EDUCATION: THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1914 Session I, E-01

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1914. NEW ZEALAND.

EDUCATION: THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION.

[In continuation of E.-l, 1913.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS.

Primary Education: p ftge Secondary Education : P age Number of Public Schools .. .. .. 4 Number of Schools .. .. .. 43 Roll Number .. .. .. .. 5 Roll and Attendance .. .. .. 44 Attendance .. .. .. .. 7 Free Seoondary Education .. .. .. 45 Age and Sex of Pupils .. .. .. 8 Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and Classification and Examination, .. .. 9 District High Schools .. .. 47 Private Primary Schools .. .. .. 9 Junior National Scholarships .. .. 47 Conveyance of Children .. .. .. 10 Education Board Scholarships .. .. 47 Class Books and School and Class Libraries .. 11 Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships.. 48 The School Journal, &c. .. .. .. 12 Private Scholarships .. .. .. 48 Medical Inspection .. .. .. 12 Stafis of Secondary Schools .. .. 48 Physical Education .. .. .. 13 Salaries of Secondary Teachers .. .. 48 Staffs of Public Schools .. .. .. 15 Finances of Secondary Schools .. ~ 49 Salaries of Teachers . . .. 17 Hi her Eduoation . Status of Teachers m regard to Certificates .. 19 New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges 51 Training of Teachers 21 New Zealand University .. .. .. 52 Uncertifieated Teachers .. .. .. 23 Degrees and Scholarships .. .. 52 Finances of Education Boards .. .. 23 Affiliated Colleges 53 Education Reserves 28 Finances of the Affiliated Institutions V. 54 Native Schools .. .. .. .. 28 Scholarships, Bursaries, &c. .. . 56 SpeffiohS." 31 The University Endowment Act, 1868 .. .. 58 Afflicted and Dependent Children .. .. 32 General: Infant-life Protection .. .. .. 33 Expenditure out of Public Funds on Education 58 School for the Deaf .. .. .. 34 National Endowment .. .. .. 61 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. .. 34 Annual Examinations .... .. .. 62 Special School for the Feeble-minded .. 35 Teaohers' Superannuation Fund .. .. 63 Manual and Technical Instruction: Publio Libraries .. .. .. .. 64 Manual Instruction in Primary Schools .. 35 Appendix: Manual Instructions in Secondary Schools .. 37 Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Technical Instruction .. .. .. 38 for Financial Year ending 31st March, 1914 65

FOR INDEX, SEE PAGE 71.

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Office of the Department of Education, My Lord, — Wellington, 15th September, 1914. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1908, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1913. I have, &c, J. Allen. His Excellency the Right Honourable the Earl of Liverpool, Governor of the Dominion of New Zealand.

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REPORT. Contents. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1908, and its subsequent amendments (in 1908, 1910, 1912, and 1913), and the Education Eeserves Act, 1908, as amended in 1910, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows :— E.—2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely,— Appendix A, Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix B, Education Reserves ; Appendix C, Reports of Inspectors ; Appendix D, Training of Teachers ; Appendix E, List of Public Schools, Teachers, .Salaries, and Allowances ; Appendix F, Medical Inspection ; Appendix G, Physical Instruction. E.-3. Native Schools. E.-4. Special Schools and Infant-life Protection. E.-5. Manual and Technical Instruction. E.-6. Secondary Education. E.-7. Higher Education. E.-8. Annual Examinations. E.-9. Teachers' Superannuation. E.-10. Public Libraries. E.-11. Schools for the Deaf in Europe. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. These summaries are numbered with the letters from the alphabet from A to N, and the tables from which they were prepared will be found in the separate paper concerned, numbered Al, A 2, 81, 82, &c. Where information in any section of this report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the table concerned and the report in which it is printed.

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PEIMAEY EDUCATION. Number op Public Schools. (E.-2—Table Al.) The number of public schools open at the end, of 1913 was 2,255, as against 2,214 for the year 1912, an increase of j4l. During the year 1913 64 schools were closed. Several of these schools, although reckoned as closed in their original form, were reopened in another : in some cases two schools were amalgamated ; in some, half-time schools became separate fulltime schools ; and so on. Including such reopened schools, the total number of schools opened during the year was 105. The following list shows the number of schools opened and closed in each of the various education districts : : —

Table A.—Increases in Number of Public Schools.

In Table Aα the schools are classified according to the yearly average attendance. In a number of cases schools maintained in grades under Schedule A of clause 2 of the staffs and salaries regulations are included in this table in such grades, although the average attendance of these schools respectively for 1913 was below the minimum of the grades as indicated in Table Aα. The classification is in accordance with the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, which came into operation on the Ist January, 1909. The number of small schools with an average attendance not exceeding 15 has increased since 1912 from 559 to 585. The number of schools with an average attendance of 16 to 80 has remained stationary—l,26B in each year. Taking all the schools with not more than 80 in average attendance, we find an increase of 26 (1,827 to 1,853) in the number of schools. Of schools with an average attendance of over 80 the number has increased by 15—387 to 402. Sole-teacher schools, those with not over 35 in average attendance, increased by 19 —1,343 to 1,362; but, as already stated, schools are in some cases maintained in a higher grade than their average attendance would appear to warrant, while on the other hand a number of schools in charge of sole teachers at the beginning of the year had so risen in attendance as to be entitled to assistant teachers before the end of the year. When due allowance is made for such cases the number of sole-teacher schools is 1,370. The aggregate average attendance at these sole-teacher schools in 1913 was 23,948, or 15-8 per cent, of the total average attendance of the Dominion ; in 1912 the aggregate was 24,113, or 16*4 per cent. For all sole-teacher schools the average attendance per school was 174, omitting schools below 16 in average attendance. 22-7.

District. Number of Schools closed. Number of Schools opened. Increase in Number of Schools. Auckland .. .. : Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Marlborough Nelson 31 * 1 2 8 8 1 49 4 6 5 10 8 2 2 3 7 3 3 3 18 3 4 5 2 1 2 3 Grey.. Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland 7 1 2 3 2 1 64 105 64 Increase (1913) 41

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The number of schools with two or more teachers was, in 1912, 854. In 1913 the nuoibjr was 885, an increase of 31. Of these schools there were, in 1912, 35 with an average attendance exceeding 600, and 37 in 1913. '

Table Aa.—Number of Public Schools in each Grade, 1912 and 1913.

Of this total, 2,102 are mixed schools, nine are separate schools (boys' 2, girls' 2, ioiwits' 5), 116 are half-time schools, and 28 are side schools. For the number of schools in each education district, classified in grades, reference should be made to Table Al, in the primary-education report, E.-2. Roll Number. (E.-2.—Tables Al, 81, 83, and El.) The average weekly roll number for 1913 showed an increase for each quarter over that for the corresponding period for 1912. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was,— Mean of average weekly roll, 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 164,492 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 169,530 Increase in 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 5,038 Increase per cent., 1913 .. .. .. .. 3-1 Every education district, with the exception of Taranaki and Grey, showed at least some increase. The former showed a decrease of 3 and the latter a decrease of 16. The increase was most pronounced in the December quarter. Every education showed an increase* in the roll number at the end of the year, the additions to the roll being, as is usually the case, greater in the North Island than in the South Island. Number on roll at end of 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 166,264 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 172,168 Increase in 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 5,904 Increase per cent. .. .. .. .. .. 3-5 Table B shows the numbers on the roll at the end of 1913, classified according to ages and standards. Under the headings " Age and Sex of Pupils " and " Classification and Examination," pages 8 and 9, reference is made to some of the main facts which this table discloses.

* In the report for last year South Canterbury was inadvertently shown as having a decrease in roll number for 1912.

Grade (as in Education Amendment Act, 1908). Number of Schools. . Grade (as in Education Amendment Act, 1908). 1912. 1913. I Number of Schools. 1912. 1913. 0. (1-8) 1. (9-15) II. (16-25) III. (26-35) IV. (36-80) V. (81-120) VT [ VIA. (121-160) I VIb. (161-200) VTT ! VIIa. (201-250) I VIIb. (251-300) (VIIIa. (301-350) 'fill. VIIIb. (351-400) IVIIIc. (401-450) 164 395 472 312 484 122 54 31 40 28 24 17 8 173 412 480 297 491 125 59 34 35 28 29 13 13 IX. IXa. (451-500) XIb. (501-550) IXc. (551-600) Xα. (601-650) Xβ. (651-700) Xo. (701-750) Xd. (751-800) Xβ. (801-850) Xγ. (851-900) Xg. (901-950) Xh. (951-1,000) Xi. (1,001-1,050) 12 13 9 13 7 3 13 15 3 3 8 8 5 5 3 3 2 2 1 X. 1 Totals 2,214 2,255

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Table B.—Classified Return of the Numbers on the Rolls of Public Schools at the end of 1913.

