. .. .. 10,304* Net amount .. .. .. .. .. .. £200,340 * Includes £384 from Endowment Income. The above figures include salaries and incidental allowances payable in respect of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards.

Percentage of Totals. Course. Boys. Girls. Totals. Boys. ! Girls. Industrial .. .. .. 2,097 .. 2,097 50-7 Agricultural .. . . 408 .. 408 9-8 Domestic .. .. .. .. 1,070 1,070 .. 31-5 Commercial.. .. .. 821 1,828 2,649 20-0 53-7 General .. .. .. 704 237 941 17-0 7-0 Art .. .. .. 106 265 371 2-5 7-8 Totals „ „ 4,136 3,400 7,536 I 100-0 100-0

Boys. Girls. Totals. . . . First year .. .. .. 2,127 1,749 3,876 Second year .. .. .. 1,244 1,020 2,264Third year .. .. . . 453 369 822 Fourth year .. .. .. 158 116 274 Fifth year .. .. .. 40 39 79 Sixth year .. .. .. 5 4 9 Totals .. .. .. 4,027 3,297 7,324

Un der 13 Years. 14 Years. 15 Years. 16 Years. 17 Years. 18 Years Totals. 13 Years. I and over. Boys.. .. .. 193 914 1,377 1,060 406 132 54 4,136 Girls .. .. .. 220 843 1,081 | 778 303 107 68 3,400 Totals ._. 413 1,757 2,458 I 1,838 709 239 122 7,536

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CHILD WELFARE. Number of Children under Supervision. The total number of children under supervision of the Child Welfare Branch as at 31st March, 1930, was 7,006, classed under the following headings : — State wards— In foster-homes, hostels, and with friends .. .. .. .. 2,939 In situations . . .. .. • .. .. .. 1,032 In Government institutions, receiving-homes, &c. .. .. . . 288 In private institutions .. .. . . .. . . . . 292 Inmates in special schools for the mentally backward .. .. 267 4,818 Young persons supervised in their own homes by Child Welfare Officers, by Order of Court .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 870 Infants supervised in foster-homes registered under the Infants Act .. 1,204 Pupils at School for the Deaf, Sumner .. .. .. .. 114 7,006 The extent to which the activities of the Child Welfare Branch have developed in the past five years is to some extent indicated by the following table, which shows the number of children under the supervision of the Branch in each year of the period : —

It should be remembered, however, that the activities of the Branch are not limited to the supervision of the children shown above. In recent years the responsibilities of the Branch have been considerably increased by the delegation to it of other duties, amongst which are preventive work in the community, investigation, and supervision where necessary of all illegitimate births, investigations regarding children brought under the notice of Children's Courts, or young persons charged with offences, inquiry regarding all applications for the adoption of children under fifteen years of age, preliminary investigation regarding applications for widows' pensions, the inspection and registration of all children's homes and orphanages, &c. The number of children committed to the care of the Superintendent during the year ended 31st March, 1930, was 672, classified according to reason for committal as follows : Indigent, 310 ; delinquent, 28 ; detrimental environments, 61 ; not under proper control, 190; accused or guilty of punishable offence, 78 ; neglected, 5 ; and, in addition, 23 were admitted by private arrangement (section 12, Child Welfare Act) ; while 37 were temporarily admitted ; and 1 under section 47 of the Infants Act: making the total number of admissions for the year 733. Classified according to age at the time of admission the numbers are as follows : Under six months, 74 ; over six months and under one year, 38 ; from one to five years, 147 ; from five to ten years, 146 ; from ten to fourteen years, 152 ; over fourteen years, 176 : total, 733. Of the children in foster-homes 180 are over the age of fourteen years, of whom 101 are still attending primary schools, and 79 are receiving higher education. In addition, there are 24 residing in hostels, and receiving secondary education.

5—E. 1.

