DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, AND COMMERCE. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1917-18.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1918 Session I-II, H-29

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Session 11. 1918. NE W ZEAL A N D.

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES, AND COMMERCE. ANNUAL REPORT FOR 1917-18.

Presented to both Houses of Parliament by Command of His Excellency.

Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce, My Lord,— Wellington, 17th My, 1918. 1 have the honour to forward herewith, for your Excellency's information, the report of the Department of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce of the Dominion lor the financial year , ended the 31st March last. 1 have, &c, W. I). 8. Mac Donald, Minister of Agriculture. IFis Excellency the Karl of Liverpool. Governor-General of New Zealand.

REPORT OF THE MINIBTEE OF AGRICULTURE. Pekhapm the, most salient feature of New Zealand agriculture during the year—a period comprising most of the fourth year of the Great War —has been its remarkable ability to " carry on " at a level of production but little below normal. Such a. record, achieved in lace of the steadily increasing shortage of rural man-power (both young farmers and employees) speaks clearly for the hard work and practical efficiency of our agricultural community. Although a little help was given from the towns at harvest-time, then; was practically no general call for organized assistance from that direction, nor were women volunteer workers from outside forthcoming, as in Britain. Practically all credit is thus due to the fanners and their wives and families, together with the regular rural labour remaining. The country is to he congratulated, indeed, on the maintenance in such solidity of its proverbial backbone agriculture. The season was on the whole favourable lor the pastoral and dairy branches of agriculture, but less so as regards arable cropping, cereals in particular. After high early expectations the wheat crop in Canterbury turned out disappointingly, this being the third successive adverse season in the district which form:; the Dominion's natural granary. The result has been to make necessary further extensive importations of wheat from Australia. The question of the future of wheatgrowing in New Zealand and the self-reliance of the Dominion as regards its breadstuff's is one for serious consideration. The position must be faced with a definite policy, and lam confident that measures can be taken affording the farmer sufficient competitive inducement to produce wheat without unduly affecting the consumer. When it is considered that the aggregate area necessary to provide our present wheat requirements is not above 300,000 acres, the problem, after all, does not assume proportions of very great magnitude. Moreover, the shortage of labour, which has affected this and other branches of cropping, will largely right itself when our land-workers return

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in force after 11 1 o war. These remarks apply also to sonic extent- to oats and barley, the production of which has been below par, also involving dependence on Australian supplies. The acreage under maize increased, but not sufficiently to obviate importation of this grain. The wealth of the Dominion has been enhanced by substantial increases in sheep and cattle. Such a movement is not only beneficial through direct returns to the stockowner, but owing to the valuable part played by stock in the process of breaking in new country and in pasture-manage-ment generally. It is palpable to the observer travelling in many parts of the Dominion that large areas are understocked from this point of view, fern arid rubbish steadily gaining ground. Reverted holdings of this sort can only be regarded as a standing reproach to the whole community, as evidence of a faulty rural economy. When the position becomes normal once again the rural labour forces and energies might well be largely directed to " cleaning up " country that has gone back of late years. If such work were accompanied by sound practice as regards grasses and pasture-development generally it should assuredly prove a [laying proposition. In a well-organized community such measures should really precede the tackling of further areas of virgin country bush land in particular. In regard to pastures, it is a matter for satisfaction that the subject of our grasslands and their associations is being studied effectively by competent authorities, and the Department of Agriculture may fairly claim to be taking the, lead in this respect. A brief return to the live-stock census is necessary in order to refer to the further regrettable decrease in the number of pigs in the Dominion. Somewhat like wheat-growing in the sphere of arable farming, pig-raising and pork-production has suffered from the greater attention given by farmers to other lines of production yielding easier profits. The general reasoning for a maintenance of sufficient wheat-production may also be applied to a, development of our pig-stocks. Moreover, under good management, the pig is a most profitable farm animal, comparing fully in this respect with sheep and cattle, as shown, for instance, by the experience of the United States, Canada, Denmark, &C. It is true thai the present trend of the dairy industry from butter-produc-tion to the manufacture of cheese, dried milk, casein, and sugar of milk is absorbing much of the by-product formerly available for pig-raising, but this can be counteracted by simple measures of pig-food production on the, farm by means of forage-cropping. One would like to see a rally in pigraising to speedily double the, present wholly inadequate stock of a quarter-million head. Our main primary industries- meat and dairy-produce- have continued to flourish, the factors of stability, security, profit, and last bill, not least shipping, b< , ing provided under the system of purchase by the Imperial Government. The prices received by the producers, although handsome, have all along been most moderate compared with values obtaining on open markets. It is safe to say that the returns from our staple products received from the Imperial authorities have liltered through to the whole community, and have enabled us to pay our way in the war in such a, remarkable manner. In connection with the frozen-meat industry beef-production shows a wellmaintained expansion as compared with pre-war times. The sheep, however, keeps its easily predominant position in the animal husbandry of the Dominion, the "golden fleece," coupled with mutton and \:\ nb, placing it far ahead of all rivals as a wealth-producer. The dairy industry, however, is expanding steadily in output and value, our cheese export in particular, with an annual production of over 50,000 tons, now bulking really large in international statistics. A feature of the, dairy year was a prospective boom in dried-milk or milk-powder manufacture, from which phenomenal returns are figured at present prices. In this connection I deemed it my duty to utter a caution against precipitate action on the part of our co-operative dairy companies involving very large capital expenditure on plant; with expectations based on war-time prices. It would seem wise to allow those few dairy companies which are pioneering the new enterprise with improved drying processes to demonstrate the business by actual experience, In the meantime various by-products of milk afford plenty of scope, for further profitable exploitation under the present, disposition of the dairy industry. Fruitgrowing, poultry-farming, beekeeping, and other of our lesser rural industries have given a, good account of themselves this notwithstanding the continued absence of an export outlet fur fruit through shortage of shipping-space, and the high prices and scarcity of cereal I Is for poultry. The honey-producers have enjoyed phenomenally high prices for their output, according with values on the, British market. The shortage of shipping for transporting our staple products overseas has again been a source of anxiety, and must probably remain so until after the war, largely owing to the vast transatlantic tonnage requirements of our American allies. While heavy shipments were made, the stores were not cleared before the output of the 1917—18 season began to come in, and the accumulations gained steadily in most lines. The position was met in the frozen-meat and dairy industries by a further provision of cold-storage accommodation, The enterprise displayed in this respect by all

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concerned, in the face of great difficulties caused by the scarcity of requisite plant and material) is a matter for real congratulation. The freezing companies, associated dairy companies, and other parties Lave shown commendable self-reliance in financing these undertakings, but where necessary the Government has given financial assistance on easy terms. Granted a supply of shipping equal to that of the past year, ■cur primary industries should be able to maintain production fairly normally in the ensuing season, but various precautionary measures have been studied in case of emergency. Farmers also should in all cases endeavour to put themselves on the safe side as regards I,heir stock by raising ample auxiliary fodder crops. I cannot leave the subject of shipping without recording a tribute to the, splendid work of the Navy in keeping open our vital trade communications, and to the dogged fortitude of the mercantile marine in carrying on regardless of dangers. Our debt to the sea services of the Empire both nationally and economically can never be overstated. Agricultural development and increased production will undoubtedly be the country's main concern after the war, and our best knowledge and energies must be directed to the (.ask'. A great strengthening of the .scientific and instructional staffs of the Department of Agriculture is called for in this connection. Such measures as comprehensive soil-surveys must be pushed on, the supply of fertilizers and lime better organized, the noxious-weeds problem dealt with comprehensively, the rabbit pest tackled radically. "Better farming" and "more farming" must withal be accompanied by measures for better communications, better roads, better housing for farm-workers, and other facilities which will increase the attractiveness and amenities of rural life, and draw population to the country. Advice to the Jess-experienced soldier settlers, who may be expected to number thousands in the near future, is another activity which falls naturally to this Department. The provision of training facilities for ex-soldiers qualifying to take up land also calls for action. A great- and increasing responsibility thus rests upon the authorities and their advisers. Cooperation between all Government Departments concerned (Agriculture, Lands, IJducation, and any administration dealing directly with repatriation), local bodies, and farmers' organizations, together with co-ordination of the various activities, will be required in special degree. The Board of Agriculture, which has been doing valuable service in studying many rural questions, will doubtless find a, still larger scope for its functions in connection with after-war measures. Like the fanning community itself, the Department of Agriculture has had to " carry, on " during the period under review much handicapped by staff difficulties due to war conditions. Nevertheless most of its various services and activities have been maintained in a, very creditable degree. An account of the Department's work in all branches is given in the reports of the Secretary and other heads which follow. w _ D j|aoDonalb.

REPORT OF Till'; SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, INDUSTRIES. AND COMMERCE FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1918. Wellington, 15th duly, 1918. The lion. Minister of Agriculture, and of Industries and Commerce. I BEG to submit the annual reports of the Department for the year ended 31st March last. The continuance- of the war throughout the period has precluded any great forward movement, but practically the whole of the services have been maintained in spite of the steadily increasing difficulties. The following are the salient points of the appended reports as regards departmental activities : J Live-stock Division. The control of animal-disease called for a normal amount of action during the year. To more effectively cope with blackleg in the Auckland District the declared affected area was considerably extended! This lias greatly increased the work of inoculation and. preparation of vaccine, but the results have been satisfactory. Experimental work with a preventive vaccine for contagious abortion of dairy cows was carried on. but has not yet reached a definite stage as regards results. A slight increase has again taken place in tuberculosis among cattle and pigs, as disclosed by inspection at slaughter. The inspectors of Stock have devoted much of their time to following up this trouble on the farms, and. it is hoped to deal with it to a still greater extent during the present year. Experimental work in bush sickness on new lines has been commenced, and when the general situation is more normal closer attention will, it is hoped, enable useful results to be obtained. What might be termed a mild scare was caused in the North Auckland district by an abnormal occurrence of ticks on cattle, horses, &c. These ticks are identified as distinct, from the Queensland cattle-lit-I<, and tick fever has'never been present in New Zealand, ; moreover, importation of cattle from affected countries

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is prohibited ; there is thus email cause for alarm. Regulations dealing with the matter, are, however, being considered. The important work of inspection of dairies supplying milk lor domestic consumption in the towns has engaged close attention. The structural and sanitary conditions of these dairies is steadily improving, but the occupiers are often lessees only, and legislation appears to be advisable placing a share ot the cost of improvements on the owner in such cases. The Division again rendered much direct service in'connection with Imperial purchases of meat, wool, &c. For a large part of the year the Director , was engaged as a, member of a. special, committee set up to deal with the wooi-purcha.se scheme, also the acquisition of sheep-skins and hides. In addition to supervising meat-grading on Imperial account at the freezing-works, the Meat Inspectors carried out checking and. certifying duties in regard to slipe wool and other by-products acquired. The high price and scarcity of cereal foodstuffs was a severe test to the poultry industry, and led to very heavy culling of inferior birds. In this work the expert advice of the Poultry Instructors has been largely availed of. Feeding tests were continued at Milton Poultry Station, and gave further valuable evidence that wheat and pollard could be profitably substituted by other cheaper and more easily obtained foods. Fields Division. The divisional headquarters were transferred to Weraroa in April, in circumstances referred to last year. Although difficulties were at first experienced in connection with accommodation, administrative and professional work, of unusual volume has been transacted, and numerous .special duties arising out of the war still further widened the scope of the Division's activities. The corps of student-assistants was much reduced from various causes, including the operation of the. Military Service. Act. Owing to the uncertainty of retaining new students and providing adequate instruction during the currency of the war no vacancies have been filled. The proposal for a scheme of farm-management surveys in districts did not advance beyond the preliminary stage. The mutter remains one of essential importance, and the work should be the basis of all fields instructional efforts. The experimental work at (lie headquarters station (Central Development Farm), in addition to Ihe usual fertilizer and variety tests, embraced a number of defined projects, 'such as calf-rearing methods, relative values of summer forages for milk-production, pork-production on forage crops, crosses for fat-lamb production, and temporary pastures for intensive dairy farms. Useful data were secured along these lines. Operations at Ruakura have been well maintained all round. There is a growing tendency to load this station with various kinds of public service not directly concerned with the work of the farm propel , , but which legitimately call for performance, such as agricultural training for teachers, training-college students, &c. The problem of the near future is how to meet these and other demands of the public without unduly increasing expenditure. The Moumahaki Experimental Farm has continued to play a useful role in the Wellington-West Coast district. In spite of exceptional labour difficulties the farm and stock have been kept at an excellent level. The As-hburton Experimental Farm, operated by the Department during the last two or three years, is now beginning to give useful results from extensive series of experiments and trials. A good deal of experimental work was done in the various districts under the several [fields Supervisors. Plots to further test the capabilities of the. northern gum lands were established, at Puwera.. near Whangarci. In regard to pumice-land tests, additional land has been acquired in the Taupo neighbourhood with the object of extending the work, and important points will be subjected to experimental determination. In Hawkc's Bay activities have been carried out in conjunction with the Hawke's Bay Farming Development Association, an organization comprising local agricultural and pastoral associations, County Councils, and other local bodies. The most interesting feature in Taranaki was the initiation of a model dairy farm and experimental area at Stratford, by a local society presided over by the Department's Fields Supervisor and subsidized by the Government. Operations at the Marton Experimental Area have been continued. Work in Canterbury has been mainly concentrated on the promotion of lucerne-growing. In Southland an experimental area at Gore was given a start with useful cropping schemes, and will be furl her developed. The position as regards the rabbit nuisance remains much the same as in previous years. One of the causes of increase of the pest in certain districts was the calling-up of the. local Fields Inspectors, and unavoidable delays in filling vacancies. After the war the position existing in the South in consequence of the revenue obtainable from the export of rabbits both carcases and skins will have to be dealt with by legislation, unless large areas that are capable of carrying live-stock of a more profitable nature are to be practically devoted to the rabbit industry. Tin' control of noxious weeds is still the bugbear of the Depart incut and those officers who have to administer the Act relating to it. Owing to war conditions tin . Act has been administered leniently mi I with discretion, especially in badly affected districts, but in districts comparatively free from noxious weeds more stringent efforts have been made to protect the lands from infection. HORTICULTUKU DIVISION. Plantings ol commercial orchards during the year showed a considerable decrease compared with I lie previous period, but were still substantial. No export was possible owing to shipping-shortage, but the industry continued to be built up all round. The assistance offered by the Fruit Preserving Industry Act was well availed of for the provision of cool stores, &c.

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Spraying experiments for various orchard pests and diseases, which have been a leading feature of t lie Division's work for some time, were in particular directed towards control of brown-rot of stonefruit, a serious fungus disease comparatively new to New Zealand. Special schemes of control were initiated in co-operation with individual growers and growers. , associations, as well us at the Department's stations. The horticultural stations continue to lie developed on improved lines. At Te Kauwhata the planting of commercial orchards for future disposal proceeded, and the planting of a special orchard with commercial varieties of apples for demonstrating various matters in connection with commercial fruitgrowing was also carried out. At A.rataki the main feature of the work was a series of spraying experiments and tests of spraying compounds, for which the whole of the fruit-trees of the station were utilized. The Tauranga station is still under the process of thorough rearrangement, and several new features are progressing, such as a fruit-tree nursery, testing stocks, citrus-fruit culture, and lemon-curing. As regards beekeeping, an important feature <>! the Divisions work has been the reorganization of the apiary at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction on experimental lines. This .should prove of great usefulness to the industry. The establishment of a queen-rearing apiary at the Tauranga Horticultural Station has been put in hand. During the year regulations for the registration of all apiaries, from one hive upwards, came into force, and should prove of much help in controlling disease, &c. Large quantities' of export honey came forward for grading by the Division's graders. Assistance to viticulture was maintained by the services of the Vine and Wine Instructor, together with the usual inspection work. The vintage; was on the whole light. The viuehou.se, branch of the industry was stationary, largely owing to the very high cost of constructional materials. Dairy Division. The question of instruction as affecting the dairy-farmers and tin , law material of the industry calls for early action. Hitherto the manufacturing stage has claimed the first attention of the small staff of instructors, and only a, limited amount of service has been accorded to the milk- and creamsupplying side. The condition of large numbers of dairy-farm premises and the practice of the suppliers are very faulty, undoubtedly constituting the weak link in the industry. If is considered (lint' the farmers are now decidedly more in need ol instructional assistance than are the men in charge of Ihe factories, and failing the appointment of an extra, number of qualified men to visit, the farms il- is open to question whether the services of the officers now principally engaged in factory instruction would not be. more profitably spent, in supervising the farm end of the business. With the extension of the cheese industry the production of whey butter is steadily increasing, but a, large proportion of it is of inferior quality, and it would lie in the interests of the butter industry in genera! if a, minimum standard, were set for whey butter below which its manufacture would be prohibited. Grading of butter and cheese has been maintained without alteration in standards. The proposal to raise the minimum points for first-grade creamery butter to i>o was not carried out, it, being doubtful whether the majority of the industry supported the change, and the factory stall' difficulties owing to military service calls, &.<•■., making the time inopportune jor such a change. The matter is deferred until more normal conditions obtain. Casein-production made further progress, and the instructors in charge of this branch of work have succeeded in working out, an improved method whereby tin , casein from buttermilk can b<; fecovered tit small expense. Steps were taken to protect the process by patent rights, the intention being to place it at the disposal of the dairy industry free of any royalties. The service of semi-official testing ol purebred dairy cows was continued with well-sustained support from breeders and others. Association testing continued to receive assistance from the Division at several dairying centres. Chemistb'X Section. A fair amount of soil-survey work was carried out in connection with deficiency diseases of stock and otherwise, and a, large number of soils have been analysed. If is hoped to publish a systematic account of the soils of one area, shortly. In addition to a, lull measure ol routine analytical work, matters connected with limestone and lime, phosphates, and potash supply have continued to receive a, large, measure ol attention. A special investigation oi indigenous lans and dyes was made, and is proceeding. A considerable a mount of work was also carried out lor other Departments. Biology Suction. Many plant-diseases have been specially destructive during the period, and a, special investigation of dry-rot of swedes was initiated. Brown-rol of stone-fruit also received attention. The appointment of an Entomologisi has strengthened the Section in that branch, and a, considerable amount' of work' in the. life-history of many insects in New Zealand is being undertaken. The, seed-testing service has been kept very busy, and the time seems ripe for the enactment of pure-seed legislation similar to that adopted by many other countries, including now the United Kingdom. Tin , study of pastures and pasture-management has continued a, strong feature of the Biologist's work. A regular course of agricultural botany was given to the student-assistants at the Central Development Farm.

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Conclusion. I wish here to express the deepest sympathy with the relatives and friends of those,officers of the Department who have laid down their lives in the glorious light lor freedom, and to congratulate those who have, up to the present, come through the manifold dangers of the war. And, finally, 1 desire most heartily to thank the members of the staff who, being themselves unable to render military sendee, have throughout this most trying year assisted to keep the work of the Department as nearly as possible, at the high level the country now expects of it. P. 8. Pope, Secretary.