* Including secondary departments of district high schools. Table Bα shows the mean average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1898, and for each of the last twelve years.; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

Table Ba.—Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

* Average of three quarters. t Strict average. i Working average. § 1910 —Exclusive of 32 male and 151 female probationers ; 1911—exclusive of 41 male and 178 female probationers; 1912—exclusive of 36 male and 186 female probationers; 1913 —exclusive of 41 male and 224 female probationers. An estimate of the actual roll number of all children receiving primary education can be obtained by taking into account children in attendance at public schools, schools at the Chatham Islands, private primary schools subject to inspection, and the lower departments of secondary schools, and by deducting the children on the rolls of the secondary departments of district high schools. The figures will then be— Average Weekly Roll Number. 1912. 1913. Public schools .. .. .. .. .. 164,492 169,530 Native village schools .. .. .. .. 4,644 4,835 Chatham Island schools .. .. .. .. 92 98 Private primary schools .. .. .. .. 13,677 15,350 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 287* 351* Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 830 809 184,022 190,973 Less secondary departments of district high schools .. 2,048 2,073 Total average weekly roll of primary scholars .. 181,974 188,900 * Number on roll at end of year.

Ages. Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Boys. Girls, j Boys. Girls. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII* Totals. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 5 and under 6 .. 6 „ 7 .. 7 „ 8 .. 8 „ 9 .. 9 „ 10 .. .0 „ 11 .. .1- „ 12 .. .2 „ 13 .. .3 „ 14 .. .4 „ 15 .. 15 7,314 9,339 8,881 5,019 1,672 506 163 75 33 7 8 6,511 8,670 8,034 4,192 1,326 359 152 66 24 11 2 4 155 1,411 4,012 3,444 1,391 499 159 68 19 5 4 159 1,612 3,835 2,905 1,123 328 114 64 8 5 5 181 1,392 3,852 3,221 1,587 563 185 42 9 6 163 1,475 3,762 2,923 1,232 440 131 36 8 3 139 1,357 3,291 3,118; 1,701 684 180 32 10 181 1,416 3,386 |2,865 ! 1,453 536 ! 124 18 1 11 145 1,043 : 2,956 3,000 1,740 I 555 128 13 171 1,210 2,889 2,891 1,463 368 76 16 164 1,027 2,682 2,617 1,201 325 5 170 1,117 2,617 2,402 906 186 6 95 819 2,073 1,705 705 3 97 826 2,005 1,470 569 3 35 200 356 590 7,318 9,499 10,476 10,573 10,486 9,622 9,449 9,035 7,593 4,080 1,730 6,515 8,835 9,819 9,696 9,585 9,174 8,683 8,442 6,825 3,279 1,454 4 36 193 371 518 Totals 33,017 29,347 11,167 10157 11037 10176 10505 9,989 9,578 9,081 8,032 7,403 5,403 4,970 1,122 1,184 89,861 82,307

Year. Number o ,¥™° i Averase of welkW Schools. Boil whole Year - Average Attendance as Percentage of Weekly Roll. Adults. Number of 'eachers. Pupil-teachers. M. F. Total. M. F. ! Total. 1878 .. L883 .. 1888 .. 1893 .. 1898 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 .. 1909 .. 1910 .. 1911 .. 1912 .. 1913 .. 748 971 1,158 1,375 1,655 1,754 1,786 1,827 1,851 1,921 1,963 1,998 2,057 2,096 2,166 2,214 2,255 90,859 113,636 125,692 133,782 133,952 134,748 136,282 138,471 140,320 141,946 145,974 151,142 154,756 159,299 164,492 169,530 *48,773 69,838 f90,108 {100,321 111,636 113,711 113,047 116,506 120,265 121,958 120,026 127,160 132,773 135,738 142,186 146,282 151,242 76-9 79-3 79-8 83-4 84-9 83-9 85-5 86-9 86-9 84'6 87-1 87-S 87-7 89-3 88-9 89-2 707 905 1,039 1,107 1,234 1,272 1,270 1,272 1,302 1,314 1,332 1,331 1,406 1,456 1,493 1,555 1,603 454 656 887 1,096 1,370 1,685 1,726 1,797 1,835 1,887 1,955 2,021 2,208 2,252 2,351 2,550 2,659 1,161 1,561 1,926 2,203 2,604 2,957 2,996 3,069 3,137 3,201 3,287 3,352 3,614 3,708 3,844 4,105 4,262 118 159 219 238 229 143 147 144 151 153 172 161 166 174 179 162 142 332 571 694 825 831 604 552 505 528 518 478 476 530 526 528 476 474 450 730 913 1,063 1,060 717 699 649 679 671 650 637 696 §700 |707 §638 §616

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Attendance. Average attendance for all districts in 1912 . . .. .. .. 146,282 1913 .. .. .. .. 151,242 Increase in 1913 .. .. .. .. . . 4,960 Increase per cent, in average attendance, 1913 .. .. 3-4 The average attendance during the year 1913 increased by 34 per cent, as compared with an increase of 3-1 per cent, in the average weekly roll number. Otago, with the excellent percentage of 91-8, a record for the Dominion, comes first, Grey, showing a percentage of 90-4 is second, and Wellington, with 90 • 3 per cent, is third. In the Hawke's Bay District the percentage remained stationary, and all other districts, with the exception of North Canterbury, South Canterbury, and Southland, showed an increase. Taranaki and Grey, each with an increase of I*B per cent., showed the most marked improvement. North Canterbury shows the lowest percentage of average attendance —87-9 —a falling-off of o#70 # 7 per cent, from last year. The following figures indicate the attendance per cent, of roll for the last six years :— Attendance per Cent, of Roll. 1908 . . 87-1 1909 .. .. .. .. .. .. 87-8 1910 .. .. .. .. 87-7 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-3 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 88-9 1913 .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-2 It is satisfactory to find that the slight decrease which took place in 1912, has been followed by an improvement in 1913. In both these years the regularity of attendance was affected by epidemic ailments. The percentage of regularity of attendance continues to be greater in the South Island than in the North. The following comparison is of interest :• — Attendance per Cent, of Roll. North Island. South Island. 1908 .. .. .. .. .. 86-7 87-6 1909 .. .. .. .. .. 87-8 87-8 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 87-4 88-1 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 88-7 90-0 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 88-7 89-2 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 89-0 894 The percentage of regularity in New Zealand is higher than that in several of the more closely settled English-speaking countries. When it is borne in mind that New Zealand's widely scattered population and lack of facilities for transit in remote districts render it difficult to secure regularity of attendance this must be regarded as distinctly satisfactory. The following figures are taken from the latest reports in the possession of the Department:— Attendance per Cent, of Roll. New Zealand .. .. .. .. ■ .. 89-2 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-7 England and Wales .. .. .. .. .. 88-7 United States .. .. .. .. .. 72-5 Ireland .. .. .. .. .. .. 71-3 Conditions in the Australian States closely resemble those obtaining in New Zealand. For this reason a comparison is of more than ordinary interest :— Attendance per Cent, of Roll New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 89-2 Western Australia .. .. .. .. .. 86-3 New South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 80-0 Tasmania .. .. .. .. .. .. 78-0 Queensland .. .. .. .. .. .. 755* Victoria .. .. .. .. .. .. 72-0* South Australia .. .. .. .. .. 70-3* * Baaed on average daily attendance as a'proportion of net enrolment, or number of distinct children on lolls during year.

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The provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1910, require every child between the ages of seven and fourteen years (with certain exemptions) to attend a public school whenever it is open. There is no doubt that the influence of this law has resulted in the still further increase in the percentage of average attendance. The average daily attendance in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each quarter of the years 1912 and 1913 was as follows :— Average Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1912. 1913. 1912. 1913. First quarter .. .. ..146,395 151,223 90-2 90-5 Second quarter .. .. .. 144,854 151,057 88-6 89-7 Third quarter .. .. .. 144,475 149,218 87-7 87-9 Fourth quarter .. .. .. 149,402 153,471 89-3 88-6 Whole year.. .. .. 146,282 151,242 88-9 89-2 The figures given above represent those in attendance at all public schools including district high schools. The following figures represent the total number of children in average attendance at schools giving primary instruction subject to inspection. 1912. 1913. Public schools .. .. .. ..- ..146,282 151,242 Native village schools .. .. .. .. 4,042 4,142 Chatham Island schools .. .. .. .. 79 82 Private primary schools .. ' .. .. .. 12,086 13,513 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 258 307 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 801 780 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 163,548 170,066 Less secondary departments of district high schools .. 1,851 1,883 Total average attendance of primary scholars .. .. 161,697 168,183 Age and Sex of Pupils. (E.-2.—Table 01.) Table C shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1913, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

Table C.—Age and Sex of Pupils, December, 1913.