I 1926. 1927. 1928. ' 1929. 1930. Boarded out, at service, in receiving-homes, &c... 3,859 3,908 4,014 4,287 4,551 Under supervision of Child Welfare Officers .. 323 412 493 678 870 Infant-life protection .. .. .. 771 878 902 1,007 1,204 Deaf children .. .. .. .. 116 121 122 117 114 Feeble-minded children .. . . .. 283 273 285 275 267 Total .. .. .. .. 5,352 5,592 5,816 6,364 7,006

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HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION. The number of students on the books of the four University colleges affiliated to the University of New Zealand in 1929 was 4,623, as against 4,802 in 1928, a decrease of 179. The figures for each of the four colleges were as under : — 1928. 1929. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,427 1,321 Victoria .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,004 1,007 Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.092 1,072 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,279 1,223 4,802 4,623 The total number of students described as taking definite courses at the affiliated colleges was 4,115, distributed as follows : Arts, 1,799 ; science, 401 ; medicine, 238 ; dentistry, 108 ; law, 465 ; commerce, 539 ; music, 54 ; engineering, 221 ; agriculture, 24 ; home science, 115 ; architecture, 59 ; journalism, 37 ; mining, 16 ; forestry, 6 ; massage, 24 ; and education, 9. The number of exempted students was 547 in 1928 and 495 in 1929, the numbers in actual attendance at lectures being 4,255 and 4,128 respectively. The following shows the growth in the numbers of students over a period of years : 1878, 168 ; 1895, 742 ; 1900, 805 ; 1905, 1,158 ; 1915, 2,039 ; 1920, 3,822; 1924, 4,236 ; 1925, 4,442 ; 1929, 4,623. Of the 4,623 students on the books in 1929, 3,294 students, or 71 per cent, of the total number of students were men. Of the students attending lectures last year the following were receiving free University education : 42 per cent, in the case of men, and 71 per cent, in the case of women, or 50 per cent, of all students. Nearly all these had their tuition fees paid by the State. Besides University Scholarships, the gaining of which entitles the holder to free University education and certain additional assistance, the Government awards University Bursaries to all students who secure a credit pass in the University Entrance Scholarship Examination or gain a higher leaving certificate. Most of the bursars secure the latter qualification. A bursary enables a student to secure free University education to the value of £20 per annum in fees, the bursary being tenable for three years, with a possible extension to a fourth year. The following table shows the number of bursaries held in each year since the institution of this system : — Year. Number. Year. Number. 1912 .. .. ..38 1922 .. .. .. 545 1914 .. .. ..110 1923 .. .. .. 649 1915 .. .. ..230 1924 .. .. .. 751 1916 .. .. ..248 1925 .. .. .. 804 1917 .. .. .. 246 1926 .. .. .. 899 1918 .. .. ..293 1927 .. .. .. 1,013 1919 .. .. ..444 1928 .. .. .. 1,061 1920 .. .. ..539 1929 .. ■ .. .. 1,113 1921 .. .. ..615 It is interesting to note that in New Zealand in 1927 the number of students for every 1,000 persons in the population was 3-03 ; while in New South Wales there were 1-02 students per 1,000 ; in Victoria, 1-47 per 1,000 ; in Queensland, 0-60 ; in South Australia, 3-04 ; in Western Australia, 1-11 ; and in Tasmania, 1-02. Returns showing the occupations of students have been furnished with respect to last year by the four constituent University Colleges. Expressed as percentages the figures are as under : — Men. Women. Full-time students .. .. .. .. .. 32 43 Teachers and training-college students .. .. 20 45 Government and local-body employees .. .. 15 1 Employees of private firms .. .. .. . . 29 6 Not known.. .. .. ~ .. ~ . . 4 5 100 100 The number of full-time students as a percentage of the total number of students attending lectures was 59 in the case of Otago, 22 in the case of Auckland, 21 in the case of Victoria, and 39 in the case of Canterbury.

