PRISONS DEPARTMENT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1928-29.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1929 Session I, H-20

H.—2o

1929. NEW ZEALAND.

PRISONS DEPARTMENT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1928-29.

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

The Hon. the Minister in Charge of the Prisons Department to His Excellency the GovernorGeneral. Wellington, 15th August, 1929. I have the honour to submit to Your Excellency the report of the Prisons Department for the year 1928-29. I have, &c., Thomas M. Wilford, Minister in Charge of Prisons Department. The Controller-General of Prisons to the Hon. the Minister in Charge of the Prisons Department. Sir, — I have the honour to present the annual report of the Prisons Department covering the financial year encled 31st March, 1929, together with the Inspector's report and extracts from the reports of controlling officers of the different institutions, and the criminal statistics for the calendar year ended 31st December, 1928. Prison Population : Comparative Figures.—Statistics. The tables of prison statistics which are appended to this report show that there were 4,365 committals to the various prisons and institutions under the control of this Department during the year ended 31st December, 1928, as compared with 4,664 in 1927, a decrease of 299. The monthly figures to hand since the end of the statistical year show that a steady decrease in committals is being maintained. It is also pleasing to record that there has been a fairly pronounced diminution in the number of distinct persons received into the Department's care as compared with the last few years. During times of industrial and economic depression crime figures usually show an upward trend, but it is satisfactory to note that there has been a decrease in the numbers of offences involving imprisonment, as classified below, as well as a reduction in the ratio of prisoners to the general population of the Dominion.

I—H. 20.

, 7 iOffences against Offences against' Miscellaneous Total Prisoners (Ratio to 10,000 of Person. Property. | Offences. received. Mean Population. 1925 .. .. 173 721 1,996 2,890 20-88 1926 .. .. 217 836 1,702 2,755 19-49 1927 .. .. 192 937 1,582 2,711 18-84 1928 .. .. 165 877 1,506 2,548 17-37 ___

H.— 20

2

Although, the number of distinct persons received into the prisons may be regarded as the best criterion of the extent of the Dominion's criminal population, it is to be noted that the daily average number of offenders in our institutions was slightly higher than that for the previous year—viz., 1499-58, as compared with 1458-16 for 1927. There were various factors contributing to this state of affairs —economic conditions, petty recidivism, and to some extent the more lengthy terms of detention prescribed under the Prevention of Crime Act, which only became operative in 1925. But this average by no means represents a constantly large number of inmates throughout the year. A graphical record showing the weekly fluctuations of the prison population reveals that in the early winter months of last year the number of prisoners was unusually high when unemployment was rather acute. In May, 1928, the number in custody was 1,564 inmates, which is the highest on record for many years. Although the number steadily declined until in November it was down to 1,442, the high peak tended to throw up the daily average for the year. A satisfactory feature of the figures dealing with offenders under age-groups shows that there has been a falling-off in the number of young offenders, the number of persons received into our institutions under the age of twenty years being 168 for 1928, as compared with 225 for the previous year. The number of committals to prison between the ages of twenty and twenty-five have also shown a pronounced reduction ; these are distinctly hopeful signs so far as the future criminal problem is concerned. The wisdom of concentrating effort in directing youthful energies along social lines, and redirecting criminal tendencies when they are first made manifest, is now recognized by all authorities dealing with delinquency. The problem of the recidivist and the habitual criminal can only be effectively dealt with in the formative period before anti-social habits become ingrained. " That residuum or substratum of incorrigible offenders—of men who make crime a profession —against whom the most elaborate penal code and the best administered prison system is powerless " is- also the problem of the English Prison Commissioners. Of the total of 2,549 distinct persons received into custody, 1,538 or 60 per cent., were New-Zealand-born, as compared with, 1,570 for the previous year. Is is satisfactory to note, therefore, that, relative to the increase in the general population, and having regard to the percentage of New-Zealand-born to the total population, crime amongst the New-Zealand-born is slightly lower than amongst the rest of the population. jf|? The extent of serious crime in the Dominion can be gauged from the table dealing with the period of sentences imposed, for it can be safely assumed that short sentences connote offences of a more or less venial character ; and as 17 per cent, of the total receptions were for terms of less than one week, 37 per cent, for terms of less than one month, 58 per cent, for terms of less than three months, and three-quarters of the total receptions were for terms of less than six months' imprisonment, it will be seen that the amount of serious crime in the Dominion is proportionately small. Notwithstanding this fact it is to be noted that there were four cases of an unusually grave nature involving life sentences, as compared with two for the previous year. It is pleasing to be able to record again that the sentence of capital punishment was not required to be given effect to during the year, although in one case the extreme penalty of the law was commuted to imprisonment for life. No floggings were administered at any institution during the year. Ten persons died from natural causes, of whom five died whilst under treatment in public hospital and one in a mental hospital. There were two cases of suicide. Of the prisoners who escaped from custody during the year, only two were not recaptured. Following the recent arrangement with the Mental Hospitals Department to make its specialist officers available for reporting on prisoners with impaired mentality, a large number of inmates were clinically examined for the information of the Prisons Board. In three cases prisoners were temporarily transferred to the mental hospital for more intensive observation ; in two cases prisoners were transferred to mental hospitals direct from the Courts ; and in twenty-five oases prisoners were transferred to mental hospitals upon certification as being mentally defective. One prisoner was required to be detained beyond the period of his sentence in terms of the Prisoners' Detention Act, 1915. A noteworthy feature of the prison statistics is the decline in the number of commitments of women to prison. The total number of women offenders ordered detention in penal institutions was 117, as compared with 134 for last year and 150 for the previous year. Eighty-five of the 117 women were New-Zealand-born, while the preponderant offence came under the heading of vagrancy, and in this connection it is to be noted that 52 per cent, of the total number of women offenders were between the ages of forty and sixty years. The total number of commitments of women to prison for drunkenness was only sixteen. Borstal Institutions. The prison statistics include commitments to Borstal institutions, but a separation of the figures shows that 138 lads and 16 girls, a total of 154, were committed by the Courts, while 24 youths and 4 young women were transferred to the Borstals from industrial schools and penal institutions, for the purpose of training and discipline. A Borstal institution is defined in the Prevention of Crime Act, 1924, as " a place in which young offenders, whilst detained, can be given such occupational training and other instruction, and be subject to such disciplinary and moral influences, as will conduce to their reformation and the prevention of crime." The Act provides that where a young person is convicted on indictment of an offence for which he is liable to imprisonment, or where a young person is charged before a Magistrate with an offence punishable by imprisonment, in lieu of passing a sentence of imprisonment an order for Borstal detention may be made. The system is a recognition of the necessity for dealing with youthful

3

H.—2o

offenders separately from adults, and at the same time it is an endeavour to get away from the purely penaludea when dealing with young oifenders, and to stress more the matter of training and discipline. The Borstal system is well described in a recent circular issued by the Home Office in the following terms : " The object of Borstal detention is training rather than punishment. The aim is to give young offenders whose aims and characters are still plastic a new outlook and a new bent, and, by the personal influence and example of the staff, to create a corporate spirit and a standard of social behaviour while in the institution which may persist after release : to inculcate in the workshops habits of application and industry ; to stimulate intelligence and enlarge interests ; and in sports and games to develop loyalty and the spirit of fair play. To achieve these things it is necessary to require much work and give much training, to allow and encourage recreation, and to create a measure of freedom, a reposing of trust in the individual which shall increase as time goes by, so that each day may not only be fully occupied but see some progress made in the general process of building up a stabler character." The Borstal system has been developed considerably in New Zealand within recent years, and during the past year important steps have been taken to give fuller effect to what is conceived to be a true spirit of the Prevention of Crime Act, and to create an atmosphere at the Borstal institutions that will conduce to the development of those qualities of self-reliance and self-respect so essential to a proper sense of citizenship. By creating wholesome traditions in the institutions, and by fostering a high public opinion, the aim is to break away from the old-fashioned idea of revulsion to the stigma of imprisonment, and to create in its stead an attitude of mind that will stigmatize the actual wrongdoing rather than the institution or the lads detained therein. There is already a changed public attitude towards Borstal. This is manifested both, by a heightened interest in the in-care work of the institution, and by a readiness to befriend and assist inmates after their release. At Invercargill, where the Borstal institution is in the heart of the town, the sympathetic interest shown by the townspeople in the welfare of the Borstal inmates is remarkable. The Department is greatly indebted to the large number of people who visit the Borstal for the purpose of giving lectures, assisting with the sports, in numerous ways aiding the Department in the furtherance of the work of the institution, and in assisting in building up the self-esteem of the lads. In Wellington, the Women's Borstal Association, comprised of numerous Wellington ladies, with associates in other towns, and presided over by Her Excellency the Lady Alice Fergusson, does splendid work in arranging regular weekly visits to the Point Hal swell Borstal Institution, and in undertaking the after-care of all released Borstal girls. Even in connection with the more remotely situated, institution at Waikeria, near Te Awamutu, regular visits are arranged from Hamilton and Te Awamutu, whilst in this district the Superintendent has a waiting-list of nearby farmers who are willing to assist lads when discharged from the institution. The positive nature and the extent of the programmes of socializing work undertaken at the Borstals can be seen from the reports of the Superintendents of the three institutions, shown in the appendix hereto, to which special attention is drawn. That the Borstal scheme amply justifies the care and attention involved is evidenced by the satisfactory results achieved. A summary of the case records shows that of the 2,955 young offenders who have passed through the Invercargill and Waikeria Institutions, only 9-4 per cent, have again been reconvicted during the past seven and a half years. At the Invercargill Borstal, of the 283 inmates who have been, released since the coming into operation of the Prevention of Crime Act in January, 1925, only 38 have been subsequently reconvicted ; while at Waikeria, of the 222 Borstal lads who have been released only 20 have since appeared before the Courts. The total number of committals to the Point Halswell Borstal Institution since its inception four years ago, up to the 31st December last, was 107, and of this number 64 have been released, and only 5 have again appeared before the Courts. As 32 girls have been released for over two years, the small number of failures is encouraging. Industries and Development. In sympathy with the Government's policy that Departments will not unnecessarily enter into competition with private enterprise, the development of prison industries is being directed along lines which, as far as possible, give effect to this policy. To this end, the employment of prisoners on agriculture and land-development continues to be a main feature of the Department's programme. The open-air work on the farm aids in the building-up of a prisoner's physique and in the improvement of his mental and moral outlook. Many prisoners, of course, are quite unsuited to work on the land, while others have skilled trades and callings at which it is desirable they should be employed as far as practicable during sentence to obviate loss of efficiency. Some prisoners are of a type who, for safe custody, must be kept under constant supervision or engaged on intramural occupations. In this respect quarrying provides a fairly simple and reasonably lucrative avenue of employment. Hence in the prison administration the Government's policy is of necessity to a slight degree modified, and industrial activity must to some extent continue to be carried on. It is the practice, as far as possible, to confine the output of goods and services to meeting the requirements of Government "Departments and local bodies. Thus in tailoring, bootmaking, bread-baking, labour contracts, laundering, floor-polish and sandsoap making, mail-bag repairs, and road-construction the output is solely confined to the requirement of Government Departments. The pursuance of this policy results in a direct economy to the taxpayer in respect of the cost for the maintenance of prisons, and expenditure is kept within the Public Account, settlement being effected largely by inter-departmental transfers. Reviewing the industries as a whole, the year just past showed increased activity and revenue over the two previous years. The actual credits for the year amounted to £73,994, which is over 45 per

H.—2o

4

cent, of the total cost of administering the prison system of the Dominion. Had this money not been earned through the productive employment of prisoners, to this extent a larger appropriation from Consolidated Fund would have been necessary. On the farms a marked increase has been shown, and the year just closed constitutes a record for farm revenue received, the total being £22,000. The quarrying industry has now returned to its place as a revenue-earner of approximately £25,000 per annum. For several years this industry was adversely affected by an increased railway tariff resulting in several local authorities which were previously customers establishing quarries of their own. Although for 1928-29 the revenue is slightly less than the record quarry year in 1924-25, the yardage of output is the highest on record, and it is anticipated that 1929-30 will eclipse all previous years. Miscellaneous industries, which include lead-headed-nail making, floor-polish, sandsoap, firewood, and laundering, combine to show increased activity and revenue. Other industries of a more competitive nature —viz., bootmaking, mail-bag repairs, roadworks, labour contracts, and tailoring—have shown a slight decline in revenue. In some instances this is accompanied by a decline in output, but lias also been affected by price-reductions. The position, however, is that in each of these the work is carried out solely for other Departments, and the decline in revenue does not in any way necessarily involve a State loss. The growth of prison revenue for several years past has shown a steady upward tendency, indicating how in recent years the use of prison labour in New Zealand has been directed to a greater extent than hitherto on works which, while primarily utilitarian, are also sound economically. At Auckland Prison remunerative employment with a minimum of Public Account expenses has been provided in the laundering carried out for the Defence Department camps and Government Buildings, while the quarry, now fitted with up-to-date machinery to meet the present-day demands of modern highways, shows a substantial increase in output and revenue. Other industries which provide splendid avenues for vocational employment are the boot-factory and repair shop, tailoringshop, mail-bag repair shop, and the bakery. At the New Plymouth Prison the main operations are quarrying and gardening. The quarry is laid out to permit of strict supervision of the prisoners, who, on account of their propensities, require constant watching. The Waikeria Borstal Institution comprises a large homestead institution and one sub-camp. The farm consists of 4,815 acres, 2,100 of which is in permanent pasture, 1,300 in temporary grazingpasture, and the balance is either in process of clearing and draining or has still to be cleared. The climate of the district is good, and the work in the open air is excellent so far as the physique of the inmates is concerned. Dairying is the main activity, and by judicious culling and top-dressing the average yield per cow has shown considerable improvement in recent years. Pig husbandry is a feature in conjunction with dairying ; sheep-farming is carried on, also bee-culture, and an extensive garden and orchard. This enables the lads to obtain a training in all classes of agriculture on sound lines, and materially assists them in securing employment on release. At the Waikune Roadmaking Camp the principal activity is roadmaking and road-maintenance under special arrangement with the Public Works Department, entered into several years ago when it was considered that roadworks and highways in remote localities would be of national benefit, and while providing a useful outlet for prison labour would occasion the minimum of disturbance to free labour. In addition to the roadworks, the Department supplies crushed gravel to the local County Council, and to the contractors for the construction of the Whakapapa Hostel at the Tongariro National Park. This camp also does all carting for the Department's development farms at Hautu and Rangipo, near Lake Taupo. The Hautu Development Farm comprises 10,000 acres of pumice land, four miles from Tokaanu. Practically 2,500 acres are cleared and down in grass, the major portion yet being in temporary pasture. Prices recently realized for fat stock were a record for the Westfield market. The results so far achieved, and the splendid response shown to the cultivation applied, justifies a sanguine outlook in regard to the ultimate success of this farm-development experiment. It is considered that it would not be wise to offer individual isolated farms for settlement as developed, but that it would be better to wait until there is sufficient area broken in to enable a small community settlement to take place, which would warrant a school, roads, and other community facilities, and thus increase the likelihood of successful settlement and satisfactory prices being realized. An advantage of withholding settlement until a considerable area is developed is that the developed portions can be used as the basis of further operations and help to keep down to a considerable degree the capital cost of development. The Rangipo Development Farm comprises 3,500 acres of pumice land, ten miles from Tokaanu. The country is of a slightly higher altitude than Hautu, but has proved to be exceptionally fertile. It is being treated in a similar manner to the Hautu land. Bullocks, after wintering last winter at Rangipo, brought top prices at the Westfield markets. It is proposed to settle this farm on similar lines to Hautu, when development is completed. Several hundred thousand of Pinus insignis have been grown from seed on this farm, and are being used for shelter-belts, which will be placed on proposed subdivisional boundaries both at Hautu and Rangipo. » The Napier Prison is an old building situated in a splendid situation above the Marine Parade. Quarrying and gardening are the chief activities. The Wi Tako Prison is a farm of approximately 500 acres, adjoining the Trentham Military Reserve, which the Department also leases from the Defence Department for grazing purposes. Up to three years ago brickmaking was the main activity, but a financial investigation of the brick industry disclosed that heavy losses had been made over a period of years owing to the output being restricted in accordance with Government policy to Government requirements. The works are now leased to a private company. Since brickmaking has been abandoned, activities have been concentrated on

5

H.—2o.

clearing and farm development. A considerable area of tlie swamp has been drained, and this has been proved to be particularly fertile for gardening. A substantial revenue has been obtained from the sale of garden-produce at the Wellington produce marts. At Wellington, the Terrace Prison has been recently vacated and demolished, and the levelling of the site for school purposes is almost completed. A new prison at Mount Crawford is nearing completion, and it will be mainly a trial and remand prison. At present the main activities are confined to constructural works and the formation of an access road to the institution. There are minor industries, such as soapmaking and lead-headed-nail making, carried on, besides repair shops. At the Point Halswell Borstal Institution gardening and laundry-work for other Departments, and clothing repairs for the Defence Department, constitute the main industrial activities. At the Wanganui Prison all the old prisoners are detained. Unfortunately the prison is located on a sand area, which is almost incapable of cultivation. Last year, by arranging for the cartage of several loads of manure, sufficient vegetables were able to be grown to supply the institution needs, but unfortunately there is insufficient means of employment to keep the inmates occupied and free from discontent. The acquisition of an alternative site is under consideration. The Paparua Prison comprises a farm of 1,350 acres, of which 1,300 acres are freehold. This is mainly river-bed flat, but a fair portion is rich arable land and exceptionally high yields of produce have been secured. It is particularly good sheep-country, and the Department has a flock of Corriedales. The breeding of fat sheep is also undertaken, specializing in the early-lamb market. During the last two years the Department had secured up to £2 Bs. per head for lambs in November. There is an extensive vegetable-garden, surplus produce being sent in to the Christchurch market. The main industry apart from the farm is quarrying gravel from the subsoil, which is comprised mainly of river-bed gravel deposits. A substantial and profitable quarrying business has been developed, the Department principally supplying gravel to the Public Works Department, local authorities, and for main-highway purposes.. At the Invercargill Borstal Institution there is a farm area comprised principally of reclaimed land, 759 acres of which are freehold and the balance leasehold. The land is particularly low-lying. Recently a pumping scheme has been installed, which has materially improved the condition of the farm. Dairying and sheep are the main farming pursuits. In order that the institution may fulfil a useful function from a vocational point of view a series of industrial and technical classes have been established to give inmates an opportunity of learning various trades, and during the year the lads have been afforded facilities for acquiring practical experience in connection with several structural additions to the institution. At the Addington Women's Reformatory the chief activities carried on are cottage-gardening and laundry-work. Recently the Department equipped the laundry on modern lines to enable laundering for the Defence Department and Railway Department to be undertaken. This has proved a revenue-producing enterprise. General. An important feature of the administration has been the development of the internal production of the Department's own needs instead of purchasing requirements outside. This applies to clothing and equipment; and within the last few years, by adopting a system of inter-institutional transfers, the Department is now practically wholly self-sustained in the matter of its requirements of vegetables and farm-produce. Bakeries have now been established in nearly all the institutions, so that the Department is baking practically the whole of its bread requirements, thereby providing an advantage not only in the way of cheaper bread, but also by way of affording a further avenue of employment, and thus teaching a number of prisoners a useful means of livelihood which will assist them when released. During the year, for dietetic reasons, an arrangement was made for the issue, on alternative days, of whole - meal bread. By means of these internal economies a considerable saving has been effected. On bread alone an estimated saving of £2,300 per annum has been brought about. Expenditure and Revenue. Table B sets out a Summary Income and Expenditure Account and Balance-sheet for the year ended 31st March, 1929, detailed amplification of which will appear in parliamentary B. l papers. In addition to this there is here shown a comparative statement of cash payments and credits to the vote during the year. Although the total average number of prisoners in custody during 1928-29 was slightly in excess of the previous year, the total net expenditure was reduced by £4,763, the average net Public' Account cost of maintenance of prisoners being reduced by almost £4 per head, to £59 10s. Main contributing causes have been improved industry returns and rigid economy in the prisons and industries. The results are very satisfactory, and preliminary indications for 1929-30 show a promise of further decrease in net expenditure per head. In comparing the expenditure for last year with the years prior to 1927-28 it should be borne in mind that capital expenditure on the pumice-land development farms at Hautu and Rangipo was previously charged to Public Works Eund. Such expenditure, amounting last year to £4,967 165., now appears as a charge against the Prisons vote. Similarly, prison labour devoted to farm-develop-ment is temporarily capitalized, and no credit appears in the Department's annual accounts for what is undoubtedly an" important annual accretion to a national asset of considerable magnitude. It is because no credits are received in this connection that a portion of labour has been kept on roadworks in order to keep down the Public Account cost.