Table B on page 6 gives fuller information as to age and sex. Age. —s4 per cent, of the children are under ten, and 46 per cent, are over that age. The proportion remains stationary. Sex. —ln December, 1913, for every 100 boys on the roll there were 91 girls. During the last few years there has been very little change in the proportion. The census returns for 1911 disclosed the fact that there were 100 boys between five and

Ages. 1913. Boys. Girls. Total. 1913. Percentages for Five Years. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 5 and under 6 years .. 6 „ 7 ' „ I „ 8 „ .. 8 „ 9 „ .. 9 10 „ .. .0 11 „ II 12 , .. 12 „ 13 „ .3 14 „ .4 15 „ .. 7,318 9,499 10,476 10,573 10,486 9,622 9,449 9,035 7,593 4,080 6,515 8,835 9,819 9,696 9,585 9,174 8,683 8,442 6,825 3,279 13,833 18,334 20,295 20,269 20,071 18,796 18,132 17,477 14,418 7,359 8-7 10-8 11-6 11-4 11-2 10-7 10-6 10-2 8-5 4-3 8-4 11-2 115 11-4 11-3 10-9 10-2 10-0 8-5 4-5 8-4 11-1 120 11-5 11-1 109 10-5 9-6 8-4 4-5 7-9 10-9 11-9 11-9 11-2 108 10-7 10-2 8-2 4-3 80 10-6 11-8 11-8 11-7 10-9 10-5 10-2 8-4 4-3 L5 and over 88,131 1,730 80,853 1,454 168,984 3,184 98-0 2-0 97-9 21 98-0 ■2-0 98-0 2-0 98-2 1-8 Totals .. 89,861 82,307 172,168 100-00 10000 100-00 100-00 10000

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fifteen years of age for every 97 girls. Thus, 49-2 per cent, of the children in New Zealand between the ages mentioned were females, but 47-6 per cent, only of the number in attendance at schools were of that sex. In the report for the year 1911 the probable reasons for the discrepancy were discussed. Classification and Examination. Table Dl in E.-2 shows the number of children in each education district arranged according to class. The following table is a summary for the Dominion :—

Table D. —Classification of Pupils at Public Schools, December, 1913. (Including Secondary Departments of District High Schools.)

The proportion of pupils in the preparatory classes again shows a slight decrease. In 1911 it was 37-30 per cent. ; in 1912, 36-70 per cent. ; in 1913, 36-22 per cent. More detailed information in regard to the classification of pupils is to be found in Table B appearing on page 6. The following is a summary of the examination statistics for 1913 as compared with the figures for 1912 : — 1912. 1913. Total roll at time of annual examination ... 167,800 173,459 Present at examination ... ... ... 160,687 164,197 Present in preparatory classes ... ... 58,202 57,869 Present in classes S6" ... ... ... 9,903 10,283 Present in classes S7 ... ... ... 2,025 2,006 Standard VI certificates gained, viz.,— Certificates of proficiency ... 7,644) n n ~, (7,489) n on , competency ... 1,610[ 9 ' 254 j 1,835 J 9 ' 324 Details of these figures for each district are given in Table D 2 in E.-2. Average Age. —The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the two years 1912-13 were as follows :— 1912. 1913. Yrs. inos. Yrs. mos. Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..70 71 Class SI 9 1 9 1 „ S2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 3 10 2 „ S3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 3 11 3 ~84 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 3 12 2 „ S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 2 13 2 „ S6 14 0 14 0 „ S7 , .. .. 15 1 15 0 teij Mean of average ages .. .. .. .. ..99 9 10 Details for the several districts will be found in Table D 3 of E.-2. Private Primary Schools. By section 170 of the Education Act, 1908, the teachers or managers of any private primary school may apply to have the school inspected, and the school thereupon becomes " subject to inspection," and no education given to children between the ages of seven and fourteen is deemed efficient, so as to be legal ground for exemption from attendance at a public school, unless it is given at home or in

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Classes. Boys. Girls. Total. 'ercentagi is for Fivi Years. Jlass P .. „ SI .. „ S2 .. „ 83.. „ S4 .. „ S5.. „ S6.. „ S7 .. 33,017 11,167 11,037 10,505 9,578 8,032 5,403 1,122 29,347 10,157 10,176 9,989 9,081 7,403 4,970 1,184 62,364 21,324 21,213 20,494 18,659 15,435 10,373 2,306 1909. 36-66 12-25 11-82 11-34 10-78 9-08 6-56 1-51 1910. 37-15 12-17 11-94 11-44 10-39 9-10 6-16 1-65 1911. 37-30 12-34 11-90 11-59 10-48 8-72 6-21 1-46 1912. 36-70 12-40 12-25 11-70 10-73 8-85 5-97 1-40 1913. 36-22 12-39 12-32 11-90 10-84 8-97 6-02 1-34 Totals.. 89,861 82,307 172,168 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

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a school subject to inspection. There is therefore indirectly a compulsion on all private primary schools to become subject to inspection. Such private schools are inspected by officers of Education Boards. The following are the particulars in regard to these schools for the years 1912-13 :— 1912. 1913. Total number of schools subject to inspection .. .. 197 166 Total roll number .. .. .. .. .. 13,677 15,350 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. 12,086 13,513 Total roll at annual examination .. .. .. 13,286 14,659 Number present at annual examination .. .. .. 12,322 13,773 Number present in preparatory classes .. .. .. 5,410 5,806 Number present in S6 .. .. .. .. .. 811 912 Number present in S7 .. .. .. .. .. 269 205 Number of proficiency certificates issued .. .. .. 473 511 Number of competency certificates issued .. .. 171 181 The standard of regularity of attendance was very satisfactory, being 88*0 per cent, of the total roll number, as compared with 88*4 per cent, for the previous year. See also Table D 4 in E.-2. Conveyance of Children. Conveyance by Rail. —Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools ; and at the beginning of 1909 the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid on this account for railway fares in the year 1912-13 and 1913-14 was as follows : — 1912-13. 1913-14. £ s. d. £ s. d. Primary pupils .. .. .. .. 3,595 14 0 4,043 18 0 Pupils attending— (a.) Secondary schools .. .. .. 1,701 4 0 2,752 0 0 (b.) District high schools .. .. 1,147 4 0 1,017 10 0 (c.) Technical schools .. .. .. 3,724 16 10 5,305 14 9 £10,168 18 10 £13,119 2 9 Conveyance by Road and Water. —In addition to the provision for conveyance by rail, section 44 (c) of the Education Act provides that Boards may, where the necessity arises, arrange for conveyance by road and water. In districts in which the population is scattered and the necessary facilities are available due advantage has been taken of this section of the Act. An allowance is also made in aid of the board of any child who, on account of distance, is compelled to live away from home in order to attend a public school. Payment to Education Boards for expenditure incurred is made on the following basis :■ — (a.) 6d. per return trip for each child over seven years of age conveyed to the nearest public school; provided that the child's home is over three miles from the school by the nearest road. (6.) 6d. per return trip for each child over five years of age ferry to enable him (or her) to attend a public school. (c.) 2s. 6d. a week for the board for each child over five age who through impracticability of conveyance has to live away from home in order to attend a public school'; provided that in which the child is boarded is distant from the school notjmore than two miles if the child is under ten years of age, and not more than three miles in case, the regularity of the child's attendance at school is at least 85 per cent.

