REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1921.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1922 Session I, E-01

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1922. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1921.

[In continuation of E.-l, 1921.]

Presented to both Nouses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Page Page Introduction .. .. .. .. .. 2 Seoondary Eduoation— continued. General Council of Education .. .. .. 4 Destination of Pupils leaving Seoondary Schools 31 _ . ._, .. . Hostels for Pupils of Secondary Schools .. 32 Cost of Education 4 Free Secondary Education .. .. .. 32 Primary Education:— Scholarships at Seoondary Schools .. .. 33 Numbor of Publio Schools .. .. .. 5 War Bursaries for Soldiers' Dependants .. 34 Public-sohool Buildings .. .. .. 6 Secondary-school Certificates .. .. 34 Roll Number .. .. .. .. 7 staffs of Seoondary Schools .. .. .. 35 Attendanoe .. .. .. .. 8 Salaries of Secondary Teachers .. .. 35 Classification, Age, and Examination of Pupils.. 9 Lower Departments of Secondary Schools .. 36 Destination of Pupils after leaving the Primary Finanoe .. .. .. .. .. 36 Sohools .. .. .. .. .. 11 Teohnioal Eduoation :- Registered Primary Private Sohools .. .. 12 General 38 Conveyance arid Board of Scholars .. .. 12 Glasses other" than Classes at Technical High Departmental Publications .. .. .. 13 Schools 39 Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions .. 14 Technical High Schools ." ." '.'. 41 Class-books and School Libraries .. .. 14 Financial 42 Physical Eduoation .. .. .. .. 14 „ ~„.," Medical Inspection 15 Special Schools .--- Manual Instruction .15 State Care of Dependent and Delinquent ChildStaffs of Primary Sohools 36 „ ren and Infant -life Pr,oteotum .. .. 48 Salaries of Primary Public-school Teachers .. 18 Care and Training of Afflicted Children .. 44 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 20 Expenditure .. .. .. .. 44 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 21 Higher Eduoation : — Grading of Teaohers .. .. .. .. 22 New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges.. 44 Organizing Teaohers.'. '.. .'. '.'. 23 New Zealand University .. .. .. 46 Finances of Education Boards .. .. 23 Affiliated Colleges .. .. .. .. 47 Eduoation Reserves .. .. .. .. 24 Free Education at University Colleges .. 48 Kindergarten Schools .. .. .. 24 Workers' Educational Association .. .. 50 Education of Native Children .. .. 25 General: — Seoondary Eduoation:— Annual Examinations .. .. .. 50 Number of Schools .. .. .. .. 28 Teaohers' Superannuation Fund .. .. 52 Number of Pupils receiving Secondary Education 29 Subsidies to Publio Libraries .. .. 53 Length of Stay and .Age of Pupils .. .. 30 Tables relating to Cost of Eduoation .. 53 Post-primary Education .. .. .. 30 Appendix:— Curriculum of Secondary Schools and Dis- Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations triot High Schools .. .. .. 31 for Financial Year ended 31st March, 1922 .. 05

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Office, of the Department of Education, Sir,— Wellington, 12th September, 1922. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1921. I have, &c, C. J. Parr. His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.

E E P OET. CONTENTS. This report, with its appendix, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1914, and its subsequent amendments, also the Education Reserves Act, 1908, as subsequently amended. It gives also the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows : — E. —2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely— Appendix A, Report of Chief Inspector of Primary Schools ; Appendix B, Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix C [not printed this year]; Appendix D [not printed this year]; Appendix E, List of Public Schools, Teachers, and Salaries. E. —3. Education of Native Children. E. —4. State Care of Children, Special Schools, and Infant-life Protection. E. —5. Technical Education. E. —6. Secondary Education. E. —7. Higher Education. E. —8. Teachers' Superannuation. INTRODUCTION. It may not be out of place at the commencement of this report to give a very brief resumx of the progress made in the education system since the beginning of the year 1920, and to indicate some proposals for further reforms in the near future. The Education Amendment Acts of 1920 and of 1921-22, and various regulations made during the last two years, have provided for many improvements and developments, of which the following are some of the most important: — Increased salaries and allowances for primary-school teachers, including additional payments according to efficiency, resulting in the increase of the average salary of all teachers, excluding those in Grade 0 schools, from £191 in 1918 to £292 in 1921. Increased allowances for pupil - teachers, probationers, and training - college students, the emoluments of these young teachers now being possibly the best in the Empire. Provision for probationers to join the Teachers' Superannuation Fund. Provision for a nationalized system of appointment and promotion of teachers based upon the Dominion graded list, under which the best-qualified applicant receives each appointment irrespective of the district in which he is employed, and a certain preference may be given to teachers who have served in remote districts.

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A Dominion scheme for the staffs and salaries of secondary schools, including regulations for the grading of teachers, the staffing of schools, the appointment of "teachers, and the provision of the salaries and incidental allowances by the Government. This scheme replaces the previous arrangements under which the controlling Boards received capitation grants for all purposes, and provided their own staffs and salaries, which varied greatly from school to school. These reforms in the administration of secondary schools, which have been accompanied by greatly increased grants, have resulted in the removal of long-standing anomalies, the payment of more adequate salaries, and the improvement of teaching conditions generally, and have placed these schools in every way in a much more satisfactory position. The grading of manual and technical teachers ; the payment of salaries and the staffing of technical schools according to a Dominion scale ; the abolition for the most part of capitation payments for manual and technical classes. As in the case of secondary schools, the extensive reforms in this branch have been successfully carried into operation with similar beneficial results. Provision has been made, after the fullest discussion and consideration by all concerned, for a trial in three or four districts of a scheme under which the primary-school course will be shortened, and pupils transferred to junior high schools in which post-primary courses differentiated according to the aptitude of the pupils will be entered upon at the age of twelve. Provision for the extension of the school age to fifteen as soon as circumstances warrant the change. Increased allowances for the incidental expenses of School Committees. The development of local control of all technical schools by Boards of managers representing the parents of pupils, the Education Board, the local bodies, and organizations of employers and workmen. The purchase of material for elementary handwork in bulk' by the Department, and the simplification of payments to Boards for manual instruction. The increase of the number of students in the training colleges from 582 in 1919 to 1,150 in 1922, in order to reduce the number of uncertificated untrained teachers employed in our schools and to increase the staffs in the larger schools with a view to reducing the large, unwieldy classes. Regulations for the exchange of teachers with those of other countries, under which a number of New Zealand teachers and one Inspector are at present obtaining experience in schools in Canada and Great Britain, and teachers from these countries are working and observing in New Zealand schools. The establishment of a correspondence scheme of education to assist the children of settlers in remote districts where the number of children is too small to justify the establishment of a school. Already some two hundred children are being assisted in their studies by an officer of the Department appointed for the purpose. Revised regulations for teachers' certificate examinations providing for improved grouping of subjects and the removal of various defects. Various amendments and improvements effected to regulations for grading of primary-school teachers and for appeals against grading. Retardation of school-children dealt with by a special committee The institution of a monthly departmental publication for the information of teachers —the Education Gazette —providing a means of advising teachers of changes in departmental regulations and of vacancies in all classes of schools, of circulating instructions regarding school-work, and of placing before teachers suggestive schemes of instruction and informative articles on educational topics. The appointment of a School Architect as a departmental officer, and closer supervision of all building proposals in connection with primary, secondary, technical, and university education. £110,000 was expended in new primary-school buildings in 1919, as against £328,000 in 1921. The revision of the school syllabus in history and civics emphasizing the inculcation of the principles of patriotism and loyalty to King and country, and provision requiring all teachers to take the oath of loyalty.

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The payment of largely increased grants for university education, and of an additional amount to the Workers' Education Association. The development of the work of the branch of the Department dealing with the State care of dependent and delinquent children under the probation system, and the extension of the policy of boarding children out in private homes in preference to increasing departmental institutions for the purpose. Classes for children afflicted with defective hearing or speech, and evening classes for deaf adults, have been established at the large centres, with gratifying results. The compulsory registration of all private schools. THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATION. The Third General Council of Education, comprised of representatives of the Education Department, Education Boards, primary-school teachers, secondary- and technical-school teachers, the University of New Zealand, and certain members appointed by the Minister of Education met for its first session in June, 1921. Resolutions passed by the Council dealt with the following among other less important matters: The shortening of the present primary-school course; the curriculum for the new post-primary course ; the establishment of experimental schools of remodelled primary and post-primary types ; the establishment of an experimental school in a rural district; the establishment of farm schools by the Department of Agriculture ; provision for refresher courses for teachers in all subjects, with special reference to the needs of technical and manual-training teachers ; the establishment of correspondence courses for teachers in connection with the training colleges ; the recognition of senior mistresses in mixed secondary schools; the appointment of women on secondary-school Boards ; the domesticscience syllabus in secondary schools ; and the establishment and disestablishment of a number of district high schools and technical high schools. Several of the recommendations of the Council have been given effect to, and other proposals will be carried out as opportunity permits. A report of the proceedings of the Council is printed fully in a separate publication. COST OF EDUCATION. (See also Tables A-F on pages 53-54, and the Appendix.) The total payments made by the Education Department in the year 1921-22 amounted to £3,497,373, showing an increase of £273,315 over the corresponding figure for the previous year. If to the expenditure by the Department is added the expenditure by secondary schools and University colleges out of income from reserves, the total expenditure becomes £3,567,000, or 8 per cent, more than in 1920-21. As the increase in the number of persons receiving instruction was 3 per cent, in the primary schools, 7 per cent, in the secondary schools, and 8 per cent, in the University colleges, the greater part of the increased cost can be readily accounted for. Included in the total is an expenditure of £567,000 expended upon new buildings, which should be regarded as capital expenditure. The cost of maintaining and overseeing some 5,000 delinquent, dependent, and defective children, totalling £135,000, is also included in the cost of education mentioned, and as this is a social rather than an educational service the annual cost to the Department of the maintenance of the Education service alone (excluding capital expenditure) may be reckoned at approximately £2,800,000. The total cost of education per head of the population was £2 15s. 3d., or, excluding capital expenditure on new buildings, £2 6s. 6d., and excluding both capital expenditure and expenditure on more or less social services, £2 4s. sd. The cost of education in England and Scotland, as estimated for the year 1922-23, was nearly £104,000,000, or £2 Bs. 6d. per head of the population. Of the total cost to the Department of the maintenance of the system, 779 per cent, was on account of primary education; B*2 per cent., secondary education; 5 per cent., technical (including technical high schools); 2*7 per cent., University; 4-6 per cent., special schools, industrial schools, and probation system; and 1.6 per cent., teachers' superannuation and miscellaneous charges.

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The expenditure of £2,627,000 on primary education represents a charge of £2 os. Bd. per head of the population, the corresponding charge excluding capital expenditure on new buildings being £l 15s. 4d. The cost per child on the roll was £ll Is. 4d., excluding expenditure on new buildings, and £12 14s. Bd. including the same. The expenditure on elementary education in England in the year 1921-22 was estimated at £12 4s. 4d. per child in average attendance. The salaries of teachers absorb two-thirds of the cost of elementary education, the remaining expenditure being in connection principally with buildings, training of teachers, administration, inspection, conveyance, and incidental expenses of schools. The expenditure on secondary education, which includes the expenditure on secondary schools and on the maintenance of secondary departments of district high schools, amounted to £370,000, of which sum £48,000 was met by income from reserves belonging to the various high-school Boards. Of the total cost to the Department £81,000 was capital expenditure on new buildings. The total cost of secondary education works out at £27 lis. 4d. per pupil; excluding the expenditure on new buildings, the cost to the Department was £17 19s. id. per pupil. In England the total expenditure on secondary education was estimated for the year 1920-21 at £26 per pupil; and in Ottawa (Canada), for the year 1919, at £25. The expenditure on technical education, which for the year under review includes the whole expenditure on technical high schools, amounted to £248,000, of which sum £101,000 was capital expenditure on new buildings, several of which were in course of erection. Towards the cost of University education the Department provided £78,000 for general maintenance and £39,000 for new buildings, while £22,000 was met by income from the reserves of the various colleges, making a total of £139,000, or 2s. 2d. per head of the population. 'I'he total expenditure was the same as in the previous year, although the number of students increased by 8 per cent. The expenditure on special and industrial schools and the probation and boarding-out system amounted to £137,000, the cost being about the same as in the previous year. In addition to the above expenditure controlled by the Education Department, £5,848 was expended by the Mines Department on schools of mines, and £2,100 by the Department of Public Health on dental and medical bursaries tenable at the University of Otago. PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. (Tables AI and B3 in E.-2.) The number of public schools open at the end of 1921 was 2,498, or sixty-one more than in the previous year. In the following table the schools are classified according to the yearly average attendance, and the total number of children at the schools in each grade is shown.

Grade of School. Number of Schools. Total Average Attendance. Grade of School. Number Total of Average Schools. Attendance. 0 (1-8) 1 (9-20) II (21-35) IIIa (36-80) IIIb (81-120) IVa (121-160) IVb (161-200) IVc (201-240) Va (241-280) Vb (281-320) Vc (321-360) Vd (361-400) VIa (401-440) 203 1, 703 9, 542 13, 588 30, 132 12, 54 7, 10 7, 32 7, 21 5,' 33 10. 28 9,: 15 6, 8 3, 203 703 542 588 132 54 40 32 21 33 28 15 8 1,169 9,849 13,823 30,123 12,199 7,316 7,135 7,108 5,716 10.105 9,299 6,224 3,550 ,169 ,849 1 ,823 y ,123 "\ ,199 | ,316 ,135 A ,108 j "\ ,716 ! \ .105 j "\ ,299 A ,224 \ ,550 VIb (441 VIIa (481 VIIb (521 VIIc (561 VHd (601 VIIe (641 VIIf (681 VIIg (721 Villi (761 VIIi (801 Vllj (841 VIIk (881 VIIl (921 VIb (441-480) VIIa (481-520) VIIb (521-560) VIIc (561-600) VHd (601-640) VIIe (641-680) VIIf (681-720) VIIc (721-760) VIIh (761-800) VIIi (801-840) VIIj (841-880) VIIk (881-920) VIIl (921-960) 1-480) 1-520) 1-560) 1-600) 1-640) 1-680) 1-720) 1-760) 1-800) 1-840) 1-880) 1-920) 1-960) 15 16 10 14 13 12 8 5 2 2 1 1 7.609 7,640 5,480 8,181 8,155 8,083 5,637 3,613 1,506 1,663 881 902 Total, 1921 . . „ 1920 .. 2,498 schools. 2,437 „ Increase 61 „

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For the number of schools in each education district classified according to grade, reference should be made to Table Al in E.-2. Of the sixty-one additional schools open in 1921, twenty-seven were in Grade; 0, having an average attendance of less than 9. Of the whole 2,498 schools, it will be observed that 906 had average attendances ranging from 1 to 20, and 2,036 had averages ranging from I to 80, so that the proportion of comparatively small schools is very great. Of a total of 183,000 children, 25,000 are in sole-teacher schools with an attendance not exceeding 35, and 88,000 are in schools with an average attendance exceeding 280. Public-school Buildings. The following table shows expenditure, &c, in connection with public-school buildings for the last six years : —

The. substantial reduction in the approved grants, as shown in the above table, is due to the fact that during the past year, owing to the financial situation, special grants for new buildings and sites were approved only in the most urgent cases, precedence being given to the needs of country districts. Rented halls were used as far as possible in lieu of erecting new schools or providing additional accommodation at existing schools, but in general the character of the accommodation in such rented buildings is not satisfactory, and the provision of permanent buildings cannot be indefinitely postponed. The expenditure of £328,228 had reference almost wholly to authorities that had been issued in previous years. As applications were received by the Department they were scheduled, and grants were made according to the order of urgency of the work. Education Boards, also recognizing the position, exercised a wise discretion and refrained from transmitting applications which, under more favourable financial conditions, would undoubtedly have been sent forward. The result was a marked falling-off in the applications received during the year. Even though consideration of many applications that came before the Department was postponed indefinitely, and the claims were struck off for the time being, those still before the Department on the Ist April last totalled £461,403, which may be taken as a measure of the work regarded as urgent. Under the Education Amendment Act of last session Education Boards' rebuilding funds can be expended on new works, and such Boards as have these funds immediately available are readily acquiescing in suggestions made for utilizing the moneys in connection with urgent works. To provide the cost of new works debentures or stock issued under the Education Purposes Loans Act were freely taken up in various parts of the Dominion. The portable buildings designed by the Department, to which, reference was made last year, have now been erected in several centres, and give general satisfaction both to the teachers and to the local school authorities. In a time of financial stress they have enabled the Department to avoid the immediate cost of expensive permanent additions to schools, and, as they can be erected beside existing buildings, they have also enabled the Department to postpone for the time being the erection of schools on new sites in connection with which would be involved considerable expense for work on the site, fencing, outbuildings, &c. Apart from their recognized utility in connection with primary schools, these buildings, which are constructed in sections, can be widely used in connection with secondary schools, technical schools, &c, for workshops, laboratories, and so on, not so much

Financial Year. Applications received. Special Grants approved. Expenditure. 1913-14 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20 1920-21 1921-22 £ 95,849 129,202 238,817 496,153 790,296 152,3.35 £ 36,973 66,750 124,162 319,225 380,977 72,615 £ 69,123 43,790 47,106 80,780 109,981 279,476 328,228

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because of their cheapness, but because of the degree of elasticity they afford in modifying the accommodation according to changing educational needs. Sufficient margin of safety being allowed, it is unlikely that the class-rooms at present being erected will outlast their educational utility, but this cannot be claimed with any degree of certainty for workshops, &c, erected in permanent material, for it is more than probable that their structural life will far exceed their utility life owing to changes in ideals of instruction and to the desirability for substituting new and up-to-date equipment for that which from time to time becomes obsolete. In this respect the portable and extensible building may be regarded as providing 100 per cent, of elasticity, for, while the more permanent building can be remodelled from time to time only at considerable cost, and may even have to be abandoned altogether long before the end of its structural life, the portable building can be extended indefinitely or subdivided at comparatively small cost. Even if it has to be taken to pieces to provide a new building the sections can be again used without waste of material. Such a building may be regarded as providing what educationists and school architects are aiming at —a building whose utility life is equal to its structural life. For some years it was difficult to erect school buildings except at excessive cost, and almost invariably additional sums had to be approved to meet the amount of the actual cost over what was regarded as a reasonable estimate. Latterly, however, the position has been much more satisfactory, and substantial savings on the grants have been effected. The reduced cost of building is particularly noticeable in those education districts where the Boards ha,ve their own workshops and their own constructional staffs. Profits under the tender system are eliminated, and, what is even more important from the educational point of view, the Boards' permanent men, being constantly engaged on school buildings, know exactly what is aimed at, and become skilful in regard to matters that are apparently unimportant from a structural point of view, but are of great importance in connection with the working of the school and the comfort and convenience of the pupils and teachers. The saving in cost is particularly noticeable where an existing building has to be altered to provide for additions, or in the process of remodelling. The Department considers that the maintenance of school buildings is undoubtedly work that should be carried out by permanent staffs. Of the nine Education Boards, six now widely employ their own staffs. The programme for remodelling and rebuilding schools, which it was expected would now be well under way, has been necessarily postponed. Except in cases of extreme urgency, grants fonrebuilding have not been approved, and remodelling has been authorized only when it has been necessary in connection with the urgent provision of additions. Where remodelling has been carried out the result has been most satisfactory, and has convinced local school authorities, who previously were insistent in their demands for entirely new schools, that, provided the materials are sound, it is a very bad building indeed that cannot be remodelled to advantage at a fraction of the cost of a new structure. Roll Number. (Tables Bl and B2 in 8.-2.) The number of children attending public schools in 1921, as shown by the average weekly roll number, was 202,944, the roll number at the end of the year being 207,357. The following are comparative figures for the last two years : —

Mean of Average Weekly Roll. 3 Weekly Roll. Roll Number at End of Year. Inclu ary ofi Including Secondary Departments of Distriot High Schools. uding Seooi Departmei Distriot Hie md nte Excluding Second- ' Inoluding Second- Exoluding Secondary Departments ary Departments ary Departments of Distriot High of District High of District High Schools. Schools. Sohools. Schools. r ear 192.1 .. .. .. I i r ear 1920 . . . . 202,944 196,731 202,944 196,731 200,311 207,357 205,181 194,188 199,802 197,645 205,181 197,645 — " " j - w — Increase in 1921 6,213 6,213 6,123 7,555 7,536 Increase per cent, in 1921 3-2 3-2 3-8 I 3-8

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The yearly increase in the average weekly roll number was 6,213, or 3 - 2 per cent., compared with 1-6 per cent, in 1920, and representing the largest increase since the year 1915. The increase is spread over all classes, but is greatest proportionately in S5 and S6 ; more than half the increased numbers are in the largest city schools. Comparing the two Islands, the school population increased by 4-3 per cent, in the North Island, and by I*3 per cent, in the South Island. During the last ten years the public-school population in the Dominion has increased by 27 per cent., so that there were more than one and a quarter times as many children in the schools in 1921 as in 1911. The table below shows the average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1918, and for each of the last four years ; the table gives also the average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

The above figures relate to public schools. To estimate the total number of children receiving primary education in the Dominion it will be necessary to include public schools (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), Native schools, registered private primary schools, and the lower departments of secondary schools. The figures will then be : — Average Weekly Eoll Number. Public schools (less secondary departments of district 1920. 1921. high schools) .. ..' '.. .. .. 194,188 200,311 Native village and Native mission schools .. .. 5,689 5,986 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 22,193* 23,924* Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 815* 774* Total average weekly roll of primary scholars .. 222,885 230,995 * Number on roll at end of year. Attendance. (Tables 81, 82, and B3 in E.-2.) The average attendance at public schools was 89-8 per cent, of the average weekly roll, the figures for 1920 and 1921 being : — Including Secondary Rxeluding Secondary Departments of Departments of District High Schools. District High Schools. Year 1921 .. .. .. .. .. 182,306 179.866 Year 1920 .. .. .. ~ .. 171,102 168,816 Increase in 1921 .. .. .. 11,204 11,0.50 Increase per cent. .. .. .. 6-5 6-6 The very substantial increase (6-5 p.er cent.) over the previous year in the number of children in average attendance, besides being due to the increased number of pupils on the roll, was largely owing to the comparative freedom of the pupils in most districts from serious epidemics, which in the previous year, especially,

Year. Average Number Average Average Attendance of Woekly Attendance, as PercentSchools. Roll. Whole Year. age of Weekly Roll. Adults. M. P. Number of Teachers. Pupil-teachers. I Total. M. F. Total. 1878 .. 1883 .. 1888 .. 1893 .. 1898 .. 1903 .. 1908 ... 1913 .. 1918 .. 1919 .. 1920 .. 1921 .. 748 971 1,158 1,375 1,655 1,786 1,998 2,255 2,365 2,400 2,437 2,498 90,859 113,636 125,692 133,782 134,748 145,974 169,530 191,382 193,655 196,731 202,944 48,773* 69,838 90,108+ 100,321} 111,636 113,047 127,160 151,242 169,836 174,885 171,102 182,306 769 79-3 79-8 83-4 83-9 87T 89-2 88-7 90-3 87-0 89-8 707 905 1,039 1.107 1,234 1,270 1,331 1,603 1,366 1,606 1,675 1,772 454 656 887 1,096 1,370 1,726 2,021 2,659 3.452 3,394 3,500 3,488 1,161 1,561 1,926 2,203 2,604 2,996 3,352 4,262 4,818 5.000 5,175 5,260 118 159 218 238 229 147 161 142 123 123 114 141 332 571 694 825 831 552 476 474 523 503 466 415 450 730 913 1,063 1,060 699 637 616, 646? 626? 580? 556| 'obatio; * Average of three quarters. t Strict average. J Working a 'erage. _ Exclusive of p: iers.