H.— 20,

6

Summary of Payments and Receipts on Account of Prisons Vote from 1924 to 1929.

Expenditure on Prisoners' Rations. The total Public Account cost of purchasing food for prisoners is to some extent influenced by fluctuating wholesale prices, but of far greater effect is the efficiency of the internal departmental and individual prison management. The present ration scale has been in vogue for some years except for minor additions and improvements—no reductions —so that the total costs year by year may be compared without qualification. During 1928-29 the total net ration cost amounted to approximately £400 less than the previous year, although the average number of inmates showed an increase. This result, it should be noted, has been arrived at without any scale reduction in rations, but is due almost entirely to a policy of producing as far as possible our own requirements.

NET COST OF FOOD RATIONS (NOT INCLUDING TOBACCO).

Prison Labour. Table B1 appended hereto gives a summary of the value of prison labour expended on various prison works and industries. Although the average number of prisoners in custody during 1928-29 was slightly in excess of 1927-28, the total assessment of prison labour valuations showed a small decrease, it being difficult to arrange for the profitable employment of short-sentence prisoners. Actually the total value of work decreased by £600. It will be noted that the value of labour expended on capital works was substantially less than in 1927-28. This was the outcome of approaching completion of Mount Crawford and Paparua Prison erections. This labour has, on the other hand, been absorbed by the prison industries, which to some extent accounts for the increased industry receipts during 1928-29. Profit and Loss Accounts and Balance-sheet. Last year a commercial balance-sheet, for the first time, was published with the annual report, and a further balance-sheet showing the financial operations for the year under review is appended hereto. With the accounts on a proper basis all services are now brought to charge, and the practice of undertaking works and services gratuitously has been abandoned. Reviewing departmental administration costs as a whole, which include the expenses of administering probation as well as prisons and borstals, the cost amounted to £120,731, as against £117,533 for the previous year, an increase of approximately £3,000, notwithstanding that fixed charges for depreciation and interest on institutional assets (not including industries) increased by £4,000. Omitting the cost, of administering the probation system, the net expenditure on prisons amounted to £116,740, as against £113,474 for the previous year. The cost per head was £77 155., an increase of 10s. This is very satisfactory in view of the increased capital charges for interest, &c., mentioned above, which amounted to approximately 40s. per head more than in 1927-28. In effect, this means that the increased capital charges of 40s. per head have been almost wholly compensated for by reductions in other directions, including improved industry working. A review of industry accounts as a whole, which takes into account all charges, shows a satisfactory advance on previous years. In 1928-29, out of fourteen industries, nine showed a net profit after debiting

Daily Average Gtross Expenditure. ' Credits. Net Expenditure. Year. Number of — , Inmates. Total. Per Head. Total. Per Head. Total. Per Head. £ £ £ £ £ £ 1924-25 .. 1,227-81 144,484 117-67 68,118 55-56 76,366 62-11 1925-26 .. 1,340-13 152,794 114-00 79,099 59-02 73,695 54-98 1926-27 .. 1,397-25 148,766 106-47 70,915 50-76 77,851 55-71 1927-28 .. 1,489-62 161,199 108-21 66,979 44-95 94,220 63-26 1928-29 .. 1,501-82 163,451 108-83 73,994 49-27 89,457 59-56

Daily Average Net Cost Annual C ° 3t FI Year. Number of of Cost per Head converted Prisoners. Foodstuffs. - Head. to 1914 Price Basis. £ £ £ 1914 .. .. .. .. 979-81 11,555 11-79 11-79 1919-20 .. .. .. 965-07 17,294 17-93 1924-25 .. .. .. 1,227-50 18,332 14-93 10-58 1925-26 .. .. .. 1.340-13 19,547 14-58 10-19 1926-27 .. .. .. 1,397-25 1.9,389 13-88 10-60 1927-28 .. .. •• 1,489-62 15,736 10-57 8-09 1928-29 .. .. .. 1,501-82 15,363 10-23 7-35

7

H.—2o

all charges, including prison labour, interest (or rent), and depreciation, as compared with seven for the previous year. All those showing a profit in 1927-28 maintained their position, and, in addition, blockmaking and bootmaking are now recouping al 1 charges. Industries showing a debit balance after prison labour is charged are farms, gardens, and quarries, but as the productive use of prison labour represents " made money " these debit balances are purely nominal. In the case of farms, labour charges of £17,000 left a debit balance of £10,000, the actual Public Account surplus being £7,000. Similarly in quarries, labour charges of £13,400 left the industry with a nominal debit of £876, the actual surplus in Public Account being £12,500. Only in the case of the brickworks is the position different, as the works are leased to private enterprise. Miscellaneous. Store Rules. The compilation of comprehensive Departmental Stores and Accounting Instructions has been proceeded with, and they are now set up in type. These to a considerable extent are a consolidation of procedure and instructions issued within the last few years, and will make for standardized practice in connection with stores and accounts. Important store-accounting records drawn up and issued during the year were a Farm Diary and a Bakehouse Record. The former has been considered by headquarters to be a long-felt requirement, as a means of establishing a positive primary record of farm events relating to production, issues, live-stock, births and deaths. A scheme whereby Stores Rules could be workably instituted on the farms, similar to the practice in the institutions, had given much difficulty in formulation, but the Diary appears to have shown the solution. This is printed and set out in a manner calculated to give the Department full primary daily records and the farm officers a minimum of clerical labour. The Bakehouse Record, designed to meet the need of recording for stock purpose daily the consumption of all bread ingredients and the resultant daily quantity of bread produced, also enables the average yield to be daily checked, and allows a standard comparison to be made of the results of all the institutions, ensuring a maximum of economy and efficiency in the bakehouse. Civilian Suits for Prisoners. A scheme was formulated and put into practice towards the end of the year whereby, for a moderate charge, to cover cost of manufacture, any prisoner just before discharge could secure a made-to-measure suit from the prison tailoring-shop. Full advantage of this concession is being taken at the various institutions. In the past the cost to a prisoner of refitting himself in clothes when released has made a serious inroad in the gratuity paid by the Department. Educational Text-books for Officers. Arrangements have been made with the St. John Ambulance Association to supply a number of first-aid handbooks and printed descriptive bandages to enable officers at institutions to render first aid to the injured when necessity arises. During the year also a text-book on criminology was issued for study by officers. Extensive additions to the Department's technical library have also been made. Standardization of Electric Lamps. Investigation recently showed that the electric lamps installed in the various prison cubicles' cells, corridors, and other parts were of all possible grades and illuminating-capacities, usually in excess of what was necessary. This has no doubt been caused by the general lack of knowledge of specifications of electric lamps, a failing which is universal. A definite scale of candle-powers for various situations has now been drawn up, and a substantial economy should result. General Review. A distinct departure has been made in recent years from the original idea of retaliatory or retributive justice, and it is now generally accepted that the main purpose of imprisonment is to protect society. This can be best achieved by endeavouring to reform the offender, and, as far as possible, by inculcating habits of industry, to engender self-reliance and self-respect. It is said that the severest punishment is the stigma of conviction and the deprivation of liberty. Experience shows that the greater privileges now accorded prisoners are bearing fruit in the shape of better discipline and greater industry. Much has been done in recent years to improve prison conditions in the matter of dietary, comforts, and general conditions of work. At the same time, in modern penology it is recognized that, while reasonable conditions are essential to contentment, the hope of reform lies not so much on good conditions as upon the development of self-discipline and self-respect and a sense of corporate responsibility. The object of all prison treatment and training should be not solely to make them good prisoners, but, if possible, good citizens. Around this idea hinges the development of the honour system and the reposing of a greater degree of trust in the prisoner. As a concrete example of this may be cited the holding of the Invercargill Borstal summer camps, when some sixty lads were under canvas for ten days entirely on their honour. Another is the establishment of social committees of prisoners at the farm camps, which organize regular sports and entertainments, and even deal, by way of fines of tobacco or other -

H.—2o.

8

wise, with those who offend against the laws of the camp. Many instances could be given of prisoners being trusted far beyond the immediate oversight of any warder, and the consensus of opinion of those experienced in dealing with prisoners is that the element of trust stimulates the development of self-respect. Local experience confirms the view expressed by the English Prison Commissioners that " The care of animals on the farms seems to bring with it a sense of responsibility and self-sacrifice quite out of proportion with the effect that such duties have on free men. The convict will devote himself body and soul to nursing and grooming an animal for the showring, and will swell with pride when he hears his charge has carried off first prize." The more enlightened attitude now adopted in dealing with those placed in the Department's care is shown by the reports attached hereto of the controlling officers of the various institutions. These reports are published at length this year, as they admirably portray the consideration and regard shown for the prisoner physically, mentally, and morally. Whilst with certain prisoners it is almost impossible to stimulate any decent emotions, with the greater majority there is better relationship, greater freedom from complaints, and a keener interest evinced in their work. There is a growing recognition that man reacts largely to the manner in which he is treated. The present-day methods involve a careful study of personality and mental make-up of each prisoner, and the exercise of judgment and discretion on the part of those in charge of prisoners. Individualization of punishment is regarded as the keynote of modern prison methods, and by this is meant the personal study of each offender and his response to the treatment accorded, the aim being to distinguish between those who cannot and those who will not conform to prescribed social standards. It is desirable to classify offenders into groups based on sex, age, criminal experience, and personality generally, to enable an appropriate regimen to be devised suitable to the respective classes. Intensive classification and the separation of every class of offender is a practical impossibility, on the ground of expense. The broad working basis adopted in New Zealand is as follows : Youthful offenders, to avoid contamination with older criminals, are sent to the Borstal institutions for training and treatment appropriate to their age ; old and senile offenders are incarcerated at Wanganui, where the milieu is suited to their physical and mental condition ; the more dangerous criminals, and those whose records and demeanour show that they cannot with safety to society be given the liberties afforded at the reformatory camps, are detained at Mount Eden Prison, which is the only purely penal prison in the Dominion ; sexual perverts are segregated at New Plymouth, where there are special facilities for constant supervision, and where the Department now has a mental specialist as Medical Officer. At the Paparua Prison, Wi Tako, and the camps more trusted prisoners are detained. Women prisoners are sent to the Mount Eden Women's Prison or to the Addington Women's Reformatory, while the younger women are detained at the Point Halswell Borstal Institution. The Department realizes that an integral part of the prison system is a system of after-care of prisoners on release. It is becoming more definitely realized that unless a prisoner on discharge is enabled to obtain employment and rehabilitate himself, the efforts in prison to reform him or to stimulate in him habits of industry are likely to be futile and misspent. An English writer recently observed that " A prison habitual must naturally, in the present temper of society, find great external hindrances to recovery. ... A social stigma rests upon him ; the attitude of both employers and workmates make it difficult for him to obtain work." It is this negative attitude, and the difficulties that beset the prisoner in rehabilitating himself, that are responsible for a large amount of recidivism. In endeavouring to quicken a more charitable and helpful attitude it should be clearly understood that it is not desired to excite any feelings of misguided sympathy or sentimentality towards evildoers, but to create a rational attitude which, while in no way minimizing the sense of wrongdoing, will assist in the restoration to citizenship of those who genuinely strive to retrieve themselves. Acknowledgements. I desire to place on record the Department's deep sense of gratitude for the assistance and cooperation of the Visiting Justices who have regularly visited the various institutions, also to Official Visitors, and in this respect I would particularly mention the name of Mr. James Stewart, for his indefatigable labours at Mount Eden Prison, and his interest in forming a special after-care committee to assist discharged prisoners and their families. The thanks of the Department are due to the various Borstal Committees for their interest and help in connection with the work of the Borstal institutions. The Department is also indebted to the Women's Borstal Association and their associate ladies for the after-care and supervision of young women discharged from the Borstal. Thanks are also due to the Workers' Educational Association, members of the Howard League, and the numerous teachers and other citizens who have assisted with regular lectures at the various institutions and the entertainment of prisoners. To the Prisoners' Aid Society, Justices' Association, and the Voluntary Probation Committees grateful thanks are due for their helpful co-operation, particularly in assisting discharged prisoners and providing financial assistance in necessitous cases. The Department appreciates the care and interest, often at personal inconvenience and considerable expense so far as visits to the prison camps are concerned, shown by the various ministers of religion who attend to the moral and spiritual welfare of prisoners at the various institutions. I desire also to take this opportunity of placing on record my thanks to the members of the staff for their loyalty, and the enthusiastic manner in which they have endeavoured to carry out their duties and promote the efficient administration of the Department. B. L. Dallaed, Controller-General of Prisons.

9

H.—2o

Inspector of Prisons to the Controller-General of Prisons. I have the honour to submit my report for the year 1928-29 relative to the inspection of the prisons and institutions under the control of the Department. The larger prisons and Borstal institutions were inspected at regular intervals throughout the year, and the minor prisons and police-gaols less frequently, when opportunity offered. In terms of the regulations all prisoners were given facilities on each of my visits to interview me regarding any matter affecting their detention and treatment. At the larger prisons about 25 per cent, of the men. availed themselves of the opportunity to see me, but the percentage of complaints regarding institutional conditions or general treatment were somewhat less than in previous years. Allegations of harsh or unreasonable treatment at the hands of officials are very rarely made by prisoners, but any complaints of this nature are promptly investigated by Visiting Justices. During the past few years the " disagreements " between officials and prisoners have steadily diminished in number as well as in degree of seriousness. The mutinous disturbances and assaults upon warders which were not uncommon occurrences in prison-yards and workshops some years ago are now unknown. This would indicate that the present-day prison official is dealing with a less desperate type of criminal than the warder of a decade or two ago. The change in the attitude of the " long-timer " towards the prison system of disciplinary control is no doubt due to a realization of the fact that he is being treated in a fair and reasonable manner without any sign of vindictiveness or desire to punish. The officials on their part are making a commendable effort to give effect to the Department's policy by studying and treating the men individually with the one aim only, to effect a change in outlook and character. The standard of industry in the prisons is in a satisfactory state. At the farm and road camps, where the men are specially selected, the standard is somewhat higher than in the town prisons, where the prisoners as a body are considerably below the outside average worker in industrial efficiency. Notwithstanding the fact that few are tradesmen and that a considerable number are physically unfit, the industries are so organized that each man is given some class of work to suit his abilities. There is a noticeable improvement, more especially in the country institutions, in the manner in which the officers supervise and train the men in their work. In farm-work the officials make a point of explaining not only how the work should be done, but why it is done. This system makes the work more interesting as well as instructive, and tends to promote a spirit of co-operation and a better understanding between the officials and the men. Prisoners appreciate the interest taken in their welfare by voluntary social workers, particularly those who assist the men on discharge by providing employment and the wherewithal to tide them over the difficult period between the date of release and the time when they obtain their first wage. It would seem, from statements made from time to time by discharged prisoners, that owing to the altered conditions under which men now serve their terms and the present unsatisfactory state of the labour-market the necessity for assistance after release is greater than the need for visitation and advice while in prison. It happens occasionally that men who have served short sentences return to prison within a day or two of their release, and sometimes the interval between discharge and reception is a matter of hours. Invariably the plea of the recidivist is lack of employment after release ; and, although some ex-prisoners may not be genuinely anxious to obtain work, it is a fact that there are others who deserve assistance in this direction but fail to get it. It is considered that in effecting a change in the character and attitude of delinquents greater success attends the efforts of the social worker who assists and keeps in touch with the men after release, rather than the adviser in morals who confines his work to within the walls of the prison. The officers as a body take a keen and intelligent interest in their duties. The examination-papers of both probationary and senior warders submitted to you during the year indicate that the officers are familiar with the Acts and Regulations relating to the institutions, and that those whose desire it is to qualify for promotion are making good use of the facilities which you have provided for the study of their duties from the works of well-known writers on criminology. D. A. Mackintosh, Inspector of Prisons.

2—H. 20.

H.—2o.

10

PRISONS AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS: EPITOME OF REPORTS OF CONTROLLING OFFICERS, Auckland Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. J. Dickison). At the commencement of the year there were 414 males and 20 females in custody. During the year 1,501 males and 72 females were received, whilst 1,533 males and 81 females were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in the prison on the night of the 31st December, 1928, 362 males and II females. The daily average on the sick-muster was—males, 8-29; females, nil. In view of the fact that the daily average of prisoners in custody was approximately 390 throughout the twelve months, it must be admitted that the health of the inmates has been excellent. Included in the average is quite a number of aged and infirm prisoners who remain under treatment from the time of receipt until discharge, and if, in addition to these, allowance is made for the inclusion of prisoners sustaining petty injuries on the works, it must be conceded that this prison has remained particularly immune from sickness. The prison school has been under the control of L. Grice, M.A., and his tutorship has produced excellent results, as will be evidenced by the annual examination return at present in your possession. There is no doubt whatever that the annual expenditure incurred in maintaining the school is amply warranted, as the marked progress made by the pupils is very obvious to those in close touch, and is one of the main factors in assisting the backward individual to rehabilitate himself in the outside world. During the year 125 breaches of the regulations were dealt with by Visiting Justices, whilst a number of minor breaches were dealt with by myself. On the whole the conduct of the prisoners may be considered to have been very satisfactory, as consideration must be given to the fact that quite a number of individual prisoners were dealt with on several occasions. Evening drill has been continued under the instruction of a qualified instructor, the prisoners participating in the exercises benefiting considerably therefrom. Work completed and in progress.- —Removal of arches adjoining Administration Block : The dismantling of these two arches has resulted in the increased natural lighting of the basement cells, and in addition has reduced the possibility of dampness from lack of sunshine. Installation of hot-press in prison kitchen : In previous years difficulty has been experienced in keeping the meals hot from the time of serving in the kitchen until distributed into the cells. The installation of the hot-press has resulted in the marked benefit of being enabled to keep four hundred meals heated in such a manner as to be distributed with entire satisfaction to the inmates. The innovation has been greatly appreciated. Grass-cutting at North Head : This work, as in previous years, has been carried out for the Defence Department with mutual satisfactory results. Roadmaking at Rangitoto Island : A party of twenty prisoners under the supervision of two officers has been working continuously at Rangitoto Island since November, 1925. Work executed to the 31st December, 1928, is as follows: Road to summit (4 miles 60 chains of road, 20ft. wide, leading to the summit via the Beacon) —formation completed. Three miles of this road has been blinded to a width of 14 ft., and 2|- miles blinded to the full width of 20 ft. Two miles of road to Islington Bay, to a width of 16 ft., has been formed ; 1 mile 10 chains of footpaths, 4 ft. wide, have been formed also. Approximately 750 yards of scoria has been shifted for the formation of a sports-ground and the area levelled, and 10 chains of road, 10 ft. wide, formed to give ready access to this area. A stone wall containing approximately 200 yards of rock has been built to retain water for swimming-pool. Institutional Industries. —Garden : This continues to be an asset to the institution, and all requirements of vegetables, excepting the supply of potatoes, have been readily met. Bootmaking : Under the direction of a tradesman officer, this branch of the prison's industrial activities continues to furnish excellent results, and the requirements of other Departments as well as our own continue to be handled with satisfaction. Tailoring : A warder instructor is in charge of this workshop, and the output remains at an excellent standard, orders from other Departments as well as our own being handled with expedition. Repairs to mail and parcel bags : This industry is carried on in conjunction with the tailoring, and the whole of the demands of the Post and Telegraph Department during the past year have been handled expeditiously and profitably to both Departments concerned. Laundry and repair work (female) : With the exception of blankets, the whole of the prison laundering, and the repairs to socks, continue to be executed by the female prisoners, and the small cost to the Department speaks volumes for the capable control of the staff of this division. In addition to the prison laundering, work is performed for the Police and Department of Internal Affairs, whilst " soft " laundering is executed on behalf of the Defence Department's various encampments. Laundry and repair work (male) : The washing of prison blankets, repairs to moleskin shirts, &c., is executed by male labour, and here again the cost to the Department is relatively small. During the past year several thousand blankets were laundered on behalf of the Defence Department, the undertaking proving profitable to this Department. Quarry : It is pleasing to be able to report that both the crushing plants have been kept practically in full commission throughout the year. Considerable opposition was faced in the competition of outside quarries, but with the assistance of the orders from the Public Works and Railway Depart-

