REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1928.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1929 Session I, E-01

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1929. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1928.

[In continuation of E.-l, 1928.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Page Page Introductory and General .. .. .. 2 Primary Education—continued. Cost of Education .. .. . . 4 Applicants for Probationerships .. 19 School Buildings .. .. .. 4 Supply of Teachers .. . . . . 19 Pupils in Attendance at Educational Institutions 0 Training of Teachers .. . . .. .. 20 Kindergartens .. . . .. . . .. 7 Grading of Teachers .. .. .. 21 Primary Education — Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 21 Number of Schools .. .. .. 8 Native Schools . . . . 22 Enrolment and Attendance .. . . 9 Junior High Schools . . . . .. . . 23 Age and Classification of Pupils .. .. 11 Secondary Education . ..25 Special Classes for Backward Children .. .. 11 Technical Education .. .. ..30 Elimination of large Classes .. .. ..11 Child Welfare ..33 Pupils leaving School . . . . 12 University Education .. . . .35 Destination of Pupils .. . . .. 13 „ . Registered Private Schools . . .. .. 13 o? T™ • on Consolidation of Schools .. .. ..14 School Music .. .. .. .. 3 Correspondence School 14 Annual Examinations 37 Physical Education 15 Teachers Superannuation 38 Manual Instruction 16 Subsidy to Public Libraries .. .. ..3b Staffing of Primary Schools . . 17 Appendix—Details of Expenditure for Year ended Teachers' Salaries .. .. .. ..18 31st March, 1929 .. •• ..39

Office of the Department of Education, Your Excellency,— , . Wellington, 29th June, 1929. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1928. I have, &c., Harry Atmore. His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.

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REPORT. INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. The scheme inaugurated by my predecessor, and referred to in last year's report, for securing better articulation between the primary and post-primary schools, and for bringing the education system into closer touch with the life of the people, was advanced a further stage during the past year. A new syllabus of instruction for primary schools, prepared partly by a special committee of educationists and business men, but mainly by the Department's own Inspectors of Schools, was issued early last year for the general information of teachers, and was formally adopted as from the beginning of the present year. Provision was made in the new syllabus whereby the brighter pupils might make an earlier commencement of the study of subjects that had heretofore been regarded as falling within, the province of the post-primary schools. At the same time the curriculum was enriched for all pupils by ensuring that more attention should be given to the study of English literature and to such cultural subjects as music and drawing. Teachers were enjoined to plan their schemes of work in such a way as to make the course of study of living interest to the pupils. To this end the prescriptions of work set forth in the syllabus aimed to have their counterpart in the pupils' environment and generally in the actual life of the people. The new syllabus also went further than any of its predecessors in extending to teachers a considerable measure of freedom to draw up their own schemes of instruction, with clue regard to the interest of the pupils and to the environment in which they lived. It has frequently been said that, although the New Zealand education system is undoubtedly an efficient one, it has shown too great a tendency towards rigidity. It was the aim. of the new syllabus to remove this defect, and it is hoped that teachers will avail themselves as fully as is wise and reasonable of the freedom thus offered them. With regard to the post-primary schools, it is noteworthy that there is a marked tendency for the secondary schools and the technical high schools to draw more closely together. In one case —namely, at New Plymouth —the two institutions have been amalgamated, and placed under the. control of one Board instead of two separate Boards, and. the experiment is being watched with interest. In Oamaru the Waitaki High Schools Board assumed control of the technical education in the locality, and it is hoped that further advance in the direction of unification of control will presently be effected. There appears very good reason why postprimary education, at all events, if not all branches of education, should be under one controlling body. I propose to explore the possibilities in this direction at a very early date. The rapid growth of technical high schools, particularly in the cities, is a good indication of the awakening of the people to the advantages of a more practical type of instruction than has been traditionally given in the past in secondary schools, but even in the latter there is a growing tendency on the part of the teachers and the controlling authorities to provide courses of manual training. There still remain, however, marked evidences of weakness in our post-primary scheme of education, inasmuch as many children who show little aptitude for purely literary studies still embark upon them without being able to make satisfactory progress. There is urgent need in the school system for what may be called a " trying-out ground " where pupils can'have an opportunity at as early a stage as possible to discover their aptitudes, and subsequently embark on advanced courses that are congenial to them, and which will, enable them to reach a type of employment that will be of benefit both to themselves and to the country as a whole. This is undoubtedly the best type of vocational guidance that can be given in the schools. I trust that it will be possible during the next few years to make a definite advance in this direction.

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The difficulty experienced by children in remote parts of the country in securing post-primary education has been met during the year in various ways —namely, by the establishment of additional district high schools, by the provision of secondary courses of instruction in country schools, by consolidation, and in the case of the most remote districts by the provision of secondary courses of instruction by the Department's Correspondence School. So far as funds permit, the policy of consolidating small schools will be continued, while the staffs of country schools will be further strengthened by the provision of trained certificated teachers in as many cases as possible. It is gratifying to note that the number of uncertificated teachers in country districts has been substantially reduced, and the young teachers who are now sent out by the training colleges are well able to give efficient instruction in secondary subjects. Efficient courses of instruction in rural subjects, such as elementary agriculture and dairy science, have been prepared by the Inspectors and agriculture instructors, and are in operation in ail primary schools. In many of the higher schools similar courses are provided, but there is no doubt that more should be done in this direction in order that the high schools may provide a good grounding in those subjects upon a knowledge of which depends the prosperity of the primary industries of the country. 1 propose that all types of schools shall play their part as effectively as possible in counteracting the undoubtedly dangerous drift of population from the country to the towns. It must be understood, however, that while the schools can give material assistance in this matter, the problem is not purely an educational one, as it is indispensable that boys and girls after being trained in rural pursuits shall be given, an opportunity to make a comfortable living on the land. In this connection it is interesting to note that the Government has placed land-settlement in the forefront of its policy, and will vigorously foster it in any and every way that is feasible. In the Budget presented by the Right Hon. the Minister of Finance an intimation is given that in addition to existing authorities, the House will be asked to authorize the borrowing of up to £5,000,000 for land-settlement. A special Land Development Branch of the State Advances Office is to be set up for the purpose of assisting those who are willing to take up and develop sections of waste land, and the Government intend to proceed resolutely with the cutting-up of large estates suitable for closer settlement. During the year Government grants to University colleges were consolidated with the object of putting the finances of each of these institutions on a sounder footing. The activities of the newly established Massey Agricultural College were further extended, and it was gratifying to note the popularity of the short courses provided at this college for the benefit of those actually engaged in the dairying, pastoral, and agricultural industries. Assistance was also given to the Canterbury Agricultural College to improve its courses. It may not be generally realized, although the matter was referred to in last year's report, that the State gives very liberal assistance to students desiring to undertake University courses. Last year fifteen held agricultural bursaries, eighteen engineering bursaries, fifty-six homescience bursaries, sixty-six educational bursaries, while 1,628 secured free University education by holding University bursaries or teachers' training college studentships? The total number of free students at University colleges was 1,893, or 44 per cent, of the whole —27 per cent, men and 17 per cent, women. During the last session of Parliament the University Act was amended in order, amongst other things, to provide for the appointment of a University officer who should take charge, under the authority of the Council, of the activities of the University. The main functions of the University remain unchanged—namely, the holding of examinations for degrees and diplomas. The University is not a teaching body, nor does it at present, at all events, exercise much control over the activities of the four constituent University colleges. The University Act of 1926, following on the University Commission report of 1925, gave the University power to exercise a certain degree of control ; but the Council, after thoroughly debating the matter, decided that the constituent colleges should not be interfered with, but that the University should be satisfied with the appointment of a Vice-Chaneellor to manage its own affairs. There are certain disadvantages in the Government not being able to look

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to the central University for authoritative recommendations regarding the development of University work in each of the four centres, as there is an ever-present danger of local ambition leading to wasteful duplication of University activities. The activities of the Child Welfare Branch of the Education Department were considerably extended during the year in consequence of the operations of the amended provisions of the Child Welfare Act. The Children's Courts are in general functioning successfully, and every effort is being made by the Department's officers to secure control or supervision of wayward children before they actually commence a career of delinquency. The retention of wards of the State in society, instead of placing them in institutions, continues to be the policy of the Department. The education and care of feeble-minded children has been further systematized with the help of the Mental Hospitals Department, and the policy of establishing special classes for mentally deficient children has been followed in all the principal centres of population. Last year there were in operation twenty-five such classes, providing a type of education suited to the capacity of the pupils, and calculated to prepare them as far as might be for profitable employment after they had left school. Such children have been found not only to mark time in the ordinary school classes, but to suffer through the lack of specialized training. This section of the Department's activities must be regarded as of high social importance, and further extension of the work will be made as circumstances permit. The Native schools, of which there were 134 in operation during the year, continue to provide full opportunity for Maori children to compete on favourable terms with the pakeha. Post-primary education is available for the Natives in all the higher State schools and in the University colleges, and a considerable number attend State-aided schools where practical courses of instruction are given. Consideration is being given a,t the present time to a further extension of facilities whereby Maori boys and girls may have the advantage of practical training after they complete their course in the Native primary schools. It is interesting to note that last year 54 per cent, of the Native children receiving primary instruction attended the ordinary State primary schools, and were educated side by side with the children of the pakeha. Cost of Education. The appendix to this report shows in detail, under various headings, the expenditure on education during the financial year ended 31st March, ]929. The total expenditure, including endowment revenue, amounted to £3,962,979, as against £3,847,545 in the previous year, an increase of £115,434. If from the total sum of £3,962,979 expended on education in 1928-29 is deducted the sum of £375,282 spent on buildings, the net amount remaining is £3,587,697, which is equivalent to £2 9s. 3d. per head of the mean population of New Zealand (1,455,734) for the year 1928. The cost per head in the previous year, excluding cost of buildings, was £2 Bs. 4d. The expenditure per head of mean population on the main branches of education in 1928 was (exclusive of expenditure on new buildings) as follows : Primary, £l lis. lOd. ; secondary, ss. 9d. ; technical, 2s. 9d. ; higher education, 2s. Id. School Buildings and Sites. The policy of the Department has been to give precedence to applications for new schools where none at present exist, and to additions to schools where the existing accommodation is insufficient for the requirements of the district. As in the past, a very much larger sum has on this account been spent in the newly settled districts of the North Island than has been expended in the older-established districts of the South Island. The amount required for these necessary works has absorbed a considerable proportion of the funds allotted to the Department for the financial year. Model schools have been established in connection with the Auckland Training College ; a new infant department at Meadowbank, Auckland ; a new school at Awapuni, Gisborne ; and separate secondary departments at Te Karaka and Wairoa, Hawke's Bay, and at Fairlie, Canterbury. Additions have been provided at

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Taumarunui, New Lynn, Papatoetoe, Ellerslie, Hikurangi, Morrinsville, and Otorohanga, Auckland Education District ; at Mahora, Hawke's Bay ; and at Elmwood, Canterbury. Numerous small works both as regards new schools and additions have also been undertaken. The policy adopted in the previous year of remodelling schools of Grade IIIb and upwards so as to provide a separate room for each teacher on the staff, irrespective of the question as to the total floor-space of the school buildings, has been continued, and there are now comparatively few schools, with the exception of Grade IIIa, where two teachers are compelled to teach in one room. It is hoped that the policy will be extended in the near future to Grade IIIa schools. In numerous other cases a certain amount of remodelling, particularly as regards lighting and ventilation, has been undertaken at the same time as additions to the building have been carried out, and still other schools of an obsolete type have been remodelled with a view to providing improved conditions. Among such schools may be mentioned those of Castlecliff and Manunui, in the Wanganui District ; Westport, Nelson District; Rakaia, Canterbury District; and Otautau, Southland District. The Department has found it impossible, through lack of funds, to carry on during the financial year with its policy of replacing one of the large obsolete city schools in each of the four centres, but it is hoped that this policy will be renewed at least in part during the present year. In certain districts an insistent demand for the provision of open-air class-rooms has been made, and in order to test the relative advantage to children of such classrooms the Department has encouraged their erection in suitable localities. A careful comparison is being instituted with regard to the regularity of attendance, the frequency of sickness, &c., in such open-air schools as compared with the Department's latest type of fresh-air class-room, and by this means it is hoped that it will soon become apparent as to which type is most suited to the conditions of New Zealand and in which localities open-air schools should be erected. In accordance with the Department's policy of recent years, school-sites have been obtained, particularly in suburban areas, in advance of settlement. Although the cost of purchase of such sites has been a considerable drain on the funds allocated for the financial year, it would have been very much larger had the Department delayed purchasing until after the sites had been built on. Moreover, the Department has had access to subdivision plans, and has thus been enabled to secure in advance sites centrally situated for the future school population. The establishment of commercial classes in district high schools and the difficulty of placing young people in suitable positions owing to the present unemployment have resulted in a marked increase in the attendance in secondary departments of district high schools, with the result that increased accommodation in a number of these schools was the subject of careful consideration during the financial year. The following table shows for the year ending 31st March, 1929, the amount expended by the Department on new buildings, additions, sites, "and teachers' residences : — £ Primary schools .. .. .. .. .. 247,348 Secondary schools . . . . . . . . 44,382 Technical schools .. .. .. .. 23,281 Training colleges. . .. .. .. . . 2,223 Universities . . . . . . . . . . 1,564 Native schools .. . . .. .. . . 6,044 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 12,277 Eree kindergartens . . . . . . . . 967 Massey Agricultural College .. .. .. 32,546 Canterbury Agricultural College . . .. . . 4,650 Total .. .. .. .. £375,282

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Pupils in Attendance at Educational Institutions. The following table shows the number of persons, by ages, who, on the 30th June, 1928, were receiving instruction at recognized educational institutions in New Zealand. The figures are exclusive of students in attendance at University colleges and of children in attendance at free and private kindergarten schools :—

Children. Adolescents. Adults. Total Number in I : : ; r 7 : ; ; ; ; iype 01 school. \ f attend- Undet , i0 _ u ] ]_|2 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 j 21 Years ance. j 0 Years. Years. } Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. and over 1 ! I . • I I I I 1 I I ! . _ - __ 17 and over. Public primary schools .. .. 211,489 116,620 23,183 24,145 22,169 16,521 7,088 1,554 191 18 Special classes for backward children.. 386 105 46 63 62 55 37 15 3 .. .. .... 15 and over. Native schools .. .. .. 6,734 3,514 733 761 735 565 313 113 Under 11. Over 15. Junior high schools .. .. 2,395 .. 70 428 717 700 360 120 Under 12. 18 and over. Secondary departments of district high 4,201 .. .. 18 204 887 1,244 1,068 1 524 197 59 schools Under 12. 18 and over. Secondary schools .. .. .. 15,462 .. ;• 39 536 2,656 4,310 3,973 2,422 1,115 411 Under 12. 18 and over. Technical high and day schools .. 7,214 .. .. 14 289 1,505 2,478 1,751 746 298 133 Under 12. Technical classes (part-time students at 10,693 .. .. 52 77 262 858 1,612 1,895 1,709 1,310 895 501 1,792 day and night classes) 117 and over. Private primary schools .. .. 26,394 13,268 2,936 2,983 2,994 2,301 1,283 436 115 78 ' Under 12. 1 18 and over. Private secondarv schools .. .. 3,506 .. .. 18 134 399 825 - 887 686 393 164 ; Training colleges .. .. .. 1,115 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 122 311 354 317 Schools for the feeble-minded . . 242 17 ; 13 18 14 25 23 19 16 14 14 19 9 41 School for the Deaf .. • • 110 48 6 14 9 16 11 3 2 . . .. .. 1 Institute for the Blind .. . • 20* 3 2 2 2 j 1 1 1 5 2 1.. Grand total .. 289,961 .. .. .. j ! i ± _l_ 1 ■ r-ff * Government free pupils only.