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greatly interfered with the regularity of attendance. The percentage of regularity (89-8) does not fall far short of the highest figure yet attained —namely, 903, in the year 1919. Every education district shows an improvement in this respect, the percentages ranging from 88*4 to 92-2, the latter high figure of attainment being reached in the Otago District. Compared with the results achieved in other countries, the regularity of attendance in New Zealand is distinctly good, and it is felt that the improved attitude of parents towards this matter is largely -responsible for the high standard reached during recent years. The following figures represent the total number of children (of whom the average weekly roll number was given above) in average attendance at registered schools giving primary instruction : — Public .schools (excluding secondary departments of dis- '920. 1921. trict high .schools) .. .. .. .. 168,8.16 179,866 Native village and mission schools .. .. .. 4,861 5,198 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 19,162 20,941 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 688 710 Totals .. .. .. ..193,527 206,715 Classification, Age, and Examination of Pupils. Classification and Age of Pupils. The classification of pupils is reported by the Inspectors of Schools to be carried out intelligently by the teachers as a whole. In small country schools where previously there was weakness in this respect the assistance given by the organizing teacher has resulted in a considerable improvement. The seriousness of undue retardation of pupils has been previously emphasized in this report, and teachers as a, whole now realize the importance of, as far as possible, allowing the pupil to progress at his natural rate. The following table shows the classification of pupils of primary schools, the numbers between the heavy horizontal lines representing children regarded as of normal classification, those above the upper lines children brighter than the average, and those below the lower lines children below normal classification : —

Classified Return of the Numbers on the Rolls of Public Schools at the end of 1921, excluding Secondary Departments of District High Schools.

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greatly interfered with the regularity of attendance. The percentage of regularity (89-8) does not fall far short of the highest figure yet attained- —namely, 90'3, in the year 1919. Every education district shows an improvement in this respect, the percentages ranging from 88*4 to 92 - 2, the latter high figure of attainment being reached in the Otago District. Compared with the results achieved in other countries, the regularity of attendance in New Zealand is distinctly good, and it is felt that the improved attitude of parents towards this matter is largely -responsible for the high standard reached during recent years. The following figures represent the total number of children (of whom the average weekly roll number was given above) in average attendance at registered schools giving primary instruction : — Public schools (excluding secondary departments of dis- 1920. 1921. trict liig.li schools) .. .. .. .. 168,816 179,866 Native village and mission schools .. .. .. 4,861 5,198 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 19,162 20,941 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 688 710 Totals .. .. .. ..193,527 206,715 Classification, Age, and Examination op Pupils. Classification and Age of Pupils. The classification of pupils is reported by the Inspectors of Schools to be carried out intelligently by the teachers as a whole. In small country schools where previously there was weakness in this respect the assistance given by the organizing teacher has resulted in a considerable improvement. The seriousness of undue retardation of pupils has been previously emphasized in this report, and teachers as a whole now realize the importance of, as far as possible, allowing the pupil to progress at his natural rate. The following table shows the classification of pupils of primary schools, the numbers between the heavy horizontal lines representing children regarded as of normal classification, those above the upper lines children brighter than the average, and those below the lower lines children below normal classification : — Ilassified Return op the Numbers on the Rolls op Public Schools at the end op 1921, excluding Secondary Departments op District High Schools. Class P. Standard I. Standi ird II. Standard III. Standard IV. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII. Totals. Ages. Girls. Boys. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 5 and under 6 .. 7,901 7,415 i 1 104 3 7,902 7,416 6 „ 7 .. 10,860 9,967. 91 3 10,954 10,074 7 „ 8 .. 10,459 9,604 1,688 1,689J 127 121 5 2 12,279 11,416 8 „ 9 .. 9 „ 10 .. 5,491 1,762 4,423| 1,341 4,306 5,0201 4,8101,429 3,710j4,712 1,643 4,668 11.333 106 113 1,412 2 5 85 114 1,3071,348 3,617|3,827 3 4 1 .. 77 3 12,048 12,201 10,994 11,249 .0 „ 11 .. [1 „ 12 .. 492 177 351 132 1,723 651 1,2843,938 4071,790 112 692 3,464. 1,410 4,165 4,183 3,8903,506 84 1,117 90 1,235 6 86 11.715 11,331 10,721 10,594 12 „ 13 .. 71 60 214 459 2,1391,731 973 679 3,6503,454 3,504 3,528 1,030 1,045 6 6 11,306 10,395 13 „ 14 . . 33 22 78 39 1 261 189 2,0811,952 3,450 3,363 2,996 2,987 29 48 9,901 9,279 14 ., 15 .. 5 ' „ 16 .. ,6 „ 17 .. 10 5 1 4 2 25 3 11 61 2. 11 .. I 1 36 12 2 245 180 37 17 6 2 735 5491,786 1,420 142 89 465 320 20 12 58 37 118 4 11640113511047 10001 I jwn in Table C2 in E.-2 f 2,838^2,446 28 1,1841 801 16 173; 117 3 13 6 5 8,326 7,480| 90 58 32 12 5,728 1,863 261 4,704 1,275 183 3ver 17 1 11 27 23 l Totals, 1921 37,261 33,322 I3,800 | 12169 13025 12007 12899 11826 11826 167 107516 98,322 Note. —The n work of S6 but lefl lumber t before of S6 p s the em upils in d of the this table di ; year are im iffers fi eluded rom that she . in this tabh lat she is tabh ! or the reason that pupili who di id the e. 2—E. 1.

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On the assumption that school life is commenced at the age of five years and that two years are spent in the preparatory classes and one year in each standard, pupils should be eight years old at the end of a year in Si, nine years old in S2, &c. In the above table pupils are regarded as below normal classification if they are nine years of age or over in Si, and so on ; J and the large number coming under this heading is arresting —in fact, more than half of the pupils according to this standard are below normal classification. The following figures show the position for each standard*:—

While 51 per cent, of the pupils are one year or more below normal classification, about 20 per cent, are two years or more below. Beginning school life at a later age than five years doubtless accounts to a great extent for the high ages of the pupils, and other causes beyond the teachers' control are irregular attendance, migration from school to school, and mental backwardness. It is well, however, to keep the fact steadily in view that large numbers of children are much older than they should be for the classes they are in, and everything possible should be done to avoid the waste of time and opportunity represented by such retardation. The fact is not to be overlooked, of course, that modern investigation goes to show that children should be classified less according to age than according to educational ability, which varies at the different ages more than was previously supposed. There is, therefore, always the danger to be avoided of forcing a backward child to attempt work beyond its ability, but it is probable that in our schools the tendency is to err in the other direction, not only backward children being retarded owing to the lack of special attention, but, what is now regarded as a much more serious matter, the children with more than average ability being denied the opportunity of progressing at the faster rate suitable to their capabilities. The following are the average ages of the pupils in the several classes at the end of the year's instruction: — 1920. 1921. Yrs. mos. Yrs. mos. Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..71 71 Class SI .. .. .. .. .. ..9 1 9 1 „ S2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 2 10 3 „ S3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 3 11 3 „ S4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 3 12 3 ~ S5 .. .. .. .. .. ■ .. 13 1 13 2 „ S6 .. .. .. .. .. 13 11 14 0 Mean of average age .. .. .. 9 10 9 1.1 The average age varies very little from year to year and shows no sign of becoming lower. The difference in the figures from the various education districts is difficult to account for and is not regarded as satisfactory. The opinion is quite established that the average age of fourteen for passing S6 is much too high, and. the fact that the pupils enter upon their secondary course of education at least two years too late in life is now regarded as a serious flaw in our education system. As mentioned elsewhere in this report, an effort is being made to have the matter remedied, and it is intended shortly to make the experiment in three or four districts of shortening the primary course to such an extent that the average pupil will be transferred to a junior high school at the age of twelve years, at which stage the post-primary course will be entered upon.

Class. Normal Classification. I Above Normal Classification. Below Normal Classification. I Class P „ SI „ S2 „ S3 „ S4 „ S5 „ S6 Per Cent. 38 38 34 32 34 38 Per Cent. 14 13 12 12 12 14 Per Cent. 20 48 49 54 56 54 48 Glasses S1-S6 36 13 51

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A record is kept of the percentages of children in the various classes, the percentage of pupils in the preparatory classes being in per cent, of the whole number— a very slightly lower figure than that for the previous year. Any reduction in this figure is welcomed as one sign that pupils are being promoted more rapidly out of these classes and that the suspected retardation is being overcome. The fact still remains, however, that at the.end of the year 20 per cent, of the pupils in the preparatory classes were eight years of age and over, and 6per cent, nine years of age and over, showing that there is still considerable scope for improvement in this respect. Examination of Pupils. (Table C 5 in E.-2.) The usual practice was followed in 1921 of holding S6 examinations for the award of certificates of proficiency and competency, the Inspectors as a rule conducting the examinations, but in the case of some large schools contenting themselves with carefully reviewing the work done at the teachers' examinations held throughout the year. Where the teachers are thoroughly experienced the latter method commends itself, as it improves the attitude of the pupil towards his daily task and does not admit of his best efforts being confined to a short period at the end of the year. The examination resulted in 11,633 certificates of proficiency being awarded, the number representing 72-4 per cent, of the publicschool S6 roll, and 2,395 certificates of competency, representing 14 - 9 per cent, of the roll. Included in the number of competency certificates were 348 which were endorsed for special merit in handwork or science. The percentage of certificates awarded is 2-3 higher than in the previous year. A matter of serious consideration arising out of the results is the wide difference in the figures of the various districts, which in the case of the proficiency certificates ranged from 59-2 per cent, in Nelson to 82-2 per cent, in Hawke's Bay. It is difficult to believe that the efficiency of the school-work varies between one district and another to the extent of 23 per cent., so that part, at least, of the difference must be considered due to the variation in the standard set up by Inspectors. The Department's endeavour is to make this standard as uniform as possible, and Inspectors are urged to use their best efforts in the same direction. The fact that in some districts there are fairly uniform results year after year in spite of changes in the inspectorate goes to show that differences in the standard set by Inspectors may not be the only factor in the case, which is also more or less confirmed by the fact that the district with the highest record of passes in 1921, although under the same inspectorate a few years ago, produced the poorest results. In this district the higher records are attributed to a genuine improvement in the efficiency of the schools. The matter is a serious one from the point of view that if the examination results do not accurately indicate the relative efficiency of the pupils in the various districts, pupils below the average standard are being awa,rded free secondary education in some districts while pupils in other districts above the average are being denied this privilege. Destination of Pupils after leaving the Primary Schools. Of 16,000 children leaving the primary schools in 1920, 11,400 had passed S6, and 4,600, or 29 per cent., had not done so. The figures show an improvement of 5 per cent, over the previous year in the number having passed S6 before leaving. A certain proportion of those leaving without the minimum educational equipment regarded as necessary are very backward children who probably would be little benefited by further teaching along the usual lines, but there still remains a large number who, owing to external conditions, have reached only S4 or S5 at the age of fourteen years, and it is a matter for regret that these children are denied at least one year's further schooling or that it was not possible to pass them more quickly through the standards. Of those leaving school without passing S6 it appears that approximately 46 per cent, of the boys take up farming pursuits and 60 per cent, of the girls domestic duties, 20 per cent, learn trades, and the remainder follow miscellaneous callings, only a small proportion receiving any further education. The provision of free places at technical schools offering

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training in subjects related to industrial occupations to specially recommended pupils who have not passed S6 has been of some assistance to these children, nearly two hundred free places of this kind being taken up in 1921. Of the pupils who passed S6 before leaving the primary school over 60 per cent, enter upon some course of secondary education, 9 per cent, take up trades; 7 per cent., farming; 3 per cent., clerical or commercial work; 4 per cent, enter one or other of the Government services; and 22 per cent, of the girls take up domestic duties. Registered Private Primary Schools. (Tables Dl and D.-2 in E. 2.) The provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1921-22, make it compulsory for all private schools to apply for registration, which is granted if in the opinion of the Department's Inspectors the instruction afforded is as efficient as in a public school of the same class and if the school is satisfactory from the point of view of premises, staff, and equipment. The parents of children attending unregistered schools are liable to a penalty under the compulsory attendance clauses of the Act. Private schools are inspected annually by the Department's Inspectors, and the S6 pupils examined for the award of proficiency and competency certificates ; in this way it is ensured that children not attending the State schools are receiving an adequate education elsewhere. The following statistics relate to registered primary schools in 1921 : —

Average attendance .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 20, 941 Ages of pupils — Children under seven years of age .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,071 Children from seven to eleven years of age . . . . .. .. .. 10,183 Children from eleven to thirteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 5,161 Children from thirteen to fourteen years of age . . . . . . .. .. 2,304 Children from fourteen to fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 1,469 Children over fifteen years of age .. . . . . .. .. .. 736 S6 examinations — Number of pupils in S6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1, 766 Number obtaining proficiency certificates . . .. .. .. .. 1, 151 Number obtaining competency certificates .. .. .. . . .. 237 Number obtaining endorsed competency certificates ' .. .. .. .. 36 Number of teachers — Males. Females. Catholic Church schools .. . . .. .. .. .. 40 520 Other Church schools .. .. .. .. .. .. ... 11 84 Undenominational schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 25 78 Totals .. .. .. .. .. . . 76 682 Tables Dl and D 2 in E.-2 give particulars of the schools in the various districts. A list of registered private schools is published annually in the New Zealand Gazette. Conveyance and Board of Scholars. Free passes on the railway to the nearest public or private school are granted to children living near to the railway-line but out of reach of a primary school, and the same privilege is enjoyed by pupils having to travel to attend secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools, and also by free-place holders travelling to attend technical schools or classes other than technical high schools. Education Boards are also authorized to make provision when necessary for the conveyance of pupils to primary schools by road or water, and to contribute towards the payment for board of children compelled to live away from home in order to attend school. The Department contributes at the rate of from 4d. to

Catholic Church Schools. Other Church Sohools. Undenominational Schools. Total. umber of schools .oil number .. 168 19,647 32 2,882 35 1,395 Boys. 10,967 235 Girls. 12,957 Total. 23,924

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Bd. per return trip, according to the mode of conveyance used, for each child over five years of age that is conveyed to school, and ss. a week towards the cost of the board of each child compelled to live away from home to attend a public school. If the expenditure by Education Boards exceeds this allowance the Department also pays half the excess cost. The following represents the expenditure by the Department for the year 1921-22 on the above-named services : —

The total expenditure for the previous year was £41,314. Departmental Publications. The School Journal is published by the Department every month (except in December and January) for use as a supplementary reader in primary schools, and is still regarded as a useful and popular production. In many cases it is used as the chief reader. It is issued in three parts, suited to the varying capacities of the pupils in Standards I to VI inclusive, and is supplied free to all public schools, Native schools, special schools, and other institutions more or less under the Department's control or supervision. To a very large number of private schools it is supplied at cost price, with the result that over 17,000 copies of the School Journal are purchased monthly. Of the last issue of the School Journal for the year 1921 the number of copies printed was —Part I, 68,950 ; Part 11, 65,900 ; Part 111, 56,150 : total 191,000. These numbers show an increase of 10,100 over those of the previous year. The rates charged to purchasers are Id. for each of Parts I and 11, and ljd. for Part 111, the minimum charge for one of each part being 4s. 6d. per annum. In Part I last year practically the whole of the reading-matter consisted of stories suited to the age of the children, and every endeavour was made, especially in the first two months of the year, to make the text as simple as possible, as well as to stimulate the children's interest in the Journal. In Part II more instructive matter was introduced, but a fair proportion of the reading-matter consisted of stories. The history of two New Zealand ports —Timaru and New Plymouth— was dealt with, in order that the children might see how this country has been developed in the past, and the way in which diiiiculties have been overcome. There were articles on natural history, and lessons appropriate to Empire Day and Arbor Day. In Part 111 there was one entirely new feature —a serial story, " David Blaize," which, by the great kindness of the author, Mr. E. F. Benson, it was possible to reproduce free of charge, and there is no doubt whatever that this story was appreciated far above anything else. It is regretted that a suitable successor to this serial has not been found for this year. There were also some interesting and original natural-history articles on the birds of New Zealand, written by Mr. Johannes Andersen, and as a result of these articles children from all over New Zealand have sent in some very valuable observations on bird-life. Among the industries of this country dealt with in Part 111 were the woollen and milk industries. A special issue for Empire Day was much appreciated and very favourably commented on, and another special number was brought out for Arbor D& y- . . . . , Extracts were included from some of the great masters of English literature —Dickens, 0. W. Holmes, Irving, Jeffries, and Ruskin. In the final issue for the year there was an article in which the different ramifications of the New Zealand system of education and its bearing on the life and occupations of the people were set out in diagrammatic form.