35

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The number of candidates for examinations conducted by the University of New Zealand shows a decrease when compared with the previous year's figures. For the Matriculation Examination there were 4,586 candidates, as against 5,524 candidates in the previous year. Of the candidates who sat last year for the Matriculation Examination 2,217 passed. There were 6,660 entries for the various degree examinations, compared with 6,204 in 1928. GENERAL. School Music. During the year there has been a very real, if somewhat slow, progress towards better conditions in music in New Zealand schools. It is anticipated, however, that progress in this direction will be accelerated when the students at present receiving musical instruction in the training colleges under the Lecturers in music pass into our schools as teachers. In general, the quality of actual singing performance is improving in the schools, but, with a few exceptions, there is practically no attempt on the part of head teachers to promote proper systematic and progressive instruction in music. This is usually ascribed to the lack of skilled teachers on the staff, a position which should improve when the students at present receiving instruction in music at the training colleges become available. The schools still continue to avail themselves of the special arrangements made by the Department for the supply of gramophones, pianos, and records. During the year there were supplied to schools under this scheme 350 gramophones, 104 pianos, and many hundreds of records. A certain amount of attention is being paid to the subject of eurhythmies in connection with school music. At Auckland Training College a large percentage of women students was in 1929 taking eurhythmies under a qualified teacher, but nothing was being done definitely at the other training colleges. During the first half of the year personal visits were made by the Supervisor of Musical Education to many schools. In many of the districts visited teachers met for demonstrations and addresses, and general interest in music was aroused whenever possible by means of lectures to various societies and by organ recitals. In the latter half of the year the Supervisor was abroad first as a delegate at the Anglo-American Music Conference in Lausanne and later in England observing matters of musical interest. Annual Examinations. The annual examinations conducted by the Department are as follows : (1) An examination to determine the grant of Junior Scholarships and junior free places, held in November ; (2) a main series consisting of Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarship, and Intermediate Examinations ; (3) an August series for teachers' certificates of Classes D and C and Handicraft, and incidentally to some extent of Class B ; (4) Technological examinations, and examinations for elementary kindergarten certificates. The examinations were held at seventy-five centres in 1929. The total number of entries for all examinations was 8,486, of which number 8,116 candidates actually presented themselves for examination. 5,546 candidates were exempted from the necessity of passing the Intermediate Examination, due to the accrediting principle by which candidates for senior free places may be exempted from an external examination. The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown below : —

— ! 1927. I 1928. 1929. ! Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. .. .. 2,791 1,456 1,409 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate 4,386 4,570 4,520 Teachers D and C .. . . .. .. .. .. 2,384 2,086 1,994 Kindergarten Certificate Examination .. .. . . .. 10 14 6 London University Examinations .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 3 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate .. .. . . .. • ■ 13 17 21 Technological examinations .. .. .. .. . ■ ■ ■ 51 161 Naval Cadetships .. .. .. .. .. • • • • 2 2 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,585 8,197 8,116