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KINDERGARTEN SCHOOLS. While the Department does not undertake the establishment of kindergarten schools, it has for some years past rendered financial assistance by way of subsidy and capitation to kindergarten schools conducted by recognized kindergarten associations. To obtain recognition by the Department an association must satisfy the Department that its business is not conducted for private profit, that the school in respect to which the payment of grants is desired is necessary in the locality in which it is situated, that the building and equipment are suitable, that the teaching staff is adequate and the instruction efficient. No fees shall be payable by pupils attending a recognized kindergarten school. Capitation payable is limited to £4 for each pupil in average attendance, and £l ss. for every £l raised by voluntary contributions and expended on the maintenance of the schools during any year. In addition, subsidies not exceeding £l for £l may be paid on voluntary contributions raised by an association and expended on buildings, sites, and equipment approved by the Minister of Education. During 1928 seven associations were recognized by the Department, and a sum of £4,331 was paid as capitation and £967 as building subsidy. The number of pupils in attendance at schools conducted in 1928 by the recognized associations, and the average attendance of such pupils, were as follows : — A ... Pupils on Roll Average Attendance, Association. , r , c moo at end of 1928. 1928. Auckland .. .. .. .. 420 291 Hastings .. .. .. .. 37 26 Hutt Valley .. .. . . 59 45 Wellington .. .. .. 303 238 Christchurch .. .. .. 325 230 Dunedin .. .. .. .. 322 233 Invercargill .. .. .. 94 78 1,560 1,141

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PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. The numbers of public schools open at the end of 1928 was 2,598, three less than in the previous year. In the following table the schools are classified according to their grade, and the yearly average attendance and the number of children per teacher are shown.

From the foregoing table it will be seen that 1,554 schools, or more than half the total number, each had an average attendance of less than thirty-six pupils. These schools are sole-teacher schools, and the total average attendance at such schools in 1928 was 26,665. Eliminating from the above table the details in respect to sole-teacher schools, the position regarding the remaining schools may be summarized as follows : —

Total Average Attendance.f Number^of Grade of School, and Range of Average 1 er Children per Attendance. Schools * Adult Teacher Primary Seoondary Total * n P" mar y Department. Department. a ' Department. J i 0 (1-8) .. .. .. 253 1,515 .. 1,515 6 1 (9-20) .. .. .. 787 11,370 .. 11,370 14 II (21-35) .. .. .. 514 13,780 .. 13,780 25 IIIa (36-50) .. .. .. 297 13,284 .. 13,284 i 23 IIIB (51-80) .. .. .. 254 15,817 37 15,854 ' 30 IIIc (81-120) .. .. .. 133 12,867 160 13,027 32 IVA (121-160) .. .. .. 61 8,381 194 8,575 IVB (161-200) .. .. .. 32 5,551 279 5,830 35 IVc (201-240) .. .. .. 39 8,886 716 9,602 J VA (241-280) .. .. .. 26 6,908 413 7,321 VB (281-320) .. .. .. 19 5,811 158 5,969 V 41 Yo (321-360) .. .. .. 31 10,532 473 11,005 J VIa (361-400) .. .. .. 19 7,045 244 7,289 ] VIB (401-440) .. .. .. 27 11,497 398 11,895 V 44 Vic (441-480) .. .. .. 12 5,564 127 5,691 j VIIA (481-520) .. .. .. 16 7,851 78 7,929 < VIIB (521-560) .. .. .. 14 7,438 122 7,560 Vile (561-600) .. .. .. 18 10,315 86 10,401 VIID (601-640) .. .. .. 16 9,871 241 10,112 VIIE (641-680) .. .. .. 11 7,241 .. 7,241 VIIf (681-720) .. .. .. 9 6,288 .. 6,288 43 YIIg (721-760) .. .. .. 3 j 2,228 .. 2,228 j VIIH (761-800) .. .. .. 4 2,972 .. 2,972 | VIIi (801-840) .. .. .. 2 1,539 .. 1,539 j VIlJ (841-880) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. | VIIK (881-920) .. .. .. 1 860 .. 860 J VTIL (921-960) Totals, 1928 .. .. 2,598 195,411 3,726 199,137 32 Totals, 1927 .. .. 2,601 192,284 3,457 195,741 32 Difference .. .. -3 +3,127 +269 +3,396 * Half-time, main, and side schools are counted as separate schools. t The average attendance shown under this heading is the average attendance for the year ended 30th September, 1928, computed and adjusted in accordance with the regulations governing the staffing of schools. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended 31st December, .1928, was—primary departments, 193,420, and secondary departments, 3,763. J Head teachers are counted as clasa-teachers up to and including Grade V schools that are not district high schools

I Total Average , T^ v ?' a "°, Attendance. u ™ ber of Adult Teacher. Grades III-YII (two or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 168,746 37 Grades V-VII (six or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 103,960 43 All schools (Grades 0-VII) .. .. .. .. .. 195,411 32

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[C. Mann, photo.

A FREE KINDERGARTEN SCHOOL—TARANAKI STREET, WELLINGTON.

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Pupils spinning Wool.

A Pupil's Drawihg. (Special classes develop artistic ability.)

A Pupil at the Loom.

An Exhibit of Pupils' Work.

Pupils in their Garden Plot.

WORK IN SPECIAL CLASSES FOR BACKWARD CHILDREN.

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Enrolment and Attendance. The total enrolment in public primary schools (including junior high schools conducted by the Auckland Education Board) at the end of the year 1928 was 218,794, a decrease of 1,151 when compared with the figures for the previous year. This is the first occasion since 1900 that a decrease in the number of pupils enrolled has been recorded. Regularity of Attendance. — The regularity of attendance has continued at a highly satisfactory figure, the average attendance for the year 1928 being 90-2 per cent, of the average weekly roll number, an increase of 1 per cent, over the figure for the previous year. The Otago Education District, with 92-4 per cent., had the highest degree of regularity, but the figures for all districts are creditable, in no case falling below 88-9 per cent. The relative responsibilities of the nine Education Boards may be gauged from the following figures, which are exclusive of the secondary departments of district high schools :—

The more pronounced increase in the North Island districts is, of course, a natural corollary to the northward trend of the population. It will be observed that the Auckland District accounts for 59 per cent, of the increase for the Dominion. The percentage increase in the number of primary-school children over fiveyearly periods has been steadily diminishing in recent years, as the following figures will show. In these figures due cognizance has been taken of pupils in Forms I and II of junior high schools, since these children would, in the absence of such schools, have enrolled at primary schools. . , Percentage Increase Perlod ' in Roll Number. 1918-23 .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1919-24 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 1920-25 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..9 1921-26 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 1922-27 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 1923-28 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 This diminution in the percentage increase in the school roll is, in the main, the result of the falling birth-rate which has been recorded in recent years. The ratio of children of school age (5 years to 13 years) to total population has fallen noticeably since the census of 1916, as the following figures will show : — Number of Children n between 5 Years and Lensus - 13 Years per 100 of Population. 1916 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19-3 1921 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 18-9 1926 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. • ■ 17-9 The latest figures published by the Government Statistician show that the birth-rate is still declining, and the diminution of percentage increase in the primary-school roll number from year to year can, in consequence, be expected to continue.

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Enrolment. ,, , . n . . . . i : Schools, 1928 [Adult Teachers, Education District. Percentage ( ® xel " d '" g ! 1928. 1923. 1928. Increase, Oracle u J. Five Years. j * ! Auckland .. .. .. 63,598 67,600* 6 704 1,900 Taranaki .. .. .. 11,341 11,830 4 161 375 Wanganui .. .. .. 16,499 17,129 4 192 506 Hawke's Bay . . . . 15,849 16,443 4 157 479 Wellington.. .. .. 26,311 28,152 7 231 779 Nelson .. .. .. 7,072 6,973 -1 115 253 Canterbury .. .. 37,131 37,373 1 375 1,053 Otago .. .. .. 21,845 20,957 -4 231 617 Southland .. .. .. 12,314 12,337 f 179 379 Totals .. .. 211,960 218,794 3 2,345 6,341 i I * Includes 1,271 pupils in attendance at junior high schools conducted by the Auckland Education Board, f No significant movement.

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Age and Classification of Pupils in Public Schools at 30th June, 1928 (exclusive of Pupils in Junior High Schools or in Secondary Departments of District High Schools).

Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII. Totals. Ages. 1 ; : :—: —; p ; ; Boys. I Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, j Girls. Boys. j Girls. Boys. Girls. 5 and under 6 .. . . 1 5 10,115 9,260 1 2 .. 1 .. | .. .. 10,117 9,268 | 6 „ 7 .. .. | 3 2 12,248 11,176 546 722 9 7 12,806 11,907 7 „ 8 .. ..12 8 7,288 5,848 4,845 5,057 953 1,073 37 32 13,135 12,018 8 „ 9 .. .. ! 17 12 2,292 1,573 4,962 4,465 4,569 4,986 787 915 28 29 12,655 11,980 9 ,,.10 .. .. 30 15 582 371 1,855 1,347 4,540 3,850 4,094 4,494 709 901 31 20 11,841 10,998 10 „ 11 .. .. 31 15 176 128 615 382 2,101 1,559 4,763 4,345 3,592 4,107 632 711 28 13 1 11,938 11,291 I i 11 12 .. .. 44 19 63 66 188 140 716 481 | 2,675 2,191 4,554 4,415 3,473 3,772 640 762 3 ; 6 12,356 11,852 j . 12 13 .. .. 35 27 36 37 78 56 226 163 1 1,127 731 2,724 2,198 4,350 4,283 2,942 3,146 34! 38 11,552 10,679 13 ,,.14 .. .. 28 27 9 11 36 26 86 69 430 260 1,207 922 2,794 2,365 4,081 4,030 81 114 8,752 7,824 14 „ 15 26 11 7 1 13 3 29 14 113 69 360 197 1,107 743 2,458 1,807 80 87 4,193 2,932 15 „ 16 ..13 2-1 2 6 1 7 1 13 8 53 30 242 90 697 346 23 34 1,055 514 16 17 .. .. 1 2 1 1 2 1 7 3 35 10 84 35 6 6 136 58 17 years and over .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. -.. .. .. 2 3 1 8 1 1 2 j 12 6 Totals .. .. 241 j 145 32,817 28,474 13,146 12,201 13,236 12,204,14,041 13,046 13,234 12,804 12,667 11,995 10,938 10,170 228 288 1110,548 101,327 Median age in years and months 11 7 11 10 6 6 6 5 8 3 8 1 9 3 9 0 10 5 10 3 11 6 11 4 12 6 12 4 13 5 | 13 3 13 11 13 10 j of pupils in each class

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Age and Classification op Pupils. The table on the previous page classifies, according to age and standard of education, the whole of the pupils who were in attendance at public primary schools at the 30th June, 1928. The table does not give a reliable basis for estimating the extent of retardation in the public schools, since there are included children who on account of racial difficulties, or sickness, or mental deficiency, or similar cause have either entered school late or have suffered breaks in their school career. The percentage distribution of pupils amongst the various classes and age groups was as follows :— Percentage of : Percentage of Class. Total Roll. Age Group. Total Roll. Special classes for backward children .. 0-2 5-6 . . .. .. 9-1 Primer . . . . .. .. 28-9 6-7 . . . . .. .. 11-7 Standard I . . . . .. . . 11-9 7-8 . . . . .. . . 11-9 II .. .. . . .. 12-1 8-9 .. .. .. .. 11-6 111 .. .. .. .. 12-8 9-10 .. .. .. .. 10-8 IV .. .. .. .. 12-3 10-11 .. .. .. .. 11-0 V .. .. .. .. 11-6 11-12 .. .. .. .. 11-4 VI .. .. .. .. 10-0 12-13 .. .. .. .. 10-5 „ VII .. .. .. ..0-2 13-14 .. .. .. ..7-8 14-15 .. .. .. .. 3-4 100-0 15-16 .. .. .. .. 0-7 Over 16 .. .. .. 0-1 100-0 Special Classes for Backward Children. The establishment of special classes for backward children has been continued, and the many requests for such classes have necessitated the appointment of an assistant supervisor. On the 30th June, 1928, there were 386 children (241 boys and 145 girls) enrolled in special classes. A training course, held in Wellington in February, was attended by thirty-three teachers. Of this number, twenty-one were already engaged in teaching backward children, five were beginning for the first time on the Ist March, 1929, and the remainder hope to be employed on this work as opportunity arises. The question occupying the minds of all interested in the mentally handicapped is the employment of these children when schooldays are over. The establishment of after-care associations similar to those working in England and Scotland is receiving the consideration of those interested in the work, and it is anticipated that some definite suggestions will be acted upon in the coming year. Another question under consideration is the education of those children whose abilities are too limited for them to derive benefit from the special class. The Department recognizes that something must be done to meet the needs of these children, and is co-operating with the Mental Deficiency Board in the matter. The education of backward children living in the country is a difficult problem that will have to be solved in the future. Elimination op Large Classes. During the year the gradual elimination of|large classes was proceeded with, and, having regard to the many difficulties in the way, reasonable progress was made. In February, 1928, 67 per cent, of the classes in public schools of Grade IV and over had more than forty children, and 3 per cent, had more than sixty. By February, 1929, the percentage of classes with over forty pupils had been reduced to 64, and the percentage of classes with over sixty pupils had been reduced to 2. Since the beginning of 1929 the Department has approved of the appointment of more than one hundred additional assistants, so that there should, when this report is published, be no class of more than sixty pupils in the Dominion.

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The following table shows the progress that has been made since 1924 in the elimination of large classes —

Size of Classes of Schools of Grade IV and over.