Railway Fares. Boarding-allowance and Conveyance by Road and Water. Total. Primary Secondary Technical £ 13,470 6,113 4,386 £ 22,089 £ 35,559 6,113 4,386 Total 23,969 22,089 46,058

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In the poetry a new feature was introduced, each poem in Part 111 being prefaced by a short paragraph indicating its special merit and some observations on the style of the author. Among the list of poets are the following names — Allingham, Rupert Brooke, Browning, Burns, Barry Cornwall, Cowper, Goldsmith, Mrs. Hemans, Henley, Hood, Christina Rossetti, Scott, Shelley, Southey, Stevenson, Tennyson, E. W. Wilcox, Whittier, and Wordsworth. A monthly departmental publication for the information of teachers —the Education Gazette —is now issued. Besides containing helpful articles by experts on various educational matters, there are also published in it departmental regulations and instructions, and also lists of all vacant positions for which teachers may apply. Owing to the necessity for economy the publication is limited in volume, but it is hoped when circumstances permit to increase its size and its capacity for usefulness. Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions. The Education Act provides for the payment by the Department of pound-for-pound subsidies on voluntary contributions raised for improving and beautifying the premises, grounds, and equipment of public schools. It may be justly claimed that the system, is on a more generous basis than obtains in other countries, and that it has been the means of stimulating throughout the Dominion a strong spirit of self-help and local effort. Further, it has undoubtedly enhanced the pride taken localiy in the schools and their surroundings. While an increasing number of schools are taking advantage of the provisions, the large sums raised as contributions, not infrequently being in the neighbourhood of £1,000 at urban schools, have necessitated a revision of the regulations in order that the funds made available as subsidies by the Government might be widely and equitably distributed, having regard particularly to the needs of small schools. At these the raising of comparatively small sums entails greater effort and more sacrifice than does the raising of very substantial sums obtained in large towns, where a spirit of emulation between neighbouring schools is often apparent and all the conditions for raising large amounts are more favourable. The amended regulations provide, therefore, that in any financial, year for approved purposes the total subsidy payable with respect to any school shall not exceed 10s. per unit of average attendance, an exception being made in the case of country schools, however, which may receive pound for pound up to £30, no matter how small the attendance. These limitations do not apply to subsidies in connection with the extension of school-sites or the provision of actual school accommodation. The amount paid by the Department in subsidizing contributions in 1921-22 was £13,411, as compared with £10,004 in the previous year, and £3,328 five years ago. Class-books and School Libraries. Included in the purposes for which voluntary contributions may be subsidized is the provision and maintenance of school libraries, and in addition to the departmental subsidy the Education Board may pay a further subsidy for this purpose. The books purchased for school libraries are approved by the Inspector of Schools, and are such as are suitable for individual reading in school or at home. A capitation grant of 3d. per child is also payable for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers for class reading, and also for the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. As many of the Education Boards had moneys in hand on this account in 1921 they agreed, in view of the financial position, to accept smaller grants than those prescribed, the total disbursements made by the Department for this purpose during the financial year being accordingly only £685. The Department is at present devising an improved scheme for the supply of continuous readers and library books to schools. Physical Education. In his report on the year's work the Chief Physical Instructor states that physical education appears to be progressing in a satisfactory manner throughout the Dominion, and that teachers are realizing in an increasing degree the value of

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regular and systematic practice in this subject. In schools where physical training is efficiently carried on, an improvement in both the physique and mentality of the children is noticeable. Unfortunately, owing to the fact that some teachers have had no training and that many others require further instruction in the subject, there are still many children not receiving their due as far as physical education is concerned. The need for providing teachers with opportunities of learning more of the subject is emphasized, and the necessity of holding refresher classes for them as soon as the financial position permits is strongly urged. In view of the comparatively small amount of assistance afforded them, the teachers deserve great credit who by their keenness and enthusiasm have brought physical education up to a high standard in their schools, and who by their example and precept in every phase of the subject are doing so much to improve the health and physical wellbeing of their pupils. The physical instructors and school medical officers work in close co-operation, especially in the forming of corrective classes for children suffering from postural deformities, these classes proving of great benefit. The insistence by many teachers now, however, on good posture during school-hours is having so marked an effect in preventing postural deformities that in many instances there has been no necessity for forming corrective classes. The majority of schools were visited once by the physical instructors during the year, and many of them twice. The staff has fallen, however, from fifteen to twelve, so that physical instructors have much more ground to cover than can be done with the best results. The Chief Physical Instructor, in. mentioning this regrettable result of the necessity for economy, quotes Sir George Newman as saying " Physical training, if properly conceived and employed, is one of the most powerful instruments of preventive .medicine," and thus the desirability is stressed of, as soon as possible, strengthening the staff to a degree compatible with the greatest efficiency. The departmental expenditure on physical education in 1921-22 was £9,373. Medical Inspection. The administration of the work of medical inspection of school-children and school dentistry has now been assumed by the Department of Public Health, and reference to the work carried out in 1921 will be found in the annual report of that Department. Manual Instruction. Staffing. Under regulations made in 1920 all teachers of manual-training classes were classified along with teachers in technical schools and classes in two main divisions, with six classes in each division, men and women separately. The following table .shows the classification of teachers of manual-training classes as at the end of 1921, Class VI being the highest class : —

Full-time Classified Teachers in Manual Training Classes, December, 1921.

>H I: on I. Divis ion II. Class. Women. Men. Men. Women. VI V IV III II I 5 8 2 1 2 8 2 6 21 10 9 12 1 1 9 15 io 13 Totals 15 49 09 11 !6 60 1( 15

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The introduction of a classification system based solely on the personal qualities, attainments, and service of the teacher, and providing salaries based on classification and independent of the position held by the teacher, has tended to encourage teachers to train for higher qualifications, and has at the same time eliminated the competition for special positions to a very large degree. It is expected that the service will become considerably more efficient under the new system.. The increasing proportion of University-trained teachers of home science is noteworthy, and with the maintenance of a high standard of practical as well as scientific training in the Otago School of Home Science the effect on the work done in the schools should be wholly beneficial. Incidentals and Material. A liberal provision was made in the year 1921 for the cost of material and other incidentals in connection, with, manual-training classes. Capitation was paid at the rate of l|d. per pupil-hour for woodwork, lfd. for cookery, and Id. for agricultural and other science, with the result that the Boards were placed in a favourable position as compared with former years. In 1921 orders were placed in London by the Department for handwork material for the ensuing year to be supplied direct to the Education Boards for distribution among the schools. This innovation is proving on the whole satisfactory, the quality of the material being fairly good, the quantity barely sufficient, and the cost considerably below the capitation payments of over £12,000 for the year 1921 on account of the same material. While it is not intended that the materials supplied shall be too rigidly standardized for the Dominion, it was found that considerable economies could be effected by supplying in bulk the same type of material for the same purpose to all the Boards. It is not expected that handwork exercises should find a definite place in the time-table of subjects in any school, but that recourse should be had to these Concrete modes of expression whenever the subject in hand offers opportunities of better maintaining interest, driving home the lesson, and training the intelligence by these means. In such circumstances teachers may often be able to obtain better results by the adaptation of local waste materials collected or supplied by the children themselves to the illustration in a concrete form of principles or facts which are to be impressed on the mind of the pupil. The Department's total payments to Education Boards for the year 1921-22 on account of manual instruction amounted to £75,924. The following are some particulars of the amounts payable to the Boards for the maintenance of manual classes for the year 1921 : — £ Salaries of Instructors (including part-time and overtime payments) .. 36,816 Capitation for material and incidentals .. .. .. .. 22,156 Capitation for handwork classes .. .. .. .. .. 12,697 Travelling-expenses of instructors .. .. .. .. .. 3,876 £75,545 Staffs of Primary Schools. (TableElinE.-2.) The number of teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools in 1921 was 5,816, or sixty-one more than in the previous year. Of the total number 5,260 were adult teachers (1,772 males and 3,488 females) and 556 were pupil-teachers (141 males and 415 females). The increase took place in the number of males, there being ninety-seven more male adult and twenty-seven more male pupil-teachers, but twelve fewer female adult and fifty-one fewer female pupil-teachers, than in the year 1920. In addition to the staff of adult and pupil-teachers 692 probationers (127 males and 565 females) were employed as compared with 580 (95 males and 485 females) in the previous year.

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The following table shows the number of adult teachers in each grade of school classified under the headings of sole, head, or assistant teachers : —

Mumber of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1921.

The number of pupils per teacher in the several grades or groups of schools is shown below, two pupil-teachers being counted as equivalent to one adult teacher, and probationers being disregarded : —

Total Average Average Number Attendance of ° hlld f n P er Teacher. Grades 111-VII (two or more teachers) .. .. 155,899 38 Grades V-VII (six or more teachers) .. .. .. 92,394 44 All schools.. .. .. .. .. .. 180,740 33 There is practically no alteration in the number of pupils per teacher either in all schools taken together or in the various classes of school. The comparatively low figure of thirty-three pupils per teacher in all schools is, of course, due to the large number of sole-teacher .schools with small attendances, and it must be pointed out that the small number of pupils per teacher in these cases scarcely compensates for the difficulties arising from the pupils being spread over all the classes of the primary school. As soon as a supply of trained teachers is available the question of increasing the staffs of the larger schools will be considered, and in the meantime extra assistants are being provided where the necessity of reducing the size of classes is greatest. Although probationers are not included in the staff the fact that they teach four hours a day and possess fair educational qualifications makes them a not entirely negligible quantity in estimating the staff, and if two probationers are reckoned as equivalent to one adult teacher the average number of pupils per teachers in all schools is reduced by two and in the larger schools, where most of

3—E. 1,

Grade of School. Sole Ti sachers. Head Teachers. F. M. F. Assl Teat stant jhers. Total .dult Teachers. M. M. F. M. F. Total. rrade 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) II. (21-35) IIIa. (36-80) IIIb. (81-120) IV. (121-240) V. (241-400) VI. (401-480) VII. (over 480) 13 181 228 29 164 452 304 22 11 397 122 119 88 22 91 10 128 3 3 4 48 115 44 257 14 531 230 285 415 128 796 13 181 239 429 126 167 203 66 348 164 452 328 681. 233 285 420 1.28 797 177 633 567 1,110 359 452 623 194 1,145 5 i All grades 451 942 850 147 471 2,399 1,772 3,488 5,260

Total Averaae l Avera g e Number! Grade ol School. Attondanoe S of Children per Teacher. I I : Grade of School. Total Average Attendance. Average Number of Children per Teacher 0. (1-8) .. 1,169 6 1. (9-20) .. 9,849 14 II. (21-35) .. 13,823 25 IIIa. (36-80) .. 30,123 26 IIIb. (81-120. .. 12,162 32 IVa. (121-160) .. 7,253 IVb. (161-200) .. 6,991). 40 IVc. (201-240) .. 6,976 Va. (241-280) .. 5,575, Vb. (281-320) .. 9,988 Vc. (321-360) .. 8,914 i6 Vd. (361-400) .. 6,130j VIa. (401-440) .. 3,387) . q VIb. (441-480) .. 7,527) VIIa. (481-520) .. VIIb. (521-560) .. VIIc. (561-600) .. VHd. (601-640) .. VIIe. (641-680) .. VIIf. (681-720) .. VHct. (721-760) .. VIIh. (761-800) .. VIIi. (801-840) .. VIIj. (841-880) .. VIIk. (881-920) .. VIIl. (921-960 .. 7,4811 5,480 8,042 8,027 7,894 5,637 3,574 f 1,506 1,449 881 902 44

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the probationers are employed, by a greater number. In the London County Council, schools, according to the latest information available, the average number of pupils per teacher is thirty-seven, 4,000 classes under one teacher being forty or less in number, 7,000 being between forty and fifty, and nearly 5,000 being between fifty and sixty. Although it is recognized that ideal conditions in this respect are still some distance off in New Zealand, the comparison with the London County Council schools, where a high standard, is set, is not altogether unfavourable. With regard to the sex of public-school teachers, the figures below show the proportion of men and women teachers on the primary-school staff :— 1915. 1918. 1920. 1921. Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers — M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Schools with Ito 20 scholars .. .. .. 100 : 323 100 : 523 100 : 392 100 : 318 Schools with more than 20 scholars .. .. 100:176 100:227 100:190 100:182 All schools.. .. .. .. .. 100:193 100:253 100:209 100:197 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers 100 : 344 100 : 425 100 : 409 100 : 294 Ratio of male probationers to female probationers .. 100 : 647 100 : 688 100 : 511 100 : 445 Ratio of male .students to female students in the training colleges .. .. .. .. 100:387 100:488 100:333 .100:324 It will be observed that in accordance with expectations the proportion of males to females continues to increase in each of the above sections. The increase, is especially marked in the proportion of male pupil-teachers, who now number one in four, as compared with one in five in the previous year ; the increase in the proportion of male probationers is also substantial. The present proportion among all adult teachers of one male in every three teachers is entirely satisfactory, and now that the male element among entrants to the service shows signs of becoming sufficient to maintain this proportion the matter is no longer one of grave concern. Tt has to be borne in mind in considering the figures of the entrants that a woman's average length of service is shorter than a man's, and thus the proportion of women among the entrants of any one year becomes smaller as the length of service of those entrants increases. As has been mentioned in previous reports, the staffs in most other English -speaking counties have a much greater preponderance of women teachers than, is the case in New Zealand. Salaries of Primary Public-school Teachers. (TabloE4inE.-2.) The scale of salaries introduced in 1920 and operating in 1921 provides salaries for head or sole teachers ranging from £180 to £480, and for assistants ranging from £160 to £400. In addition, increments of from £20 to £60 are payable according to a teacher's position on the graded list, and married assistants also receive an additional allowance of £40 per annum. Head teachers either have the free use of a school residence or receive a house allowance of from £30 to £60 per annum. The total amount of all salaries and allowances at the rates payable on the 31st December, 1921, was £1,585,397, or £72,331 more than in the previous year. The total is made up as follows : — ■ £ Adult teachers'salaries .. .. .. .. .. ..1,413,822 Pupil-teachers'allowances .. .. .. .. .. 58,660 Probationers allowances . . .. .. .. .. .. 71,065 House allowances to head or sole teachers where residence is not provided .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41,850 £1,585,397 The above figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £45,670, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £9 Is. 4d. per head of the average attendance, or £8 2s, lOd. per head of the average weekly roll number.

E.—l

The average salaries of adult teachers (including house allowances and value of residences) for the last four years are shown in the following table : — Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers. 1918. 1919. 1920. 1921. (1.) Teachers in all schools — £ £ £ £ (a.) Men and women .. . . .. . . 187 240 278 285 (6.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 273 323 366 369 (c.) Women . . .. . . . . .. 153 201 235 243 (2.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a.) Men and women . . .. .. . . 191 245 283 292 (6.) Men .. .. .. .. .. ..273 324 367 371. (c.) Women .. . . .. .. . . 158 207 241 250 (3.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty(a.) Men and women . . .. .. '.. 200 254 294 301 \b.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 286 3,39 382 388 (c.) Women .. . . .. .. . . 164 2.10 245 253 (4.) Head teachers— (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 319 380 432 438 (&.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 251 319 373 385 (5.) All sole teachers?— (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. ..171 221 266 266 (6.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 143 193 221 234 (6.) Assistants— (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. ..257 301 336 313 lb.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 150 197 229 238 The increase in average salaries over a period of three years is very striking ; it ranges in the various sections from £86 to £134 per annum, and in the average salary of all teachers in all schools it is £98. The total expenditure on salaries and allowances has increased in the three years mentioned by £650,000 or 69 per cent. The figure corresponding to the. average salary of all teachers in New Zealand—viz., £285' —was in New South Wales, according to the estimates for 1920-21, £241. The following table gives some further information regarding the number of certificated teachers receiving certain salaries : —

It thus appears that the salary of 48 per cent, of certificated male head or sole teachers exceeds £400, and of 69 per cent, exceeds £350. Of certificated male assistants 21 per cent, receive over £400, 52 per cent, over £350, and 78 per cent, over £300. Referring to women certificated teachers, 56 per cent, of those that are head or sole teachers receive over £300, and 99 per cent, of those that are assistants receive over £180, and 35 per cent, over £250. It must be borne in mind in considering these figures that all young certificated teachers just emerging from the training college or just entering upon their service as adult teachers are included. In New South Wales, where there are 2,000 more teachers than in New Zealand, the estimates for 1920-21 provided salaries for 321 male teachers exceeding £400 (compare 575 in New Zealand), and for 103 women teachers exceeding £300. (compare 601 in New Zealand in 1921). From this it is evident that a comparison of the scales of salaries in various States does not indicate the true relative position ; it is necessary to know the actual salaries paid to the teachers.

19

Certificated Male Teachers. Sole and Head ; , , . Teachers. Assistants. Certificated Sole and Head Teachers. Certificated Fi sniale Teachers. Salaries (including Allowances and Value of Residences.) Assistants. exceeding £180 .. 181 to £250 1251 „ £300 301 „ £350 351 „ £400 )ver£400 .. 20 78 111 321 481 7 41 52 113 139 94 2 68 167 118 161 26 23 1,236 370 223 70 3 Totals 1,011 446 542 1,925

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20

Pupil-teachers and probationers were paid allowances at the following rates in 1921 : First year, £90 per annum ; second and third years, £95 per annum, with an additional £5 in the case of a male. In addition a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum is paid if the young person is obliged to live away from home, or a travelling-allowance not exceeding £10 per annum if daily travelling is necessary. Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. (Table E2 in E.-3.) The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers holding teachers' certificates in the last three years : —

Primary Teachers in Public Schools.

The substantial proportion of uncertificated teachers employed in primary schools has for some years been a reason for dissatisfaction, and every effort has been made to reduce the number. The statistics for 1920 showed no improvement over those of the previous year, but fortunately the figures for 1921 show that there are 136 fewer uncertificated teachers than in the previous year, 75 per cent, of the staff being certificated,-as against 72 per cent, in 1920. The very large number of small country schools in the Dominion militates against the possibility of attaining a completely certificated staff, but it is recognized that there is still room for improvement. Excluding teachers in schools with less than twenty-one children, 84 per cent, of the staff was certificated in 1921 — i.e., 3,742 teachers out of a total of 4,450. Education Boards report that during the current year the position has again improved materially, and several are now able to notify uncertificated teachers that unless their status is improved it will be necessary for them to sacrifice their positions. The following table shows the number of teachers holding the various certificates in 1920 and 1921 :—

Classes of Certificates held by Primary-school Teachers.

It is gratifying to find that the largest increase has taken place in the number of teachers holding Class C certificates, 54 per cent, of certificated teachers now holding a Class C or higher certificate.

191 u. 1920. 192 Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. I. Certificated teachers 3,577 72 3,703 72 3,924 75 II. Uncertificated teachers— (1.) Holding licenses (2.) Unlicensed 122 1,301 2 26 86 1,386 2 26 139 1,197 3 22 Total uncertificated 1,423 28 1,472 28 1,336 25 Totals of I and II .. 5,000 100 5,175 100 5,260 100

Class of Certificate. M. 1920. F. 1920. Total. M. 1921. F. Total. 42 209 659 427 29 42 209 659 427 29 I i 1 10 77 970 1,079 201 10 77 970 1,079 201 52 286 1,629 1,506 230 52 286 1,629 1,506 230 41 219 707 458 32 7 79 1,072 1,126 183 48 298 1,779 1,584 215 Total 1,366 ! 2,337 3,703 1,457 2,467 3,924

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The Training of Teachers. (Tables ES to E7 in E.-2). Training Colleges. A teachers' training college is situated in each of the four principal centres of the Dominion, at each of which 250 students may be accommodated. The students come under one or other of the following divisions : Division A, ex-pupil teachers, ex-probationers, or ex-trainees of recognized kindergarten schools who have obtained the necessary educational qualification ; Division B, other students who have passed Matriculation or obtained a higher leaving - certificate ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year; and Division I), teachers entering on short-period studentships. The number of students in attendance during the last quarter of 1921 under the various divisions were* —Division A, 730 ; Division B, 145 ; Division C, 9 ; and Division D, 20 : the total being 904, as compared with 680 in 1920 and 582 in 1919 ; 508 students were first-year students and 396 were second-year students. The numbers of students at each training college during the last quarter of 1920 and 1921 respectively are indicated in the following table : — , 1920. , . 1921. , Men. Womon. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 56 133 189 65 202 267 Wellington ... ... ... 39 135 174 49 142 191 Ohristchurch ... ... ... 26 117 143 50 146 196 Dunedin ... ... ... 36 138 174 49 201 250 Totals ' ... ... 157 523 680 213 691 904 The number of students in 1921 was 33 per cent, greater than in the previous year, and it may be stated that the number has further increased to 1,150 in the current year. The ordinary course of training is for two years, and the number of students completing their course at the end of 1921 was 383, as compared with 355 in 1920. With this large influx of trained teachers into the service every year it will be possible to improve the efficiency of the teaching and to reduce the size of classes in the larger schools. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are also extended so as to embrace specially selected teachers and classes in neighbouring schools. Each normal school includes — (a) a main school, organized as a " mixed school " ; and (b) model schools of the following types : (i) A rural public school under a sole teacher ; (ii) a junior school under one teacher with not more than. 45 children of classes PtoS2 on the roll; (iii) a class representing the secondary department of a district high school; (iv) a special class of children of school age ; (v) a junior kindergarten. Students receive their theoretical instruction from the training-college staff, and also attend University college classes to a considerable extent. A certain proportion of students attempt degree work in conjunction with their training-college work, although this double course is discouraged except in cases of specially capable students. Divisions A, B, and C students satisfactorily completing the prescribed course of work at the training college may, on the recommendation of the Principal, receive without further examination a trained-teachers' certificate ranking with the Class C or Class D certificate, as may be determined. Of the 366 students beginning a two-years course in 1920, 163 held Class D certificates, and 147 held partial successes towards teachers' certificates at the time of entry ; and the following was the examination status of 383 students completing their course at the end of 1921 : Class A certificate, 4 ; Class B certificate, 32 ; Class C certificate with partial B, 15 ; partial C or D with partial B, 5 ; Class C, 221 ; Class D with partial C, 63 ; Class D, 5 ; sectional D and sectional C, 27 ; sectional C, 4 ; sectional or partial D, 6 ; no examination, 1. The allowances payable to training-college students were : Division A and C students, £100 per annum ; Division B and D students, £80 per annum. University class fees are paid in addition, and when necessary a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum or a travelling-allowance.