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36

Of the 1,318 candidates for Junior National Scholarships in 1929, 166 obtained the scholarship qualification, 624 qualified for a free place in the scholarship examination, and 694 failed. There were also 91 candidates for free places only, of whom 6 qualified and 85 failed. Of the 935 candidates for Senior National Scholarships 138 gained scholarships, 739 qualified for senior free places, and 196 failed. There were 1,186 entries for the Intermediate Examination, 1,094 candidates presenting themselves, of which number 406 passed and 688 failed to do so. The number present at the Public Service Entrance Examination was 2,491, 1,417 of the number passing and 1,074 failing the examination. The number of candidates who sat for the different stages of the teachers' certificate examinations was 1,994 (434 for the whole or part of Class C and 1,560 for Class D). Of the total number 276 obtained complete passes in Class D, 122 in Class C, and 3in Class B. 1,151 improved their status and 442 failed. Of the 161 candidates who presented themselves for the technological examinations, 67 obtained passes in the Preliminary Examination ; 33 in the Intermediate Examination ; 16 in the Final Examination ; 4 in the Special Examination in Building Construction ; and 41 failed. Teachers' Superannuation Fund. The position of the fund at the 31st January, 1930, and the principal figures concerning the transactions for the year, compared with those for the year ended 31st January, 1929, are given below : — 1928-29. 1929-30. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at end of year .. .. .. 1,171,990 1,198,711 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. 37,976 26,721 Income for the year — Members'contributions .. .. .. .. 136,061 141,094 Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. 67,828 70,144 Government subsidy .. .. .. .. .. 72,000 71,831 Total income £275,889 £283,069 ExpenditureRetiring and other allowances .. •'.. .. .. 207,706 222,423 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. .. 26,781 30,377 Administration expenses, &c. .. .. .. .. 3,426 3,548 Total expenditure £237,913 £256,348 Number of contributors at 31st January .. .. .. 9,281 9,616 Number of members admitted during period .. .. 1,160 911 Number retiring from the fund during period .. . . 559 576 Net increase in membership at 31st January .. .. 601 335 Number of allowances in force at end of period .. . . 1,444 1,530 Representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. £210,154 £226,966 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. ..911 £165,979 973 £180,696 Retiring-allowances under extended provisions of section 75 of the Act 107 £17,250 111 £18,648 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. .. 139 £18,435 147 £18,766 Allowances to widows 203 £6,306 214 £6,647 Allowances to children .. .. .. ..84 £2,184 85 £2,210 Funds invested at 31st January — £ £ At 4J per cent 30,250 30,150 At 5 per cent 12,920 55,917 At 54 per cent. .. .. .. .. •• •• 15,800 At 5J per cent 137,260 138,510 At 5i per cent. .. .. ■ • • • • • • • 300 At 6 per cent 965,845 921,374 At 6| per cent 30,002 30,920 Total £1,176,277 £1,192,971 Average rate of interest on investments at 31st January .. 5-88 per cent. 5-83 per cent. Subsidy to Public Libraries. The sum of £3,000 was distributed to public libraries in country districts on the basis of subsidy on moneys raised locally by voluntary contribution. Three hundred and thirty-eight libraries participated in the grant, receiving amounts varying from £6 ss. to £ll 12s. The subsidy is not paid to libraries situated in towns or boroughs with a population exceeding fifteen hundred.

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APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1930.