11

H.—2o,

ments, together with those of various local bodies, we have been enabled to keep the output at the maximum during the greatest portion of the twelve months under review. At present we have sufficient orders in hand to guarantee the output remaining at a high standard until the end of the current financial year, and it is confidently anticipated that the returns will at least be equal to those of the past few years. Maintenance of prison buildings : The general maintenance of the prison buildings, cottages, &c., has been executed as required. Entertainments : Concerts have been held periodically, some very fine programmes having been arranged by the City Missioner (Rev. Jasper Calder), and his assistant (Rev. Charles Chandler), Messrs. J. Stewart and S. Falls, and the various other social workers interested in the welfare of the inmates. Thanks must also be extended to Messrs. John Fuller and Sons, Ltd., for their readiness in arranging for professional artists from their circuits to appear at these entertainments whenever possible. Lectures under the auspices of the Workers' Educational Association have continued to be given, and have proved most instructive and enjoyable. The director of the association, Mr. N. W. Richmond, has been mainly responsible for arranging for this profitable form of diversion. Christmas Cheer.—The several organizations which in past years have provided additional comforts for the inmates during the festive season again contributed freely, with the result that an adequate stock of " extras " was available for each individual prisoner at Christmas and New Year. Religious Services. —Throughout the year the various denominations arranged for services each Sunday, and the Department's thanks are due to the interested parties, who spare no effort to make the services enjoyable as well as beneficial to the inmates in attendance. Prisoners' Aid Society. —The Rev. Charles Chandler has been attending to the needs of prisoners both during confinement and subsequent to discharge, and there is no doubt that his kindly interest is appreciated by the men. Staff. —The conduct of the staff has continued to be excellent, with the result that a high standard of discipline has been maintained throughout the year, and consequently the various industrial activities have been carried on smoothly and with profit to the Department. The daily average of prisoners in custody throughout the past twelve months has been approximately 390. With the numerical strength of the staff remaining unchanged, adequate supervision has been made possible. The staff in the prison office, under the Principal Clerk, has dealt with the clerical work of the institution in an efficient manner. In conclusion, I would respectfully tender my thanks to the Department for the guidance and assistance afforded me in dealing with various matters throughout the twelve months under review. Schoolmaster's Report. There is in the class a great range of attainment and of educability, reducing the speed of progress, because the slower members of a group must necessarily set the pace of that group. The scholars are drafted into four main groups, corresponding to the four upper classes of a primary school, and some subgroups are made. In addition there are a few men with little attainment or educable capacity who receive individual coaching in the rudiments as intensive as time and staffing will permit. The syllabus of instruction on the more formal side includes English, composition, spelling, reading,and mental and written arithmetic. In these subjects the work ranged from satisfactory to very good, the progress in the upper classes being the most pronounced, and in the case of some individual scholars very praiseworthy. Greater interest was displayed in the more cultural work, and the enthusiasm aroused by this was exceedingly helpful in maintaining a good working-spirit for more formal school-work. Great interest was shown in discussions on the significance of current events closely allied to geography, history, and modern progress. Talks on historical and geographical subjects generally were given on an average once a week, and those relating to such physical phenomena as winds, eclipses, volcanic activity, &c., made most appeal. Readings of literary merit were given regularly, from the works of such writers as A. A. Milne, 0. Henry, &c., and were always eagerly listened to by the men. A few debates were held, and in every case brought forth considerable interest and some individual merit. A new departure was a series of talks, necessarily of an elementary character, on economics, and these were well received. At the conclusion of the year all except a few newly admitted pupils were tested in the usual examination subjects, the results being recorded in the examination register and promotions made ready for the New Year. The results show great individual variations, but are entirely satisfactory, except in a few cases where men of very little educable capacity were tested. In some cases splendid progress has been made, and the bulk of the scholars did well. Among the factors which have hampered progress is one which appears to me to be outstanding, and that is the presence in the school of men, who for various reasons, have a particularly small capacity for education. It is certain that those most lacking in education are most in the need of it, but among these are a few whose capacity for receiving benefit is almost nil. They require an immense amount of individual help to accomplish anything. This in itself is of little concern, but the time that has to be devoted to them, and which is productive of so little gain, curtails the already limited time available for the remainder of the scholars, and for want of which they are unduly delayed. The tone of the school has been excellent, the work having proceeded throughout the year harmoniously and with a minimum of friction.

H.—2o

12

Hautu Prison (Land-development Camp), Tokaanu. (Officer in Charge, Mr. T. Banks.) At the commencement of the year there were in custody 47 males ; during the year 33 were received, 18 were discharged, 7 were transferred to other institutions, and 1 man escaped, leaving a total of 44 in custody at the 31st December, being a daily average of 46-37 prisoners in custody for the year. The health of the prisoners has been excellent, there being a few minor cases of colds, &c. The general conduct and industry of the prisoners have been satisfactory. The majority of them take a keen interest in the farm-work, only four being punished for breach of regulations. In the course of the year an additional thirty single huts have been erected, allowing of all prisoners having each a separate hut, which has considerably improved the moral tone of the camp. The building previously utilized as a dormitory has been converted into a social room. During the year a sports and social committee has been formed, the bulk of the prisoners taking a keen interest in the various games and concerts. A tennis-court and sports-ground have been laid out, which have been keenly patronized, causing a clean sporting rivalry amongst the men. The prisoners have also evinced keen interest in the development of a flower-garden, adding considerably to the appearance of the camp. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been well attended to by the local ministers of the various denominations. The prison vegetable-garden continues to be a success, the vegetables grown being more than sufficient for local requirements, the surplus being sent to other institutions, and also used for feeding live-stock. Owing to the increased development of land during the year, considerably more cattle and sheep have been purchased. The sheep purchased last year as an experiment did remarkably well, the lambs from this flock realizing top prices at Westfield Market, and killing out at 66-4 lb. average. The following is a summary of the work carried out during the year : 660 acres stumped of tutu and manuka, and cleared of fern and burned ready for ploughing; 500 acres ploughed; 700 acres sown down in temporary pasture, 150 acres in turnips, and 2 acres in potatoes. Forest-trees consisting of 10,000 Pinus radiata were planted out on various parts of the farm for the purpose of shelter-belts. One and a half miles of subdivision fence has been erected, consisting of four posts to the chain and seven wires. A stock-yard and crush has been erected, also a shearing-shed. The conduct of the staff has been very satisfactory. Napier Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. W. R. Cook.) On the first day of the year under review there were 29 males and no females in custody. During the year a total of 214 were received, of which 208 were males and 6 females, showing a gratifying decrease of 24 on the previous year. The principal work at which the prisoners were employed was quarrying—the product of this industry being sold to the Napier Borough Council and to private customers. Other work, such as extending the vegetable-garden, painting and repairing the prison buildings, erecting a retaining-wall on the Clyde Road part of the prison property, cleaning and keeping in order the Borough Reserve at the foot of the prison property overlooking the Marine Parade, was carried out by that class of prisoner not suited physically for the heavier quarry-work. During the year the social side of prison life has not been overlooked, and our thanks are due to Messrs. J. P. Thompson and P. W. Peters, the Rotary Club, and others who assisted in presenting a splendid Christmas and New Year's dinner for the men, and to the Misses Ellison and the Cosmopolitan Club, who have contributed books and periodicals for the use of the prisoners. The conduct of the officers has been good. That of the prisoners has been fairly good, and only offences of a minor nature had to be dealt with. No cases of serious sickness occurred, and there were no deaths or admissions to the hospital. In conclusion I have to express my thanks to all those ladies and gentlemen who have during the year assisted me in finding employment for discharged prisoners. Excepting in the wool season, work has been hard to get for these discharged men, and it is only with the co-operation of local social workers that I have been able to succeed in placing the men. New Plymouth Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. W. Dineen.) Nothing of an unusual or extraordinary nature happened during the year. Probably the most outstanding event in the work of the year has been the installation of a baker's oven and equipment sufficient to enable the Department to bake the bread necessary for this and the Wanganui Prison. Since July the purchase of bread from outside has ceased here, and the prison-made article is giving every satisfaction, and there has been no complaint as to the quality of the bread. For the last two months Wanganui Prison has also been supplied, and the Gaoler has written to say that the quality and condition of the bread received at Wanganui from here compares more than favourably with the purchased bread. The saving in the aggregate is considerable. The erection of the bakehouse in what was known as the association cell has rendered necessary other alterations to compensate for the accommodation lost thereby. The two cells (one in the south wing and one in the east wing) which were being used as bath rooms have been refitted as cells, and two new bathrooms have been fitted up adjoining the laundry.

H.— 20

13

This arrangement not only gives two more single cells, but obviates the necessity of carrying hot water for 30 yards for use in the baths. In the west wing the partition which divided the female wing from the remainer of the wing has been removed and five new cells provided. The windows opening on to the yards on both sides of this wing provide ample ventilation : the previous system of ventilation existing in this wing was not satisfactory. In the south and east wings an opening has been cut in each cell, and this gives a much improved cross-ventilation. In all, the single-cell accommodation has been increased from fifty-five cells to sixty-nine single cells, and the general ventilation considerably improved. The whole of the work has been carried out by prison labour, and extensive repairs to the officers' residences have also been effected. Work in the quarry has been the chief industry for the year, and the gross returns from this source have been £1,680 18s. There are practically no overhead charges with the exception of the officers' wages, and the Borough Council purchase all the output. Good results have been obtained from the garden, and in addition to furnishing the institution with a plentiful supply of vegetables (up to 10 oz. per man per day) a surplus to the value of £53 10s. Bd. has been disposed of by auction. The general conduct of the prisoners has been good. Eight men have been reported for minor prison offences, but there was no case calling for the services of the Visiting Justice. The spiritual welfare of the men has been well cared for by the heads of the different Churches here, and Divine service is held each Sunday. On New Year's Day and Christmas Day interested social workers provided special meals for the prisoners. Much assistance and help has been received from gentlemen who have given lectures and addresses to the study circle during the year. It is noticed that some well-meaning social workers are complaining of the length of time that prisoners are kept in their cells on Sunday ; but it would probably be a surprise to these people to know that in this prison, on the Sunday evenings when the prisoners are given an opportunity to leave their cells for two hours to listen to the wireless Church services, 50 per cent, of them prefer to remain in their cells. There have been no serious cases of illness during the year. At each of the medical officer's weekly visits there are practically the same six or eight prisoners, but their complaints of illness are generally of a minor nature. In many instances there is but. little doubt that it is with the idea of getting a change from the ordinary routine that some of these men leave their work and come in to see the doctor. Paparua Prison, Templeton. (Superintendent, Mr. W. T. Leggett.) At the beginning of the year there were 174 males in custody ; during the year 560 were received and 600 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving 134 males in custody at the end of the year. The greatest number in custody at any one time was 178 and the least 132. The daily average number of men in custody through the year was 141-37. The health of the prisoners generally has been very good, there being only four cases of serious illness during the year: One instance was an appendix case complaining of illness on reception and requiring immediate removal to the hospital for operative treatment. In another instance a shortsentence prisoner of the vagrant type undergoing seven days' imprisonment was in a very weak state of health on admission, suffering from acute bronchial asthma and cardiac trouble. This case was removed to the public hospital, and completed his sentence in that institution. In the remaining two cases death ensued while in this institution. One instance was an alcoholic subject received for medical treatment, who expired within a few hours of reception. The other instance was that of a prisoner who had taken poison while under police escort from the country, and died very shortly after admission, before it was possible to remove him to hospital. The death also took place of a prisoner who was an escapee of the previous year, and who had absconded from the public hospital while undergoing treatment, and when subsequently arrested by the Auckland police, died while in custody at the police cells. There were four males transferred to a mental hospital during the year. One case is still in detention there, two cases completed their terms of imprisonment there, and the other case was in custody here from the Supreme Court for observation purposes, and subsequently committed by that Court direct to the mental hospital. The general conduct of the prisoners has been good, there being no escapes or attempted escapes during the year. There were twenty-one cases of minor breaches of the regulations requiring to be dealt with by Visiting Justices. The food-supplies have been of excellent quality, and ample vegetables have again been supplied from the prison-garden. Wholemeal bread from the institutional bakery is now being supplied to all prisoners on three days per week, with a view to keeping more evenly balanced food values, and this is relished by the men. The industry in the prison as a whole has been excellent, and our activities now usefully absorb all available labour. The most important work carried out here has been sheep-raising and general farm-work, garden-cultivation, poultry-raising, road-formation, erection of buildings and yards, and the screening, washing, and crushing of gravel and sand. The gravel industry has steadily advanced during the year, and the new disintegrating type of crusher installed has materially helped the output. A new gravel screening and washing plant is now in course of erection, and should very materially assist the industry when completed. In connection with the gravel industry the bulk of our supplies have been disposed of to local bodies, Government Departments, and to contractors for Government or semi-Government work.

H,—2o,

14

Replacements in the existing shelter-belts have absorbed the following young trees : 3,560 Pinus insignis, 1,150 macrocarpas, 300 poplars, 50 lawsonianas, 300 privets ; all of the trees being raised in the institutional nursery. Additional poultry accommodation has been erected from the old office building-material, and is capable of housing an additional 800 laying-hens. This will enable the poultry industry to be considerably extended. The egg-yield from our present stocks has been satisfactory, and the industry is in credit after paying for fodder, labour, supervision, and also interest and depreciation on buildings and plant. At this stage this must be considered very satisfactory. The exercise-yards generally are about complete. Additional yard accommodation and conveniences are being provided for unconvicted prisoners. The various paths and the yard in front of the kitchen block have been made permanent by laying down in tar asphalt. Additional domestic facilities have been provided by the completion of a building for use as a butcher's shop, flour-store, and coal and firewood store, thus allowing for handling with a minimum of inconvenience. A new roof has also been placed on the Farm Manager's residence. The old office building has been demolished and the material used for the erection of poultry-houses. The old wool-shed was removed to a new site, and made up-to-date for efficient handling, shearing, and drafting of sheep, with sufficient holding accommodation for bad-weather conditions. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has again been well looked after by the ministers of the various religious denominations. The evening Mission service has been continued periodically by Mr. and Mrs. Smith, who have again extended practical sympathy to a number of prisoners after release by the provision of a home and employment for the more likely cases. The social welfare of the men has been well looked after, as in previous years, especially by the workers' educational classes held weekly during the winter months, periodical lectures by Rotary Club members, and a monthly concert arranged by Mrs. Holmes. In this connection high-class vocal and instrumental entertainments have been provided. The educational side of the institution has been well maintained, as covered by the report of Mr. W. O. Gilmour, institutional Schoolmaster. Frequent visits are still being made by the Rev. P. Revell, Aid Society representative, also by Salvation Army officers, and both give help and advice to prisoners on discharge, and other assistance has been again rendered in needy cases. Our thanks have been again conveyed to Mr. and Mrs. Smith, of the Richmond Mission, for their special carton of Christmas cheer, also to Mr. Paynter, the Rev. F. R. Rawle, and other friends for their supply of Christmas cheer, sufficient for all the prisoners. The farming section has been worked to advantage during the year, with satisfactory yields of cereals, mangels, turnips, and hay. In the sheep section lambing during the year was 134 per cent., and the wool-clip averaged 13 lb. per head. On various occasions Paparua spring lambs topped the Addington Market, and are readily sought by fat-stock buyers. The pig industry has shown some improvement over that of last year, in that the fertility of the stock has been considerably higher and the prices have shown some improvement. Paddock production accounts showing the working of each paddock on the farm have again been prepared for the year. This work is now becoming of interest and benefit to the Farm Manager and his staff ; also, over a number of years it is of financial benefit to know exactly which crop industries are the more or less profitable. It is particularly noticeable from the tabulated results of the last four or five years that lucerne, once established as a grazing-unit, is the king of fodders, and shows by far the greatest margin of grazing profit. The Farm Manager has obtained very good results from the farming section, and the condition generally of the various areas is very good. [ am pleased to be able to report that the officers generally have performed their duties satisfactorily, and have maintained a proper standard of discipline and industry. Schoolmaster's Report. The work proceeded smoothly throughout the year ; interest never waned, and the progress made was most satisfactory. Most of the class had reached Standard IV in the primary schools and were glad of the chance to make further progress. The course of lessons consisted of English (including literature, grammar and composition, business correspondence, and spelling), geography, and arithmetic. Justice could not be done to a wider course in the time allotted to the class. Once a month a debate was held, and proved a most valuable aid for developing oral expression. The new schoolroom with its up-to-date lighting and heating systems and single desks greatly assisted the work. There are not many schools where the pupils have their lessons under better conditions. Waikune Prison (Road Contracting Camp), Erua. (Officer in Charge, Mr. H. W. Glynn.) There were 66 males in custody at Waikune Prison at the beginning of the year ; 92 were received from other institutions, 45 were discharged or released by the Prisons Board, 20 transferred to other prison institutions, 1 absconded and has not been recaptured, leaving a total of 92 prisoners in custody at this prison at the end of the year. The general health of the prisoners has been quite satisfactory. We have, of course, had cases of minor ailments —colds, influenza, &c.—but it is gratifying to report that we had no cases calling for hospital treatment. The conduct of the prisoners has, with few exceptions, been satisfactory. The number of offences dealt with during 1928 was numerically smaller than those dealt with in 1927, the most serious being those relating to escaping from legal custody. In all, three men escaped during the year. We were

15

H.— 20

fortunate in recapturing two of them in quick time, but the third has so far eluded capture. The two who were recaptured were taken before the Court and sentenced to a further term of imprisonment for escaping. The spiritual welfare of the men was well attended to by the local ministers of the various denominations. Divine service was held at the camps at frequent intervals by the following reverend gentlemen : Rev. Skey, Rev. Weatherhog, Rev. Harold Datson (Church of England) ; Rev. Pellow and Rev. Shilton (Presbyterian) ; and Rev. Father Sweeney (Roman Catholic). The Salvation Army Corps (Raetihi Branch) visited the camp on two occasions, and held service interspersed with musical items. Turning to the industrial side of the Waikune Prison, I consider that the standard of progress of past years has been maintained. As in previous years, our activities are largely in connection with roadworks. During the year 1928 approximately four miles of the Te Kuiti - Bulls (via Taumarunui) Highway was reformed and metalled. A new bridge of substantial dimensions was erected over the Maungaturuturu. At the latter part of the year a start was made with the new road on the western side of the railway-line between Pokako and Horopito. The class of country encountered on this section is of a swampy nature, which, although it makes for a slow job, should turn out well financially. The construction of the new road will be of great benefit to motorists and others. It will eliminate several " hairpin " bends which the users of the present road have to contend with. The overhead bridge north of Erua Station was erected during the year, and a commencement was made with the fillings on either side of the bridge. Unfortunately, owing to a change in programme of the Public Works Department, work at this point was suspended. Maintenance work in connection with .the Waimarino-Tokaanu Road was carried out as in past years. Several stretches of this road had in the past given considerable trouble. The portions of the road in question have been metalled, with the result that the earlier trouble does not now recur, resulting in a considerable saving in maintenance expenditure. The increasing popularity of this locality as a tourist resort, and the fact that the Tokaanu Road is greatly used by motorists on the through Auckland-Wellington trip, has trebled traffic over this road. However, the Department has successfully maintained the road in a satisfactory manner, thus enabling motorists and others to traverse it at all times, and it is often referred to by the various motorists' associations as an " all-weather ro"iite." Minor repairs were also effected to the Bruce Road. The second string of our activities is motor transport. During the year several heavy consignments of manure, grass-seeds, &c., were transported from National Park Railway-station to the prison farms in the Taupo district. Modern methods have been adopted in the carrying of sheep and lambs from Hautu Prison Farm to the railway-station. A special cage, capable of holding thirty or forty sheep or lambs, was constructed, and with such securely fastened to a motor-lorry stock was carried from the farm to the rail. There is no doubt that such a method of transport of small flocks is a vast improvement on the old style of droving. As example : We were recently called on to arrange transport of 128 fat lambs from Hautu Prison Farm to Erua Station—a distance of forty-five miles. With the means at our disposal the whole flock was removed from Hautu to Erua in eighteen hours, and this without the loss of one lamb. Had the old method been in operation it is doubtful whether the journey could have been completed in five days, and then not without reducing the value of the flock. At the latter part of the year operations in connection with the hostel at National Park were begun. The Prisons Department having secured the contract for cartage of material from the rail to the hostel site, will derive considerable financial benefit from that source. At the present time we have a fleet of fifteen motor-driven vehicles for use on roadworks and general transport work. The Department has also secured the contract for the supply of crushed metal, gravel, sand, &c., to be used in the construction of the hostel Chateau Tongariro. Good financial results should be obtained from this undertaking. Our special thanks are due to the organizations who thoughtfully considered the inmates at Waikune Prison during the Christmas season. Parcels of eatables were received from the local Church people, a parcel of cake from the Howard League for Penal Reform, and a package of tobacco from the National Tobacco Co., Ltd., were distributed among the men during Christmas. Another consideration not to be overlooked is the action of the manager, Picture Palace, Raetihi, in screening two picture programmes at Horopito Hall for the benefit of the prisoners in custody at Waikune. The programmes were largely attended, and were much appreciated by the men at this camp. Such concessions, and the topical lecturettes given by several of the visiting clergy, have proved of immense value, for they tend to brighten the otherwise depressing atmosphere of prison institutions. Reviewing the work of the prison on the whole, I consider that the life in a prison camp tends to improve the men physically and morally, while the industrial side should show equal if not better returns than formerly. Wanganui Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. E. Ching.) During the year there were received from all sources 149 males and 9 females, being 29 males and 1 female less than the receptions during 1927. At the commencement of the year there were in custody 32 males, and at the close of the year there remained in detention 35 male prisoners. Those who were able to do some little work have been employed in the garden, laundry, and general domestic work. Work was found for some men sawing into short lengths some 98 cords of firewood for the Mines Department. This proved to be a good healthy job, and the men took a good interest in the work.