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(d.) Half the amount expended by the Board on the conveyance (including ferrying) and board of all children over five years of age in excess of the allowances received under (a), (b), and (c). Riding-horses and bicycles are excluded from the means of conveyance on account of which the allowance will be made. The total amount paid in 1913-14 to twelve Education Boards for conveyance by road and water and for board of children was £5,718 2s. 3d., as against £4,855 17s. 2d. in 1912-13. The combined amount paid for conveyance by rail, road, and water and for board of children in attendance at public schools during 1913-14 was therefore £18,837 55., as against an expenditure of £15,024 16s. for the previous year. Class-books and School and Class Libraries. During the year grants were given for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries. These grants come under two heads :— (a.) A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance is paid annually to Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for classreading in P to Sβ inclusive, and also for the free supply of classbooks in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision has been made for the supply of the balance of the grant, if any, is to be spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. (b.) Further to encourage school libraries provision has been made for the payment of subsidies of £1 for £1 on moneys raised by voluntary contributions for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, or increasing the utility of school libraries that contain books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. It was, of course, necessary to fix certain limits to the amounts of the subsidies. For the year ending 31st December, 1913, the subsidies so raised for any school library during that year could not exceed 9d. per head on the average attendance at the school for the year 1912, and in no case can the subsidy for any one £10. Similarly, for the year 1914, the subsidy cannot exceed 6d. per head on the average attendance for the year 1913, and in no case can the subsidy for any one school exceed £7 10s. In subsequent years the amounts are 3d. and £5 respectively. The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Board or its Inspector. Due attention is to be paid to providing books suitable for the individual reading of pupils in the lower classes. It is felt that the establishment of school libraries should not only do much to encourage reading among pupils, but should also prove a great boon to parents and others —more particularly in sparsely settled rural districts —and consequently the conditions attached to the payment of subsidies on voluntary contributions provide that, under such conditions as a School Committee may impose, persons other than children attending school may receive on loan such books as are not for the time required by the pupils. When notifying Boards that provision had been made for the payment of grants under the heads (a) and (6), the Department suggested that, to give wider utility to school libraries and to afford pupils greater variety of reading-matter, adjacent schools or schools between which communication is easy might purchase different books and that these should be passed on from one school to another at suitable intervals. Up to the present time (May, 1914) claims for subsidies on voluntary contributions have been received in respect of 321 schools.

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The " School Journal," other Publications, Charts, etc. The School Journal has now completed its seventh year of issue. It is published monthly except that there are no issues for the months of December and January, when most of the schools are closed for the summer vacation. To provide readingmatter for the time the schools are open during the month of December, the November number is considerably enlarged. The School Journal is published in three parts suited to the varying capacities of the pupils ; and to public schools, to Native schools, special schools, and certain other institutions more or less under departmental control or supervisiom, copies are sent in sufficient numbers to provide each pupil on the roll of the standard classes with a copy of the appropriate part. To the institutions just mentioned the School Journal is supplied free of cost, and to a very large number of private schools it is supplied at moderate rates. Of the November issue (the last for the year) the number of copies printed was—Part I, 50,300 ; Part 11, 48,000 ; Part 111, 37,900. In addition to the illustrations appearing in the pages of the School Journal, pictures and prints illustrating geography, history, and nature-study are issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects. During the year a set of twenty-four pictures dealing with Europe geographically and historically was issued. With the assistance of the Department Messrs. Philip and Son, of London, published a Model Relief Map of New Zealand that has met with general approval. More than 2,000 were bought by Education Boards at a reduced rate arranged between the Department and the publishers, and a number of secondary schools were supplied on the same terms. " A Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," by Mr. Suter, was published during the year, and further progress was made with the plates in connexion with the " Manual " and also with the plates of New Zealand flora published in connexion with Mr. Cheeseman's " Manual of New Zealand Flora." The departmental library contains a large number of educational books and papers, most of which are available on loan to Inspectors, teachers of primary or secondary schools, and others interested in education. Though the School Journal has been hitherto read in schools, there was no statutory recognition of it as a reading-book. In the recently issued " Regulations for the Inspection and Examination of Schools " it is, however, prescribed for use in schools. Medical Inspection. (Appendix F of E.—2.) The result of some years' experience of the medical inspection of school-children in Europe and America has been to show that it is not necessary to examine all the children in a school every year ; but that examination twice or three times during a child's school-life is sufficient in the case of primary schools. It has accordingly been decided that in New Zealand children of public schools shall for the present be examined by the Medical Inspectors when in Standard II and again when in Standard V. There is not yet a sufficient number of Inspectors to do more than examine sample children in Standard II in some of the schools, but it is hoped that it may be possible shortly to appoint a sufficient number not only to carry out the plan completely, but to give the necessary attention to special cases, and to give instruction to teachers in connexion with the work of inspection and with other matters that concern the health of the children. Teachers are asked to fill up certain more formal details for all the children ; this should be done in each case, of course, by the teacher of the class, and need not take many hours altogether. When the cards are once filled up very little labour will keep them up to date. The advantages to be gained by the teacher's co-operation are obvious : the records of height and weight, the chief uses of which are to indicate defects where they exist, will be much more numerous ; teachers have a better opportunity of discovering abnormal cases, and learn to take an intelligent interest in the health of their scholars.

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So far the work has been mainly experimental; but the results are sufficient to justify the existence of the system and to show the necessity for its extension. During the year 1913 333 primary schools were visited, and 12,357 children medically examined ; of these, 7,661 were pupils in Standard II taken at the routine examination, and 4,696 were special cases thought by the teachers to be suffering from some defects. The Medical Inspectors do not treat cases, but, where necessary, recommend the parents to obtain medical attention for their children. Generally this advice appears to be followed ; but there is a proportion of cases in which the expense of treatment is an obstacle. This is especially the case with dental disease ; and, unfortunately, no less than 72 per cent, of the children examined in Standard II were found to be suffering from defective teeth. The injurious effects of obstructive breathing on a child's physical and mental condition ought now to be a matter of common knowledge, yet about a third of the children at the routine examination, and a higher percentage of the special cases, were found to be thus handicapped. The Inspectors think that in many cases correct breathing-exercises and fresh air are the only remedies necessary. Too many children were found suffering from physical deformities ; 22 per cent, have stooped shoulders, and 7 per cent, have spinal curvature. It is hoped that the new system of physical training will do much to improve this condition of things. Malnutrition was observed in 23 per cent, of the children, although not in all cases serious. Here it is noticed that it is not so much poverty as ignorance or carelessness on the part of the parents that is responsible for the poor condition of these children. Excessive manual labour outside ©f school-hours, overcrowding in the homes, unsuitable and badly cooked food, and late hours are all possible causes to which this lack of robustness is attributed. It is clear that a great amount of good is being done by the Medical Inspectors in cases where other medical assistance is unnecessary. Remedies that cost little or nothing are recommended, and wrong and harmful methods of rearing the children corrected. Often dullness and incapacity have been found to be due to some physical defect, such as defective eyesight or hearing, or throat and nose troubles. Instruction in the medical inspection of children is given to the students of the training colleges, and, as opportunity occurs, to teachers already in the schools also ; so that in course of time the detection of certain physical defects in the scholars will not be left to the experts. From figures compiled from the weights and heights of some fifteen thousand children returned by school-teachers last year, it appears that the average New Zealand child is heavier and taller than the average English child of the same age. The Medical Inspectors also report on the schools in respect of the lighting, heating, ventilation, cleanliness, &c, and there are many instances in which suggested improvements involving no expenditure have been effected. Emphasis is placed on the value of fresh air, and teachers are encouraged to teach out of doors or in open shelters whenever it is possible. It can scarcely be questioned that great benefits must follow this spread of hygienic principles among parents, teachers, and scholars. The expenditure on medical inspection for the financial year ended the 31st March, 1914, was —salaries, £1,385; travelling-expenses, £458; material, apparatus, forwarding charges, &c, £2,340 : total, £4,183. Physical Education. (Appendix G of E.-2.) The new system of physical education, the establishment of which was announced in last year's report, has made good progress, about a third of the teachers having received a course of instruction that has adequately fitted them to bring the system into operation in their schools. The experience of other countries having proved the futility of expecting teachers to gain the necessary