THE. WAR: DEPARTMENTAL ROLL OK HONOUR. Killed. Emerson, P. T. (Lieutenant). Mansfield, A. B. (Corporal). Flower; W. B. F. (Lieutenant). Primmer, .1. 11. (Captain). Holm, J. W. (Private). Webb, T. C. (Private). Hunter, J. (Private). Dial of Wounds. Hannah, W. H. (Private). Robinson, A. .1. (Corporal). Huntington, S. H. (2nd Lieutenant). Waugh, («. N. (Captain). Kirkland, J. (Private). Wounded. Bailey, W. (Private). Lyford, F. A. (Private). Cain, W, G. (2nd lieutenant), (twice). Mitohell, C. (!. M. (Sergeant), (three times) Cullen, T. L. (Sergeant). Manro, 1). (Major). Dallas, W. K. (Lance-Corporal). Paisley, A. (2nd Lieutenant). Edgar, P. M. (Major). Spragg, C. R. (Major). Fraer, A. 11.. (Gunner). Storey, A. W. (Private). (Jill. A. M. (Private). Toulson, R. L. (i. (Private). Howard, E. C. (Captain). Webster, F, R. (Private). Isbister, R. (Private). Whitehead, 11. 0. (Private). McLew, W. EL (Sergeant-major), (three times). Willis. E. 0. (Private), how, J. (Private); Deoobations. Distinguished-service Order. Military, Cms?. Staft'prd, J. (Major). Paisley, A. (2nd Lieutenant). Military Medal-. Croix tic Guerre. (Jill, A. M. (Lance-Corporal). Jllake, T. A. (Captain). Mitchell, G. G. M. (Sergeant).

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APPB N 13 IX. LIVE-STOCK DIVISION. REPORT OF TIIK DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR. Wellington, 15th Juno. 1918. The Secretary of Agriculture., Industries, and Commerce. I POEWARD herewith the annual report on the operations of this division for bhe year li)I7 -IS. ('. .1. Reakbs, D.V.Sc. M.R.C.V.8., Director. Introduction. In spite of the depletion of the staff consequent upon the war the various duties assignod to this division have been carried out without serious difficulty. For some months practically the whole ol mv lime was occupied hv special work in connection with Imperial Government purchases of wool, hides, skins, &C, and during this period the direction of the work of the division was efficiently conducted by the principal officers of the headquarters staff, Messrs. A. H. Young, Veterinary Supervisor, and Mr. ,1. L. Bruce, Assistant Director, with Mr. A. Ironside, Chief Clerk. At the same time the whole stall of the division worked intelligently and energetically, and the general good work done is fully appreciated. Owing to the number of trained Meat Inspectors who have joined the Forces, responsible duties had perforce to he entrusted to men who should have had a longer period of training beforehand. These officers, however, have done their best, and the results under the circumstances must be regarded as being quite satisfactory. • A.NIMAL-DIBKASE. No serious outbreak of disease among live-stock has occurred during the year, and those disease's which are already established in the Dominion have been kept well under control. Blackleg.- During the year new regulations were gazetted for the purpose of enabling blackleg to lie more effectively coped with in the Auckland Provincial District, practically the whole of the country from Auckland City southwards to and including Waitoino County and the top corner of West Taupo County, but not including Tauranga, Rotorua, or Bast Taupo Counties on the east, being declared an affected area. As a result of this the work of inoculation against blackleg is very greatly increased, and up to the 31st March 226,100 doses of vaccine had been sent out from the laboratory for use in the Auckland and Taranaki Districts. In the preceding twelve months the total number of doses sent out was 133,880. The effect of this inoculation work has been satisfactory. and the number of deaths from the disease has been Very small. Contagious Abortion in Cows.- This has caused some trouble during the year, but nothing more than usual. The officer in charge of the. laboratory is carrying out- some experimental work with a preventive vaccine, this being based on the work which is being done in England in the same direotion. The cultures necessary for the preparation of the vaccine were obtained from England, and the result is looked forward to with interest. This cannot be known until the coming spring. If it proves satisfactory, work on a much larger scale will be undertaken. One drawback to this method of combating the disease lies in the fact that the, doses of vaccine which require to be administered are bulky, this necessitating the preparation of large quantities of the material if the method is extensively adopted. Another point is that the treatment can be applied only to empty cows. Contagious Mammitis. This continues to be prevalent in the dairying districts, and is an exceedingly troublesome disease to combat. Large numbers of specimens of milk from suspected animals are examined at the laboratory, and all advice and assistance possible is given to farmers. Bush Sickness. —Experimental work in connection with this dietetic trouble is being continued at the Mamaku Farm, and further information regarding the methods of treatment has been acquired. While the value of phosphatie manures as a means of combating the trouble has been further emphasized, it is evident that these alone are not sufficient to completely overcome the trouble, though they certainly enhance the grazing-value of the land to which they are applied to a very great extent, and enable cattle and sheep to remain in normal health for a considerably longer period than would be the ease with animals grazed on land not top-dressed. Experimental work ©n new lines is bui"g carried out, but it is regretted that pressure of work in other directions has to some extent debarred the investigation work being carried out so closely and thoroughly as would be possible under normal conditions. The, results of the general farming-work carried out on the Mamaku Farm, apart from experiments, have been satisfactory from a financial standpoint. Tuberculosis. The complete returns obtained from the results of the inspection of stock on slaughter at abattoirs and meat-export slaughterhouses show that a slight increase has again taken place in the percentage of cattle and pigs found affected with tuberculosis in any degree. While this

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increase is very small—namely, only 0-36 per cent,. —it yet indicates the necessity for using all possible precautions to control the spread of this disease. The figures show that from 290,150 cattle examined 8-04. per cent, were found to be affected with tuberculosis in some degree, a large number of them being only slightly affected. In the case of pigs the percentage affected in any degree was 11-7. In view of the enhanced value of both cattle and pigs it is necessary that every assistance should be given to farmers in taking measures to prevent this disease becoming troublesome among their stock, and in this connection it is very satisfactory to note that a very large proportion of the time of Inspectors of Stock, e pecially in dairying districts, is occupied in visiting farms for the purpose of examining animals reported on by their owners as being suspected of being affected with tuberculosis. Though hampered by shortness of staff, it is hoped that during the coming year generous assistance may be given to farmers in this direction. Actinomycosis.—-An unusually large number of cases have been reported during the year, particularly in the South Island. When discovered in a sufficiently early stage medicinal treatment lias been, adopted with successful results. Ticks on Farm-animals.- Considerable concern was manifested by settlers and others in the district north of Auckland on account of the unusually large number of ticks found on cattle, horses, dogs, &c., in the district These ticks are of two varieties—viz., Hcemaphysalis 'punctata and Ixodes ricinus, the first-named being most frequently met with. These ticks are distinct from the tick which acts as a carrier of disease among cattle in Queensland, that tick being known by the name Boophilus bovis. Apart from such effects as they might cause in the direction of injuring hides of cattle harbouring them, and withdrawing blood from the body, no harmful results have been discovered as a result of the presence of these parasites, and they are in themselves quite incapable of causing disease. Even in Queensland, and in other countries where the cattle-disease known as tick fever is present, ticks do not themselves cause the disease, but simply act as carriers of infection from animal to animal. This disease has never been present in New Zealand, and, as the importation of cattle from Australia, the United States, and South Africa is absolutely prohibited, there is every reason to believe that so long as the existing quarantine regulations continue it will not gain entrance here. Live-stock. Cattle.- An enumeration of the cattle in the Dominion taken in January, 1917, showed an increase of 157,739 head as compared with that of the previous year. Sheep. Sheep returns taken as at the 30th April, 1917, showed an increase of 686,329 sheep in the North Island, and a decrease of 204,093 in the South Island, there being thus a net increase for the whole Dominion of 482,236. The decrease in the South Island is principally due to the dry seasons experienced in 1915-16 and 1916-17. The present season has been of a different character, and feed is plentiful, consequently the shortage of sheep in the South Island has been felt. Several shipments of ewes were sent from the North Island to Lyttelton. Pigs. The number of pigs in the Dominion is decreasing, and during the present season the effects of this have been felt not only through short supplies available for bacon-factories, but also through the resulting high values which have ruled. On the 22nd October, 1917, the export of pork from the Dominion was prohibited. The decrease in numbers as compared with the previous year was 13,731, and the previous year had shown a decrease over the year before. It is hoped that the keen demand and high value ruling for pigs during the year will have the effect of considerably increasing pig-production next season. Slaughter of Stock for Export. The arrangement made under which ail export meat is purchased by the Imperial Government has been of the utmost value to stockowners, the fixed values having kept the market steady, while at the same time the fact of ail export meat being purchased has ensured the sale, at sufficiently remunerative prices, of all fat stock available for slaughter for export. For the portion of the present season up to the 31st March the South Island showed a decrease in the number of stock slaughtered in meat-export slaughterhouses, as compared with the ( same period of the previous season, of 19,027 cattle, 205,911 sheep, and 497,051 lambs. This, however, must not be looked upon as being due to decreased production, or to an intention to carry stock over instead of slaughtering it, but is really the result of the seasonal conditions, stock not fattening so quickly or readily as usual in some districts. It is expected that the South Island season will probably be longer than usual, and that in the end the quantity slaughtered will not be much less than last year, unless perhaps in tne case of lambs, a larger number than usual of which may be-carried over in order to assist in overcoming the existing shortage. The North Island shows an increase of cattle and sheep slaughtered over the same period of the previous year, this increase being—cattle 3,038, and sheep 314,071. Lambs show a decrease of 105,096. Meat-export Slaughterhouses. One new meat-export slaughterhouse was opened during the; year at Whakatane. Another, at Kakariki; near Marton, was practically completed. In order to be prepared against possible shortage of shipping during the season, cold-storage accommodation at meat-export slaughterhouses has been largely increased during the year. The question of providing additional cold storage was placed before the freezing companies by the Right Hon. the Prime Minister and the Minister of Agriculture in August, 1917, and the action by the companies in taking steps to provide this is most satisfactory, and is highly appreciated. Arrangements were made by the Government to provide a certain amount of financial assistance where desired, but several companies relied solely on their own resources to

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provide the necessary accommodation. In all, additional storage for 1,350,000 freight carcases lias been provided, and this is already proving of very great value. A further arrangement for utilizing to the l>est advantage all available cold storage has been adopted. This consists of cutting into two portions all mutton and lamb carcases, the cut being made slightly in front of the haunch-bone. Alter being thus divided the hinder portion is packed inside the chest-cavity, a neat and compact package resulting. As a result, a, saving of approximately 25 per cent, of space has accrued, thus not only enabling the cold storage in the Dominion to lie utilized to greater advantage, but also enabling a greater number of carcases to be shipped, on each steamer loading. Inspection of Meat. Difficulty was again experienced in maintaining the meat-inspection staff at sufficient strength to effectively carry out the work of the inspection of meat for local consumption and for export, but in spite of these difficulties the work has been carried out very satisfactorily. The following are the numbers of each class of stock slaughtered under , direct inspection during the year Ist April, 191,7, to the 31st March, L9lB : Cattle, 290,150 ; calves, 14,480 ; sheep, 3,417,582 ; lambs, 2,675,1.46 ; swine, 137,239. These figures show an increase in sheep of 75,672 when compared with the corresponding period of last year, but the other classes of stock show the following decreases : Cattle, 38,558; calves, 4,91.6; lambs, 736,475; swine, Hi,205. These decreases have principally taken place in the South Island; but, as stated elsewhere, this decrease will no doubt be considerably, if not wholly, reduced before the end of the slaughtering season. The following table indicates the destination of the dressed carcases, those animals slaughtered at abattoirs being almost wholly for local consumption, and those slaughtered at meat-export slaughterhouses being (except in the case of swine) intended principally lot , export: ... At. Meat-export At Baoonat, Aimuon-M. Slaughterhouses. factories. Cattle .. .. .. .. 78,83] 211. .319 Calves .. .. .. .. 11. 36-1 3,116 Sheep .. .. .. ..449,313 2,968.269 Lambs .. .. .. 66,012 2.609.134 Swine .. .. .. .. 40.806 36.708 59.725 At ordinary slaughterhouses the stock killed was as follows : Cattle, 51.150 ; calves, 816 ; sheep, 213,762; lambs, 20,297 ; swine, 15,297. In addition, 27,004 carcases of pigs were killed and dressed by farmers under the exemption clause of the Slaughtering and Inspection Act, and the dressed carcases were inspected in butchers' shops and small, bacon-factories. Importation of Breeding-stock. In spite of the war and the frequent difficulties connected with shipping, the importation of good breeding-stock has continued to some extent, the total number imported being as follows : Bulls, 14 ; heifers, 27; cows, 4; calf, I ; rams, 5; ewes, 12. Inspection ok Daibies supplying Milk to Towns. This work has been carried on steadily during the year, and, in view of its importance from the standpoint of safeguarding human health, ever) , effort has been made to keep it up to the best standard of efficiency possible under the circumstances. It is satisfactory to note that the structural and sanitary conditions of dairies is steadily improving. One great drawback, however, to the enforcement of better structural conditions on some dairy farms lies jn the fact that the occupiers are only the lessees of the places, and not, the owners ; consequently considerable hardship is inflicted on a man who is compelled to go to extensive expenditure in new buildings, or in improvements to existing buildings, when nea.ring the end of his lease, with no certainty of being able to renew it. When a suitable time comes, the question of enacting legislation under which owners of such premises must bear their share of the cost of such improvements should be considered. Specimens of mixed milk from the herds supplying the principal oentres with milk continue to be sent to the laboratory for special examination for the presence of tubercle bacilli or other injurious microbe organisms. These samples, generally .speaking, have been found free from dangerous contamination. Purchase of Supplies by Imperial Government. The services of a number of the members of the staff of the division have been largely utilized in connection with the carrying-out of the arrangements made for the purchase of meat, wool, and hides for the Imperial Government. Early in 1917 the Hon. the Minister who, in the absence of the Prime Minister, was in charge of the purchase of Imperial supplies set up a committee to organize all the arrangements necessary for giving effect to the Imperial Government's request that wool and sheep-skins be purchased on its behalf, this committee also later making the necessary arrangements for the purchase of hides. This committee consisted of Messrs. W. G. Foster, W. I). Stewart, and myself ; and for several months my time was very fully occupied with the work necessarily entailed. In addition, the services of the Inspectors at freezing-works were utilized for the purpose of certifying to shipments of slipe wool from the works, and to weights, &c, of hides purchased. These Inspectors also continued to carry out the supervision of meat-grading, and to furnish the necessary certificates in connection with meat-shipments. Altogether', the portion of the staff of the division engaged in these duties rendered a great deal of valuable service to the Government in connection with the purchases made on behalf of the Imperial Government, this work being done in addition to their ordinary duties.

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WaLLACEVILLE LABORATORY. The staff of the laboratory during the greater , part of the year was reduced to the Acting Veterinary Officer in Charge and one [cadet, the second laboratory assistant following tlte first into the Expeditionary Forces ; consequently the operations of the institution necessarily had to be limited to the carrying-out of current work in connection with the examination of milk, specimens from animals suspected of disease, the preparation of vacoine, &c. This was all that could be done, especially as the Officer in Charge had also to be entrusted with the veterinary work connected with tin; Remount Depot. In view, however, of the necessity for doing all that is possible to safeguard the health of the live-stock of the Dominion, it is not desirable that this curtailment of laboratory workshould continue, and steps have been taken to so increase the staff that investigation and research can be again undertaken. Importation of Animal-manures. Owing to shortage of shipping and temporary embargo upon the export of manure from the Commonwealth, imports from that country have decreased considerably. From Calcutta, supplies have kept well up, notwithstanding the uncertainty of securing shipping-space. Sheep-t>tpping This important work still requires attention. Some apprehension existed at one time whether sufficient supplies of dip would be available, but it is satisfactory to state that the supply is sufficient for requirements, and, although labour is more or less difficult to obtain, there is every reason to believe that dipping will be carried out as usual. Wool, Skins, Hides, and Tallow. Wool. —Excepting the hogget wool, which was more or less "tender," and more "seedy" wool than usual from some districts, the season's clip was up to the average, well grown, and slightly heavier than last year. The clip was again taken over by the Imperial Government at the same arrangement regarding price and under the same conditions as formerly. Sheep-shins. —These continued to be acquired by the Imperial Government as formerly, excepting that the prices have been rearranged as follows : —

All skins with damaged or faulty pelts are to be valued at prices proportionate to those shown above. In valuing green or salted sound skins allowance is to be made for the extra value of the pelts as compared with dried sound skins of similar quality. Seedy skins are to be valued at lower values according to their condition. Black skins are to be valued according to their proportionate value to ordinary skins of the same class. Hides. —The purchase of hides on behalf of the Imperial Government was continued at former prices and conditions, but during March the purchase was, at the request of the Imperial Government, discontinued. Tallow. —Stocks are very heavy, but export is now permitted to Great Britain and to the United States of America and Canada on a permit being obtained from the Hon. the Minister of Customs. The amount of shipping-space available, however, limits the exports, even for the United States and Canada, to small quantities only, considering the quantity held in store. Poultry Industry. Owing to the scarcity of foodstuffs it was not to be expected that much, advance could be made in this industry during the year. The energies of the officers have been chiefly devoted in assisting to maintain the industry in as good a position as the circumstances would allow. The, high cost of food has directed attention in a striking manner to the necessity of culling all inferior stock. This has meant such a greatly increased demand for the services of the poultry instructors that it has been difficult to keep pace with it. As a result of their work in this direction thousands of unprofitable birds have been weeded out from the many poultry plants visited. The high egg-yielding results obtained in the experiments conducted by the Department at the Milton Poultry-station, in which wheat and pollard was eliminated from the ration, has had a good, effect: it has induced many poultrymen to use substitutes for dear wheat. This, with, the heavy culling of useless stock, has lead to greatly decreased cost of production without appreciably reducing the output. At the Milton Station the demand for settings of eggs and birds for breeding purposes at moderate rates has been well maintained. While the cost of foodstuffs has ruled at a high level during the year, it is satisfactory to I know that tin prices for both eggs and table poultry have been exceptionally good. The been a, severe test to the industry, but poultrvmen are to be congratulated on its present position)

Merino Skins. Half-bred Skins. Pine Oross- Coarse Crossbred Skins. brod Skins. d. d. 12-13 11H2! loi-iii io-in 91 10$ Hi LOf 8|-9f 8-10 Three-quarter to full woolled sound skins .Half-woolled sound skins Short to quarter woolled sound skins Shorn, sound Lamb-skins, sound, 1 Id. 12|d. d. lOJ-llj 8f-9| 5f 6| (1. 13-14 II 12 9J-I()| 8-9