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in addition to the staffs of the normal practising schools the staffs of each training college consists of a principal, vice-principal, one or more assistant lecturers, and a tutor and librarian. The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1920-21 and 1921-22 for the training of teachers were as follows : — I. Training colleges- _ 1920-21. 1921-22. Salaries of staffs (two-fifths charged to public-school £ £ salaries) .. .. .. .. ..20,478 25,527 Cost-of-living bonus .. .. .. .. 1,330 Students' allowances and University fees .. .. 89,156 116,670 Special instruction, libraries, and incidentals .. 1,027 2,484 Buildings, sites, equipment, and material .. .. 11,694 7.623 123,685 ■ 152,.304 11. Other training — Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects of teachers other than training-college students .. 2,013 2,312 Railway fares of teachers .. .. ..3,987 3,542 6,000 5,8,54 Totals .. .. .'. .. £129,685 £158,158 The increased cost shown in this table is due to the fact that the numbers of young teachers in training have been increased in order to provide for two reforms long overdue, and becoming more and more essential if our education system is to be placed on a sound basis —viz., the replacement of the uncertificated teachers in the country schools by trained and certificated teachers and the elimination of the unwieldy classes from the larger schools.Provision for Uncertificated Teachers. The previous arrangements for providing instruction for uncertificated teachers not being regarded as satisfactory, new regulations were made in December, 1921, governing the establishment by Education Boards of central classes for the instruction of pupil-teachers, probationers, and uncertificated teachers in science and in drawing and handwork, and also of short-period schools of instruction for teachers. The classes are free, the Department paying the cost of maintenance, and, wherever possible, classified technical or manual-training teachers are being employed as instructors. Teachers attending the classes regularly and making good progress may be exempted from sitting for the examinations in science and in drawing and handwork for the Class D certificate. Instructions have also been issued definitely setting forth the duties of head teachers with regard to the training of pupil-teachers and probationers. Head teachers must instruct pupil-teachers and probationers in all the subjects for their teachers' examinations, excepting science, drawing and handwork, first-aid, and singing. They must also see that they have sufficient daily practice in teaching, and also that a specified portion of the day is devoted to systematic study. It is hoped that the special attention being given to matters such as these will result in securing an adequate supply of enthusiastic and efficient young teachers for the service. Supplementary Model Country Schools. Regulations were made at the end of 1920 providing for the establishment of supplementary model country schools for the purpose of giving training in the management of a country school (a) to young persons who intend to become teachers but are ineligible to enter a training college, (b) to teachers requiring further training. Only teachers who have shown special skill in managing a country school may be placed in charge of a model school of this type, and they will receive special remuneration. Teachers being trained in the school receive their full salary and other young persons receive an allowance. Two Education Boards are at present experimenting under this scheme and others propose doing so. The Grading of Teachers. The fifth annual graded list of teachers has been issued, and now that a teacher's grading determines his promotion the general opinion among teachers and others is that merit is much more certain of its just reward than it was previous

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to the introduction of the system. The great difficulties inherent in producing an accurately graded list are acknowledged, but credit must be taken for the success with which the system has so far been carried out. Recently amended regulations impress upon Inspectors of Schools the necessity of making their investigation of a teacher's merits on the broadest lines possible, and of guarding against estimating the efficiency of a school or a teacher solely in accordance with measurable results, irrespective of both the manner in which the results have been produced and the effect the production may have had on the mental and spiritual development of the child as evidenced by his intelligence, spontaneity, and his interest in his work. It is hoped by proceeding on lines such as these to obtain the most accurate estimate possible of the fitness and ability of every certificated teacher in the service. Organizing Teachers. The employment by Education Boards of organizing teachers, begun in 19.19, was continued with success in 1921, twenty-four such teachers working in the various education districts. Their duty is to supervise closely the work of , mall groups of country schools placed under their charge, assisting the teachers in matters of organization, schemes of work, and method of teaching, and directing uncertificated teachers in their courses of study. Inspectors of Schools report very favourably on the success of the scheme, commenting on the marked improvement in the efficiency of small schools brought under this supervision. The salaries of organizing teachers range from £370 to £430 per annum, in addition to which a house allowance of £60 per annum is payable. Finances of Education Boards. (Tables Fl-F3 inE.-2.) The following figures show the receipts and payments of Education Boards for the years 1920 and 1921, under the various headings : —

The payments in 1921 exceeded the receipts by £5,077, the Board's cash balances being less by that amount at the end of the year than they were at the beginning. The total payments for administration from the General Fund were slightly less than in the previous year. In the case of six Boards the payments exceeded the receipts from the Government for the purpose, part of the balance being made up by receipts from local sources. In this connection attention is drawn to the fact that in the case of at least two of the Boards the expenditure on administration is greater than the total revenue available for the purpose, and that sooner or later

I 120. 1921. Receipts. Payments. Receipts. Payments. General Fund, expended on administration Teachers' salaries and allowances School and class libraries .. Conveyance and board of school-children Incidental expenses of schools . . Training of teachers Manual instruction Technical instruction Public-school buildings (including rebuilding) and sites Maintenance and rent of school buildings Subsidies and voluntary contributions, scholarships, refunds, &c. Receipts from lecal sources £ 41,842 1,525,892 810 20,147 87,454 103,537 69,251 133,372 266,760 £ 47.626 1,530,561 2,028 19,306 87,824 107.968 81,573 147,864 300,350 £ 43,289 1,646,627 1,698 23,491 92,337 138,402 99,643 206.122 368,436 £ 46,765 1,642,940 1,984 22,367 94,112 136,441 104,474 207,810 .391,794 106,114 25,588 130,240 34,667 108,090 21,324 123,796 50,442 49,357 68,389 Totals .. 2,430,124 2,490,007 2,817,848 2,822,925

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action must be taken to keep the expenditure within the revenue. The average cost of administration by the Boards over all districts was 5-13s. per head of the average attendance, as compared with. 5-71s. in the previous year ; the figure ranged in the various districts from 4-9s. to 8-35., the difference, between the lowest and highest cost being unaccountably great. The payments for incidental expenses of School Committees exceeded the receipts by £1,775, four Boards making transfers from the General Fund to make good the deficiency. The cost of incidental expenses averages 10-325. per head, and does not vary greatly in the different districts. The receipts and the payments for the training of teachers were both greater than in the preceding year, owing principally to the increased number of students drawing allowances, &c. Although the payments exceeded the receipts in the case of the accounts for manual instruction, technical instruction, public-school buildings, and maintenance of school buildings, in nearly every case amounts owing to the Boards at the end of the year were sufficient to make up the deficiency.' The large increase .in the cost of technical instruction was due to capital expenditure on new buildings. Several Boards have established workshops in connection with the manufacture of furniture and the erection and maintenance of buildings, and under proper management considerable saving in the cost of building works will result. The cost of the material used may be met in the first instance by transfers from the General Fund or the fund for the maintenance of buildings, and subsequently the other funds are charged with the output of the workshop according to the purpose for which the material is used. The Boards are being required to keep accounts in connection with the workshops on business lines, so that it may be seen whether the operations are a financial success. By the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1921-22, the expenditure of moneys from the Rebuilding Fund is restricted to works approved by the Minister ; and in order to provide increased amounts for buildings during the present period of financial stress that fund is made available for expenditure in connection with new buildings. Every Board had a cash credit balance at the end of the year, the balances ranging from £12 to £43,742 and totalling £94,389. When the amounts owing to and by the Boards are taken into account the total credit balance becomes £187,000, of which sum £134,000 constitutes the Rebuilding Fund referred to above. Education Reserves. The Education Reserves Amendment Act of 1914 provides for the revenue received from primary-education reserves to be paid by the Receiver of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a special deposit account called " The Primary Education Endowments Deposit Account." The moneys so received are applied without further appropriation than the Act mentioned towards the payment of amounts charged on the Consolidated Fund for the purposes of primary education. The revenue from this source during the year 1921-22 was £88,135. Kindergarten Schools. The Education Act does not provide for the establishment of State kindergarten classes, except in the case of practising schools attached to the four teachers' training colleges, in each of which a kindergarten class of not more than forty pupils may be included. Kindergarten schools under the control of free kindergarten associations are, however, conducted at five centres, the average attendance for 1921 being 734. The Government pays a subsidy of £l ss. to the pound upon moneys raised by voluntary contribution for the maintenance of these schools up to a limit of £3 2s. 6d. per head of the average attendance, the total amount paid on this account in the year 1921-22 being £2,310. In addition, a pound-for-pound subsidy is paid on moneys raised for buildings, sites, or initial equipment for the schools ; the sum paid in this manner for the last financial year being £381.

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Education of Native Children. (See also E.-3.) Number of Schools. The primary education of Maori children living in districts principally settled by Natives is provided by means of Native village schools specially instituted by the Government and under the direct control of the Education. Department. AH of these schools (numbering 123 at the end of 1921) excepting two are situated in the North Island. The schools were graded as follows : — Grade 1 (average attendance 9-20) .. . . . . .. 17 ~ II i (average attendance 21-25).. .. .. .. ..16 ~ II ii (average attendance 26-35) .. .. .. 22 ~ lIIa i (average attendance 36-50) , .. . . .. 33 „ lIIa ii (average attendance 51-80) .. . . .. 27 ~ lIIb (average attendance, 81-120) .. . . .. . . 7 ~ IVA (average attendance 121 160) .. .. .. .. 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 123 In addition to the Government schools there are in operation for the benefit of Maori children six primary mission schools and ten boarding-schools, the latter affording a rather more advanced educational programme. These schools have been established by private enterprise, but they are inspected by the Department's officers, and the Government provides a number of free places for Maori children at the boarding-schools. Maori children living in districts more or less settled by Europeans attend the ordinary public schools, 620 of these schools having some Maoris in attendance in 1921 ; thus the total number of schools under inspection at which Native children were receiving instruction, in. 1921 was — Native village schools .. . . .. .. . . 123 Native mission .schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. 6 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance .. .. 620 Total number of primary schools .. . . . . 749 Native boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. . . 10 Total .. .. . . .. .. . . 759 Roll Number and Attendance. The number of pupils on the rolls of Native village schools at the end of 1921 was 5,822, including 5,043 Maoris and 779 Europeans, the latter representing 13 per cent, of the roll. The roll exceeds that of the previous year by 314, 252 of this number being Maoris. The fact that in the last two years the number of Maori pupils in these schools has increased by 500, and that the number of Natives attending public schools shows a corresponding increase, goes to support the evidence of the recent census as to the arrest in the decline in numbers of the Native race. I'he following figures refer to attendance at Native schools :—, 1920. 1921. Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. .. 5,508 5,822 Average weekly roll number .. .. .. ..5,416 5,7.38 Average yearly attendance .. .. . . .. 4,639 4,988 Percentage, of regularity of attendance . . .. .. 85-7 86-9 The figures in each case continue to show an increase, and the regularity of attendance was better than in the previous year, comparing not unfavourably, considering the circumstances, with that of public schools. One-third of the schools achieved a regularity of attendance of 90 per cent, or over, and 87 per cent, reached a percentage regularity of 80 or over. The number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools at the end of 1921 was 237, and on the rolls of the Native boarding-schools 488. The total number of children on the roll, at the end of the year, of Native village, mission, and boarding-schools visited and inspected by the. Inspectors of this Department was therefore 6,547. The following are the figures for the years 1920 and 1921 in respect of the three classes of Native schools mentioned : — 1920. 1921. Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. .. 6,249 6,547 Combined average weekly roll number .. .. .. 6,134 6,464 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 5,277 5,653

4-E. 1.

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26

The following table records the development of the Native village schools since the year 1881, when they were transferred to the control of the Education Department ; no account is taken of schools which, as the European element has become predominant in them, have been handed over to the various Education Boards :—

Native Village Schools. —Number, Attendance, and Teachers.

As mentioned above, Maori children living in European settlements attend the ordinary public schools, the total number so attending in 1921 being 5,577, or 491 more than in the previous year. The majority of these pupils are in the North Island schools, about half of them being in the Auckland District. The total number of Maori children receiving primary education at the end of 1921, including pupils of Native village schools, mission schools, and public schools, was thus 11,636, the corresponding number for the previous year being 10,1.34. Classification of Pupils. The statistics of the classification of the pupils of Native schools show that a higher percentage of the pupils are in the lower classes than is the case in public schools, and that a proportionately smaller number of pupils reach the higher standards. Likewise, the average age of the pupils in the various classes is higher. The difference, however, is not greater than can be reasonably accounted for by the peculiar conditions of Maori life, and if the comparison were made with public schools of similar size in country districts the difference would be much less marked. k comparison of the classification of Maoris in their own schools and in the public schools shows a much smaller percentage of Maoris reaching the higher classes in public schools, and is fairly conclusive evidence of the superiority of the schools specially instituted for them in meeting the particular needs of the Maori children. The following table shows in summary form the classification "of pupils in Native schools, the percentages of pupils in the various classes in public schools and in the case of Natives attending public schools being also shown for comparison . —

Average Average Attend " ... , ° ' ance as Attendance: „ 1171. i xr i Percentage Whole Year. I of We(jkfy Roll. Number o; Teachers. Year. Number of Schools at End of Year. Mean of Average Weekly Roll. Teachers in Charge. ■Assistant Teachers. Male. ' Female. Male. Female. 1881 1886 1891 1896 1902 1907 1912 1917 1920 1921 60 69 66 74 98 99 108 118 119 123 2,343 2,395 2,874 3,650 4,321 4,644 5,191 5,416 5,738 1,406 2,020 86-2 1,837 76-7 2,220 77-3 3,005 823 3,561 824 4,042 87-0 4,507 86-8 4,639 85-7 4,988 86-9 1,406 2,020 1,837 2,220 3,005 3,561 4,042 4,507 4,639 4,988 54 6 60 9 59 8 64 11 77 20 82 18 86 22 71 45 73 46 72 49 4 26 1 26 61 83 2 105 4 122 9 122 9 125 11 131

Classes. Pupils attending Native Schools. j Native Schools. 'ercentage of Roll. Public Natives Schools. attending Public Schools. 'reparatory itandard I II „ HI , iv v „ VI „ VII 2.659 718 673 617 466 373 259 57 45-7 12-3 11-6 10-6 8-0 6-4 4-4 1-0 34-4 12-7 12-2 12-0 11-2 10-0 7-4 0-1 54-0 16-2 113 8-7 5-1 3-2 1-5 Totals 5,822 100-0 100-0 100-0

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Inspection of the Schools. Native village schools were inspected as usual by the departmental officers, who report that the general very satisfactory efficiency of the schools was well maintained, and that in a number of schools where there was previously room for improvement increased efficiency was noticed. The methods of teaching are judged by a high standard, and results as good as those obtained in public schools are expected, and are obtained in the majority of cases. The fact that the number of certificated teachers in this service is increasing will -tend also to raise the standard of the school-work. The Inspectors classified the schools as follows : Excellent, 10 ; very good, 35 ; good, 30 ; very fair, 26 ; fair, 12 ; inferior to weak, 10. The pupils of S6 were examined for the award of certificates of proficiency and competency, eighty-two of the former and forty-four of the latter class of certificate being awarded ; these figures represent a distinct improvement on the results of the previous year. Community Interest. Probably in no other class of school is so much community interest displayed as in the Native village school. This is largely due to the efforts of the teachers, the majority of whom far exceed their duties in merely teaching their pupils the subjects of the syllabus. The personal cleanliness and health of the children are regarded as a concern of the teacher, and the co-operation of the parents having been secured, invaluable work in improving the clothing and feeding of the children and in raising the standard of living generally among the Natives has been accomplished. The entertainments and functions held in connection with the school are also a great source of interest and pleasure to the parents, and help materially in improving and brightening the social life of the district. The more or less missionary work undertaken by Native-school teachers is most praiseworthy, and it is highly satisfactory to the Department to observe that the great bulk of the teachers are keenly alive to this aspect of their work. Natives attending Public Schools. A.s has been frequently remarked before, Maori children make better progress in schools specially instituted for their particular need than they do in the ordinary public schools. The public schools they attend are generally small sole-teacher schools in which it is impossible for the Maori pupils to receive the special attention in language-training they require, and thus they become seriously handicapped in. almost every branch of school-work. Maoris at public schools also display a lack of interest and an irregularity of attendance not at all apparent when they are attending their own schools, with the result, remarked upon above, that they are found principally in the lower classes, and are generally more backward than European pupils. The number of S6 proficiency and competency certificates awarded was sixty-five, as compared with 126 in Native schools, although the number of pupils in the latter schools only slightly exceeds the number of Maoris in public schools. Staffs of Native Village Schools. The staffs of Native village schools in December, 1921, included seventy-two male and forty-nine female head or sole teachers and 142 assistants, of whom eleven were males, making a total of 263 teachers, the same number as in 1920. Although the scale of salaries was not again raised in 1921, the automatic increases have resulted in higher average salaries being paid than in the previous year. The following figures indicate the improvement in salaries that has taken place since 1914 : — 1914, 1918. 1920. 192.1. £ £ £ £ Male head or sole teachers . . .. . . 180 212 310 319 Female head or sole teachers .. . . . . 144 164 236 259 All head or sole teachers .. . ..172 194 281 295 Male assistants I (82 124 139 Female assistants) •• ••* " " b " (90 139 145

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In the majority of Native schools husband and wife both teach, drawing separate salaries and, in addition, house allowance if no residence is provided. It must be admitted, therefore, that whatever hardships may be involved in the work the remuneration is adequate. The total expenditure on salaries and allowances for the year ended 31st March, 1922, was £56,338, as compared with ,£53,712 in 1920-21 and £29,148 in 1.914. The staff is reported to be showing increased efficiency ; the proportion of certificated teachers is gradually increasing, and those still uncertificated, although they may be excellent teachers, are urged by the Inspectors to attempt to improve their status by passing the necessary examinations. Included in the staff there are now no less than thirty-eight young Maori women, Secondary Education and Free Places. The Government has not instituted any schools especially for the secondary education of Maoris, but a number of such schools having been established and being maintained, by the various denominational bodies, the Government secures free continued education for qualified Maori children by providing at these schools a number of scholarships or free places. The value of the free places is £30 per annum, and they are tenable for two years. The roll number of these schools (ten in number) at the end of 1921 was 488, of which number fifty boys and sixty-two girls held the free places referred to. One free place was also held at an ordinary secondary school. The great majority of the scholars were ex-pupils of Native schools. The syllabus of work to be followed by free-place holders is prescribed by the Department, and is designed to secure such industrial training as is considered desirable in the case of Maoris : the boys learn agriculture and woodwork, and the girls take a domestic course. A farm of 600 acres is being worked in conjunction with Te Aute College—one of the schools referred to. In some of the schools the more capable pupils are prepared for the Public Service Entrance Examination, a satisfactory number of candidates being successful at the last examination. The Makarini and Buller Scholarships were founded out of private bequests, and are tenable by Maori scholars at Te Aute College. One senior and one junior Makarini. Scholarship and one Buller Scholarship were awarded in 1921. Senior free places are provided for boys in the form of industrial and agricultural scholarships, which enable the holders to be apprenticed to suitable trades, or, under recently amended regulations, to obtain agricultural training at Te Aute College. Two scholarships of the latter type have been awarded to promising boys. Senior free places for girls take the form of nursing scholarships. These scholarships have proved very satisfactory, a number of Maori girls having qualified as nurses and now being at work in the field. At the end. of 1921 three scholarshipholders were in training. University scholarships are available for Maoris possessing the necessary qualifications, and two such scholarships were held at University colleges by Maori youths in 1921. Expenditure. The total- net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1922, was £77,650. The chief items of expenditure were teachers' salaries and allowances, £56,338 ; new buildings and additions, £7,072 ; maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c, £4,058 ; secondary education, £4,297 ; books and school requisites, £.1,546. SECONDARY EDUCATION. Number of Schools. (Table Xl in E.-8.) Schools affording education of a secondary nature are established in every centre of any importance in the Dominion, and are at present of the following types : Secondary schools, technical high schools, district high schools, private secondary schools, and Maori secondary schools. The majority of the district high schools are in the country centres, the secondary schools and technical high schools being in the larger towns and cities. There were thirty-five secondary schools in operation, including thirteen separate schools for boys, thirteen for girls, and nine for boys and girls. Two of the boys'