H.— 20

16

The garden has done very well considering the nature of the soil. It has almost kept the institution in vegetables lor the greater part of the year. The rations supplied have been of the very best, and it can be said that there have been no complaints of the food to the Surgeon, Visiting Justice, Inspector, or myself. The Medical Officer examines the food and kitchen in a thorough manner on his visits. The buildings are in first-class condition, and in my opinion will not require much attention for years to come, and all sanitary arrangements are in a satisfactory condition. There can be no doubt that the clean surroundings and well-ventilated buildings, with the most up-to-date bathing facilities, help to keep the prisoners in the healthy condition they are in. The general health of the prisoners has been very good, considering the great age of most of them, except for minor colds. The surgeon sees each prisoner at least once a week, and they are asked if they have any request to make. During the year one prisoner died after a few days' illness, and an inquest was held by the Coroner, who returned a verdict that death was due to natural causes. I desire to thank the many religious bodies for holding service at the prison, Protestant service being held Sunday mornings and Roman Catholic in the afternoon. I have also to thank the Salvation Army band for rendering a programme of music on Sunday afternoons on different occasions, and also the Church of Christ choir for visits. Our thanks are also due to the Rev. J. Patterson and his band of helpers for a very fine tea given to the prisoners on Christmas night, and the St. Vincent de Paul Society for a gift of tobacco, and the Cosmopolitan Club for gifts of books. During the latter part of the year an experiment was made by the Department in obtaining the bread-supply from New Plymouth Prison, and as far as this prison goes it is to be hoped that it will continue, as the bread is a very much superior article to the contract supjtly. The conduct of the officers has been satisfactory, and no changes in the staff were made during the year. Rangipo Prison (Land-development Camp), Tokaanu. (Officer in Charge, Mr. A. Banks.) There were in custody at the commencement of the year 23 males ; during the year 33 males were received, 18 were discharged, and 6 were transferred to other prisons, leaving in custody at the 31st December 32 males. The conduct and industry of the prisoners has been exceptionally good. The following is a summary of the work carried out during the year : 300 acres were cleared of tutu, manuka, and fern, and burnt off in preparation for the ploughs ; 200 acres were ploughed, disked, and harrowed, of which 200 acres were-sown down in temporary pasture; 400 chains of boundary and subdivision fences were erected, the posts being obtained from bush on the property ; 30,000 young Pinus radiata trees were planted out from our own nursery for future shelter-belts. A fine crop of hay was harvested in excellent condition, and there was ample winter feed for the cattle. A line of three-year-old bullocks trucked to the Westfield Market in the month of October sold at an average price of £15 Is. per head. The vegetable-garden was again a success, sufficient vegetables and potatoes being grown for the requirements of the prison. The health of the prisoners has been very good. The officers have carried out their duties in a very satisfactory manner. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners was attended to by the Rev. Father Langerwerf, of Tokaanu ; Rev. J. G. Laughton, of Taupo ; and Rev. W. T. F. Skey, of Taumarunui. Wellington Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. J. Down.) There were in custody at the commencement of the year 128 males ; during the year 861 males were received and 858 were discharged, leaving in custody at the 31st December 131 males. Of these 509 were discharged on expiration of hard-labour sentences, and 1 reformative detention. On recommendation of the Prisons Board the following were released : 18 hard labour, 12 reformative detention. Other sentences were 8 simple imprisonment; on bail or probation, 15 ; debtors, 30 ; transferred to the mental hospital, 6 ; acquitted after remand, 4 ; transferred to other prisons or the police, 253 ; died, 1 ; committed suicide, 1. The health of the prisoners on the whole has been good, most of the illness being of a minor nature and dealt with by the Medical Officer locally. The cases that were sent to the public hospital were men who required hospital treatment or were bordering on it when received. The case of suicide was that of a man who was received into prison for medical observation. The prisoner was visited from time to time, and had shown no tendency towards committing the rash act he did when received from the police. They did not report that this man was of suicidal tendency. The conduct of the prisoners has been good. There were no aggravated prison offences, other than breaches of the regulations, which were of a minor nature, and were dealt with by the Visiting Justice and the Superintendent. The food-supply has been very good, no complaints of any importance having been made. The meat supplied by the contractor was of good quality, and the pork supplied was grown on the prison. The whole-meal and white bread made in the prison is supplied on alternate days. The milk is also supplied from the prison dairy, and fresh vegetables from the prison garden are available throughout the year, except when vegetables are scarce, when beans and peas are substituted. The social side of the institution has been catered for, several concerts having been given. The Presbyterian Social Service Club and several ladies provided Christmas cheer, and we are also indebted to them for their efforts in procuring the services of a number of fine artists for the Christmas

17

H.— 20,

concert. In my opinion it has an elevating effect 011 the inmates. A New Year concert was afterwards given by the inmates, when several Justices were in attendance. The men thoroughly appreciated the generosity thus shown them. Divine service has been conducted by several denominations throughout the year, viz., Presbyterian Ministers' Association, Church of England, Roman Catholic Church, Salvation Army, St. Vincent de Paul Society, and Mr. Mills. We are indebted to the Justices' Association and the Prisoners' Aid Society, and many others, for their generosity and assistance in aiding prisoners on discharge, also their families. They assist many deserving cases, and also procure work and clothing for the men on discharge. Terrace Prison.—The whole demolition of the above has been carried out; there only now remains the iron structure which is used as a dormitory for those employed on the excavation of the site. The temporary garage is also still intact, until such times as we can remove to Mount Crawford. A large quantity of second-hand bricks, timber, and iron have been trucked from the Terrace to Mount Crawford ; this material is being used in the construction of cottages and officers' quarters, &c. The whole of the timber that was bought and railed from Featherston was also trucked from the Terrace to Mount Crawford for use in the buildings. A large quantity of broken concrete has been sold ; also several loads were carted to Mount Crawford to form paths to the cottages. All the fences have been taken down. There is still approximately about. 11,000 yards of clay to be removed, which is being taken out at the rate of 60 yards a day. A start will be made early in the New Year to remove the two-story cottage that was handed over to the Prisons Department by the Education Board. Several hundred slates from the Terrace demolition were dressed and used on the new cottage at Mount Crawford ; this greatly improves the look of the cottage, and will be more lasting than shingles. Mount Crawford,. —The workshops are well in hand ; all that remains to complete this work is the glazing of the skylights, doors to be hung, and small portion of flashing to complete. A coat of Laykold emulsified asphalt is being put on the floors to make them damp - proof. The sanitary drainage is all complete in the prison and officers' quarters. The septic tank is now in use, but requires some slight alteration, as it is not working quite satisfactorily. The sanitary drainage has also been completed to two of the cottages, and a small septic tank has been built and is now in use. Good progress has been made with the Massey Road, considering the heavy cutting and hard rock, which had to be blasted. On account of the steepness on the west side of the road the stone rolled down the side of the hill and endangered passing vehicles, so that it was found necessary to dig trenches and build up with sand-bag and sod walls for safety purposes. This has taken a considerable amount of labour. The road is formed as follows : North end, peg 0 to 27 ; south end, peg 74.1.28 15.3: 61 chains formed; 30 chains metalled with 8 in. rotten rock; six 9 in. culverts laid the width of the road ; 37 chains of bag wall built, and 40 chains of bank battered ; 4 chains of trenches dug on various parts of the road ; and shelter-shed erected. If sufficient labour is available and weather suitable, we should be able to complete this work in the time stated in the contract. The quarry-work is delayed somewhat on account of the large quantity of stripping to be carried out before we can procure the suitable stone. At the present time we have removed 2,500 yards of stripping, and quarried 1,200 yards of metal and spawls for the crusher. The addition to the officers' quarters is now well in hand, and is as follows : four bedrooms, one officers' mess-room, one bathroom, P.W.C., kitchen and pantry, and the whole building wired for the electric light. Water has been laid on, and the drainage completed. Two out of the seven five-roomed cottages to be erected on the Massey Road have been completed, fences erected (picket fence in front and iron on the sides), banks battered, and steps built of concrete. A third new cottage is three-parts finished, and the foundations of the fourth have been completed. 325 yards of sand have been carted from Houghton Bay, and 648 yards of gravel from Branda quarries, to be used in the construction of cottages and other buildings. The Shelly Bay Road leading to the Borstal Institution has been kept in repair throughout the year. The water-pipes were laid from the reservoir to the cottages, officers' quarters, and from the prison to the tank at Shelly Bay. A meter has been placed on this line, and I understand a charge is being made. The main has been carried down to Fort Ballance, and a meter has also been installed theTe. A new dynamo was fixed at the electric pump, as the old one was not giving satisfaction. An up-to-date system of telephones has been installed at Mount Crawford Prison, the Superintendent's house, and the Chief Warder's house. Electric bells have been fixed in the prison, and temporary bells in two of the cottages. The electric-light poles have been erected and the line laid from the main to the cottages, shops in the prison, and to the officers' quarters. I would like to point out that all the labour of installing the electric light, and also the local telephone system, was carried out by prisoners, and that the Public Works officer has commented on the good quality of the work. During the year 2| tons of floor-polish has been made and packed, 5| tons of lead-head nails have been manufactured, and 58 gross cakes of sandsoap have been manufactured and packed, and a good supply is being made for stock. Large quantities of second-hand books are received from time to time from the Wellington Library. These are trimmed and rebound.

3—H. 20,

H.—2o,

18

Wi Tako Prison, Teentham. (Superintendent, Mr. D. Blain.) At the beginning of the year there were 46 hard-labour prisoners and 28 men serving terms of reformative detention in the institution, a total of 74. During the year 86 men were received and 27 hard-labour prisoners were discharged on expiration of sentence ; 24 hard-labour and 20 reformativedetention men were released on remission on the recommendation of the Prisons Board, while 13 prisoners were transferred to other institutions. The total in custody at the end of the year was 76. One prisoner escaped, but was recaptured by the prison officers after a few days' liberty. The general conduct and industry of the prisoners has proved satisfactory, and the health has been very good. The greater part of the labour has been devoted to the production of garden and farm crops and to the development of the prison lands. 154 chains of covered drains, 2 ft. by 3 ft. by 15 in., were constructed, and 97 chains of fence of four posts and four droppers to the chain and seven wires were erected. 25 acres of land were stumped, and 30 acres cleared of scrub and blackberry, and 61 acres were ploughed, harrowed, and sown in permanent pasture. The number of breeding-ewes will be largely increased during the early part of the year. The lambing season was very successful, the percentage being 118-15. 151 lambs were sold for a total return of £167 55., and 2,657 lb. of wool were sent to auction for sale in the January sales. The 1927 clip realized £114 4s. lid. Skins and hides produced a revenue of £82 4s. 7d. Sixty-nine porkers and weaners were sold for £109, and five cows for £37 10s. Sixteen head of cattle, 172 sheep, and two pigs were killed for rations. Firewood from clearings was sold for £18, and in addition all fuel for breadmaking, cooking, &c., for the year was supplied similarly. In addition to supplies for use in the institution, farm and garden produce to the value of £559 Is. 3d. was sold, and to the value of £114 3s. 4d. supplied to other institutions. It is hoped to largely increase these figures during the coming year. 20 tons of hay were cut and stacked. Revenue from hay sold was £9. Breadmaking has proved a marked success, and, apart from rations, 19,835 lb. were supplied to the military camp, and 6,368 lb. to officers, producing a revenue of £367 3s. 6d. Revenue from the sale of bricks was £507 3s. 2d. The garden at the back of the prison, which is worked solely by good-conduct men in their leisure hours, has been a continued success, and has caused a great deal of favourable comment from Official Visitors. The flower section has been a delight to the eye, while the vegetable section has produced a good crop of peas and butter-beans, which were sold at good prices. The beneficial effect on the men who work in this garden in their spare time has been most marked, and it is considered that in at least one case it has saved a man's mentality, while in several cases the few hours of practical freedom after lock-up have prevented men from brooding over their lots, and the good effect has been very noticeable. The Defence leasehold has been kept clear of noxious weeds and has provided good grazing for the farm stock. The 12-acre block has been set aside for hay, and is expected to produce in the vicinity of 20 tons. Two separate cells were built during the year. These are light and roomy, and the exercise-yard provides ample room for the purpose. Divine service was conducted throughout the year by the Rev. Kenrick, Fathers Kelly and Menard, the Rev. Hunt, Mr. Chappell of the Y.M.C.A., and Salvation Army officers. Cinema entertainments have been given at intervals by Mr. Chappell and Mr. Power, of the Y.M.C.A. These entertainments are much appreciated by the men. Several concerts were arranged by the men, and the local talent was given a chance to show itself. Mr. W. P. Sommerville, Prison Dentist, presented the institution with a gramophone and a large number of records, which are in great demand during the week-ends and holidays. Christmas cheer was provided by the New Zealand Tobacco Co., Mr. P. Robertson, V.J., and the Hon. Justices' Association ; while the Y.M.C.A. and the Presbyterian Church combined in donating a separate packet of good things to each inmate. The staff has proved loyal, and they have shown by their conduct and assistance that they appreciate the responsibility of their duties. Their help has materially assisted in placing Wi Tako in the position which it holds in the Prison service. Prison for Women—Adbington Reformatory Prison. (Superintendent, Miss E. Hunt.) At the beginning of the year there were 29 inmates in custody ; 88 were admitted during the year, 74 were discharged on the expiration of their sentences, and 9 were released on the recommendation of the Prisons Board ; 5 were transferred to other institutions or handed to police, leaving 28 inmates in custody at the Ist January, 1929. The inmates' work consists of domestic work, making prison clothes, milking, and attending to the vegetable and flower-gardens. The laundry-work was commenced early in the year, and has proved quite satisfactory ; it keeps all the short-sentenced women fully employed, which used to be a great difficulty in the past. Five inmates were admitted to the hospital during the year —they were cases for the hospital on admission—otherwise the health of the inmates has been quite satisfactory. The concerts and entertainments have been carried out all the year round. The ladies of Church, per Mrs. Stephen Parr, presented a piano and piano-stool to the institution. The Official Visitors and Salvation Army have high teas on holidays. The Rev. P. Revell and friends have given books and magazines and also a quantity of clothing. The religious services are held regularly by the Rev. P. Revell, Father McEwan, Salvation Army, and Sisters of the Mission, so every inmate attends a service once a week.

11. —20,

19

Borstal Institutions. Invercargill Borstal Institution for Lads. (Superintendent, Mr. C. G. L. Pollock.) At the beginning of the year there were 254 male inmates in custody, 244 of whom were Borstal inmates and 10 of the Invercargill Prison. During the year 108 inmates were received into the Borstal Institution and 128 inmates discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving 224 male inmates in custody at 31st December, 1928 ; 79 males were received into the prison and 83 discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving 6 inmates in custody at the end of the year. Ninety-three Borstal inmates were released on the recommendation of the Parole Board, and 6 discharged on the expiration of their sentences under section 16 of the Borstal Institution Establishment Act. The daily average number of inmates in custody was 235-9 in the Borstal Institution and 6-69 in the prison. The conduct and industry of the inmates has been exceptionally good. There were three escapes from custody, two inmates escaping on the same day, and one some days afterwards. All three were apprehended by Borstal officers within a few days. Two of the escapees received further terms of detention in the Borstal Institution, and the third man was declared an habitual criminal and transferred to Auckland Prison. Eighteen Borstal inmates Were admitted to the Southland Hospital during the year, six admissions being the results of accidents. The health of the inmates was otherwise exceptionally good. There were no deaths. At the beginning of the year we were honoured by a visit from Their Excellencies the GovernorGeneral, Sir Charles Fergusson, and Lady Alice Fergusson. The Vice-Regal party were shown over the institution, and the opportunity was taken of explaining to them the various phases of the work, in which they evinced keenest interest. At the conclusion of the inspection the party adjourned to the recreation area, where the lads were anxiously awaiting Their Excellencies' arrival. After Lady Alice Fergusson had been presented with a bouquet on behalf of the Borstal by the smallest among its junior inmates, His Excellency very kindly addressed the lads, who listened with close attention. The message that was delivered will not be readily forgotten ; it appealed to the better impulses of every boy present. At the conclusion of the ceremony His Excellency specially requested to be introduced to the members of the staff, to whom also he delivered an appropriate address. Throughout another year the work in the evening school classes has been carried on successfully, though the range of progress was considerably reduced by the limited time allocated. The opportunities awaiting development in this important field are such that the appointment of a full-time teacher should now be considered. There are sufficient pupils offering to justify the commencement of daily instruction in the ordinary school subjects. The more adequate time thus given to lessons and the closer continuity secured would bring about a marked advance in the educational value of the classes. The local branch of the Workers' Educational Association has interested itself in the boys of the institution, and are now having a weekly W.E.A. class in economics. We are fortunate in having as a lecturer Mr. F. C. Lopdell, M.A., whose expositions of the subject are highly appreciated by those privileged to attend the class. The students are very keen on their work, and the results obtained will compare more than favourably with those secured in other classes of the W.E.A. The Saturday morning classes in wool-classing and agriculture, under the capable direction of Mr. Thomas Mathews, Agricultural Instructor to the Southland Education Board, have had another very successful year. We are again indebted to Mr. Andrew Wilson, who kindly provided all the wool required for instructional purposes, and also to the Mackinnon Trustees for providing special prizes for the three candidates standing highest in the annual examination. In this connection I cannot do better than give the following quotation from Mr. Mathews' report: "It gives me very great pleasure to report on the success of the wool-classing students at the recent examination for prizes presented by the Mackinnon Trustees. In comparison with last year there has been, this year, a marked improvement in the quality of the work done. Considering that my time is somewhat limited for thorough instruction in both the practical and theoretical work, as well as endeavouring to keep the agricultural course going, the examination was most pleasing indeed, and one of the most successful that I have carried out, and is, I think, a credit to the students, and a testimony of their keenness to become competent wool-classers." It is encouraging to all concerned to learn from a former student of the class that he has been successful in obtaining a situation in the wool business, and that he is continuing his studies with a view to further improvement. When it is remembered that this lad received his first wool-classing lesson in the Borstal, it will be admitted that the efforts being made to give a sound vocational training are in the way of being justified by results. The institution owes a debt of gratitude to Mr. Mathews for the excellent service which, without material reward, he has for two years past rendered on behalf of its inmates. The technical classes in sign-writing, carpentry, and bricklaying have been held regularly throughout the year, and the progress made in these crafts reflects the greatest credit on the officers in charge of these departments of instruction. Proof of the efficiency of the training is visible in the extensive building - works carried out wholly by the skilled labour within the institution, the only outside tradesmen employed being those required to install electric lighting. The farm report appended hereto deals with the various operations being carried on and the returns of products obtained. It must not, however, be overlooked that the value of that department is to be assessed in other than material products. Nowadays it is being urged that education should have close relationship to the industrial life of the community, so that the predominance of agricultural industry in New Zealand should be met by an educational bias in that direction. It can be justly claimed for the Borstal that it observes this principle, for it provides, under skilled supervision, practical training in fencing, draining, tillage, the growing of crops and pastures, dairying, care and feeding