37

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32,496 Travelling-oxpenses .. .. .. .. •• •. 817 Telephones .. .. .. .. .. . • .. 334 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,129 Printing and stationery .. .. .. .. .. 4,887 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. .. 405 Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising, &c... ■. 183 Overtime and meal-allowance .. .. .. •. • • 101 Sundries 42,352 Less miscellaneous recoveries .. .. . - 1,455 40,897 Elementary Education. Teachers' salaries (including probationers' allowances) .. 1,765,974 Teachers'house allowances .. .. .. .. 44,638 — ; 1,810,612 General administrative purposes (Education Boards) .. 39,148 School Committees'allowances .. .. .. .. 104,101 7 143,149 Health camps .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 181 Organizing-teaehers'salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. 4,910 Removal of teachers .. .. .. .. .. .. 683 Correspondence School: Salaries, &c. .. .. .. .. 6,164 Manual instruction — Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 51,633 Capitation .. .. .. .. .. 15,941 ! Material .. .. .. .. .. .. 12,128 Incidentals .. .. .. .. .. 11,249 90,951 School and class libraries .. .. .. .. .. ' 3,483 Purchase of gramophones for schools .. .. .. .. 3,918 School buildings and sites — Maintenance and repair of school buildings and residences 120,309 Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes .. 5,103 Schools destroyed or damaged by fire : Rebuilding and 6,684* repairs New buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences : 255,202f Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 —-—•—-——•——-— 387,298 Inspectors— Salaries .. .. .• .. •• 33,991 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 10,325 Telephones, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. 132 Extra clerical assistance, typing, &c. .. .. .. 387 ■ J 44,835 Conveyance and allowance for board of school-children (railway fares, £13,186 ; boarding-allowances and conveyance .. 75,808 by road and water, £62,622) Conveyance of instructors and teachers .. .. .. .. 8,315 School Journal: Salaries, printing, &c. .... .. .. 8,027 Education Gazette: Printing, &c... .. .. ■■ .. .1,379 Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account of public .. 24,029 primary schools, including district high schools — ——-— 2,613,742 Less miscellaneous recoveries (including School 20,880 Journal, £1,126; Education Gazette, £422; teachers' salaries, £79; special examination fees, £90; Correspondence School, £624 ; gramophones, £3,467 ; conveyance, £359 ; manual instruction, £4 ; Inspectors' travelling-expenses, £64; education of foreign children, £164 ; sale of school buildings and sites, £14,451 ; maintenance of buildings, £30) 2,592,862J Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for — District high schools : Secondary teachers'salaries .. 65,276 National Scholarships .. .. .. •• 11,268 76,544 Payments to Secondary schools and colleges for — Salaries and incidental expenses .. .. .. •• 276,969 Manual instruction capitation .. .. .. .. 5,322 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 3,670 New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. : Educa- 78,438 tion Purposes Loans Act, 1919 Maintenance of school buildings .. .. .. 3,654 — 82,092 From reserves revenue in accordance with Education .. 12,280 Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 —— Carried forward .. .. ■ ■ 456,877 2,633,759 * During the financial year £6,357 wa3 recovered from the Fire Insurance Fund in the hands of the Public Trustee. t Includes £459 cost of raising loans. t Including £51,318 from the national endowment reserves revenue and £116,982 from primary-education reserves.

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38

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

£ i £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. ! 456,877 2,633,759 Secondary Education —continued. Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools .. • ■ 11,783 Marlborough High School: Statutory payment .. .. • • 400 Inspectors' salaries .. .. .. .. .. •• 2,695 Inspectors' travelling and removal expenses .. .. - • 877 Junior High Schools: Incidental expenses .. .. •• 1,078 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. •. • • 473,714 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. • • 1 > 175 472,539* Technical Education. Salaries of Inspectors .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,656 Travelling and removal expenses of Inspectors .. .. 612 Technical and continuation classes— Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 160,551 Incidentals .. .. .. .. .. 39,561 200,112 Buildings and permanent apparatus, &c.—• Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. .. 32,593 Rents .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,351 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 6,887 40,831 Conveyance of instructors, students, and pupils to technical .. 7,978 schools Expenses of instructors taking up appointments .. .. .. 246 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 2,610 Technical Schools Board: Expenses of meetings Sundries 255,045 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 558 —— 254,487f Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salaries of staffs of training colleges and of practising 38,229 schools (in excess of usual staff as public schools) Allowances to students and transport expenses .. 121,916 Expenses in connection with appointments to staffs Students' University college fees .. .. .. 5,849 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. 2,817 Apparatus and material .. .. .. .. 450 New buildings, sites, furniture, &e. : Education Purposes 10,984 Loans Act, 1919 180,245 Training of teachers other than at training colleges— Training classes .. .. .. .. .. .. 494 180,739 Less recoveries .. .. . .. . . 97 180,642{ Higher Education. Statutory grants— University of New Zealand — New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1928 .. 3,845 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 4,163 8,008 Auckland University College-— Auckland University College Act, 1882 .. .. 4,000 New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 10,250§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,081 16,331 Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 .. .. .. 4,000 New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 8,250§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,081 14,331 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 6,500§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,081 8,581 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 15,8505 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,082 17,932 Grants for new buildings, &c.— Auckland University College.. .. .. .. 800 Massey Agricultural College .. .. .. .. 45,304 Canterbury Agricultural College .. .. .. 6,961 Grant towards cost of erecting social hall at Canterbury 2,500 College 55,565 Agricultural Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 92 Sir George Grey Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 200 University National Scholarships.. .. .. .. .. 3,407 Carried forward ... „ 124,447 3,541,427 * Including £8,357 from national-endowment reserves revenue, and £12,280 fromsecondary-educationreserv.es revenue. t Including £4,765 from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Including £3,992 from national-endowment reserves revenue. § Includes £500 for Workers' Educational Association classes.

