REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1926. [In continuation of E.-1, 1926.]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1927 Session I, E-01

1

1927. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1926. [In continuation of E.-1, 1926.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS.

Page l>;ige Introductory and Genera] .. .. .. 2 Primary Education—continued. Cost of Education .. .. . . 4 Training of Teachers . . .. .. 15 School Buildings .. . . . . 5 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 16 Primary Education— Native Schools .. .. .. 17 Number of Schools .. .. .. 6 Junior High Schools .. .. .. 17 Enrolment and Attendance . . .. . . 7 Secondary Education .. .. .. 19 Problem of Retardation .. .. .. 9 Technical Education .. .. .. 21 Pupils leaving School .. .. 10 Child Welfare .. .. .. 23 Duration of School Course .. .. 10 University Education .. .. .. 26 Registered Private Schools .. . . ..11 General — Correspondence School .. .. ..11 Annual Examinations .. .. ..26 Physical Education .. . . .. 12 Teachers' Superannuation .. .. 27 Manual Instruction .. . . .. 12 Subsidy to Public Libraries .. .. 28 Staffing of Primary Schools .. .. 14 Appendix—Details of Expenditure for Year ended Teachers' Salaries .. .. .. 14 31st March, 1927 .. .. .. 29

Office of the Department of Education, Your Excellency,- Wellington, 16th June, 1927. 1 have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public, education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1926. I have, &c., R. A, Wright, His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.

I—E. 1,

E.—l

2

REPORT. INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. During the year particular interest attached to the marked progress in secondary and University education. The number of pupils in post-primary schools increased, as well as the number of those who reached a standard of education that entitled them to free education at one of the University colleges. This advance was reflected in the quality of the applicants for entrance to the teaching profession. A few years ago Education Boards found it necessary to accept candidates who had no higher qualification than that indicated by the possession of an intermediate certificate or a pass in the Public Service Entrance Examination. None of the probationary teachers appointed during the year had a lower qualification than a partial pass in the Teachers' Class D Certificate Examination, while not less than 67 per cent, had matriculated or passed the Class D or Class C examination for teachers, or possessed a higher leaving-certificate. Additional evidence is provided by the increased number of training-college students who are taking University courses. It is interesting to note that, while the output from the post-primary schools is of increasingly better quality academically, there is a marked tendency for those who have charge of secondary education to favour wider and more differentiated courses. The traditional ecclesiastical type of education founded so many centuries ago is at last losing its hold on the schools. A demand has arisen for courses of education that bear some relation to the future occupations of the pupils. This change, so far as the general public is concerned, is due to an increased general interest in education and to a more independent and common-sense view of its aims. While these views undoubtedly reflect the opinions of a large number of people not only in New Zealand but in all parts of the Empire, it is necessary to guard against too great specialization in curricula. It is generally agreed that it is impossible to settle what occupation a boy or girl of thirteen or fourteen years of age should follow ; hence the necessity for varied general courses that will include not only cultural subjects but subjects and occupations that will give the pupil an opportunity to reveal his inclinations and aptitudes. Consequently, secondary schools are not now confining themselves to purely academic courses, but are adding manual-training and commercial courses that give an opportunity for a pupil to select the type of education best suited to his needs and capacity. The secondary schools in doing this appear to be drawing closer to the technical high schools. Apparently there will presently be little difference between the two types of post-primary institutions, so far, at all events, as day courses are concerned. The technical high schools will, however, continue to provide for evening students industrial courses more nearly related to specific trades and occupations than is desirable in the case of the secondary schools. In thus providing full opportunity for evening students the technical high schools continue to do a service of the utmost importance to the State. The New Zealand University Amendment Act passed during the year aimed at the realization, in part at all events, of the recommendations made by the University Commission of 1925. Unfortunately, the full project could not be carried into effect at the time, and much has still to be done in the direction of establishing a federated University. It may be questioned whether in such a small country as New Zealand, with a population of less than one and a half millions, four University colleges are really needed. There are wide differences of opinion regarding the best method of reorganizing University activities ; but it seems generally accepted that, whatever system of control may eventually be evolved, it is desirable in the meantime to have one central University organization comprising four constituent autonomous colleges. The existence of the four colleges has unfortunately led to a duplication of University activities in certain directions, and consequently to increased expenditure on University education.

E.—l

In New Zealand the cost is approximately 2s. 9d. per head of population ; in Victoria it is Is. lOd. ; in Tasmania, Is. 7d. ; and in New South Wales, Is. 2d. It is doubtful whether any State gives more assistance to University work than is given in New Zealand at the present time. No less than 40 per cent, of the male students and 50 per cent, of the women students have their University fees paid by the State. Free University education by means of scholarships and bursaries is therefore on a very liberal basis. In a country that depends as much as New Zealand does on its primary industries it is but to be expected that the State will favour the establishment of University schools or colleges dealing with agricultural science. A school of this character has for many years been in existence in the South Island, and a similar one is about to be provided to meet North Island needs. These colleges will not only be the means of producing a staff of experts who will be of the utmost service to people engaged in the primary industries, but will carry out research work that should do a great deal to increase the prosperity of the country. The primary-education system in New Zealand is sensitive to the movements in England and America to shorten the primary and extend the secondary school courses. The proposed reorganization which has for its object the establishment of what is known as the " junior-high-school system" has been received with a certain amount of caution, if not reserve, mainly because of the uncertainty of its effects upon both primary and secondary schools, and the lack of sufficiently definite information regarding the cost. The Department has, however, not been indifferent to the trend of public opinion abroad, and has established eight experimental schools to " try out " the new system, and the results will be watched with interest. Further, a committee of experts and others interested in education has been set up to report on the proposal to alter the primary-school syllabus of instruction in such a way as to provide a primary course suitable for pupils up to about the age of twelve years, and a post-primary course of two or three years in an intermediate school, followed by a further period in a senior high school. Such an alteration in the syllabus of instruction would be comparatively easy to arrange in city school systems, but may prove difficult to carry out effectively in scattered country districts. The general opinion throughout the Dominion is that it would be unwise to abandon the present undoubtedly efficient primary-school system before being assured of the suitability and worth of its rival. Another noteworthy feature in connection with both primary and post-primary education in this country is the gradual abandonment of the traditional method of measuring school efficiency by means of external examinations. More and more attention is being given to education in its wider aspects. Both teachers and Inspectors are coming to realize that it is not of so much importance to the child that he shall carry away from school a mass of information on all kinds of subjects as that his character shall be developed in the fullest possible maimer. It has at the same time become clear to all associated with education that the adoption of a definite aim of this kind does not imply an indifference to learning or a lowering of the standard of academic attainment. A further important development in the schools is in the increased attention that is being given to the needs of the individual child. There is evidence of greater sympathy between teachers and pupils, and nowadays it is rare to find a child who does not love his school. A further evidence of the interest in the welfare of the individual is to be found in the establishment of special classes for the education of. children of somewhat low mental equipment. Such children can make little or no progress under ordinary methods of instruction, and it is quite evident that it is of the highest social importance that such children should not be allowed to grow up to be a burden to themselves and a menace to the welfare of the community. At the present time some twenty classes have been established in different parts of the Dominion to provide special courses suited to the capacity of such pupils. The Child Welfare Act of 1925 enabled the Department to extend its activities in caring for neglected or delinquent children, and hence to increase the value of its social work. Children's Courts have been established in all the main centres, and are working admirably. The substitution of the boarding-out system for the institution system of dealing with the wards of the State has been in operation for

3

e.—i

4

a number of years and has proved of undoubted social value. Institutions, where they still exist, are, too, changing in type and becoming more like schools than places of detention or disciplinary organizations. This does not indicate an inclination on the part of the Department to deal more laxly with young people who sin against society, but indicates that a change of method has I teen adopted in the reformative treatment. Such a change is in harmony with the altered methods of control in all our schools—methods that have resulted in deepening the influence of the teacher over his pupils, and in making the schools a more effective social force in the community. The following important staff changes occurred in the Department during the year: Mr. John Caughley, M.A., Director of Education announced his retirement; Dr. E. Marsden, Assistant Director, resigned, and assumed charge of the newlyestablished Department of Scientific and Industrial Research ; Mr. T. B. Strong, M.A., B.Sc., was appointed Assistant Director, and Mr. W. Bird, M.A., succeeded him as Chief Inspector of Primary Schools. I desire to place on record my appreciation of the services of the late Director in the cause of education in all its branches. Cost of Education. The appendix to this report shows in detail, under various headings, the expenditure on education during the financial year ended 31st March, 1927. The total expenditure, including endowment revenue, amounted to £3,987,416, as against £3,895,034 for the previous year, an increase of £92,382. This increase is a very moderate one when it is considered that it has to provide for the natural increase of the number of children in all classes of schools, and that during the year the Department had to provide for large payments of a non-recurring nature on the site for the new Agricultural College at Palmerston North, and for the new Medical School in Dunedin. Much is written about the large expenditure on education in this country. Comparisons are made between the cost now and the cost before the war, and the question is frequently asked whether an expenditure of four millions per annum is justified when the pre-war expenditure was only one and a half millions. It must be remembered, however, that, owing .to the depreciation in the real value of the pound, the present expenditure of nearly four millions is equivalent to only two and a half millions in 1914. Further, the number of pupils in our schools has increased from 208,693 in 1914 to 264,601 in 1926, and if the increased numbers are taken into account the increased cost would have been from one and a half to two millions. Again, in every enlightened country there have been many developments in the past twelve years, and the provision of facilities for education has been greatly improved, particularly in the direction of post-primary and higher education. New Zealand cannot afford to fall behind other countries, and has had to keep pace in these and other respects. Consequently, in the period referred to, the number of pupils attending secondary and other high schools has increased from 10,428 to 23,210, and the number of University students has risen from 2,310 to 4,653. It has been necessary at the same time to increase the expenditure on students' fees and allowances at training colleges from £25,246 to £123,250, on educational buildings from £122,940 to £550,954, and on superannuation for teachers from £17,000 to £71,428. It is difficult to make a reliable comparison between the cost of education in New Zealand and in other countries, because the systems vary. In New Zealand almost the whole cost comes from the Consolidated Fund, whereas in most other countries a large proportion comes from local rates, endowments, private and other sources. The meaning of expenditure on education varies also. Some countries include only expenditure on schools, while others include libraries, medical and social services for children, university education, and industrial education. In some countries, again, such as Canada, Australia, and the United States, the system of education varies from State to State, education being very liberally provided for in some parts while the schools are starved in others. These essential differences make the figures supplied in statistics somewhat untrustworthy.