H— 20,

of stock, &c. The body of youths engaged in these activities have their interest stimulated to watch the progress and to appreciate the results of their labours, to follow the seasonal rotation of farm tasks, to observe the various experiments being carried "out, to feel the challenge of problems requiring further experiments. If they can be thus guided into an industry that needs recruits, an economic purpose will be served. But in its personal educational values the farming branch of this Borstal has its tale of good results not less to be reckoned than its more measurable material products. The Borstal band fully upholds its good reputation, though its frequently changing membership continues to handicap the instructor. The proficiency being gained under him may well, in afteryears, be developed into a permanent accomplishment. Apart from that, as a quickening influence in the general life and atmosphere of our little community music is to be highly valued : we could do with more of it. The classes for systematic physical training have been regularly held during the year. Improvement in physique and alertness is an obvious benefit; but there is hope that their experience of the pleasure of the increased physical and mental fitness may induce these lads to carry with them the lesson of how to maintain that desirable condition. In the senior class, work of a high standard was demonstrated in displays that evoked unstinted praise from visitors. Following the advancement made last year in organized games, which now fill such an important part in the scheme of training, a further step was taken this year when we entered a team for the thirdgrade football competitions held under the control of the Southland Rugby Union. To the executive of that body we are under deep obligation for the readily granted privilege of playing under its banner and for the uplift of all its encouraging help. Out of the fifteen matches played the Borstal team won eleven, lost three, and drew one, finishing up a very close second after playing off with the eventual winners of the competition, the Southland Boys' High School first fifteen. In view of the fact that the majority of the Borstal players had learned their football since entering the institution, this must be regarded as a very satisfactory performance. The chief credit of the success won is due to Mr. W. F. Sutton, to whose expect coaching and infectious enthusiasm the players one and all responded with right good will. Their conduct on the playing-field was highly spoken of by the gentlemen who acted as referees, more than one of whom stated that in all their experience they had never found iteasier to control the game. Further unsought tributes came from members of the union, who informed me that the visiting teams were impressed by the high standard of sporting conduct which they found at the Borstal. In connection with this new departure of meeting outside teams in well-governed national games competition, the experience of the past year adds emphasis to what was said in the report of the previous year. To the Borstal inmates as a body as well as the team members, admission to the competitions presents a friendly gesture from without, and they respond readily. A place in our representative team is an honour to be won and to be held not alone by efficiency in football but also by worthy conduct, and it is pleasing to record that no member of the team had to be disciplined for even a trivial breach of regulations. But the football authorities, in a very encouraging respect, have carried their good offices further afield ; throughout the Dominion they are prepared to welcome into their clubs boys of Borstal training and to encourage them to continue playing the game. This considerate attitude gives an exemplary lead at the very juncture where the Borstal system faces the most difficult hindrance to its purposes —that is, the juncture at which its trainees seek re-entry into the social relations which, they have forfeited. Cricket has been taken up with enthusiasm, and this season, availing ourselves of the great advantages placed at our disposal by kindness of the Cricket Association, we entered a team for its competitions. Our best thanks are also due to the Invercargill Sports Trust, which very kindly supplied us with equipment at the beginning of the season, and further to Messrs. A. E. Wish and J. Hamilton, who as coaches are rapidly bringing zest and progress into the efforts of the Borstal players. To date our team has played seven games, winning five and losing two. General athletics have found wide favour. Several meetings providing a varied programme of contests therein have proved an unqualified success, both as to the large number of entries for each event and as to the good performances witnessed. Our institution could put forward a team that would compare favourably with teams representing large secondary schools. The record of the Association class for the past year confirms former evidence as to its marked value among the moral influences brought to bear on the youths of the Borstal. Membership is keenly appreciated both as being a kind of order of merit and as conferring desirable privileges. To those who have already won their way into the clubs it is a strong incentive to keep up to the mark in their conduct; to the rest it represents an attainment within reach and worth striving for. One privilege that has invested it with special attractiveness is that of attending the summer camp, the third of which was held during Christmas and the New Year weeks. We chose the former picturesque, secluded camping-ground by the Oreti River at Otatara. The weather was ideal, and during the fourteen days under canvas, our longest period yet, a happy holiday spirit imbued one and all. It is difficult to realize how exhilarating it must have been for the boys to be suddenly transferred from the restricted confines of an institution to the free expanse of the open spaces. They responded finely ; the full confidence placed in their honour was never abused ; in hearty co-operation, in individual loyalty to the collective purposes, in general tone, it would be hard to find any camping company of higher merit. The Y.M.C.A. once more came generously to our assistance. As before, its National Secretary, Mr. R. M. Brasted, became the enthusiastic leader in the diversions, which filled each succeeding day. Again the big marquee and the cinema machine, with supply of films, both lent by the Y.M.C.A., and films lent by the Civic Pictures and Majestic Picture Theatre, Invercargill, and the first-class wireless set lent by Mr. P. C. Hazeldine, were invaluable for the nightly entertainments. Friendly emulation in a series of competitions was kept going during the camping period. For example, daily marks were awarded for the best-kept tents, with the result that the aggregates barely separated winners from

20

a.—2o

21

losers, and the body of campers felt just pride in the pleasing effect of their efforts. At the sports meeting of the 31st December the visitors, who had an opportunity of inspecting the encampment and of seeing the whole organization in full swing of activity, were impressed with the hearty manner in which every one entered into the contests, win or lose. The day's proceedings ended round a bonfire, where ehanteys were sung and a New Year message turned thoughts on the serious issues of life. Break-up day came, and the spirit of the camp was emphasized in its closing notes. The homeward journey was completed by a two-mile cross-country run, for which the whole party was let loose, the first six to arrive at the institution receiving prizes. The Invercargill Rotary Club continues to take a keen interest in the welfare of the lads. Every Thursday night the Association class becomes for the nonce the " Kiwi Club," and meets under the chairmanship of a Rotarian, who is supported by the brethren, one of whom gives an address on some suitable topic. The visits of these outsiders is greatly appreciated by the lads, as it is evidence that they are not forgotten, and the contact made with the outside world has a socializing influence. The spiritual needs of the inmates are well looked after. In addition to the usual Sunday services conducted by the ministers of the various denominations and the City Missionary, Mr. A. McLean, Bible classes have been conducted weekly by Canon Lush and Mr. McLean, who also hold services at the Ranch every Sunday afternoon. On the last Sunday in the month a special service is conducted in the afternoon by the Salvation.Army. The Visiting Committee, under the chairmanship of Mr. G. Cruickshank, S.M., pursues its good work in the general interest of the inmates. The Ladies' Committee maintains its helpful services among the lads sent over to the Southland District Hospital, and also among the boys in the sick-ward at the institution. The ladies have also lent valuable assistance in collecting cakes, &c., for the festive season. Through the kindness of the Patients' and Prisoners' Aid Society, the Invercargill Rotary Club, the ladies of Invercargill, and friends and relatives in other parts of the Dominion, the tables were laden with good things at Christmas and New Year ; while a liberal supply of tobacco and cigarettes was received from the New Zealand Tobacco Co., Ltd., and Messrs. W. D. and H. 0. Wills, Ltd. We are indebted to the musical fraternity of Invercargill for providing suitable entertainments throughout the year, and also the bands for giving a special programme, which was much appreciated. This year the Invercargill Orphans' Club provided a unique treat by arranging one of its meetings in the institution. No pains were spared by the Orphans to add due setting and atmosphere to their admirable programme. They even went to the trouble of bringing furniture from their clubroom to enable the best stage arrangements to be made. It goes without saying that the entertainment was a great success, leaving a strong hope that a similar meeting may become henceforth a regular annual feature. As in former years, dairying continues to be our principal industry, and was carried on throughout the year. During the winter an average of seventy cows were milked, and 185 during the summer months. Herd-testing was commenced in January, all cows being previously branded with a number. The weight of milk was recorded at each milking, and a test taken of four consecutive milkings every month. Although a number of the cows tested fairly low, the quantity of milk given by most of them was sufficient to bring their butterfat productions to a reasonably high standard. Considering that the season was nearly half over when testing was commenced, the results obtained may be considered satisfactory, but quite a number will have to be culled at the end of this season. Portion of the milk was sold by tender to local vendors, and the remainder separated and the cream sold to the factory. The herd is doing better this year, as some of the nearer paddocks have been sown down in grass, thereby ensuring change of pasture. Regarding the pigs, it is regretted that there has been no demand for purebreds at all, and bacon pigs have been bringing very low prices, as there has been a glut on the market for a considerable time. Some very fine litters w'ere born, and at the Summer Show took first and second in good competition. During the season 480 ewes lambed, and 101 per cent, were marked. A much larger percentage was lambed, but during September, as a result of very inclement weather, a considerable number died at birth. Owing to the wet spring the wool is clean but light, and the clip is one bale less than the previous season, when thirteen bales realized £242 17s. As a result of judicious buying of store cattle during the autumn we were able to keep the institution supplied with ration beef throughout the year, the purchase of frozen beef being unnecessary. 206 head of cattle and 100 sheep were killed for rations,' and 40 fat cattle and 20 stores were trucked to Paparua Prison. A good crop of hay was saved, about 180 tons being stacked, of which 3,000 bales were pressed for our own consumption and sale to local merchants. 35 acres of oats were harvested, and yielded about 80 tons of chaff, which is all being used on the farm. Our turnip crop, of about 45 acres, turned out well, and provided a great deal of winter feed. There was quite a good potato crop, 11 acres producing about 90 tons. 150 sacks of seed potatoes were sent to northern institution farms. Over 70 acres on the freehold were top-dressed during the season, and the results obtained were, very noticeable. During the season 45 acres of fresh land were broken up and sown down in turnips ; 20 acres on Rhodes's property at Otatara were stumped and planted with potatoes, and gives promise of a good crop. A number of large paddocks have been subdivided and fenced, and shelter-belts planted. It .has been decided to extend the farm water-supply on the freehold to the outer paddocks, and the work of erecting additional concrete troughs is now in hand. The following works were carried out during the year : 25 chains of drain were cleaned out in the old rifle-butts paddock, and the spoil utilized in filling in the low places. A large area in the northern portion of the farm was levelled off with material pumped over the wall by the dredge. The

A— 20,

22

channel on Stead Street was cleaned out and deepened in order to take away the water from the north arm and to relieve the water on the low-lying portion of the leasehold. A road was formed, 16 ft. wide, from Spey Street, parallel with the western wall, to Stead Street, to give access for cartage to Rhodes's section at Otatara. A bridge was built at the end of this road to give access to Stead Street. About 140 chains of drains on the rifle-range property were cleaned out, the batters adjusted, fall taken up where necessary, and put in good order for the winter. The rifle-range wall was fascined and repaired where necessary. The western wall north of the farm bridge was repaired, fascined, and faced with mud for a considerable distance. The rifle-range flood-gate was repacked to prevent leakage, and the drain leading from Bushy Point to this flood-gate was cleaned out and deepened. The flood-gates at Stead Street, Spey Street, and farm bridge also received attention. A good deal of attention was paid to the drainage of the freehold portion of the farm property. An electric motor and pump were installed close to the flood-gate at the farm bridge. All drains leading through the property from the lagoon to the pump were cleaned out and deepened, and a new drain dug from the head of the lagoon connecting with the main farm drain. A retaining-wall was built across the lagoon, running east and west, to confine the water on the southern side to the Spey Street channel, and that on the northern side to the main farm drains on the freehold, leading to the farm bridge flood-gate and pump. The scheme promises to be a decided success, the pump coping with the flow of water without difficulty, and the freehold portion of the farm being drier than at any time previously. The real benefit of the pump should be more noticeable in the wet season. The formation of Spey Street was completed, and the channel running parallel to it was thoroughly cleaned out. A considerable area on the Corporation leaseholds Nos. i and 6 was cleared of rushes and made ready for the plough. An upper story was built on the south wing, providing additional accommodation for forty inmates. The new cubicles have an improved type of window, allowing more light and better ventilation. The furniture, which was made by inmates in the workshops, consists of pedestal, wardrobe, chair, table, bookshelf, and wooden bed with wire mattress, and altogether the cubicles are very comfortable, and a decided improvement on the old style. Alterations to the upper windows in the existing portion of the south wing are now being carried out, and when completed will be uniform with the new pattern. The blocks used in the additions were made by the inmates. All hammocks in the south wing have been replaced by wooden beds with wire mattresses. All sand and gravel used in connection with the building was brought up by lighter from the New River. A considerable quantity of firewood was cut at Bushy Point and brought to the institution by the lighter. A number of blue-gum gates were made in the institution shops for the farm, also a quantity of wheelbarrows for general reclamation work. A number of garden-gates were made, and stools for the dairy, also desks for the institution school. The concrete porches at cottages Nos. 8 and 10 were dismantled and rebuilt in wood, and several of the cottages were renovated. A number of sheds in the institution yards were removed from the site of the proposed new workshops, and the dividing concrete walls in the yards were dismantled. The blacksmiths were kept busy with smithy work in connection with the farm, additions to the south wing, repairs to the farm bridge, dredge, and drainage scheme. A number of new trucks were made, also the ironwork and wheels for wheel-barrows and iron fittings for the new bedsteads. All shoes were made and shoeing of the farm horses was carried o.ut by the blacksmiths. Sufficient vegetables were grown in the farm garden in conjunction with the experimental plot to provide vegetables for rations all the year round. The extra area taken in to supplement the farm garden was planted with potatoes, and is now providing new potatoes for rations. The dredge has continued operations immediately south of the farm bridge, and has filled in the paddock between the warder's cottage and the main farm road. It is hoped to shortly obtain sufficient gravel in the vicinity to gravel the road recently formed between Spey Street and Stead Street. Breadmaking has been continued with the same satisfactory results as before, wholemeal bread now being provided as well as the ordinary white bread. The bootmakiug industry still provides work for a number of boys, and turned out considerable orders for the mental hospitals and Education Department, as well as providing boots for this institution and Paparua. Work in the tailor's shop was confined to repairs to inmates' clothing. The Morris truck purchased during the year has done all our cartage-work very expeditiously. Large quantities of stakes, fascines, and piles used in connection with the reclamation work have been brought in from Otatara by its aid, besides large quantities of fencing-posts, &c. Parties have also been taken to and from labour in the truck, thus ensuring longer hours and less time in getting on to the works. A garage was built of blocks in the south-west corner of the wall surrounding the recreationground. In conclusion, I desire to convey to the staff my best thanks for the support given throughout another year. Schoolmaster's Report. The chief aim of the master is to capture the attention of the young men who attend the classes, so that formality is avoided in all lessons and lecturettes. Anything new or strange receives a keener attention than does a subject of routine. In all the classes English literature appears to be the favourite subject, and information incidental to passages is readily absorbed. It is in literary appreciation that the pupils find their level, the reader being at once in his element. There is evidence that a fair amount of reading is, or has been, done. Considerable interest is taken in the movements

23

H. —20

in various countries in inventions, in achievements mechanical, scientific, and personal. The resulthas been that a healthier mind shows development, and to this the interest in physical competitions has done a great deal. Inmates (and the teachers have met a fair number) discharged from the institution display a selfreliance and self-respect which render them quite natural in their surroundings. Indeed, the tone of public opinion has undergone a considerable change, and some of this more kindly spirit has been caused by the general brightness and steadiness of the young men who have learned their lesson well. In the class-room this gradual rise in tone has been noticed from the absence of pettiness among the young 'men, the usual pin-pricking prevalent in those who live a community life being rarely seen. Generally, then, the tone of the inmates in the classes is more genial and responsive. Information is asked on a variety of subjects, which goes to prove that the general conversation is not confined to the humdrum happenings of the day's routine. The arrangements for carrying on the classes and the discipline maintained are excellent, no pains being spared by every official to make matters run smoothly and pleasantly. Waikeria Borstal Institution for Males (Te Awamutu). (Superintendent, Mr. D. Dunlop.) On the Ist January, 1928, there were in custody 101 Borstal inmates, and 85 were received during the year ; the discharges were 5 at the expiration of sentences, 50 on probationary license, 5 were transferred to other institutions, ] inmate was transferred to a mental hospital, and 2 inmates died, thus leaving 123 inmates in custody on the 31st December, 1928. In the reformatory section there were in custody at the beginning of the year 28 inmates, and 39 were received during the year. Of these 1 inmate was discharged on the expiration of his sentence, 14 were released on probationary license or were discharged on a remission of sentence, 26 were transferred to the Borstal or other institutions, and 1 inmate died, leaving a total of 25 in custody on the 31st December, 1928. Two attempts to escape were made during the year. One inmate eluded pursuit for three days, but the other was recaptured within a few hours. The conduct of inmates was otherwise satisfactory. For the first time since the institution was established, sixteen years ago, the death of an inmate occurred in October. He had been transferred previously from another institution owing to ill health, and, as his condition did not improve, but became worse, was sent, by direction of the Medical Officer, to the Waikato Hospital for treatment some eight days preceding his death. A short time afterwards another inmate met with an accident to his foot. He was removed to the Waikato Hospital, but after two days collapsed and died of heart-failure. Following this misfortune there occurred an outbreak of typhoid fever, and seven inmates were removed to the hospital. Two of these, sent as suspected carriers of the disease, were shortly returned as negative cases. The other five, however, had contracted the disease in a most virulent form, and two succumbed to it. The others have since been returned to the institution and are making rapid progress towards recovery. When the nature of the disease was established all possible steps were taken immediately to prevent it from spreading, and under the direction of the Health Department's officers all other inmates and the staff were inoculated with preventive serum. Tests were taken to trace the origin of the disease, but all failed to locate it, and in the opinion of the Medical Officer the disease was brought in by an inmate carrier. Precautions are being taken, however, to improve the sanitary conditions to more up-to-date methods, not from the fear of this being the origin of the disease, but as a precaution against a means of spreading the trouble should it ever again manifest itself. The policy of our endeavours here resolves itself into two main factors. One, which may be regarded as the human element and our primary objective, is the rehabilitation of delinquents : and the other, the material and secondary objective, the management and development of the farm and the prosecution to a successful issue of all its industries as economically and profitably as may be consistent with the policy of teaching as many of the inmates as possible agricultural work and farming methods. Under both aims we have been restricted to a certain extent this last year, more than in preceding years, by a higher percentage of admissions of inmates of a less robust nature physically and youths of subnormal mentality. In dealing with agricultural matters firstly, our labour has been absorbed mainly in following the usual activities of the farm, in dairying, cultivating, cropping, &c., but all surplus labour has been utilized in further developing the farm to bring it into greater power of productivity. In this direction we have concentrated on two main issues. Operating from the main institution, labour has been employed in the drainage and cultivation of a swamp area south of the main building ; and, working from the camp, others have been engaged in clearing portions of the estate taken over from the Mental Hospitals Department. In the former activity a swamp basin has been converted by a systematic system of drains into what promises to be one of the most fertile portions of the farm. The chief drains were dug around the foot of the hills bordering the swamp, to sap the drainage, and other drains were dug across the swamp to a large central drain which takes the flow to the Mangatut/u Stream. The larger drains were put down 7 ft. deep in a V shape, filtered with manuka and teatree, recovered in clearing the swamp, and covered with earth. The effect of sapping the water and draining this basin has aided considerably in drying lip the lower portion of the valley. In the earlier stages the ground was too soft for ploughing, but about 15 acres were trench-dug by the parties using spades and shovels ; and potatoes, maize, and carrots are now growing on land which eighteen months ago was an impassable swamp. On the new estate one paddock of 210 acres, which has only been cleared within the last two or three years, was sown in swede turnips. A portion of the crop was utilized for our own stock, and the balance was sold in the paddock, with grazing-rights, for £240. The paddock has now been ploughed

H.—2o.