It is admitted on all sides that the continuance of a policy of reduction in the size of classes is essential if New Zealand is to keep abreast of other countries in educational progress. In England the Board of Education has accepted the elimination of large classes as one of the cardinal objects of national policy in education. That this policy is being actively pursued will be apparent from the following statement of the position as to sizes of classes in 1927-28 in the public elementary schools in England and Wales : —

In comparing these figures with the figures shown above for New Zealand it must be remembered that the former are in respect to all schools, whereas the latter are only for schools of Grade IV and upwards. In New Zealand, as in England, progress in reducing the size of classes has been materially hampered by the difficulty of providing adequate accommodation for the augmented staff. School buildings are, however, being enlarged and remodelled as rapidly as funds permit. Pupils leaving Primary Schools. In 1928, 23,742 pupils (12,313 boys and 11,429 girls) left public primary schools ; of these 18,508, or 78 per cent., had passed Standard VI, and 5,234, or 22 per cent., had not passed that standard. Amongst the 5,234 children who left without passing Standard VI were 745 children who had not attained the age of fourteen years. It is thought, however, that the greater portion of these will be children who, though not fourteen years of age when the schools closed in December, 1928, attained that age before the 1929 school year commenced. A number left the Dominion, and others transferred either to private schools or to lower departments of secondary schools. The few who are not thus accounted for will doubtless have been dealt with by the Education Boards for irregular attendance.

| ' . . | 1924. February, 1928. . February, 1929. Number of Children. j AT -u c AT , , Number of -r> n , Number of D Number o± Pot , r . Classes. Cent. j j PerCent. | PerCent. Under 31 .. .. 124 5 204 7 233 8 31-40 .. .. . . 406 16 768 26 860 I 28 41-50 .. .. .. 716 28 1,026 34 1,138 37 51-60 .. . . .. 700 28 905 30 788 25 61-70 ...... 359 14 87 3 64 2 71-80 .. 126 5 9 .. 2 81-90 .. .. 52 2 3 .. 91 and over . . .. 36 2 1 | | . Totals .. .. 2,519 100 j 3,003 100 j 3,085 100 ' _J ] j 1

Number of Children. Number of Classes. Per Cent. Under 31 .. .. 43,470 29 31-40 .. .. .. 44,686 30 41-50 .. .. .. 45,602 30 51-60 .. .. .. 16,517 11 Over 60 .. .. 169 1 150,444 100

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Destination of Pupils leaving Primary Schools. The Department now obtains from public schools, through the Education Boards, returns as to the destination of pupils leaving school each year. A summary of the returns in respect of the pupils who left last year is given in the following table. From this table it will be seen that 51 per cent, of the boys and girls who left last year proceeded to post-primary schools, 20 per cent, of the boys engaged in farming pursuits, and 7 per cent, of the boys entered various trades.

Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Public Primary Schools during, or at End of, Year 1928.

Registered Private Primary Schools. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by registered private primary schools with respect to the year 1928 : —

The number of schools at the end of the previous year was 305, and the total enrolment 27,358.

Totals. Had passed Had not passed Standard VI. Standard VI. Destination. j Girls ' Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Number. j Number. | i j " j j Postprimary .. .. .. 6,046 j 5,587 255 212 6,301 51 5,799 ; 51 Commercial occupations — (a) Clerical (including typing) .. 72 71 14 12 86 j 1 83 j 1 (b) Shop and warehouse assist- 348 208 139 102 487 : 4 310 3 ants Trades — (a) Engineering .. . . 141 1 49 .. 190 2 1 * (b) Building .. .. 104 .. 64 .. 168 j 1 I (c) Other .. .. .. 282 57 177 44- 459 4 101 1 Agricultural and pastoral . . 1,357 98 1,108 87 2,465 j 20 185 1 Other occupations .. . . 447 314 356 330 803 1 6 644 6 Home .. .. .. 571 2,516 362 1,475 933 8 3,991 34 Not known .. .. .. 185 103 236 212 421 3 315 3 Totals .. .. .. 9,553 8,955 2,760 2,474 12,313 j 100 j 11,429 100 I I ■ J * No significant percentage.

Undenomi- Catholic Other national Church Church Total. Schools. Schools. Schools. Number of schools .. .. .. .. 39 200 63 302 Roll—Boys .. .. .. .. .. 827 10,071 1,330 12,228 Girls .. .. .. .. .. 795 11,326 2,247 14,368 Total .. .. .. .. 1,622 21,397 3,577 26,596 Average attendance .. .. .. .. 1,408-7 19,111-6 3,190-5 23,710-8 Teachers —Men .. .. .. .. .. 32 51 58 141 Women .. .. .. .. 107 652 191 950 Total .. .. .. 139 703 249 1,091

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Consolidation or Schools. The Government lias continued to extend the system of consolidation of country schools, and is more and more convinced of the advantages thus provided for the children of farming districts. In. a number of additional cases in which local opinion has been favourable, the extra expenditure inconsiderable, and the conditions suitable, small schools have been replaced by larger schools in central positions. Conveyance of the children by motor-vehicle to the central schools has generally been arranged by contract, but in some cases the buses used are owned by the Government and the service is maintained by the Education Board with the help of a staff mechanic and teacher-drivers. In other cases the railways are used as the means of conveyance to consolidated schools. The children, instead of being taught in isolation hi very small schools, have been able to receive the advantages of instruction in larger and better-equipped schools, and very often by better-qualified teachers than they had under former conditions. The most complete consolidations carried out recently have been that on the Ruawai Plains, North Auckland, and that of Hawarden, North Canterbury. In the former case five small schools have been closed and in their place a large up-to-date school with a secondary department and a manual-training centre attached has been established. At Hawarden the consolidation involved the closing of five small schools and the substitution of the present large one, in connection with which a district high school is likely to be established shortly. The children are brought to school from the surrounding districts in four buses, in the daily run of which a total mileage of 117 is covered. The fears sometimes expressed that the land-values in a district will decline if the small local school is removed and conveyance to a larger school instituted are not found to be realized, though such fears are still the basis of opposition to consolidation. It is pleasing to find that wherever consolidation has been carried out the residents appreciate the improved educational facilities that it affords for their children. Correspondence School. The Correspondence School continues to function efficiently. The number of pupils on the roll at the end of December, 1928, was 720, an increase of 100 on the figures of the previous year. Of the pupils on the roll, 301 were in the primer class, the remainder (419), were in standard classes. The school is under regular inspection by an officer of the Department, who reported very favourably on the work. Twenty pupils of Standard VI were presented for the Proficiency Examination, all gaining proficiency certificates. The work of the school is under the management of a head teacher, ten assistant teachers, and five clerical assistants. A high standard of work is maintained, and pupils from this school can successfully compete with others in secondary schools. A fine spirit of co-operation has been engendered, pupils, parents, and teachers working harmoniously to a common end. Towards the end of the year a school paper, The Postman, was compiled by the teachers from material supplied by the scholars. Many ex-pupils keep in touch with their teachers, who are thus enabled to offer timely advice or assistance, where needed. During the year the establishment of a secondary department was authorized, and'by the end. of the year preliminary arrangements had been made to commence operations in 1929. The courses offered include English, Arithmetic, agriculture, mathematics, book-keeping, geography, and history. Three courses are available — a general course with an agricultural trend, a course leading to Public Service Entrance, and another to Matriculation. The addition of sewing to the curriculum of the primary department was also authorized, and arrangements made for a commencement in 1929.

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Physical Education. This important work continues to make highly satisfactory progress. The work throws itself into two main sections —the improvement of the physically fit, and the removal of the curable defects of the physically defective. An important field is almost untouched by the work done in the schools —that of the class of children who, through hereditary defects, or accidents, disease, or malnutrition in infancy, have already in them physical defects which, becoming more pronounced as the child advances in years, tend to impair the efficiency and happiness of the individual in middle life and old age. The solution of the problem is recognized as one of great importance, as evidenced by the activities of the many societies interested in the well-being of young children. On request from this Department, the Division of School Hygiene made an investigation into the physical condition of the children in the Wellington District. The following excerpts from this report are taken as being of special interest: — " The figures show that certain deformities tend to increase steadily during the child's progress through the school (i.e., from 5 to 15 years). The two types of defect in which this increase is most definite are the forward inclination of the head and deformities of the feet." " Chest deformities did not seem to vary to such a degree in the different age groups —if anything, they tend to decrease with age. I found less deformity of the chest than I expected ; certainly definite cases were very infrequent." " The defect knock-knees is very common in all ages. The 5-6-year group showed 79 per cent, incidence. It tends to decrease, or at any rate to appear less evident, in the 13-15 years group. Nevertheless, it is so prevalent at all ages that it appears probable that the usual standing position for the average New Zealand child is with the feet parallel and a few inches apart." " When children are classified into four groups according to posture it is to be noted that 41 per cent, of the whole show faulty posture to a degree requiring remedial measures. The 7-8-year-old group once more includes greatest percentage showing faulty posture." '' New Zealand appears to be producing a type of individual with characteristics more closely resembling those of the ' thin ' type of the earlier classification—a slender, loose-limbed, perhaps rather ungainly-looking child—compared to the stocky type, in which stability is apparently somewhat sacrificed to mobility." " Defective posture and imperfect body-balance may assist in the production of foot-deformities, but the frequency with which normal feet are discovered in the habitual ' barefoot' child suggests that the modern footwear is still the prime factor." The results of the investigations will be used to give direction to the work, and will doubtless give food for thought to the parents of young children in this country. Wherever desirable, physically defective children are grouped in classes and receive corrective exercises or such other treatment as may be indicated by the School Medical Officer. Swimming and life-saving are receiving increased attention, and, wherever possible, regular instruction is being given. An increasing number of trainingcollege students qualify as instructors. Refresher courses for the instruction of teachers were held in the principal centres, and were well attended. Twelve selected training-college students were trained as specialists in physical education at the Dunedin Training College under Dr. Renfrew White, the course including instruction in anatomy, physiology, corrective work, folk and country dancing, and swimming and life-saving. Fourteen physical instructors are employed as itinerant teachers, and have carried out their work with enthusiasm.

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Manual Instruction. Staffing.—On the 30th June, 1928, there was in the employ of the various Education Boards a total of 120 full-time specialist teachers engaged in giving instruction to senior pupils in woodwork, metalwork, and domestic subjects, besides twenty-three specialist instructors in elementary agriculture. These teachers were classified as under. Class VII is the highest, and in Division I are placed those teachers whose classification is based on academic or professional qualifications equivalent to at least a University diploma involving three years' preparation of University standard.

Full-time Classified Teachers in Manual-training Classes as at 30th June, 1928.

In this table are included nine teachers (four men and five women) on staffs of junior high, schools and one supervisor of needlework in primary classes. The average rates of salary on the 30th June, 1928, were as follows : Men, £360 ; woman, £224 ; both, £302. The following are some particulars of the number of schools and the number of pupils receiving instruction in manual training during 1928 : — Elementary agriculture: Number of public primary schools, 1,939 ; number of pupils, 45,313. Elementary science : Number of public primary schools, 40 ; number of pupils, 3,309. Woodwork : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 21,643, of which 17,015 attended from public primary schools and 1,453 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Metalwork : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 1,173, of which 82 attended from public primary schools and 31 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Domestic subjects : Total number of pupils attending special centres was 21,449, of which 15,860 attended from public primary schools and 2,008 from private schools, the remainder attending from junior high schools, secondary schools, or secondary departments of district high schools. Financial.- - The total amount due by the Department to the Education Boards for the salaries and incidental expenses for the year 1928 was approximately £69,874, made up as follows : — Salaries— £ £ Full-time assistants .. .. . . .. 42,984 Full-time student teachers .. . . .. . . 164 Overtime .. .. .. . . . . .. 74 Capitation for part-time teachers (including commercial instructors in district high schools) .. . . .. 1,283 44,505 Incidental allowances .. .. .. .. .. 10,189 Capitation grants .. . . . . .... 15,180 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £69,874

Division I. Division II. Class. - 7 Totals. Men. Women. Men. Women, j : I I I VII .. .. .. .. .. .. ' VI .. .. .. 1 .. 4 6 II V .. .. .. 8 .. 17 8 33 IV .. .. .. 4 1 15 9 29 III .. .. .. 1 4 10 7 22 II .. .. .. 2 4 10 4 20 I .. .. 1 14 9 4 28 .j 1 Totals, 1928 .. .. 17 23 65 38 143 Totals, 1927 .. 16 20 65 40 141

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In addition, the Department provided handwork materials for use in 1928 costing some £9,065, and also refunded to Education Boards the actual receiving and distributing charges, amounting approximately to £1,346, involving a total expenditure of £10,411. The above figures exclude salaries and incidental allowances payable in respect of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards. STAFFS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The number of adult teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools at the end of 1928 was 6,341 (men, 2,243 ; women, 4,098), an increase of 111 over the previous year. Included in the foregoing figures for adult teachers are 133 probationary assistants who were employed in public schools completing their training as teachers. The number of such assistants for the previous year was 108. In addition to adult teachers there were employed in public schools at the end of 1928, 572 probationers (males, 142 ; females, 430), compared with 567 at the end of the previous year. The following table shows the number of teachers in the schools of the various grades : —

Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1928.

Ratio of Men to Women Teachers. —The following table indicates the number of women for each 100 men teachers : —

The number of adult women teachers to each 100 adult men teachers in all schools has steadily declined since the years of the Great War, the number in 1928 being ten less than in 1915, and seventy less than in 1918. The diminution in the proportion of adult women teachers employed is particularly marked in the schools with less than twenty-one pupils in average attendance, the number of adult women teachers employed in such schools to every 100 adult men teachers so employed having shrunk from 323 in 1915 to 185 in 1928. This movement is attributable to the comparatively higher salaries paid in sole-teacher schools in recent years, thus inducing male teachers to undertake service in these schools,

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Sole Teachers. Head Teachers. Teachers' Total Adult. Teachers. Grade of School. j j j — 11. F. M. F. M. J F. M. F. Total. ' i !_ « Grade 0 (1-8) .. 34 190 I 34 190 224 I (9-20) 314 450 1 1 5 315 456 771 II (21-35) .. 209 248 23 19 .. 43 232 310 542 „ IIIa (36-50) .. 6 11 184 88 4 271 194 370 564 „ IIIb (51-80) 211 39 4 273 215 i 312 527 „ IIIc (81-120) 117 7 7 246 124 1 253 377 IV (121-240) 126 1 96 ! 412 222 i 413 635 V (241-360) 72 1 122 1 369 194 370 564 VI (361-480) 58 .. 167 404 225 404 629 „ VII (over 480) .. .. .. 100 .. 388 1,020 488 1,020 1,508 All grades .. 563 899 892 156 788 3,043 2,343 4,098 6,341

1915. 1918. 1922. 1926. 1927. 1928. Adult teachers — All schools .. .. .. 193 253 197 194 187 183 Schools with roll 1-20 .. .. 323 523 299 212 202 185 Schools with roll over 20 .. 176 227 182 191 185 182 Pupil-teachers .. .. 344 425 223 * * * Probationers .. . . .. 647 688 349 248 236 303 Training-college students . . . . 387 488 256 191 213 227 * The position of " pupil-teacher " has now been abolished.