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FIELDS DIVISION. REPORT OF THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR. Central Development Farm, Weraroa, sth July, 1918. The, Secretary of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce. I submit herewith a report summarizing the work of the Fields Division for the year ended 31 st March, 1918. J. Beown, B.Sc.Ag., N.D.A., Director. Work at Headquabtebs, The divisional headquarters were transferred to the Central Development Farm in April, 1917. The circumstances favouring this change were fully referred, to in the last annual report. Although difficulties were experienced at first in connection with accommodation, both office and residential, the operations of the division have not been interfered with or restricted in any measure. On the contrary, administrative and professional work alike have been of unusual volume, while the intimate co-operation between the Biologist and his staff and the division, made possible by the change of headquarters, has been fraught with much good in services rendered to the country generally. Numerous special duties arising out of the war have .'till further widened the scope of the division's activities and responsibilities, and have called for increased efforts at headquarters. Among these may be mentioned work connected with the Sale of Wheat Regulations; promotion of wheatgrowing, and facilitating supplies of seed-wheat to growers ; provision of tractors and harvesting and threshing machinery ; soldiers' settlements ; work and training of discharged soldiers ; employment of religious objectors ; supervision of the work of exempted farmer reservists ; provision of seeds, &c. Training of Student-Assistants. ----- Sixteen student-assistants and six bursary-holders of the Education Department were admitted to the central development farm for training in the principles and practice of agriculture on the 22nd May, 1917. Courses of instruction in biology and agriculture, live-stock husbandry, farm accounts, chemistry and soil technology, and geology and surveying were conducted for these students throughout the year, the whole course being considerably in advance of the ordinary first year's curriculum of an agricultural college. During the year three students resigned to take up farm-work, one to take up educational work in agriculture, and one on account of ill health. Four students left for military service. The operations of the Military Service Act will further reduce the number during the ensuing year, and it is doubtful if more than eight out of the total enrolment will complete their second year. The work of the students has been generally satisfactory, and there is much promise of most of them qualifying in due course for positions as teachers and instructors in agriculture. Many applications and inquiries have been received for vacancies, but owing to the uncertainty of retaining new students and providing adequate instruction during the currency of the war no vacancies.have been filled. Plant-breeding.- —Mr. J. Beverley was transferred from the Moumahaki Experimental Farm to headquarters on the 23rd November last. Under his immediate superintendence a section of 6 acres, with provision for extension, has been developed as a central plant-breeding station ; and although much time was taken up with preparations and preliminaries, good work was done, with a sure promise of most valuable accomplishment in the future. Experimental and Investigation Work. —Experiments and investigations conducted at the headquarters station during the year, in addition to the usual fertilizer and variety tests, which provide cumulative data from year to year, embraced certain defined projects, such as—Calf-rearing methods ; l.he relative values of summer forages for in ilk-production ; pork-production on forage crops ; crosses for fat-lamb production ; temporary pastures for intensive dairy farms. Valuable data were secured along those lines, and will be published in due course. Work oj the Field Officers.- —The Fields Supervisors have made some progress in demonstration and experimental work (vide " Experimental and demonstration work in. districts " later in this report), but their main activities, apart from their supervising functions, have been in the direction of fostering production by personal contact with the farming community, by correspondence, and through their relationship to farmers' associations, soldiers' settlements, local committees, and other developmental agencies. Various propaganda have been taken up tnore or less intensively according to districts. Among these may be mentioned—Wheat-growing ; extension of mangold and summerforage growing, and the conservation of hay in dairying districts ; extension of forage cropping ; the better adaptation of pasture mixtures to soil and environmental conditions ; encouragement of the use of lime ; improvement of fertility by economic rotation, practices ; the intelligent use of fertilizers ; promotion of seed-growing ; special fertility measures for light and dry districts ; the control of weeds by farming-methods.- The efforts of the Fields Supervisors along these lines have been supplemented to a great extent by the headquarters advisory service, the greater part of which, since the Agriculturist, Mr. A. MoTaggart, M.S.A., was called for military service, devolved upon the Director personally. The proposal to inaugurate a definite scheme of farm-management surveys in districts has not yet taken concrete shape. Proposals were made during the year for certain staff changes and appointments which would enable trained direction to be extended to this work, including the instruction in

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procedure which would require to be imparted to officers in the field. There can be no question of the importance of the work. It should be the basis of all fields instructional efforts. It is still, of course, doubtful whether the conduct of instructional and inquiry work is compatible with, the discharge by the same officer of administrative duties in connection with rabbits and noxious weeds. It must be admitted that the outlook, the dual functions being adhered to, lias never been very promising for the. fields-instruction part of the programme. The work of the Fields Inspectors has been continued on lines hitherto prevailing, being confined almost entirely to the executive work connected with the control of rabbits and noxious weeds. In my last annual report comment was made on the fact that few of our Inspectors are even approximately qualified for any higher function. Education, training, special aptitude, and experience are necessary for an officer who is to be entrusted with the duties of instructing and advising the farming community. Experience can be acquired to an ever-increasing extent in the discharge of such duties, but education and training are pro-requisites which there has been little opportunity to acquire in this country, and less inducement to acquire where the measure of immediate reward is a fourth-grade Fields Inspector's salary. Experimental Farms. Central Development Farm. Crops and Pastures.- —The season was not very favourable for good results with crops and pastures, the month ol November being unusually dry, while dry conditions were again experienced from January to the etui of April. A considerable part of the cropping-area was devoted to wheat, both autumn and spring sown, comprising 39 A acres in all, Portions of the autumn wheat area perished from excessive wetness, notwithstanding attention to water-furrowing. Part of the area was cut for hay, and the balance averaged 25 bushels. Amongst the best yields were —Dreadnought, 40 bushels ; Major, 35 bushels ; Sensation, 32 bushels ; Garton's Victor, 32 bushels All autumn-sown wheats were grazed back on three occasions'with sheep. This is the first experience of autumn-sown wheat on this farm, and the results point to spring sowing as the better practice in this district. The spring wheats were sown on light shingly land, and suffered to some extent from the dry weather in November. This was particularly noticeable with Solid-straw Tuscan, as compared with the earlier-maturing Australian and Canadian wheats. The following yields resulted : John Brown, 31 bushels; Huron, 301 bushels; Marquis, 28 bushels; Bobs, 27-i bushels; Comeback, 23 bushels : Thew, 22f bushels : Solid-straw Tuscan, 14 bushels. These wheats were sown on the 21st and 22nd. September, on land out of lea turned over a few weeks before sowing. This practice has given good yields of wheat in normal years, but, as the figures indicate, was not conducive to heavy yields in the dry season which ensued. The quality of the grain was, however, excellent. Thirty-five acres were devoted to oats, mostly Algerians, for chaff. An average crop of If tons per acre of clear bright chaff resulted. A few special varieties were threshed. The grain-yields were low, this being accounted for by the late sowing and a dry November. The following yields were recorded : Storm King, 43 bushels ; O.A.C. 72, 35 bushels ; Fulghum, 33 bushels ; Garton's Abundance, 33 bushels ; Algerians, 31 bushels. Ten acres of varieties of barley yielded an average of 42 bushels. Mangolds sown for variety and manurial tests did well, though very dry weather was experienced immediately after sowing, which made the take a bit patchy. Maize and forage crops were good. A large variety of fodders were grown for supplementary feed for cows. Grass sown last autumn, though a good take, has not given a great deal of feed this last summer, as growth in spring was slow, and, the dry weather setting in early in November, the fields never became well covered, and in consequence dried up very rapidly. A small area at the piggeries was sown in crops for grazing with pigs. These have been fed off, and records have been taken, of increases made on the different crops. The pumpkins grown last year were eaten greedily by all classes of stock, and should prove a useful crop, doing fairly well even through such a dry year as last year was. Ten acres were seeded to lucerne in November, an excellent stand resulting. Improvements. Two new residences, wool-shed, and piggeries were finished this year. The wool-shed and piggeries were very badly required, and, though, some alterations were necessary after their being handed over by the Public Works Department, they arc now giving every satisfaction. A dip was also put in, and is a great improvement. In the past the sheep had to be driven some miles to dip, which made the work very cumbersome. A new fence has been put up on both sides of the farm road, only the best material being used, and should last for many years. Gates have been properly hung, painted, and numbered. This work gives the place quite a different appearance. Many of the fence-lines are still, however, in bad repair, and will have to be entirely renewed by degrees. The roadside was ploughed and sown in grass, but this did not take well, and will have to be resown. Trees have also been planted at half-chain intervals on both sides of road from entrance up to homestead. Tractor. —The small 8-16 horse-power Avery tractor purchased in September has rendered satisfactory service, being convenient for stationary work as well as for work on land. From the 8th October, 1917, to the 31st July, 1918, the area ploughed by the tractor was 235 acres. The average rate of ploughing was slightly over 3 acres per day, including time taken up in attention to tractor, shifting from paddock to paddock, and. delays occasioned by remains of stumps and stones. In good fair-sized free paddocks a ploughing-rate of 5| acres per eight-hours day was achieved. On a steady run for twenty-six days the area ploughed was 101 acres, for an average consumption of 1-A gallons of " Powerin " per acre. Tractor and plough have been operated throughout by one man. The

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general average consumption of " Powerin "in ploughing was J£ gallons per acre. No land work other than ploughing was performed by the tractor, as it was considered that other cultivation could be more effectively done by team work in the relatively small paddocks under cultivation, the average being .1.5 acres. In addition to land work the following stationary work was performed by the tractor during the same period : Crushing feed (seconds of wheat, barley, oats, and peas), 9 days ; chaff-cutting, ] 9 days ; threshing cereals, 15 days ; ensilage-cutting, 31- days ; wood-cutting, 4 days. At certain periods the tractor was not working, the operator being engaged on team or other work. The cost of repairs during the year was £28. Lwe~stock.- Sheep : The percentage of lambs was under the average —82 per cent. These were all fat-lamb crosses excepting forty-five Border Leicester studs. Of the cross lambs 817 wont off as freezers, and seventy remained on hand. Five hundred ewes were mated again for fat-lamb production next season. Cattle : The season was not at all favourable lor good results with the dairy herd, but a satisfactory average production was realized, the average for cows finishing their lactation periods during the year being—thirty-six Friesians, 331 lb. butter-fat; eighteen Shorthorns, 227-4 lb. butter-fat. Six Friesian heifers averaged 341 lb. butter-fat. The eight best Friesian cows averaged 475 lb. butter-fat. . A number of Friesians were shown in competition at Palmerston North Show, and collected all the prizes in the cow classes. The young bulls reserved for sale last year were all disposed of at prices ranging from sixty to fifteen guineas. The farm was fortunate this year in being able to secure the Friesian bull " Big Patch." This sire was bred at Longbeach, and is a fine; type. The Shorthorn herd has not made much progress, but the young Shorthorn bulls have nevertheless met a keener demand than the Friesians. By arrangement an exchange was effected with the Victorian Department of Agriculture of Weraroa Friesians for Werribee Red Polls--eleven heifers, iline cows, and two bulls of the latter breed being received at the farm in the beginning of March, 1917. It is hoped that these Red Polls during the coming season will sustain the high reputation which the breed has acquired as milkers in Victoria. The stock on the farm is as follows : Cattle, 245 ; sheep, 800 ; horses, i?, ; pigs, KM). Ruakura Farm of Instruction. The scope of the work undertaken at this station has been annually increasing, and during the year just closed material developments in the direction of furthering agricultural education have taken place, Not a little work has been done in the continuation of the experiments in progress last year, and in connection with experiments inaugurated during the present year , . In order to keep up with the ever-increasing demands made by the general public on this institution, development must take place in every branch of the farm, or failure to meet the demand must follow. The serious problem of the near future is how to meet the legitimate and growing call of the agricultural public without unduly increasing expenditure. There is the growing tendency to load the station with various kinds of public service not directly connected with the work of the farm proper, but which, rightly speaking, should be undertaken. A considerable amount of time; has been given willinglyand without additional remuneration by the officers —in conducting classes for teachers, trainingcollege students, high-school and technical-college boys, and public-school children, in addition to ordinary demonstrations and lectures delivered to learners and returned soldiers at present at Ruakura. There is now a notable movement for the extension of agricultural training by the Auckland Board of Education for its teachers and scholars, and it is undoubtedly true that this movement is a step in the right direction. Ruakura is now so far advanced in all its branches as to provide the necessary information and practical demonstrations immediately required by the Board, for the training of its teachers. The marked success of the teachers' farm school recently held at Ruakura directly indicates the suitability of this station for that special purpose. Farm Learners, &c.: Although available accommodation will not allow of more learners than ten, it must be remembered that each lad occupies a room for twelve months only. At the end of that period opportunity is granted for those taking a keen interest in their work and studies to fill a position on the farm, and all, without exception, have performed their duties efficiently and with credit to themselves. Under this system a greater number of lads are afforded the opportunity of taking the course than formerly. A. gratifying feature is the increase in the number of students taking a course of instruction in the apiary section, with a view to ultimately engaging in the bee industry. The number totals eighteen, and of these six are returned soldiers. In addition, seven returned soldiers have received tuition in farm, dairy, and poultry work. The Season :In many respects the season under review has been a phenomenal one. The climatic conditions which prevailed in this locality were anything but favourable from the dairyfarmers' standpoint. Dairying is now the main industry in the Waikato, and much of the season's success depends upon the weather. To find feed for stock throughout the wet weather was to every farmer a serious problem, and conditions did not alter until the middle of September. Cows in many dairy herds calved while, in poor condition, consequently milk-yields were low to commence with ; and on account of having to regain strength and vitality they were a long time in reaching their maximum production. Fortunately such conditions were not experienced at Ruakura, as ample provision had been made in the way of roots and hay, and stock was brought through winter in the very best of order. Crops and Pastures. —The total area under cultivation is being gradually reduced and fields laid down in permanent or temporary pasture. The object of this is to increase the grazing-areas, reduce the sorrel ureas, and at the same time allow for better cultivation over those fields in which crops are grown.

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The outlook during the spring was not too bright for those farmers intending to undertake agricultural work. They were unable to get on the land owing to the continuous rains, consequently few crops were sown before the month of October. Most of the cereal crops were drilled at this period. Conditions favourable to the growth of these crops followed immediately, with the result that yields were quite equal to, if not higher than, the average of past seasons. Of all wheats cultivated, the variety Bobs suits this locality better than any other. Among oats Green's Ruakura still holds favour, and an excellent crop has again this year been harvested. Maize for green feed followed red clover, and a, very fine crop resulted. Soft turnips following red clover gave excellent returns, and no difficulty was experienced in keeping this area free from weeds. Mangolds have yielded heavily, and a good crop of swedes has been grown. As in former years, rape was grown for ewes and lambs. Pumpkins for pig-feeding proved highly successful, and over 70 tons were fed to pigs during tin; autumn. Demonstrations in the breaking-in of swamp lands with Western Wolths rye-grass are being continued on a larger scale, and about 25 tons of good white-clover hay saved from the; last-reclaimed hinds will be available for future development-work. The growing and harvesting of farm seeds received further attention during the year. A fair quantity of rod clover, Lotus major, cocksfoot, and mangold seed was saved. Mangold-seed will no doubt be difficult to secure next season. Over 2 cwt. has been gathered. Five years have now elapsed since the commencement of the experiment to determine the influence of artificial manures on the feeding-value of permanent pasture. All details in connection with this experiment were carefully recorded, and the results published from time to time should be of special interest in the Waikato, where top-dressing for maintaining and improving pastures is a, problem of great importance. Live-stock.- Dairy Cattle: The dairy section c>l the I'mrm has undoubtedly made more progress than any other during the year. The building-up "I an improved herd was essential in order that the stock at this station should compare favourably with private herds. Purchases during the year include seventeen pedigree milking Shorthorn cows descended from the old stock originally imported from England by the New Zealand Government. Reference may also be made to the sale of over forty bulls from this station during the last twelve months. The distribution of this stock amongst farmers should prove of great value to the dairying industry. The very great increase in-the number of dairy stock now bred and reared at Ruakura is an item which cannot pass unnoticed. To breed is better than to buy, and at the present time it is a correct policy. Apart from a national standpoint, euoh a course is essential if advancement is to be made in the direction of improving our herds. The addition of over fifty heifer calves this season is a matter worthy of mention, for stock of this quality cannot be bought. This is the first year that certificates of merit have been awarded for cows at this station completing semi-official records. Seven certificates were gained, two by Jerseys arid five by Shorthorns. Pigs: The herd of pedigree- Berkshire pigs is one of the principal adjuncts to the dairy section. While increasing the herd special attention has been given to selection. The young sows kept for stud are splendid types of the breed. When exhibited at the various agricultural and pastoral shows throughout this district the pigs from this station met with much success, and scored every champion ticket in the Berkshire classes. Sheep : The flocks have again given good returns, and the number of sheep carried increased. Prices obtained for all fat sheep are in advance of those of last year. All fat lambs were cleared early, and realized £1 ss. each net. Owing to the fluctuating and uncertain market for fat lambs the Southdown breed has gone out of favour, and the demand for Southdown rams fell to a low level. As soon as conditions alter, the breed will no doubt come back to the position it held before the war. Improvements. —Certain small improvements in the way of buildings have been effected during the past year. The building of new poultry-houses as recommended facilitated work- in the poultry section. Lack of piggery accommodation is the great difficulty, and without this the handling of the swine herd is no easy problem. More conveniences are urgently required, and new pens, sties, and buildings, even though small, should be erected without delay. Representations for sheepyards, dip, and shearing-shed have been repeatedly made. The inconvenience of handling sheep without proper yards, and also of shearing under present temporary conditions, is sufficient to warrant some improvement in this direction. Horticulture, Poultry, and A/piwry Sections. These have been carried on as usual on very up-to-date lines, and. have attracted great interest from visitors throughout the year. Detailed reports of operations in progress are available for the in formation of the public Moumuhaki Experimental Farm. From the viewpoint of the agriculturist and pastoralist weather conditions were most favourable. A beautiful autumn was followed by an open winter, and although at times somewhat cold and stormy weather was experienced, generally speaking conditions were seasonable. In the early spring the weather was not so favourable for crops, gales and dry winds being prevalent, thus militating ag-ainst the growth of the young shoots. There was, however, an abundance of grass, which was ideal for cattle, but somewhat too rank for sheep, considerable losses resulting. Early, summer weather was peculiar, but later on conditions improved and harvesting was carried on under splendid conditions. |j§ Live-stock. —With the exception of a- rough period during the lambing season, which caused, considerable mortality amongst ewes and lambs, live-stock has done well. Cattle fattened readily and realized satisfactory prices. Young Shorthorn stock is progressing, and, given fair treatment