5

1

A recently published comparison of the cost of elementary education, which, for the reasons just stated, must be taken with reservation, gives the cost of elementary education perjpupil as follows : — £ s. d. England and Wales (1923-24) . . . . . . 11 5 9 Norway (1922) .. .. .. . . 14 14 0 Holland . . .. .. . . . . 12 10 0 United States of America (1921-22) ... . . 12 17 0 Ontario (1924).. .. .. .. .. 13 19 0 British Columbia (1924) . . . . . . 17 19 0 Queensland . . .. . . .. . . 10 19 3 Victoria . . . . . . .. .. 8 16 0 New South Wales . . . . .. .. 14 12 6 Cape Colony (primary and secondary) .. .. 16 13 0 Transvaal (primary and secondary) .. . . 21 4 2 New Zealand (primary) (1926) .. .. .. 13 0 0 These figures are probably sufficiently reliable to show that, while our expenditure on education compares well with that in other countries, New Zealand by no means leads the world in its devotion, to the training of its children. School Buildings. A considerable amount of progress was made during the year in the provision of school buildings, both in country districts and in town and suburban areas, to meet the increase in population, the total amount of the funds allocated by Cabinet from the Education Purposes Loans Account being expended. The policy of replacing rented accommodation has been steadily continued, and special consideration has been given to the erection of small schools in isolated and backblock districts. Among the larger primary schools completed during the year may be mentioned the Napier Street, Milford, and Forest Lake Schools, in the Auckland District; the second portion of the Auckland Training College ; Lower Mangorei, in Taranaki; Roseneath, in Wellington; and Papanui, in Canterbury. The infants' department at Invercargill Middle was rebuilt. Secondary departments were provided at Dargaville, Otorohanga, Methven, and Fairlie. A new secondary school has been built at Takapuna. The Medical and Dental Schools in connection with the Otago University have been completed. Additions to existing schools were made at Avondale y and Kohimarama, Auckland ; Fitzroy, Taranaki; Raetihi, Wanganui; Napier South, Hawke's Bay ; Miramar South, Wellington ; North New Brighton and Beckenham, Canterbury ; Wyndham, Invercargill South; and St. George, Southland. Among works in progress may be mentioned the new Normal School, Auckland ; the New Plymouth Girls' High School hostel; a new school at Rongotea, Wanganui district; the Wellington Boys' College Memorial Hall; a new boys' secondary school at Coutts Street, Kilbirnie; the Marlborough Junior High School; the second wing of the new Christchurch Training College ; additions to the Timaru Boys' High School; and additions to the Waitaki Boys' High School. It has been and still is the policy of the Department to obtain school-sites as far as possible in advance of population, in order to save to the State the very considerable inflation in land-values that invariably follows the publication of proposals to divert railways, &c. Particular attention has been given to the provision of adequate school-sites in the Hutt Valley, Wellington, and the sites now set apart should meet the needs of that district for many years to come. In other growing centres also, notably Whangarei, Auckland, Hamilton, Palmerston North, and Wellington, the Department has acquired sites in anticipation of an early-and considerable increase in settlement. The Department" is continuing' its policy of centralizing schools in localities where the condition of the roads, the location of the existing schools, and other material factors render such a course advisable and economical.

JE.—l

6

The majority of the secondary and technical school building-work was carried out by the Architectural Branch of the Public Works Department. The following table shows for the year ended 31st March, 1927, the amount expended by the Department on new buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences : — £ Primary schools .. .. .. .. .. 238,286 Secondary schools .. .. .. .. 129,925 Technical schools . . .. .. .. .. 37,314 Training colleges .. .. .. .. .. 9,938 Universities .. .. .. .. .. 67,068 Native schools .. .. .. .. .. 8,999 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 9,684 Free kindergartens .. .. . . . . 78 501,292 PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. The number of public schools open at the end of 1926 was 2,601, or 21 more than in the previous year. In the following table the schools are classified according to their grade, and the yearly average attendance and the number of children per teacher are shown.

Average Number of Children Average Attendance. per Teacher in Primary Number Department. Grade of School. of - ; — Schools. Primary Secondary Total Excluding Including Department. Department. ' Probationers. Probationers. 0 (1-8) .. 228 1,359 .. 1,359 6 6 1 (9-20) .. 770 10,772 .. 10,772 14 14 II (21-35) .. 534 13,970 .. 13,970 25 25 IIIA (36-50) .. 305 12,745 21 12,766 22 22 IIIB (51-80) 268 16,042 36 16,078 30 28 Illo (81-120) .. 135 12,708 171 12,879 31 30 IVa (121-160) .. 62 8,326 123 8,449 "] IVB (161-200) .. 32 5,574 191 5,765 35 29 IYc (201-240) .. 40 8,700 587 9,287 J VA (241-280) .. 25 6,336 399 6,735 ] VB (281-320) .. 19 5,671 .. 5,671 y 41 34 Vc (321-360) .. 28 9,474 430 9,904 j VIA (361-400) .. 24 9,082 400 9,482 VIB (401-440) .. 26 10,858 249 11,107 !> 41 34 Vic (441-480) .. 11 5,034 62 5,096 J VIIA (481-520) .. 13 7,887 147 8,034 VIIB (521-560) .. 19 8,495 .. 8,495 VIIc (561-600) .. 14 10,504 97 10,601 VIID (601-640) .. 18 9,840 90 9,930 VIIE (641-680) .. 12 7,109 217 7,326 VIIf (681-720) .. 4 2,816 .. 2,816 ! . VIIg (721-760) .. 4 2,232 .. 2,232 f VIIH (761-800) .. 6 3,832 .. 3,832 VIIi (801-840) .. 2 "1,428 .. 1,428 VIIj (841-880) .. 1 864 .. 864 VIIk (881-920) VIIL (921-960) 1 930 .. 930 _ Totals, 1926 .. 2,601 192,588 3,220 195,808 31 28 Totals, 1925 .. 2,580 194,741 3,155 j 197,896 32 29 Difference .. +21 2,153 + 65 — 2,088 — 1 — 1 i 1

E— 1.

Auckland Point School, Nelson. (Opened in February, 1927.)

A Class-room in Auckland Point School.

To face paye 6]

E.—l

It will be seen that 1,532 schools, or more than half the total number, had an average attendance of less than thirty-six pupils. These sole-teacher schools had a total average attendance of 26,101. Enrolment and Attendance. The total enrolment in public primary schools at the end of the year 1926 was 216,807, an increase of 2,083 over the total for the previous year. Regularity of Attendance. —The regularity of attendance has continued at a highly satisfactory figure, the average attendance for the year 1926 being 89-9 per cent, of the average weekly roll number. The Hawke's Bay Education District has the highest degree of regularity, but the figures for all districts are creditable, in no case falling below 89-1 per cent. The relative activities of the nine Education Boards may be gauged from the following figures, which are exclusive of the secondary departments of district high schools -

The more pronounced increase in the North Island districts is, of course, a natural corollary to the northward trend of the population. It will be observed that the Auckland District accounts for 52 per cent, of the increase for the Dominion.

7

Average Number of Children Total Average per Teacher. Attendance. — (Primary.) Excluding Including Probationers. Probationers. Grades III-YII (two or more teachers) .. .. 166,487 36 31 Grades Y-YII (six or more teachers) . . . . 102,392 41 34 All schools .. .. .. .. 192,588 31 28

Enrolment. '■HVi f TV + • t —J ; i Schools > J 926 lidult Teachers, Education District. , , Percentage ! 1920 _ 1921. . 1926. Increase, brraae U '' Five Years. Auckland .. .. .. 59,816 65,888 10 698 1,841 Taranaki .. .. .. 10,834 11,674 8 164 356 Wanganui .. .. .. 16,310 17,220 6 190 503 Hawke's Bay .. .. "15,117 16,492 9 166 474 Wellington.". .. .. 25,699 27,452 7 231 739 Nelson .. .. .. 7,028 7,118 1 121 249 Canterbury.. .. .. 35,761 37,384 5 380 1,023 Otago .. .. 22,192 21,177 -5 240 616 Southland .. .. .. 12,424 12,402 * 183 382 Totals .. .. 205,181 216,807 6 2,373 6,183 * No significant movement.

E.—l

8

I " I Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII. Totals. Ages. ; j 1 j I — ~j ~ ■ Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. ' Boys. Girls. ; ! i ! i 1 5 and under 6 .. 8,375 7,781 .. .. j .. 8,375 7,781 6 „ 7 .. 12,346 11,413 148 154 j 2 4 12,496 11,571 7 „ 8 .. 9,131 8,003 2,120 2,340 95 158 2 5 11,348 10,506 8 „ 9 .. 4,183 | 3,227 5,609 5,547 2,014 2,359 125 161 4 6 3 2 11,938 11,302 9 „ 10 .. 1,159 805 3,673 2,922 5,250 5,572 2,003 2,370 ; 152 180 12 11 12,249 11,860 10 11 .. 355 230 j 1,344 947 3,802 3,235 5,282 ! 5,344 1,865 2,071 170 208 13 8 .. 12,831 12,043 11 „ 12 .. 154 118 382 242 1,560 1,079 3,979 3,677 4,660 4,740 1,540 1,626 195 187 .. 12,470 11,669 12 „ 13 .. 56 58 148 113 557 387 2,002 1,599 ; 4,072 3,737 4,143 4,244 1,330 j 1,435 9 10 12,317 11,583 13 „ 14 .. 48 23 65 32 177 127 797 546 2,066 1,641 3,739 3,283 3,641 ! 3,690 39 60 10,572 9,402 —„ —» — — —— — 14 15 ..13 7 17 7 43 33 228 139 673 432 1,808 1,327 3,204 2,856 56 47 6,042 4,848 15 . „ 16 .. 4 8 5 2 8 41 9 120 70 473 245 1,264 842 25 31 1,940 1,207 I 16 „ 17 .. 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 17 4 40 18 194 97 17 13 276 140 17 years and over .. .. .. ., .. . . .. .. .. 1 4 2 3 13 9 2 7 18 23 Totals .. 35,826 31,675 13,513 12,306 13,509 12,956 14,462 13,854 13,630 12,885 11.930 10,967 9,854 9,124 148 168 112,872 103,935 , J j

9

E.—l

Problem of Retardation. The table opposite classifies, according to age and standard of education, the whole of the pupils who were in attendance at public primary schools at the end of 1926. The heavy lines indicate the normal progress of a pupil who, entering between the age of six years and seven years, spends two years in the preparatory classes and one year in each of the standard classes, and thus completes the work of Standard VI when he is between thirteen and fourteen years of age. It must be noted that this table is compiled from statistics furnished at the end of the year by the Education Boards. The pupils are on the point of entering their new classes, hence it may be held that the table does not quite indicate the true position, and that the heavy lines might just as correctly be drawn one stage lower for each class. Some explanation is needed for the presence of some very old pupils in the lower classes. These are either Maori children whose education has begun late, or pupils of subnormal intelligence who ought to be educated in special classes. However, even if these two classes of retardates are excluded, the table shows that a considerable amount of retardation exists in the primary schools. With the object of throwing clearer light on this matter the Department made a close investigation into the position so far as it was revealed by the school promotion class-lists. At the outset it cannot be too emphatically stated that the term " retarded " does not necessarily mean " mentally defective " A child is said to be retarded when his progress at school is slower than the average, but this may be due to many causes other than lack of intelligence. For instance, he may lose a year or part of a year through illness. When he returns to school his state of health may be such that he is unable to pick up the threads for a little time, and he becomes retarded. Changes of teachers and changes of schools will bring about the same result, as will also admission to school at a late age. The child's ability may be quite up to the average but circumstances are against him. It is his education, not liis mentality, that is retarded. The following table shows the results of the investigation referred to : —

Table showing Percentage of Retardation, according to Class-lists.