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knowledge by attendance at Saturday classes or by the casual visits of an instructor, it was decided to invite the 'co-operation of the|Boards in an arrangement by which groups <of schools should be closed for such itime as would enable assemblage of the teachers for twelve days' continuous training. Twelve of such assemblages have been held in different/parts of the country, in six cases the men going The result in every respect has been eminently satisfactory. Independently of the instruction which was the direct purpose of the classes, the teachers have benefited by meeting together in large numbers, they have had personal experience of the beneficial effects of the exercises, and an enthusiasm has been created which promises well for the success of the scheme. It may be observed that in arranging the dates of these classes advantage was taken as far as possible of the occasion of school vacations. The number of public-school teachers who have received instruction at these classes to the 31st March last is 1,469, representing 629 schools and approximately 61,600 children. Besides transit expenses, the teachers were either maintained free in camp or were given a maintenance allowance of £1 a week. The cost of maintenance in camp was below 12s. a week per head ; not only are the camps more economical, but, in the opinion of the Department, greater efficiency is secured thereby. The course of instruction specially prepared for the classes included — (1.) The theory and practice of exercise (in its relation to the normal growth and development of children). (2.) A definite series of progressive daily lessons in physical drill and correct methods of breathing, for use in schools. (3.) Personal hygiene, with special reference to the several physiologic systems of the body, and to the importance of forming daily habits relating to their functional activity. (4.) A course of organized games, and their relation to the mental and physical forces employed. (5.) Swimming, life-saving, and resuscitation drill. During the course of their training a system of classification of the teachers according to proficiency was carried out, with a view of recruiting from their ranks the staff of instructors. The classes have been open to teachers of private schools, and advantage has freely been taken of the privilege. In some cases it has appeared desirable to form special classes for the teachers of some of the private schools. Under pressure of the large amount of work to be carried out elsewhere it has not yet been possible with the limited staff available to make full provision for the instruction, of the students at the training colleges ; but the matter has not been neglected, and in each case temporary arrangements of a sufficiently satisfactory character have been made. Up to date (July, 1914) over 2,200 teachers (out of the total number of 4,300) have been trained ; the system has been introduced into 1,172 schools, and the work in 531 of these schools has been inspected. The visits of inspection have been made more for the purpose of assisting the teachers to establish the work properly than for critical inspection. The expenditure on physical education for the year ending the 31st March, 1914, was as follows : Salaries of Director and instructors, £2,857 ; training classes, including camps, for teachers, £3,132; equipment for training classes, £212; travelling allowances and expenses, £1,455; sundries, including books, officecleaning, freight, &c, £234 : total, £7,890. The expenditure on Junior Cadets during the year was £202, for rent of store, rifle ranges, forwarding charges, &c.; and the receipt from sales of Cadet equipment amounted to £976. The cost of the Junior Cadet system for its last year (1912) was £6,513.

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Staffs of Public Schools. (E.-2.—Tables El and F3.) The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools in December, 1912, and December, 1913, respectively, was as follows : —

Table E. —Number of Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools.

* Exclusive of 36 male and 186 female probationers. t Exclusive of 41 male and 224 female probationer?. j The number of sole teachers does not agree with the number of sole-teaoher schools because of the fact that there are a number of half-time schools groups of which are in charge of a sole teacher, and also a number of side schools the teachers of which are not regarded as sole teachers. The number of pupils per teacher in the several grades or groups of schools is shown below, two pupil-teachers being counted as equivalent to one adult teacher, and probationers not being included on the staff. Average Number of Children per Teacher. Grades 0 and I (1-15 in average attendance, one teacher) .. .. 9-7 Grades II and 111 (16-35, one teacher).. .. .. .. .. 23-0 Grades IV-X (over 35, two or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 38-8 Grades VII-X (over 200, six or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 47-8 All schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32-8 Grades 11-X (over 15) .. .. .. .. .. .. 35-7 A comparison of the staffing of schools in countries considered to be advanced in educational progress bears out the opinion, expressed in the report for the year 1911, that there is considerable room for improvement in the staffing of the larger schools of the Dominion. Average Number of Children per Adult Teacher (counting Two Pupil-teachers as One Adult). London (County Council schools) • • » • • • • • • • • 37-0 England (Board of Education schools) .. .. .. .. .. 33-2 Wales (Board of Education schools) .. .. .. .. .. 29-4 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 37-1 New York State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27-3 Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42-7 „ (Canton of Geneva) .. .. .. .. .. 25 - 0 United States .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25-0 New Zealand (in schools over 200) .. .. .. .. .. 47-8 The following figures show the ratio of males to females, adult teachers and pupil teachers being considered separately. For purposes of comparison the figures for the previous years are also given :—

1912. 1913. Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Adult teachers Pupil-teachers 1,555 162 2,550 476 4,105 638* 1,603 142 2,659 474 4,262 616f Total 1,717 3,026 4,743 1,745 3,133 4,878 Nw, 'her of Adult Teachers (included ai we). 104 812 1,743 871 1,298 J 2,093 Head teachers Sole teachers Assistants .. 733 I 107 840 482 811 1,293 J 340 1,632 1,972 767 486 350 Total 1,555 2,550 1,603 2,659 4,262 4,105

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1911. 1912. 1913. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with Ito 15 scholars 100 : 362 100 : 356 100 : 349 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with more than 15 scholars .. .. .. 100 : 142 100 : 151* 100 : 152 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, all schools .. .. 100 : 157 100 : 164* 100 : 166 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers .. .. .. 100 : 295 100 : 293 100 : 334 Ratio of male to female teachers, all schools .. .. .. 100 : 172 100 : 177* 100 : 180 * The increase is due to the appointment of additional assistant teachers in lieu of pupil-teachers (Grades V and Vla). Very few of the assistants so appointed were males. From the above table it will be seen that with the exception of pupil-teachers and sole teachers of small schools the proportion of males to females is not small. As a matter of fact, the ratio of adult males to adult females in schools in the Auckland District was as high as 100: 121. The figures relating to pupil-teachers indicate that a very much larger percentage of females enter the service than males ; but it is to be borne in mind that a number of these female pupil-teachers leave before completing their period of training. The large proportion of female teachers to males in schools having 1 to 15 scholars in attendance is readily explained, the the maximum salary in these schools, £120 per annum, being too small to attract male teachers. It may be fairly argued, perhaps, that in districts not too remote women are more suitable than men for small schools of this type ; there is, at all events, a sufficient number of other positions to absorb all the men in the profession at present. If we take into consideration the corresponding proportion for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of part-time teachers), and for students in training colleges respectively, we hay Number op Women Teachers or Students per Hundred Men Teachers or Students (omitting Teachers of Schools with 15 or less in Average Attendance). 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. Adult primary teachers .. 124 126 140 141 142 151 152 Pupil-teachers .. .277 296 319 302 295 293 334 Secondary teachers ..77 76 82 85 84 82 83 Training-college students .. 315 285 280 219 197 252 251 All teachers and students 142 144 158 156 155 161 164 Out of a total of 5,190 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession, there were, in 1913, 1,963 men and 3,227 women. It will be interesting to see how these figures compare with those from other parts of the world —England, Scotland, and the United States, for instance. In comparing this Dominion with such old-established countries, it is necessary to bear in mind that in the latter, the population being comparatively dense and the facilities for transit more numerous, there are few schools corresponding to our Grade oor Grade I schools. Consequently such schools are omitted from the New Zealand figures. Number of Women Teachers per Hundred Men in Other Countries. England Scotland United • New (Board of Education). ocouana - States. Zealand. Adult primary teachers .. .. 299 281 426 152 Pupil-teachers .. .. ..235 583 * 334 Secondary teachers .. .. 99 * 121 83 Training-college students .. .. 429 358 392 251 * Information not available. It is pleasing to note the comparatively small increase in the proportion of women teachers during the last five years. It will be seen that the scarcity of male teachers is not nearly so marked in the Dominion as it is in some other countries. About one-half of the children in our public schools are under ten years of age, and onehalf of the remainder (or one-quarter of the whole) are girls ; and it is the contention

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that they should be taught by women. Taking this into consideration, it is clear that, even if the proportion of women to men were twice as great, there would be no cause for alarm as to the efficiency of our staffing. Salaries of Public-school Teachers. The total amount of all salaries and allowances as at the 31st December, 1913, was £692,895. This includes pupil-teachers' salaries and allowances, £30,630; probationers' salaries and allowances, £9,855 ; additional amounts paid to head teachers of district high schools, £1,650 ; and house allowances, £17,135, to head or sole teachers who had no residence provided. However, the total does not include the corresponding amounts saved in rent where houses are provided, estimated at £27,050. The average rates of salary for adult teachers in public primary schools were, — (1.) All schools— 1912. 1913. (a.) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents where £ s. d. £ s. d. residences are provided .. .. .. .. 148 14 8 149 1 1 Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 197 7 8 199 10 5 women .. .. .. .. .. 118 8 5 118 12 7 (6) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 159 6 0 159 8 5 Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 218 6 4 219 7 8 women .. .. .. .. 123 6 1 123 5 6 (2.) Schools with average attendance over fifteen — (a ) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 156 17 4 158 8 4 Namely, men 205 18 8 207 14 0 women .. .. .. .. .. 124 3 2 126 0 3 (6 ) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 167 18 0 170 3 5 Namely, men 226 11 5 229 1 2 women .. .. .. .. ..128 14 11 131 9 2 An examination of the salaries list shows that 787 male teachers, representing 49-1 per cent, of the number of male teachers in primary schools, receive a salary of £200 per annum or over. If the schools with an average attendance of 15 or less are excluded, the percentage rises to 52-8.