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with regard to mating and feeding, the herd will eventually become recognized among Shorthorn breeders. During the year a young bull from the well-known Claremont herd, and by a Te Aute sire, lias been mated with the Moumahaki cows; and although these have been collected at no great expense to the Department, it is anticipated that many good animals will later on be available lor distribution amongst graziers. Dairy herd: Some years ago many disparaging remarks were made by prominent Ayrshire breeders with regard to the Moumahaki herd. Since then the ideals and policy pursued in the breeding of Ayrshires have been vindicated by the present-day excellence of the herd. Sheep : The Ryeland sheep are maintaining their position amongst the stud flocks of the Dominion, and during the past season there has been a keen demand for rams, all available sheep having been disposed of to breeders who cater for the export trade. After selecting rams for home use two were forwarded to the Central Development Farm, and after this selection was made other rams were sold to separate breeders. Complimentary letters were received from the latter regarding the rams forwarded, and, coming as these did from established and successful breeders, they arc decidedly gratifying to tin , management. Pigs : From the inception of the Berkshire herd at Moumahaki breeding on fixed lines has been followed, with the result that a type entirely different from the prevailing standard has been evolved, and so quickly has this type become favoured that the demand for Moumahaki sires is far in excess of the supply. Numerous stud animals have been disposed of during the year to persons desirous of establishing herds. Crops.—Hay and grain wore harvested in good condition, and, although reaping was necessary before grain had matured, the yield has been, satisfactory. Mangolds and carrots have yielded well, but swedes are not heavy. Potatoes were a fair crop. A. further area has been devoted to lucerne. This plant has become recognized throughout the district as the most valuable of fodder plants, and the area devoted to it has been considerably extended, due largely to the Moumahaki example. Improvements. —Although necessary to keep expenditure within reasonable bounds, experimental work necessitated an outlay which under other circumstances could have been avoided. Approximately 60 chains of new post-and-wire fencing has been erected, and a considerable extent of open drains constructed. Visitors and Correspondence. —An increased number of visitors were registered at the farm as compared with the previous year. Attention to these, who are principally farmers, entails considerable time, but it is felt that time has been beneficially expended. Letters on various subjects are numerous, and many letters of thanks are received from persons who obtain information from the farm. Ashburton Experimental Farm. A favourable season was experienced for cropping operations on this farm, and a very extensive series of experiments and trials was conducted, including the following : Variety trial of cereals, peas, tares, linseed, and potatoes ; continuation of the experiments on the value of lime ; grassmixture trials ; green-manuring and other fertility experiments ; potato and rotation manuring experiments ; rape versus silver-beet as forage for sheep ; trials of nine forage crops for sheep ; experiments with lucerne ; root variety trials. Detailed results of some of these experiments are now ready for publication, and have already been communicated to the local farmers. Some of the yields of cereals secured were particularly good, especially considering the light— in many places gravelly—nature of the land. The following may be specially mentioned : — „., . Busheis t, , Bushels Wheat - porAcrc. Barlo y- per Acre. Red Marvel .. .. .. 48-6 Mays Saltcote .. .. .. 82-6 Sensation .. .. .. 45-15 Altamura . . .. .. 71-8 Huron .. .. .. 43-6 Russian Cape .. . . .. 64-4 Dreadnought . . . . . . 43-2 Cape . . . . . . .. 53-5 Marquis . . .. .. 39-0 Californian No. ,1 .. .. 52-0 The yields of oats were low, the average not exceeding 25 bushels. The only noteworthy fact was the position taken by Fulghum, a new oat multiplied at the Central Development Farm. This oat yielded 40-4 bushels—lo bushels over any other variety ; and its growth throughout denotes it as a very promising variety for green feed and chaffing purposes. Credit is due to the overseer, Mr. J. Mackay, and to the high-school instructor, Mr. Allen, for very painstaking and assiduous labours in carrying out and recording the experiments. Experimental Work in the Dtstrtcts. Auckland Supervisorate. Very little co-operative experimental work has been carried out throughout the whole district during the past year, owing to a reluctance on the part of farmers to undertake any work which is not absolutely essential to keep their farms going. None of the local bodies have taken any further action to establish experimental areas; this is owing to the unsettled state of labour conditions, due to enlistments and the war. Sand-drifi Control. -At Rangi Point, Whangarei, Mr. FT. Potts, a farmer, is experimenting with, yellow lupin and marram-grass to prevent the sand from, drifting. He has received advice from the Department, and the operations have so far proved successful. The Department's inspector has been operating to control the increase of sand at Orewa, and various grasses, &c, are now doing fairly well despite abnormally bad weather conditions. Two of the heaviest easterly cyclones ever experienced visited the locality during the ipast year, and the

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sand-dimes received their lull force. Considerable damage vfas done to the ice-plant (Mesembryanth&mum) and lupins planted nearest to high-water mark, but these will be replanted during the ensuing autumn. During last autumn spinofex-seed was .sown with good results, and about four thousand marram-plants wen , put in during the month of June. The latter have done very well. A small nursery has also been established, in which eight hundred marram-roots were planted, am] it is estimated that these will produce three or four thousand plants for the larger areas. A number of plants were planted on the dunes during last winter, including several which have done remarkably well viz., ice-plant, Agropyrum repens, giant sea-grass, Paspalum dristiohum, and sea-lyme. Experimental Areas on Own Lands. The Otaika-Puwera plots are now well established : 109 varieties of grasses, clovers, lucernes, and forage, seeds were sown thereon during last spring. The Lands Department is handing over to the Department of Agriculture an area of about 30 acres of virgin scrub, swamp, and hill land adjoining the present plots. This additional area is in a very rough state, and the bringing of it into cultivation will be a demonstration to persons interested as to what can be done to make these pool , lands productive. The Otaika-Kaitara area comprises about 500 acres, of which about 40 acres have been fenced by the Department. A fire recently burnt about 40 acres of scrub, and grass-seed has been sown on this land. Twenty-one head of cattle on the established pasture are looking well, and there is plenty of feed for them. The Albany experimental plots are still of great interest to farmers and students. They are constantly visited by the public, including farmers, intending settlers, and scholars from the various schools and colleges. About a hundred varieties of grasses and clovers and other crop plants Hre now growing there. Hamilton Supervisorate. Apart from the fact that circumstances have not been propitious for carrying on local experimental work, the large amount of demonstration and experimental work at the Ruakura Farm of Instruction obviates the necessity therefor in the Waikato, to a large extent. Further grazing records were obtained on the pasture formed some years ago on the poor pumice land at Kaingaroa. Unfortunately, the suspicions previously entertained regarding the possibility of bush sickness manifesting itself here wen , confirmed through the cattle grazed on this area during the past summer. An officer of the Live-stock Division who visited (he area for the purpose of inquiring into the cause of the cattle pining diagnosed the trouble as bush sickness. No further work has been done at the Taupo pumice area, but additional land has been acquired with the object of extending the work. The enlarged area will enable a man to be regularly employed in carrying out operations. The following points will be subjected to experimental determination : (I.) The most suitable and economical procedure in breaking in the pumice— e.g., (a) surfacesowing inferior cheap grasses after burning off native vegetation ; (b) sowing certain pasture constituents on pumice ploughed out of original vegetation ; (c) grassing after turnips; (d) grassing after a preparatory improving crop, such as red clover. (2.) The choice of brown-top, Yorkshire fog, Poa pratensis, danthonia, &c, as dominating grass species. (3.) The question whether superior feeding-grasses, such as cocksfoot and dogstail, can be advantageously included in pasture mixtures. (4.) Whether any other plants can be used to better advantage for soil-improvement than red clover. (5.) Whether and to what extent cheap mineral phosphates can be used profitably in conjunction with soluble phosphates in the growing of turnips, oats, and pasture. (6.) Whether combined nitrogen is of any service in pumice cropping. (7.) The most suitable kinds of summer forage for the high pumice country. (8.) Whether such early-maturing oats as Sixty-day, Fulghum, &c, would be better than Algerian. (9.) Whether any variety of turnip has special adaptation to the pumice. Napier Supervisorate . The work in connection with the liawke's Bay Farming Development Association has proceeded, but the wet season has greatly impeded much of the preparation necessary, the shortage of labour being also a contributing factor. Some of the areas are. already in full swing, and the remainder are being got ready as speedily as possible. At W T aipukurau the number of sheep carried on top-dressed land is being recorded. At Takapau the association is dealing with an area with, a view to increasing the carrying-capacity of the land by the utilization of grazing-crops suited to same, and the production of better and more, permanent pasture. At Takapau, Rissington, and also at Patoka, grass plots arc to be established for the benefit of the district generally. At Rukumoana two areas have been put in, one for permanent and the other for temporary pasture, and some attention is also being given as to methods of sowing and preparing this particular class of country for pasture seeds. Watujamui Supervisorate. Owing to the unsettled conditions very little experimental work was attempted, more time being devoted to advising farmers and watching results. A little is being done at the Stratford Model Farm, but here extension of the work is delayed until the place is in better order. This farm was taken over in August. A concrete shed and yards have been erected, and considerable fencing has been done. Twenty acres have been stumped and sown in root and fodder crops, consisting of oats, turnips, swedes, mangolds, and small plots of maize, kales, and similar crops. Special attention was given to the. preparation of the land, and all root crops are good. Demonstration work has been confined to the, testing of varieties and a few manurial trials. A summary of results is being published in the Department's Journal.

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Marlon Experimental Area. The experiments on Sir James Wilson's land at Marton Junction were extended this year, and included liming experiments, rotation manurial experiments, summer-forage crops, fertility-improve-ment experiments, and pasture top-dressing experiments. The summer was, unfortunately, rather dry for determination of treatments, moisture being the controlling factor, but the data were carefully taken and recorded, and will be interpreted in conjunction with future results. Christchurch Supervisorate. Lucerne Demonstration Areas. —Negotiations were set on foot early in the year to secure from the Railway Department small areas of their reserves at suitable points along the main line southward from Christchurch, to lie used as lucerne demonstration areas, with the following objectives : (1.) Demonstrating that lucerne could be grown successfully on the shingle plains of Canterbury. (2.) Being thus brought continually under the eyes of the travelling public, to stimulate interest and thus to bring about in a shorter time the universal recognition of the value of lucerne as forage and fodder. (3.) The carrying-capacity of the land being increased through lucerne-growing would mean that more stock would be carried on the railways, thus increasing the revenue of that Department. (4.) The railway reserves being planted with lucerne would be in a manner evergreen, and would thus be an assistance against fire spreading to adjoining lands from passing locomotives. Three suitable areas have been secured from the Railway Department, on lease from year to year at a peppercorn rental, as follows ; Between Templeton and Weedon's, 6 acres 2 roods 10 perches ; near Bankside, 4 acres 2 roods 35 perches ; near Ashburton, 2 acres 2 roods 20 perches. The Templeton area has been ploughed and cultivated, to eradicate patches of twitch throughout it before sowing next spring. The area at Bankside was fenced in by the Department with a rabbit-proof fence. The land was ploughed once, cultivated, limed at the rate of 1 ton crushed lime, to the acre on the 5th December, 1917, and 3001b. inoculated soil applied. Four acres were sown with lucerne, drilled in rows 21 in. apart, and seeded at the, rate of 15 lb. per acre. About half an acre has not yet been sown, and arrangements are now about to be completed to utilize this portion for irrigation demonstrations, it being recognized that irrigation is highly necessary on such lands if lucerne is to be successfully grown. The Selwyn County Council has agreed to supply the necessary water, under the direction of their engineer, at a rental of £1 per annum. The necessary grading of the area for the purpose of irrigation will be carried, out immediately, but the seed will, not be sown before next spring. On the 4 acres already sown the lucerne has come away well, opportune showers of rain in its early stages of growth benefiting it immensely. The land on which the area is situated is recognized to be ' the poorest along the plains, and results are being keenly watched by the farming and commercial community. The area near Ashburton has been fenced in by the Department. The land was ploughed, cultivated, and limed, and seed drilled in on the 14th December, 1917. The seeding was at the rate of 15 lb. per acre, and was drilled in rows 21 in. apart. The lucerne has come away very well. Adjoining the demonstration area, on the railway reserve, and between it and the Main South Road, the Ashburton County Council has a reserve. Application was made to that body to have a portion of this included with the railway reserve area, and the County Council has now written agreeing to our use of this piece of land, 4 acres 3 roods 24 perches, on a peppercorn rental when required. The total acreage of the demonstration area, including the railway and county reserves fenced in by I he Department near Ashburton, is therefore 7 acres 1 rood 24 perches. It is proposed to set aside an area for irrigation demonstrations, and an application for the use ol' water from one of the county races has been made to the Council. The area has been ploughed, but no lucerne will be sown until next spring. The 4-acre departmental reserve at Darfield was also taken over to be used entirely as a lucerne demonstration area. A new ring-fence was erected. The land was ploughed and cultivated, and 1 ton of ground lime and 300 lb. inoculated soil was applied per acre, surface stones being removed preparatory to sowing. The lucerne was sown on the 13th December, 1917, as follows: j acre devoted to a variety test of twelve varieties ; J acre in Hunter River lucerne ; 3 acres in Marlborough lucerne. To date the lucerne has made good progress, and promises to be a satisfactory stand. It should be noted that in the case of both the Bankside and the Ashburton areas the land prior to sowing was in its native state, and that the seed was sown on the first ploughing without any excessive, cultivation only sufficient to give a few inches of well-worked soil in which the seeds could germinate. In a like manner the area at Darfield was sown on the first furrow, but this land was not broken up from its native state like the others, having previously been ploughed up and laid down in pasture for some years. The practice of sowing on the first furrow, without the excessive cultivation usually advocated, has proved to give equally good results as land which has had a large amount of labour expended on it previous to sowing. The reason for this appears to be the rapid growth downwards of the tap-root of the lucerne-plant. In many investigations made this was found to bo from 4 in. to 7 in. the first week, and up to 10 in. and 17 in. the second week. Another practice which years of experience has proved invaluable is being carried out on these demonstration areasviz., deep cultivation between the rows when the plants are some months old. The stimulating effect of such cultivation is in marked contrast to stands where the top soil has been allowed to'cake or the land become weedy. Top-dressing Cocksfoot for Seed-production.—-Two areas were selected in the Banks Peninsula district for experiments in top-dressing for cocksfoot-seed production, one on Mr. Thomas Thompson's farm, Little River, and the other on the farm of S. J. Vogan, Duvaucheiles Bay. The results of the top-dressing were negative. Co-operative Field, Experiments in conjunction with County Councils. The following experiments were initiated during the past year, having been agreed to in 1915-16: Wairewa County—Lucerne

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test on the farm of Mr. J. P. Buchanan, Little River ; mangold variety test on the farm of Mr. Karetai, Little River. Springs County—Lucerne test on Lincoln College farm. The lucerne tests on both farms have done well so far. The land on which the test is being carried out on Lincoln College farm is very shingly, but the growth is very promising. The mangold variety test has done satisfactorily, but the crop has not yet been harvested. Timaru Supervisorate. Experimental work in this district has been suspended for the time being. Tin , division has had in view the institution of a special small experimental area on which to apply a series of experiments bearing upon problems of the down lands of Canterbury, but although a, number of inspections were made a suitable area has not yet been acquired. The most important consideration in connection with such areas is satisfactory working arrangements, and fchese are very difficult to secure, especially in the present abnormal times. Lhver car gill Supervisorate. During the past year much energy was concentrated upon the Gore experimental area, with very satisfactory results. A comprehensive scheme of experiments was carried out. The total number oC plots pegged off was 113, comprising pasture top-dressing, lime, mammal, cultivation, rotation, green fodder, and root variety tests. A field day was held at the area on the 26th January last, at which there were about seventy farmers present, and all appeared keenly interested in the work. The most marked results to the eye at that time were the effects of deep tillage and lime as against ordinarydepth tillage, this being much appreciated by all present. Arrangements are in progress for establishing a similar area in the Winton district. The Fertilizebs Act. The number of registered vendors of fertilizers was 313. During the year twentv-onc samples taken for analysis, and one prosecution followed. The Rabbit Nuisance. The state of the rabbit nuisance cannot be said to have materially altered for the better. This is due to a variety of causes, the principal of these being trapping for export both of carcases and skins, weather conditions, and shortage of labour. Where the rabbit is considered as a nuisance effort is ma.de to reduce it, and effective control is maintained. Unfortunately, this state does not apply in all districts, and where trapping for export is in favour a, very unsatisfactory position prevails. Where this is so, coercion by statute does not have the necessary and desired effect. Public opinion and vested interests really act against effective control. As has been the case in the past, exporters with their large gangs of professional rabbiters influence the situation, greatly to the cost of the producers of wool, beef, mutton, dairy-produce, and all cereals. It shows grave neglect to see landowners allowing acres of their crops to be destroyed by the pest without making an earnest endeavour to cope with them, and thereby conserve their own interests. Cases are known where large landowners entrust the work of rabbit-destruction on their properties to those who export. This cannot tend to effective reduction. In other cases proprietors of canning-works endeavour to get landowners to sign over the right of rabbiting their lands to them. If landowners were studying their own interests and that of the Dominion generally they would not tolerate such a movement. It would appear that the only solution of this question is to absolutely stop export of either carcases or skins. The opinion is generally held by all right-thinking people, and by some Magistrates, that if such were made worthless the rabbit-infested country would soon be producing its legitimate and full quota of wool; beef, mutton, and dairy-produce. Settlers would devote themselves then more at the right season of the year to coping with the pest. Many farmers put forward the excuse that they do not want rabbits, and that they never derive any profit from them, yet they fail to take proper steps to destroy or get rid of them. It is contended that an Inspector should receive all the support lie requires, and it is considered his hand should be further strengthened by amendment of the Act in the direction of a return to somewhat of its original form. In the majority of prosecutions the fines imposed are not severe enough. If the fines are heavy it has a great moral effect not only on the particular defendant, but on the owners in the whole surrounding district. The scarcity-of-labour plea is still advanced by owners when asked to deal with the pest, but no satisfactory explanation is given why plenty of labour is available at once when the export season starts. Large tallies have been obtained this season, and consequently labour w r as easily obtainable, thus showing that where there is profit such an industry will be naturally fostered. Reports show that in the districts under the administration of the Hawke's Bay Rabbit Board the pest is well under control, and the same applies to that under the East Coast Rabbit Board, and there is evidence that this satisfactory position will be maintained. The conditions for dealing with the matter are different in these districts from those where the Act is administered by the Department. One cause of the decided increase of the pest in several districts this last season was owing to the inspectorates in those districts being rendered vacant by the calling-up for military service of the local Fields Inspectors, and the long delay in the appointment of others to fill their places. As some of the positions were filled by new an 3 inexperienced men, a further lapse of time resulted before these became acquainted with their duties and district, and this added to the already unsatisfactory state of affairs. Settlors and owners seemed to take advantage of the lack of inspection, and rabbiting operations were at a standstill. Rabbits, like weeds, if neglected for one breeding season are extremely hard to cope with for a very considerable time after. This is an example of what would happen if there was not an Act to enforce the destruction and control of the pest.