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schools, although endowed with public property, do not come directly under the control of the Government. The remaining secondary schools are managed by separate Boards in accordance with special Acts constituting them, and the provisions of the Education Act and regulations hereunder. There were fifty-seven secondary departments of district high schools, thirteen technical high schools, ten Maori secondary sohools, and twenty registered private secondary schools, making a total of 135 schools providing secondary education. Four district high schools were disestablished during the year and technical high schools established in their place. Number of Pupils receiving Secondary Education. The total number of pupils attending the thirty-five secondary schools mentioned above at the end of 1920 and 1921 respectively was : — , 1920, , , 1921. , Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Totals. Roll (exclusive of lower departments) .. 5,246 3,950 9,196 5,583 4,447 10,030 The roll number shows an increase of 834 over the figure for the previous year, more than half the increase being in the number of first-year pupils. In the last five years the number of pupils has increased by 42 per cent. The roll number on the Ist March, which is regarded as the highest roll number during the year, was 10,765, compared with 10,080 in the previous year. The following are some of the figures in connection with the roll and attendance of schools in which secondary education is given : — (a.) Secondary Schools (Christ's College and Wanganui Collegiate Schools included). Roll number at end of 1921 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,030 Roll number, Ist March, 1921 .. .. .. .. ..10,765 Average attendance for the year 1921 .. .. .. .. 9,861 Number of new entrants, 1921 .. .. .. .. .. 4,495 f Number of first-year pupils . . .. .. .. .. . . 4,008 J Number of second-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. 2,866 "j Number of third-year pupils. . . . . . . . . . . . 1,743 of fourth-, fifth-, and .sixth-year pupils .. .. .. 1,413 f Number of pupils at end of year under thirteen years of age . . .. 121 | Number of pupils at end of year between thirteen and fourteen years of age 753 < Number of pupils at end of year between fourteen and fifteen years of age 2,359 | Number of pupils at end of year between fifteen and sixteen years of age .. 3,091 of pupils at end of year over sixteen years of age .. .. 3,706 (6.) Secondary Departments of District High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1921 . . .. . . .. 2,176 Mean of average weekly roll -Boys, 1,275 ; girls, 1,358 : total .. .. 2,633 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,440 Number of new entrants from public primary schools .. .. .. 1,626 f Number of first-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. J, 214 <{ Number of second-year pupils .. .. . . . . .. 560 of third-year pupils. . .. . . . . .. . . 402 f Number of pupils at end of year under thirteen years of age .. .. 26 j Number of pupils at end of year between thirteen and fourteen years of age 282 <j Number of pupils at end of year between fourteen and fifteen years of age 637 | Number of pupils at end of year between fifteen and sixteen years of age 712 I Number of pupils at end of year over sixteen years of age .. .. 519 (o.) Technical High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1921—Boys, 1,782 ; girls, 1,567 : total .. 3,349 f Number under thirteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 143 J Number between thirteen and fourteen years of age .. .. . . 706 ""j Number between fourteen and fifteen years of age .. .. . . 1,089 over fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 1,411 (</.) Eegistered Private Secondary Schools. Number on roll at end of 1921—Boys, 535 ; girls, 1,099 : total .. . . 1 ,634 Average attendance, 1921 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,551 f Number under thirteen years of age . . . . .. . . . . 32 | Number between thirteen and fourteen years of age .. . . .. 146 ■<[ Number between fourteen and fifteen years of age . . .. . . 288 ] Number between fifteen and sixteen years of age .. . . .. 488 ever sixteen years of age .. . . .. .. .. 680 Number of teachers—Male, 30 ; female, 63 : total .. .. .. 93

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(c.) Secondary Schools for Maoris. Number on roll at end of 1921 .. .. .. .. .. 488 Average, attendance, 1921 .. .. .. .. .. .. 455 The total number of children, therefore, receiving secondary education in 1921 was 18,134, being 1,716 more than in 1920. Of the 11,383 children who left the primary schools in 1920 having passed 86, 3,972 entered secondary schools in 1921, 1,626 the secondary departments of district high schools, and 1,634 technical high schools, hence a total of 7,232, or 64 per cent., of the children mentioned entered upon a course of secondary education.. The number represents 45 per cent, of the total number of pupils leaving the primary schools in 1920, of whom more than one-quarter had not passed S6. In addition to the pupils mentioned as having proceeded to a secondary course of education, 2,116 entered technical schools or classes, of which number 1,475 had passed S6 and 641 had not. Length of Stay and Age of Pupils. The average length of stay of pupils at secondary schools has varied very little during recent years, boys remaining on the average two years and ten months and girls two years and eight months. The following figures show the percentage of pupils leaving the secondary schools at the stages indicated : — Boys. Girls. (a.) Percentage leaving at end of first year or during second year .. 19 17 (b.) Percentage leaving at end of second year or during third year . . 33 37 (c.) Percentage leaving at end of third year of during fourth year . . 14 19 (</.) Percentage leaving at end of fourth year or during fifth year . . 23 17 (c.) Percentage leaving at end of fifth year or during sixth year .. 8 8 (/.) Percentage remaining at end of sixth year .. .. .. 3 2 It is gratifying to find that the percentage of pupils leaving at the end of the first year .shows a considerable fall, for the opinion is general that one year's tuition in secondary schools as they are at present constituted can be of very little real value to the pupil. In the case of district high schools the proportion leaving at a correspondingly early stage is greater, but as the course of work is more in the nature of an extension of the primary course the wastage is not so serious. More than half of the pupils leave the secondary schools at the end of two years, and as the average age of the pupils at that stage is fifteen years ten months little else can be expected. The question that is receiving serious consideration is whether the present arrangement of the primary and secondary systems of education provide the best educational equipment for the large number of children leaving school finally at the age of fifteen or sixteen years. The conclusions arrived at are set out in the following paragraph. Post-primary Education. A conference of educationists held in April of the current year, after fully considering the matter, passed certain resolutions which it is proposed to carry into effect as opportunity offers. The principal proposal is that the primary course should end when the average child has completed his twelfth year. (The present average age ol children at the end of the year in S6 is fourteen years.) The child should then enter upon his post-primary course at a junior high school, three-fifths of which course will be common to all the pupils and include such subjects as English, arithmetic, geography, history and civics, general science, and drawing and practical geometry, the remaining two-fifths having an academic, commercial, industrial (including domestic), agricultural, or art bias, according to the special aptitude of the individual. Pending the elaboration and adoption of a complete scheme, the proposal is to experiment in three types of such post-primary schools :— (a.) A junior high school in one of the four chief centres. (b.) Another in a town in which all the post-primary pupils could be taken for a three-years course in a junior high school, (c.) Another in a country district in which the post-primary pupils of a number of small schools could be provided for in a district high school with a junior-high-school cour.se.

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At the conclusion of the junior-high-school course pupils desiring to proceed further will, of course, enter a senior high school or technical high school. The chief point of the proposed change is that the school course will lie divided into 6-3-3 year periods, instead of 8-2 or 8-4 year periods as at present, and pupils leaving after nine years' schooling will have received a much more useful, wellbalanced, and complete course than is possible under the present arrangement. Curriculum of Secondary Schools and District High Schools. Although there are at present no departmental regulations directly governing the curriculum of secondary schools, the regulations defining the subjects of instruction to be taught to free-place holders and the prescribed syllabuses of the various public examinations to a large extent control the character of the courses of work undertaken. Instruction must be provided for junior-free-place holders in English, history and civics, arithmetic, mathematics, a branch of science, and in two additional subjects which may be one or two foreign languages, science subjects, or some such subject as commercial work, woodwork, drawing, &c. The study of home science is compulsory for every girl holding a junior free place. The Department's Inspectors of Secondary Schools visit all secondary schools, inspecting the work, conferring with the teachers on teaching matters, and discussing with the Principals details of organization and method. Written and oral tests are also given to second-year pupils in English, arithmetic, and usually in other subjects up to the standard of the Intermediate Examination, and Principals' recommendations for the award of senior free places and of the various leavingcertificates are dealt with. General improvement in the quality of the teaching is reported, teachers, on the whole, displaying a growing interest in educational reform and in modern methods of instruction. In the main the courses provided at secondary schools are of an academic character, but the necessity of providing for pupils not intending to take up a scholastic or professional career is being increasingly realized. Short courses are now provided in most schools, suitable for pupils remaining only one or two years, from which the study of foreign languages and mathematics is generally excluded ; commercial courses are also followed by a large number of pupils, and instruction in such subjects as agriculture, needlework, and cookery is fairly general. Of the total number of pupils only 55 per cent, of the boys and 33 per cent, of the girls now take Latin, while 90 per cent, of the boys and 93 per cent, of the girls take French ; about 1,500 boys and 1,000 girls take commercial subjects, 750 boys take agriculture, and. only 688 girls now study botany, its place having been taken by home science. The course provided in the secondary departments of district high schools is intended to be of a less academic nature than that of the secondary schools, and to have a bearing more or less upon rural pursuits. The result is that 65 per cent, of the boys and 22 per cent, of the girls study agricultural science, and 28 per cent, of the boys and 18 per cent, of the girls learn dairy-work. Subjects connected with home life are also largely taken by the girls. Only 29 per cent, of the pupils learn Latin. A number of the pupils, however, in these schools prefer to follow the usual scholastic course, with the result that the teachers in small schools have a difficult task in teaching a wide range of subjects to a limited number of pupils. The present proposals for reorganizing the post-primary system will eliminate this special difficulty of the district high school as it is now constituted. Destination of Pupils leaving the Secondary Schools. In close connection with the suitability of the courses provided at secondary schools is the destination of the pupils after leaving. From returns received concerning 2,200 pupils who left the ordinary secondary schools at the end of the year 1921 it appears that 7 per cent, continued their education at the University, 13 per cent, went to other schools or classes for commercial or other training, and .16 per cent, entered the teaching service. Thirty-six per cent, of the girls took up duties at home, and 24 per cent, of the boys proceeded to farming occupations. The principal avocations followed by the remainder were : clerical work in commercial

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houses, &c, 12 per cent. ; Government services, 2-5 per cent. ; shops, 4 per cent. ; engineering and similar trades, 2 per cent. ; other trades, 2 per cent. ; and professions such as architects, surveyors, &c, 3 per cent. Hostels for Pupils of Secondary Schools. (Table K6 in E.-6.) The policy of accommodating country pupils in hostels attached to the secondary schools is favoured by the Department, and, as far as possible, financial assistance is being given for the erection of hostels. Unfortunately, the enforced restriction of all building operations has led to the postponement of the erection of a few urgently needed hostels. The majority of schools now have hostels connected with them, the buildings as a rule being the property of the Boards, but in a few cases being rented. In nearly every instance the hostels are now controlled by the Board of Governors, and in many cases they are a source of revenue. There were 1,223 boys and 407 girls of the secondary departments and 264 lower department pupils accommodated in school hostels in 1921. Of the boys, 370 were at Christ's College, Christchurch, and the Wanganui Collegiate School, hi addition to these numbers, 98 pupils were boarding at establishments approved by the Principals, and 562 were boarding privately. For these last-named, and also for the large number of children prevented from attending school owing to the boarding difficulty, or forced to make long railway journeys daily, additional accommodation where, there is dependable supervision and desirable environment is still needed. Free Secondary Education. (Table K4 in E.-fi.) Free secondary education is provided on an extensive scale, junior and senior free places being tenable at secondary schools, district high schools, technical high schools, and other technical schools. Generally speaking, junior free places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years. In the case of their being held at district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. The means of qualification are — (I.) For entrance to secondary schools and district high schools — (a) Special examinations for Junior National Scholarships, (5) the certificate of proficiency. (2.) For entrance to technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1), or the certificate of competency in S6, with a special endorsement of merit in handwork or in elementary science, which for the purposes of technical schools is deemed to be equivalent to a certificate of proficiency. (3.) For entrance to technical classes other than technical high schools the means of qualification named in (I) or (2), or, under special conditions applicable to industrial courses only, a recommendation by the Inspector of Schools if a pupil is over fourteen years. Senior free places are tenable at secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools up to the age of nineteen, and at technical classes other than technical high schools for three or in some cases four years. The means of qualification for senior free places are the Intermediate or other equivalent examinations, or the recommendation of the Principal or Director of the school or classes attended based on the school records and examination results, or the recommendation of an Inspector of Secondary Schools, or, in the case of district high schools, of the senior Inspector of the district, or in part on such a recommendation and in part on the results of a special examination. Recommendation is the qualification now frequently offered, the number receiving senior free places in this manner in 1921 being 2,170, representing nearly three-fifths of the total number of senior free places gained. As a result of the free-place system 13,821 children were receiving free secondary education in 1921 —8,540 in secondary schools, 2,029 in district high schools, 3,140

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iii technical high schools, and 112 in Maori secondary schools. The number represents 91 per cent, of the pupils of all Government schools affording secondary education. The following table gives details of the free places held in 1920 and 1921 :— Pebb Places in December, 1920 and 1921. , -—1920. . , '■ 1921. , (i.) Seoondary schools— Boys. Girls, Totals. Boys. Girls. Totals, (a.) Junior free pupils .. 2,974 2.590 5,564 2,713 2,941 5,654 [b.) Senior free pupils .. 1,242 1,047 2,289 1.723 1,163 2,886 Totals .. ..4,216 3,637 7,853 _ 4,436 4,104 8,540 (ii.) District high schools— (rt.) Junior free papils .. 809 867 1,676 841 870 1.711 (&.) Senior free pupils .. 157 1.84 341 145 173 318 Totals .. .. 966 1,051 2,017 986 1,043 2.029 (iii.) Maori .secondary .schools .. 48 50 98 50 62 112 (iv.) Technical high schools— («.) Junior free pupils .. 1,226 1.000 2,226 1,445 1,202 2,647 {b.) Senior free pupils .. 151 199 350 232 261 493 Totals .. .. 1,377 1.199 2,576 1,677 1.463 3,140 Grand totals .. 6,607 5,937 12.544 7,149 6,672 13,821 Scholarships held- at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (See also Tables K4 and K5 in E.-6.) National Scholarships. Junior and Senior National Scholarships are awarded by the Government on the results of annual examinations, the junior examination being of a standard somewhat higher than that of the certificate of proficiency, and the candidates being not over fourteen years of age ; and the senior examination being of a standard comparable with the standard of the Public Service Entrance Examination, the candidates being not over sixteen years of age. Scholarships are awarded to all candidates reaching a certain standard, the standard of award being determined so as approximately to provide one scholarship (junior or senior) for every 500 children in attendance at all public schools ; the Junior and Senior Scholarships awarded are in the proportion of nine to five, so that there is one -Junior Scholarship among approximately every 750 pupils in attendance at the schools, or among every fifty-five S6 pupils. In the case of pupils from sole-teacher schools — i.e., schools with, an average attendance of under thirty-six —the standard of award is made 10 per cent, lower than the general standard. The standard of qualification fixed for the 1921 examinations was 64j per cent, for Junior Scholarships (general standard) and 63 per cent, for Senior Scholarships. The results of the examination were as follows : 216 candidates qualified for Junior National Scholarships, of which number ten were pupils of sole-teacher schools, and fifty-one were pupils of secondary schools. The number of successful pupils from sole-teacher schools was greater than in the previous year, and the number from secondary schools smaller. The number of candidates qualifying for Senior National Scholarships was 124, of which number only two qualified on the alternative programme provided specially to suit the needs of those taking a rural or domestic course. Junior and Senior National Scholarships are tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, each for three years, provided that the total tenure of the two scholarships in the case of one person must not exceed five years. The holder receives £5 per annum if a junior scholar, or £10 per annum if a senior scholar, with a further sum of £35 per annum in each case if obliged to live away from home.

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The figures below indicate the number and the value of scholarships current in December, 1921. The number of scholarship-holders is, of course, included in the number of free-place holders shown in the preceding section. Number of scholarship-holders— 1921. Boys .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 426 Girls 273 Totals .. .. .. ' .. .. .. 699 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) . . 172 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. .. 47 Number held at public secondary schools . . . . . . . . 569 Number held at other registered secondary schools . . . . . . 21 Number held at district high schools .. .. .. ... 75 Number held at technical high schools .. . . . . . . 31 Total annual rate of payment .. .. .. .. .. £11,693 Private Scholarships . Private scholarships are derived from funds provided at certain schools by private donors, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1921 was 188. Of the holders 114 were also Government free pupils under the regulations. War Bursaries for Soldiers' Dependants. Regulations provide for the award of bursaries to dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. To qualify for a war bursary a child must be eligible for — (a.) Free education at technical classes ; or (/;.) A free place at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school; or (c.) A University or educational bursary at a University college. A bursary entitles the holder to an allowance, in addition to free tuition, of £l 10s. or £3 per annum in the case of those qualified under (a), £5 for those under (b), or £10 for those under (c). Lodging-allowance is also paid to bursars who are obliged to live away from home to attend school, at the rate of £15 per annum under (a) and £30 under (6) and (c) ; travelling-allowances varying from £5 to £10 per annum are also made when travelling is necessary. During 1921 the number of bursaries held at secondary schools was thirty, the expenditure thereon being £565. Secondary-school Certificates. Three classes of certificates may be issued to free-place holders taking a secondary course of instruction. The intermediate certificate may be granted to junior-free-place holders who have satisfactorily completed under certain conditions a two-year course at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school, and who in general are qualified in attainment to receive a senior free place. The lower leaving-certificate may be issued to pupils who have satisfactorily completed a three-years course of secondary instruction, including not less than one year of a senior course in which the standard of work is sufficiently advanced in character to meet the requirements of the examination for a teacher's certifipate of Class D, or of the Matriculation Examination. Likewise the higher leavingcertificate may be granted to pupils having satisfactorily completed at least a fouryears course of secondary instruction and having satisfied the requirements of the lower leaving-certificate, and, in addition, having completed to good advantage and under certain conditions a further secondary course of not less than one year. The following are the numbers of certificates awarded in 1912 (the year of their institution), in 1920, and in 1921 :— 1912. 1920. 1921. Higher leaving-certificates awarded .. . . .. 64 307 305 Lower leaving-certificates awarded . . . . 32 270 255 Applications for certificates declined . . . . 20 93 80 Total number of applications . . . . 116 670 640

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Staffs of Secondary Schools. (Table K3 in E.-6.) The number of full-time teachers on the staffs of secondary schools at the end of 1921 was 405, as compared with 400 in the previous year. This number includes 20 male and 13 female principals and 191 male and 181 female assistants. In addition a number of part-time teachers were employed. The staffing of schools now being controlled by regulation, the average number of pupils to each assistant teacher in the various schools is fairly uniform, and, taking the highest roll during the year of all schools, works out at twenty-seven pupils per assistant teacher. The second annual classified list of assistant teachers was issued at the end of the year, and of the twenty-one appeals against classification four were allowed. That so little exception was taken to the work of the classifying officers is a tribute to the manner in which the many difficulties connected with the new scheme were overcome. Of the total number of assistants, 18 per cent, are classified in the highest grade (Grade A), 23 per cent, in Grade B, 28 per cent, in Grade C, and 31 per cent, in the lowest grade (Grade D). Some of the smaller schools have been unable to obtain teachers possessing the required classification to fill the vacant positions on their staffs, the difficulty being due partly to the fact that the number of teachers classified in the higher grades is comparatively small, and partly to the disinclination of teachers for various reasons to move to the smaller centres. On the other hand, the complaint is made by women teachers, especially, that some of their number are holding positions of a lower grade than they are qualified to fill, to which the answer is that the service is hard to find in which a higher position is immediately available for every member as his qualifications improve, and also that the present proposals for a reorganized system of secondary education will provide a much wider scope for the activities of secondary teachers. Provision for the training of secondary-school teachers is still inadequate, and although a certain number of young teachers now take a training-college course, it is frequently necessary to appoint to the junior classes teachers with high academic status but no training in methods of teaching. The effect on the pupils of these classes who have just left the hands of highly trained teachers in the primary schools, cannot be other than unsatisfactory. In. some of the larger schools the heads of departments now devote special attention to directing the work of the junior teachers, arranging schemes of work for them, and suggesting generally methods of teaching. The position will not, however, be entirely satisfactory until it is possible to ensure that every secondary-school teacher receives an adequate training in the art of teaching. .Reforms in this direction have been under consideration for some time and will be given effect to when financial conditions permit. , The head teacher of a district high school controls the secondary department and takes some part in the instruction, receiving on that account an addition to his ordinary salary of from £30 to £50 according to the number of pupils in the secondary department. Special assistants are also employed for the secondary departments ; in 1921 there were 103 such assistants —33 men and 70 women. Salaries of Secondary-school Teachers. The Dominion scale of salaries of secondary-school teachers which came into force in the year 1920, briefly, is as follows : Principals—Men, £600 to £900 ; women, £440 to £680. Assistants—Men, £200 to £540; women, £175 to £410. In addition, a married Principal receives house allowance of £60 if a residence is not provided, a head of a department may receive £30, and a married assistant receives £40 per annum. The salaries of Principals are graded according to the size of the school, and the salaries of assistants according to the classification of the position held. The total rate of salaries, including those of part-time teachers, as payable in December, 1921, was £152,135, or £14 18s. per head of the highest roll number.