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In the previous section, entitled " Elimination of Large Classes," reference was made to steps that had been taken to staff the primary schools more liberally. The following figures give further evidence of what has been done in this direction during the last few years : —

Teachers' Salaries. The total amount of all salaries and allowances for the year ending 011 the 31st March, 1929, was £1,781,389, or £17,54.1 more than in the previous year. These figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £51,204, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £8 7s. 6d. per head of the total roll number, the corresponding amount in 1927 was £8 ss. id. The average salaries of adult teachers (including house allowances and value of residences) in 1914 and for the last five years are shown in the following table : —- Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers. , , 1914. 1924. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. (1) Teachers in all schools — ££££££ (a) Men and women .. .. 163 276 280 280 279 280 (b) Men .. .. .. ..224 358 364 359 356 334 (c) Women.. .. .. ..128 236 238 239 238 240 (2) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a) Men and women. . .. .. . . 283 286 285 286 287 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 361 366 361 359 358 (c) Women.. .. .. .. .. 242 244 244 246 247 (3) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a) Men and women .. . . .. 291 292 295 290 291 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 380 384 384 375 370 (c) Women.. .. .. .. .. 245 244 248 245 246 (4) Head teachers— (a) Men .. .. . . .. .. 436 442 443 445 444 (b) Women . . . . .. .. ,365 359 380 375 374 (5) All sole teachers—(a) Men .. .. .. .. ..251 264 273 278 276 (b) Women .. . . . . .. 226 240 244 239 241 (6) Assistants— (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. 326 329 318 310 309 (b) Women .. . . .. .. 2.30 231 230 231 233 The next table groups certificated teachers according to their salaries. This table shows that 35 per cent, of the certificated male teachers receive salaries over £400 per annum and 57 per cent, receive salaries over £350. Of the certificated women teachers 40 per cent, receive salaries in excess of £250.

v Average i Number of jNumber of Pupils ear ' i Attendance. Adult Teachers. teacher * 1925 .. .. .. .. .. ..I 194,741 6,002 32-4 1926 .. .. .. .. .. .. 192,588 6,183 31-1 1927 .. .. .. .. .. .. 192,284 6,230 30-8 1928 .. .. .. .. 195,411 6,341 30-8

Certificated Male Teachers. Certificated Female Teachers. Salaries (including Allowances and ; Value of Residences). Sole and Head . . , , Sole and Head . . . Teachers. I Assistants. Teachers. Assistants. I Not exceeding £180 .... 14 18 55 472 £181 to £250 .. .. 100 195 I 108 1,630 £251 „ £300 .. .. 248 87 369 338 £301 „ £350 .. .. 162 100 134 537 £351 „ £400 .. . . 250 209 175 134 Over £400 .. .. .. 624 132 27 12 Totals .. .. 1,398 741 868 2,923

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Applicants foe Probationerships. In 1928 the number of qualified applicants for entrance to the teaching service as probationers far exceeded the number of probationerships. The Education Boards were therefore again able to select for appointment young people with high academic attainments. Sixty per cent, of those appointed as probationers in 1928 had higher leaving certificates or a full pass in the Teachers' Class D Examination, and 39 per cent, had either passed the Matriculation Examination, secured a partial pass in the Class 1) Examination, or held lower leaving certificates. There were 953 applications received in 1928 from young persons desirous of receiving appointment as probationers. Seven hundred and fifty-two of these applicants had the minimum educational qualification necessary for appointment and passed the required medical examination. It was possible, however, to find positions for only 582 of the applicants thus qualified. Supply of Teachers. During the past two or three years the supply of teachers has exceeded the Dominion's requirements. This position has arisen in consequence of the admissions to the teachers' training colleges being increased for the dual purpose of replacing untrained and uncertificated teachers by trained certificated teachers, and of supplementing school staffs in order that the number of large classes might be reduced. Unfortunately for the latter project, sufficient public funds have not been available to increase the school accommodation to the extent required for the breaking-up of large classes. Notwithstanding this, however, considerable progress has been made by the appointment of a large number of additional assistants. The number of uncertificated teachers has also been very substantially reduced. When, however, these teachers became aware of the intention to supersede them they made every effort to increase their status and as a consequence were able to retain their positions. Eor these reasons the supply of teachers has somewhat exceeded the demand. In 1925, however, the Department took charge of the supply of teachers by controlling the number of entrants to the training colleges. The subjoined tables indicate the nature of the calculations that were made. It is too early yet for the full effect of the "restriction to be felt, since the teachers admitted to the service in any particular year do not become available for permanent staff needs until the fifth year thereafter, the period intervening being filled by one year's probationary service, two years at training college, and one final probationary year. It will thus be seen that the accuracy of the estimate made in 1925 cannot be checked until the year 1930. It is confidently anticipated that the restriction now placed by the Department on the number of probationer entrants appointed by the Education Boards, together with the gradual strengthening of school staffs, will have the effect in the near future of entirely doing away with unemployment among teachers, provided, of course, young teachers will go wherever their services are required. This has not always been the case in the past, and Boards have experienced considerable difficulty in persuading some of the ex-training-college students to accept appointments in remote country districts. In fact, this reluctance to accept country service partly explains why some young teachers remain unemployed.

Table I.—Plan made in 1925.

Pupil-teachers or Probationers. Training College. Student Permanent Year. Assistants. Staff. First Year. Second Year. First Year. Second Year. 1925 . .. .. *357 *654 *620 *33. *640 1926 .. ... 400 500 "^725^^^^653 1927 .. .. 700. 700 200 1928 .. 700 . . * 7>^i * Numbers as at present. t Any loss through pupil-teachers and probationers not qualifying will be made up by the admission of B students. Note also that C and D students, being very few, are not counted. 1 Any number in excess of ordinary staff requirements will be absorbed in reducing the size of classes.

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Table II. —Plan made in 1926.

Table 111. Number of teachers in 1928 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,230 Wastage (death, marriage, retirement) = 8 per cent. .. .. .. 543 Average yearly increase in staff = 2 per cent. .. . . .. .. 136 .'. Total new teachers needed in 1933 .. .. .. .. .. 679 Less immigrant teachers (say 30) and Division C teachers (say 29) .. 59 .'. Number of Division A and B students needed .. .. .. 620 Hence number of probationers needed for 1929 training for 1933 should be, say 600 To provide for the absorption of the unemployed only 556 probationers were appointed. Training of Teachers. The period of training for a young person desiring recognition by the Department as a trained teacher is now four years, consisting in general of one year as a probationer in a public school, two years as a training-college student, and one year as a probationary assistant in a public school. Tn the case of a few students desirous of qualifying as specialist teachers the training-college course is extended for a third year, and the requirement as to service as a probationary assistant is in these cases dispensed with. As stated at an earlier stage in this report, there were in 1928, 572 probationers and 133 probationary assistants employed in public schools. The table which follows will show that in the same year there were ] ,114 young persons in attendance at the four training colleges. There were thus in 1928 1,819 young persons receiving training in Government institutions for the teaching profession. The following table shows the number of students in training in the four training colleges during 1928. The figures for the previous year are also given for the purposes of comparison : —

Probationers. Training Colleges. _ , „ „ lr Probationary Staff Needs : : and Unem- Immi- Primary W First Second First , Seeond ! Third Substituted ployed. grants. and Year. Year. Year. ; Year. Year. Assistants. Secondary. OL (?) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) _ I I 1 1926 .. ' 403 302 I 706 490 .. 468 |150 30 1927 .. 400 | 190 *515 605 40 486 fUl 30 620 1928 .. 600 : *590 515 50 490 fl02 30 630 1929 .. 600 *600 590 50 495 2 30 640 1930 .. 600 i *600 600 50 495 .. 30 650 1931 .. .. | .. *600 600 50 500 .. 30 650 | * Division G and I) students have not been included nor have voluntary withdrawals been taken into account, f No really reliable information is available regarding this number, as many not in permanent positions are employed as relieving teachers, others are at University classes, and some refuse to leave their home district. This number will be reduced if the staff requirements turn out to be greater than estimated. The increase of unemployment in 1928 is due to the excessively large number of appointments in 1923-24. Note.—This table is built up on the same plan as Table I. Owing to the present table being much more complicated than Table I referred to, guiding lines have been omitted. If these are inserted the relation of the numbers given can be readily followed.

1927. 1928. College. j Men. ' Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. 1 Auckland .. .. ..138 285 423 118 263 381 Wellington .. .. .. 77 187 264 57 172 229 Christchurch .. .. .. 83 199 282 82 174 256 Dunedin .. .. .. 86 145 231 84 164 248 Totals .. .. 384 816 1,200 341 773 1,114

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Students may be admitted to the training colleges under one or other of the following divisions: Division A, students who, having obtained the necessary educational qualifications, have completed a course of training as probationers, or have completed a course of training at a recognized kindergarten school, or have completed a full-time course as student teachers in a technical school; Division B, other students who, being over seventeen years of age, have obtained higher leaving certificates or partial passes in the Class D Examination or have obtained equivalent or higher qualifications ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year ; Division D, teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students under the several divisions in 1928 were: Division A, 1,079; Division B, 11; Division C, 24 ; and Division D, nil: total, 1,114. The numbers for the previous year were Division A, 1,085 ; Division B, 76 ; Division C, 18 ; and Division D, 21 : total, 1,200. » Of the 1,114 students in attendance at training colleges in 1928, 576 were in their first year, 503 in the second, and 35 in the third year. Each of the 35 thirdyear students was aiming to qualify as a specialist teacher in some particular subject. Bight were qualifying as teachers of science ; 3, mathematics ; 4, drawing and handwork ; 5, mathematics and science both ; 3, music ; and 12, physical training : total, 35. The number of students who left training colleges in 1928 was 512, and their examination status was as follows : Class A certificate, nil; Class B certificate, 108 ; Class C certificate, 325 ; Class D with partial success towards Class C, 68 ; Class D, 2 ; credited with some subjects towards a teacher's certificate, 9 ; no examination, nil. Grading op Teachers. The total number of teachers graded as at the 31st December, 1928, was 7,203, including 36 New Zealand teachers employed in Islands Schools (Fiji, Western Samoa, and Cook Islands). The total for the previous year was 7,040. Appeals against grading were lodged by 150 teachers, as compared with 132 for the previous year. Of the latter number, 54 appeals were withdrawn, 59 were disallowed, and 19 were upheld. Status op Teachers in Regard to Certificates. The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers holding teachers' certificates in the last three years : —

Primary Teachers in Public Schools.

The numbers of teachers holding certificates of the various classes in 1927 and 1928 were as follows :—

1926. 1927. 1928. Number. Number. ' >ar ~ Number. r ~ centage. | centage. | centage. 1. Certificated teachers .. .. 5,559 90 5,730 92 5,916 93 II. Uncertificated teachers — (1) Holding licenses .. .. 61 1 35 1 14 * (2) Unlicensed .. . . 563 9 465 7 j 411 6 Total uncertificated .. .. 624 10 500 8 425 7 Totals of I and 11 .. .. 6,183 100 6,230 100 J 6,341 100 * No significant percentage.

1927. 1928. Class of Certificate. — M. F, Total. M F. Total. i I A ...... 48 10 58 50 9 59 B .. .. .. 494 292 786 570 339 909 C .. .. .. 1,090 2,181 3,271 1,127 2,311 3.438 D 401 1,127 1,528 371 1,063 1.434 E ...... 11 76 87 10 66 76 ! Total .. .. 2,044 3,686 5,730 ! 2,128 3,788 5,916 . 1 _

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22

" — Schools, 1928. | Roll, 1927. I' Roll, 1928. "• v, , 1 Native village schools .. .. ... .. 134 6,620 6,671 Mission schools (primary) .. .. .. .. 11 470 550 Public schools with Native children enrolled .. .. 746 7,247 7,593 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 891 14,337 14,814

The past few years have witnessed an undoubted improvement in the professional status of adult teachers employed in public schools. The number of teachers employed who are both uncertificated and untrained is now almost a negligible quantity. Last year, as the above figures show, there were 425 uncertificated teachers employed in public schools. It must be remembered, however, that many of these have received professional training at the colleges and require to pass in only one or two subjects or to serve their term as probationary assistants in order to complete the requirements of a, teacher's certificate. There are now very few untrained teachers in the Service, and it is quite impossible now for any one to enter the profession except through the avenue of the training college or the University. The following figures indicate the very marked decrease in recent years in the numbers of uncertificated teachers employed in public primary schools :— Uncertificated Teachers. Kr , As Percentage of Year. um 11 ' Adult Teachers. 1920 .. .. .. .. .. 1,472 28 1921 .. .. .. .. .. 1,336 25 1922 .. .. .. .. .. 1,234 22 1923 .. .. .. .. ..1,100 19 1924 .. .. .. .. ..931 16 1925 .. .. .. .. .. 701 12 1926 .. .. .. .. 624 10 1927 .. .. .. .. 500 8 1928 .. .. .. .. 425 7 That this is a satisfactory position is evidenced by the fact that 21 per cent, of the adult teachers employed in public elementary schools in England and Wales in 1927-28 were uncertificated. In addition to the improvement noted above in regard to the number of uncertificated teachers employed, there has been a decided improvement in the professional and academic status of those teachers who are certificated. In 1923 only 60 per cent, of the adult teachers in public schools held certificates above Class D, whereas in 1928 the corresponding percentage was 75. The following figures show the percentage of teachers holding certificates of the various classes in the years 1923 and 1928 ~ , Percentage, Percentage, ig2g ]92g A .. .. .. 1 1 B .. .. .. .. 9 16 C .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 58 D .. .. .. .. .. .. 36 24 E .. .. .. .. 4 1 100 100 A further interesting feature in regard to teachers certificates is the growth in the percentage of trained teachers certificates that are issued each year. In 1923, of 787 certificates issued during the year, 509, or 65 per cent, were trained teachers certificates, while in 1928, of 698 certificates issued, 587, or 84 per cent, were trained teachers certificates. NATIVE SCHOOLS. At the end of 1928 there were 134 Native village schools under the direct control of the Department for the primary education of Maori children in districts principally settled by Natives. In addition there were eleven primary and twelve secondary (boarding) schools controlled by various religious organizations. Maoris are also admitted to the ordinary public schools —and in fact the number attending these schools is greater than the number in attendance at Native schools. The following table shows the number of schools with the enrolment at the end of 1927 and at the end of 1928 :—

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23

These figures include a number of European children (837 in 1928) who attend Native village schools, and if these be deducted the enrolment of Native children in primary schools at the end of last year becomes 13,977, compared with 13,505 at the close of the previous year. The average yearly attendance at Native village schools was maintained at a creditably high percentage (88-1) of the average weekly enrolment. Boarding-schools for the secondary education of Maoris have been established by religious bodies, and the Government provides a number of scholarships tenable at these schools, which are inspected by the Department's officers. There were twelve schools at the end of last year, with an enrolment of 533 pupils, of whom 150 held Government scholarships. In addition, five Maoris held scholarships at Victoria University College, Otago University, and Canterbury College, taking courses in arts, theology, medicine, and forestry, and five Maoris held agricultural scholarships at Te Ante College. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS. The number of post-primary schools (sometimes called junior high schools) in operation during the year was the same as in the previous year —namely, eight. No new junior high schools were opened during the year. A new secondary school —Rongotai Boys' College—was, however, opened at Wellington, and, as the available accommodation at the school was in excess of that required for the time being for secondary pupils, it was decided to admit meantime boys of Standard VI from neighbouring schools. Owing to this unusual constitution the junior department of the school, which is designated Form 11, is for statistical purposes being treated as a junior high school, and details regarding it are therefore included in the following tables regarding junior high schools. The total number of children enrolled at junior high schools (including Rongotai Boys' College) at the end of 1928 was 2,280, as against 2,290 in the previous year. Information regarding the attendance and classification of pupils in attendance at junior high schools in 1928 is shown in the following tables :■ —

Roll Number and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools.