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Lack of .supplies and prohibitive prices of wire netting has been another unfavourable circumstance in connection with rabbit-control. I'ollard and oats phosphorizcd are still tin , principal poisoning-means used, but carrots and oats poisoned with strychnine have, been used with fairly effective results. Failures in poisoning are mostly due to the want of system and thoroughness in carrying out the work. Sales of phosphorized pollard manufactured at the Department's poison-depots continue to increase, and the question of increasing and improving the plants at these depots will have to be considered if the Departinenl elects to continue the, manufacture for sale. Noxious-weeds Control. This matter is still the bugbear of the Department and those officers who have to administer the Act relating to it. Some weeds are always a debatable point amongst farmers and others, particularly Californian thistle. Some hold that the latter does no harm, others affirm that it'is most dangerous and that every step should be taken to eradicate it. An interview took place lately at Balclutha between delegates representing settlers in the Owaka and Balclutha districts and the Secretary of Agriculture, and some officers of the Department who have to deal with the administration of the Act. After a long discussion it was agreed that the Act should be held in abeyance in those districts for a season, providing the settlers promised to " do their best " to keep the Californian thistle in check. This promise, it is reported, has not been carried out, little if any effort having been made. If what was done was " their best," then it was a very poor effort, and clearly proves the necessity for, and a vindication of, the Noxious Weeds Act. This measure had to be, framed to protect the country as a, whole, and also the settlors against themselves. Sweetbrier, gorse, and broom continue, to be slowly cleared, but much remains to be done in this direction. As country becomes opened up by settlement, weeds advance. This is very noticeable in the King-country and lands on the west coast of the North Island. After a bush-burn plants such as inkweed overrun the country at once; and getting these growths under is a serious tax financially on those who may be battling liard to make a success of their holdings. The same applies to blackberry and the clearing of lands on the west coast of the South Island. In the latter case it is hardly reasonable to expect that blackberry can be efficiently controlled in the present state of population and settlement, so great a hold has the plant taken of the country ; and as seeds have been carried by birds and other agencies, the native bush is infested with seeds waiting till the bush is cleared and the sun and air admitted to germinate and become an everlasting source of worry and work. River-beds and Crown and Native lands continue to be a source of vexation and annoyance to those adjoining, and owing to the extent of these, lands and the overgrown state, of the weeds on them they are difficult obstacles to overcome from every point of view. On account of the alleged shortage of farm, labour caused by the war less attention has been paid lo the clearing of weeds than could be wished for, and Inspectors have generally refrained on that account also from stringently enforcing the provisions of the Act. Still there are districts so comparatively free from weeds thai i< would be wrong and unwise nol to try arid protect them and keep them free, if possible, by the application of the powers under the Act. While credit is due to some landowners for doing fail , work for the suppression of weeds, without pressure, others simply do nothing except when forced. Geaim and Pboduoe Grading. Following is the report, of the Chief Grain Grader, Mr. A. W. Smith (headquarters a<. Dunedin) : Shortly after my appointment (<> the position of Chief Grain Grader I bad to temporarily relinquish the duties of this office in order to take up the work of inspection of wheat transactions under the regulations of sth February, 1917, on behalf of the Hoard of Trade, and also u> attend to the distribution of oargoes of Australian wheat as they arrived from time to time. Nevertheless I found time, to do a good deal of preliminary work in (connection with grain-grading, preparatory to inaugurating a more organized system which wiJI tend towards making the certificate of quality issued by the Government grain graders of a greater value in commercial transactions in grain and produce than appears to have been the case hitherto. After inspection of the grading as at present carried out at the various ports I drew up a. report on the whole subject, pointing out therein what. I considered to be the defects of the present system, and at the same time advancing suggestions which would make for improvement, which I trust to see put into operation during the coming year. Since sending in my report on the grading the North Island and South Island branches of the New Zealand (! rain -merchants' Association have met in conference and formulated terms and conditions which will govern and be implied in all contracts for sale of New Zealand grain, seed, and produce ; and the section of these conditions referring to grading is clause 7 (a), which reads, " When sales of grain and produce are made on grade, certificate of Government grader who is appointed by North Island Association and is approved by South Island Association at port of shipment final ; buyers to pay grader's fees." The effect of this clause will he to make the grader's certificate absolutely final as to quality, and from which then' can be no appeal; and, further, the fact that the grader will receive his fees from the buyer, and will naturally look to him for instruction when to sample, will save a lot of trouble that has arisen in the past through the buyer afterwards rejecting the goods on the plea that he was not, notified that the goods purchased were about to be shipped, and so was not allowed an opportunity to inspect the quality prior to shipment. Altogether the new proposal should result, in a greater use being made of graders' services than under the system where fees weir paid by sellers, as the hitter more often than not shipped produce without getting a certificate of quality. The pate of remuneration, Bd. per ten sacks, should also pay the grader better than the old rates at which he worked. In an interview which I had with Messrs, Lewisham (president) and Young (secretary) of the North Island Grainmerchants' Association the above clause was fully discussed. The suggestion made in my report on grading that this Department fix the various grades to which the several graders should work meets with their full support and approval. The bulk of the produce shipped from the South Island goes to the North Island now that Australia is practically a closed market to us, and in the past the North Island merchants have been very often the losers through the grades being fixed by the southern grain associations, many of whose members have made forward sales before harvest, and subsequently fixed the grades in a manner that allowed them to fill their contracts to the best financial advantage. During the year Mr. J. A. Tipping, Government grader at Dunedin, surrendered his license owing to there being so little grading done at Dunedin, and pending the appointment of another grader I have carried out the duties i

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myself, I hope shortly to be able to make arrangements for the oarryittg-on of grading hero in order that I may move around a bit more and get the new system going. In January, at the request of the Wheat Controller, the graders were called together in Christchurch, where the grading of Government wheat was discussed, and regulations drawn up to deal with any disputes that might arise under section 48 of the Wheat Regulations. On his behalf I also arranged for arbitrators at Nelson, Blenheim Oamaru, Timaru, Feilding, and Palmerston North, to act in ease of dispute. Although it will not be advisable to fix standard grades this (1917-18) season, owing to the fact that so many forward sales have been made, it is suggested that next season the description of grades should be fixed by the Department of Agriculture. Whether they should be permanent grades or grades for the season only is a matter on which the opinions of those interested appear to be equally divided, and this phase of the question may require careful consideration. Another matter which requires investigation is the deterioration in quality of potatoes that very often takes place during transit between South Island and North Island ports. Potatoes have been put on board steamers in good order and condition, and yet when they have been discharged at Auckland have been almost pulp, according to reports received by the shippers, with the result that they have been rejected by the buyer. Potatoes, being what might be termed semi-perishable, ,, are very often apt to .suffer deterioration in transit, partly by sweating in the holds and partly by contact with diseased lines for which the grader will not issue a certificate, but which, being at the ship's side, are sent forward on consignment on growers' account in preference to being sent back to store to be picked over. Another cause of potatoes reaching their destination in bad condition is the rough handling they receive when being stowed in the hold of the ship. Potatoes being heavy and awkward to carry, are usually dropped straight down and stacked where the sling deposits them, and consequently they become bruised and squashed by the weight of the lumpers plus the weight of whatever these men happen to be carrying to the side of the hold. From what is seen of the potatoes that have been shipped during the last season from various ports it is probable that with proper precaution in stowing, and prohibiting of shipment of potatoes that have been rejected by grader, they should reach their destination in as good a condition as that in which they left the shipping-port. With a view to determining if the reasons stated above arc the cause of deterioration in transit it is suggested that trial lots of two or throe tons of potatoes should be shipped to Auckland, and the condition in which they reach their destination noted. In a, report on grading furnished by me last September I strongly advocated making compulsory the grading of all grain and produce shipped to overseas countries, and I would like to see legislation passed to make it so. although until freight becomes more plentiful there will not be much grain, <fee, shipped away. With my next report 1 hope to lie able to give statistics showing to what extent the Government grain graders' services are being utilized, together with a report on the prices ruling for the various classes of produce during the year, and also on the condition in which the grain arrived on the market. New Zealand Hemp Industry. The following report is supplied by Mr. W. 11. Ferris, Chief Hemp Grader, on lita branch, of the division :- The hemp industry during the year ended 31st March, 1918, must be regarded —as far as the output and the highly remunerative prices obtained by the miliars are concerned—as very satisfactory. The output exceeded that of last year by 12,920 bales. The average prices obtained during the year for hemp are as follows : Good-fair £58, high-fair £56, fair £54 per ton. Owing to the impossibility of getting shipping-space for tow, prices for this byproduct dropped considerably, first grade bringing only £10, second grade £8, and third grade, which was hard to dispose of, £5 10s. to £6 per ton. The total value of the hemp, tow, and stripper-slips produced in the Dominion for (lie year was approximately £1,780.620. Quality of H&mp.- There has been a vfry marked increase in the proportion of lower grades of fibre produced, the quality again comparing most unfavourably with that produced during the previous year. The percentage of good-fair produced for the year ended ISlst March, 1916, was 25-:i(> per cent., for 1917 lfi-8-t per cent., and for the year just ended only 7-fi(i per cent. The percentage of high-fair produced is practically the same for the past three years, but fair and common grades have increased by 7 per cent, and 2 per cent, respectively. The only reason thai can be assigned for the small quantity of good-fair milled is the very small difference in prices offering between goodfair, high-fair, and fair. This difference in price is practically made up by the amount of tow left in the fibre through not being properly scutched, and with the present prioes ruling fully 90 per cent, of the millers in the Dominion are quite content to aim at no higher grades than high and low fair , , as a much greater output can be obtained by them and at a less cost of production. The weather conditions during the year were very satisfactory for milling, and Ihe green leaf in fairly good condition, with the exception of three or four flax-swamps in the Manawatu district, which were badly affected by blight and grub pests, with the result that several mills had to close down. Most of the hemp "rejected" at the grading-stores was thus classed owing to inferior milling or damage by flood-water. When such high prices are offering for our hemp as at the present time the percentage of low-grade fibre will usually be high, as it enables persons with very little experience in hemp-milling to make a fair margin of profit by milling even for low, fair, and common grades. Tt may also be stated here that in the Manawatu district, the chief centre of the industry, there are not more than three or four millers who have contracted to supply hemp of a good-fair quality, and several of the largest mills in the same district are turning out no higher grades than high-fair. Quality of Tow. —The quality of this by-product, as can be seen from the attached tables, is gradually improving, all grades showing an improvement on the previous year. However, the quality at the ports of Auckland and Bluff still leaves room for great improvement, the percentage of third grade and condemned at these ports being very high. The percentages of grades at the ports are : — First. Second. Third. (Icmdemncd Auckland .. .. .. .. .. 4-00 8300 50-00 13-00 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. 28-00 54-00 17-25 0-75 Foxton .. .. .. .. .. 27-00 6.1-00 9-00 0-50 Bluff .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 41-00 53-50 5-50 Stripper-slips. —The large decrease in this by-product is accounted for by the low prices offering, and the very high shipping rates. Shipping-space. — Although shipping-facilities were not good, during the past year, flax-merchants were fortunate in getting a fair proportion of the space available, with the result that a considerable amount of hemp was shipped overseas, principally to America and Australia. Shipping-space for tow was out of the question except to Australia, with the result that a considerable quantity of tow is now stored at the various grading-ports, to await improved shipping-facilities. The total amount of hemp stored at the various grading-ports throughout the Dominion at the end of the year was approximately 10,000 tons. Instructional Visits. —A large number of requests were received from millers for instructional visits, and were attended to as soon as convenient, and lam pleased to state in nearly all eases with very good results. That the millers highly appreciated my visits was quite evident from the letters of thanks received from them. Staff. —In August last Mr. W. Petrie, who had been on the grading staff for the last ten years, resigned his position in order to re-enter the hemp-milling business, the vacancy being filled by Mr. J. Fitzgibbon, Although the season was one of the busiest for many years past, 1 am pleased to be able to repprt that all the officers carried, out, their duties in a satisfactory manner.

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Grading Statistics . The following tables give particulars of the gradings during the year ended 31st March, 1918, the Dominion totals and percentages for the previous year being also shown for comparison :

HEMP (BALES).

TOW (BALES).

STRIPPER-SLIPS (BALES).

21

Grading-ports. Auckland Napier Foxton Wellington .. Lyttelton Blenheim Pioton Dunedin and Bluff •: Fa o § Fine. Good-fair. „. , ft, High2,660 9,730 ! 488 341 2,722 26,429 .. .. 52 4,509 j 33,581 .. ., .. 14 58 .. .. 181 614 347 .... 347 473 8 .. .. .. 1,005 i 9,248 ,ir. Lowfair. 16,160 289 12,993 14,200 Common. 6,713 753 1,609 Rejected. ; Total. 1,209 325 36,797 1,218 334 22 43,253 160 2 54,113 73 1 .. 1.305 840 52 .. 25,219 1,756 350 162,818 1-07 0-21 162 12,481 12 2,433 Totals 1917-18 Percentage Totals 1916-17 Percentage .. .. 580 12,485 79.742 .. .. 0-35 7-66 j 48-92 ..3 523 25,250 j 73.757 .. 002 0-35 16-84 49-2 56,385 34-71 11,520 ■ 7-07 I,412 60 119,898 41,296 7,597 27-55 5-06 0-94 0-04 j

(irading-ports. 1st Grade. ! 2nd Gra.de. j 3rd Grade. Condemned. Total. Auckland Napier Foxton Wellington Pic ton Blenheim Lyttelton Dunedin and Bluff 311 3,049 4,690 1,159 9,239 150 .. .. 150 2,403 5,691 804 24 8,922 2.919 5,496 1,901 75 10,391 229 80 81 .. 390 389 J 57 29 17 592 164 .. .. .. 164 2,720 3,566 366 6,652 Totals 1917-18 .. 6,445 17,343 11,071 1.641 36,500 Percentage 17-55 47-58 30-33 4-54 _ - _ _ „ _ _ _ „ - Totals 1916-17 .. ■ Percentage 6,096 16,250 13,193 1,990 37.529 i _ __ _ __ 16-2 43-3 35-2 5-3

1st Grade. 2nd Grade. Condemned. Total. Wellington .. 'oxton ilenheim hmedin and Bluff 203 16 7 1,418 393 1 1,621 410 7 67 44 23 Totals 1917-18 226 1,855 24 2,105 Percentage 10-7 88-1 1-1 Totals 1916-17 > 986 3.724 145 4,855 Percentage 20-2 76-8 3-0

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HORTICULTURE DIVISION. REPORT OF THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR} Wellington, 29th June, 1918. Tlie Secretary of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce. 1 SUBMIT herewith the annual report of this division for the year ended 31st March, 1918. T. W. Kirk, Director. Introduction. The work coming within the scope of this division lias been carried out during the year as well as possible under the adverse conditions caused by the war. The following are the principal activities dealt with by this branch of the Department : (1.) Instruction in fruit and vegetable production ; inspection of orchards, vineyards, gardens, and nurseries, and affording information as to the most up-to-date methods of controlling diseases and insect pests ; also giving advice as to suitable varieties of fruit, vegetables, &c, to plant. (2.) Demonstrations and instruction in the grading and packing of fruit, and in pruning and spraying. (3.) Testing new brands of spraying-compounds for the purpose of ascertaining their efficacy under local conditions. (4.) Affording advice on the preserving of fruit and vegetables, both for commercial and domestic purposes ; fruit cool storage. (5.) Advising on tree-planting ; giving information as to the most suitable varieties of trees to plant, both for shelter and timber purposes in different localities. (6.) Control of the horticultural stations at Te Kauwhata, Tauranga, and Arataki. (7.) Registration of all orchards and nurseries in the Dominion. (8.) Orchard-tax : Issuing of tax-demand notices, &<■■. (9.) Inspection of all imported fruit, plants, vegetables, bulbs, &c, at the ports of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, and Bluff ; also inspection and grading of all locally grown fruit, plants, vegetables, &c, intended for export. (10.) Viticulture and wincmaking : Giving advice on the growing of grapes, both outdoor and under glass, the control of pests and diseases, and on the making of wines. (II.) Affording information on bee-keeping generally, and the production of honey for market. (12.) Inspection of apiaries, and instruction in up-to-date methods of controlling disease. (13.) Grading of honey for export; registration of honey-export brands. (14.) Registration of apiaries. Erulturowinu In dustry. The 1917-18 fruit season on the whole was a fairly satisfactory one. Good average crops of apples and pears were recorded, while stone-fruit crops were on the light side. The climatic conditions experienced during the growing season were very favourable to the development of fungoid diseases, and considerable quantities of stone-fruit particularly were lost in this way. The prices realized for good-quality fruit have been equal to those ruling in previous years, and satisfactory returns are being obtained for cool-stored fruit. During the year a total of 1,535 acres were planted in commercial orchards in the various districts. This, although a decrease of 855 acres as compared with the previous year's figures, must; be considered very satisfactory in view of the great shortage of labour, &c, brought about by the Great War. The total area now under fruit for the whole of the Dominion is estimated at 49,655 acres. The following figures show the area planted during the 1917 planting season in each orchard instructor's district : Whangarei, 110 acres ; North Auckland, 190 acres ; South Auckland, 35 acres ; Poverty Bay, 18 acres ; Waikato and Bay of Plenty, 72 acres ; Hawke's'Bay, 60 acres ; Taranaki, .10 acres ; Manawatu and Wairarapa, 30 acres ; Wellington, 10 acres ; Nelson, 400 acres ; Marlborough, 100 acres ; North Canterbury, 70 acres ; South Canterbury, 230 acres ; Otago, 200 acres : total, 1,535 acres. Numerous requests for advice and information on the various phases connected with fruitgrowing have been received from persons- returned soldiers and others who are desirous of taking up this pursuit as a means of livelihood. The orchard instructors during the year have been actively engaged in the work of orchardinspection and the enforcement of the Orchard and Garden Diseases Act; giving advice and instruction, particularly to young orchardists, on the planting, pruning, and spraying of fruit-trees ; giving instruction on the proper methods of grading and packing fruit; holding public pruning demonstrations throughout the respective districts ; reading papers before fruitgrowers' associations, and giving public addresses on the care of fruit-trees and other matters relative to fruit-culture ; inspection of locally grown fruit in fruit-shops and auction-marts ; and inspection of nurseries.