Percentage of extreme retardates in Dominion, 4'oB. (Note : Extreme retardates are those children who were ten years of age and still in the infants' department, eleven years of age and still in Standard I, &c.) Teachers were asked to give an explanation of each case of extreme retardation, and the results have been summarized in the following table : — Table showing Explanations foe 8,690 Extreme Retardates. Number. Percentage. No reason .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,605 19 Maoris or foreigners .. .. .. .. .. 1,242 14 Lack of intelligence .. .. .. .. .. 2,904 33 Lack of opportunity .. .. .. .. .. 2,278 26 Immigrants or changes .. .. .. .. .. 661 8 8,690 According to the opinions given by teachers, which we assume to have been well considered, there are in the Dominion some 2,904 children whose retardation is due to lack of intelligence. This represents 1-34 of the school population. Other researches carried on by the Department indicate that the percentage of children whose lack of intelligence is so marked that they require permanent special treatment is about 1-6. There appears, therefore, reasonable ground for believing that

2—E. 1.

v , . ... • Number of Children Number of Extreme ,, , , Percentage Education District. enrolled Retardates -percentage. less Maoris and Foreigners. Auckland .. .. 65,888 4,202 6-37 5-11 Taranaki .. .. 11,674 495 4-24 3-40 Wanganui .. .. 17,220 638 3-70 3-23 Hawke's Bay .. .. 16,492 633 3-89 2-09 Wellington .. .. 27,452 757 2-76 2-56 Nelson .. .. 7,118 210 2-95 2-95 Canterbury .. .. 37,384 1,127 3-01 2-91 Otago .. .. .. 21,177 396 1-87 1-85 Southland .. .. 12,402 232 1-87 1-85 i 216,807 8,690 _J

E.—l

10

Percentage of the Children of each Age-group in the Schools of England and Wales, and of New Zealand, in 1922.

(N.B.—Pupils of technical high schools are not included in the figures for New Zealand.) England and Wales, continuous lines; New Zealand, dotted lines.

some two thousand children should be taught in special classes. The percentage of mentally deficient children is about the same in New Zealand as in other countries —neither more nor less. Nevertheless the numbers are large enough to indicate that a problem has to be faced, for teachers know that really backward children require an amount of time and attention out of all proportion to their numbers. At present some three hundred children in the Dominion are being educated in special classes. It is evident from the investigation that considerable extension of this work is desirable. Pupils leaving Primary Schools. In 1925, 19,844 pupils left the public primary schools; of these, 15,112, or 76 per cent., had passed the Standard VI examination, and 4,732 (24 per cent.) had not passed that examination but had attained the age of fourteen years. Duration of School Course. In connection with the serious discussion that has taken place on all sides during the year regarding the duration of the primary-school course, the age at which the secondary course should commence, and the proportion of children embarking on secondary-school courses, the following graphs are especially interesting, showing as they do the relative positions of England and New Zealand in these matters : —

11

E.—l

The graphs bring out clearly the following points: (1) Secondary education is generally begun at a much earlier age( 114 ) in England. (2) The final number of pupils going on to secondary education is much higher in New Zealand than in England and Wales. (3) Although at the beginning of .the primary course the percentage in the elementary (or primary) schools is in some cases actually higher in England and Wales than in New Zealand, towards the end of the primary course the reverse is the case, and to a marked degree. In New Zealand 49-3 per cent, of children of fourteen years of age are to be found in the primary schools ; in England and Wales only 21 per cent. This difference will be due partly to the difference in economic conditions in the two countries, but largely to the comparatively late age at which children in New Zealand pass on to the secondary schools. Registered Private Primary Schools. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by registered private primary schools with respect to the year 1926 : —

The number of schools at the end of the previous year was 285, and the total enrolment 25,933. Correspondence School. The work of the Correspondence School r continues to expand —505 pupils, from P. 1 to Standard VI, being on the roll at the end of .1926. With the exception of a few children physically unfit to attend the ordinary school, most of these children live more than five miles from the nearest school, and many reside on islands, lighthouses, and other isolated spots. The system of instruction is well adapted to the needs of the pupils, who respond very well to requirements. The curriculum is the same as that for public schools. In December, 1926, of twenty-one candidates who were presented for examination, twenty gained a Standard VI proficiency certificate and one a Standard VI competency. A recent development is the establishment of an infant-teaching department, under a specially qualified teacher. The quality of the work of the pupils andjthe frequent appreciative letters of the parents give evidence that a real need is being satisfied by the Correspondence School. As there appears to be an impression in some quarters that it is necessary for a pupil, at some time or other, to have attended a school before being able to benefit by correspondence instruction and gain his proficiency certificate, it is perhaps advisable to point out that some of these proficiency winners have been on the roll of the Correspondence School for five years, and have never attended a school.

Undenomi- Catholic Other national Church Church Total. Schools. Schools. Schools. Number of schools .. .. .. .. 54 195 52 301 Roll—Boys .. .. .. .. .. 1,029 9,966 1,233 12,228 Girls .. .. .. .. .. 1,385 11,171 1,994 14,550 Total .. .. .. .. 2,414 21,137 3,227 26,778 Average attendance .. .. .. .. 2,093-8 18,742-3 2;803-4 23,639-5 Teachers—Men .. .. .. .. .. 45 52 32 129 Women .. .. .. .. 101 628 131 860 Total .. .. .. .. 146 680 163 989

E.—l

12

Physical Education. The Chief Physical Instructor reports that the work of physical training is progressing in a satisfactory manner. The number of instructors is fourteen, with the addition of two exchange teachers who have been employed for a part of the year in instructing teachers and children in folk-dancing and eurhythmies. During the year 1926 4,300 visits were paid. In nearly all schools some form of organized games, field or athletic sports, and, where possible, swimming are taken, the teachers devoting their spare time to this work. It is estimated that 30 per cent, of the children in the schools can swim. All training-college students are now required to receive instruction in swimming and life-saving, and provision is being made for the endorsement of their certificates for excellence in physical training. These and other forms of physical training are receiving adequate attention, and it is hoped that the fine spirit which animates the students will be carried into the schools. The following table compiled from results of medical investigation will give an indication of the beneficial results of physical training over the period 1913-27 : —

Manual Instruction. At the end of 1926 there was in the employ of the various Education Boards and other controlling authorities a total of 119 full-time specialist teachers engaged in giving instruction to senior pupils in woodwork, metal work, and domestic subjects, besides twenty-five specialist instructors in elementary agriculture. These teachers were classified as under. Class VII is the highest, and in Division I are placed those teachers whose classification is based on academic or professional qualifications equivalent to at least a University diploma involving three years' preparation of University standard.

Full-time Classified Teachers in Manual-training Classes, December, 1926.

In this table are included eleven teachers on staffs of junior high schools and one supervisor of needlework in primary classes. The total of 144 teachers shows an increase of six on that for 1925.

Percentage. Nature of Disability. 1913. | 1927. General physical defects .. . . . . .. 41-3 20-2 Obstructed breathing.. .. .. .. .. 33'0 2-9 Spinal curvature .. .. .. .. .. 7-0 007 Stooped shoulders .. .. .. .. .. 22-0 i 5-0

Division I. Division II. Class. : i Totals. Men. I Women. Men. | Women. . VII .. VI .. .. • • I 1 • ■ 6 5 12 V .. .. 1 4 .. 18 8 30 IV .. .. .. 8 1 16 6 31 III .. .... 4 12 10 26 II .... 6 9 4 8 27 I .. .. .. 6 10 2 18 Totals, 1926 .. 19 20 66 39 144 39 105

13

E.—l

Manual training continues to be exceedingly popular with**both parents and pupils, the latter at all times displaying the greatest eagerness in attacking the problems presented in connection witli this branch of their education. With the growth in the school population there comes a demand for increased facilities in the shape of additional manual-training centres and equipment, but it lias not been possible to comply with all the requests made. At the beginning of the year a new centre for woodwork and cookery was opened at Coutts Street, Wellington, to meet the requirements of the rapidly growing suburbs in the south: and east. Education Boards have not to any great extent availed themselves of the regulations brought into force at the beginning of the year under review whereby they may hand over to Principals of technical schools the supervision of manual-training centres in their school districts. Some two or three Education Boards employ qualified supervisors who deal with this side of the work, but in other cases the supervision is entrusted to members of the office staff, or to a senior teacher whose ordinary duties claim almost the whole of his time and attention, and it is to be hoped that eventually the advantages to be derived from placing the immediate control of all practical work such as woodwork, metalwork, cookery, and so forth in the hands of those who are directly concerned with the more specialized courses of the same kind in the technical schools and technical high schools will be realized. A noteworthy feature is the increased demand for facilities for manual training in connection with secondary-school classes. In all junior high schools this branch of education occupies a prominent place, the specialist teachers being included in the general staff of the schools. So far as primary schools are concerned, instruction in needlework is taken by women teachers on the staff of the school, or, in cases where there is no woman on the staff, by part-time teachers secured locally. In the manual-training centres instruction in dressmaking and needlework is restricted to classes from post-primary schools or from the secondary department of district high schools. The plan of placing the organizing of the teaching of needlework in the primary schools of Christchurch and the neighbouring towns in the hands of a supervising instructor proved to be eminently successful in practice. Eor the supervision of instruction in science and nature-study in district high schools and primary schools each Education Board employs one or more itinerant agricultural instructors. These specialists, numbering twenty-five in all, are giving exceedingly valuable service to the country. Their principal duty is to advise teachers on the matter to be dealt with and the methods to be followed in handling these important branches of education, both indoors and in connection with the experimental plots ; but they also devote attention, mainly in their own time, to boys' and girls' agricultural-club work, calf-rearing experiments, and so forth, besides giving expert advice to teachers and School Committees on the laying-out and beautifying of the school grounds. Year by year they are called upon to an increasing extent by former pupils now engaged in farm-work for advice regarding problems confronting them in their life work, and this in itself is a striking testimony to the esteem in which they are held by that section of the community engaged in the greatest of our primary industries. Hand-and-eye training, apart from that in the hands of specialist instructors at the manual centres, continues to receive a good measure of attention in the primary schools. The material for the work is supplied by the Department, and the economy effected by this system is such as to permit of a more satisfactory allocation as far as quantity is concerned, and there is an additional advantage in that the quality of the material is maintained, at a uniformly high standard. Special material of various kinds is also supplied to teachers of infants' classes in order as far as possible to meet the requirements of modern methods of teaching where the very young are concerned. The principle followed is in accordance with that observed both at Home and in America, but we have not yet been able to carry it into practice to the same extent as is done in those countries. For salaries, materials, and incidentals in connection with manual instruction and hand-and-eye training the Department's payments for the financial year 1926-27 amounted to £77,6.15, of which £46,247 was for salaries (including salaries