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The following figures indicate the average rates of salary prevailing at threeyearly intervals since the year 1915 : — Average Salaries of Full-time Teachers in Secondary Schools. , 1915. , 1918. -. , 1921 -. M. F. All. M. F. All. M. F. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals .. .. 585 436 535 615 434 568 734 542 658 Assistants .. . . 266 187 232 300 201. 246 383 284 335 The value of residences, and board and residence, a3iid of house allowance when payable, is excluded from the above figures. Of 191 male assistants the salaries of twenty-eight were over £500, of forty-seven between £400 and £500, of sixty-seven between £300 and £400, and of forty-nine below £300. Of 181 female assistants the salaries of twenty-one were over £350, of forty-two between £300 and £350, of sixty-two between. £250 and £300, and of fifty-six under £250. In considering these figures it should be borne in mind that nearly one-third of the teachers are classified in the lowest grade, and that many have no teaching experience whatever. In other countries the salary scales of which are sometimes compared with the New Zealand scale teachers either do not enter the service until they have received a training or else they serve for a term of years as junior teachers before the salary scale applies to them. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are paid in accordance with a general scale. The average salaries paid to secondary assistants in 1921 were as follows: Male assistants, £345; female assistants, £307; all assistants, £319. The total annual rate of salaries paid to teachers of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £35,566, which is equivalent to £13 10s. per head of the average weekly roll number. Lower Departments of Secondary Schools. (Table, Kll in E.-li.) Lower departments for pupils who have not passed S6 may be held in connection with secondary schools, provided that no part of the cost of instruction or of the maintenance of the department is met out of income from the endowments of the school or from Government grants. Fourteen secondary schools (including Christ's College, Christchurch) have lower departments attached to them, the total number of pupils in 1921 being 774, as compared with 815 in 1920. The roll number included 433 boys and 341 girls, and the total number of teachers was twenty-nine (seven males and twenty-two females). A large number of the pupils board at the school hostels, indicating that these departments are used by the children of country residents able to afford to send their children away from home to attend school. The tuition fees charged range in the various schools from £9 9s. to £13 10s. per annum, the boarding-fees ranging from £48 to £60 per annum. Finance. (Sim- also Tables K.7-K9 in E.-6.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources :— (i.) Rents from special reserves allocated to them by statute : (ii.) Statutory grant given in lieu of special reserves (in one case) : (hi.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act: (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded : (v.) Government payments — (a) For teachers' salaries and incidental expenses ; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions ; (c) capitation for manual-instruction classes:

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(vi.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus : (vii.) Tuition fees of pupils: (viii.) Boarding-fees of pupils : (ix.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and income from special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, &c. The revenue derived, from sources (i) to (iv) is the income from endowments, the " net annual income derived from endowments" being this sum less the expenditure incurred in connection with the endowments and school property and upon building purposes approved by the Minister. The " net annual income " and receipts from tuition fees are deducted from the amount payable to the High School Board by the Department for salaries. The following is a summary of the receipts and payments of all operative secondary schools: — Summary of the Statements of Receipts and Payments for the Year 1921 furnished by the Governing Bodies of Operative Secondary School.s. (Wanganui Collegiate and Christ College Grammar Sohools not included.) Receipts. Payments. Endowments— £ Sales .. .. .. .. 1,330 Endowments (including proportion of office £ Lands vested in High School Boards .. 43,373 expenses) .. .. .. .. 7,454 Secondary-education reserves .. .. 12,701 I Teachers' salaries and allowances .. .. 153,543 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 51b' Incidental expenses of secondary departGovernment grants— ments — Grants for buildings, sites, rent, apparatus, Office expenses and salaries (excluding &0., and subsidies .. .. .. 92,663 endowments) .. .. .. 4,705 For salaries .. .. .. .. 139,516 Printing, stationery, and advertising .. 3,813 For incidental expenses.. .. .. 25,070 ('leaning, heating, lighting, and care of Tuition fees .. .. .. .. 10,100 school-grounds .. .. .. 12,069 Lower Department Account .. .. 8,179 Material, examinations, priz.es, games, and Hostels Account .. .. .. 06,962 j other incidentals .. .. .. 4,945 Loans, interest, &c. .. . . . . 3,811 Maintenance of buildings, rates, and taxes .. 9,028 Technical Classes Aocount .. .. 5,394 Sites, buildings, furniture, and apparatus .. .130,584 Voluntary contributions, income from property Lower Department Aooount .. .. 8,137 not reserves, refunds, capitation for manual Hostels Account .. .. .. 69,171 instruction, and sundries .. .. 13,815 Loans repaid, and interest .. .. 8,402 Technical Classes Aooount .. .. 4,755 , Scholarships, manual instruction, advanoes to pupils, and miscellaneous .. .. 8,547 £423,442 Total .. .. £425,153 The amount expended exceeded the sum for the previous year by £78,000 ; the capital expenditure on new buildings being £59,000 greater, and the expenditure on hostels ,£12,000 greater. The latter increase was balanced by a correspond* ing increase in the receipts. The cost of maintenance, including salaries and incidental expenses, was practically the same as in the previous year. The Department's allowance of £2-5 per head for incidental expenses should have been sufficient to cover the total expenditure under this heading, but in some schools the expenditure was greater than the allowance. The cost ranged from £1-86 to £33 per head, with, the outstanding exception in which the cost was £5 - 05. The average cost per head for all schools was £2-54. The net annual income from endowments, as defined above, amounted to £13,000, which sum was deducted from the Department's payments to the Boards for salaries. Hostels for school boarders were conducted by fourteen Boards, five of which ran the hostels at considerable profit; five others made a loss on the year's working, the remaining four making the revenue and expenditure approximately balance. The expenditure of over £.130,000 on new buildings represents the cost of large building operations in connection with schools and hostels at several of the centres. The Government's contribution towards this Expenditure by way of direct grants was nearly £93,000 ; the balance being met by income from endowments or by loans raised on the security of these endowments. Several Boards have raised loans in this way which will be gradually paid off from endowment income. The total debit balance of all Boards at the end of the year amounted to approximately £80,000.

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The following payments were made by the Department on account of secondary education, during the year ending 31st March, 1922 :- Payments to Education Boards for — £ Distriot high schools : Secondary teachers; —Salaries . . . . 33,495 National Scholarships . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,693 Payments to secondary schools and colleges for— Salaries and incidental expenses .. .. .. .. 157,660 Manual instruction capitation .. .. .. .. ... 3,561 Subsidies on voluntary contributions . . . . . . . . 743 New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. —Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 .. .. .. .. .. ..81,197 Rebuilding high school destroyed by fire .. . . .. 4,156 From reserves revenue in accordance with Education Reserves Amendmen Act, 1914 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,958 Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools . . . . 6,112 Marlborough High School : Statutory payment . . .. . . 400 Inspectors' salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,437 Inspectors' travelling-expenses . . . . . . . . . . 466 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £310,878 TECHNICAL EDUCATION. General. Number of Schools. The number of organized technical schools offering both day and evening classes open during the year 1.921 was twenty, including thirteen technical high, schools, an increase of four on the number for the previous year. Technical high schools were established at Pukekohe, Stratford, Feilding, and Hastings during the year, in each case replacing district high schools. Technical classes were also conducted in a number of manual-training and other centres, the total number of centres being ninety-four. Attendance. The total number of students receiving instruction in all technical classes was 20,181, as compared with 21,394 in .1920. The total for 1920-includes, however, about 1,800 teachers attending technical classes, whereas such students are excluded from the numbers for 1921. The attendance at technical high schools increased from 2,766 in 1920 to 3,349 in 1921, 434 of the increase being due to the establishment of four new schools. Taking only the technical high schools in operation in 1920, the increase is 149, as compared with a decrease of 302 in the previous year. Of the total number of 20,181. students, 3,140 held free places at technical high schools, 3,835 at other technical classes, 1,585 were attending continuation and technical classes held under the regulations for complulsory classes, and 674 were attending under the regulations relating to the free instruction of discharged soldiers. Staffing. There were at the end of 1921 192 full-time assistant teachers on the staffs of technical schools, besides a large number of part-time teachers. The teachers employed full time were classified as follows, Class VI being the highest:—

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VI V IV III II I Class Totals Totals for 1920.. Men. 2 6 14 13 14 4 53 39 Division 1. Women. i 4 • ; 6 7 1 27 24 Divisi Men. 2 8 9 8 13 7 47 51. ion II. Totals. Women. 5 13 11 31 13 39 19 46 12 46 5 17 65 192" 61 175

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The effect of the classification system in encouraging teachers with high professional qualifications is reflected in the totals shown in the table. Teachers classified in Division I, who must have had a training at least equivalent to a threeyears course at a university, have increased in number by 20 per cent., whereas the numbers in Division II have on the whole remained the same. The increase in the number of Division I teachers is partly explained, however, by the increase in the number of technical-high-school pupils. There is no doubt that the system of classification adopted has greatly improved the conditions of service in technical schools, with the result that it now possesses attractions for competent teachers as nearly equal to those offered in other branches of the teaching service as it is at present possible to arrange. It is hoped that a reasonable solution of some remaining minor difficulties may be found in the near future. Courses of Instruction. The reports of the Inspectors of Technical Schools show that on the whole the standard of work in previous years was maintained. In evening classes, generally speaking, the students are keen and industrious, but the fact that most of the classes are heterogeneous as regards the attainments of pupils renders class-work difficult, with the result that teachers are compelled often to resort to individual instruction where class-work would be much more effective if all the pupils were all at one stage. This difficulty is due to the small numbers offering in many trades in most of the schools, and can hardly be removed until the population of the Dominion becomes much more dense than it is at present. In the day classes at technical schools this drawback is not very seriously felt, and in the technical high schools it is only noticeable in the higher classes in certain courses. In these schools, usually offering four of five different courses, the senior pupils of more than one course are often taken together for general subjects of instruction, in preference to the pupils in two or three years of one course being placed in one class. Part-time day continuation classes have not hitherto been encouraged by associations of employers except in the case of painters and decorators in one large centre. It is hoped that such classes will receive the support and encouragement which they deserve from both employers and employees, and that the single example at present in operation will be followed in all trades and occupations. Some form of compulsion may be necessary to secure the regular attendance of apprentices and. other young workers at day continuation classes, but it is felt that no such compulsory classes would prove successful if they lacked the sympathy and aid of the masters and men in the occupations concerned. Classes other than Classes at Technical High Schools. (Note. —All figures for 1921 are exclusive of teachers' classes, which w«re included in 1920.) Classes were held at 94 centres. In the previous year the number of centres was 121, and the decrease was probably due to a decrease in the number of wool-, sorting classes in country centres. The number of classes and the number of individual students were as follows :—

It is to be noted in comparing the numbers for 1921 with those for 1920 that the Pukekohe, Wanganui, Feilding, and Greymouth Technical Schools, and the Dunedin School of Art, were each conducted by a Board of managers in 1921 for the first time. This caused a transfer in numbers of 151 classes and 1,389 pupils from the first to the second line in the above table.

Description of Class. Number of Classes. Number of Students. 1920. 1921. 1920. 1921. 1 Conducted by Education or High School Boards Conducted by Technical School Boards or by Managers .. Conducted by University Colleges 913 611 968 1,111 198 230 8,221. 5,567 9,163 10,081 1,244 1,184 Totals 2,079 1,952 18,628 j 16,832

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The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupations of students : —

Summary of Occupations of Students. Number of Percentage Students. of Totals. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,214 13-15 Professional pursuits . . . . . . . . . . 1,134 6-73 Students .. .. .. ..3,965 23-56 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,965 17-62 Agricultural pursuits .. .. , . .. .. 490 2-91 Various trades and industries .. .. ~ .. 5,416 32-18 Other occupations not stated . . .. . . . . 648 3-85 Totals .. .. .. , . ..16,832 100-00 Number, of Classes in certain Subjects of Technical Instruction held in 1920 and 1921. 1920. 1921. Art and artcrafts .. .. .. .. 238 211 Mechanical and electrical engineering, theoretical and practical 239 230 Building-construction, carpentry, plumbing, and other trades 252 218 Experimental and natural science, practical mathematics, &c. 143 110 Agriculture, wool-sorting, dairy-work, &c.. . . . . . 103 22 Domestic subjects .. .. .. .. .. 405 389 Commercial subjects .. . . . . ... . . 346 375 Subjects of general education . . .. .. .. 353 397 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 2,079 1,952 The total number of classes shows a decrease compared with that for 1920, due mainly to the exclusion of teachers' classes and a falling-off in the number of woolclassing classes. " College " classes were conducted in connection with the Auckland University School of Engineering, Canterbury College School of Engineering and School of Commerce, Otago University School of Domestic Science and School of Commerce, the total capitation earnings for these classes for the year being £2,945. The School of Domestic Science in Otago University was attended by seventyfive students taking either the course for the degree or that for the diploma. Eleven Government bursaries were awarded in 1921, making a total of forty-four tenable during the year. Eour degree and eighteen diploma students completed their course. Payments totalling £3,069 were made in respect of the forty-four bursars, an average of nearly £70 each. Graduates from this school are now filling important positions throughout the Dominion as instructors in home-science, and their influence in this important phase of the training of our girls is already very marked.

Number of Students receiving Free Education at Technical Schools other than Technical High Schools.

I Soventeen Years of Over Seven Age and under. of A 1920. 1921. 1920. iteen Years Lge. Totals. 1920. 1921. 1 1921. Males Females 4,851 4,998 4,700 4; 156 4,207 4,921 4,102 3,525 9,551 8,934 9,077 7,898 Totals .. 9,007 9,205 I 9,621 7,627 18,628 16,832

1920. 1921. . Totals. Males. Females. Males. Females. Totals. I c ., i lUrst year unior free pupils : a _, x r (Second, year First year Senior free pupils - Second year Third year 757 558 449 252 118 51.8 426 410 284 194 1.275 984 85) 536 312 773 497 429 302 126 572 342 360 256 178 1,345 839 789 558 304 Totals 2,134 1,832 3,966 < 2,127 1,708 3,835

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Nearly 23 per cent, of the total number of students in attendance at classes held free places under the Government regulations. The total number of junior free pupils shows a decrease of 75 as compared with the number.for 1920, and the total number of senior free pupils shows a decrease of 56. 495 students held scholarships or free places provided locally. Included in the return of junior free pupils there is a number of young persons not otherwise qualified for a free place who have been recommended by an Inspector of Schools for free places in industrial classes. In certain districts the regulations for compulsory attendance at continuation classes were in operation during the year, the number of students in attendance being as follows : — Auckland Education District .. .. 638 students in 14 school districts. Taranaki Education District .. . . 229 „ 5 ~ Wanganui Education District .. . . 478 ~ 3 „ Hawke's Bay Education District .. 115 „ 1 ~ Nelson Education District .. .. 1 ~ 1 „ Canterbury Education District .. .. 124 „ I ~ Totals .. .. ..1,585 „ 25 During the year 644 returned soldiers attended as free students at technical classes in twenty-one centres. The Repatriation Board, as in 1920, provided the funds for additional instructors and equipment wherever necessary. The following technical schools had a roll of more than 500, exclusive of the technical high schools carried on in connection with some of them : — Numbor on Roll. 1920. 1921. Christchurch Technical School .. .. .. ..1,598 1,633 Wellington Technical School .. .. .. ..1,146 1,205 Dunodin Technical School... .. .. .. ..1,302 1,138 Auckland Technical School .. .. .. ..1,236 854 Palmerston North Technical School .. .. 695 760 Wanganui Technical School .. .. .. .. 677 700 Ashburton Technical School .. ... .. .. 493 .527 Technological examinations were conducted by the Department on behalf of the City and Guilds of London Institute at fifteen centres in the Dominion. The total number of entries was 362, an increase of 70 over the number for the previous year, and the number of passes was 204, or 56-4 per cent. A gold medal was awarded to one candidate for plumbers' work, Grade 11. Technical High Schools. The number of students in attendance at technical high schools in 1920 and 1921 was as follows :— Number of Students. Technical High Schools — 1920. 1921. Christchurch .. .. .. .. ..581 549 Auckland .. .. .. .. .. ..476 493 Dunedin .. .. .. .. .. ..385 421 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. ..312 354 Invercargill .. .. .. .. 298 335 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. ..299 317 Napier .. .. .. .. .. ... 249 259 Stratford .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 165 Hawera .. . . .. .. .. .. 1.42 164 Pukekohe .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 126 Hastings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 101 Feilding .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 42 Westport .. .. .. .. .. .. 24 23 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 2,7(56 3,349

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The numbers of pupils taking up the various courses provided were as follows : —

Number of Pupils receiving Free Education at Technical High Schools under Regulations for Free Places.

Financial. The total amount due by the Department to the controlling authorities for the salaries and incidental expenses of all technical classes, including technical high schools, was approximately £107,434, made up as follows : — Salaries of full-time teachers .. .. .. .. ... 56,057 Salaries of full-time Directors .. ..... .. .. 11,758 Capitation for part-time teachers .. .. .. .. .. 19,260 Capitation for student teachers .. .. .. .. .. 1,524 Overtime payments .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,300 Incidental allowances .. .. .. .. .. .. 23,030 College classes capitation . . .. .. .. .. .. 2,945 115,874 Less recoveries from tuition fees .. . . .. .. 8,440 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £107,434 The following is a summary of the total expenditure by the Department on technical instruction during the financial year ending 31st March, 1922 : — £ Capitation and salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 119,289 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 3,991 Scholarships and bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,173 Grants in aid of material for class use .. .. .. .. 5,632 Grants for buildings and equipment .. .. .. .. .. 101,198 Grants for rents of buildings .. . . .. .. .. 1.517 Conveyance of — Instructors .. .. .. .. .. .. 679 Free pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,386 5,065 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 142 Maintenance technical school buildings . . .. .. .. 560 Inspectors'salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. 2,624 Grant on account of Elam School of Art .. .. .. .. 1,436 Totals .. .. .. .. .. £244,627

Number of Pupils. Course. Increase over Boys. Girls. Total. 1920. "ndustrial commercial and general .. Domestic Agriculture Art 951 588 243 1,158 385 20 4 951 1,746 385 263 4 +112 +388 + 55 + 31 - 3 Totals 1,782 1,567 3,349 +583

1920. 1921. Boys. Girls. Totals. Boys. Girls. Totals. , ., (First year umorfree P u P lls I Second year f First year Senior free Second year year 759 467 124 24 3 588 412 153 38 8 588 412 153 38 8 1,347 879 277 62 11 945 500 174 49 9 758 444 203 51 7 1,703 944 377 100 16 Totals 1,377 1,199 2,576 1,677 1,463 3,140

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SPECIAL SCHOOLS. State Cake of Dependent and Delinquent Children and Ineant-life Protection. The Special Schools Branch of the Education Department provides (1) for the maintenance, training, and general upbringing of neglected and homeless and orphan children committed by Courts to the care of the State, for the training of delinquent children and juvenile offenders, for the supervision of all young persons (male and female) placed on temporary probation by the Courts ; (2) for the supervision of all infants under the age of six years maintained apart from their parents or adopted with premium, for the general supervision of children for whose upkeep pensions are paid, under the widows' pensions scheme, and for the investigation of applications for the adoption of children ; and (3) for the education and maintenance of all afflicted children —deaf, blind, feeble-minded, and for children with defective speech. The total number of children in the care of the State in 1921 was ,5,157, classed under the following headings : — Boarded out, industrial schools, receiving-homes, &c. . . .. . . 3,830 Juvenile probation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 272 Infant-life protection .. .. .. . . .. .. 706 Deaf children . . .. . . .. .. . . .. 148 Feeble-minded children . . .. . . . . . . .. 201 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..5,157 The number of children committed to the care of the State during the year was 528 ; classified according to reason for committal as follows : Destitution, 156 ; vagrancy, 44 ; associating with disreputable persons, 14 ; not under proper control, 162 ; uncontrollable (complaint by parents), 13 ; transferred from gaol, 17 ; accused or guilty of punishable offences, 89 ; and, in addition, 33 were admitted by private arrangement. Classified according to age at the time of admission the numbers are as follows : Under six months, 45 ; over six months and under one year, 23 ; from one to five years, 102 ; from five to ten years, 120 ; from ten to fourteen years, 139 ; and over fourteen years, 99. Numbers under Control. At the end of the year there were 3,830 children under control (excluding those mentioned under separate headings below), and of these 136 were in residence at Government receiving-homes, probation homes, training-farms, and training institutions, and 167 in private industrial schools ; 2,035 children were boarded out in foster-homes, 754 were in situations, and 477 residing under license with relatives and friends. The remainder were in various homes or institutions. Of the boarded-out children 120 are over the age of fourteen years and are still attending primary schools, 30 are receiving higher education (10 technical and 20 secondary), and a number are apprentices partly maintained by the State. The children over school age in employment number 643 males and 350 females (included in the total of 3,830). Of the males, 496 are farm workers (18 skilled in dairy-work and cheesemaking and 478 competent to milk and carry out general farm-work), 36 are apprentices, and 111 others are employed in various trades. Of the girls there are 315 domestic workers, 14 apprentices, 21 factory employees, and 14 engaged in various employments such as shop-assistants, nurses, dressmakers, typists, kindergarten trainees, &c. Juvenile Probation System. The functions of Juvenile Probation Officers are to assist the Courts in ascertaining the full facts regarding parents, conditions of homes, and environment of all children brought under the notice of the police, to supervise and befriend any juveniles placed on probation by the various Magistrates, and to undertake, on the application of the parents, the supervision of any children who are inclined