24

and worked up in readiness for sowing down in permanent pasture this autumn. A good deal of work has also been carried out on other portions of the new estate in clearing scrub land and in draining swamps, adding in the meantime to the acreage available for rough feed for the cattle. Chief of the farming industries has been the dairying ; and although at present the indications are that the average butterfat per cow will not be quite up to that of last season (360 lb.), owing to the increase in the herds the output will be greater and the revenue derived from this source correspondingly greater. The rearing and fattening of pigs has shown an all-round improvement. During the year over two hundred pigs were sold. With the exception of the Jersey bull calves all the calves born have been reared during the last few years. A few steers are being kept for fattening for sale, but the main part are being transferred to Hautu Prison. Cows culled from the dairies and other store cows purchased locally have been turned out and fattened for our ration-supply. The sheep flocks have been increased by the purchase of ewes, and two grades are kept, one for killing for rations and the other for breeding for fat lambs. From the latter grade we had a lambing percentage of 100, and sales from fat lambs this season realized £522. The proceeds from the wool are expected to realize a further £230. During the year 248 sheep were killed for rations. The apiary, which became affected by the disease of foul-brood and was nearly destroyed, has been cleaned up and is becoming well established again. The output for the season has realized 1,400 lb. of honey. The apple-orchard promises to give a further good return this year, and should at least equal the crop of last season, which realized £347 from sales of the fruit. In the garden a fine supply of vegetables has been maintained throughout the year for the institution and camp rations. We have also been able to supply Waikune Prison with vegetables when their own supplies ran short, and the surplus, together with tomatoes, were sold and realized over £200. Following a scheme inaugurated at. Head Office, we planted a larger area than usual in potatoes, and after supplying our own needs have so far sent 23 tons to other institutions of the Department. Other crops harvested during the year for fodder for the horses and cattle were 200 tons of ensilage, 120 tons of oaten sheaves, and 20 tons of hay. In addition we have 16 acres in mangels, 8 acres in white Belgian carrots, 10 acres in soft turnips, 170 acres in Swede turnips, 8 acres in maize, and 2 acres in artichokes. In the nursery we raised from seed some thousands of pine and eucalypti plants. A number of these were despatched to other institutions, but the bulk were planted around the farm, special attention being given to waste comers of the new estate and to paddocks needing shelter-belts. At the recent agricultural show held in Te Awamutu we were successful in gaining first prize for the draught stallion, second prize and a reserve championship for a Shorthorn bull, and third prize for a draught foal, out of four exhibits in the animal class. We gained two first prizes in the honey exhibits, three first prizes for apples, and five other first and two second prizes with vegetables and field-produce. At the end of the last financial year the revenue produced from all sources of the farm and paid into the Public Account amounted to £6,800, and it is expected that this year the amount will total £8,000 ; but other credits are due to the farm for stock and vegetables supplied to the institution for rations and for similar items transferred to other institutions. In dealing with our primary aim, the reformation of delinquents, I may say that, broadly speaking, the two chief classes of offenders we have to deal with are those committed for acts of dishonesty and those committed for sexual offences. In the former class many owe their position to selfishness and a lack in earlier training in considering the rights of others. To combat these causes it is attempted to cultivate the spirit of unselfishness and liberal-mindedness, and in the latter class to eradicate the morbidness and strengthen the will-power of the individual. Nothing is better calculated to win back a youthful offender to a better sense of his responsibilities than to inculcate in him a spirit of self-respect and self-reliance with an ambition to succeed, and to this end we attempt in the first place to build up his health and improve his physique, for from the feeling of physical fitness much can be achieved. To begin with, his outlook on life becomes brighter, the morbid introspection of the sexual transgressor becomes duller, and with fresh interests in mind has less to feed upon, and to one in sounder health self-control becomes easier. He becomes fitter for his manual labour and for more sustained effort. This further leads to skill at his employment, with the knowledge that he has acquired such skill. When to these initial incentives is added the knowledge gained by learning at the night classes and lectures, and the spirit of unselfishness gained in playing community games, the youth cannot be other than at least on the road to improvement. Tn general terms this is the scheme of training attempted. New arrivals commence their training with instruction in jiersonal habits of cleanliness and in keeping their cubicles clean and orderly. As at the beginning few arrivals are in fit enough condition to carry on at manual work for more than short periods without resting, they are put to work under an officer, especially selected for the position, whose duty it is, more than any other consideration, to see that the youths are given an opportunity to gradually improve in the habit of work without having their strength unduly taxed. From this party they are drafted to other parties and industries of the farm, and removed from time to time should there be evidence of flagging interest, and in any case to gain an all-round knowledge of the work of a farm. It is interesting to note how quickly some acquire a special skill at one branch of work. One rather dull youth, for instance, became most proficient in erecting fences when previously he appeared to have no interest in the other employments allotted him, Others develop a keenness for work with horses, and employed as teamsters acquire

H.—2o,

25

a knowledge of cropping, the cultivation of the soil, the use of fertilizers, the sowing of seed, and the rotation of crops. Others again become quick and adept at milking ; but, as previously mentioned, the training offered is made as wide as possible, to give the inmate an all-round knowledge of farming. Other than the ordinary sphere of farming, and usually to meet the case of those naturally weaker in physique, employment with instruction is afforded in the garden and orchard, while others still are employed under an artificer officer in carpentry and cabinetmaking. The task of building up the physique of inmates is assisted by the training given in Swedish drill. The classes have been held five evenings in each fortnight, and special attention was given to marching with an erect carriage. Night classes have been held on three evenings each week. The work done has mostly been in connection with giving a general education to the youths who prove to have received little schooling, but to others the classes are more in the nature of a refresher course. The report of the Schoolmaster is attached. We are further indebted to the members of the Hamilton Branch of the Howard League for the good services rendered by that body of enthusiasts during the year. Their interest in the inmates has been unflagging. Week after week they have visited here, and with something new and instructive their lectures and entertainments have always kept a freshness and have been looked forward to by the inmates with keen interest. Other concert parties organized at Te Awamut.u periodically visited the institution and gave entertainments. At most of the concerts given a period has been devoted to community singing, and if perhaps to a musical critic the choruses appeared at times a little out of harmony, no fault could be found with the volume and fervour in which the items were rendered. Further entertainment was also provided by the installation of an up-to-date wireless set. On Saturday afternoons seasonable outdoor games were indulged in, embracing cricket, tennis, swimming, and football. To the officials of the Waipa Rugby Union we are indebted for arranging many games with teams playing under their jurisdiction, and although we have not obtained so many visits from cricket clubs this season several matches were arranged among the lads themselves, greatest interest perhaps being aroused in a memorable tussle between teams representing the camp and the main institution. The thanks of the Department are due to the Borstal Visiting Committee, a body comprised of well-known business men of Te Awamutu, who have made regular visits of inspection to the institution, and shown by their assistance in obtaining employment for released inmates their practical sympathy with the work of the institution. Thanks are also due to the visiting clergymen. Divine service has been held on every Sunday, and the Chaplains have been unfailing in attending to the spiritual needs of inmates of their respective denominations. In conclusion I wish to place on record my appreciation for the valuable services rendered by the staff of the institution, and to thank them for the loyal co-operation given in all our enterprises during the year. Schoolmaster's Report. The programme of work carried out during the year included English language and literature, composition, spelling, letter-writing, and arithmetic, which was based on the most practical lines possible, so that it would be of use in everyday life. A feature of the class was the wide range of attainment —from preparatory to secondary school work. -In some cases (more especially the Maoris) but happily very few, the youths could neither read nor write. In the case of the latter, although progress was slow, considerable improvement was noticeable at the end of the year. It is pleasing to note that the inmates, without exception, while attending the class, readily seized the opportunity to try and renew acquaintanceship with the subjects of their schooldays, more especially those who realized that they had forgotten much of what they had learned at school. The changing personnel of the classes (unavoidable, of course) makes it necessary to give considerable individual attention, though I must say that the inmates seem to appreciate the individual teaching, however little it may be, and to prefer it to the customary class teaching. At least once a week, and occasionally twice, short lectures were given. The subjects chosen were as often as not in answer to questions asked by the inmates. The subjects ranged from physiology —a complete course in the first-aid treatment of simple fractures, sprains, and dislocations was given—to zoology (diseases in cattle). After each lecture, ample time was given for questions, and the number and variety of these showed that the majority of the inmates had taken a keen interest. The discipline at all times was all that could be desired, due to the tactful and efficient way in which the discij)linary officer handled the classes, thus enabling me to cover the work with no friction. In general the keenness shown and the interest taken in the work made teaching and supervision a pleasure rather than a task. In conclusion I would like to take this opportunity of thanking all the officers for their valuable help readily given, and for the unfailing courtesy extended to me throughout the year. Point Halswell Borstal Institution for Young Women. (Superintendent, Miss G. Watkin.) At the beginning of the year there were 39 inmates in the Borstal Institution and 8 in the reformatory ; during the year 20 girls were received into the former institution, and 26 were released, either on the recommendation of the Parole Board, on expiration of sentence, or by transference to other institutions, leaving 33 at the end of the year. Fifty-six older women were received into the reformatory and 64 discharged, released, or transferred elsewhere, leaving 6 in custody at the end of the year. I am glad to be able to report that we have kept up our usual excellent record for health, one girl having spent a week in the General Hospital in order to have her tonsils removed, and two others having been sent there for seven and three days respectively as the result of slight accidents.

4—H. 20.

H.—2o.

26

It is most satisfactory to note a distinct improvement as regards the conduct of the girls : only two attempted to escape this year, as against ten in 1927, these two being captured quite near to the institution. One of the escapees was mentally deficient, and has since been transferred to the mental hospital. Only ten inmates had to be brought before the Visiting Committee this year, while eighteen had to be thus dealt with in 1927 ; and, speaking generally, the atmosphere of the institution has been less agitated emotionally, although one cannot expect perfect contentment among those who are deprived of their personal liberty, even though it be for their own good. Some changes have been made in our industries during the year. Owing to the completion of the new building at Mount Crawford that prison is now able to do its own laundry-work and mending, thus enabling us to undertake laundry-work of a more delicate nature, which is better suited to girls' capacity and gives more training in skilled ironing. The laundry and repair work for the Defence Department, and the laundry-work for the Department of Internal Affairs and the Government Printing Office are still carried on. Another change is that Wellington Prison has been able to take over the dairy, as it was found that girls from here never took up this line of work after their release, and it was felt that it would be better to concentrate upon occupations which would provide more useful training for their future. We still have the garden, which provides practically all the vegetables required for the institution ; the work here is invaluable for certain temperaments, and also for those whose physical health requires an open-air life for a time. Mrs. Coventry continues her weekly knitting class, so that every girl is taugh.t that useful occupation. School, drill, and games have been carried on as before, and it is noticeable that, while the zeal shown by the girls in these directions does not seem to be very keen, if there is any short lapse owing to teachers' holidays many longings are expressed for them to begin again. Pergusson Hojjse are the present holders of the inter-house games shield presented by Her Excellency, and we hope to have another competition for it shortly. An innovation with respect to the outdoor games has been made this year, as members of Victoria College have come out on three occasions to play matches; on two occasions games of basketball were played, and on the third tennis was the game •; and, while we were never able to defeat our visitors, we put up quite a good fight each time, and the afternoons were thoroughly enjoyed by all. We hope that our kind visitors will find it possible to repeat their visits next year. Our thanks are due to those who have come out so regularly on Sundays in order that services of the different denominations might be held for the inmates ; owing to their visits there are few here who do not get the opportunity of attending the service of their own denomination at least once a month. In connection with our Church services I should like to express our deep gratitude to an anonymous benefactor who painted and presented to us a most beautiful picture of the Good Shepherd for our chapel. By the kind help of other friends I was able to get suitable curtains, &c.,to form a background for it at the east end, and at Easter friends in Christchurch sent us a lovely cross, candlesticks, and vases in brass, which had been especially designed and made to harmonize with the picture. I still have in hand some donations from generous oversea visitors with which I am hoping to get more pictures for the other walls as soon as I can find something which will blend with the spirit of reverent beauty already established. The lighter side of life has not been overlooked by our kind friends and visitors ; we have had many entertainments arranged for us on Thursday evenings by the ladies of the Borstal Association, who have undertaken to provide recreation for that evening every week. This is a big undertaking, and I should like to express my deep appreciation of all they have done. In addition to the musical programmes arranged, fancy work has been brought out and new stitches taught to the girls, and I would particularly thank Mrs. Freida Shaw for the many evenings she has given us, spent in health talks, physical culture exercises (which have been practised afterwards with much zest), and singing. Once again we have not been forgotten by kind friends at the festival seasons. At Christmas the J.P.'s Association provided their usual sumptuous tea, preceded by an entertainment, and accompanied by gifts to both staff and inmates. A little later Mrs. Glover and other officers of the Salvation Army gave their annual tea to both staff and inmates, followed by an evening of games and music for the girls. At the New Year Mrs. Pearson, on behalf of Mrs. Sprott, arranged the party given us each year by the girls' and women's organizations of the Church of England, and our girls had another very happy afternoon. And at Easter the ladies of the Borstal Association gave us yet another tea-party, followed by an evening entertainment, having previously given each girl a Christmas gift. That most important part of the work which lies in the after-care and supervision of the girls on their return to the outside world has again been undertaken by the Borstal Association, under the Presidency of Her Excellency the Lady Alice Pergusson. The first few months of freedom are always a very difficult time, and our thanks are due to all who give so much time and thought to this work. Her Excellency has further shown her interest in our work by again visiting the institution, when the girls had the honour of presenting some items which they had got up entirely among themselves. We were further honoured by receiving from Her Excellency on Christmas afternoon a signed portrait of herself ; the girls' pride and pleasure when the parcel was opened and the portrait hung in their diningroom was very great. I should like to thank most heartily Messrs. Pinny for their generous gift of a gramophone ; also those whose donations enabled Mr. Wood to put up our splendid wireless outfit; and the many kind friends who have sent us books, records, &c., throughout the year, thus adding so greatly to our pleasures. The Borstal Committee, with Mr. I. Salek in the chair, has met regularly, and after dealing with any necessary busmess the members have regularly visited the institution and talked to the girls at their various occupations, thus bringing in a link with the outside world which is very helpful. In conclusion I must express my thanks to the staff for their help throughout the year. The strain is very great of controlling and teaching these girls, who are at the most difficult stage of physical and emotional development, and all my officers have responded well to the demands made upon them.

27

H.—2o,

Table A. PRISON ACCOMMODATION AND PRISONERS. Table showing Accommodation, Number of Prisoners, etc., at the several Prisons of the Dominion during the Year 1928.

Number of Persons for whom there is Accommodation. Name of Prison Number of Persons at Number received during Number discharged or Number in Prison at In Separate Cells for In Wards or Cells for Beginning of Tear. Year. transferred. End of Year. One Prisoner. ""prisoner 0116 T ° ta1 ' r- M. P. M. F. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. P. T. M. F. T Addington (Women's Reformatory) .. 32 .. .. .. 32 .. 29 29 .. 88 88 .. 89 89 .. 28 28 Auckland .. .. .. 298 .. 132 25 430 25 414 20 434 1,501 72 1,573 1,553 81 1.634 362 11 373 Hautu (Tokaanu) .. .. 53 .. .. .. 53 .. 47 .. 47 33 .. 33 36 .. 36 44 .. 44 Irivercargill .. .. .. 11 .. 9 .. 20 .. 10 10 79 79 84 84 5 5 Invercargill (Borstal Institution) .. 203 9 .. 212 .. 244 .. 244 108 .. 108 127 .. 127 225 .. 225 Napier .. .. .. 22 4 3 .. 25 4 29 29 207 7 214 211 7 218 25 25 New Plymouth .. .. .. 69 .... .. 69 .. 55 .. 55 133 1 134 130 1 131 58 .. 58 Paparua (Templeton) .. .. 130 .. 35 .. 165 .. 170 .. 170 559 .. 559 591 .. 591 138 .. 138 Pt. Halswell (Women's Reformatory) .. 14 .. .... 14 .. 8 8 .. 56 56 .. 58 58 .. 6 6 Point Halswell (Borstal Institution) .. 43 .. .. 43 .. 38 38 .. 21 21 .. 26 26 .. 33 33 Rangipo .. .. .. 27 .. 9 .. 36 .. 23 .. 23 . 33 .. 33 24 .7 24 *32 .. 32 Waikeria (Reformatory) .. .. 28 .. .. .. 28 .. 28 .. 28 40 .. 40 43 .. 43 25 .. 25 Waikena (Borstal Institution) .. 84 .. 40 .. 124 .. 101 .. 101 84 .. 84 62 .. 62 123 .. 123 Waikune (Erua) .. .. 38 .. 62 .. 100 .. 66 .. 66 93 !! 93 67 !! 67 92 !! 92 Wanganui 40 .. 3 .. 43 31 31 149 9 158 145 9 154 35 35 Wellington .. .. .. 78 .. 56 .. 134 .. 128 .. 128 861 .. 861 858 .. 858 131 .. 131 Wi Tako (Trentham) .. .. 70 .. 10 .. 80 .. 74 .. 74 85 .. 85 83 .. 83 76 .. 76 Minor prisons and police-gaols .. 51 15 60 24 111 39 33 1 34 782 18 800 780 19 799 35 .. 35 Police lock-ups* .. .. .. .. .. .. _ _ ., 114 _ 114 U4 114 Totals •• •• i.202 108 428 49 1,630 157 1,453 96 1,549 4,861 272 5,133 4,908 290 5,198 1,406 78 1,484 * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917.

II .- 20

28

Table A—continued. PRISON ACCOMMODATION AND PRISONERS—continued. Table showing Accommodation, Number of Prisoners, etc.—continued.