E.—l

14

of eight manual-training teachers at three of the five junior high schools, and £4,561 transferred from " technical " salaries on account of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards), £20,973 for materials and incidentals in connection with manual training proper, and £10,395 for handwork materials. STAFFS OF PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The number of adult teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools at the end of 1926 was 6,183 (men, 2,105 ; women, 4,078), an increase of 181 over the previous year. There were, in addition, 700 probationers, compared with 641 at the end of the previous year. The following table shows the number of teachers in the schools of the various grades : —

Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1926.

Ratio of Men to Women Teachers. —The following table indicates the number of women for each 100 men teachers : —

In the Education service as a whole the ratio of women to men remains fairly constant at about two to one. Amongst the probationers the number of women somewhat exceeds this ratio ; but the relatively heavy loss of women teachers after only a few years' teaching has the effect of reducing the ratio in the teachingservice as a whole. Teachers' Salaries. The total amount of all salaries and allowances for the year ending on the 31st March, 1927, was £1,761,156, or £24,023 more than in the previous year. These figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £52,390, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £8 7s. 4d. per head of the total roll number, the corresponding amount in 1925 was £8 6s. 6d.

Sole Teachers. Head Teachers. Teachers' Total Adult Teachers. Grade of School. j M. F. M. K. M. ' F. M. F. Total. Grade 0 (1-8) .. 16 169 .. .. .. .. 16 169 185 I (9-20) 279 456 279 456 735 II (21-35) .. 223 288 11 9 1 19 235 316 551 „ IIIA (36-50) .. 17 17 187 76 2 262 206 355 561 „ IIIb (51-80) .. .. 1 214 49 3 267 217 317 534 „ Illc (81-120) 124 4 3 253 127 257 384 „ IY (121-240) 125 1 73 411 198 412 610 V (241-360) 63 2 88 314 151 316 467 „ VI (361-480) 59 .. 134 395 193 395 588 „ VII (over 480) 106 .. 377 1,085 483 1,085 1,568 All grades .. 535 931 889 141 681 3,006 2,105 4,078 6,183 I -

1915. j 1918. 1922. 1925. 1926. Adult teachers — All schools .. .. .. .. 193 253 197 199 194 Schools with roll 1-20 .. .. .. 323 523 299 236 212 Schools with roll over 20 .. .. .. 176 227 182 193 191 Pupil-teachers .. .. .. .. 344 425 223 179 * Probationers .. .. .. .. 647 688 349 286 248 Training-college students . . . . . . 387 488 256 186 191 * The position of "pupil-teacher" has now been abolished.

15

B.—l

The average salaries of adult teachers (including house allowances and value of residences) in 1914 and for the last five years are shown in the following table : — Average Salaries op Primary-school Teachers. (1) Teachers in all schools — 1914. 1922. 1923. 1924. 1925. 1926. (a) Men and women . . . . 163 269 268 276 280 280 (b) Men .. .. .. 224 349 350 358 364 359 (c) Women .. .. 128 228 228 236 238 239 (2) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight — (a) Men and women . . .. . . 276 275 283 286 285 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 352 353 361 366 361 (c) Women .. .. .. ..235 235 242 244 244 (3) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a) Men and women .. .. .. 285 283 291 292 295 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. 370 370 380 384 384 (c) Women .. .. .. ..235 237 245 244 248 (4) Head teachers — (a) Men . . .. . . . . . . 420 422 436 442 443 (b) Women .. .. .. .. 360 365 365 359 380 (5) All sole teachers — («) Men .. .. .. 246 247 251 264 273 (b) Women .. .. .. .. 216 218 226 240 244 (6) Assistants — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. 326 321 326 329 318 (b) Women .. .. .. .. 224 224 230 231 230 The next table groups certificated teachers according to their salaries. This table shows that 35 per cent, of the certificated male teachers receive salaries over £400 per annum and 57 per cent, receive salaries over £350. Of the certificated women teachers 39 per cent, receive salaries in excess of £250.

Training of Teachers. The numbers of students in training in the four training colleges during 1926 were as follows, the figures for the previous year being also given for comparison : —

Students are admitted to the training colleges under one or other of the following divisions: Division A, students who, having obtained the necessary educational qualifications, have completed a course of training as probationers, or have completed a course of training at a recognized kindergarten school, or have

Certificated Male Teachers. Certificated Female Teachers. Salaries (including Allowances and : Value of Residences). Sole and Head , . , . Sole and Head . . . , Teachers. Assistants. Teachers. | Assistants. Not exceeding £180 .. .. i 4 12 10 465 £181 to £250 .. ..I 113 151 159 1,590 £251 „ £300 .. ! 177 82 300 347 £301 „ £350 .. .. 208 94 142 319 £351 „ £400 .. .. 254 182 168 116 Over £400 ...... 569 124 28 6 Totals .. .. 1,325 645 807 2,843

1925. 1926. College. 7 Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland .. .. .. 124 216 340 119 247 ,V6 Wellington .. .. .. 120 225 345 89 193 L82 Christchurch .. .. .. 94 198 292 99 187 286 Dunedin .. .. .. 107 187 294 105 159 264 Totals .. .. 445 826 1,271 412 786 1,198

E.—l

16

completed a full-time course as student teachers in a technical school; Division B, other students who, being over seventeen years of age, have obtained higher learning certificates or partial passes in the Class I) Examination or have obtained equivalent or higher qualifications ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year ; Division D, teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students under the several divisions in 1926 were : Division A, J ,041 ; Division B, 123 ; Division C, 18 ; and Division D, 16 : total, 1,198. The numbers for the previous year were: Division A, 1,085; Division B, 160; Division C, 17 ; and Division D, 9 : total, 1,271. The number of students who completed their course in 1926 was 549, and their examination status was as under : Class A certificate, 4 ; Class B certificate, 90 ; Class C certificate, 304 ; Class D with partial success towards C, 127 ; Class D, 9 ; credited with some subjects towards a teacher's certificate, 15 ; no examination, nil. Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers holding teachers' certificates in the last three years : —

Primary Teachers in Public Schools.

The numbers of teachers holding certificates of the various classes in 1925 and 1926 were as follows

The following figures indicate the very marked decrease in recent years in the numbers of uncertificated teachers employed in public primary schools : — Uncertificated Teachers. Year Number As P eroenta g e of ear ' IN umber. Adult Teachers. 1920 .. .. .. .. 1,472 .. 28 1921 .. .. .. .. 1,336 .. 25 1922 .. .. .. .. 1,234 .. 22 1923 .. .. .. ..1,100 .. 19 1924 .. .. .. .. 931 .. 16 1925 .. .. .. .. 701 .. 12 1926 .. .. .. .. 624 .. 10

1924. 1925. 1926. Number. ! r ' Number. r " Number. I centage. (rentage. ! centage. I. Certificated teachers .. .. 4,891 84 5,301 88 5,559 90 II. Uncertificated teachers— (1) Holding licenses .... 68 1 73 1 61 1 (2) Unlicensed .. . . 863 15 628 11 563 9 Total uncertificated .. 931 16 701 12 624 10 Totals of I and II.. .. 5,822 100 6,002 100 6,183 100

1925. 1926. Class of Certificate. — M. F, Total. M F. Total. I I ■ A .. .. .. 53 10 63 48 9 57 B . . .. .. 369 222 591 431 250 681 C .. .. .. 976 1,903 2,879 1,047 2.064 3,111 D .. .. .. 417 1,220 1,637 402 1,202 1,604 E .. .. .. 17 114 131 13 93 106 Total .. .. 1,832 3,469 5,301 1.941 3,618 5,559

17

E.—l

NATIVE SCHOOLS. At the end of 1926 there were 130 Native village schools under the direct control of the Department for the primary education of Maori children in districts principally settled by Natives. In addition there were eight primary and twelve secondary (boarding) schools controlled by various religious organizations. Maoris are also admitted to the ordinary public schools—and in fact the number attending these schools is greater than the number in attendance at Native schools. The following table shows the number of schools with the enrolment at the end of 1925 and at the end of 1926 : —

These figures include a number of European children (835 in 1926) who attend Native village schools, and if these be deducted the enrolment of Native children in primary schools at the end of last year becomes 13,137, compared with 12,531 at the close of the previous year. The average yearly attendance at Native village schools was maintained at a creditably high percentage (89-8) of the average weekly enrolment. Boarding-schools for the secondary education of Maoris have been established by religious bodies, and the Government provides a number of scholarships tenable at these schools, which are inspected by the Department's officers. There were twelve schools at the end of last year with an enrolment of 570 pupils, of whom 145 held Government scholarships. In addition, ten Maoris held scholarships at Otago University and Canterbury College, taking courses in arts, theology, medicine, law, and dentistry. JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOLS. There were six junior high schools in operation during the year —viz. : Whangarei, Kowhai, Northcote, Matamata, Waitaki Boys', and Waitaki Girls'. Information regarding the pupils in attendance at these schools and the destination of pupils who left the schools last year is contained in the following tables : —

Roll Number and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools.

* School first opened February, 1926. f These schools are attached to secondary schools, and the pupils who would otherwise proceed to Form 111 enter instead the lower forms of such secondary schools. J In this case the third-year pupils enter the secondary department of the Matamata District High School, to which school the junior high school is attached.