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to become uncontrollable. In addition, all male inmates of industrial schools or training-farms placed in situations, or with relatives or friends, are supervised by the Juvenile Probation Officers. There were 1,121 cases dealt with by the Courts in the principal centres of population throughout the year, and of these only 412 were actually admitted to receiving-homes or training institutions, 249 were placed on probation and supervised in their own homes, and the remainder were dealt with generally in a summary manner not calling for supervision by Probation Officers. Infant-life Protection and Adoption of Children. At the end of the year there were 706 children under the age of six years maintained in 562 foster-homes. Of these 460 homes each had one child, 73 had two children each, and 20 homes had three each. The payments for the maintenance of each child ranged from 7s. 6d. to £2 2s. a week, but the average rate of payment was approximately 14s. a week. Adoptions. During the year 420 children were adopted, and in 39 of these cases premiums were received by the Department's agents and paid out at the rate of 15s. a week for each child, concerned. Of the total number of children adopted, 73 were under the age of six months, 53 under twelve months, and 182 under the age of six years. Care and Training of Afflicted Children. School for the Deaf, Sumner. The pupils under instruction during the year numbered 148, and of these 36 were day pupils and 112 boarders. In 1920 special day classes for partially deaf children and for stammerers were established in Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin, which have been continued with highly successful results, about 100 children being in attendance at the classes. Provision has also been made in these centres for night classes for the instruction of the adult deaf, 70 persons afflicted in this manner attending the classes in 1921. During the winter vacation lectures on the principles and teachings of speech were delivered by the Director of the school to teachers and students in several of the centres of population. Special Schools for the Feeble-minded. There are two such special schools—one at Richmond for girls, and one at Otekaike, near Oamaru, for boys. The number of girls in residence at Richmond during the year was 56, and the number of boys at Otekaike 145. Expenditure. The total net expenditure by the Department for the year 1921-22 on the above services was as follows :— £ School for the deaf .. .. . . . . . . . . 6,034 Education of the blind .. .. . . .. . . 101 Schools for the feeble-minded .. .. .. .. .. 11,190 Industrial schools, receiving-homes, probation system, boarding-out system, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 108,622 Total .. .. .. £125,947 HIGHER EDUCATION. New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Royal charter as

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entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor of Law, of Medicine, and of Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. By the provisions of the New Zealand University Act of 1908 and subsequent amending Acts the Senate of the University now has power to confer, in addition to those mentioned, the following degrees : Doctor of Literature ; Master of Laws, of Surgery, and of Science ; Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, of Dental Surgery, of Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, of Naval Architecture, of Agriculture, of Public Health, and of Commerce ; Bachelor of Science in Home Science ; and Bachelor of Science in Architecture. Diplomas in a number of subjects may also be obtained. In 1921 a Bachelor of Science in Forestry and a Doctorate of Philosophy were instituted. The affairs of the University are controlled by three Courts —the Senate, the Board of Studies, and the General Court of Convocation, which consists of members of the four District Courts of Convocation. The Senate consists of twenty-four members or Fellows —four elected by the Governor-General in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions (two by each) ; four (one each) by the Professorial Boards ; and eight (two each) by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The Board of Studies consists of twenty members, five of whom are appointed by each of the Professorial Boards of the four institutions affiliated to the University. The District Courts of Convocation consist of graduates of the University. The Senate has the entire management of and superintendence over the affairs, concerns, and property of the University, and, subject to certain provisions relating to the Board of Studies, has power to alter all statutes and regulations. The Board of Studies has power to make recommendations to the Senate as to the appointment of examiners and as to degrees, diplomas, scholarships, prizes, courses of study, and examinations. The chief function of the General Court of Convocation is to discuss matters relating to the University and to declare its opinion on any such matters. The revenue of the University is derived mainly from a statutory Government grant of £4,000 per annum, from fees, and from interest on investments. In addition there is paid to it in trust a certain proportion of the national-endowment income for distribution among the four affiliated institutions towards the support of libraries, the establishment of new Chairs, and towards the extension of their work in other ways. The amount received from this source in 1921-22 was £3,416. The University is an examining not a teaching body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it — the Auckland University College, Victoria University College, Canterbury College, and Otago University—situated in the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin respectively. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointment of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of the various Councils. Each of the colleges, besides providing the usual University courses, specializes in certain directions : Otago University has medical and dental schools, a school of mining and metallurgical engineering, and a school of home science ; Canterbury College lias a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) ; Auckland University College has a school of mines and a school of commerce ; and Victoria University College specializes in law and science. The affiliated colleges receive annual statutory Government grants towards meeting the expenses of their general maintenance as follows : Auckland University College, £11,500 ; Victoria University College, £11,500 ; Canterbury College, £4,500 ; Otago University, £10,000. The colleges are also in receipt of rents from endowments, Canterbury College being the most richly endowed, and the total income from this source by all colleges in 1921 being £22,237. In addition to the grants a certain proportion of the income from the National Endowment Fund for the purposes of education is paid directly to the four affiliated institutions, the sum paid to each in the year 1921-22 being £1,708. There is also provision for the payment under regulations of a Government subsidy on voluntary contributions to

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the funds of the institutions affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and special grants are made from time to time for buildings and equipment; £6,868 was paid to the colleges by way of subsidy in 1921-22, and £39,071 as grants for extended buildings and sites. The receipts of the colleges from students' fees amounted to £38,427. The total amount paid by the Education Department on account of the University of New Zealand and the affiliated colleges for the year 1921-22 was £117,434, as against £109,242 in the previous year. The total expenditure of these institutions on University education (exclusive of trust funds) was £215,000. New Zealand University. The University conducted examinations in 1921 in the faculties of arts, science, medicine, public health, dentistry, home science, law, engineering, commerce, agriculture, and music, and for admission to the legal and accountants' professions. The number of candidates for examination is increasing each year ; there were 4,964 entrants for the degree examinations in 1921, compared with 3,671 in 1920, and the number of candidates for matriculation has more than doubled in the last ten years. The table below gives the numbers qualifying for degrees and scholarships from the four University colleges : —

Number of Successful Candidates at the Examinations for Degrees in 1921.

In addition to these successes, 1,815 candidates passed sections of the examinations for degrees or for admission to professions; 45 gained certificates of proficiency. There were 125 candidates for the Entrance Scholarship Examination, 31 gaining scholarships, 46 others passing the examination with credit, and 44 qualifying for Matriculation. The number of candidates for the Matriculation Examination was 3,643, of whom 1,095 passed the whole examination, 526 completed partial passes, and 614 gained partial passes. Up till the present the examinations in arts and science have been conducted by examiners appointed in Great Britain. The Senate has now agreed to conduct these examinations up to pass grade in New Zealand by the appointment of external examiners in the several subjects, who will act in conjunction with the responsible teacher of the subject in each college.

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Auckla: Univers Colleg. md sity ,e. i/ictoi nivers Dolleg la slty •o. .nterb Uollegi mry Otago niversity. Total, CJ] Degrees, &c. P. Total. F. M. M. F. M. F. Total. M. M. Total. F j Total. Total Doctor of Literature Doctor of Science Doctor of Medicine Master of Science Honours in Science Honours in Arts Master of Arts Honours in Law Master of Law Bachelor of— Arts Science Medicine and Surgery . . Laws Commerce Engineering (Civil) Engineering (Electrical) Science in Home Science Agriculture Music Senior University Scholarships John Tinline Scholarship .. 1 .. 1 i l 1 1 1 1 4 4 11 15 1 1 I 5 1 5 1 12 2 17 2 .. 2 .. 1 .. 11 2 10 2 25 8 38 17 2 .. 3 .. 2 2 1 13 12 33 55 2 3 4 .. 8 .. 4 2 8 2 4 3 (i 10 1 1 5 Hi 2 3 1 1 2 2 5 13 2 3 2 2 5 5 5 10 2 2 10 15 I 1 1 2 2 2 8 17 3 14 6 5 2 20 7 11 9 18 29 9 13 3 13 26 3 18 8 20 4 1 8 2 4 8 26 2 10 4 24 4 1 56 45 25 4 20 4 49 .. 7 .. 3 .. 3 .. 45 4 4 101 29 24 49 7 3 3 4 2 1 14 1 is .. 2 .. is 2 is 3 18 3 9 1 3 3 9 1 3 3 1 4 4 4 4 1 1 1 1 i 4 o i 1 3 3 *6 2 2 1 i 3 3 1 9 5 1 5 1 1 Totals, 1921 60 13 60 73 67 26 93 51 31 82 90 23 113 268 93 361 Totals, 1920 38 9 47 23 73 70 26 | 197 75 272 38 50 39 17 56 96

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The following table shows the principal receipts and payments of the University of New Zealand for the year 1921 :— I.—General Account. Receipts. £ Payments. £ Balance, Ist January, 1.921 .. .. 8,030 Transfer to Ordinary Scholarship Ac- 1,500 Statutory grant . . .. ... 4,000 count National endowment .. .. 3,416 National endowment .. .. 3,416 Fees .. .. .. '.. 19,894 Examinations .. .. ..11,620 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 514 Office salaries and rents .. .. 1,998 Expenses of Senate Sessions . . . . 673 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 2,111 English agent .. .. .. 3,356 Suspense .. .. .. . . 28 Balance, Ist January, 1922 (including balance in hands of English agent) . . 11,152 £35,854 £35,854 II. —Ordinary Scholarship Account. Receipts. £ Payments. £ Balance, Ist January, 1921 .. .. 28,775 Scholarships .. .. .. 2,985 Transfer from General Account .. 1,500 Balance, Ist January, 1922 .. .. 28,674 Interest .. .. .. .. 1,384 £31,659 £31,659 In the above statements no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. Affiliated Colleces. (Tables Ml-M5 in E.-7.) The number of students in attendance at the four University colleges in 1921 was 3,924, as compared with 3,672 in the preceding year. The figures for 1918, 1920, and 192.1 arc shown below, and it will be seen that the number of students has increased since the year 1918 by 83 per cent. Students attending University Colleges. 1918. 1920. 1921. Men.. .. .. .. .. .. 1,122 2,327 2.524 Women .. .. .. .. .. 1,018 1,345 1,400 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 2,140 3,672 3,924 The students are classified as follows : Graduates, 162 ; undergraduates, 2,503 ; non-matriculated students, 1,259. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above there were 199 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures —that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms by passing the annual college examination. Of the 3,924 students attending University colleges, 1,656, or 41 per cent., were receiving free tuition, being the holders of scholarships, bursaries, or trainingcollege studentships. In addition to the students attending the four University colleges, fifty-three students, of whom six were Government-bursary holders and two were holders of Kitchener Scholarships, were taking an agricultural course of university grade at the Lincoln Agricultural College in Canterbury. Of the students attending the colleges 2,987 are returned as taking definite 'courses as follows : Arts, 1,061 ; law, 543 ; medicine, 403 ; commerce, 256 ; engineering, 254 ; science, 192 ; dentistry, 89 ; music, 82 ; home science, 71 ; architecture, 23 ; and agriculture, 13. The number of full-time professors employed in the four University colleges at the end of 1921 was as follows : Auckland, 10 : Victoria, 13 ; Canterbury, 12 : Otago, 21 : total, 56. In addition a number of part-time professors and large staffs

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of lecturers and assistants were employed. The average salary of full-time professors was £857, and the total expenditure by the four colleges on salaries for the year £89,857, as compared with £74,888 in the previous year. Finances of the Affiliated Colleges, 1921. The total receipts of the University colleges for the year 1921 amounted to £185,884, of which sum £106,088 was received directly from the Government and £3,435 indirectly from the Government through the University of New Zealand. The receipts from the Government included £47,082 maintenance grants and apportionment of national endowment revenue, and £41,898 grants for buildings and equipment. Receipts from local sources included £22,237, income from reserves and £38,428 fees. The total payments amounted to £188,765 of which the principal items were salaries, £89,858 ; buildings, £44,261 ; equipment, £12,744 ; administration, £12,010. Free Education at University Colleges. What may be regarded as generous provision is made for free education and for scholarship allowances for students of the University colleges, 41 per cent., as mentioned above, of the students receiving free tuition. Scholarships. University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follow: University Junior, University National, and Taranaki Scholarships (open only to candidates resident in Taranaki), in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. The value of a Junior Schola,rship or a University National Scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees ; students obliged to live away from home receive also a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum. Twenty-nine Junior University Scholarships and fifty-eight Uniyersity National Scholarships were held during 1921. The expenditure by the University on scholarships was £2,985, and by the Education Department on University National Scholarships £3,634. In addition to the scholarships, and partly in connection therewith, a scheme of bursaries entitling students to free tuition is also in operation, as set out in detail below. Scholarships awarded during the degree course are : Senior University Scholarships tenable by candidates for Honours, and awarded on the papers set for subjects in the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Examinations ; John Tinline Scholarship, awarded, on the papers in English of the Senior Scholarship Examination ; Sir George Grey Scholarships for students of science subjects ; and a number of privately endowed scholarships open to students of the various colleges. Thirteen Senior University Scholarships were held during 1921. The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, the Engineering Travelling Scholarship, the French Travelling Scholarship, National Research Scholarships (one of which is offered to each University college), and. a post-graduate scholarship in arts. All, excepting the National Research Scholarships, are travelling scholarships —that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. The Rhodes scholar of 1922 is a student of Victoria College. The total number of Rhodes Scholarships that have been granted to date is twenty-one, of which six have been gained by students of Auckland University College, five by students of Otago University, six by students of Victoria University College, and four by students of Canterbury College. Up to the present twenty-one National Research Scholarships have been awarded, three being current at present, and the following being the subjects of research : " The nature of unsaturation in unsaturated acids and their derivatives " ; " Atmospheric electricity, with specific reference to meteorological conditions " ; and " Radio-activity and helium content of New Zealand rocks, waters, and natural gases."

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Kitchener Memorial Scholarship — A Kitchener Memorial Scholarship endowed by a private gentleman, and contributed to by other persons and/by the Government, is awarded annually on the results of the Senior National Scholarship Examination for secondary-school pupils, and is intended for boys, being the sons of members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, who have taken an agricultural course. The scholarship is worth £50 per annum, and is tenable for two years at an agricultural college. One scholarship was awarded in each of the years 1919, 1920, and 1921, the first named having expired at the end of 1920, and an extension of a third year being granted to the second-named scholar. No award was made in 1922. University Bursaries. University bursaries are awarded under the University Amendment Act, 1914, on the credit pass in the University Junior Scholarship Examination or on a higher leaving-certificate qualification, and entitle the holders to exemption from the payment of tuition and examination fees (not exceeding £20 per annum) during a three (or possibly four) years' course at a University college or school of agriculture recognized by the University. The number of University bursars in 1921 was 610, as compared with 558 in 1920, and the amount expended on their tuition and examination fees was £10,002, the cost per head being £16 7s. lid. Educational Bursaries. Educational bursaries may be awarded to persons complying with certain conditions who, having matriculated, are trained teachers, or teachers holding a class C certificate, or ex-pupil teachers, or ex-probationers. Bursars are bound to serve as teachers for a specified term of years. The bursaries provide free tuition up to an annual value of £20 for three years, with possibly two yearly extensions, at a University college or recognized school of agriculture. The classes taken must be such as to form part of the course in arts, science, or agriculture, and proof of satisfactory progress must be given. The number of educational bursars in 1921 was ninety-one, of which number twelve completed the three years' tenure of their bursaries. The amount expended on tuition and examination fees on account of educational bursaries was £874, the cost per head being £9 12s. Id. Domestic-science Bursaries. Domestic-science bursaries tenable at the Otago University may be awarded by the Director of Education to persons who have— (1.) Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose ; or (2.) Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class D teachers' certificate ; or (3.) Gained a higher leaving-certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers, a lower leaving-certificate. Applicants are required, on completion of their course, to engage in teaching for not less than three years. The term of a bursary is two (or years. The bursar receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and if obliged to live away from home an allowance of £30 per annum. A large hostel is provided at which the great majority of the students reside. Bursaries of this kind were awarded to eleven students in 1921, making in all forty-four bursars in attendance at classes. Agricultural Bursaries. Agricultural bursaries may be granted by the Education Department to qualified candidates in order to enable them to obtain the necessary practical training for positions as teachers or agricultural instructors, after the completion of their training the bursars being under a legal obligation to serve for a term of three years in one or other of these capacities. The qualification for a bursary is Matricu-

7—E. 1.

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lation or a higher or lower leaving-certificate, and candidates are preferred who have received agricultural instruction during their secondary-school course. In addition, ex-students of teachers' training colleges who desire to specialize in the teaching of agriculture may obtain bursaries to enable them to receive the necessary training in agriculture. Agricultural bursaries are tenable at an experimental farm, an agricultural college, or other approved institution for two years, with a possible extension to a third year.. Bursars receive an allowance of £20 per annum with free tuition, and if obliged to live away from home a lodging-allowance of £30 per annum. During 1921 six agricultural bursars attended Lincoln Agricultural College, two completing the second year of the course, and two of the remaining students having previously completed one year at a University college. In addition to these, seven bursars attended a University college, two being in their first year and five in the fourth year of their training. In nearly every case partial success towards the B.Ag. degree was recorded. The expenditure by the Department on agricultural bursaries for the year 1921 was £1,022. War Bursaries. Regulations made in 1918 provided for the award of bursaries at secondary schools, technical schools, and University colleges to the dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces. By the provisions of these regulations such a dependant who is qualified to receive a University bursary or an educational bursary as described above may receive in addition an allowance of £10 per annum, together with a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum if obliged to live away from home while attending a University college. One bursar, after completing his secondary-school course, continued his bursary at a University college, taking an engineering course. Workers' Educational Association. The Workers' Educational Association, which works in conjunction with the four University colleges, continued its activities in 1921 with satisfactory results. Tutorial and preliminary classes are conducted for working men and women in such subjects as economics, psychology, social and industrial history, English literature, English composition, modern history, electricity, and hygiene ; in fact, the association announces its readiness to establish classes in almost any subject for which a sufficient number of students will be forthcoming. Members of the staffs of the University colleges and other highly qualified educationists act as tutors of the classes. Seventy classes and study circles were held in 1921, with a roll number of 2,000. The Government now contributes directly £2,500 per annum to the movement, in addition to which £1,250 paid by the Government out of the National Endowment Fund to the University of New Zealand is devoted to the same object, making a total of £3,750. Voluntary contributions received by the University colleges on account of the association's classes are also subsidized by the Government. GENERAL. Annual Examinations. The annual examinations conducted by the Department are as follows : (1) An examination to determine the grant of Junior Scholarships and junior free places, held in November ; (2) a main series for Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarship, and senior free places purposes, held in November ; (3) a January series (a) for teachers' certificates of Classes D and C, and incidentally to some extent of Class B, and (b) for Public Service Senior qualifications ; and (4) a special Public Service Entrance Examination held in June. The examinations were held at fifty-seven centres in 1921-22. In future the teachers' examinations are to be held in August of each year instead of in January. The total number of entries for all examinations was 10,714, of which number 8,902 candidates actually presented themselves for examination. A certain pro-

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portion of the absentees is due to the practice of the accrediting principle by which candidates for senior free places may be exempted from an external examination, as may also training-college students who are candidates for the teachers' examinations. Approximately 2,170 candidates were exempted in this manner from the necessity of passing the Intermediate Examination, of which number 551 are not included in the total of examination entries given above. The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown below : — 1919-20. 1920-21. 1921-22. Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. .. 2,170 2,298 2,282 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,063 2,999 3,419 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,234 2,365 2,921 Public Service Senior .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 78 28 Kindergarten Certificate Examination .. . . . . . . 9 1 2 Special Public Service Entrance Examination in June .. . . 189 204 248 Special Public Service Entrance Examination for returned soldiers . . .. 73 London University Examinations .. ... .. .. 4 2 2 7,719 8,020 8,902 Of the 2,282 candidates for junior national scholarships in 1921 216 obtained the scholarship qualification, 965 qualified for a free place in the scholarship examination, and 1,101 failed. There were also 276 candidates for free places only, of whom 58 qualified and 218 failed. The highest percentages of marks gained in the various subjects of this examination were as follows : English, 86-3 ; arithmetic, 100 ; geography, 87 ; history and civics, 82 ; elementary science and nature study, 88 ; drawing (I), 88 ; drawing (II), 96. The highest percentage gained by any one candidate on the whole examination was 81-25. Of the 866 candidates for Senior National Scholarships 124 gained scholarships, 588 qualified for senior free places, and 154 failed. Only nineteen of the total number of candidates were examined on the Scheme B (Rural and Domestic) Course, the number qualifying for scholarships being two. There were 2,634 entries for the Intermediate Examination, only 1,401 candidates presenting themselves, of which number 296 passed and 1,105 failed to do so. The number present at the Public Service Entrance Examination was 1,152, 632 of the number passing and 520 failing the examination. The Public Service Senior Examination was confined to returned soldiers who had previously obtained partial success in the examination. Of twenty-eight candidates ten completed the examination, seven gained a pass in two or more subjects, and eleven failed to improve their status. The number of candidates who sat for the different stages of the teachers' certificate examinations was 2,921 (515 for whole or part of Class C and 2,306 for Class D). Of the total number 745 failed to improve their status. The following table shows the status of candidates before and after the examinations : —

B—E. 1.