Sickness. (C.) Number of Distinct Prisoners ill on One or More Occasions, with Number of Occasions, Total Number of Separate „ , T1 . Greatest Number in Least Number in Daily Average Number of Illnesses, Total Number of Days, and Daily Average on Name of Prison. Prisoners. (a.) Greatest Number (6.) Admissions Sick-list. at One Time. at One Time. m atj any 0ne to Hospital during Time. Year. . d „ Number Total Daily ® § ® 5 2 22 * & of Number Average § 'S £§ r°l ?§ rSi2> Separate of on O eh &S H B EH ° Illnesses Days ill. Sick-list. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. Addington (Women's Reformatory) .. 36 36 21 21 .. 27-39 27-59 .. 2 2 5 5 10 2 14 201 0-55 Auckland .. .. .. 414 20 434 339 14 353 374-63 19-04 393-67 31 31 24 1 25 91 27 10 7 1 2 234 3,020 8-25 Hautu (Tokaanu) .. .. 53 53 40 40 46-37 .. 46-37 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 26 137 0-37 Invercargill .. .. 11 11 4 4 6-69 .. 6-69 1 .. 1 .. .. .. .. 1 2 27 0-07 InvercargiU (Borstal Institution) .. 257 .. 257 218 .. 218 235-90 .. 235-90 73 73 18 18 109 39 12 8 4 1 282 3,111 8-50 Napier .. .. .. 33 33 10 1 11 19-77 0-02 19-79 2 2 4 .. 1 7 39 0-11 New Plymouth .. .. .. 69 1 70 53 53 61-48 .. 61-48 6 6 1 1 20 5 6 1 .. 1 59 549 1-50 Paparua (Templeton) .. .. 178 178 132 .. 132 141-37 .. 141-37 7 7 3 3 49 6 2 1 .. •• 71 487 1-33 Pt. Halswell (Women's Reformatory) .. 10 10 4 4 .. 6-34 6 34 .. .. .. .. .. .. g 937 0-65 Point Halswell (Borstal Institution) .. 39 39 33 33 .. 35-07 35-07 .. 3 3.. 8 8 J° Rangipo .. .. .. 36 36 22 22 30-60 .. 30-60 4 4 9 2 .. 2 ... .. 21 110 0-30 Waikeria (Reformatory) .. ,. 40 40 23 23 30 70 .. 30-70 2 2 1 1 \. 0041 1 117 588 1-61 Waikeria (Borstal Institution) .. 126 .. 126 80 .. 80 107-10 .. 107-10 10 .. 10 11 11 / Waikune (Erua) .. .. 95 95 63 63 79-90 .. 79-90 8 8 9 5 2 3 8 8 137 661 1-81 Wanganui .. .. .. 46 2 48 26 26 34-10 .. 34-10 1 1 1 1 3 3 34 0-09 Wellington .. .. .. 168 168 116 116 139-15 .. 139-15 9 9 18 18 49 8 6 .. .. 1 93 677 1-85 Wi Tako (Trentham) .. .. 81 81 64 64 72-87 .. 72-87 3 3 1 1 22 7 1 39 203 0-55 Minor prisons and police-gaols .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30-89 .. 30-89 .. .. .. 3 .. 3 13 1 • ■ 15 160 0'44 Totals .. 1,411-52 88-06 1,499-58 81 14 95 441 114 50 27 15 15 1,128 10,241 27-98

29

H.—2o

Table A1. Table showing Particulars, for bach Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1928.

,-C. . • r-i ® OC ■f3 r— i "Srt 6 ® 13 2 o k d i a *3! § ° | s| £ .„• § | Is * 3 — I ■§ | s ill • a g-a 2 SP s I -I S s § jgl si § § ! I- f~ I I«1 t ► |I .s s a l I 1 i! I I I *1 Is i 11 ■a 3 a Smm.s a =s~ o o H a £ Jh ,? > to- S 9 a P P £ -< < H 5 £ iz; d< S* Ph jS P & Sg n, (a) In prison at beginning of year :— Undergoing — m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. ! m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. j M. j f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. | f. m. f. , m. f. m. f. Simple imprisonment .. .. .. 3 1 ! j | • • •• 3 1 4 Under three months' hard labour .. .. .. .. 3 42 3 .. .. 1 7 .. 2 .. 6 .. .. 2 .. . I 1 .. 21 9 ... .. .. 89 8 97 Three months' hard labour and under one year .. .. 11 61 6 10 ... 1 .. 42 1 39 .. 15 .. 8 177 17 194 One year's hard labour and upwards .. .. .. 7 198 4 24 .. 1 1 43 .. 53j 14 ... 16 40 .. 12 .. 35 .. 35 472 11 483 Detention as habitual criminals .. .. .. .. 1 32 .. 2 1 1 1 7 .. 8 . . 3 .. 55 1 56 Reformative detention .. .. .. .. .. 7 55 5 21 .. 2 1 .. I 7 .. 61 .. .. 4 .. .. 8 .. 12 18 .. 7 .. 26 .. 24 .. .. 1 .. .. 242 17 259 , Detention in Borstal Institution .. .. 214 j .. .. 2 38 101 j • • 347 38 385 Total criminals in prison .. .. 29 391 19 47 .. 4 ..244 .. 20 ..53 ..165 .. .. 6 .. 38 23 .. 28 ..101: .. 66 .. 28 ..124 .. 74 .. 17 1 .. ..1,385 931,478 For trial or on remand .. .. .. 22 1 .. .. 5 9 ., 1 5 .... 2 3 .. 4 14 ...... 63 3 66 Total in prison for criminal offences .. ..29 413 20 47 .. 9 ..244 .. 29 ..54 ..170 .... 8 .. 38 23 .. 28 ..101 .. 66 .. 31 ..128 .. 74 .. 31 1 .. ..1,448 96 1,544 Debtors .. .. .. .. .. : 1 1 1 2 .... I .. 5.. 5 Total persons in prison .. .. .. .. 29 414 20 47 .. 10 .. 244 .. 29 .. 55, .. 170 .. .. 8 .. 38 23 .. 28 .. 101 .. 66 .. 31 .. 128 .. 74 .. 33 1 .. -.1,453 96 1,549 (b) Received during the year :— Sentenced to— Simple imprisonment, hard labour — Under three months .. .. .. .. .. 42 811 37 .. .. 28 70 2 45 ..260 .. .. 29 59 5363 268 2 14 ..2,018117 2,135 Three months and under one year .. .. .. 12 193 22 .... 4 34 1 17 .. 101 .. .. 13 7 .. 161 73 2 .. .. 590 50 640 One year and upwards .. .. .. .. .. 2 32 3 .. 1 .. 17 .. .. 1 ........ 1 1 .. 8 .. 39 10 112 3 115 Hard labour, reformative detention, and declared 1 1.. 1 habitual criminal Hard labour and reformative detention .. 8 1 ' 1 .. 7 ....... 1 18 .. 18 Reformative detention and declared habitual criminal 1 1 .. 1 Reformative detention only .. .. 44 2 7 2 10 .. 21 .... 6 .. .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 3 .. 31 32 153 8 161 Hard labour and detention in Borstal Institution 1 1 .. 1 Detention in Borstal Institution .. .. 8 82 .. 3 3 16j 12 15 ....... 11 134 16 150 Hard labour and declared habitual criminal 9 3 ! 4 1 17 .. 17 Declared habitual criminal .. .. i • I i 1 .. 1 Under conviction for sentence .. .. U i 4.. 4 1..12 20 53.. 53 Total new prisoners received .. .. .. .. 561,118 59 .. .. 35 .. 82 ..117 5! 77 ..410 .. .. 49 .. 16 1 1 .. 2 .. 12 .. 2 ..{79 5633 417 4114 ..3,099194 3,293 On remand or for trial .. .. ... .. 7 255 9 .. ..36 48 1 22 1 73 .. .. 4 ; 29 4105 241 9.. .. 809 35 844 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 631,373 68 .. .. 71 .. 82 ..165 6 99 1483 ..I .. 53 .. 16 1 .. 2 .. 12 .. 2 ..[108 9738 658 13114 ..3,9082294,137 Debtors .. .. .. .. .. .... 1 73 1 15 .. 17 .. 9 16 .. 30 64 225 1 226 Lunatics .. .. .. .. .. 1 ; I 1 .... 1 1 2 Total new persons received .. .. .. 641,446 68 .. .. 72 .. 82 ..180 6117 1492 .. .. 53 .. 16 1 .. 2 .. 12| .. 2 ..124 9768 .. ..j ..722 14114 ..4,13412314,365 On transfer or in transitu .. .. .. .. ..24 55 4 33 .. 7 .. 26 .. 27 1 16 .. 67 .. .. 3 .. 5 32 .. 38 .. 72 .. 1 .. 25 .. 93 .. 85 .. 60 4 .. .. 727 41 768 Grand totals .. .. .. .. .. 881,501 72 33 .. 79 ..108 ..207 7133 1559 .. .. 56 .. 21 33 .. 40 .. 84 .. 93 ..|l49 9861 .. 85j ..782 18114 .. 4,86lj272 5,133 j I . I J . . i ! 'I i 1 I ! * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917,

H.—2o.

Table A1—continued. Table showing Particulars, for each Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1928—continued.

30

I a hi § i 1 M l§ J , § J la | I - Ills ft „ i si a Hi a i g e i | of «J. | . § ! ! |& ! g*l ! s ll s 3*1 f 1 11 1 f I K I a 1 T3 E3 c6 © c6 O O 1-1 3 t> i> i> *S< O O 5* i ! (c) Discharged during the year :— ! On expiration of sentence .. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. | m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. Hard labour .. .. .. .. .. •• 721,001 63 6 .. 23 104 3 61 ..373 .. .. 33 .. .. 4 .. 1 .. .. .. 16 .. 57 5509 .. 27 ..297 3114 ..2,593179 2,772 Reformative detention .. .. .. 6 2 2 . . • 1 .. 10 j .. .. 5 1 1 .. .. 25 3 28 Simple imprisonment .. .. .. . • • • 1 28 8 2 .. 8 13 59 1 60 Detention in Borstal Institution .. .. 6 6 5 11 6 17 On bail or probation .. .. •. 44 1 5 .. 6 1 6 5 1 15 27 1 .. .. 108 4 112 Died 1 2 1.. 2 1.. 1 1 9.. 9 Absconded and not retaken .. .... 1 1 2 .. 2 Committed suicide .. •• •• 1 .. . . 1 1 3.. 3 Released on recommendation of Prisons Board — Hard labour .. .. .. .. • • •• 6 40 2 1 2 .. 19 4 .. 7 9 .. 5 .. 18 .. 24 129 8 137 Reformative detention .. .. .. •• •• 3 12 1 9 1.. 17.. .. 2 .. 9.. 7 11 12.. 20 98 6 104 Detention in Borstal Institution .. .. 93 11 1 50 .. 4 148 11 159 Habitual criminals .. .. .. .. .... 12 | 12 .. 12 Total criminals discharged to freedom .. .. 82 1,145 69 19 .. 31 .. 99 ..109 3 71 1427 .. .. 35 .. 17 18 .. 16 .. 57 .. 46 .. 70 6 565 .. 71 ..339 5114 ..3,197 218 3,415 Acquitted and after remand .. .. 38 5 .. ! 37 1 19 .. 74 .. .. 5 .. 4 21 193 11 204 Debtors .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 73 2 ! 15 .. 18 .. 9 16 .. 30 65 228 1 229 Lunatics transferred to mental hospitals .. 8 1 .. 1 .. 5 5 .. ..j .. .. 1 6 1 .. .. 22 6 28 Total persons discharged from prison .. .. 83 1,264 74 19 .. 33 .. 99 ..162 4109 1515 .. .. 40 .. 22 18 .. | 16 .. 58 .. 46 .. 86 6 605 .. 71 .. 425 6114 ..3,640 236 3,876 Transferred to other prisons or to the police .. .. ..6 289 7 17 .. 51 .. 28 .. 49 3 21 .. 76 .. .. 18 .. 41 6 -. j 27 .. 4 .. 21 .. 59 3 253 .. 12 ..355 13 .. ..1,268 541,322 Grand totals .. .. .. .. .. 891,553 81 36 .. 84 ..127 ..211 7 130 1591 .. .. 58 .. 26:24 .. I 43 .. 62 .. 67 ..145 9 858 .. 83 ..780 19114 ..4,908 290 5,198 (d) In prison at end of year :— Undergoing — Simple imprisonment, hard labour — I Under three months .. .. . • • • • • 5 28 1 4 .. 1 .. 5 2 .. 16 10 66 6 72 Three months and under one year .. .. •. 5 57 2 2 13 .. 4 . . 45 .. .. 2 2 .. 46 ., 8 .. 10 187 9 196 One year and upwards .. .. •• -.10 165 6 21 2 .. 48 28 13 .. 10 47 .. 15 .. 32 .. 30 411 16 427 Detention as habitual criminals .. .. • • • • 1 32 .. 2 8 2 6 .. 8 .. 3 61 1 62 Reformative detention .. .. • • • • • • 6 64 2 19 .. 4 5 .. 45 .. .. 4 .... 17 .. 15 39 .. 8 .. 27 .. 38 281 12 293 Detention in Borstal Institution .. .. 1 225 33 f 123 1 350 33 383 Total criminals in prison .. .. .. -.27 347 11 44 .. 4 .. 225 .. 19 .. 58 .. 131 .. .. 6 .. 33, 32 .. 25 ..1123 .. 92 .. 35 ..125 .. 76 .. 20 1,356 77 1,433 For trial or on remand .. .. .. • • • • 1 14 1 6 7 I 6 14 48 1 49 _ I : I I Total in prison for criminal offences .. .. 28 361 11 44 .. 5 .. 225 .. 25 .. 58 ..138 .. .. 6 .. 33132 ..) 25 ..123 .. 92 .. 35 ..131 ..'76 .. 34 1,404 781,482 Debtors .. .. .. .. .. 1 | • • • • | 1 2 .. 2 Total persons in prison .. .. .. .. 28 362. 11 44 .. 5 .. 225 .. 25 .. 58 . . 138| .. .. 6 .. 33:32 .. 25 ..123 .. 92 .. 35 ..131 .. I 76 .. 35 1,406 781,484 I I j_ I I i * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917.

H.—2o,

31

Table B. PRISONS DEPARTMENT. Balance-sheet as at 31st Maech, 1929. Liabilities. Assets. £ s. d. Rangitoto Island Improvement Capital Account .. .. .. .. 925,001 13 11 "Account— £ s. d. £ s. d. Treasury Adjustment Account .. .. 52,915 19 3 Expenditure to 31st March, 1929 7,136 3 1 Depreciation Reserve .. .. .. 107,650 1 3 Less expenditure to 31st March, Sundry creditors .. .. .. .. 9,893 4 5 1928, transferred to National Accrued earnings of prisoners .. .. 8,727 15 3 Development Account .. 4,888 18 8 Deposits .. .. .. .. .. 1,466 4 10 2,247 4 5 £ s. d. Land and buildings— Writings-ofF Suspense Reserve 28,354 0 11 Freeholds .. .. .. 158,593 0 8 Exhibition, Suspense Reserve 132 15 6 Leaseholds .. .. .. 11,651 1 2 28,486 16 5 Taupo Land Development Account .. .. .. 34,889 13 4 Buildings .. .. .. 621,228 15 9 826,362 10 11 Farm and garden assets — Live-stock .. .. .. 19,691 1 2 Crops .. .. .. 7,385 1 6 Gardens, orchards, and nurseries 2,375 7 7 Apiary .. .. .. 98 19 6 Implements and machinery .. 5,619 6 3 Tractors .. . . .. 697 8 10 Harness, loose tools, and stores 2,584 11 7 38,451 16 5 Miscellaneous industry and institution assets — Fixed plant .. .. 35,110 16 8 Implements and machinery .. 6,386 13 2 Motor-vehicles .. .. 6,441 10 11 Lighters .. .. .. 1,064 0 0 Loose tools and harness .. 2,725 18 5 Arms and accoutrements .. 805 6 0 Libraries and school-books .. 769 6 4 Furniture and fittings .. 11,782 2 9 Clothing and bedding .. 14,159 10 6 Band instruments .. .. 230 0 0 Stock-in-trade and raw materials 3,818 18 3 Stocks in general stores .. 9,754 4 5 Stocks in local stores I. .. 7,052 1 1 Stocks in transit .. .. 204 7 4 Horses in quarries and roadworks 436 5 4 100,741 1 2 Sundry debtors ~ .. 8,750 12 1 Cash in deposit accounts .. 1,466 4 10 Butterfat bonus held on deposit 792 10 0 Expenditure paid in advance .. 101 1 1 Postage-stamps .. .. 66 12 10 Brickwork Improvements Instal- ' ment Account .. . . 244 1 4 — 11,421 2 2 Suspense Accounts— Writings-off in Suspense— Sundry stores and live-stock 866 7 2 Terrace Prison demolition .. 5,834 0 5 Invercargill Borstal Farm revaluation .. .. 24,495 0 0 Waikune sawmill realization 2,485 1 10 Bad debts .. .. 507 11 11 34,188 1 4 Revenue Accounts for year ended 31st March, 1929— Cost of institutional upkeep .. 107,209 10 6 Industry accounts .. .. 9,529 0 7 Prison Board and probation upkeep .. .. .. 3,991 7 10 120,729 18 11 £1,134,14115 4 £1,134,14115 4

H.—2o,

Table B —continued. Institutional Income and Expenditure Account foe the Year ended 31st March, 1929. Expenditure. Revenue. £ s. d. To Opening stocks — £ s. d. £ s. d. By Rents and deductions for use of houses and Loose tools .. .. 1,304 18 3 quarters .. .. .. 3,504 13 8 Clothing and bedding on issue 14,075 5 6 Miscellaneous credits and reStocks in local stores .. 7,419 7 0 coveries of expenditure— £ s. d. 22,799 10 9 Maintenance of prisoners .. 284 0 4 Rations (including tobacco) .. 26,222 18 5 Sales to staff .. .. 971 10 4 Clothing and bedding .. 9,565 19 5 Cartage recoveries .. 2,771 17 4 Wages to prisoners'dependants 11,019 13 8 Sundry sales .. .. 29 10 4 Prisoners' industry earnings .. 7,241 11 9 Sale of kitchen-refuse .. 23 2 9 Gratuities to prisoners on release 182 2 0 Prison infirmary charges .. 11l 12 0 Hospital maintenance and Salary recoveries from other medicines .. .. 1,928 711 Departments .. 1,390 7 0 Burial of prisoners .. .. 75 3 7 Expenses of prisoners proTransport charges and travel- duced at Court .. 9 12 11 ling-expenses .. .. 7,041 11 1 Services to other Departments 191 16 2 Maintenance of buildings and Sundry boot repairs and grounds .. .. .. 2,340 18 2 laundering .. .. 59 5 2 Salaries, allowances, and uni- Bread and stores to other forms .. .. .. 57,964 13 3 institutions .. .. 376 9 0 Advertising, books and news- Boot repairs to other institupapers .. .. .. 205 1 11 tions .. .. .. 46 14 9 Fuel, light, power, water, and 6,265 18 1 sanitary .. .. 7,551 8 0 Closing stocks— Postage, telegrams, telephones, Loose tools .. .. 1, 120 7 11 and stationery .. .. 1,162 0 7 Clothing and bedding on issue 14,159 10 6 Office requisites .. .. 10 19 10 Local store stocks .. 7,130 5 6 Equipment and instructional Postage-stamps . . .. 57 8 8 work .. .. .. 228 17 10 22,467 12 7 Sundry expenses .. .. 42 610 Gross cost of institution upkeep carried down 132,783 14 3 (cost per prisoner per annum, £116 14s. 2d.) 175,287 13 4 Prison labour on domestic work 19,702 10 10 Less wages and earnings already charged .. 18,261 5 5 1,441 5 5 Interest on capital .. .. .. 30,205 17 2 Depreciation of buildings, plant, and furniture .. .. .. 14,335 9 I Overhead burden .. .. .. 5,960 1 0 £207,525 17 8 £207,525 17 8 To Gross institution cost £ s. d. £ s. d. (brought down) .. 175,287 13 4 By Value of prison labour supplied for institution services and capital works .. 21,242 1 0 Depreciation under- ' Nrt Labour Public Account charged in previous ' j ja b o ur Allocation. Surplus. y ears • • • ■ 406 1 0 Industry Accounts — £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Transport charges un- Blockmaking .. Cr. 41 17 11 154 12 0 196 911 dercharged m pre- Bootmaking ..Dr. 41 11 0 2,286 9 2 2,244 18 2 vious years .. 5 8 0 Brickworks .. Dr. 924 13 10 301 9 9 623 4 1* Breadmaking .. Cr. 129 0 11 107 6 0 236 6 11 Farming .. Dr. 10,328 17 4 16,985 110 6,656 4 6 Gardening ..Dr. 886 13 8 1,479 5 3 592 11 7 Labour contracting Dr. 228 5 I 1,651 18 9 1,423 13 8 Laundering .. Cr. 1,245 9 11 1,393 13 0 2,639 2 11 Mail-bag repairing Cr. 988 11 3 527 5 9 1,515 17 0 Roadwork and transport .. Cr. 176 2 8 7,744 18 0 7,921 0 8 Quarrying .. Dr. 876 16 1 13,387 10 4 12,510 14 3 Tailoring .. Cr. 1,047 12 6 905 9 8 1,953 2 2 Tinsmithing .. Cr. 46 15 0 212 12 11 259 7 11 Miscellaneous ..Or. 82 6 3 109 18 5 192 4 8 Dr. 9,529 0 7 47,247 10 10 37,718 10 3 37,718 10 3 Balance —Net cost of prison upkeep and administration (cost per prisoner per annum, £77 14s. 7d.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 116,738 11 1 £175,699 2 4 £175,699 2 4 , —, — * Deficit. —.