3—E. 1

Schools. Roll, 1925. Roll, 1926. Native village schools .. .. .. .. 130 6,386 6,591 Mission schools (primary) . . .. . . .. 8 366 364 Public schools with Native children enrolled .. .. 740 6,576 7.017 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 878 13,.328 13,972 j

*0"" 2 'o ® § ' ' I .?§ fig ® Form I. | Form IT. I Form III. i AH Forms. gf« Is § |g j .... j..,..... ! Junior High School, h 3 o» 2 SP Si A § a3d j i r~ J5 Bo rt £ ' ji -d il o | ! a Jj § ;$ g Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. H II 1 ! j Whangarei .. Nil* 340 306 298 89 80 67 70 f f 156 150 306 Kowhai .. 495 443 827 818 184 199 180 157 48 59 412 415 827 Northcote .. 153 184 291 280 77 68 59 57 15 15 151 140 291 Matamata .. 113 I 103 149 144 45 36 36 32 J J 81 68 149 Waitaki Boys' .. 80 110 179 167 96 .. 83 .. f f .. 179 Waitaki Girls' .. 67 j 82 135 131 .. 71 ,. 64 f t • ■ 135 135 Totals .. 908|1,262 1,887 1,838 491 454 425 380 63 j 74 979 | 908 1,887 !__ _J I I K

E.—l

18

Ages of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 31st December, 1926.

Ages and Classification of Pupils in Attendance at Junior High Schools at 31st December, 1926.

Total Number of Pupils of Junior High Schools who gained Proficiency Certificates in 1926. Boys. Girls. Total. Form II .. .. .. .. .. ..2,12 328 700 Form 111 .. .. .. 10 12 22 Totals .. .. .. .. 382 340 722

Destination of Pupils leaving Junior High Schools during, or at End of, 1926.

Under 11 Years and 12 Years and 13 Years and 14 Years and 15 Years and 11 Years. under 12. under 13. under 14. under 15. over. Junior High School. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys.! Girls. Boys.' Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. [ Girls. Whangarei .. 1 4 11 i 12 i 44 43 57 45 32 34 11 12 Kowhai .. .. .. 3 26 43 | 77 1 95 137 128 127 101 45 45 Northcote .. 4 4 11 14 43 39 38 40 41 34 14 9 Matamata .. .. 1 12 I 7 32 j 17 21 25 14 12 2 6 Waitaki Boys' 7 ! 43 .. 73 32 .. 24 Waitaki Girls' .. .. 1 .. j 9 .. 41 .. 41 .. 34 .. 9 Totals .. 5 13 | 67 85 j 239 i 235 326 279 246 215 ! 96 81 ! i'l! ! I

Form I. Form II. Form III. I Total. Age. -J Boys. Girls. Boys, j Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Under 11 years .. j 5 13 : . . . . 5 13 11 years and under 12 . . i 63 76 4 9 . . .. 67 85 12 „ 13 .. 185 170 50 I 63 4 2 239 235 13 „ 14 .. 141 124 173- 145 12 10 326 279 14 „ 15 .. I 74 58 145 122 27 35 246 215 15 years and over . . 23 13 53 41 20 27 96 81 J ! Totals .. .. 491 : 454 425 380 | 63 74 979 908 | I j ! i .

Boys. Girls. Occupation. First Second I Third , P , , r> , First ! Second Third I rn , , , , Year. Year. I Year, i Total Percentage. Y(jar Year Year | Total. Percentage. | - j - - - Continued full-time 18 ! 230 24 272 55 14 190 41 245 54 education Commercial (clerical, . . 36 12 48 10 I • ■ 14 4 18 4 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 2 71 12 85 17 . . 14 1 15 3 Agricultural or pas- 2 1 27 1 30 6 toral Home .. .. 4 13 4 21 4 8 116 15 139 31 Miscellaneous .. I 4 .. 4 I 1 j 6 .. 6 1 Not known .. 16 j 15 3 34 | . 7 24 6 2 32 7 Totals .. 42 396 56 494 j 100 j 46 I 346 j 63 455 i 100 I I i 1 ! I ■

19

E.—l

SECONDARY EDUCATION. In 1926 there were in operation thirty-nine secondary schools at which Government free places were held and for which the teachers' salaries, &c., were provided by the Government. Twelve of the schools were for boys only, fourteen were for girls only, and thirteen were for both boys and girls. Two additional boys' schools, the Wanganui Collegiate School and Christ's College Grammar School, were originally endowed with public property. There were also seventy-seven secondary departments of district high schools, fourteen technical high schools, eight organized technical or art schools offering day courses, twelve Maori secondary schools, and thirty-five registered private secondary schools. Further, of the six junior high schools in operation during the year two schools—namely, Kowhai and Northcote — each provided a three-year course, the last year of which was devoted to secondary instruction. There was thus a total of 189 schools providing secondary education. The following figures show the roll and attendance at these schools for 1926 : — (a) Secondary schools (41) — Roll, Ist March .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,059 Roll, 31st December (boys, 7,462 ; girls, 6,189) .. .. .. 13,651 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,596 (b) District high schools —secondary departments (77) — Mean of average weekly roll .. .. .. .. .. 3,479 Roll, 31st December (boys, 1,516 ; girls, 1,646) .. .. .. 3,162 Average attendance .. .. .. .. . . 3,203 Number of new entrants .. . . . . . . . . 1,936 (c) Technical high schools (14) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 3,113 ; girls, 2,587) .. .. .. 5,700 (d) Day technical schools or art schools (8) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 416 ; girls, 680) .. .. .. 1,096 (e) Registered private secondary schools (35) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 1,091 ; girls, 1,703) . . . . .. 2,794 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,714 (/) Secondary schools for Maoris (12) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 332 ; girls, 238) . . .. .. 570 (g) Junior high schools, third-year pupils only (2) — Roll, 31st December (boys, 63 ; girls, 74) .. . . .. 137 The total number of pupils receiving secondary education at the end of the year was 27,110, compared with a total of 23,829 at the end of 1925. The large increase in the number of pupils receiving secondary education is partly accounted for by the fact that in previous reports the figures corresponding to those shown in (/) and (g) above have not been included in the total number of children receiving secondary education. Destination of Pupils on Completion op their Secondary Education. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by school Principals respecting the destination of pupils who left high schools, district high schools, technical high schools, and day technical schools during or at the end of the year 1926. The figures are in all cases exclusive of pupils who left one school to enter another full-time post-primary school.

Boys. | Girls. Profession, &c. ' — j : Number. Per Cent. Number. Per Cent. University college .. .. .. .. 192 4 114 3 Teaching or training college .. .. .. 135 3 285 6 Clerical— Government .. .. • • • • • ■ 403 8 41 1 Banks, insurance .. . • • • • • 202 4 9 * Legal 73 2 20 Commercial .. • ■ • ■ ■ • • • 539 11 644 15 Engineering, surveying, architecture .. .. 299 6 30 1 Various trades and industries .. .. .. 752 15 97 2 Shops, warehouses .. .. • • • ■ 443 9 298 7 Farming ... 987 . . . 20 6 * Hohie" .. .. - . • .. .. .. 172 4 2,333 52 Other'occupations v.. - .. .. 191 4 310 7 Not known .. .■ •• • ■ • • 506 10 260 6 Totals .. .. .. •• 4,894 100 4,447 100 * No significant percentage.

B.—l

20

A comparison of the above table with the corresponding table for 1925 reveals some encouraging features regarding the destination of pupils on leaving school. The figures for 1926 show increases in the number of boys proceeding to farming pursuits and to trades and industries, and a decrease in the number choosing clerical or professional careers. The actual figures are as follows 1925. 1926. Percentage taking up farming .. .. .. .. ..17 20 Percentage entering trades or industries .. .. ..13 15 Percentage entering on professional or clerical careers .. 46 43 The returns compiled by teachers also show the duration of the post-primary course taken by pupils who have now left school. Summarized, the position is as follows : — Technical High Schools High Schools. High Schools. Technical AU Scho ° ls ' Schools. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per Cent. Percentage leaving in first year .. 18 36 38 27 Percentage leaving in second year .. 29 32 36 32 ■ Percentage leaving in third or later years 53 32 26 41 100 100 100 100 The following table shows the number of free places held at the end of 1926 : — (i) Secondary schools — Boys. Girls. Total. (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 4,447 4,167 8,614 (b) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 2,144 1,800 3,944 Totals .. .. .. 6,591 5,967 12,558 (ii) District high schools — (a) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 1,198 1,237 2,435 (b) Senior free pupils . . . . . . 243 345 588 Totals .. .. .. 1,441 1,582 3,023 (iii) Maori secondary schools .. . . 65 80 145 (iv) Technical high schools — (a) Junior free pupils .. .. 2,533 2,047 4,580 (b) Senior free pupils ... .. .. 489 439 928 Totals .. .. .. 3,022 2,486 5,508 (v) Technical day schools — (а) Junior free pupils .. .. .. 347 539 886 (б) Senior free pupils .. .. .. 45 . 84 129 . , Totals .. .. 392 623 1,015 (vi) Third-year pupils at Kowhai and Northcote Junior High Schools .. 63 74 137 Grand totals .. .. 11,574 10,812 22,386 There were at the end of the- year 23,210 children in attendance at Government schools providing secondary education, and of these 96 per cent, were holders of free places. Staffs and Salaries. : . The number of full-time teachers on the staffs of the thirty-nine secondary, schools at the end of 1926 was 568, compared with 512 in 1925. There were 25 male and 14 female Principals and 291 male and 238 female assistants.