Number of Adult Teachers in Public Schools, together with the Average Salaries and Total Expenditure on Salaries for the Years 1894, 1900, and for each Year since 1903.

* Exclusive of pupil-teachers and sewing-mistresses. f Exclusive of teachers' house allowances. % Based on rate paid for month of December. § House allowances included. The following Acts affecting public-school teachers' salaries have been passed since 1900 : Public-school Teachers' Salaries Act, 1901 ; Education Act Amendment Act, 1904*; Education Act Amendment Act, 1905 ; Education Amendment Act, 1908 ; Education Amendment Act, 1913. The following statement gives the average salaries of men and women in the sevexal branches of the Education service in New Zealand, as at the end of 1913 :—

3—E. 1.

Number of Teachers.* Average Salary of Teachers.* f Total Expenditure on Male. Female. Male. Female. Combined. Teachers Salaries.* f J 1894 1900 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1,137 1,216 1,270 1,272 1,302 1,314 1,332 1,331 1,406 1,456 1,493 1,555 1,603 1,123 1,415 1,726 1,797 1,835 1,887 1,955 2,021 ' 2,208 2,252 2,351 2,550 2,659 £ s. d. 167 10 11§ 163 12 8§ 170 4 2 174 14 9 184 13 1 186 11 11 189 9 3 192 15 3 192 8 10 196 6 1 197 7 8 199 1Q 5 Excluding schc £ s. d. £ s. d. 90 17 8§ 129 9 0§ 85 12 6§ 121 13 7§ 130 18 10§ 93 8 8 125 5 10 96 6 11 128 17 5 107 2 1 139 2 2 105 12 5 138 8 9 106 0 5 159 3 1 113 11 4 144 7 7 115 6 6 145 12 2 118 13 4 148 16 5 118 8 5 148 14 8 118 12 7 ' 149 1 1 iols with average attendance of under 16. 124 3 2 156 17 4 £ 292,559§ 320,136§ 392,310§ 384,520 404,267 445,285 455,036 466,448 521,783 539,909 572,067 610,550 635,275 1912 205 18 8 1913 207 14 0 126 0 3 158 8 4

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Average Salaries, Education Service, Men and Women.

Average Salary of Men. Average Salary of All Men. Average Salary of All Women. Average Salary of All Men and Women. Number in Education Service — Men only —receiving Salaries of (9.) Class. Total Salaries of Men. Total Salaries of Women. Average Salary of Women. 0.) (2.) (3.) (4.) (5.) (6.) (7.) (8.) £200-£299. £300-£399. £4^ Qd *A. Primary-school teachers (excluding schools in Grade 0, Primary Schools) B. District high schools —Staffs, secondary departments C. Department (professional) .. £ |319,028 s. d. 0 0 £ |310,468 s. d. 0 0 £ s. d. 200 17 11 (1,588 men) £ s. d. 123 11 0 (2,523 women) ] £ s. d.l £ s. d. £ s. d. f 645 125 17 7,141 0 0 8,384 0 0 193 0 0 (37 men) 526 10 9 (13 in all) 463 4 3 (38 men) 600 0 0 (4 men) 285 11 1 (168 men) 164 7 9 (51 women) 21 1 6,885 0 0 13 T>. Inspectors of Schools 17,055 0 0 5 33 E. Principals of training-colleges 2,400 0 0 I 229 17 3| (2,036 men) 127 1 2 (2,770 women) 170 12 3 J (4,806 men and women) 4 F. Secondary schools staffs 47,973 0 0 21,883 0 0 182 7 2 (120 women) 80 38 22 G. Universities, Staffs (year 1911) Professors Lecturers H. Technical schools —Staffs .. 26,233 4,452 36,836 0 0 0 0 0 0 709 0 0 318 0 0 268 17 6 (137 men) {236 10 11 (1,939 men) {130 2 8 (2,515 women) J176 13 8 (4,454 men and women) (14 lee 68 37 iurers in all.) 32 I 13 11,220 0 0 147 12 7 (76 women) 468,003 0 0 351,955 0 0 814 201 14 139 .. 1,168 I. Primary-school teachers (ex- 309,686 eluding schools in Grades 0 and I) 0 0 285,800 0 0 207 14 0 (1,491 men) 126 0 3 (2,268 women) * The figures opposite line A in columns (2) and (3) represent the sums actually paid, slightly in excess of these amounts t Excluding house allowances. j Average with substitution of line I for line A. The average salaries if all positions were regarded as being filled by fully certificated teachers would be

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Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates; (See also E.-2.—Tables E2 and E3.) Table E2 gives the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers respectively on the 31st December, 1913, exclusive of secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools. The following summary shows the numbers of certificated and uncertificated teachers in each of the years 1908 to 1913 respectively : —

Primary Teachers in all Public Schools (Secondary Departments of District High Schools excluded) at 31st December, 1913.

It is interesting to note that the total increase of teachers during the year is 157, and that the certificated teachers have increased by 163. The partially qualified have decreased by 35, and the total number of teachers not fully certificated by 6. (It must, of course, be remembered that a considerable number of these not fully certificated teachers sat for examinations in January, 1914, but were unsuccessful, and that the holders of licenses have been regarded as uncertificated, although the license has the effect of a temporary certificate. The net increase in the number wholly or partially qualified (including the holders of licenses) is thus 128, while those employed without any recognized examination status have increased only by 29. This preponderant increase of wholly or partially qualified teachers is gratifying, and is due to a large extent to the facilities now available to teachers to take classes with a view to improve their examination status. Further information in this connexion will be found under the heading " Training of Teachers," Appendix D. There are, however, other causes tending to induce teachers to improve their examination status when possible. Certain Education Boards, for instance, have decided to dispense, where practicable, with the services of teachers who are making no effort to qualify for their positions by examination. Moreover, the additional monetary inducements offered in recent years to teachers in New Zealand schools have checked the outflow of competent teachers to more lucrative spheres of employment, and have proved arr additional stimulus to the younger teachers to improve their status as quickly as possible; and, lastly, there must be taken into account the steady output of certificated teachers from the four training colleges. Education Boards and others have submitted that it is impossible to expect teachers of schools with an average attendance of 15 or less (Grades 0 and I) to qualify for certificates. The fact that about 13 per cent, only of such teachers are certificated and that the proportion is not on the increase appears to bear out this contention. To obtain a fair comparison of the numbers of certificated and uncertificated teachers, therefore, it would be reasonable to omit teachers of schools in Grades 0 and I.

1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. I. Certificated teachers — Adults Pupil-teachers .. .. .. '. 2,451 2 2,593 1 2,663 2,783 2,919 3,082 Totals 2,453 2,594 2,663 ' 2,783 2,919 3,082 I. Uncertificated teachers — (a.) Holding partial qualifications— (i.) Holders of licenses (ii.) Others partially qualified 56 259 71 285 99 167 68 264 87 336 84 304 Totals of (a) .. .. .. (6.) Having no recognized examination status 266 635 332 689 315 730 356i 705 423 763 388 792 Total number of teachers not fully certificated 901 1,021 1,045 1,061 1,186 1,180 Totals of I and II .. 3,354 3,615 3,708 , 3,844 4,105 4,262

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20

This is the result:—

Primary Teachers in Public Schools with an Average Attendance of 16 and upwards, at 31st December, 1913.*

* Secondary teachers of District High Schools are not included. Below is printed a summary of Table E3. This shows all certificated teachers employed by Education Boards, whether they are engaged in primary work or in the secondary departments of district high schools, and it is arranged according to sex and class of certificate held. It is to be borne in mind that there is now no examination for E certificate.

Holders of Teachers' Certificates in the Service of Education Boards at 31st December, 1912, and at 31st December, 1913.

The following table gives a comparative view of the number of persons holding certificates who were employed in all forms of public instruction as at the 30th June, 1914:—

Comparative Table of Certificates held by Persons employed in Public Instruction as at the 30th June.