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc.—continued.

39

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 124,447 3,541,427 Higher Education—continued. Bursaries— University 16>719 Educational .. ,, , 11 _ 563 Agricultural .. .. .. ., 749 Home Science .. ,. ,. .. q oqq Engineering .. .. .. .. Grant to Otago Medical School for instruction in midwifery .. .. ' j j 3 Special assistance to deserving students .. .. .. ., I 209 Special Technical Classes .. .. .. .. 01 9 Workers' Educational Association— Grant for organization expenses .. .. .. .. 1 ) goo Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. j 9*353 Chairs of Education .. .. .. .. .. '' 3 400 Schools of Forestry: Maintenance .. .. .. .. 2'000 Maintenance, Massey Agricultural College, Massey Agricultural .. 15 000 College Act, 1925, Sec. 23 ' 598 * Native Schools. Salaries (Teachers and Inspectors) .. .. .. 66 §22 Special allowances to teachers in isolated places .. .. ' 152 —■— i 66 974 Higher education and scholarships (including nursing scholar- .. 6' 266 ships) Books, school requisites, sewing-material, &c. ... .. 3 Q79 Storage and despatch of school books, &c... .. .. .. ' j 13 Expenses of removals of teachers .. .. .. .. 776 Inspectors travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. ,. ggg Buildings : New schools, additional class-rooms, &c.— Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. 1,068 Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. .. 5,628 „ , . . „ 6,696 Manual instruction : Payment of instructors and material .. 410 for classes Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. ,. 2 688 Sundries: Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. _ '97 87,687 .Less recoveries (sale of maps, &c.) .. .. .. 644 —————————— $7 Q43+ Physical Instruction, &c4 ' Salaries of Instructors .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,405 Courses of instruction .. .. .. .. ,. .. 305 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. .. 3,322 Material: Officers' requisites, uniform allowances, &c. .. .. 120 9,152 Less recoveries ., .. .. ., .. 2 9,150§ School for the Deaf. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,161 General maintenance of institution .. .. .. .. 2,170 Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils .. .. .. 279 Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. .. .. .. 203 Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 Additions to buildings: Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 8,836 Less recoveries (including maintenance payments, • • 2.829 I £2,783) — , 6,0071f Education of the Blind. Grant for maintenance of Government pupils at Jubilee • • 582 Institute Special Instruction Subsidies on voluntary contributions under Hospital and • • 1,390 Charitable Aid Acts, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1923 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 1,995 Less recoveries (maintenance payments) .. ■ ■ 618 —— 1,377 Sehools for the Feeble-minded. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,066 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. •. 422 Additions to buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 •• 2,999 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 598 Maintenance of institutions, &c. .. .. .. .. 5,917 Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 52 18,054 Less recoveries (including amounts received from •• 2,598 parents and others and sales of farm produce) —— 1 —*—"—"—"—— 15,456** Child Welfare. Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 2,254 New buildings : Child Welfare Act, 1925 .. .. .. 9,995 —— 12,249 Carried forward .. ' .. 12,249 3,840,058 * Including £368 paid from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Including £1,843 paid from national endowment reserves revenue and £209 paid from Tauranga Reserve endowment revenue. t Included in previous reports under " Elementary Education." 5 Including £205 from national-endowment reserves revenue. II Including £208 from national-endowment reserves revenue. * * Including £302 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

E.—l.