21

E.—l

The average rates of salary at the end of the year were as follows, the figures for 1923 being also shown 1923. 1926. Principals — £ £ Men .. .. .. .. .. .. ..713 725 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 546 553 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 651 663 Assistants — Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 370 384 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 271 283 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 324 338 All teachers — Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 399 411 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 287 298 Both sexes .. .. .. .. .. .. 348 361 In addition, male Principals for whom a residence was not provided received house allowance of £60 per annum. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. General. Number of Schools.—The number of technical high schools open during 1926 was fifteen, in addition to which there were eight organized technical or art schools offering day courses. Technical classes were also conducted in twenty-seven manual-training or other centres, the total number of centres being fifty. It is to be noted, however, that from the Ist May, 1926, the Hastings Technical High School was constituted a high school. Attendance. —The total number of students receiving instruction in all technical classes was 19,740, as compared with 18,098 in 1925. The attendance at technical high schools increased from 5,132 in 1925 to 5,963 in 1926, an increase of 831, or over 16 per cent. Of the total number of 19,740 students, 5,758 held free places at technical high schools, 1,015 at day technical schools, and 5,157 at other technical classes, making a total of 11,930 free pupils, an increase of over 16 per cent. Staffing. —At the end of 1926 there were 277 full-time assistant teachers on the staffs of technical schools, besides a large number of part-time teachers. The teachers employed full time were classified as follows, Class VII being the highest:—

The number of Division I men (graduates) lias increased from eighty-seven in 1924 to one hundred and two in 1926, while the number of women in Division I has increased from forty-five to forty-eight. CLASSI3S OTHER THAN CLASSES AT TECHNICAL 1:1 IGH SCHOOLS OR TECHNICAL DAY Schools. (Note : The following figures exclude those relating to technical day schools, which are now included with technical high schools.) Classes were held at forty-eight centres, as compared with forty-three in the previous year. The number of individual students was as follows In classes conducted by Technical School Boards .. .. .. 10,361 In classes conducted by secondary Education Boards .. .. .. 311 In classes conducted by Education Boards .. .. .. .. 702 In classes conducted by High School Boards .. .. .. .. 827 In classes conducted by University College (Christchurch School of Art) .. 480 Total .. .. .. .. .. 12,681

Division I. Division II. Class. | j Totals. Hen. I Women. Men. Women. VII ...... .. 1 .. 5 6 VI ...... 5 3 4 7 19 V ...... 21 8 16 20 65 IV ..... . 30 8 13 20 71 III .. .... 24 12 18 5 59 II ...... 11 7 6 7 31 I ..... . 11 9 1 5 26 Totals for 1926 .. 102 48 | 58 69 277 Totals for 1925 .. 94 45 | 63 72 274

E.—l

The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupations of students : —

Summary or Occupations of Students. Number of Percentage Students. of Total. Various trades and industries .. .. .. .. 5,412 42-68 Agricultural pursuits .. .. . . .. . . 146 1-15 Professional pursuits .. . . . . .. .. 800 6-31 Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,513 19-82 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 1,597 12-59 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,584 12-49 Other occupations not stated .. .. . . .. 629 4-96 Total .. .. .. .. .. 12,681 . 100-00

Number of Students receiving Free Education at Technical Schools other than Technical High Schools or Technical Day Schools.

Technical High Schools and Technical Day Schools. The number of students in attendance at technical high schools in 1926 was 5,963, compared with 5,132 in the previous year, and at technical day schools in 1926 was 1,096, making a total of 7,059. The numbers of pupils taking the various courses provided were as follows :—

22

Under 13 13-15 I 15-17 Over 17 I „ , , Years. Years. Years. Years. : Jotals - Males .. .. .. .. .. j 170 937 2,685 3,979 7,771 Females .. .. .. .. .. 205 728 1,375 2,602 4,910 Totals .. .. .. j 375 1,665 4,060 6,581 12,681

| Males. Females, j Totals. T • f .v f First year .. .. .. .. .. 896 474 | 1,370 Jumorfreepupils| Secondyear g36 36g f First year .. .. .. .. .. 722 420 | 1,142 Senior free pupils Second year . . . . . . .. 570 300 870 Third year .. .. .. .. .. 396 175 571 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 3,420 1,737 5,157

; CompariTechnical High Schools : Technical Day Schools : son Number of Pupils. Number of Pupils. 1925 TechvUUIor/. • -| XT- t nical High — Schools Boys, j Girls, j Total. Boys. Girls. Total, j only. Industrial .. .. .. | 1,656 .. 1,656 287 .. 287 +325 Agricultural .. .. . . 323 . . 323 32 ! 32 + 43 Domestic .. .. V. .. 749 749 ..' " "" 158 ' 158 + 5 Commercial .. .. .. 590 1,575 2,165 46 313 359 +363 General .. .. .. 645 361 1,006 18 25 43 + 77 Art .. .. 37 27 .64 33. 184 .217 +18 Totals.. .. .. 3,251 2,712 5,963 . 41.6, 680 1,096 +831

E. — 1

23

Number of Pupils receiving Free Education at Technical High Schools and Technical Day Schools under Regulations for Free Places.

Financial. The total amount due by the Department to the controlling authorities for the salaries and incidental expenses of all technical classes, including technical high schools, for the year 1926 was approximately £167,085, made up as follows : — Salaries— £ £ Full-time Principals and assistants .. .. .. 107,201 Full-time student teachers .. .. .. .. 1,583 Overtime for full-time teachers .. .. .. 6,944 Capitation for part-time teachers .. .. .. 20,539 Capitation for part-time student teachers .. .. 920 137,187 Incidentals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 40,621 177,808 Less recoveries from tuition fees .. .. .. .. 10,723 £167,085 It is to be noted that from Ist February, 1926, the allowances for incidentals were increased from 26 per cent, to 30 per cent, of salaries, and that special grants for material were abolished. The above figures also include salaries and incidentals payable in respect of manual-training classes conducted by Technical School Boards (£5,930, approximately). CHILD WELFARE. Functions of Child Welfare Branch. The passing of the Child Welfare Act during 1925 marked an important stage in the progress of child-welfare work as carried out by the State. The Act provided for the creation of the Child Welfare Branch, whose function it is to maintain and train destitute, neglected, and delinquent children and young offenders. In addition to these functions the Branch provides for (1) the training of all afflicted children (deaf and feeble-minded) who cannot remain in their own homes and attend the special day classes for such cases ; (2) investigations by Child Welfare officers regarding the conduct, family history, and home conditions of all children brought under the notice of Children's Courts, or young persons charged with offences ; (3) investigation of all applications for the adoption of children ; (4) preliminary inquiry regarding the suitability and bona fides of applicants for widows' pensions ; (5) supervision by experienced female officers of all infants and young children under the age of six years who are maintained apart from their parents or guardians ; (6) the oversight of all young offenders who are placed under supervision by the Children's Courts ; (7) for the supervision of all illegitimate births, to ensure that these infants are properly placed and properly cared for (at the same time the Child Welfare officers carrying out this work endeavour to assist the single

CompariTeohnical High Schools. Technical Day Schools. nical High 1 1 —i — : Schools Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. ! Girls. Total. only. T . , /"First year .. 1,717 1,298 3,015 239 333 572 +411 Junior free pupils gecond year 917 g39 j ?56 ]og 2Q6 31 4 +2 30 fFirstyear .. 329 291 620 34 55 89 + 62 Senior free pupils<J Second year .. 134 118 252 9 24 33 +104 year .. 54 61 115 2 5 7 + 60 Totals.. .. .. 3,151 2,607 5,758 392 623 1,015 +867 I

E.—l

24

mother, where possible, to re-establish herself in the community) ; (8) carrying out preventive work—that is, the investigation and necessary social readjustment in the early stages of any cases brought under notice. The aim of this Branch is to check dependency and delinquency by studying the causes, and by effectively remedying them where possible. Briefly, the functions of the Child Welfare Branch are to prevent wastage in child-life, to provide for social readjustment wherever necessary in the interests of children, and to ensure that the physically and mentally handicapped are educated, trained, and, where possible, suitably placed in industry. Children's Courts. Under the provisions of the Child Welfare Act, Children's Courts have been established throughout the Dominion, and special Magistrates appointed to preside over these Courts. Experience in the working of the Courts has shown the need for slight amendments of the original provisions in the direction of clarifying the position as to the Courts' powers in dealing with children charged with indictable offences, and of providing a simplified system for dealing with petty offences. Associates of the Children's Courts. —The Act provides that the personnel of the Court may include Honorary Associates, of either sex, whose function it is to act as the children's friend and generally to advise the presiding Magistrate after each case has been considered. So far, Associates of both sexes have been appointed only in the four large centres, and have proved of very material assistance not only to the Courts but to the Department's Child Welfare Officers, who are at liberty to refer to the Associates for advice and assistance in any cases of difficulty. Assistance is also frequently given afterwards in cases that have been dealt with by the Courts. Child Welfare Officers. —The Act also provides for the appointment of Child Welfare Officers, whose duty it is to investigate each case from a social-welfare standpoint and to furnish the Court with particulars as to family history, conduct, progress at school, degree of mentality, &c. As a rule, at least in the centres, the Child Welfare Officers are identical with the regular field officers of the Branch, but in outlying towns and country districts the services of the local voluntary social workers have been utilized to very great advantage. By this means the Department is endeavouring to enlist the services of local organizations, with the object of dealing with the various classes of children in their own districts, and in their own homes where possible, by private effort directed from the nearest childwelfare centre. The total number of children under the supervision of the Child Welfare Branch at the 31st March, 1927, was 5,592, classed under the following headings : — Boarded out, at service, in receiving-homes, &c. .. .. .. 3,908 Under supervision .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 412 Infant-life protection .. .. .. .. .. . . 878 Deaf children .. .. .. .. . . .. .. 121 Feeble-minded children .. . . . . .. .. .. 273 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,592 The number of children committed to the care of the Superintendent during the year ended 31st March, 1927, was 540, classified according to reason for committal as follows : Destitution, 238; delinquency, 7; detrimental environments, 77 ; not under proper control, 163 ; accused or guilty of punishable offence, 55 ; and in addition 45 were admitted by private arrangement (section 12, Child Welfare Act), 17 were temporarily admitted, and 1 under section 47 of the Infants Act, making a total of 603. Classified according to age at the time of admission the numbers are as follows : Under six months, 52 ; over six months and under one year, 33 ; from one to five years, 141 ; from five to ten years, 131 ; from ten to fourteen years, 143 ; and over fourteen years, 103.