32

H, -20

33

Table B1. Analysis of Value of all Prison Labour for the Year ended 31st March, 1929. together with Corresponding Totals for Previous Years.

Summary of above, and also of Previous Years.

5- H. 20

Improvements. Works and Industries. Institutional Maintenance. Annual Value of Labour per Head. Erection ! Boot Block a,,...- . nS*S-!!!?T» ' Domestic Domestic Domestic Total, Total. Total, 1928-29. I 1927-28. of Farm- Manu- Farms and Tile H Miscel- Cleaning Launder- Cooking, 1928-29. 1927-28. 1926-27. ! Buildings , develop- facturing and Manu- Gravel . other laneous B ildi and ing and Baking, Average i Average Ptont meBt ' Repairs 'taT pits ' Contracts. Indu3trie3 - and = Uat^ n „ Number o( Amount. Number of Amount. plant - Repairs. Ing. , Uoads _ &c. Uotmng. Rationing. | Inmates. I | Inmates. £ £££££££££££ £ £ £ £ £ Addington .. .. • • ■ • • - • ■ 188 .. .. .. 276 .. 213 16 126 819 905 682 26-74 30-63 27-05 33-45 Auckland .. .. •• •• -• 1,663 213 .. 8,611 1.573 2,202 449 2,224 322 630 17,887 18,629 19,274 383-21 46-68 395-77 47-07 Hautu •• •• •• •• 155 .. 2,363 .. .. .. .. .. 61 61 292 2,932 2,767 1,910 44-77 65-49 40-55 68-24 Rangipo .. •• •• • •• 1.791 .. .. .. .. •• 62 61 73 1,987 1,631 1.335 31-70 62-68 26-71 61-06 Invercargill .. -- 718 2,788 623 5,336 4 24 469 727 1,347 383 848 13,267 14,546 12,214 236-18 56-17 239-03 60-85 Napier .. ■■ ■■ 30 . •■ 455 5 .. 123 136 80 91 920 886 901 20-08 45-81 21-03 42-13 New Plymouth .. .. 44 .. .. 242 1,812 26 29 338 193 201 2,885 2,594 2,650 62-84 45-91 62-06 41-79 Paparua .. .. •• 2,232 .. .. 1,704 151 2.868 .. .. 135 870 439 277 8,676 10,009 9,972 140-46 61-76 150-90 66-33 Point Halswell .. .. .. .. -- 266 .. .. 560 77 320 3 136 ; 1,362 1,509 1,573 39-71 34-29 46-29 32-60 Waikeria .. .. -- 195 181 .. 7,611 .. .. 3 700 791 410 557 10,448 9,214 9,458 142-33 73-40 121-72 75-69 Waikime .. .. 12 19 .. 3 .. 7,745 .. 342 228 173 702 9,224 7,739 8,384 90-90 101-47 77-52 99-83 . .. -• ■■ •• 33 . . .. .. 122 224 131 108 87 705 597 619 33-60 20-98 31-10 19-19 Wellington .. -• 6,243 .. .. 456 37 969 126 776 850 181 515 10,153 10.360 8,654 136-80 74-22 138-55 74-77 WiTako .. •• 33 398 .. 3,013 .. .. 621 409 49 310 154 144 5,131 5.549 5,439 72-65 70-63 72-23 76-82 Minor gaols.. ■■ •• •• -• •• 21 .. 252 153 25 .. 454 496 381 39-85 11-39 39-24 12-64 Totals, 1928-2& .. 9,477 3,541 2,286 23,273 155 13,783 10,966 4,164 3,883 8,034 2,609 4,679 86,850 .. .. 1501-82 57-83 Corresponding totals— 1927-28 .. •• 13,078 3,012 3,024 22,063 174 12,547 9,883 3,610 5,164 8.118 2,711 4,047 .. ! 87,431 .. .. .. 1489-75 58-69 1926-27 .. •• 12,167 4,509 2,316 18,375 188 12,071 11,195 4,354 4,373 7,721 2,850 3,327 .. .. 83,446

Vpar Capital Works and Institutional Improvements. Industries. Maintenance. £ £ £ £ 1928-29 .. • - .. 13,018 54,627 19,205 86,850 1927-28 .. •• .. 16,090 51,301 20,040 87,431 1926-27 .. .. 16,676 48,499 18,271 83,446 1925-26 .. •• .. 16,139 46,457 16,984 79,580 1924-25 .. .. 13,167 51,890 18,266 83.332

H.—2o.

Table C. Cable showing the Offences And Degree of Education of Distinct Convicted Prisoner received during the Year 1928.

Table D. Table showing the Actual Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received into Gaol during the Year 1928, classified according to Principal Offences, Birthplace, and Age.

34

! Superior Able to read and Able to read Unable to ! ° tt8n0es ' j Education. write. only. read. Totals. Offences against the person — Mi Pi Mi k M; t. 1 m. v. m. v. Convicted on indictment .1 . i .. 78 1 .. .. 1 .. 79 1 Convicted summarily .1 .1 .. , 1 84 1 .. .. .. .. 84 1 Offences against property— Theft and deceit .. .. 784 . 28 .. .. 7 1 761 29 Mischief .. .. ., ., .. 82 4 .. 1 .. 83 4 Miscellaneous offences—■ Drunkenness .. .. .. .. .. 398 IS I 1 .. 396 16 Vagrancy* .. .. .. .. .. 209 61 II.. 6 .. 216 81 Others .. .. .. 801 14 11 10 ..812 16 Totals .. .. 2,403 | 114 2 2 26 1 2,431 117 I 1 Maoris included above .. .. .. .. 149 j 3 .. .. ) 6 .. 185 3 * Including importuning, consorting with rogues, &c.

Offences against the Offences against MisPPii«ni»nn<* Person. Property. Miscellaneous. Totals. Cou ™ ted Summarily Theft and \ri SC hief Drunkenness* Vazranev t otller Indictment convicted. Deceit. Mischief. Drunkenness. Vagrancy.t offences. Birthplaces M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. England and Wales .. 13 .. 19 1 99 2 14 .. 92 2 48 5 129 .. 414 10 Scotland .. .. 1 1: 4 .. 34 1 5 .. 43 14 1 40 1 141 4 Ireland .. .. 1 .. 10 . . 22 2 1 .. 45 1 20 4 33 1 132 8 New Zealand .. 49 .. ! 41 .. 524 22 56 3 177 11 101 37 505 12 1,453 85 Australia .. .. ; 6 4 43 1 4 19 2 21 2 44 1 141 6 Other British posses 2 1 8 4 2 1 13 30 1 sions China •. • • 1 2 2 . . . . .. 22 27 Other countries .. 5 2 26 3 15 .. 10 1 23 84 1 At sea . . • ■ • • Not stated .. .. 1 1 3 1 .. 1 1 .. .. .. 3.. 9 2 Totals .. 79 1 84 1 761 29 83 4 396 16 216 51 812 15 2,431 117 Ages— Under 15 vears 1 •. ■ • I 15 and under 20 years 10 .. 6 .. 92 5 10 .. 2 6 5 31 2 157 12 20 „ 25 „ 16 .. 8 144 5 16 .. 9 18 4 123 1 334 10 25 „ 30 „ 13 .. 11 .. 145 5 19 .. 31 .. 19 3 143 1 381 9 30 40 „ 15 .. 27 1 201 4 12 3 85 3 42 10 212 4 594 25 40 „ 50 11 1 24 .. 114 6 19 I 129 7 47 22 179 2 523 39 50 „ 60 „ 9 6 49 3 7 .. 92 4 49 6 86 3 298 16 60 and over .. .. 5 2 15 1 .. .. 48 2 35 : 1 36 2 141 6 Not stated .. • • .... 2 2 | i Totals .. 79 1 84 1 761 29 83 4 396 | 16 216 J 51 812 15 2,431 117 Maoris included above .. 5 .. 9 .. 78 3 6 .. 11 .. 5 I .. I 41 155 3 I I J * It must be remembered that drunkenness is punished more by fine than by imprisonment, so that the figures in the gaol tables do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence. f Including importuning, consorting with rogues, &o.

H.—2o

35

Table E.

PRISONS.—NEW-ZEALAND-BORN PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1928. Table showing the Number of Distinct New-Zealand-born Convicted Prisoners of each Sex (including Maoris) received during the Year 1928, classified according to Ages and Offences.

Table E1. PRISONS.—MAORI PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1928. Table showing the Number, Ages, and Offences of Distinct Convicted Maoris (Male and Female) received into the various Gaols during the Year 1928.

Table F. Table showing Distinct Persons imprisoned after Conviction during each of the last Ten Years.

6—H. 20.

Inn/Win 10 and 12 and 15 and 20 and 25 and 30 and j 40 and Not , , iu. un( j er i2. under 15. j under 20. under 25. under 30. under 40. j upwards. stated. J-orais Offences. i • I L_» j M. | F. j M. F. M. F. j M. j F. M. F. M. F. : M. F. j M. j F. ! M. F. M. | F. Offences against the person — ! j | j j i | Convicted on indictment.. 7 .. 13 .. I 11 .. 7 I .. 1 11 .. 49 Convicted summarily 5 .. 6 .. 6 j .. 13 .. 11 41 Offences against property— Theft and deceit 1 .. 84 5 114 4 97 4 127 3 101 6 .. .. 524 22 Mischief . . 10 .. 16 .. 8 3 7 .. 15 .... .. 56 3 Drunkenness .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. 1 .. 7 .. 13 .. 40 2 116 9 ; .. .. 177 11 Vagrancy* . . • • 6 5 14 4 9 1 16 7 56 20 1 .. .. 101 37 Other offences .. | . 25 2 89 , 1" 97 1 135 3 159 5 I .. .. 505 12 j ! ! : ' I ! 1 Totals, 1928 1 .. 138 12 259 ! 9 241 9 ! 345 15 469 40 1 .. .. |l,453 85 Totals, 1927 j • • 178 21 259 9 225 11 364 27 436 37 3 .. 1,465 105 Totals, 1926 I ..168 20 288 12 215 6 326 23 455 49 1 .. 1,454 110 Totals, 1925 .. 76 23 184 8 184 10 281 11 437 I 34 j 3 .. 1,190 i 86 J I I I Toatls, 1924 ! | .. 92 7 209 | 6 185 7 | 312 ! 16 365 | 50 j 1 .. 1,164 i 96 * Including importuning, consorting with rogues, &c.

Twii-m 10 and 12 and 15 and 20 and 25 and 30 and ! 40 and Not T , , und e r 12. under 15. under 20. under 25. under 30. under 40. upwards. stated. Offences. [ i_ ! __ M. V. M. j F. M. V. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M F. M. F. M. \ F. . . _ j - - . - . . Offences against the person — Convicted on indictment .. .. i 2;.., 2 .. | . .. 1 j .. j .. .. .. ,.| 5 j' .. Summarily oon-victed .. •• 1 j' .. 2 . . 1 .. 2 1.. 3 .. 9;.. Theft and deceit .. 1 • • 26 2 23 1 [13 .. 10 . .. j 5 78 j 3 Mischief .. .. .. ! .. 2 ..1 ..!.. 3 0 Drunkenness .. .. 1 .. .. ., ! 3 .. 4 .. 3 11.. Vagrancy .. .. 3 1 1 5 Other offences .. .. 1 • ■ 13 .. 16 .. 5 .. . 6 41 Totals .. 1 •• 36 , 2 41 1 34 | .. | 23 .. 22 .. .. ; .. [155 j 3

„ . Proportion per 10,000 Y Prisoners Proportion per 10,000 Year. Prisoners. 0 t Mean Population. ' " of Mean Population. 1919 1,833 15-37 1924 2,405 17-78 1920 1,955 15-74 1925 2,890 20-88 1921 2,120 16-61 1926 2,755 19-49 1922 2,249 17-23 1927 2,711 18-84 1923 2.358 17-75 1928 2,548 17-37

H.—2o,

36

Table G. PRISONERS.—AGES AND SENTENCES. Table showing the Ages of Distinct Prisoners received under Sentence during the Year 1928, with Information as to Length of Sentence.

Total Length of Sentence. 4 i i i i I I ! Age * Under 1 Week 1 Month 3 Months 6 Months j 9 Months 1 Year 2 Years 3 Years 4 Years 5 Years 7 Years 10 Years 12 Years 15 Years i wppv under and nnder and nnder and nnder ; and under and under , and under and under and under and under and under and under and under and under Indefinite., Life, j Totals. 1 Month. 3 Months. 6 Months. 9 Months. 12 Months. 2 Years. 3 Years. 4 Years. 5 Years. 7 Years. 10 Years. ' 12 Years. 15 Years. 20 Years. M. P. M. F. j M. 1?. M. F. M. F. M. | F. M. F. M. F. M. j F. M. F. M. F. j M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. j F. M. F. 14 and under 15 .. .. .. .. ! 1 ' 1 15 „ 16 2 I .. 12 I 1 14 1 16 „ 17 .. .. 2 ! .. 10 .. 1 13 .. 17 „ 18 .. ; 2 .. 1 2 .. 5 3 15 .. 1 .. 1 27 3 18 „ 19 2 .. 13 .. 8 1 .. 1 .. 1 1 9 2 15 j 50 3 19 „ 20 6 .. 9 .. 5 .. 1 .. 2 1 3 . . 18 4 7 ! .. 2 53 5 20 „ 21 3 .. 7 .. 10 .. 6 4 3 17 .. 11 .. I .. 1 ' 60 3 21 25 13 .. 65 .. 56 .. 41 3 21 .. 1 .. 21 3 28 1 20 .. 3 .. 2 .. 1 .. 1 1 .. 274 7 25 „ 30 45 1 85 1 99 2 63 3 25 .. 4 ! .. j 24 2 22 j .. 6 j .. 4 .. 2 1 .. 1 .. 381 9 30 „ 35 46 3 i 61 1 71 1 54 1 27 1 3 I .. 15 1 25 .. 9 .. 4 .. 2 .. ..j 1 318 8 35 „ 40 48 1 57 2 68 3 39 8 25 1 .. .. 18 1 9 1 9 .. 1 .. 2 . .. 276 17 40 „ 45 58 6 57 1 54 6 48 9 27 1 2 ! .. 10 2 3 .. 5 .. 1 2 267 25 45 50 65 3 ; 53 3 59 4 37 1 16 2 2 .. 12 1 7 .. 2 .. 2 1 256 14 50 „ 55 56 2 ; 30 2 36 2 41 3 7 .. 2 .. 12 1 | .. 2 .. 1 j 188 9 55 „ 60 36 1 26 1 25 3 9 2 11 .. .. 1 1 1 110 7 60 „ 65 25 2 20 . . 16 1 12 1 2 1 .. 1 1 78 4 65 „ 70 9 5 2 11 .. 3 3 .. .. .. 2 .. 2 .. 1 36 2 70 „ 75 6 .. 5 .. 1 .. 1 .. 1 .. .. .. 2 ' 16 .. 75 „ 80 4 .... 1 .. 3 1 1 10 .. 80 and over 1 1 Not stated .. 1 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Totals .. 423 19 i 495 13 523 22 I 358 31 169 6 15 .. 127 14 150 11 125 i 1 23 .. 13 .. 3 .. 3 ! .. .. 2 .. 2 . .12,431 117 1 1 I I I

H.—2o.

Table H. Return of Offences and Punishments for the Year ended 31st December, 1928.

Table I. Visits of the Visiting Justices to the Larger Prison Institutions during the Year 1928.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (750 copies), £52.

By Authority: W. A. G. Skinkkr, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 929,

Price Is.]

37

Offences. ! Total Number _ . Tntoi Number of Prisoner! " 90n Acminct Disobedience Other Offences. °nmiL°iwf nfnii™ of Orders, Breaches of punished. duung the Officers. and Idleness. Eegulations. \ear. Addington .. .. .. 2 i 16 ! 4 22 9 117 Auckland .. .. .. 62 j 47 127 236 184 2,007 Hautu .. .. .. j 4 j 4 4 80 Invercargill Reformatory .. 8 j 2 j 5 3 89 Napier .. .. .. 5 I 7 4 16 10 243 New Plymouth .. .. .. 3 4 7 V 189 Paparua .. .. .. 3 13 29 I 45 40 729 Rangipo .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 56 Waikeria (Reformatory) 4 3 6 13 7 68 Waikune .. .. .. 14 13 18 45 27 159 Wanganui ...... 6 2 2 10 4 158 Wellington .. .. .. 10 18 91 119 75 989 WiTako ...... 8 5 10 23 12 160 Borstal Institutions— Invercargill .. .. 14 15 191 220 170 352 Point Halswell .... 24 23 21 68 38 59 Waikeria .. .. .. 10 12 46 68 42 185 Totals .. 165 177 560 902 633 5,640 I j I I

' §5 Prisons and Visiting E? S n i£ a •§ Justices. Sefa 6 r« ( ;iJ'|!ii a -a i £ - fl & a. ■£» £. w™ « ® iS 3 « 3 "3 » ~ S X r° Hs S S •<! t? Hj <t CQ O ■ ft HH I 1 I I I Addington— H. A. Young, S.M. .. 1 .. 2 .. 1 1 1 .. I 1 .. 7 E. D. Mosley, S.M 2 2 1 .. .. 2 .. .. 7 Auckland— F. K. Hunt, S.M 4 2 .. 1 4 5 2 ..14 5 27 W. R. McKean, S.M. 3 3 .. .. 6 4 .. j 1 3 4 .. .. 24 J. H. Hairnan, V.J. .. 1 1 ! 2 4 E. C. Cutten, S.M 1 ,. 1 Hautu— J. Cullen, V.J 1 1 .. 2 Invmargill— G. Cruickshank, S.M. 1 3 3 1 1 .. | 1 1 1 ... 1 13 Napier—• J. P. Thomson, V.J. .. I 1 .. 1 .. I .. 1 .. 1 1 7 J. C. Stevens, V.J. .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 .. .. 1 7 New Plymouth^— R. W. Tate, S.M ] 1 .. j .. 1 3 Paparua— G. P. Kissel, V.J. .. 1 .. 3 1 I 1 2 .. 9 E. D. Mosley, S.M. .. 2 .. 2 .. 1 .. .. 1 (i J. Leslie, V.J. .. 1 1 .. 1 .. 1 ... 1 5 H. A. Young, S.M 1 .. j .. j 1 | .. j .. j .. 2 Point Halswell— I. Salek, V.J. .. .. 2 1 j .. | 2 1 1 j 2 i 1 : 2 j 3 | 2 17 Rangipo— J. Cullen, V.J 3 .. 3 Waikeria — S. H. Dunkley, V.J 1 1 1 3 W. J. Jeffery, V.J. ...... 2 .. . . 1 .. 1 1 I (i Waikune-— J. Cullen, V.J. .. ! 1 .. 1 .. 1 3 IV anganui— J. S. Barton, S.M. .. 1 1 .. 2 J. Driver, V.J. .. 1 1 11 .. .. ; .. 2 1 1 1 9 Wellington— 1 I. Salek, V.J. 1 2 1 I 1 1:1 3 11 D. C. Bates, V.J. .. 1 1 1 1 .. • • • • 1 ■ • • • 1 ■ • 6 i Tako P. Robertson, V.J 1 2 3 .. 1 1 .. .. ! 1 2 | 11 W. Greig, V.J 1 .. .. . 1 .. • • 1 J 1 I .. 4