40

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

SUMMARY.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (1,500 copies, including illustrations), £75.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l93o.

Price Is. 3d.]

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 12,249 3,840,058 Child Welfare —continued. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30,877 Boarding out of children, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 82,873 Refund of maintenance payments .. .. .. .. 108 Refund of inmates' earnings .. .. .. .. .. 51 Travelling and removal expenses.. .. .. .. .. 8,355 Legal expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services, &c. .. 733 Rent, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. .. 2,384 Maintenance of inmates in Government schools, &c. .. . . 26,542 Maintenance of inmates sent to other institutions .. .. .. 193 Maintenance of inmates in private schools .. .. .. .. 1,603 Wages of inmates .. .. .. .. .. .. 241 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44 166,326 Less recoveries (amounts received from parents .. 34,595 and others, and sales of farm produce, &c.) 131,731* Material and Stores. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,227 Stores and material purchased .. .. .. .. .. 4,982 Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 120 6,329 Less recoveries (stores issued and issues on pay- .. 7,037 ments) Or. 708 Miscellaneous. Examination expenses: Teachers', Public Service, Scholar- 7,567 ships, and technological Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 5,908 1,659 Grading and Certificates of Teachers: Courts of Appeal, .. 508 inquiries, &e. War bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 463 Teachers' Superannuation Fund— Government contribution .. .. .. .. 68,058 Additional allowances to widows and children .. .. 3,781 Free Kindergartens— — 71,839 Government capitation .. .. .. .. .. 5,064 Accidents to school-children and teachers.. •. .. .. 693 Compassionate allowances .. .. .. .. .. 400 Conference of Education Authorities .. .. .. .. 83 Cost of publishing histories of education in New Zealand .. .. 690 Expenses of officers and teachers travelling abroad .. .. .. 775 Cost of travelling-expenses of the Allan Wilkie Shakespearian .. 147 Co. on tour in New Zealand Purchase of motor-cars (to bo recovered) .. .. .. .. 275 Salaries of exchange teachers .. .. .. .. .. 981 Special additions to teachers' salaries .. .. .. .. 275 Storage and despatch of stores and stationery .. .. .. 35 Subsidies to Public Libraries .. .. .. .. . . 2,998 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 77 Purchase of motor-buses (for conveyance of school-children).. .. 1,026 Provision of hot meals for sub-normal children .. .. .. 20 88,008 Less recoveries (motor-cars, £114; salaries of exchange .. 867 teachers, £742; sale of flags, £11). 87,141 Total .. .. .. _ .. 4,058,222 * Including £3,514, paid from the national-endowment reserves revenue.

a Paid from Parlia- Paid from Totals bervice. montary Votes. Reserves Revenue. £ £ £ General Administration.. .. • • • • • • 40,897 .. 40,897 Elementary Education .. .. •• •• •• 2,424,562 168,300 2,592,862 Secondary Education .. •• •• •• •• 1 451,902 20,637 472,539 Technical Instruction .. .. •• •• •• 249,722 4,765 254,487 Training Colleges, &c. .. •• •• •• •• i 176,650 3,992 180,642 Higher Education .. •• •• •• •• ! 166,742 12,856 179,598 Native Schools .. .. •• •• •• j 84,931 2,112 87,043 Physical Instruction .. .. .. • • • • | 8,945 205 9,150* School for the Deaf .. .. •• •• •• j 5,799 208 6,007 Education of the Blind .. .. •• •• 1,377 •• 1,377 Schools for the Feeble-minded .. .. •• •• 15,094 362 15,456 Industrial Schools and Probation System .. .. .. 128,217 3,514 131,731 Material and Stores .. .. • • • • • • Cir. 708 .. Or. 708 Miscellaneous Services .. .. .. •• •• 87,141 .. 87,141 Totals 3,841,271 216,951 4.058,222 * Included in previous reports under " Elementary Education."