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Export of Fruit. Unfortunately, the very satisfactory export trade that was being built up has had to be abandoned for the time being owing to the war, no fruit being exported during the year. The effect of this on the local markets, however, has not had the detrimental effect on prices that may have been expected. This is due, no doubt, to the improved marketing-facilities that are being adopted by many of the co-operative companies now operating in the various fruit districts, and also to the considerably increased capacity provided by means of the Fruit-preserving Industry Act for the cool storage of fruit. The following figures show the number of cases exported each year from 1908 til] 1916, when exporting ceased:■• Export Number Export Number •Season. of Casea. Season. of Cages, 1908 .. .. .. .. 1,236 1913 .. .. .. .. 33,000 1909' .. .. .. .. 191 1914.. ~ .. ..67,964 1910 .. .. .. .. 5,647 1915 .. .. .. .. 62.164 1911 .. .. .. .. 6,031 1916 .. .. .. .. 19,246 1912 .. .. .. .. .14,869 Inspection at Fruit Markets and Shops. The inspection of locally grown fruit in auction-rooms and shops has been carried out as usual, and the Inspectors report a busy season owing to the increased quantities of fruit sent on to the markets. The quality generally has been satisfactory, and lines well graded and packed. Ifc was necessary, however, to condemn a- number of consignments that were badly affected by black-spot and codlinraoth. Fruit-presermny Industry Act. The benefits of organization are being realized by the fruitgrowing community, and strenuous efforts are being made to place the industry on a sound footing. In this direction the advantages offered under the above-mentioned Act are being fully appreciated. This Act was specially designed to assist the fruit industry in the establishment of bona fide cool stores for fruit, fruit-packing, sheds, fruit-can-ning works, and other works in connection with the packing, grading, or preservation of fruit. Already advances have been made to some ten companies aggregating £43,000. The provision of cool-storage accommodation will have the effect of prolonging the ordinary fruit season, and thereby more adequately meet the local requirements of the Dominion between seasons. Certificates in Pruning and Spraying. During the year some twenty persons sat for examination in pruning and spraying. Of these eight secured first-class certificates and five second-class. These examinations are held each year in the different centres, Apple Grading unit Packing Clauses. During the winter months a number of the instructors held classes in fruit grading and packing. A feature of the work is the number of women now coming forward to take up this very important branch of fruitgrowing, consequent on the calling-up of expert packers for military service. Some twenty certificates of efficiency in grading and packing have now been issued. Co-operative Fruit-test ing Plots. Sixty-five of these plots have been established in different localities throughout the Dominion. Valuable results are now being obtained from some of the older-planted areas, particulars of which will appear in the Departmental Journal from time to time. Besides demonstrating what varieties of fruit are best suited to any [(articular district, these plots also serve as valuable guides in the correct methods to adopt in pruning, spraying, cultivation, &c. Spraying Experiments. The climatic conditions prevailing during the past three years have been very favourable to the development of fungoid diseases. A disease comparatively new to Mew Zealand, known as brownrot (Monilia fruetii/ena), has made very rapid progress, causing very heavy losses, particularly to stone-fruit growers. Other forms of fungi more common to the country have also been abnormally active. With a view to again demonstrating the efficacy of the, remedial methods advocated by the division in the latter case, and with the object of devising a satisfactory remedy for brown-rot. spraying experiments have been made a, leading feature of the work of the division (luring the season, both on our horticultural stations and in co-operation with individual fruitgrowers and fruitgrowers' associations. Owing to the excessive damage done by brown-rot, and the absolute necessity of devising some reliable means of checking the disease, it is the intention of the division to take up the question of spraying experiments far more extensively during the coming season. Tests on a considerable scale, are being conducted at the Arataki Horticultural Station with Spraying-compounds at various strengths for the control of orchard diseases. Some of these areControl of woolly aphis; control of powdery mildew: control of leaf-curl and dieback of peach; control of plum-rust; control of red mite. Experiments with oil sprays at different strengths are also receiving attention. Numerous new spraying-compounds that have recently come on to the market are also being tested with the view of ascertaining their efficacy as applied to New Zealand conditions. Particulars of the results obtained will be published in due course.

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OrcJmrd-regixtralion and Orchard-tax. This work is now on a more satisfactory looting, the requirements of the Act being better understood by the public. A considerable amount of correspondence and adjusting is still, however, necessary in order to bring delinquents into line with the regulations. It is estimated that a hundred thousand orchards, from one tree upwards, are now registered, and of these there are some eight thousand taxable orchards. According to the figures supplied by the Postal Department, through which the orchard-tax is collected, the, sum of £1,800 had been received for the year ended .Hist March, 1918. All moneys received are paid over to the New Zealand Fruitgrowers' Federation (Limited), less cost of collection, and are expended in furthering the interests of the fruitgrowing industry in the Dominion. Grail ing Fniil-lrecx. A new feature of the work of the division is the proposed grading of fruit-trees, This is a matter of considerable importance, and there is no doubt trees should be graded in order that every purchaser may know the class of tree he should receive according to the price charged by the nurseryman, It- is hoped to have the regulations gazetted at an early date. Registration of Nurseries, This is the second year in which the regulations providing for the registration and inspection of nurseries have been in force. The regulations have been well received, and are generally recognized to be of value in restricting Ihe spread of plant-diseases by means of infected nursery stock. During the year 438 nursery properties were registered and inspected, being an increase of fiftyeight as compared with, the previous year. Proposed School ok Horticulture. A matter of special importance which has been receiving the serious consideration of the Department is the proposed establishment of a, Dominion school of horticulture. It has been recognized for some considerable time that such an institution would be a splendid means of imparting knowledge in the various branches of horticulture to young men and women, and also assist those now engaged in the nursery and gardening profession to gain greater scientific knowledge. It is hoped the proposal will take definite shape before long. Horticultural Stations. Te KauwhaUi. in addition to the class of work that naturally suggests itself in connection with such stations, the following has been attended to: The planting of four commercial-orchard areas of 10 acres each. These areas, which are progressing satisfactorily, are intended for future settlement. The planting of 5 acres with commercial varieties of apples. This area forms part of the homestead, and is intended for demonstrating the various matters in connection with commercial fruitgrowing. The planting of an experimental apple-orchard of about I aores. This area is intended for experimental pruning, spraying, manuring, &c. A series of spraying experiments have been carried out with the object of ascertaining the relative values of the different oil-emulsions for the control of insect pests, as well as similar fungicidal tests for the control of such diseases as black-spot, brown-rot, &c. These experiments were carefully carried out, and proved of considerable value. Aralaki. Apart from the ordinary work of the station, which is mainly of an experimental and educational character, a series of spray-testing and spraying experiments were carried out. This was made the main feature of the station's work. The whole of the fruit-trees of the station were utilized for the purpose. The experiments created considerable interest among the fruitgrowers of the district, and have, provided valuable information on. such matters as the control of brown-rot. Similar experiments will be undertaken during the coming season. Tauram/a. This station is still under the process of renovation. In the meantime experimental work has been carried out. The newly established nursery for the purpose of raising the fruit-trees required for the future planting at Te Kauwhata, and other departmental requirements, is progressing satisfactorily, and is now fairly well stocked with young trees. Owing to the Bay of Plenty district being highly suited for citrus-fruit culture, it is intended to make this class of work a strong feature of the station's activities, in this connection about 7 acres of land have been prepared, and will be planted later on in the season with citrus trees on commercial lines. Stock testing for both citrus and deciduous fruit-trees will also be thoroughly gone into. A start in this direction is being made this season. Preparations have also been made for the planting of some 4 acres of apples and pears for experimental purposes

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Experiments have been undertaken in the curing of citrus fruits. This matter is of the utmost importance to the citrus industry, and with a view to solving the problem of successful lemon-curing as early as possible an experimental lemon-curing house has been erected in which to carry out the work. Hops. According to figures supplied by the Customs Department 2,134 cwt. of hops, valued at £9,541, were exported during the year. This shows a big decrease, as compared with the previous year, and is largely due to want of shipping-space. The following figures show the quantity and value of hops exported from the Dominion during the last six years ending 31st March : 1913, 2,340 cwt., value £20,698; 1914, 5,152 cwt., value £26,430; 1915, 3,216 cwt., value £20,786; 1916, 4,425 cwt., value £17,742 ; 1917, 4,449 cwt., value £17,708 ; 1918, 2,134 cwt., value £9,541. Imported Fruit. The following figures supplied by the Customs Department show the quantity of fresh fruit and fruit products imported into New Zealand during the year. The previous year's figures are also quoted for comparison.

Inspection of imported Fruit, Plants, and Vegetables. With the exception of Auckland, the Fruit Inspectors report a big decrease in the quantity of fruit imported at the ports of entry during the year. This, no doubt, has been due to the disorganization in shipping on account of the war. The number of cases of fruit which arrived at Auckland was, however, considerably in excess of that of the previous year, the reason for this being that the bulk of the fruit from the Cook Islands and Fiji was sent direct to this port for examination. The bulk of imported fruit arrived in fairly good condition. Bananas from Fiji were, however, of very poor quality, in many instances being only half-grown. Dishonest packing was also in evidence, small and inferior fruit being placed in the centre of the cases and topped off with a. better class of fruit. Several lines of oranges and mandarins from Sydney arrived in more or less bad order. Apples from Canada arrived in splendid order, well packed and clean and free from disease. The condemnations of fruit from the Cook Islands for fruit-fly infection were considerably less this year as compared with previous years. An improvement in the packing of fruit from these islands is also noticeable. It was found necessary to condemn a number of imported lines for scale and mealy-bug infection. These, after being fumigated, were allowed to land. A few consignments found to be infected with the. fruit-fly maggot had to be destroyed. The inspection of bulbs and plants received per parcel-post entails a considerable amount of work and takes up a good the Inspectors' time. The following is a summary of all fruits, plants, bulbs, &c, examined at the different ports of entry during the year, the previous year's figures being also quoted for comparison :—-

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1.917-18. Quantity, 1916-17. Value. Quantity. Value. Fruit, fresh, dutiable .. .. 3,239,090lb. „ free .. .. .. 21,420,3861b. „ bottled and preserved .. 237,672 doz. „ dried .. .. .. 11,026,996 lb. Lemon and orange peel in brine .. 484,2281b. Fruit-pulp and partially preserved fruit 162,494 11). £ 33,537 143,457 75,660 288,502 3,623 2,978 3,761,462 11). 24,015,2961b. 188,161 doz. 10,710,667 11). 587,6271b. 63,5451b. £ 36,699 148,396 47,4-82 225,80G 3,690 1,096 Totals .. 547,757 463,169

Port, of Entry. Fi Total. Destroyed. Fruit. Total. Plants, Vegetablei Destroyed. i, &C. Grand Total. Fumigated. Beshipped Fumigated. 1017-18. Auckland Wellington (!li rislc.hu i'ch Duncdin Bluff- .. Cases. Oases. 446,507 55 93,'I'29 929 34,882 L8 20,944 I SI 6,531 25 0 ISoN. 2,868 178 '10 (II 33 Cases. 3 L26 Paokages, 19,189 28,650 1,56.3 7,722 796 Paokages. 2 II 18 I Packages. 6 I 200 Packages. 465,69(5 122,079 36,445 28,660 7,327 1!)] (i-17. Auckland Wellington Christclmroh Dunedin Bluff .. 395,637 127 157,189 1,701 64,782 282 51.561 1,097 9,857 100 4,700 260 258 27 70 109 246 31,789 50,380 2,047 9,087 I 168 582 19 29 27 3 6 '127,426 207,569 60,829 60,648 9,858 2 i

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Vineyards and Vinehouses. The area under vineyards is estimated at 454 acres. The acting vine and wine, instructor reports that the grape crop in a number of districts was considerably lighter than that of the previous year. This was due to the inclement weather experienced during the fruiting season, and also to shortage ol labour. As a result the quantity of wine manufactured was a good deal less than the return for last season. Approximately 60,000 gallons of wine were produced, which at a conservative estimate of 3s, per gallon represents a total value of £9,000 for the year's vintage. The demand for New Zealand wines is still rapidly increasing, and growers have no difficulty in disposing of their stocks at remunerative prices. There has been practically no increase in the number of vinehouses since my last report, the figure standing at 850. The great increase in price of building-material has no doubt affected enterprise in this line. The yield from the 850 glasshouses is estimated at 522,750 lb. of grapes, which at .Is, per pound represents a value of £26,137. Inspection of both vineyards and vinehouses has been carried out during the year. Bebkhhptng Industry. It is very satisfactory to report that the beekeeping industry at the present time is in a very flourishing condition. The season has been a good one, and local prices are unusually high, whilst from £150 to £170 per ton has been realized on the English market,. The position of the average beekeeper should therefore be a very favourable one. Export facilities, although unreliable, have been periodically available, and the last of the previous season's honey has just been cleared The apiary instructors have carried out the work of their department in a satisfactory manner. Lectures and demonstrations, both private and public, have been made a strong feature of the season's work. The honorary Apiary Inspectors have also done very good work, and have rendered a valuable service both to the Department and the beekeeping industry in assisting to keep their respective districts free of disease. The voluntary services of these men are highly appreciated, particularly in the face of the inconvenience many of them are known to have experienced as a result of the present shortage of labour. One of the most important features of the work during the year has been the reorganization of the apiary at the Euakura Farm of Instruction. Considerable experimental work has been carried out there under the supervision of Mr. Gγ. V Wcstbrooke, apiary instructor, Auckland, who has been ably assisted by the apiarist in charge, Mr. A. B. Trythall. The experiments include- Different methods of laying out an apiary ; testing different makes of hives ; metal spacers for frames ; shallow honey-supers ; taking daily temperatures and weights of hives ; stands for hives. An experiment is now in progress to ascertain the quantity of wax that can be produced by a hive worked for that purpose only. This is, however, not yet sufficiently advanced to report on. Results of these, tests will appear in the Departmental Journal, and, should prove both valuable and profitable to all interested in beekeeping. Another important work in hand at present is the establishment, of a queen-rearing apiary at the Tauranga Horticultural Station. It is hoped to have this very necessary scientific branch of apiculture well established at an early date. In July, 1917, regulations for the registration of all apiaries, from one hive upwards, came into force. Up to the present some 4,474 persons, totalling 50,721 hives, have registered. There are, however, apparently still numbers of persons who have failed to register, notwithstanding the fact that full publicity of the regulations has been given both in the papers and by notices issued from this office. It is evident more drastic steps will require to be taken with those who have not com plied with the regulations. Export of Honey. According to the Customs figures 2,819 cwt. of honey, valued at £7,991, was exported during the year. This represents an increase of 1,247 cwt. as compared with the previous year's figures. The following figures show the quantity and value of honey exported during the last five years ended 31st March: 1914, 1,885 cwt., value £3,716 ; 1915, 2,456 cwt., value £4,763; 1916, 2,390 cwt., value £6,067 ; 1917, 1,572 cwt., value £3,554 ; 1918, 2,819 cwt., value £7,991. The apiary instructors who carried out the grading report that, generally speaking, the standard of packing has greatly improved, and the quality of the honey sent forward is prime grade A few lines had to be rejected on account of leaky tins and fermentation. Stavf. As previously reported, the staff of the division has been seriously depleted as a result of the military requirements of the country. The weakness thus created has, howev< r, been repair das far as possible by the appointment of temporary officers. These officers, although lacking departmental experience, have performed their duties very creditably, and have materially assisted in maintaining the efficiency of the division during the year. I have, much pleasure in reporting that all officers have, under the, adverse circumstances; carried out their work in a satisfactory manner,

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DAIRY DIVISION. REPORT OP THE DIVISIONAL DIRECTOR. Wellington, Ist July, 1918, The Secretary of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce. HEREWITH is submitted the annual report of the Dairy Division for the year ended 31st March, 1918. I desire to again acknowledge the valuable help rendered by Mr. W. M. Singleton, Assistant Director, in connection with the work. D. Oudjhe, Director of the Dairy Division. Season. The season ended 31st March, 1918, has been a favourable one for dairy-farmers generally in the Dominion. During the spring, however, a heavy rainfall accompanied by low temperatures was experienced in some of the principal dairying districts, and this had the effect of regarding the growth of grass for cattle, and thereby reducing the supply of milk and cream delivered to the cheese and butter factories. Then followed a somewhat lengthy spell of dry weather, which fortunately broke up in time to ensure an ample supply of feed, the result being a continuance of the milk ing-period for a longer time under more profitable conditions than is usual toward the end of the season. For several months during the summer the weather was abnormally warm, and this was reflected in the condition of the milk and cream supplied from the farms where no attempt was made to counteract the ill effects by a systematic method of cooling these products. Furthermore, the high temperature prevailing at that time severely damaged much of the cheese stored in the curing-rooms and other buildings wrongly constructed for the storage of this perishable product. In the month of March a disastrous bush-fire occurred in the Main Trunk district, causing heavy losses to the settlors, including the destruction of the dairy factory at Raetihi, The dense smoke from this fire penetrated to dairying districts many miles distant, and harmfully affected the milk received at the factories. As the cheese made from this milk possessed a distinct smoky flavour, it had to be graded lower on that account. Exports. Despite the increasing difficulties experienced by dairy-farmers and dairy companies in obtaining labour, the production of butter and cheese has been well maintained during the year. Owing to the shortage of shipping, however, the exports of both butter and cheese show a decrease as compared with last year's figures, the former by 49,537 cwt. and the latter by 63,943 cwt. The following table shows the quantities and classes of dairy-produce exported from the various grading-ports : —

Creamery Butter for United Kingdom.

Whey Butter for United Kingdom.

Port. Total Packages. I First Grade. Second Grade!. Third Grade. Auckland S-isborne NV,w Plymouth Wangamii Patea Wellington Lyttelton Dunedin 351,733 5,138 88,589 5,962 2,442 111,235 36,348 15,682 340,623 5,138 87,513 5,74-0 2,107 108,528 36,246 15,317 10,987 1,076 222 335 2,707 99 365 123 3 Totals .. 617,129 601,212 •15,791 126

Port. Total Packages. First Grade. Seoond, Grade. Third Grade. Auckland New Plymouth Wangauui Patea Wellington Lyttelton Dunedin 5,100 2,043 245 2,757 4,642 228 878 1 ,282 I . 187 15 2,242 3,470 192 322 3,818 856 230 515 1,158 36 550 14 6 Totals .-. 15,893 8,710 7,163 20

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Dairy Butter for United Kingdom.

Milled Butter for United Kingdom.

Butter for Australia, South Africa, and South Sea Islands.

Total Quantity of Butter exported.

Cheese for United Kingdom.

'cw Plymouth Port. Total Packages. 95 95 95 First Grade. I Second Grade. Third Grade I : I I 78 17 78 17 Totals .. 95

Port. Total Packages. First Grade. Second Grade. Third Grade Auckland New Plymouth Wangamii Wellington lhmedin 125 39 79 1,621 67 37 35 34 1,333 02 86 2 4 37 8 288 5 86 4 37 288 __ 2 8 5 Totals .. I . , 1,931 1,501 415 15 415 15

Vucklaiul Wellington Totals Port. Total Packages. First Grade. Second Grade. 5,739 5,63K 101 200 200 5,939 5,838 101 i Tliinl (Ji'aclo.