■« Ig fg 53 gj Classification of Pupils on Roll as at 30th June, 1928. «a> -lg 2 —j —: r|d S §i " r • w v, q v. i 8 f » °8c$ Form I. Form II. I Form III. All Forms. Junior High School, jjg Jfl | ~ af" ■§■§ a» - | g [J? ts 13 " S Boys. Girls. Boys. : Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. .(a) Whangarei .. 291 178 290 276 76 57 87 70 * * 163 127 290 (c) Kowhai .. 888 409 805 813 183 155 202 170 74 89 459 414 873 (c) Northcote .. 300 151 265 268-9 72 57 57 61 18 26 147 144 291 (ft) Matamata .. 164 100 147 143-9 45 34 42 37 f t 87 71 158 (a) Kotorua .. 132 82 134 121-2 45 31 33 27 * * 78 58 136 (d) Rongotai . . 81 82 78 75 .. . . 80 80 .. 80 (a) Marlborough 246 124 242 224-7 58 56 72 61 * * 130 117 247 (a) Waitaki Boys' 181 109 179 169-6 95 .. 86 .. * * 181 .. 181 (a) Waitaki Girls' 132 77 140 129-1 .. 72 .. 67 * * .. 139 139 Totals, 1928 2,415 1,312 2,280 2,221-4 574 462 659 493 92 115 1,3251,0702,395 Totals, 1927 1,057 1,546 2,290 2,216 635 519 576 532 63 75 1,2741,1262,400 Difference.. 1,358 -234 -10 5-4 —61 -57 83 -39 29 40 51 -56 -5 (a) These schools are senior high schools to which junior departments consisting of Standard V and Standard VI pupils have been attached. They are sometimes called junior-senior high schools. (b) A district high school including a primary school department up to Standard IV, a junior high school or junior secondary department consisting of the former Standard V and Standard VI pupils, and a senior high school or senior secondary department. (r.) These schools are separate junior high schools including the former Standard V and Standard VI pupils and also a small Form III or the lowest form of the senior high school. (d) A senior secondary school to which boys of Standard VI are admitted. * Number of Form III pupils included in the statistics for secondary schools. t Number of Form III pupils included in the statistics for district high schools.

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24

Ages of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 30th June, 1928.

Ages and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 30th June, 1928.

As is the case with primary schools and secondary schools, the Department receives each year from junior high schools returns showing the probable destination of pupils leaving these schools each year. A tabulation of the latest returns shows the following to be the probable destination of pupils leaving junior high, schools in 1928 : —

Destination of Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during, or at End of, 1928.

Under 11 Years and 12 Years and 13 Years and 14 Years and 15 Years and 11 Years. under 12. under 13. under 14. under 15. over. Junior High School. i i i ' n • .. f. Boys. Girls, j Boys, j Girls. Boys., Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. , Girls. Whangarei .. 1 6 27 27 48 30 50 ! 33 25 21 12 10 Kowliai .. 15 8 74 75 124 131 138 119 ! 81 60 27 21 Northcote .. .. 8 5 32 24 30 50 48 39 22 21 7 5 Matamata .. 4 3 7 9 34 21 18 23 20 14 4 1 Rotorua .. .. | .. 3 16 10 22 17 23 24 12 j 3 5 1 Rongotai .. .... .. 3 26 .. 34 .. 14 1 3 Marlborough ... 2 4 24 26 j 41 38 39 28 18 j 18 6 3 Waitaki Boys' 6 .. 47 .. 50 .. 46 .. 23 .. 9 Waitaki Girls' .. .. 5 .. 27 .. 55 .. 38 .. 8 .. 6 Totals .. 36 34 230 198 j 375 342 396 304 I 215 | 145 73 47 I ' ' l_ I J .

Form I. Form II. Form III. Total. Age. - : Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Under 11 years . . 33 34 3 .. .. .. 36 34 11 years and under 12 . . 186 162 43 35 1 1 230 198 12 „ 13 .. 184 171 183 156 8 15 375 342 13 „ 14 .. 116 75 244 185 36 44 396 304 14 „ 15 .. 43 20 137 84 35 41 215 145 15 years and over . . 12 .. 49 33 12 14 73 47 Totals .. .. 574 462 659 j 493 92 | 115 1,325 , 1,070

Boys. Girls. Occupation. First Second Third m t 1 t> .. First j Second Third Year. Year. Year. TotaL J Percentage. Year J y ear Year _ Total. Percentage. i I I | Continued full-time 45 388 32 465 63 24 299 39 362 57 education Commercial (clerical, 3 31 7 41 5 .. 25 33 58 9 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 8 26 8 42 6 .. 2 2 Agricultural or pas- 4 31 35 5 toral Home .. .. 6 18 4 28 4 14 102 17 133 21 Miscellaneous .. 2 22 3 27 4 11211 24 4 Not known .. 35 44 20 99 13 23 35 3 61 9 Totals .. 103 560 74 737 100 62 475 103 640 I 100 , J

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Pupils erecting Building for Animal Husbandry—Feilding Technical High School.

Instruction in Animal Husbandry (Sheep)—Feilding Technical High School.

INSTRUCTION IN PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE AT POST-PRIMARY SCHOOLS.

Boys' Garden Plots—Rangiora High School.

Instruction in Animal Husbandry (Cattle)—Feilding Technical High School.

Instruction in Animal Husbandry (Pigs)—Feilding Technical High School.

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An Exhibit of School Farm Produce.

INSTRUCTION IN PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE AT POST-PRIMARY SCHOOLS.

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Comparison of the past three years' figures regarding the destination of boys leaving junior high schools shows an increasing tendency on the part of these pupils to continue their full-time education at other schools on leaving the junior high schools. The comparison shows also a heavy decline in the percentage of boys proceeding to commercial occupations or trades. These two movements can with safety be attributed to the depressed trade conditions in the past three years. Boys desirous of leaving school have found considerable difficulty in obtaining employment, and they have accordingly proceeded to other post-primary schools where the period of awaiting employment can be more profitably spent. Owing to the generous system of free post-primary education in operation, this course can be followed with little additional expense to the parents. The percentages of all pupils leaving junior high schools in the past three years and proceeding to the various occupations is shown in the following table : —

SECONDARY EDUCATION. In 1928 there were in operation forty-three secondary schools at which Government free places were held and for which the teachers' salaries, &c., were provided by the Government. Thirteen of the schools were for boys only, fifteen were for girls only, and fifteen were for both boys and girls. In addition two boys' schools, the Wanganui Collegiate School and Christ's College Grammar School, were originally endowed with public property. There were also seventy-nine secondary departments of district high schools, fourteen technical high schools, seven organized technical or art schools offering day courses, twelve Maori secondary schools, and forty-three registered private secondary schools. Further, of the eight junior high schools in operation during the year two schools —namely, Kowhai and Northcote —each provided a three-year course, the last year of which was devoted to secondary instruction. There was thus a total of 202 schools providing secondary education. The following figures show the roll and attendance at these schools for 1928 : — (a) Secondary schools (45) — Roll, Ist March .. .. .. .. .. .. 16,532 Roll, 31st December (boys, 8,384 ; girls, 6,654) .. .. 15,038 (b) District high schools —secondary departments (79) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 1,889 ; girls, 1,784) . . .. 3,673 (c) Technical high schools and technical day schools (21) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 3,293 ; girls, 2,768) .. .. 6,061 (d) Registered private secondary schools (43) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 1,401 ; girls, 2,029) .. .. 3,430 (e) Secondary schools for Maoris (12) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 307 ; girls, 226) .. .. .. 533 (/) Junior high schools, third-year pupils only (2) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 92 ; girls, 115) .. .. .. 207 The total number of pupils receiving secondary education at the end of the year was 28,942, an increase of 2,012 over the figure for the previous year.

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25

Boys. Girls. Occupation. — ! 1926. | 1927. 1928. 1926. ! 1927. i 1928. ! | i ; ; Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. 1 Per Cent. Per Cent. 1 Per Cent. Continued full-time education 55 56 63 54- 58 57 Commercial (clerical, typing, 10 9 5 4 7 9 shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 17 12 6 3 3 Agricultural and pastoral . . 6 8 5 Home .. .. .. 4 8 4 31 25 21 Miscellaneous .... 1 2 4 1 4 4 Not known.. .. .. 7 5 13 7 3 9 100_ 100 100 100 100 I 100

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Destination of Pupils on Completion of their Secondary Education. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by Principals of schools respecting the destination of pupils who left high schools, district high schools, technical high schools, and day technical schools during or at the end of the year J 928. The figures are in all cases exclusive of pupils who left one school to enter another full-time post-primary school: —

In the table below are shown for comparative purposes the percentages of the total number of boys leaving each class of school last year who proceeded to the University or to employment in the three main occupational groups. The corresponding figures for three previous years are also shown where these are available.

From the above figures it will be seen that during the past four years industrial and farming occupations have been progressively finding more favour amongst the boys leaving post-primary schools. Between the years 1925 and 1928 the percentage of boys leaving post-primary schools and engaging in farming has risen from 17 to 21, and the percentage of boys entering upon trade and industrial occupations has increased from 13 to 16. In the same period the percentage of boys taking up commercial, clerical, and professional occupations has decreased from 46 to 39. The combined effect of these movements should, to some extent, remove the reproach that our post-primary schools are creating a bias away from farming and industrial pursuits. It is recognized, of course, that the movement towards farming and industrial occupations noted above may in some degree be not altogether the outcome of a change of mind on the part of those responsible for deciding the occupations of boys leaving school, but the inevitable result of the prevailing trade depression with its accompanying lack of openings in the commercial, clerical, and professional walks. At the same time, if, as is desired on almost all sides, our schools are so equipped and our system so organized that the aptitudes of pupils in the direction of farming and industry can be discovered and developed, the percentage of pupils entering what are termed " cuff-and-collar occupations " will, continue to decrease,

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ai Technical High and Secondary Departments Tnfnia Secondary Schools. Day Scho s olg of Djstrict m g h Schools . Totals. Occupation j ®°y s - j Girls. Boys. j Girls. Boys. Girls. I Boys. | Girls. T\j n Per N | Per ~ i Per N - Per x Per | N Per N Per j N Per No - j Cent. °' Cent. . I Cent. JN0, jCent. . ■ |Cent. iNO ' |Cent.| • < entUniversity college . . 142 5 78 4 11 1 I 7 * 6 1 2 * j 159 3 87 2 Teaching or training college 90 3 253 11 23 1 34 2 24 3 60 8 137 3 347 8 (!]erical Government or local body 204 8 17174 4 19 1 60 7 4 1 338 6 40 1 Banks, insurance .. 141 5 4 * 18 1 5 * 16 2 j .. * 175 3 9 * Legal . 47 2 3 * 5 * 10 1 3 *1 2 * 55 1 15 * Commercial .. .. 358 13 401 18 157 8 288 18 48 8 61 9 563 10 750 16 Engineering, surveying, and 85 3 .. 169 9 .. * 30 3 ; 1 * 284 5 1 * architecture Various trades and industries 322 12 49 2 429 23 90 6 117 13 10 1 868 16 149 3 Shop and warehouse .. 262 10 169 ; 7 > 224 12 153 10 103 12 69 10 589 11 391 9 Farming .. .. 499 18 .. .. 341 18 8 * 294 34 1. * 1,134 21 9 * Home .. .. ..137 5 1,142 50 77 4 730 46 52 6 473 65 266 5 2,345 51 Other occupations.. .. 45 2 88 4-j 51 3 43 3 37 4 30 4 133 2 161 4 Not known .. . . 387 14 72 3 j 290 16 210 13 78 9 15 2 755 14 297 6 Totals .. .. 2,719 100 2,276 100 1,869 100 1,597 100 868 100 728 100 5,456 100 4,601 100 * No significant percentage.

Clerical, Professional, j Trades and University. Shop, and Ware- i Farming. Industries. house. Class of School. I _ _ " -1 -I • | | I I I ! I " ■ I I I I 1925.11926. 1927-| 1928. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928. 1925. 1926. 1927. 1928.11925J 1926.11927. j 1928. I I S 1 ! I , I l.i 1 'I .r i I ■ ■ I III;- I Secondary .. .. * * 7 5 , * * 43 44 * * I 17 18 * * 11 12 Technical . . .. * * 1 1 j * * 34 | 35 * * 17 18 * * 25 ! 23 District high .. * * f 1 ! * * 39 | 33 * * 31 34 * * 12 13 All schools .. .. 3 4 4 3 i 46 43 40 | 39 17 20 19 21 13 15 16 16 I j - I ' : . I' I . * Separate figures not available. t No significant percentage.