1905. 1911. 1912. 1913. I. Certificated 2,460 2,460 2,723 2,854 3,016 I. Uncertificated — (a.) Partially qualified .. (&.) Without status 329 163 A C\C\ 329 163 277 374 366 386 331 411 492 ■ 492 651 - 752 - 742 Totals .. 2,952 2,952 3,374 3,606 3,758 'ercentages— I. Certificated .. ! 83-3 791 80-3 80-7 \ ! 8-2 11-1 9-2 11-7 8-8 10-9 II. (a.) Partially qualified .. (b.) Without status .. n.i .. 5-6 Totals 16-7 100 19-3 20-9 19-7 100 100 100 100

1912. 1913. Class of Certificate. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. B 24 181 492 487 71 4 51 378 892 339 28 232 870 1,379 410 23 200 545 462 59 1 61 493 932 306 24 261 1,038 1,394 365 D E Total .. 1,255 1,664 2,919 1,289 1.793 3,082

Number of Tuachers holding Oi irtificates. 1907. 1908. I 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. B 87 208 294 1,593 642 94 232 415 1,479 595 99 266 544 1,442 555 105 300 648 1,420 522 116 352 761 1,486 480 119 392 939 1,488 441 119 422 1,108 1,513 402 116 453 1,280 1,539 371 I E Total, A B, C, and D .. 2,182 2,220 2,351 2,473 2,715 2,938 3,162 3.388 „ A, B, C, D, and E 2,824 2,815 2,906 2,995 3,195 3,379 3,564 3,759

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It will be seen that the largest increase in the numbers of certificated teachers is in the B and C|classes. The former increase is no doubt a result of the provision in the Universitygßursary Regulations by which holders of C certificates may be awarded bursaries. Now that this is becoming more widely known, it is expected that the number of graduates in the teaching profession will still further increase. During the last seven years the increase in the number of^ adult teachers employed in primary schools has been 29 per cent., and the increase in the number of certificated teachers holding the A, B, or C a cent. Training op Teachers. (See also E.-2, Appendix D, Tables Pi to P6.) During the last quarter of 1913, 439 students were in attendance at the four training colleges, of 398 A students. Of the latter, 392 had completed their course before entrance to the colleges, and six had obtained university degrees. The remaining fonty-one comprised thirty-seven Division B students whothad qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or some higher University examination without previous teaching experience, and four who were admitted under the special provisions for teachers of;small schools whose qualifications are incomplete. There is an increase of 13 - 8 percent, in the number of Division A students admitted during the year, whilst the number of Division B students admitted has increased from eight to thirty-one. Of the total number of students, 125 were men and 314 were women. The following table indicates the number of women students to every 100 men for each of the past four years :■ — Number of Women Students to every 100 Men. For the year 1910 .. .. .. .. .. .. 219 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 197 1912 .. .. .. .. .. ..252 „ 1913 .. .. .. .. , .. ..251 The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that when the training colleges have their full complement of students (125 in each case) the number of students annually completing their training and passing into the schools will be 250. The regular outflow from the colleges together with supplementary accessions from other sources to the ranks of teachers in the Dominion it is hoped should prove sufficient to meet ordinary requirements. It must be borne in mind, however, that, as the result of recent legislation increasing the staffing of schools through the gradual substitution of adult teachers for pupil-teachers, there have been, and for some time to come must be, exceptional demands for teachers. It is clear that if competent assistants are to be obtained the steps of the process by which adult teachers are being substituted for pupil-teachers must be gradual. Two steps in this direction have now been taken, in 1911 and 1913 respectively, by which, in all, the appointment of over three hundred additional assistants has been authorized, and any further step must be determined by the general prospects of a reasonably efficient supply. As a temporary measure to meet immediate needs, permission was given by regulation at the beginning of 1913 to the education authorities controlling the training colleges to admit at their discretion a certain proportion of the students for a course of training for one year only. -.Except in the case of graduates or persons of similar status, so short a course as one year cannot be recommended, nor can it in any sense be considered complete ; but as the permission is confined to a limited number of entrants who have already served in the school as pupil-teachers or probationers, many of whom doubtless are only too anxious to enter upon permanent positions as teachers with as little delay as possible, circumstances appear to warrant recourse to the expedient. So far, only a very limited use has been made of the permission, and that it should have a much wider application is not particularly desired. For a supplementary supply of teachers suitable for employment in small schools for which a fully-trained teacher cannot be expected to be available some other resource may well be regarded as open to consideration. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are now extended so as to embrace specially selected classes of teachers in neighbouring schools. By regulation it is provided that each normal school shall include (a) a main school, organized as a district high school, and having an average

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attendance of not more than 450 pupils, and (b) a " model school," arranged on the lines of a small rural school, with an average attendance of thirty-five to forty. If the Minister approves, there may be also (c) a second " model school," organized as a rural school of two teachers, with an average attendance of seventy to eighty, or as a junior school with thirty-five to forty children of a standard not higher than S2, or as a rural school with thirty-five to forty children in attendance and under the charge of a sole teacher ; and (d) a junior kindergarten class containing not more than forty children between the ages of three and five. For the secondary department of the main school a maximum attendance of not more than fifty is permitted. The following gives the actual average attendance at each of the normal schools, the main schools and their adjuncts being separately given : —

In each of the normal schools a junior kindergarten class with a special teacher in charge has also been provided in terms of the regulations. Much information in regard to the courses of instruction taken by students at the training colleges may be obtained from the tables appearing in Appendix D of E.-2. The following matter is summarized from the tables :— Table P2 shows the University work undertaken by students. At the University college students are required to take at least a course in English in addition to the lectures in education given by the Principals of the training colleges, who for this purpose are recognized as members of the University college staff. Any other University work undertaken varies greatly according to the aims and educational status of individual students, but is necessarily subordinated to the aims and requirements of their special professional training, and the due relation of the two claims constitutes one of the chief problems of organization with which the Principals of training colleges have to deal. Of other subjects, about one-third of the students take Latin; and botany, economics, mental science, and mathematics appear next in that order. At one centre a course of voice-production provided by the University college was attended by the whole of the students. Table P3 contains parallel facts for special classes of professional training tor which provision has been made within the training college itself or in intimate connexion with it. It deals only with students who are in their second year of training. The subjects are largely more or less compulsory in character, though not of necessity for the second year, and include methods of teaching, elementary hygiene, elementary handwork and kindergarten study, physical (including agricultural and domestic) science, physical exercises, vocal music, and drawing. In most cases there is still much to be desired in the training in natural and experimental science that is given to young teachers. It must be regarded as an absolute essential for every teacher that he or she should have at least an elementary knowledge (complete as far as it goes) of scientific method, and this can be got only by a course of individual practical work. The two or four hours' work per week assigned to this course under the Training College Regulations, inclusive of a course in agriculture or in domestic science for which provision is everywhere required, is by no means too much. If the student cannot take such work at the University college —and too commonly this is found impracticable—he should take it at the training college. From Table P4 may be learnt the initial status of the students at admission as set out in terms of the Department's certificate provisions, or with respect to the University qualifications on which they were admitted to the training college. Table P5 shows the certificate status as revised after the examinations of January, 1914, but including those to whom trained teachers' certificates were granted at the close of their training course without further examination. The analysis is of special interest at the present time, in view of the abandonment of general certificate examination tests for training-college students after their admission, and

Main School (exclusive of Model j Secondary Schools and Second- Department, ary Department). M j , Junior ™° de } Model School School. (p tQ g2) Total. Auckland Wellington Christchurch .. Dunedin 337 270 409 441 26 36 25 48 22 30 31 36 27 35 38 452 371 465 563