Port. Creamery. Whoy. I Dairy. Paokagea. Milled. Paokages. 179 Totals, A-ucklaiid Sisborne New Plymouth . . Wnnganui Patea Wellington Lyttelton and Timam Dunediii Paokages. 357,418 5,138 88,589 5,962 2,442 111,435 36,348 15,682 Paokages. 5,100 Paokages. 362,697 5,138 90,766 6,286 5,199 117,698 36,576 16,627 2,043 245 2,757 4,642 228 878 95 39 79 J, 621 67 , Totals .. 623,014 15,893 95 1,985 640,987

Port. Total Packages. First Grade. Second Grade. Third, Grade Auckland New Plymouth Wanganui Patea Wellington t ,, i, i m- ( Factory Lyttelton and Timaruj T) a j.. v 89,187 83,865 8,357 112,607 155,156 13,032 634 20,572 66,203 83,338 77,981 7,087 102,094 143,502 12,615 303 19,856 65,143 5,849 5,803 1,270 10,513 11,522 417 331 716 1,060 81 132 Dunedin Bluff Totals I 549,613 511,919 37,481 213

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Cheese for Australia, South Africa, and South Sea Inlands.

Total Quantity of Cheese exported. Port. Packages. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. 89,339 New Plymouth .. ".. .. .. ..83,865 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. 8, 357 Patea 112,607 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. 155,156 Lyttelton and Timaru .. .. .. .. ]3,776 Dunedin .. .. ..20,572 Bluff .. .. .. .. .. .. 66,203 Total .. .. .. .. ..549,875

Total Weights of Butter and Cheese exported.

Quantities of Butter exported from all Ports for Years ended March, 1917, and March, 1918.

Quantities of Cheese exported from all Grading-ports for Years ended March, 1917, and March, 1918.

Port. \u(;kland Lyttelton and Timaru .. Totals Total Packages. First Grade. 152 135 110 109 262 244 Second Grade. Third Grade. I 17 1 18 262 244

Countries exported to. Butter. Cheese. United Kingdom Other countries Owt. 317,524 2,969 Cwt. 785,161 374 Totals .. 320,493 785,535

Port. Auckland Qisborne New Plymouth .. Wanganui Patea .. Wellington Lyttelton and Timaru Dunedin Totals .. i 1917. 1918. Packages. Packages. 403,455 362,697 .. J 8,405 5,138 .. i 112,816 90,766 .. ; 13,829 6,286 .. I 14,908 5,199 . .. j 140,780 .117,698 26,694 36,576 19,174 16,627 740,061 640,987 Increase, 1918. Packages. Decrease, 1918. i Packages. 40,758 3,267 22,050 7,543 9,709 23,082 Packages. Net Total Decrease, 1918 9,882 2,547 9,882 108,956 99,074

Port. 1917. 1918. Increase, 1918. Decrease, 1918. j Net Total De. : crease, 1918. Paokages. 68,405 99,463 11,695 142,920 143,047 15,567 20,976 92,562 Packages. 89,339 83,865 8,357 112,607 155,156 13,776 20,572 66,203 Packages. 20,931 Packages. Paokages. Auckland New Plymouth .. Wanganui Patea .. Wellington Lyttelton and Timaru Dunedin Bluff 12,109 15,598 3,338 30,313 1,791 404 26,359 Totals 594,635 549,875 33,043 77,803 44,760

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Quantities of Butter and Cheese forwarded to Grading-stores for grading.

Orkamery Butter. From the tables contained in this report it will be seen that there has been a decrease in the quantity of creamery butter graded for export for the year amounting to 22,801 owt. as compared with the total amount received for the preceding year. This is mainly accounted for as the result of the movement to manufacture cheese instead of butter, the former being more profitable to the producers at the present market value of the two pr..ducts. If this difference in value continues in favour of cheese a further reduction in the quantity of butter manufactured may be expected within the near future. In the opinion of the dairy-produce graders at the leading ports the quality of butter made during the year has not been quite up to the standard of last year. There are several causes which have contributed to this falling-ofif in quality, amongst which may be mentioned the extension of the system of separating the cream on the farms, which has now spread widely to every dairying district in the Dominion. It is to be regretted that many of the producers, either through a lack of knowledge or from sheer carelessness, allow their cream to deteriorate before it leaves the farm. It frequently occurs that the dairying utensils and appliances are not cleaned in an approved manner. Milking-sheds and general surroundings are kept in anything but good condition. The cream is not removed to a position where the atmosphere is reasonably pure ; neither is it cooled for the purpose of its better preservation. Therefore it stands to reason that the butter made from cream which has been so unskilfully handled cannot be of good quality. All attempts by the buttermakers to overcome the ill flavour in butter of this kind are at the best only partly successful, and it often happens that their efforts in this direction completely fail. Hence we find that much low-grading butter reaches the stores for export, which could be easily avoided providing the producers would do their part in supplying only cream of good quality to the factories. On the other hand, a large percentage of the butter manufactured during the year has been of high grade and in every way suitable to fill the demands of a first-class trade. Furthermore, there has been a distinct uniformity in the flavour, body, and texture of the best butter from those factories whore the farmers are more keenly alive to the necessity of accepting their share of responsibility for the excellence of the finished product. A word of warning, however, is necessary in connection with the overworking of butter at several of the largo factories, where attempts are constantly being made to obtain the maximum yield by incorporating as much moisture as possible without exceeding the legal limit. This means the production of butter of a greasy and salvy nature, which every dairy company should be anxious to avoid, as the value of the product is thereby reduced Whey Butter. The yearly extension of the cheese industry has been attended witli the production of a greater quantity of whey butter for some years past, and this comparatively new branch of the cheese industry is now bringing in a good revenue to those dairy companies which have installed the machinery required to recover the butter-fat remaining in the whey. The total quantity of this class of butter graded for the year was 16,335 cwt., or an increase of 28 per cent, on the quantity for the corresponding period of last year. No general improvement in the flavour, body, and texture of this butter can be reported, and for this the manufacturers are alone responsible. It is true, however, that a portion of this product from a minority of the factories was found to bo of good flavour and well made. These consignments, moreover, were quite suitable for table use,, and would find a ready sale on any of the markets for butter at prices closely approximating and sold under the brand of " Creamery."

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„ , Year 1917-18. \ Year 1917-18. | Year 1916-17. Year 1916-17. • Butter. Cheese. Butter. Cheese. i ! l_, _J . Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Cwt. Auckland .. .. .. 258,216 156,373 271,822 139,101 Gisbornc .. .. .. 5,155 .. 5,163 New Plymouth .. .. .. 57,384 161,087 70,855 162,245 Wanganui .. .. '.. 7,785 16,861 7,498 16,465 Patea .. .. .. .. 6,810 239,549 7,393 235,306 Wellington .. .. .. 75,042 277,174 43,227 255,906 Lyttelton .. .. .. 21,761 27,000 13,530 24,667 Timaru.. .. .. .. 500 .. 43 Dunedin .. . s .. 15,076 43,572 10,999 32,681. Bluff .. .. .. .. .. 120,259 .. 128,481 Cwt. 139,101 162,245 16,465 235,306 255,900 24,667 32,681. 128,481 Totals .. .. 447,729 1,041,375 470,530 994,582 994,582 (Note. — The not weight of one box of butter may be taken as 56 lb. and one crate of oh.ee as 160 lb.) crate of cheese 3! (S

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The remainder of the whey butter received at the stores consisted of secondary, indifferent, or irregular quality, some of the latter being of a most objectionable! flavour. As a rule the inferiorflavoured consignments were also faulty in make, the body being weak, with a greasy appearance, which deducted from the value of the product. No reasonable excuse can be offered by,those who arc responsible for the careless workmanship displayed in the quality of the most inferior brands of this class of butter, and it would be in the interests of the butter industry in general, if the Government prohibited the manufacture of whey butter unless its quality reached a higher standard than that of the poorest article now turned out from a number of the factories. Cheese. A further increase in the production of cheese has to be recorded for the year, the total amount graded at the various ports being 1,041,375 cwt., as compared with 994,852 cwt. for the year ended 31st March, 1917. This increase has been mainly due to dairy companies finding it more profitable to manufacture this product in preference to butter. No less than twenty-five cheese-factories were added to the list during the year, ten of which represent new ownerships ; the remainder being made up from dairy companies formerly engaged in the production of butter. In common with the carrying-on of other industries many difficulties incidental to war conditions had to be faced in connection with the manufacture of cheese, including scarcity of labour on the farms, as well as a scarcity of experienced assistants in the factories, delay in delivering the necessary supplies of factory requisites, shortage of cool-storage space, and the uncertainty of regular shippingfacilities, all of which gave the producers much anxiety. Ultimately, however, these disadvantages were, at least in part, overcome without any serious loss being sustained to those concerned. Contrary to expectations, the quality of the cheese made throughout the Dominion was about up to the usual standard. In fact, a further extension of the system of pasteurizing the milk for cheesemaking greatly improved the flavour of many consignments, the outputs in several instances being raised from second to first grade by this means. It is worthy of mention that the average grade of the cheese made at the factories where regenerative pasteurizers were in use for the season was 1-34 points higher than that of cheese made from unpasteurized milk in the same districts. The number of regenerative pasteurizers now installed in cheese-factories is 107, and this number is likely to be added to from year to year. Apart from the question of flavour, which was far from being satisfactory in many of the cheese arriving at the grading-stores, the principal defect was found to be looseness and openness in body. Numerous consignments evidenced this fault, which .many of the makers appear unable to avoid. Lower grading was consequently the result. Another serious blemish made its appearance in a large percentage of the cheese made in the Taranaki Province during the warmer months of the year —namely, cracked and open rinds ; but with the advent of cooler weather this defect became less conspicuous. More attention is required on the part of many cheesemakers regarding the finish of their produce, much of which showing a rough exterior with bandages hanging loose and unsightly in appearance, Stoeage of Cheese. For the first time in the history of the New Zealand industry the greater portion of the season's output has been held in cool store while awaiting shipment. All cheese arriving at the cheese-stores located at Auckland, Southdown, Horotiu, Patea, Wellington, and Bluff were held at [temperatures which ensured the safe preservation of the produce and enabled shipment to be made in good order and condition. The same can be said of only a portion of the cheese stored at New Plymouth, where the accommodation in the cool stores was insufficient for the quantity coming forward for export. The surplus, which was placed in buildings entirely unsuitable for the purpose, was severely damaged by overheating. An additional loss was also sustained by the high percentage of shrinkage which took place. In this case it was found necessary to refuse applications for advance payments on behalf of the Imperial Government on a large quantity of cheese, which caused the producers much inconvenience. At Lyttelton room could not be found in the cool stores for the whole output, while at Dunedin the season was well advanced before a cool store was ready for use : but the cheese at these ports did not show any material damage from overheating. The storage space for cheese in Taranaki became so overtaxed that buildings at Hawera, Kaupokonui, Mangatoki, Eltham, and Kaponga had to be utilized for ihis purpose. Fortunately, refrigerating machinery was made available, and the temperature of the stores regulated in accordance with the requirements. An excellent cheese-store was also provided at Wanganui by the Wanganui Meat-freezing Company. Generally speaking, the temperatures of the cool stores for cheese were regulated at from 45° to 50°, with the result that shipments were made in a condition leaving little to be desired. The present cool-storage space for cheese represents a capacity for 445,700 crates, and further provision is now being made for an additional 87,000 crates, giving a total of 532,700 crates, or f>o per cent, of the present annual production. Supplies of Eennet. The continued extension of the cheese industry has necessitated a corresponding increase in the supply of rennet required, or an increase in the quantity of pepsin, which is the only other suitable

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coagulant. Fortunately, supplies of rennet have come forward from Denmark and Sweden in fairly large quantities, and some has also been obtained from England, thus enabling dairy companies to carry on the manufacture of cheese. For some time past rennet has been supplemented to a considerable extent by the use of pepsin, but for some reason best known to themselves many of the cheesemakers have preferred to use rennet only, instead of eking out their short supply by utilizing a proportion of pepsin, as recommended by the Dairy Division. This is also more surprising in view of the fact that the, price of pepsin has been considerably lower as compared with that of rennet, and the latter is equally suitable for the purpose when used along with rennet-extract. Some of the more enterprising factory-managers have prepared small quantities of rennet from the calves' veils obtained in their own district, but the volume of this locally manufactured article has been comparatively small. The Co-operative Rennet Company, which was formed by the various dairy companies throughout the Dominion becoming shareholders, has so far not been successful in the attempts made to provide a suitable supply. The principal reason for the non-success of this business up to the present time is due to the company being unable to secure the services of a skilled and experienced man to prepare the rennet. While a considerable amount of the raw material in the form of veils has been collected, it would seem as if the company would be compelled to ship this material to some of the manufacturers of rennet in Great Britain, and it is believed that this is the company's intention. There, are, however, several firms in New Zealand who are keenly interested in the, production of rennet, and who have already devoted a considerable amount of time to this particular work, and probably some of these firms will be eventually successful in producing a good rennet of a uniform strength. For the time being dairy companies will have, to depend very largely upon obtaining their supplies from Continental countries, and large orders have already been placed and accepted to fill these requirements. Providing no serious delay occurs in connection with the shipment of these consignments, dairy companies will be well provided for in this respect for at least another year. Sale op Butter and Cheese to the Imperial Government. Early negotiations were commenced for the sale of the season's output of cheese to the Imperial Government, and after some delay a final offer of lOd. per pound f.o.b. for first grade, with a reduction of -Jd. per pound for second grade, was obtained, and accepted on the same terms as agreed upon in connection with the sale of the previous year's cheese, with the exception that the producers had to meet the cost of storage up to an average of three months, and also the expense of insuring the cheese until placed on board ocean steamer. While the price obtained for New Zealand cheese on this occasion was about fd. per pound below the price paid by the Imperial Government for Canadian cheese during the year 1917, the large majority of New Zealand producers willingly accepted the lower price, which constitutes a record for New Zealand Cheddar cheese. The sale of the cheese at such a profitable, price, with the added assurance that shipment would take place within a reasonable time, created some anxiety amongst butter-producers, and this and other considerations led up to a proposal being made for the sale of the exportable surplus of creamery butter to the New Zealand Government. This proposal, however, fell through in favour of a sale being effected to the Imperial Government. After a protracted delay in arriving at an understanding as to the price to be paid, it was subsequently agreed to sell the butter to the Imperial Government at 1575. per hundredweight f.0.b., with a reduction of Is. per hundredweight for each point belowfirst grade. The final arrangement provided for an addition to the price of fjO per cent, of any profit made thereon being paid to the producers ; the terms as to storage and insurance being the same as in the case for cheese. The financial arrangements in connection with the purchase of both cheese, and butter have been extremely satisfactory, in that a payment of 90 per cent, of the value of the produce was made available free of interest as soon as the cheese or butter was twenty-eight days in store, thereby eliminating inconvenience to owners requiring financial aid before shipments could bo made. Gradino of Butter and Cheese. This branch of the divisional work has been continued without alteration for the year, the usual standard for the different classes of produce being adhered to. It was not considered advisable to raise the standard for first-class creamery butter to include, only butter scoring 90 points and over, as formerly suggested and afterwards supported by a resolution passed at the annual conference held in Palmerston North in June of last year. When the matter was discussed the attendance, at the conference was very meagre, therefore the resolution could not be accepted as representing the opinion of a majority of those engaged in the industry. Moreover, the time was not considered opportune to make such a, change, owing to the, fact that factories are being carried on under conditions which are more or less abnormal. For example, many of the experienced employees have joined the Expeditionary Forces, and their places have been filled by men with less experience, which makes it difficult to maintain the present standard of quality; to say nothing about the improvement that is desired as the result of raising the points for first grade in accordance with the, proposal. As soon as the country is again free from the stress of war conditions the question of altering the score for butter can lie finally decided, at which time the raising of the standard for first-grade cheese, which is of equal importance, might be, taken into consideration,

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Table showing the Grading-points scored by the Butter and Cheese graded throughout New Zealand for the Year ended 31st March, 1918.

Shipment of DAraY-PRonucE. At the commencement of the, season the outlook for regular shipping to carry cheese and butter to Groat Britain was by no means encouraging. The fact that a considerable quantity of these products made during the previous season was still in store made the position worse. It was then considered likely that larger stocks would accumulate in the cool stores pending the arrival of Homo steamers in which the necessary space could be allotted. Fortunately, extra cool storage had been arranged for against this contingency. The first shipment of cheese was made at the end of October, and at that time there was a total of 113,132 crates remaining in store. Up to the end of March seventeen shipments of cheese wore made by the various steamers loading at the different ports, but quantities still awaiting shipment had then reached 363,790 crates, and the stores all became more or less congested on that account. The first shipment of butter for the season took place on the 30th September, and a further one followed on the 13th October, but between the latter date and the 29th November -on which date a small shipment was made —no shipping-space was provided for this class of produce. At this time the quantity of butter remaining in store amounted to 361,617 boxes, and shippers were therefore caused a great deal of anxiety. By the middle of December stocks in store had risen to 445,317 boxes, but during January, February, and March eleven heavy shipments of butter were loaded for Great Britain, thus relieving the pressure on storage space to a considerable extent, although an accumulation of over 350,000 boxes was still in store when the financial year ended. Later shipments, however, have eased the position in this respect. \ TIMBEE FOB BUTTEB-BOXBS AND ChEBSB-OBATES. It is again necessary to mention a shortage in the supply of white-pine for the manufacture of butter-boxes and cheese-crates. Dairy companies and dairy-factory proprietors have in many

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Butter. Cheese. Grading-points. Number of Boxes, j Percentage. £ Number of Oases. Number of Oas< IOS. Percentage. Percentage. 71 75 76 77 78 79 81 81$ 82 82| 83 83* 84 84$ 85 85f 86 86f 88 88| 89 89J 90 90| 9l" 91* 92 <>2§ 98 93| 94 94i 95" 95£ 96 50 23 80 134 K7 326 209 166 221 67 379 991 1,253 I ,409 3,901 7,659 15,257 4,989 7.690 21,265 54.109 97,623 81,274 87,957 111,069 105,918 104,162 66,545 48,539 23,569 15,882 4,029 1,872 0-0057 0-0026 0-0092 0-0154 0-0100 0-0375 00240 0-0191 0-0254 0-0077 0-0436 0-1141 0-1443 0-1622 0-4492 0-8820 1-7570 0-5745 0-8856 2-4489 6-2314 11-2426 9-3598 10-1294 12-7476 ] 2-1979 11-9957 7-6635 5-5899 2-7143 1-8290 0-4639 0-2155 [ t 19 60 67 317 416 90 20 755 57 232 566 2,010 2,625 6,422 9,649 18,249 9,818 27,309 . 34,530 73,844 91,350 110,913 105,375 92,441 60,679 39,566 20,957 12,365 5,656 2,151 798 89 186 95 0-0026 0-0082 0-0091 0-0434. 0-0570 0-0123 0-0027 0-1034 0-0078 0-0317 0-0775 0-2754 0-3597 0-8799 1 -3225 2-5009 1-3455 3-7426 4-7322 10-1201 12-5192 15-2003 14-4411 12-6687 8-3158 54224 2-8720 1-6945 0-7751 0-2947 01093 00121 00254 00130