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Length of Post-primary Course. The returns compiled by teachers show also the duration of the post-primary course taken by pupils who have now left school. Summarized, the position is as follows :—

From the above figures the average length of school life in the three classes of post-primary schools can be obtained approximately by dividing the total school life of all pupils leaving during the year by the total number of such pupils. For the purposes of this computation the school life of children leaving in the fourth and later years has been taken as four years, since the separate figures for each year after the third are not obtained by the Department. For this reason the average lengths of school life shown below will probably be one to two months lower than is actually the case. Average Length of School Life. Years. Months. Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 2 7 District high schools . . .. .. .. .. 2 1 Technical high and technical day schools .. .. .. 2 0 All schools .. . . .. .. .. . . 2 4 The average school life of pupils in secondary schools in England and Wales is, according to the Board of Education Eeport for 1928, 4 years 1 month. It must be understood, however, that the English secondary schools admit a very large number of pupils who in New Zealand would be relegated to the primary schools. It is also explained in the report that of the schools concerned in the calculation of this average the majority are schools the bulk of whose pupils do not stay beyond the end of the school year in which they reach the age of sixteen years, and many leave at an earlier date. Warning is given that care should, therefore, be taken in drawing inferences from the average stated, in the absence of analytical information of a kind which cannot be presented in a purely statistical table. It appears certain, however, that although for the reason given above the average length of stay at secondary schools in England is considerably longer than in New Zealand, there would appear to be little difference in the average age at which pupils leave post-primary schools in the two countries. In England and Wales the greater number of entrants to secondary schools are of ages 11 years and 12 years, so that the average leaving-age is between 15 plus and 16 plus. In New Zealand the greater number of entrants to secondary schools are 13 years or 14 years of age, and, taking the average length of stay at these schools as 2 plus, the average age of leaving postprimary schools in New Zealand is between 15 plus and 16 plus. In the case of pupils who commence on post-primary courses and leave during the same year, the Department has been furnished with information showing in months the duration of the period of attendance of such pupils, and this information is tabulated below. The totals shown in the table are slightly below those shown as leaving in the first year in the table. immediately preceding. This difference is clue to the fact that the table below concerns only pupils who commenced and terminated their post-primary courses in the same year, while the table above includes under" first year" pupils who, though in the first year of a post-primary course when they left, actually commenced that course in a previous calendar year or at a private secondary school.

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c< i lv , ■ , n . , Technical High Secondary District High d Teohnic ° 1 AU Schools . Schools. Schools. Day Schools. Number. _ Number. | Number. | | Number. , I | | ! j . ' Leaving in first year .. ... 948 19 611 38 1,275 37 2,834 | 28 Leaving in second year .. .. 1,503 30 488 31 1,267 37 3,258 ! 33 Leaving in third year .. .. 1,097 22 241 15 .597 17 1,935 19 Leaving in fourth and later years.. 1,447 29 256 16 327 9 2,030 20 | | ! I Totals .. .. 4,995 100 ; 1,596 100 3,466 1 100 10,057 100 • . . - J | I ;

E.—1.

Number of Children who commenced Post-primary Courses in 1928 and who DEFINITELY LEFT IN THE SAME YEAR.

Free Places. The following table shows the number of free places held in 1928 on the dates shown :— Boys. Girls. Total. (i) Secondary schools (at 30th June, 1928) — (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 5,586 4,893 10,479 (b) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 2,496 1,956 4,452 Totals .. .. .. .. 8,082 6,849 14,931 (ii) District high schools (at 30th June, 1928) — (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 1,741 1,569 3,310 (b) Senior free pupils .. .. . . 372 351 723 Totals .. .. .. .. 2,113 1,920 4,033 (iii) Maori secondary schools (at 31st December, 1928) .. .. .. .. .. 67 83 150 (iv) Technical high schools and technical day schools (at 30th June, 1928) — (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 3,211 2,594 5,805 (b) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 634 553 1,187 Totals .. .. .. .. 3,845 3,147 6,992 (v) Third-year pupils at Kowhai and Northcote Junior High Schools (at 30tli June, 1928) .. 92 115 207 Grand totals .. .. .. 14,199 12,114 26,313 There were on the 30th June, 1928, 27,084 children in attendance at Government schools providing secondary education, as against 25,314 in the previous year. Ninety-seven per cent, of the children in attendance in 1928 at Government schools providing secondary education were holders of free places. This liberality in the provision of free secondary education is a phase of educational policy in New Zealand which can justifiably be regarded with satisfaction. The extent to which New Zealand leads even older countries m this matter becomes apparent when it is noted that in 1928 only 40 per cent, of the pupils in attendance at secondary schools in England and Wales were free-place holders.

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During During During During During During During During During During During ! First Second Third | Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh Eighth Ninth Tenth Eleventh Type of School. j Month Month Month Month Month j Month Month Month Month Month : Month Total. of of of] of of | of of of of of | of (Course. Course, j Course, j Course. Course. j Course. Course. Course Course. Course. Course. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. B. G. J B. G. B. G. B. G Secondary schools .. ..8 410 7 8 1117 12 13 1421 16 42 27 27 16 35 14j 38 17 292 319 511 457 V y A y v V J K V ' V ' K V J Y J V ~Y "V Y ' | V Y~ J V Percentage . . . . . . ] 2 j 2 3 3 4 7 4 5 j 6 63 100 Secondary departments of district 13 14 10 612 18 23 1013 16 13 14 26 14 26 11 22 16! 43 23,132 127 333 269 high schooIs — v — v —v — J —v — ; f —y —' —v — 7 v y — ; v —y- —' v v —'\~ v y J v j Percentage .. .. .. 5 3 | 5 5 5 4 7 6 6 | 11 43 100 Technical high and day school .. 12 10 8 418 24116 1928 2128 19 47 4043 41 46 31|13J 136 277 247 654 592 v y ,K - Y A y y ' v Y >K Y M Y "T Y 1K Y V Y J \~ Y ' Y Percentage .. .. .. 2 1 3 3 4 4 7 7 6 | 21 42 100 Totals.. .. .. 33 28 28 17 38 5356 4154 5162 49115 81|96 68103 61,212 1761701 6931,498 1,318 k J \ Y JK y AV Y J Y j K Y ' K — Y Y "V Y Y J ~Y ' Y ' Percentage .. .. 2 2 j 3 j 3 4 4 7 j 6 ! 6 | 14 49 100

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Numbers commencing Secondary Education, and Ages at which commenced. The question of the percentage of children who take up secondary courses after leaving primary school, and the ages at which such courses are commenced, is still frequently discussed in view of its bearing on the various suggestions for the reorganization of the education system. The numerical position regarding these matters in 1928 was as follows

From the above table it will, be seen that .12,291 children (6,613 boys and 5,678 girls) commenced secondary courses in 1928. This represents an increase of 864 over the number for 1927. Of the children who commenced secondary education in 1928, 491 (230 boys and 261 girls) came from private schools. Returns furnished by Education Boards show that 22,497 children left public primary schools in 1927. Assuming that, with few exceptions, the children who commenced secondary education in 1928 completed the primary course in the previous year, it is found that of the children who left public primary schools in 1927 52 per cent, commenced secondary courses in 1928. It must be noted, of course, that not all the 22,497 children who left public primary schools in 1927 were entitled to admission to secondary schools. The number of such children who had qualified for admission to secondary schools by passing Standard VI was 17,628, and allowing for children entering secondary schools from private schools it will be seen that 11,800, or 67 per cent, of the number so qualified actually did embark on secondary courses in 1928. Staffs and Salaries. The number of full-time teachers on the staffs of the forty-three secondary schools at the end of 1928 was 623, compared with 587 in 1927. There were 28 male and 15 female Principals and 312 male and 268 female assistants. The average rates of salary at the end of the year were as follows, the figures for 1923 being also shown : — „ . . , 1923. 1928. Principals — £ £ Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 713 726 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 546 556 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 651 667 Assistants— Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 370 390 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 271 289 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 324- 344 All teachers— Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 399 418 Women .. ... .. .. .. ..287 303 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 348 366 In addition, male Principals for whom a residence was not provided received house allowance of £60 per annum.

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Age at which Secondary Course commenced. Total Numbers i commencing ! Secondary Class of School. Under 13 Years. 13 Years. 14 Years. 15 Years and over. Education in 1928. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, j Girls. Boys. Girls. J Boys, j Girls. I I j i | "j ' j Secondary .. 575 | 533 1,320 1,263 997 776 342 231 3,234 j 2,803 Technical .. 270 273 851 755 723 557 237 183 2,081 j 1,768 District high .. 237 209 484 429 350 288 135 66 1,206 992 Junior high .. 9 16 36 44 35 41 12 14 92 115 Totals .. 1,091 1,031 2,691 2,491 2,105 1,662 726 494 6,613 5,678

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TECHNICAL EDUCATION. General. Number of Schools.—The number of technical high schools open during 1928 was fourteen, in addition to which there were seven organized technical or art schools offering full-day courses. From the Ist January, 1927, the New Plymouth Technical Day School was amalgamated with the New Plymouth High Schools, and the statistics as far as the full-time pupils are concerned are included in the secondary schools report. Technical classes were conducted at twenty of the twenty-one centres referred to above, and also at eighteen other centres, the total number of centres being thirty-nine. Attendance. —The following table shows the numbers in attendance at technical schools and classes in 1928 :—

In the technical high schools and technical day schools the total enrolments increased from 7,193 in 1927 to 7,817 in 1928, and increase of nearly 9 per cent. In the evening and part-time day classes the apparent reduction in numbers as compared with the previous year is probably due mainly to the fact that the numbers for 1928 are those on the rolls of the schools at the 30th June, whereas in previous years the total enrolments for the whole year were included. Staffing. —On the 30th June, 1928, there svere 305 full-time assistant teachers on the staffs of technical schools, besides a large number of part-time teachers. There were also twenty-one full-time student teachers, ten being males and eleven females. The following table shows the classification of the 305 full-time assistant teachers, Class VII being the highest:—

It will be seen from the above table that the main increase has been in the number of Division I teachers (graduates). The average rates of salary on the 30th June, 1928, were as follows : Principals (male), £649 (excluding house allowance). Assistants—Men, £401 ; women, £261 ; both, £345. All teachers (principals and assistants) —Men, £427 ; women, £261 ; both, £365.

30

Free. Other. Total. Total number of pupils on the roll of technical high and technical day 6,992 j 222 7,214 schools at 30th June, 1928 Total number of students in attendance at other technical classes (i.e., 5,286 i 5,677 10,963 part-time and evening classes) during 1928 Grand total .. .. .. ... .. 12,278 5,899 1 18,177

Division I. Division II. Glass. i Totals. Men. | Women. Men. Women. VII • 1 .. 4 5 VI ...... 7 7 6 7 27 V ...... 22 6 15 23 66 IV ...... 27 8 10 17 62 III ...... 27 13 20 2 62 II ...... 17 7 9 10 43 I .. .. .. .. 19 15 4 2 40 Totals, 1928 .. .. 119 57 64 65 305 Totals, 1927 .. Ill 53 66 65 295

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With the inclusion of manual-training teachers employed by Education Boards the average rates of salary for all teachers (including Principals of technical schools) graded under the Regulations for Manual and Technical Instruction were as follows : Men, £408 ; women, £249 ; both, £346. Evening Technical Classes and Part-time Day Classes. Classes were held at thirty-eight centres, as compared with forty-one in the previous year. The number of individual students was as follows : — In classes conducted by Technical School Boards .. . . .. 8,787 In classes conducted by Secondary Education Boards .. .. .. 193 In classes conducted by Education Boards . . .. .. .. 450 In classes conducted by High School Boards .. .. .. .. 1,134 In classes conducted by University College Boards . . .. .. 399 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,963 Note.—Oamaru transferred from a Technical School Board to a High School Board. Of these students 5,286 held Government free places, classified as follows :—

The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupation of studen fcs : —

Summary of Occupations of Students.

Males. j Females. Totals. First year .. .. .. 815 474 1,289 Second year .. .. .. 744 376 1,120 Third year .. .. .. 766 453 1,219 Fourth, year .. .. .. 608 379 987 Fifth year and over .. .. 451 220 671 3,384 1,902 5,286

Sex and Age. Sex. Under 13 13 Years. 14 Years. 15 Years. 16 Years, j. 1 J,^ ars 9j er 21 Totals. Years. to 21 Years, j Years. I I I Males .. ! 59 115 489 960 1,245 3,488 650 7,006 Females .. 70 147 369 652 650 1,361 708 3,957 Totals 129 262 858 1,612 1,895 4,849 1,358 10,963 I J ;

Number of 1 Percentage of „ , Students. Total Percentage of Total. Various trades and industries .. .. .. .. 5,115 46-7 1 46-1 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 197 1-8 1-4 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 650 5-9 5-5 Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,253 20-6 20-7 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 1,263 11-5 11-0 No occupation .. .. .. .. .. 947 8-6 9-8 Other occupations, not stated .. .. .. .. 538 4-9 ; 5-5 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 10,963 100-0 100-0

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Technical High Schools, Technical Day Schools, and Full-time Day Classes. At the 30th June, 1928, the numbers of pupiis taking the various courses provided were as follows : —

It is to be noted that in some cases under the general course are included pupils preparing for the Engineering Preliminary Examination. Of the total number of pupils (7,214) 6,992 held Government free places, classified as follows :—

During 1928 4,120 new pupils were admitted, and of this number 3,849 were commencing their secondary education. The following table shows the classification of pupils according to age at 30th June, 1928 : —

Financial. The total amount due by the Department to the controlling authorities for the salaries and incidental expenses of all technical classes, including technical high and day schools for the year 1928 was approximately £188,913, made up as follows :— Salaries — £ £ Full-time principals and assistants .. .. .. 120,075 Full-time student teachers .. .. .. .. 1,900 Full-time teachers —overtime .. . . .. .. 9,542 Capitation for part-time assistants and student teachers .. 22,507 154,024 Incidental allowances .. .. .. .. .. .. 44,799 198,823 Less recoveries from tuition fees .. .. .. .. 9,910 Net amount .. .. .. .. .. .. £188,913 The above figures include salaries and incidental allowances payable in respect of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards,

Percentage of Totals. Course. Boys. Girls. i Totals. : Boys. Girls. Industrial . . .. . . 2,034 .. 2,034 51-8 Agricultural .. . . 359 .. 359 9-1 Domestic .. .. .. .. 1,019 1,019 .. 31-0 Commercial .. .. 759 1,778 2,537 19-3 54-1 General .. . . . . 676 238 914 17-2 7-3 Art .. .. .. 102 249 351 2-6 7-6 Totals .. .. 3,930 j 3,284 7,214 J 100-0 lOQ-O

Boys. Girls. | Totals. First year .. .. .. 2,023 1,663 3,686 Second year .. .. .. 1,182 940 2,122 Third year .. .. .. 433 356 789 Fourth year .. .. .. 153 151 304 Fifth year .. . . .. 49 35 84 Sixth year .. .. .. 5 2 7 . Totals .. 3,845 J 3,147 6,992

"I | i : | i | | | : UndOT j3 years. 14 Years. 1 15 Years. 16 Years. 17 Years. I 18 Years Totals _ 13 Years. and over. Boys.. .. .. 152 789 1,382 992 404 158 52 3,930 Girls .. .. .. 151 716 1,096 759 342 140 81 3,284 Totals 303 JL, 505 2,478 I 1,751 746 __ 298 1 133 7,214