25

E.—l

Numbers under Control. At the end of the year there were 3,908 children under control (excluding those mentioned under separate headings below), and of these 243 were in residence at Government receiving-homes, probation homes, training-farms, and training institutions, and 56 in private schools ; 1909 children were boarded out in foster-homes, 888 were in situations, and 641 residing under license with relatives and friends. The remainder were in various homes or institutions. Of the boarded-out children 110 are over the age of fourteen years of whom 65 are still attending primary schools, 45 are receiving higher education (30 technical and 15 secondary). The children over school age in employment number 780 males, 369 females (included in the total of 3,908). Of the males, 528 are farm-workers (142 skilled in dairy-work and cheesemaking, and 386 competent to milk and carry out general farm-work), 68 are apprentices (of which number some are receiving assistance), and 184 others are employed in various trades. Of the girls, there are 292 domestic workers, 38 factory employees, and 39 engaged in various employments such as shopassistants, nurses, dressmakers, &c. System of Supervision. The number of cases dealt with by the Courts last year was 1,625, and of these 412 were placed under the supervision of Child Welfare Officers or brought under the " Big Brother " scheme as carried out by the Y.M.C.A. The number actually admitted to institutions such as receiving-homes, special schools, training-farm, &c., was 540, but all these, with the exception of 115 who required long periods of training or were regarded as unfit for placing out, were suitably provided for in the community before the close of the year. The remainder of the children were dealt, with in a summary manner not calling for supervision by a Child Welfare Officer. Infant Life Protection and Adoption of Children (Infants Act, 1908). At the end of the year there were 878 children being maintained in 703 licensed foster-homes. Of these, 564 homes had one child each, 108 had two children each, 27 had three children each, 3 had four children each, and 1 home had five children. The payments by relatives for the maintenance of each child ranged from ss. to £l 10s. a week, the average rate of payment being approximately 16s. a week. Adoptions. —During the year 361 children were adopted, and in 26 of these cases premiums were received by the Department's agents and paid out at the rate of 15s. a week for each child concerned. Of the total number of children adopted, 58 were under the age of six months, 40 between the age of six and twelve months, and 263 between the age of one and six years. Care and Training of Afflicted Children. Deaf Children, Children with, Defective S-peech, and Mentally Backward Children. — The pupils under instruction at the School for the Deaf, Sumner, during the year numbered 116, and of these 17 were day pupils and 99 boarders. The special day classes in Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin for partially deaf children and for children with speech-defects were continued with highly successful results. About 160 children attended the classes last year. Provision has also been made in these centres and in Christchurch for night classes for the instruction of the adult deaf, 84 persons afflicted in this manner attending the classes for the year ended 31st March, 1927. Special Schools for the Feeble-minded. —There are two such special schools —one at Richmond (near Nelson) for girls, and one at Otekaike (near Oamaru) for boys. The number of girls in residence at Richmond at the end of the year was 71, and the number of boys at Otekaike 190. These institutions are for children who are educable to a certain degree, similar to the type admitted to special classes attached to the public schools, but who for various reasons cannot be provided for in their own homes.

4—E. 1.

E.—l

26

HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION. The number of students on the books of the four University colleges affiliated to the University of New Zealand increased from 4,442 in 1925 to 4,653 in 1926. The figures for each of the four colleges were as under : — 1925. 1926. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,182 1,270 Victoria .. .. .. .. .. 1,002 930 Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,099 1,229 Otago ..' .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,159 1,224 4,442 4,653 The total number of students described as taking definite courses at the affiliated colleges was 3,501, distributed as follows : Arts, 1,587 ; science, 314 ; medicine, 229 ; dentistry, 116 ; law, 492 ; commerce, 350 ; music, 13 ; engineering, 202 ; agriculture, 18 ; home science, 106 ; architecture, 31 ; journalism, 17 ; and mining, 26. The number of exempted students was 493 in 1925 and 566 in 1926, the numbers in actual attendance at lectures being 3,949 and 4,087 respectively. The following shows the growth in the numbers of students over a period of years : 1878, 168 ; 1895, 742 ; 1900, 805 ; 1905,g1, 158 ; 1915, 2,039 ; 1920, 3,822 ; 1924, 4,236 ; 1925, 4,442 ; 1926, 4,653. Of the 4,653 students on the books in 1926, 3,318 students or 71 per cent, of the total number of students were men. Of the students attending lectures last year the following were receiving free University education : 38 per cent, in the case of men, and 54 per cent, in the case of women, or 43 per cent, of all students. Nearly all these had their tuition fees paid by the State. Returns showing the occupations of students have been furnished with respect to last year by Otago University and the three University Colleges. Expressed as percentages the figures are as under : — Men. Women. Full-time students .. .. .. .. .. 30 40 Teachers and training-college students .. .. .. 25 46 Government and local-body employees .. .. .. 12 2 Employees of private firms .. .. .. .. 32 4 Not known .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 8 100 100 The number of full-time students as a percentage of the total number of students attending lectures was 56 in the case of Otago, 17 in the case of Auckland, 23 in the case of Victoria, and 30 in the case of Canterbury. The number of candidates for examinations conducted by the University of New Zealand again shows a marked increase over the previous year's figures. For the Matriculation Examination there were 5,592 candidates, and of these 1,381 passed, and 824 who already held partial passes completed the examination. There were 6,593 entries for the various degree examinations, compared with 5,972 in 1925. GENERAL. Annual Examinations. The annual examinations conducted by the Department are as follows: (1) An examination to determine the grant of Junior Scholarships and junior free places, held in November ; (2) a main series of Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarship, senior free place purposes ; (3) an August series for teachers' certificates of Classes D and C and Handicraft, and incidentally to some extent of Class B. The examinations were held at seventy-one centres in 1926. The total number of entries for all examinations was 11,839, of which number 10,461 candidates actually

E.—i.

presented themselves for examination. A certain proportion of the absentees is due to the practice of the accrediting principle by which candidates for senior free places may be exempted from an external examination, as may also training-college students who are candidates for the teachers' examinations. 3,049 candidates were exempted in this manner from the necessity of passing the Intermediate Examination, of which number 2,776 are not included in the total of examination entries given below. The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown below : —- 1924. 1925. 192(5. Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. .. 2,481 2,687 2,775 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,192 5,097 4,759 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,353 3,393 2,689 Kindergarten Certificate Examination .. .. .. .. 3 3 4 Special Public Service Entrance Examination in July-August . . 162 121 219 London University Examinations .. .. . . . . 1 2 2 Qualifying Examination, Railway Engineering Cadets . . .. 1 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate .. .. .. .. .. 14 13 11,193 11,317 10,461 Of the 2,641 candidates for Junior National Scholarships in 1926, 249 obtained the scholarship qualification, 1,502 qualified for a free place in the scholarship examination, and 890 failed. There were also 134 candidates for free places only, of whom 13 qualified and 121 failed. Of the 894 candidates for Senior National Scholarships 124 gained scholarships, 624 qualified for senior free places, and 146 failed. There were 2,780 entries for the Intermediate Examination, 1,821 candidates presenting themselves, of which number 493 passed and 1,328 failed to do so. The number present at the Public Service Entrance Examination was 2,044, 1,190 of the number passing and 854 failing the examination. The number present at the Public Service Entrance Examination held in July was 219, 140 of the number passing and 79 failing the examination. The number of candidates who sat for the different stages of the teachers' certificate examinations was 2,689 (562 for the whole or part of Class C and 2,127 for Class D). Of the total number 464 obtained complete passes in Class D, 113 in Class C, and 10 in Class B. 1,459 improved their status and 643 failed to improve their status. Teachers' Superannuation Fund. The position of the fund at the 31st January, 1927, and the principal figures concerning the transactions for the year, compared with those for the year ended 31st January, 1926, are given below : — 1925-26. 1926-27. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at end of year .. .. .. 1,008,823 1,083,155 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. 66,068 74,332 Income for the year — Members'contributions .. .. .. .. *127,671 *147,028 Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. 64,844 73,420 Government subsidy .. .. .. .. .. 70,681 71,428 Total income .. .. .. .. £263,196 £291,876 Expenditure — Retiring and other allowances .. .. .. .. *169,258 *184,707 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. .. 20,672 26,590 Administration expenses .. .. .. .. 3,144 3,147 Bad debts on realization of securities and reserve .. 4,055 3,100 Total expenditure .. .. .. £197,129 £217,544 * Includes arrears under section 29 of Finance Act, 1925, and under section 30, Finance Act, 1926.

27

E.—l

28

1925-26. 1926-27. Number of contributors at 31 st January .. .. .. 7,968 8,376 Number of members admitted and reinstated during period .. 976 967 Number retiring from the fund during period .. 451 559 Net increase in membership at 31st January. . .. .. 525 408 Number of allowances in force at end of period .. .. 1,197 1,273 Representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. £152,422 £174,816 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. .. 705 £112,014 768 £132,225 Retiring-allowances under extended provisions of section 12 of the Act .. .. .. .. ..109 £16,772 110 £17,923 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. .. 126 £16,086 125 £16,720 Allowances to widows .. .. .. .. 171 £5,314 183 £5,686 Allowances to children .. . . .. 86 £2,236 87 £2,262 Funds invested at 31st January — £ £ at 4| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 38,050 30,450 At 5 per cent. .. . . .. .. .. 12,948 12,920 At 5J per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 38,260 38,260 At 51 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 23,100 At 5f per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 74,765 12,000 At 6 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 607,734 771,613 At 6| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 179,586 169,419 Total .. .. .. .. .. £974,443 £1,034,662 Average rate of interest on investment at 31st January .. 5-96 per cent. 5-99 x>er cent. Subsidy to Public Libraries. The sum of £3,000 was distributed to public libraries in country districts on the basis of subsidy on moneys raised locally by voluntary contribution. Three hundred and twelve libraries participated in the grant, receiving amounts varying from £6 12s. to £12 3s. The subsidy is not paid to libraries situated in towns or boroughs with a population exceeding fifteen hundred. Parliament will be asked to appropriate a further sum of £3,000 this year to enable the payment of subsidy to be continued.

E.—l

APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1927.

29

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries .. . ■ ■ ■ ■. ■. .. . • 29,850 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. • . 1,064 Telephones .. .. . ■ . ■ .. .. .. 340 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,656 Books of reference, newspapers, &c. .. .. .. .. 173 Printing and stationery .. .. .. .. . . 3,306 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. .. 834 Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising, &c... .. 184 Overtime and meal-allowance .. .. . • ■ ■ • ■ 145 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 38,564 Less miscellaneous recoveries .. .. .. 1,035 " 37,529 Elementary Education. Teachers' salaries (including probationers' allowances) .. 1,716,446 Teachers'house allowances .. .. .. .. 44,710 — 1,761,156 General administrative purposes (including School Committees' .. 146,262 allowances) Organizing-teachers'salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. 9,554 Removal of teachers .. . . .. .. .. .. 849 Correspondence School: Salaries, &c. .. .. .. .. 2,572 Manual instruction: Salaries, capitation, and material .. .. 77,615 School and class libraries .. .. .. .. .. 2,571 Purchase of gramaphones for schools .. .. .. .. 2,081 Special survey of junior high school system . . . . .. 50 School buildings and sites— Maintenance and repair of school buildings.and residences 109,751 Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes .. 5,020 Schools destroyed or damaged by fire: Rebuilding and 10,585* repairs New buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences : 238,286f Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 — — 363,642 Inspectors — Salaries .. . • • • ■. .. . ■ 34,208 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 11,413 Telephones, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. 270 Extra clerical assistance, typing, &c. .. .. .. 385 Alteration to office accommodation .. .. .. 31 — — 46,307 ! School physical services— Salaries of instructors .. .. .. .. 5,024 Courses of instruction .. .. .. .. 84 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 3,830 Material: Officers' requisites, uniform allowances, &c. .. 109 Reprinting syllabus .. .. .. .. 140 Sundries.. .. ... .. .. .. 9 —— — 9,196 Conveyance and allowance for board of school-children (rail- .. 50,773 way fares, £9,962; boarding-allowances and conveyance by road and water, £40,811) Conveyance of instructors and teachers .. .. .. .. 9,241 Fares of children attending Standard VI examinations .. .. • 18 School Journal: Salaries, printing, &c. .. .. .. .. 7,968 Education Gazette; Printing, &c... .. .. .. .. 1,073 Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account of public .. 19,931 primary schools, including district high schools Less miscellaneous recoveries (including School Journal, £669; Education Gazette, £243; ■ ' teachers' salaries, £119 ; special examination fees, £89 ; Correspondence School, £104 ; gramaphones, £2,655) 2,505,675J Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for — District high schools : Secondary teachers' salaries .. .. 49,980 National Scholarships . ■ •• .. .. .. 11,837 Payments to Secondary schools and colleges for— Salaries and incidental expenses .. .. .. .. 242,450 Manual instruction capitation .. .. .. .. 4,280 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 7,311 New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. : Educa- 129,925 tion Purposes Loans Act, 1919 Maintenance of school buildings .. ' .. .. 1,231 . —— 131,156 Erom reserves revenue in accordance with Education .. 9,451 Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 — — Carried forward .. .. .. .. 456,465 2,543,204 * During the financial year £10,337 was recovered from the Fire Insurance Fund in the liands of the Public Trustee. t Includes £13 cost of raising loans. i Including £54,151 from the national-endowment reserves revenue and £109,2B0 from primary-education reserves.