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instances had groat difficulty in obtaining these packages from the boxmakers, who in their turn could not procure the timber required from the, sawmillers. Orders for white-pine placed with several of the sawmillers- some of whom, were shipping largo quantities to Australia were refused ; consequently much delay occurred in procuring supplies. This resulted in having recourse to the use of unseasoned timber to a considerable extent, which is, of course, very harmful to the contents of such packages. At a conference of sawmillers, boxmakers, and representatives of dairy companies and freezing companies recently held in Wellington in conjunction with the National rJfficiency Board the whole question of retaining sufficient supply of white-pine to meet the needs of users in New Zealand was discussed at length, and the respective views of the different parties concerned duly emphasized. It is understood that certain recommendations have been made to the Government on the matter, but the writer is unable to say what the outcome will be. As regards the white-pine forests remaining in the hands of the Crown, it is now made a condition of sale that none of the timber will be available for export, and shall be reserved for the purpose of the dairy industry. This arrangement, however, does not overcome the present shortage of whitopine, and it is of the utmost importance that the requirements of New Zealand be supplied before an export of the balance be allowed. There does not appear to be any'sound reason why exporters" of this valuable timber should not contribute their quota for local use at equal market rates. Casein. A. considerable amount of progress has been made for the year with regard to the development of the casein industry. In all some 341. tons of lactic-acid casein and 49 tons of rennet casein have been prepared for export, in addition to this quantity some 20 tons of casein were saved from buttermilk, the increase in total production representing 100 tons over the figures of last season. During the year the instructors in charge of this branch of the work have succeeded in working out a method whereby the casein from buttermilk can be recovered at a small expense. After repeated experiments extending over a considerable time it was found that an article of good quality can be turned out. Tliis new system of saving the casein contained in buttermilk has proved so successful that it was considered advisable to protect it by applying for patent rights, but arrangements have been*made whereby the process will be at the disposal of dairy companies free from any royalty whatever. Another advance has been made with regard to the makin ■ of rennet casein, by means of which the curd is treated in such a way as to prevent any discoloration taking place in the finished product, a fault which formed the basis of several complaints from purchasers of rennet casein from New Zealand last year. The only drawback to the extension of the casein industry at present is the shortage of shippingspace ; but when once conditions again become normal it is expectedfthat a considerable quantity of this material will be exported from New Zealand, for which there seems to be a considerable demand in Great Britain. Dried Mit.k. The drying of milk for the preparation of a food for infants and invalids, which is packed under the name of " glaxo," has shown a phenomenal development 'during the year. Four large factories dealing with many thousands of gallons of milk daily have been in operation, and it is believed the production of "glaxo " for the year will exceed 2,500 tons. Large sums of money are involved in the establishment of these works. The price realized for this product, the bulk of which has been sold to the Imperial Government, has enabled a price to be paid for the milk which , is purchased on the, basis of its butter-fat content - -considerably above that paid at the cheese and butter factories. Consequently many dairyfarmers have given this branch of the industry their liberal support, and have also agreed to continue supplying milk for this purpose for a period of years under certain specified conditions. The milk-drying factories in the Waikato district are carried on by a joint arrangement as between the farmers' companies and the proprietors of the " glaxo " preparations. The establishment of additional factories for the drying of milk is proposed. 01' course, it is impossible to state to what extent this particular branch of the industry will ultimately develop, as this will depend altogether upon the demand for milk-powder in whatever form it may be required. For the time being there is some apprehension on the part of directors of co-operative dairy companies manufacturing cheese and butter as to the effect of the competition for supplies of milk between the milk-drying factories and. (heir own companies, their contention being that some of the latter may have to close or be so weakened by the withdrawal of support in milk-supply that it will not pay to carry on. It would seem, however, that the position in this respect will be automatically regulated by the prices which can be paid for the raw material used for the various products manufactured. An amalgamation of the various interests at stake would appear to be worthy, of consideration. Dairy Instruction. The scope of this work carried on each year includes instruction in almost every branch of factory dairying, and extends to the dairy farms in so far as the production, care, and handling of milk and cream are concerned. It also takes in the supervision of the sanitary state of the dairy premises and utensils used by the owners thereof. Although it is admitted that the amount of instruction directly imparted to the farmers in this connection has been limited owing to the comparatively small number of men employed! in the i

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division, a great deal of useful information lias been given to the owners of dairy farms whom the instructors have been able to visit in Ihe time at their disposal. As a rule, only those farms from which inferior milk or cream was being delivered to the factories were, visited by the instructors, when in almost every case it was found a comparatively easy matter to trace the cause of inferiority in the product. There is urgent need for an early extension of this important branch of the work as outlined in previous reports of this division. Failing the appointment of an extra number of qualified men to visit the farms with a view of improving the condition of the milk and cream supplies, it is believed that the time of the officers now engaged principally in giving instruction at the factories would be more profitably spent in supervising the farm end of the industry. Both branches of the work are, admittedly important, but the farmers are now undoubtedly more in need of instructional assistance than are the men in charge of the factories. Testing of Daib? Cows. The certiu'eate-of-record testing has been continued during the season. An increased number of breeders are co-operating in the movement, and a greater demand for the division's assistance has been in evidence. Advice has been received that more breeders are preparing to co-operate, with the division in this work during the ensuing season. This is constructive work, and is doubtless bearing fruit in the direction of improving the yield of the average in New Zealand. There is reason to believe that the production of butter-fat of the average cow is now higher than it was before the Department's testing was inaugurated. During the year a new milk record was established by Mr. .1. Donald's imported cow Woodcrest Johanna Tehee. Her yield of 21,183-1 Ib. milk, containing 754*961b. fat. was produced in 365 days, commencing at the age of 4 years 325 days. At the time of writing she is New Zealand's highest milk-record cow, and the highest butter-fat producer in the four-year-old class for her breed. This cow is related to the Department's last importation of Friesians, and came from the same stud farm. The association testing undertaken by the division I his season has been continued satisfactorily at Cheltenham, Woodville, Riverbank, and Konini. This work appears to be very much appreciated by the members of these associations, Staff. The various officers of the, division have carried out their respective duties in an exemplary manner during the year, which has been a particularly busy one, more especially for those engaged at the grading-ports, where a great deal of overtime had to be.worked in preparing the necessary documents required iti connection with the sale of the outputs of butter and cheese to the Imperial Government. All those engaged in the central offices of the division also gave close attention to the duties allotted to them. Here again a considerable amount of extra work has been dealt with for the period under review. The Department sustained heavy loss during the year in the death of Mr. W. Graham and Mr. W. Forsyth, instructors in cheesemaking, both of whom were men of special ability for this class of work, and they will be, sadly missed by the, dairying community as well as by their fellow officers of the division. In the retirement from the service of Mr. J. ttawers, dairy instructor, lnvereargill, owing to ill health, a further loss has been sustained by the Department. Mr. Sawers was an officer of high standing in all matters concerning the dairy industry. It will be extremely difficult to (ill these vacancies with men of equal ability. It is desired to mention that there are now eight officers of the division on active service, two of whom have been wounded, while the others were well when the latest advice from them came to hand.

CHE M IS TR V SECT I 0 N. REPORT OF THE CHEMIST. Wellington, 20th .June, 1918. The Secretary of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce. 1 enclose herewith the annual report on the work of my section. B. C. Aston, F.1.C., Chemist. Staff. The year has been notable for the difficulty experienced in finding skilled assistance, the work being carried on with only one laboratory assistant with the aid of two professional cadets, who were absent at the university lectures two half-days a week each during the session, as allowed by the regulations, it is to be hoped, however, that the worst difficulties in respect to the shortage of staff are over. All are now working with enthusiasm. Soil-survey Investigations. In connection with deficiency diseases, visits have, been paid to the, North Island Thermal District, Pahiatua,' Waikanae, Glenhope, Stanley Brook (Nelson), and. West Wanganui Inlet. A number of soils werejoollected in this connection, and where otherjfcypes wore met with en route they were also sampled. A large number of soils have been analysed, and it is hoped to publish a systematic account of the soils of one area shortly.

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Soil Investigations. Waxy Soils.- The wax isolated from the waterproof soils mentioned in my last report has been submitted to a paint-manufacturer, who reports that it is a good substitute for shellac, which is at present 3 5 . fid. per pound. He estimates it to be worth at least Is. per pound. The matter in being further investigated, as it may be worth developing commercially. Siliceous Earths -Many other samples of the siliceous earth mentioned in my last report have been received from widely scattered localities, and some have received economic utilization in gluemakirig and in one other indu try which previously imported its Jceiselghur or diatomaceous earth. Light Soils. A paper on " The Lighter Soils of the North Island " was published in the Journal of the Department for October, 1917. 'Phis paper brings out the fact that while pumice soils contain no carbonate of lime, the application of lime to pumice grass-lands often has an initial deleterious efieot, which is now shown to be succeeded by a most beneficial effect. Considerable hope is thus aroused as Id I he future use of lime on pumice lands under careful management, and this line of investigation is being continued in the glasshouse and the laboratory. Siriiiiip Lands. An article on the treatment of Waikato swamp lands, written with the collaboration of Mi R. Reynolds, of "Trecarne," Cambridge, giving analyses of different types of soil, was published in the Jownal for July, 1917. Potash-supply. A number of plant-ashes have been analysed, lor potash with a view to utilization in supplying the shortage of that fertilizer ingredient. AH the sawmillers whose names were in the directory were, circularized in an endeavour to get them to save the wood-ashes for sale to market-gardeners and others to whom potash fertilizers are essential in order to obtain the highest yields. Few sawmillers answered the circular, and still fewer showed any desire to help. One mill, the output of which is .', ton of ashes per week, has supplied a few tons to one market-gardeners' association.* Advantage of the presence in Australia of the Director of the Horticulture Division was taken to endeavour to obtain a supply of Australian alunite, a potash compound, of which there is said to be large supplies in two localities there. Subsequently an effort was also made to obtain some through another source. Both of these attempts were unsuccessful, Australia not having enough, potash for its own consumption at present. A third, article, entitled " Potash, in Agriculture," was published in the Journal for .lime, 1917. Limestones. A very large number of limestones have been received, and have been tested to ascertain their suitability for application to the land either before or after " burning." An article, " Two Notes on Limestone," in the March, 1918. Journal., and a note on a limestone-crushing test with the " lightning crusher " by the Public Works Department, in the October, 1917, Journal, have been contributed. Phosphates. A number of reputed phosphates have been tested, without, however, discovering any new deposits. . Specimens of phosphate rock and pamphlets have been distributed, as in previous years. The bonus for discovering new phosphate-fields has been extended to include the Cook Islands. In these days when freights are so high and bags so expensive it seems astonishing that " double " or concentrated superphosphate is not more availed of, thus halving the cost of carriage. An Auckland firm previously stocked this fertilizer, which was obtainable from them in pre-war times at £9 12s. per ton (further details arc given on p. 9 of the Journal, for July, 1913). Fertilizers Act. Twenty-one samples have been received from Fields Division officers for analysis under the Fertilizers Act for the past year, compared with nineteen received during the previous year. The past year's importations of fertilizers have been classified and published in the Journal for May, 1917. Miscellaneous Work vor the Department. Live-stock Division. -Several stock-foods have been analysed. Several oases of poisoning in stock have been investigated, and an article entitled " Accidental Poisoning of Live-stock," from preventable and unpreventable causes, was published in the Journal for November, 1917. One of the most useful of the analyses for this division was that of the " Anconia " sheep-dip, in connection with a prosecution lor alleged fraud. A number of fodder plants have been analysed in connection with nutrition diseases. A handpow,cr brick-machine has been purchased by the Department, at my suggestion, for making the medicinal bricks for stock for use in country where such are desirable, and where deficiency diseases are apt to develop. The machine has been installed at the Wallaceville "Laboratory, and the veterinarian in charge has been advised as to the method of making the bricks. Dairy Division. —Several samples were analysed for preservative, and potable waters for dairy purposes were examined. A number of cheese for export by the Imperial Government Supplies Department were analysed to determine whether they were in accordance with guarantee in fatcontent. Forty-four samples of butter were tested to check the amount of water contained, in order to ensure that the maximum allowed, 16 per cent., was not exceeded.

* Since writing the above one firm of fertilizer-vendors has agreed to tako the entire output of one mill at the price asked, provided it eau he supplied equal to sample submitted.

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Horticulture Division. —A number of sprays and spraying-oils have been analysed to ascertain their composition, f[Samples of beeswax and limejuice have also been tested. Advice on and results of the analyses of acid wines have been given to the division's wine expert. Fields Division. A large amount of testing of miscellaneous samples and advisory work has been done for this division. Native Tans and Dyes. Investigations arising out of a resolution passed by the Farmers' Union conference, 1916, have been set on foot to determine the value of native tan barks and dye plants, and considerable progress has been made. Most interesting results have been obtained in the analysis of some hundred of samples collected personally from the trees and plants themselves. An effort was made to have the barks collected by correspondence, but this met with one response only, and owing to the uncertainty of the identification it is doubtful if that method could be relied upon. The trivial or common names of the native trees are in such confusion in the bushman's mind that no reliance can be placed on any name he gives a bark. It is, of course, most essential that each sample should lie rightly identified, or the results of analysis would have no value. Two articles under the heading " Indigenous Tans and Vegetable Dye-stuffs of New Zealand "' were published in the Journal for August and September, 1917,* summarizing the extent of our knowledge to that date, Work foe Defence 1 )epartment. The examination of fresh-water supplies on troopships has been continued, 261 samples having been tested during the year. The use of light tar-oil as an anti-vermin dressing for shirts for our troops on active, service has, I understand, proved efficacious. Commendatory letters from soldiers have been published in the public Press, and the, issue of treated butter-cloth singlets is being continued by the Ladies' Patriotic Society. Utilization of Local Products. Talc. -The possibility of utilizing the talc-deposits of Nelson were, inquired, into, but on reference In manufacturers who deal in this commodity it was found that the quantity used in New Zealand is so small that there would not be any saving effected by obtaining it from Nelson. Supplies are usually obtained from Australia. Cream, of Tartar. -The production of cream of tartar from New-Zealand-wine refuse was also, at the request of the National Efficiency Board, inquired into, but it did not appear that the raw material existed in sufficient quantities to work up into the finished article, in New Zealand. Probably the best method would be to export the raw material to Australia. General Correspondence. A large amount of correspondence has been conducted with the public on questions with reference to chemical points which crop up in connection with agriculture, industries, and commerce,]

BIOLOGY SECTION. REPORT OF THE BIOLOGIST. i Central Development Farm, Weraroa, 15th July, 1918. The Secretary of Agriculture, Industries, and Commerce. Herewith I transmit my annual report for the year ended.31st March, 1918. A. 11. Cockayne, Biologist,. Plant Identification. As in past years, a, very large number of specimens of plants were submitted for identification. In this work an effort is made to supply a good deal of information other than the mere naming of the specimen. In all eases the agricultural significance of the plants sent is of more importance than the actual names themselves, and those submitting weed specimens should, wherever possible, supply information regarding the distribution of the plants concerned in their districts and in what crops they are found. Information on grasses and pasture plants is more commonly demanded than with any other type of plant. This is as it should be, when the predominating position of pasture in New Zealand agriculture is considered. Insect and Animal Identification. Work of this character is now undertaken mainly by Mr. David Miller, who has been appointed Entomologist to the Section. Practical entomological advice is much more difficult to provide than is botanical advice, owing to the fact that knowledge of the agricultural significance of many of our

* Although not strictly within the compass of this report, it may here be stated that the June, 1918, Journal, contains a third article embodying tho experimental results obtained in the investigation during the year.

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insects is very limited. A considerable amount of work on the life-history of many insects is being undertaken, and the small insectary installed in connection with the laboratory is extremely helpful in this connection. Seed-testing. Just on four thousand samples of agricultural seeds have been tested for purity and germination. Nearly the whole of these were received from merchants, the amount done for farmers themselves being insignificant. New Zealand is now one of the few dependencies of the British Empire that does not possess a Pure Seeds Act. The time certainly appears opportune for the introduction of legislation along this line. The fact that Britain now compels a guarantee of germination and purity for all agricultural seeds sold in the United Kingdom but does not require any such guarantee with exported seeds makes it essential that some method of control should be instituted here. Any practical legislation along the lines of seed-control would prove acceptable to the majority of merchants. There are a few who would be adverse to any restrictive legislation with regard to the sale of seeds. It is, however, just to bring such merchants into line with the more advanced members of the seed trade that legislation is necessary. Plant-diseases. Many plant-diseases have been especially destructive during the year under review. Amongst those that appear to be remarkably on the increase are brown-rot of stone-fruit {Sderotinia cinerea), dry-rot of swedes (Phoma napo-brassicae), and certain wheat-diseases. A very considerable reduction in wheat-yields was occasioned through the non-filling or only partial, filling of the ears. This disease, which is very similar in effect to " take-all," appears not to be caused by any one particular fungus, and requires careful investigation. In many cases climatic and soil conditions were held to be responsible, but its special distribution amongst wheat crops indicates that fungal infection was the real cause of the trouble. The disease was noted from all parts of New Zealand both in the North and South Islands. Dry-rot in swedes was generaly held to have been no more serious than in the past year, but such was not the case. Owing to the liability to destruction by this fungus, especially in the southern parts of New Zealand, the area under swedes is yearly becoming more restricted, and many districts where the disease is serious have now very few swede crops. A special investigation of the condition of the crops in Southland was undertaken and much valuable information secured. With regard to brown-rot in stone-fruit, some field-work was carried out. The results secured show that the disease is carried over the winter in the old fruit-stubs just as much as it is in the mummified fruit. This seems to point to the necessity for spraying as soon as practicable in the autumn in order to kill out these sources of infection before the fungus becomes deep-seated in the wood. Pastures and Pasture Management. Much information on pastures and pasture-management has been secured during the year, and it is hoped that ere long a comprehensive account of the pastures of New Zealand can be prepared. In this work there are many problems of importance that require experimental work in their solution, and unfortunately, up to the present time, very little definite experimental work on the formation and management of grassland has reached fruition. Probably one of the most important developments in grassland occurring at the present time in New Zealand is the very extended use that is being made of paspalum in the Auckland District. Just as further south cocksfoot is the mainstay of much permanent pasture, so does paspalum seem destined to play a similar part in the north. Unfortunately our knowledge of the ultimate effect of paspalum as a general pasture grass is unsatisfactory. A thorough investigation of the agricultural significance of paspalumJis urgently needed. Teaching. A regular course of agricultural botany has been given to the student-assistants at the Central Development Farm. In this work the services of Mr. E. B. Levy and Mr. D. Miller have been freely used. In addition to departmental teaching, a number of lectures have been given to farmers' unions and teachers' classes. At the summer farm-school of the Auckland Education Board, held at Ruakura, a special series of lectures on pastures and pasture-management was prepared for the use of the teachers. Publications. A considerable number of articles on agricultural matters have been prepared for the Department's Journal during the year.

Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, not given; printing (2,250 copies), £07 10s.

Authority : MARCUS F. Marks, Government Printer, Wellington.—l9lB.

Price, Is.]