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CHILD WELFARE. Number of Children under Supervision. The total number of children under the supervision of the Child Welfare Branch as at the 31st March, 1929, was 6,364, classed under the following headings : — State wards boarded out, at service, in receiving-homes, &c. . . . . 4,287 State wards under supervision of Child Welfare Officers .. .. .. 678 Infants in registered foster-homes under Infants Act . . . . 1,007 Pupils at School for Deaf, Sumner . . . . .. .. .. 117 Feeble-minded persons in institutions .. .. . . .. .. 275 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,364 The number of children committed to the care of the Superintendent during the year ended 31st March, 1929, was 650, classified according to reason for committal as follows : Indigent, 264 ; delinquent, 19 ; detrimental environments, 99 ; not under proper control, 157 ; accused or guilty of punishable offence, 84 ; neglected, 27 ; and in addition 13 were admitted by private arrangement (section 12, Child Welfare Act), while 37 were temporarily admitted, and 2 under section 47 of the Infants Act, making a total of 702. Classified according to age at the time of admission the numbers are as follow : Under six months, 69 ; over six months and under one year, 43 ; from one to five years, 135 ; from five to ten years, 159 ; from ten to fourteen years, 143 ; and over fourteen years, 153 : total, 702. Numbers under the Guardianship op the Superintendent op the Child Welfare Branch. Fully 96 per cent, of the children under fifteen years of age under the guardianship of the Child Welfare Branch are placed in foster-homes, mostly in country districts, where they have the opportunity of becoming members of some family and of being gradually absorbed into the community. The general welfare of the children is safeguarded by careful selection of foster-homes and by frequent visits by Child Welfare Officers. The children attend the public schools and have similar opportunities of taking part in the ordinary everyday activities of the community as the child who is brought up by his own parents. The remaining 4 per cent, represent those who on account of anti-social habits or subnormality are not fit to be placed in foster-homes or allowed to attend the public school. For this small residue institutions are provided, with facilities for the training and education of the inmates along specialized lines suited as far as practicable to the peculiar needs of the individual cases. At the end of the year there were 4,287 children under control (excluding those mentioned under separate headings below), and of these 287 were in residence at Government receiving-homes and probation homes (many of these, of course, only temporarily), training-farms, and training institutions, and 74 in the four private Roman Catholic schools recognized under the Child Welfare Act ; 2,122 children were boarded out in foster-homes, 953 were in situations, and 653 residing Tinder license with relatives and friends. The remainder were in various private institutions. Of the boarded out children, 162 are over the age of fourteen years, of whom 94 are still attending primary schools, and 68 are receiving higher education (34 technical and 34 secondary). The children over school age in employment number 764 males and 440 females (a number of whom are residing with friends), included in the total of 4,287. Of the males, 582 are farm-workers (219 skilled in dairy-work and cheesemaking, and 363 competent to milk and carry out general farm-work), 54 are apprentices (of which number some are receiving assistance), and 128 others are employed in various trades. A number of these are also receiving assistance. Of the girls, there are 339 domestic workers, 60 factory employees, and 41 engaged in various employments, such as shop-assistants, nurses, dressmakers, &c.

5—E. 1.

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System op Supervision. The number of cases dealt with by the Children's Courts last year was 2,023, and of these 533 were placed under the supervision of the Child Welfare Officers or brought under the " Big Brother " scheme as carried out by the Y.M.C.A. and the Roman Catholic authorities. The number actually admitted to institutions such as receiving-homes, special schools, training-farm, &c., was 650, but all these, with the exception of 130 who require further training, were suitably provided for in the community before the close of the year. The remainder of the children appearing before the Courts were dealt with in a summary manner not calling for supervision by a Child Welfare Officer. Institutional Care. For the training and detention of State wards who have proved by their antisocial behaviour somewhat of a problem to manage, either in their own homes or in foster-homes or places of employment, and for those higher-grade improvable feeble-minded cases who cannot be suitably adjusted in the community, provision is made in institutions established for the purpose. The raising of the age of a " child " from sixteen to seventeen years (Child Welfare Amendment Act, 1927) has materially increased the number of young persons (particularly girls) appearing before the Children's Courts, and in consequence further institutional provision has been necessary for such of these cases requiring training and treatment and the staff of Child Welfare Officers has had to be increased. Inpant-lipe Protection (Infants Act, 1908). Infants' Homes. —Under the provisions of Part V of the Infants Act, it is unlawful for any person to receive or retain in his care or charge any infant or any child under the age of six years for the purpose of maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians for a longer period than seven consecutive days, unless such person is licensed in accordance with this part of the Act. The duties in connection with the licensing and inspection of these homes, and the supervision of the children in such homes, are carried out by the officers of the Child Welfare Branch, who are all experienced nurses. At the end of the year there were 1,007 children maintained in 797 licensed foster-homes. Of these, 655 homes had one child each, 93 had two children each, 36 had three children each, 10 had four children each, I home had five children, 1 had six children, and 1 had seven children. The payments by relatives for the maintenance of each child ranged from ss. to £3 3s. a week, the average rate of payment being approximately 15s. 4d. per week. Adoptions. —By an arrangement with the Department of Justice, all applications for adoptions are investigated by Child Welfare Officers before being dealt with by a Magistrate. During the year 371 children were adopted, and in 36 of these cases premiums were received by the Department's agents and paid out at the rate of 15s. a week for each child concerned. Of the total number of children adopted, 65 were under the age of six months, 37 between the age of six and twelve months, 168 between the age of one and five years, 52 between the age of five and ten years, and 49 between the age of ten and fifteen years. Investigation of Illegitimate Births. The Child Welfare Act provides for the investigation and supervision, where necessary, of all infants born out of wedlock. During the year the number of cases investigated was 1,383, of which no less than 357 were placed in foster-homes licensed under the provisions of the Infants Act. A certain number of these infants (91), through the inability of the mothers to provide properly for them, were committed to the care of the branch and placed out in foster-homes, under the childwelfare system. The remainder of the cases were suitably provided for either by their own parents or by relatives, or by admission to private institutions, and in such a manner not calling for the intervention of the Department. In a great many of these cases the assistance given by the Child Welfare Officers has been the

34

35

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means not only of re-establishing the mothers in the community, but also of obtaining payments from the men responsible for their condition. The work in connection with the social readjustment of these cases is of considerable importance so far as the taxpayers are concerned. In many cases the timely intervention of the Child Welfare Officers obviates the necessity for the committal of these infants to the care of the State, the parents being made to realize their responsibilities in regard to their offspring. Inspection of Orphanages. The inspection and registration of all private institutions for children are provided for in the Child Welfare Amendment Act, 1927. The definition of a " children's home " does not include any institution conducted wholly for educational purposes. Altogether there are approximately seventy private and denominational institutions for children throughout the Dominion, and so far sixty have been inspected by the Child Welfare Branch officers and granted registration. Care and Training of Deaf Children, Children with Defective Speech, and Blind Children. The pupils under instruction at the School for the Deaf, Sumner, during the year, numbered 117, and of these 11 were day pupils and 106 boarders. The special day classes in Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin, for partially deaf children and for children with speech-defects, were continued with highly successful results. One hundred and seventy-two children attended the classes last year. Provision has also been made in these centres and in Christchurch for night classes for the instruction of the adult deaf, eighty-two persons afflicted in this manner attending the classes for the year ended 31st March, 1929. The education of blind children is provided for at the Jubilee Institute for the Blind, Auckland, which is a private institution recognized as a " separate institution " under the Hospitals and Charitable Aid Institutions Act. Provision is made in this Act for the appointment of nine Trustees —five by the contributors and four by the Governor-General. The Trustees are required by law to admit and maintain any blind children between the ages of six and twenty-one years that the Minister directs to be sent to the institution. For the maintenance and education of such children the Department pays at the rate of £25 a year each. At present there are 20 children so paid for (16 boys and 4 girls), but this does not represent the total number of children receiving instruction. The Trustees are at liberty to admit any suitable case when the parents are able to pay the full fee. In addition to special classes for backward children, special classes for hard-of-hearing children and speech-defectives have been established in the four large centres. These classes are staffed by teachers trained at the Sumner School for the Deaf, and it is now decided that the classes will in future be attached to public schools under the control of the Education Boards, and that sufficient teachers will be appointed to carry out the work efficiently. HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION. The number of students on the books of the four University colleges affiliated to the University of New Zealand in 1928 was 4,802, as against 4,878 in 1927, a decrease of 76. The figures for each of the four colleges were as under :— 1927. 1928. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. 1,455 1,427 Victoria .. .. .. .. .. .. 975 1,004Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. 1,248 1,092 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. .1,200 1,279 4,878 4,802

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36

The total number of students described as taking definite courses at the affiliated colleges was 3,944, distributed as follows : Arts, 1,675 ; science, 381 ; medicine, 223 ; dentistry, 101 ; law, 504 ; commerce, 530 ; music, 48 ; engineering, 147 ; agriculture, 23 ; home science, 119 ; architecture, 56 ; journalism, 51 ; mining, 22 ; forestry, 31 ; massage, 19 ; and education, 14. The number of exempted students was 516 in 1927 and 547 in 1928, the numbers in actual attendance at lectures being 4,362 and 4,255 respectively. The following shows the growth in the numbers of students over a period of years : 1878, 168 ; 1895, 742 ; 1900, 805 ; 1905, 1,158 ; 1915, 2,039 ; 1920, 3,822 ; 1924, 4,236 ; 1925, 4,442 ; 1928, 4,802. Of the 4,802 students on the books in 1928, 3,410 students or 71 per cent, of the total number of students were men. Of the students attending lectures last year the following were receiving free University education : 39 per cent, in the case of men, and 58 per cent, in the case of women, or 44 per cent, of all students. Nearly all these had their tuition fees paid by the State. Besides University Scholarships, the gaining of which entitles the holder to free University education and certain additional assistance, the Government awards University Bursaries to all students who secure a credit pass in the University Entrance Scholarship Examination or gain a higher leaving certificate. Most of the bursars secure the latter qualification. A bursary enables a student to secure free University education to the value of £20 per annum in fees, the bursary being tenable for three years, with a possible extension to a fourth year. The following table shows the number of bursaries held in each year since the institution of this system : — Year. Number. Year. Number. 1912 .. .. .. 38 1921 .. .. .. 615 1914 .. .. .. 110 1922 .. .. .. 545 1915 .. .. .. 230 1923 .. .. .. 649 1916 .. .. .. 248 1924 .. .. .. 751 1917 .. .. .. 246 1925 .. .. .. 804 1918 .. .. .. 293 1926 .. .. .. 899 1919 .. .. ..444 1927 .. .. .. 1,013 1920 .. .. ..539 1928 .. .. .. 1,061 It is interesting to note that in New Zealand in 1926 the number of students for every 1,000 persons in the population was 2-98 ; while in New South Wales there were 1-03 students per 1,000 ; in Victoria, 1-53 per 1,000 ; in Queensland, 0-55 ; in South Australia, 2-78 ; in Western Australia, 1-48 ; and in Tasmania, 0-97. Returns showing the occupations of students have been furnished with respect to last year by the four constituent University Colleges. Expressed as percentages the figures are as under : — Men. Women. Full-time students .. .. .. .. .. 32 43 Teachers and training-college students . . . . .. 22 44 Government and local-body employees . . .. .. 16 1 Employees of private firms .. .. .. .. 29 6 Not known .. .. .. . . . . .. .. 1 6 100 100 The number of full-time students as a percentage of the total number of students attending lectures was 57 in the case of Otago, 21 in the case of Auckland, 24 in the case of Victoria, and 37 in the case of Canterbury. The number of candidates for examinations conducted by the University of New Zealand shows an increase when compared with the previous year's figures. For the Matriculation Examination there were 5,524 candidates, as against 5,287 candidates in the previous year. Of the candidates who sat last year for the Matriculation Examination 1,824 passed, and 288 who already held partial passes completed the examination. There were 6,204 entries for the various degree examinations, compared with 6,371 in 1927.

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GENERAL. School Music. The Supervisor of Musical Education reports that there is abundant evidence everywhere of a growing interest in the importance of musical and cultural education generally. Schools continue to avail themselves freely of the special arrangements made by the Department for the supply of pianos, gramophones, and records. During the year there were supplied to schools under this scheme 155 pianos, 213 gramophones, and many hundreds of records. The Supervisor of Musical Education made personal visits during the year to over fifty schools, and in addition gave many addresses and demonstrations to gatherings of teachers, to societies, and to the general public. A feature of the school-music pages of the Education Gazette has been the publication month by month of songs, many of which were composed by school-children and teachers. Each of the four training colleges has now a full-time lecturer in music on the staff, and the instruction in music at these institutions has been completely reorganized and placed on a satisfactory footing. Annual Examinations. The annual examinations conducted by the Department are as follows : (1) An examination to determine the grant of Junior Scholarships and junior free places, held in November ; (2) a main series consisting of Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarship, and Intermediate Examinations ; (3) an August series for teachers' certificates of Classes D and C and Handicraft, and incidentally to some extent of Class B ; (4) Technological examinations, and examinations for elementary kindergarten certificates. The examinations were held at seventy-five centres in 1928. The total number of entries for all examinations was 8,630, of which number 8,197 candidates actually presented themselves for examination. 5,222 candidates were exempted from the necessity of passing the Intermediate Examination, due to the accrediting principle by which candidates for senior free places may be exempted from an external examination. The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown below : —

It will be noted from the above figures that there was a considerable decrease in the number of candidates presented for Junior National Scholarships in 1928 as compared with the number presented in ] 927. This is due to the amended regulations governing Junior National Scholarships, which reduced the age of entry from fourteen years to thirteen years. Of the 1,313 candidates for Junior National Scholarships in 1928, 165 obtained the scholarship qualification, 757 qualified for a free place in the scholarship examination, and 556 failed. There were also 143 candidates for free places only, of whom 15 qualified and 128 failed. Of the 1,047 candidates for Senior National Scholarships 138 gained scholarships, 695 qualified for senior free places, and 352 failed.