E.-l

30

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

I £ | £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. ; 450,465 2,543,204 Secondary Education continued. Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools, .. • ■ j 5,773 Marlborough High School; Statutory payment .. .. ■ • 400 Inspectors' salaries .. .. .. .. .. ■ ■ 2,661 Inspectors' travelling and removal expenses .. .. • ■ Junior High Schools: Incidental expenses .. .. ■ • 748 467,040 Less recoveries . . . . .. .. • • 301 466,730* Technical Education. Salaries of Inspectors .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,267 Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. .. .. .. 837 Technological examinations .. .. .. .. .. 586 Salaries and oapitation, technical and continuation classes .. .. 162,638 Material for classes .. .. .. .. .. .. 596 Buildings and permanent apparatus, &c. — Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. .. 37,314 Rents .. .. .. .. .. . . 1,478 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 1,251 Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire .. .. .. 248 40,291 Conveyance of instructors and students .. .. .. .. 257 Conveyance of pupils to technical schools .. .. .. .. 4,121 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 1,559 Technical Schools Board: Expenses of meetings . . . . .. 79 Transfer and removal expenses .. .. . . . . .. 70 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 195 213,496 Less recoveries (including exam, fees, &c., £429) .. j 431 ! 213,065f Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salaries of staff (one-half; the other half is charged to 27,163 teachers' salaries, " Elementary Education ") Allowances to students .. .. .. .. 118,662 Students'University college fees .. .. .. 4,588 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. 3,141 Science apparatus and material .. .. .. 709 New buildings, sites, furniture, &c. : Education Purposes 9,938 Loans Act, 1919 164,201 Training of teachers other than at training colleges— Classes at subcentres .. .. .. .. .. 4,064 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 168,281 91 Higher Education. 168,190J Statutory grants — University of New Zealand — New Zealand University Act, 1908 .. .. 3,845 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 4,217 — r 8,062 Auckland University College— Auckland University College Act, 1882 .. .. 4,000 New Zealand Universitv Amendment Acts, 1914 and 7,100§ 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,108 13,208 Victoria University College — Victoria College Act, 1905 .. .. .. 4,000 New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 7,100§ 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,108 1 13,208 Canterbury College— New Zealand Universitv Amendment Acts, 1914 and 4,100§ 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,108 Additions to statutory grant: Finance Act, 1920 1,562 (section 43) 7,770 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 8,700$ 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 2,108 10,808 Grants for new buildings, &c.— Auckland University College .. .. .. 1,102 University of Otago .. .. .. .. 65,966 Canterbury College . . . . .. .. 308 Palmerston North Agricultural College .. .. 49,354 116,730 Agricultural Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 94 Sir George Grey Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 150 University National Scholarships.. .. .. .. .. 2,973 National Research Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 533 Imperial Research Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 255 Carried forward .. .. .. .. 173,791 3,391,198 * Including £7,045 from national-endowment reserves revenue, and £9,451 from secondary-education reserves revenue. t Including £4,439 from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Including 64,307 from national-endowment reserves revenue. ■ Includes £500 for Workers' Educational Association classes.

31

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 173,791 3,391,198 Higher Education —continued. Bursaries— University .. .. .. .. .. 11,354 Educational .. .. .. .. .. 420 Agricultural .. .. .. .. . . 762 Home Science .. .. .. .. .. 4,561 Engineering .. .. .. .. .. 1,424 18,521 Special assistance to deserving students .. .. .. .. 135 Special Technical Classes .. .. .. .. .. 2,900 Workers' Educational Association — Grant for organization expenses .. .. .. .. 1,500 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 14,620 Salaries of professors of education .. .. .. .. 3,150 Temporary assistance, Home Science Department, Otago .. 450 University Schools of Forestry: Maintenance .. .. .. .. 2,250 Grant: Otago University .. .. .. .. .. 1,900 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 219,218 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 7 — 219,211* Native Schools. Salaries (Teachers and Inspectors) .. .. .. 59,431 Special allowances to teachers in'isolated places .. .. 148 — 59,579 Higher education and scholarships (including nursing scholar- .. 5,005 ships) Books, school requisites, sewing-material, &e. .. .. .. ! 1,330 Storage and despatch of school books, &c... .. .. .. j 113 Expenses of removals of teachers .. .. .. .. j 554 Inspectors travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. 536 Buildings : New schools, additional class-rooms, &e. — Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. 8,999 Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. .. 2,447 _ 11,446 Manual instruction : Payment of instructors and material .. 374 for classes Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. .. 2,320 Sundries: Advertising, &e. .. .. .. .. .. 25 81,282 Less recoveries (sale of maps, &c.) .. .. .. 573 ———— 80,709f School for the Deaf. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,699 Genera] maintenance of institution .. .. .. .. ], 903 Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils .. .. .. 298 Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. .. .. .. 206 Advertising, &e. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Additions to buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 571 8,685 Less recoveries (including maintenance payments, .. 2,283 £1,926) ' — 6,402{ Education of the Blind. Grant for maintenance of Government pupils at Jubilee .. 532 Institute Subsidies on voluntary contributions under Hospital and .. 4,933 Charitable Aid Acts, 1909, 1910, 1913, 1923 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 5,478 Less recoveries (maintenance payments) .. .. 420 ——— 5,058 Schools for the Feeble-mindei. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,232 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. . . 485 Additions to buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 1,439 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 489 Maintenance of institutions, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 6,052 Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 15,720 Less recoveries (including amounts received from .. 2,607 parents and others and sales of farm produce) —•—— —— | 13,113§ Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 1,776 New buildings : Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. 7,674 — 9,450 Carried forward .. .. .. .. 9,450 3,715,691 * Including £558 paid from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Including £1,834 paid from national endowm nt reserve revenue, and £362 from Tauranga Native endowment reserves revenue. { Including £213 from national-endowment reserve? revenus. § Including £351 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

E.—l

32

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. —continued.

SUMMARY.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (1,610 copies), £55.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 927.

Price 9d. ]

£ £ £ Brought forward .. .. .. .. 9,450 3,715,691 Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. —continued. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 22,083 Boarding out of children, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 69,873 Refund of maintenance payments .. . . .. .. 66 Refund of inmates' earnings .. .. .. .. .. 15 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,710 Law costs .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services, &c. .. 657 Pent, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 2,076 Levin Dairy Company: Payment in lieu of shares .. .. .. 60 Maintenance of inmates in Government schools, &c. .. .. 19,974 Maintenance of inmates sent to other institutions .. .. .. 110 Maintenance of inmates in private industrial schools .. .. 1,302 Transfer and removal expenses .. .. .. .. .. 10 Wages of inmates .. .. .. . . .. .. 209 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 133,670 Less recoveries (amounts received from parents .. 29,271 and others, and sales of farm produce, &c.) —— 104,399* Material and Stores. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,118 Stores and material purchased .. .. .. .. .. 2,725' Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. .. ,. .. .. .. 135 3,978 Less recoveries (stores issued and issues on pay- .. 5,865 ments) Cr. 1,887 Miscellaneous. Examination expenses: Teachers', Public Service, and 7,134 Scholarships Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 6,412 — — 722 Grading and Certificates of Teachers: Courts of Appeal, .. 521 inquiries, &c. War bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 378 Teachers' Superannuation Fund— Government contribution .. .. .. .. 68,865 Additional allowances to widows and children .. .. 3,409 72,274 Free Kindergartens — Government capitation .. .. .. .. 3,742 New Buildings .. .. .. .. .. 78 3,820 Conference of Education Authorities .. .. .. .. 393 Exchange of teachers: Allowances and bursaries .. .. .. 50 Exhibitions : Preparation and forwarding of school exhibits .. 15 Expenses connected with visits of departmental officers and .. 185 representatives to other countries N.Z, Ensigns for schools .. .. .. .. .. 175 Purchase of motor-cars (to be recovered) .. .. .. .. 908 Storage and despatch of stores and stationery .. .. .. 35 Subsidies to Public Libraries .. .. .. .. .. 2,999 Contribution to Fire Insurance Fund .. .. .. .. 10,000 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 92,496 Less recoveries (motor-cars, £414; sundries, £44) .. 458 92,038 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,910,241 * Including £2,998 paid from the national-endowment reserves revenue.

Service Paid from Parli a- Paid from 'rotate • ervice. mentary Votes. Reserves lie venue. £ £ £ General Administration.. .. .. .. .. 37,529 .. 37,529 Elementary Education .. .. .. .. .. 2,342,264 163,411 2,505,675 Secondary Education .. .. .. .. .. 450,243 16,496 466,739 Technical instruction .. .. .. .. .• 208,626 4,439 213,065 Training Colleges, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 163,883 4.307 168,190 Higher Education .. .. .. .. .. 206,004 13,207 219,211 Native Schools .. .. .. .. .. 78,513 2,196 80,709 School for the Deaf .. .. .. .. .. 6,189 213 6,402 Education of the Blind .. .. .. .. .. 5,058 .. 5,058 Schools for the Feeble-minded .. .. .. .. 12,762 351 13,113 Industrial Schools and probation system .. .. .. 101,401 2,998 104,399 Material and Stores .. .. .. .. .. Or. 1,887 .. Or. 1,887 Miscellaneous Services .. .. .. .. .. 92,038 .. 92,038 Totals .. .. .. .. 3,702,623 207,618 3,910,241