Examination Status. Number of Candidates qualified under the Different Headings. (a.) Before the (b.) After the Examination. Examination. L 2. Ilass A .. .lass B .. !lass C lass U, with partial success towards Class C !lass D alone 'artial success towards Class D and Class C.. 'artial success towards Class D only ■Til .. -.. ' 14 43 141 185 207 86 422 110 104 1,622 1,625 875 408 Totals 2,921 2,921

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The cost of conducting the examinations was as follows:— Total expenses, including cost of additional clerical services temporarily £ employed, but omitting other salaries .. .. .. .. 7,498 Less amounts received or to be received— £ Fees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates and others . . 3,908 Contributed by Public Service Commissioner for expenses of conducting Public Service Examinations, the fees for which, amounting to £1,449, were credit to him .. 1,517 5,425 Net cost to Department .. .. .. .. £2,073 In addition to the examinations referred to above, the Department also conducted, on behalf of the City and Guilds of London Institute, examinations in technological subjects, particulars of which are given in E.-5 (Technical Education.) Teachers' Superannuation Fund. The position of the fund at 31st December, 1921, and the principal figures concerning the year's transactions, as compared with those for 1920 are given below : — 1920. 1921. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at 31st December.. *.. ■ .. .. 599,303 681,777 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. .. 72,601 82,474 Income for the year— Members' contributions .. .. .. .. ..87,526 96,409 Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30,295 35,145 Government subsidy .. .. .. .. .. ..43,000 43,000 Total income .. .. .. .. ..£160,821 £174,554 Expenditure— £ £ Retiring and other allowances .. . . . . .. 66,589 74,315 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. .. ..20,142 15,804 Administration expenses .. .. .. .. .. 1,489 1,961 Total expenditure .. .. .. .. £88,220 £92,080 Number of contributors at 31st December .. .. .. .. 5,174 5,872 Number of members .admitted during year .. .. .. .. 619 1,048 Number retiring from the fund during year .. .. .. 464 350 Net increase in membership at 31st December . . . . . . 155 698 Number of allowances in force at end of year .. .. .. 836 881 Representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. .. £70,208 £79,355 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. ..437 £46,269 475 £54,393 Retiring allowances under extended provisions of section 12 of the Act .. .. .. .. .. 76 £10,487 78 £10,698 Retiring-allowances in medically-unfit cases .. 99 £9,902 102 £10,648 Allowances to widows .. .. .. ..125 £2,263 133 £2,407 Allowances to children .. .. .. .. 99 £1,287 93 £1,209 Funds invested at 31st December— £ £ At 4| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. ..58,900 41,050 At 5 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,601 13,801 At 5£ per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38,460 38,360 At 5| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 471,612 405,048 At 5f per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 93,158 At 6 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65,168 Total .. .. .. .. .. ... £583,573 £656,585 Average rate of interest on investments at 31st December . . 5-37 per cent. 5-5 per cent. Approval was given for the continuance of the cost-of-living bonus to widows and children, and, in cases of special hardship, to other annuitants, for the year Ist April, 1921, to 31st March, 1922, the rate being the same as allowed during the previous year —-viz., widows, £26 per annum ; children, £20 per annum ; other annuitants, sufficient to bring the allowance up to £100 per annum, but with a maximum bonus of £40.

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Approval has also been given for the continuance of the bonus up to the 31st March, 1923, but at a lower rate—viz., widows, £13 per annum ; children, £13 per annum ; other annuitants, £26 (maximum.) This bonus is not a charge on the Superannuation Fund, but is provided for out of the Consolidated Fund. Subsidies to Public Libraries. Owing to the necessity for exercising economy in every possible direction Parliament did not vote a sum for distribution in 1921 as subsidy to public libraries. Tables relating to Cost of Education. In the following tables —A, B, C, D, E, and F —an attempt is made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; and to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools.

Table A.—Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1921-22

Table B. —Expenditure per Head of Population (1,292,699, including Maoris) on Education 1921-22.

(Figures given in every case le nearesi Branch of Education. Out of Public Funds. Main- New Bam - tentnce ln & and Total - tenance. Additions. Out of Public Funds. Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. Total for all Items from all PubUc Sources. I A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training 2, colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary sohools, and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Technical and continuation (including technical high schools) (4.) Higher (University) .. .. .. £ 2,283,000 £ 344,000 £ 2,627,000 £ £ 2,627,000 241,000 81,000 322,000 48,000 370,000 147,000 101,000 248,000 248,000 78,000 39,000 117,000 22,000 139,000* Totals A (1-4) .. .. ..2, '2,749,000 .565,000 3,314,000 70,000 3,3iS4,000 B. Industrial schools, probation and boarding-out system, &o. C. Spocial schools (Deaf, Blind, and Feeble-minded Children) D. Teachers' Superannuation, stores and material purchased, and miscellaneous — Totals A, B, C, D .. .. ..2, 115,000 1,000 116,000 116,000 20,000 46,000 1,000 21,000 46,000 21,000 46,000 2,930,000 567,000 3,497,000 70,000 3,567,000 * In addition to this expenditure £5,848 was expended by was expended by the Department of Publio Health on dental ; by the Mine J and medic )s Departme ial bursaries. ent on sohoo )ls of mines, and £2,100 i.

(Figures given in every eai ie to tl le nei ■rest penny, Branch of Education. Oul Maintenance. of Public Fin ids. Is. Total. - SeC a_!d ary Total for ah University '•".^ Reserves a £J:" bIic Revenue. Souroe8 - New Buildings and Additions. A. (1.) Primary (including Native sohools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools, and secondary departments of district high sohools) (3.) Continuation and technical (including technical high sohools) (4.) Higher (University) .. s. d. 35 4 s. d. 5 4 s. d. 40 8 s. d. s. d. 40 8 3 9 1 3 5 0 0 9 5 9 2 3 1 7 3 10 3 10 1 3 0 7 1 10 0 4 2 2 Totals A (1-4) 42 7 8 9 51 4 1 1 52 5 B. Industrial schools, &c. C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Feeble-minded Children) D. Teachers' Superannuation and miscellaneous 1 9 0 4 0 9 1 9 0 4 0 9 1 9 0 4 0 9 Totals A, B, C, D 45 5 8 9 54 2 I 1 55 3

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1917. _ £ s. Excluding reserves revenue and expenditure on new i 14 0 buildings Including reserves revenue and expenditure on new J 18 6 buildings I 1918. d. £ s. 7 15 10 4 20 19 I ] d. | £ 7 I 17 4 j 24 I 1919. 1920.' s. d. I £ s. d. 8 8 J 17 10 3 ; 2 5 I 23 17 1 1921. £ s. d. 17 19 1 27 11 4

Table C. —Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1903-4 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).

Table D.—Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1903-4 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).

Table E.— Expenditure on Primary Education for each Individual on the Roll (206,297 in 1921) of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.

Table F.— Expenditure on Secondary Education for each Individual on the Roll (13,423 in 1921) of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.

(Figures given in every case to t ie nearesi 1903-4. 783,317 1908-9. 1,008,373 1913-14. I 1918-19. 1920-21. 1921-22. 1,158,139 I l,244,61l! 1,292,699 Population (including Maoris) .. 1,134,506 [ Total. I Total. I I Total. Total. Total. Branch of Education. Total. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and 572,000 training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and 53,000 seoondary departments of distriot high sohools, also toohnioal high schools from 1913-14 to 1920-21) (3.) Technical and continuation (including tech- 11,000 nieal high schools from 1921-22) (4.) Higher (University) .. .. .. 37,000 £ 572,000 £ 760,000 £ 1,013,000 £ £ £ 1,471,000 2,173,000 2,283,000 238,000 321,000 289,000 £ 2,283,000 53,000 98,000 157,000 289,000 11,000 42,000 42,000* 48,000* *63,000 147,000 77,000 102,0001 100,000 147,000 37,000 50,000 63,000 100,000 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. 673,000 673,000 950,000 1,275,000 1,834,000 2,659,0001 2,819,000 B. Industrial sohools, &c. .. .. .. 27,000 C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Feeble-minded 4,000 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. 3,000 27,000 4,000 31,000 6,000 45,000 7,000 50,000 11,000 97,0001 25, OOO] 115,000 20,000 3,000 7,000 33,000 61,000 68,0001 46,000 Totak A, B, C, D .. .. 707,000 707,000 994,000 1,360,000 1,956,000 2,849,000! 3,000,000 * Technical high schools incl' ided in secondi .ry education.

(Figures giv< in in every ca ,se to the neai rest penny.) Branch of Education. 1903-4. 1908-9. 1913-14. 1918-19. 1920-21. 1921-22. A. (1.) Primary (inoluding Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Seoondary (inoluding socondary schools and secondary departments of district high sohools, also technical high sohools from 1913-14 to 1920-21) (3.) Technical and continuation (including technical high schools in 1921-22) (4.) Higher (University) s. d. 13 1 s. d. 15 1 s. d. 17 10 s. d. 25 5 s. d. 34 11 s. d. 35 4 1 3 1 11 2 9 i 2 5 2 4 6 0 8 0 10 0 9* 0 10* 1 0* 2 8 0 10 10 1 2 1 4 1 8 1 7 Totals A (1-4) :. 15 5 18 10 22 6 31 9 42 9 43 8 B. Industrial schools, &c. C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Feeble-minded Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 7 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 9 0 2 0 10 0 2 1 7 0 5 1 9 0 4 0 1 0 2 0 7 1 0 1 1 0 9 Totals A, B, C, D 16 2 19 8 24 0 33 9 45 10 46 6 * Technical hif gh schools iucli ided in secoudi iry education.

1917. i 1918. 1919. | 1920. 1921. Excluding expenditure on new buildings Including expenditure on new buildings £ s. 7 7 7 12 d. | £ s. c 3 | 7 9 7 7 18 d. 9 4 £ s. d. 9 5 6 9 17 4 £ s. d. £ s. d. 10 17 9 11 1 4 12 7 5 12 14 8

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APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1922.

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries Clerical assistance 27,283 2,437 29,720 431 459 3,283 4,325 254 140 8 Travelling-expenses Telephones, office requisites, books of reference, &e. Postage and telegrams Printing and stationery Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising, &c... Overtime and meal-allowance Sundries 38,620 Elementary Education. Teachers' salaries (including pupil-teachers' and probationers' allowances) Teachers' house allowances Allowance for loss of salary 1,546,166 40,814 230 1,587,210 134,035 Goneral administrative purposes (including school committees' allowances) Organizing-teachers' salaries, &c. Removal of teachers Correspondence classes Manual instruction : Capitation School and class libraries School buildings and sites — Maintenance and repair of school buildings and residences Bent of buildings and sites used for school purposes Schools destroyed or damaged by fire —Rebuilding and repairs and rent of temporary premises Payment to Lands for Settlement Account for school-sites New buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences — Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 97,722 6,281 20,505* 1,895 328,228 14,102 934 44 75,924 685 Inspectors— Salaries Travelling and removal expenses Telephones, office requisites, &c. Extra clerical assistance, typing, &c. 29,515 10,650 75 358 454,631 40,598 School physical services— Salaries of instructors Courses of instruction Travelling-expenses, &c. Material for uniforms, <fcc. 4,486 244 3,252 1,391 4,486 244 3,252 1,391 9,373 39,084 Conveyance of school-children, teachers, and instructors ; and allowance for board of children School Journal —Printing, &c. Education Gazette —Printing, &c. Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account of public primary schools, including district high schools Sundries 8,063 110 13,711 116 Less miscellaneous recoveries 2,378,620 823 Carried forward 2,377,797f 2,416,417 * During the financial year £87,672 was recovered from the Fire Insu of financial years 1920-21 and 1921-22. t Including £46,389 from natioc education reserves. mrance Fund in tin 5nal-endowment roi nrance Fund in the nal-eudowment rosi 3 hands of the Public Trustee on account lerves revenue and £88,135 from primary-

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ £ 33,495 11,693 157,660 3,561 743 £ £ 2,410,417 Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for— District high schools : Secondary teachers—Salaries National Scholarships Payments to Secondary schools and colleges for— Salaries and incidental expenses Manual instruction capitation Subsidies on voluntary contributions New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. —Education Purposes Loans Aot, 1919 Rebuilding high school destroyed by fire From reserves revenue in accordance with Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools Marlborough High School: Statutory payment Inspectors' salaries Inspectors' travelling.expenses 81,197 4,156* 9,958 6,112 400 1,437 466 33,495 11,693 157,660 3,561 743 81,197 310,878t 4,150* 9,958 6,112 400 1,437 466 Technical Education. Salarios of Inspectors .. .. .. Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Technological examinations Capitation (including free places) and salaries Material for classos New buildings and permanent apparatus, &c.— Publio Works Fimd .. .. .. .. 2,491 Eduoation Purposes Loans Act, 1919.. .. .. 98,707 2,081 543 142 119,289 5,032 2,491 98,707 Rents Maintenance of buildings Conveyance of instructors Conveyance of pupils to technical schools .. .. .. ■ • . Subsidies on voluntary contributions Scholarships and bursaries Grant to Auckland Education Board to meet liabilities of Elam School of Art 101,198 1,517 560 679 4,386 3,991 3,173 1,136 " • 3» 244.627J Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salariesof staff (three-fifths; the other two-fifths ischarged to teachers' salaries, " Elementary Education ") Allowances and fees for students Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses Science apparatus and material New buildings, sites, furniture, <fcc.—Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 Training of teachers other than at training oolleges— Fares of teachers Classes at subcentres, <fcc. 25,527 116,670 2,484 281 7,342 3,542 2,312 Higher Education. 158,158§ Statutory grants — University of New Zealand — New Zealand University Act, 1908 .. .. 4,000 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 3,416 4,000 3,410 Auckland University College— Auckland University College Act, 1882 .. .. 4,0001| New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 8,000 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. 1,708 7,416 4,0001| 8,000 Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 .. .. .. 4,0001| New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 8,000 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. I 1,708 1,708 13,708 4,000|| 8,000 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 5,0001| 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue .. .. j 1,708 Additions to statutory grant: Finance Act, 1920 I 2,000 (section 43) ; 1,708 13,708 5,000|| 1,708 2,000 8,708 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 10,500|| 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue 1,708 10,500|| 1,708 12,208 Carried forward 3,130,080 3,130,080 * Amount recovered from Fire Insurance Fund. t Including £5,100 from natii £9,958 from secondary-education reserves revenue. J Including £2,550 from § Including £3,200 from national-endowment reserves revenue. || Includes £500 for Wc oual-endowment reserv national-endowment ri orkers' Educational Ass irves revenue, and reserves revenue. .ssociatiou Classes. ves revenue, i reserves reven sociatiou Clas

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

57

Brought forward £ £ £ 3,130,080 Higher Education — continued. Grants for new buildings, &c. —■ Auckland University College .. .. .. 1.500 Victoria University College .. .. .. .. 21,700 University of Otago .. .. .. .. 15,871 I 39.071 1.500 21,700 15,871 —■—'——• OH, U M Sir George Grey Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. 139 National Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. .. j 3,634 BursariesUniversity .. .. .. .. .. 10,002 Educational .. .. .. .. 870 Agricultural . . .. .. .. .. 922 11.794 —-— I 39,071 139 3,634 10,002 870 922 Workers' Educational Association— Grant for organization expenses .. .. .. .. 500 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 6,868 11,794 500 6,868 117,754 320 117,754 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 320 Native Schools. 117,434* Salaries (Teachers and Inspectors) .. .. .. .. 57,419 Special allowances: Isolated plaoes .. .. .. . 229 Higher education (including nursing scholarships) .. .. .. 4,297 Books, school requisites, sewing-material, &c. .. .. .. 1,546 Expenses of removals of teachers and travelling-expenses of .. 1,179 Inspectors Buildings : New schools, additional class-rooms, &c.—■ Education Purposes Loans Aot, 1919 .. .. 6,987 Rebuilding Native school destroyed by fire ... .. 42 Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. .. .. 4,058 ■ ■ 11.087 57,419 229 4,297 1,546 1,179 6,987 42 4,058 11,087 327 . 11,US7 Manual instruction: Payment of instructors and material .. 327 for classes Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. .. 1,456 Sundries—Advertising, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 69 1,456 69 77,609 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 6 77,609 6 School for the Deaf. Salarios .. .. .. • .. .. .. 5,294 General maintenance of institution .. .. .. .. 2,407 Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils .. .. .. 288 Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. .. .. . . 369 New buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39 Advertising, &o. .. .. .. .. .. .. 19 5,294 2,407 288 369 39 19 77,603f 8,416 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 2,380 8,416 2,380 6.036J Education of the Blind. 524 423 Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland .. .. .. 524 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 423 Schools for the Feeble-minded. 101 Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,969 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 475 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 834 Maintenance of institutions, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 5,563 Additional buildings, <fcc. .. .. .. .. .. 493 Advertising, .fee. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 8,969 475 834 5,563 493 10 in mi 16,344 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 5,154 16,344 5,154 11,190. Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 1,682 New buildings .. .. .. .. .. 1,137 Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 31,012 Boarding out of children, &c. .. .. .. .. 71,670 Refund of maintenance payments .. .. .. 152 Refund of inmates' earnings .. .. .. .. 59 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. . . .. 8,807 Law costs .. .. . . .. .. .. 14 Libraries .. . • •. ■. . • .. 29 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services, &c. 884 Rent, office requisites, &c. .. .. .. .. 834 Special instruction, &c... .. .. . . .. 36 Carried forward 3,342,444 * Including £10,248 paid from national-endowment roserves revenue. t Including £1,050 paid from nai reserves revenue. J Including £200 from national-endowment reserves revenue. § Including £ endowment reserves revenue. tional-endowmen 1400 from national

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58

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

SUMMARY.

Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, notlgivon ; printing (1,450 copies), £85.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 922,

Price, Is. 3d.]

Brought forward Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &c. — continued. Rent: Te Oranga Home Maintenance of inmates in Government schools, &o. Maintenance of inmates in private industrial sohools Maintenance of inmates in other institutions Wages of inmates Sundries £ 15 20,588 2,466 13 181 10 .£ £ 3,342,444 139,589 108,622* Less recoveries— Amounts received from parents and others, and sales of farm produce, &c. 30,967 Material and Stores. Stores and material purchased Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. 14,099 516 14,615 18,960 Less recoveries (stores issued and issues on payments) Or. 4,345 Miscellaneous. 7,358 350 Audit fees Examination exponses: Teachers', Public Service, and Scholarships Less recoveries (fees and Public Service Commissioner's share of cost) Grading of Teachers : Advertising, &c. War bursaries Training-classes for returned soldiers Publio Libraries: Subsidies .. .. .. Teachers' Superannuation Fund— Government contribution Free Kindergartens— Subsidy to new buildings Government contributions 5,425 1,933 505 565 624 43 43,000 382 2,310 2,692 200 402 Expenses departmental officers' visits overseas Grant to Wellington Education Board: Expenses case Delaney versus Wellington Technical School Board Conference of education authorities New Zealand ensigns Compassionate allowance to widow of late H. A. Smithson .. Compassionate allowance to Mrs. Miller Entertainment, New South Wales teachers: Grant towards expenses 200 140 104 50 25 Less recoveries 50,833 181 50,652 Total £3,497,373 * Including £2,000 paid from the Nationi tl Endowment Iteser •ves Fund.

Service. Paid from Parliamentary Votes. Paid from Reserves Revenue. Totals. General Administration Elementary Education Secondary Education Technical Instruction Training Colleges, &c. Higher Education Native Schools.. School for the Deaf Education of the Blind Schools for the Feeble-minded Industrial Schools and probation system .. Material and Stores Miscellaneous Services £ 38,620 2,243,273 295,820 242,077 154,958 107,186 75,953 5,836 101 10,790 106,622 Or. 4,345 50,652 £ 134,524 15,058 2,550 3,200 10,248 1,650 200 £ 38,620 2,377,797 310,878 244,627 158,158 117,434 77,603 6,036 101 11,190 108,622 Cr. 4,345 50,652 400 2,000 Totals 3,327,543 169,830 3,497,373 Note. —For a statement of the cost of education, inolusr mdowment reserves, see Table A, page 53. _ e of the amoun collected from lucational bodies'