I 1926. | 1927. | 1928. Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. .. .. 2,775 2,791 1,456 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate 4,759 4,386 4,570 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,689 2,384 2,086 Kindergarten Certificate Examination .. .. . . . . 4 10 14 Special Public Service Entrance Examination in July-August .. .. 219 .. 1 London University Examinations . . . . . . . . • .. 2 1 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate . . . . . . .. . . ; 13 13 17 Technological examinations .. .. . . . . . . . . .. 51 Naval Cadetships .. .. . . .. .. . . .. • .. 2 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,461 ' 9,585 8,197

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There were 1,240 entries for the Intermediate Examination, 1,126 candidates presenting themselves, of which number 385 passed and 741 failed to do so. The number present at the Public Service Entrance Examination was 2,397, 1,090 of the number passing and 1,307 failing the examination. The number of candidates who sat for the different stages of the teachers' certificate examinations was 2,086 (590 for the whole or part of Class C and 1,496 for Class D). Of the total number 275 obtained complete passes in Class D, 116 in Class C, 2in Class B, and lin Class A. 1,221 improved their status and 471 failed. The technological examinations were inaugurated in 1928, and were held in the intermediate grade only. Fifty-one candidates presented themselves for examination, of which number 32 passed and 19 failed. Teachers' Superannuation Fund. The position of the fund at the 31st January, 1929, and the principal figures concerning the transactions for the year, compared with those for the year ended 31st January, 1928, are given below : — 1927-28. J 928-29. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at end of year .. .. .. 1,134,015 1,171,990 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. 50,860 37,976 Income for the year — Members'contributions .. • .. .. 131,872 136,061 Interest .. . . . . . . • ■ • • 68,053 67,828 Government subsidy .. .. .. .. .. 71,228 72,000 Total income £271,153 £275,889 Expenditure— £ £ Retiring and other allowances .. .. •• 188,553 207,706 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. 26,075 26,781 Administration expenses .. .. •• 3,845 3,426 Bad debts on realization of securities and reserve .. 1,820 Total expenditure .. .. .. £220,293 £237,913 Number of contributors at 31st January .. .. .. 8,680 9,281 Number of members admitted during period .. .. 841 1,160 Number retiring from the fund during period .. .. 532 559 Net increase in membership at 31st January .. . . 309 601 Number of allowances in force at end of period .. .. 1,364 1,444 Representing an annual charge of .. .. •• £192,635 £210,154 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. •• •• 843 £149,554 911 £165,979 Retiring-allowances under extended provisions of section 75 of the Act 109 £17,504 107 £17,250 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. .. 128 £17,205 139 £18,435 Allowances to widows .. .. •• •• 195 £6,058 203 £6,306 Allowances to children .. .. •• ..89 £2,314 84 £2,184 Funds invested at 31st January — £ At 4i per cent. .. . • • ■ • ■ • • 30,350 30,250 At 5 per cent. .. •• ■■ •• •• 12,920 12,920 At 51 per cent. •.. . • • • • ■ • • 81,160 137,260 At 6 per cent. .. .. •• •• •• 935,487 965,845 At 6J per cent. .. .. •• 73,127 30,002 Total £1,133,044 £1,176,277 Average rate of interest on investment at 31st January .. 5-87 per cent. 5-88 per cent. Subsidy to Public Libraries. The sum of £3,000 was distributed to public libraries in country districts on the basis of subsidy on moneys raised locally by voluntary contribution. Three hundred and twenty-five libraries participated in the grant, receiving amounts varying from £6 10s. to £11 19s. The subsidy is not paid to libraries situated in towns or boroughs with a population exceeding fifteen hundred. Parliament will be asked to appropriate a further sum of £3,000 this year to enable the payment of subsidy to be continued.

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APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1929.

39

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 31,237 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. •. 823 Telephones .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 334 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,003 Printing and stationery .. .. .. .. .. 3,433 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. .. 393 Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising &c... . • 196 Overtime and meal-allowance .. .. .. .. .. 108 Sundries .. 39,527 Less miscellaneous recoveries .. .. .. 1,362 38,165 Elementary Education. Teachers' salaries (including probationers'allowances) .. 1,737,179 Teachers'house allowances .. .. .. .. 44,210 — 1,781,389 General administrative purposes (including School Committees' . . 141,480 allowances) Health camps .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 207 Organizing-teachers'salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. 6,463 Removal of teachers .. .. .. .. .. .. 844 Correspondence School: Salaries, &c. .. .. .. .. 3,444 Manual instruction : Salaries, capitation, and material .. .. 87,086 School and class libraries .. .. .. .. .. 2,348 Purchase of gramophones for schools .. .. .. .. 2,409 School buildings and sites —• Maintenance and repair of school buildings and residences 113,293 Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes .. 4,955 Schools destroyed or damaged by fire: Rebuilding and 16,077* repairs New buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences : 248,386t Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 —-— 382,711 Inspectors—• Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 33,078 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 10,744 Telephones, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. 237 Extra clerical assistance, typing, &c. .. .. .. 388 — 44,447 School physical services—• Salaries of instructors .. .. .. .. 4,986 Courses of instruction .. .. .. .. 28 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 3,278 Material: Officers' requisites, uniform allowances, &c. .. 113 — — 8,405 Conveyance and allowance for board of school-children rail- .. 68,727 way fares, £18,617 ; boarding-allowances and conveyance by road and water, £50,110) Conveyance of instructors and teachers .. .. .. . . 7,869 iSchool Journal: Salaries, printing, &c. .. .. .. .. 7,433 Education Gazette: Printing, &c... .. .. .. .. 1,253 Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account of public .. 21,209 primary schools, including district high sohools — 2,567,724 Less miscellaneous recoveries (including School .. 5,383 Journal, £808; Education Gazette, £354; teachers' salaries, £160 ; special examination fees, £109; Correspondence School, £264; gramaphones, £3,003) 2,562,341J Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for- — District high schools : Secondary teachers'salaries .. 58,254 National Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 11,273 Payments to Secondary schools and colleges for — Salaries and incidental expenses .. .. . . . . 267,282 Manual instruction capitation .. .. .. .. 4,606 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 1,750 New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. : Educa- 44,382 tion Purposes Loans Act, 1919 Maintenance of school buildings .. .. .. 1,453 |— ■ 45,835 From reserves revenue in accordance with Education i .. 10,556 Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 ' —-— —-—— Carried forward .. .. - .. 399,556 2,600,506 * During the financial year £12,348 was recovered from the Fire Insurance Fund in the hands of the Public Trustee. t Includes £71 cost of raising loans. | Including £56,743 from the national-endowment reserves revenue and £116,396 from primary-education reserves,

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

40

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 399,556 2,600,506 Secondary Education —continued. Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools .. • • 8,618 Marlborough High School: Statutory payment .. .. ■ • 400 Inspectors' salaries .. .. .. .. .. •• 2,632 Inspectors' travelling and removal expenses .. .. • • 964 Junior High Schools: Incidental expenses .. .. ■■ 1,058 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. • • 11 413,239 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. • • 58 413,181* Technical Education. Salaries of Inspectors .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,663 Travelling and removal expenses of Inspectors .. .. .. 772 Technological examinations .. .. .. .. .. (535 Salaries and capitation, technical and continuation classes .. .. 185,483 Buildings and permanent apparatus, &c.—• Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. .. 23,281 Rents .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,381 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 1,468 26,130 Conveyance of instructors and students .. .. .. . . 4 Conveyance of pupils to technical schools .. . . .. .. 6,199 Expenses of instructors taking up appointments .. .. .. 45 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 2,976 Technical Schools Board: Expenses of meetings Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 224,908 Less recoveries (including exam, fees, &c., £220) .. 634 224,274f Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salaries of staff (one-half ; the other half is charged to 36,563 teachers' salaries, " Elementary Education ") Allowances to students and transport expenses .. 116,379 Expenses in connection with appointments to staffs .. 244 Students'University college fees .. .. .. 6,136 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. 3,300 Science apparatus and material .. .. .. 633 New buildings, sites, furniture, &c. : Education Purposes 2,223 Loans Act, 1919 165,478 Training of teachers other than at training colleges— Classes at subcentres .. .. .. .. .. 780 166,258 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. . . 37 166,221+ Higher Education. Statutory grants— University of New Zealand— New Zealand University Act, 1908 .. .. 2,881 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 4,521 7,405 Auckland University College— Auckland University College Act, 1882 .. .. 4,000 New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 10,250§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,260 16,510 Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 .. .. .. 4,000 New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 8,250§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,260 14,510 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 6,500§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,260 Additions to statutory grant: Finance Act, 1920 390 (section 43) 9,150 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1919 and 15,850§ 1928 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,260 18,110 Grants for new buildings, &c.— University of Otago .. .. .. .. 1,564 Massey Agricultural College .. .. .. .. 32,546 Canterbury Agricultural College .. .. .. 4,650 38,760 Agricultural Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 164 j Sir George Grey Scholarships .. . . .. .. . . 200 University National Scholarships.. .. .. .. .. 3,875 I National Research Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 50 Carried forward .. .. .. 108 734 1 3,404,182 * including £8,662 from national-endowment reserves revenue, _ and £10,556 from secondary-education reserves revenue- f Including £5,039 from national-endowment reserves revenue. X Including £4,195 from national-endowment reserves revenue. § Includes £500 for Workers' Educational Association classes.

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

6—E. 1.

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 108,734 3,404,182 Higher Education —continued. Bursaries— University .. .. .. .. .. 15,704 Educational .. .. .. .. .. 812 Agricultural . . .. .. .. .. 942 Home Science .. .. .. .. .. 4,074 Engineering .. .. .. .. .. 1,138 22,670 Special assistance to deserving students .. .. .. .. 120 Special Technical Classes .. .. .. .. .. 612 Workers' Educational Association — Grant for organization expenses .. .. .. .. 1,500 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 11,700 Chairs of Education .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,400 Temporary assistance, Home Science Department, Otago .. 113 University Schools of Forestry: Maintenance .. .. .. .. 2,000 Maintenance, Massey Agricultural College, Massey Agricultural .. 15,000 College Act, 1925, Sec. 23 165,849* Native Schools. Salaries (Teachers and Inspectors) .. .. .. 64,287 Special allowances to teachers in isolated places .. .. 135 __ 64,422 Higher education and scholarships (including nursing scholar- .. 5,180 ships) Books, school requisites, sewing-material, &o. .. . .. 2,416 Storage and despatch of school books, &e... .. .. .. 113 Expenses of removals of teachers .. .. .. .. 439 Inspectors travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. 533 Buildings : New schools, additional class-rooms, &c. — Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. 6,044 Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. .. 3,912 — 9,956 Manual instruction : Payment of instructors and material .. 400 for classes Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. .. 2,229 Sundries: Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 14 85,702 Less recoveries (sale of maps, &c.) .. .. .. 741 84,961f School for the Deaf. Salaries .. . . .. .. .. .. .. 5,946 General maintenance of institution .. . • .. .. 2,226 Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils .. .. .. 337 Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. .. .. .. 77 Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Additions to buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 277 8,875 Less recoveries (including maintenance payments, .. 2,585 £2,571) 6,290J I Education of the Blind. Grant for maintenance of Government pupils at Jubilee .. 625 Institute Special Instruction .. .. .. .. .. | Subsidies on voluntary contributions under Hospital and .. 1,221 Charitable Aid Acts, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1923 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. •. 24 1,870 Less recoveries (maintenance payments) .. .. 520 — 1,350Schools for the Feeble-minded. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. •. 7,274 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 752 Additions to buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 5,015 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 Maintenance of institutions, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 7,297 Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 20,654 Less recoveries (including amounts received from .. 3,435 parents and others and sales of farm produce) ———-— —-— 17,219§. Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 2,455 New buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 6,985 , 9,440 Carried forward .. .. .. .. 9,440 3,679,851 * Including £628 paid from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Including £1,990 paid from national endowment reserve revenue and £492 paid from Tauranga Reserve endowment revenue. t Including £210 from national-endowment reserves revenue. §Including £382 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

E.—l

42

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

SUMMARY.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given; printing (1,500 copies, including illustrations), £80.

By Authority ; W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 929.

Price Is.]

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 9,440 3,679,851 Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. —continued. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. • • .. 26,392 Boarding out of children, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 80,242 Refund of maintenance payments .. .. .. .. 264 Refund of inmates' earnings .. .. .. . • .. 25 Travelling and removal expenses.. .. .. .. .. 8,036 Legal expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 59 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services, &c. .. 686 Rent, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 2,138 Maintenance of inmates in Government schools, &c. .. .. 24,653 Maintenance of inmates sent to other institutions .. .. .. 180 Maintenance of inmates in private industrial schools . . .. 1,559 Wages of inmates .. .. .. .. .. .. 147 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. ». j 11 153,832 Less recoveries (amounts received from parents .. 31,170 and others, and sales of farm produce, &c.) j— 122,662* Material and Stores. ■Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. t 1,322 Stores and material purchased .. .. .. .. .. | 4,423 Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. .. .... .. . . 103 5,848 Less recoveries (stores issued and issues on pay- .. 5,977 ments) — Or. 129 Miscellaneous. Examination expenses: Teachers', Public Service, and 6,196 * Scholarships Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 5,357 —— 839 •Grading and Certificates of Teachers : Courts of Appeal, .. 488 inquiries, &c. War bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 375 Teachers' Superannuation -Fund— Government contribution .. .. .. .. 68,040 Additional allowances to widows and children .. .. 3,749 — 71,789 j Free KindergartensGovernment capitation .. .. .. .. .. 4,331 Accidents to school-children and teachers .. -. •. • • 667 Compassionate allowances .. .. .. .. .. 150 j Conference of Education Authorities .. .. .. .. 719 Exhibitions : Preparation and forwarding of school exhibits New Zealand Ensigns for schools Purchase of motor-cars (to be recovered) .. .. .. .. 390 Salaries of exchange teachers .. .. .. .. .. 815 Storage and despatcli of stores and stationery .. .. .. 36 Subsidies to Public Libraries .. .. .. .. . 2,998 I Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Purchase of motor-buses (for conveyance of school-children).. .. 1,419 Transfer of pupils from Wellington Technical School to Wei- .. 102 lington Girls' College 85,139 Less recoveries (motor-cars, £259; sundries, £10; salaries .. 1,165 of exchange teachers, £897; sale of flags, £8; &c.) 83,974 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,886,358 * Including £3,514 paid from the national-endowment reserves revenue.

c,,rvir.fi Paid from Parlia- Paid from I Totals serV!Ce - montary Votes. Reserves Revenue, lotais. £ £ £ 'General Administration.. •• . ■ 38,165 38,165 Elementary Education .. .. .. .. .. 2,389,202 173,139 2,562,341 .Secondary Education .. .. .. 393,963 19,218 413,181 Technical Instruction .. .. .. .. 219,235 5,039 224,274 Training Colleges, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 162,026 4,195 166,221 Higher Education .. .. .. .. -■ 151,659 14,190 165,849 Native Schools .. .. .. .. •• 82,479 2,482 i 84,961 School for the Deaf .. .. .. .. .. 6,071 219 ! 6,290 Education of the Blind .. .. .. .. .. 1,350 .. 1,350 Schools for the Feeble-minded .. .. .. .. 16,837 382 17,219 Industrial Schools and Probation System .. .. .. 119,148 3,514 ! 122,662 Material and Stores .. .. .. .. .. Cr. 129 .. Or. 129 Miscellaneous Services .. .. .. .. .. 83,974 .. i 83,974 l Totals .. ... .. .. 3,663,980 222,378 i 3,886,358