E.—l

23

the substitution therefor of evidence otherwise furnished of the satisfactory completion of a training-college course as prescribed by the regulations. Eleven students at admission held Class C certificates, and 151 Class D. By the end of the year two students held a Class A certificate, fifteen a Class B, 157 a Class C, and 177 a Class D. The number of male and female students receiving training in the four training colleges during the last quarter, 1912 and 1913, is indicated in the following table : — , 1912. , , 1913. , Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 29 72 101 41 67 108 Wellington ... ... ... 25 69 94 20 85 105 Christchurch ... ... ... 21 76 97 28 80 108 Dunedin ... .. ... 38 68 106 36 82 118 Totals 113 285 398 125 314 439 The following is a summary of Table P5 :— Number of Students in Attendance during 1913 who qualified by Attainments for a Certificate of First-year students— Class A. Clasa B. Class C. Class D. Division A ... ... ... 2 6 38 120 Division B ... ... ... ... 11 Second-year students— Division A ... ... ..'. ... 9 113 46 Division B ... ... ... 6 The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1912 and 1913 for the training of teachers were as follows:— I. Training colleges— 1912 , 1913. Salaries of staffs (half charged to public-school £ & s, S, . salaries) ... ... ... ... 6,752 6,975 Students'allowances ... ... ... 18,872 21,640 University fees of students ... ... 2,786 3,370 Special instruction—Clause 6 (2) of Regulations ... ... ' ... ... 2,206 1,398 Buildings—Sites and equipment ... ... 471 2,897 31,087 36,280 11. Other training — Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students ... ... 3,865 3,460 Eailway fares of teachers and instructors ... 2,501 6,289 6,366 9,749 Totals £37,453 £46,029 Unceetificated Teachers. A special grant of £4,000 was made last year for the training of teachers. The purposes for which the grant was applied were :■ — (1.) Central classes for the personal tuition of uncertifloated teachers (exclusive of pupil-teachers and probationers) in subjects of the D certificate. (2.) Tuition and training of uncertificated teachers (exclusive of pupilteachers and probationers) by means of correspondence classes under the control of Educati6n Boards, in cases in which it is found highly inconvenient to bring teachers to classes. Under this heading, however, no correspondence classes in science subjects can be recognized unless the Board makes adequate provision for practical work. In the distribution of the grant the amounts allotted to the various Education Boards varied from £150 in the two smallest districts to £725 in the largest. Finances of Education Boaeds. (See also E.-2, Tables PI to F12.) 1. General Survey of the Finances of Education Boards. Table F is a summary of the income and expenditure, and of the assets and liabilities of the various Education Boards for the calendar year 1913. Full information for each district can be obtained on reference to Appendix A of E.-2, or to Tables Fl and F2 published in the same report.

B.—l.

Table P.—Summary of the Receipts and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Education Boards for the Year 1913.

24

As at 1st . January. Cash Transactions daring Year. Transfers. As at 31st December. No. Name of Account. (1) Balances. (2) Deficits. From Government. (4) Reserves Ke venue. (5) Seceipts. From other Sources. (6) Expenditure. Debit. (8) Credit. (. (9) Balances. Deficits. Assets. (12) __i Liabilities. (13) (3) (?) (10). (11) I 1 Salaries of teachers (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost of the training-college staff Teachers' house allowances Salaries of relieving teachers Free school-books General administration (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (in terms of the Order in Council of 13 th February, 1911, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance and rebuilding of school buildings and included below under that heading) (6.) Conveyance of school-children .. (e.) Board of school-children (d.) Office staff (including Secretary, Inspectors, &c), salaries and clerical assistance (e.) Office contingencies (/.) Refunds and sundries .. (g.) Boards' offices (new buildings) .. Training colleges and training of teachers — ■ Salaries of staff (half of the total cost) Allowances for students Incidental expenses Training of teachers (other than at training college) Secondary education — Scholarships —Board's Scholarships —National Scholarships —Special District high schools — Salaries of staffs of secondary departments General purposes — (a.) Voluntary contributions and subsidies (6.) Fees from pupils .. (c.) High School Boards' grants 1 I 3 J £ s. d. £ s. d. 3,770 3 9 31,815 3 11 7 8 4 47 19 1 179 2 7 - 748 15 4 £ s. d. 2,988 6 7 ! £ s. d. 604,928 4 1 £ s. d. 63,487 16 10 £ s. d. 643 4 11 £ s. d. 668,093 18 2 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. ; £ s. d. 2,022 18 ll| 779 4 0 £ s. d. 607 10 6 2 3 4 5 172 9 3 2,909 15 7 17,192 10 3 3,755 14 4 1,838 2 8 99,396 13 5 36 13 4 2 2 0 119 8 9 497 0 3 6 19 8 17,158 9 2 4,886 0 1 2,484 0 0 101 14 10 410 12 0 4,037 19 4 76 5 3 176 9 0 ; 1,644 6 11 168 3 10 54 16 11 1,306 2 1 3,518 5 8 3,770 3 9 31,815 3 11 1,585 16 1 183 9 5 99 0 4 3,060 5 9 31,704 10 0 .46,411 13 11 • • .. .. •• ■ I •• 21 1 6 5,180 13 5 504 9 0 30,842 3 9 ■■ •• .. .. .. 16,699 10 2 526 13 0 2,785 0 0 I 156 1 1 1,274 17 8 •• 6 7 8 9 7 8 4 47 19 1 874' 19 10 26 11 4 7,087 3 1 25.010 1 3 971 6 0 4,593 12 5 I 14 16 8 45 0 0 90 3 5 7,060 0 7 24,997 6 5 1,159 12 9 4,647 2 6 99 0 4 34 10 10 75 10 7 23 15 0 57 18 0 919 6 3 184 9 1 410 3 3 2,641 17 5 1,936 6 8 1,960 17 6 714 12 3 784 2 3 44 12 4 23 2 6 78 12 10 14 17 4 674 3 10 420 5 3 I I JO 11 12 1,692 5 9 617 1 1 9,622 7 9 3,360 4 3 56 5 0 9,923 13 8 3,457 15 5 282 7 10 1 0 0 38 3 1 34 10 0 220 0 4 179 2 7 257 2 0 4 13 9 149 - 3 0 13 190 17 0 16,107 4 9 102 16 8 16,248 4 2 100 0 0 ■ 128 19 9 45 10 0 f 197 19 8 i 12 0 0 (J 100 0 0 38 13 6 14 j> 748 15 4 J f 1,072 14 2 I,312 10 10 2,953 0 4 55 15 0 121 0 0 1 355 9 8 251 1 3 15 16 116 4 6 442 3 4 34 5 5 172 17 9 1 6 9 .. ..

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25

Table F.—Summary of the Receipts and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Education Boards for the Year 1913— continued.

Net balance at Ist January, 1913 .. .. .. .. .. *51,807 15 9 Net balance at 31st December, 1913 .. .. . .. .... 31,617 12 0 * Includes £30 ss. omitted from balance at Ist January, 1913, as printed in E.-l and 8.-2 of 1913.

As at 1st January. Cash Transactions during Year. Transfers. As at 31st December. No. Same of Account. Balances. (2) De; ;flcits (3) fcs. From Government. (4) Reserves Revenue. (5) Receipts. From other Sources. (6) Expenditure. Debit. Credit. Balances. Deficits. Assets. Liabilities. (1) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) I—' 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Manual and technical — School classes — Capitation Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies Special and associated classes — Capitation Material Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies Fees from pupils at special classes Free-place holders Direction and administration (school and special classes) Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent — (a) Maintenance and small additions,) and (6) ordinary rebuilding Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire Bents of buildings and sites for school purposes New buildings, furniture, additions, sites — Public schools Manual instruction Technical instruction Bent of buildings for manual-instruc-tion purposes Rent of buildings for technical-in-struction purposes Sites sales Other separate accounts — Superannuation Contractors' deposits Jane E. McLeod bequest Wanganui school sites Rees Bequest Fund Sundry accounts £ s. d. i J 1 I S-89,817 1 9 £ s. d. f i 2,505 7. 2-i I I. j £ s. d. 30,252 7 2 553 14 5 29,127 1 5 1,614 11 8 6,339 1 2 6,948 10 6 1 12 0 72,082 2 6 628 7 8 2,675 3 9 •■ £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,797 4 1 826 17 11 413 1 3 415 0 1 1,011 10 5 3,928 14 8 61 5 2 3,335 12 9 196 2 4 £ s. d. 30,485 8 7 269 0 8 33,781 10 1 2,070 14 11 5,454 1 10 5 15 9 4,656 17 11 5,306 17 0 j(a)64,83114 1 1(6)13,241 6 10 2,031 19 10 3,24016 2 £ s. d. I 345 8 2 1 I Y 148 19 8 J 2,785 4 3 • ■ £ s. d. 1,240 9 11 2,161 15 6 2,648 10 9 •■ 'j.82,740 3 1 £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,367 15 4 r •• i :: i •• S, s. d. J 19,332 6 2 1 259 1 9 f9,537 J9 9 506 19 0 J 900 3 7 721 17 5 V3,384 19 5 298 14 0 125,918 3 1 1 320 0 0 3,296 0 8 £ s. d. 1,314 17 1 64 4 0 3,944 19 2 108 3 4 425 2 7 153 10 0 229 11 3 105 10 0 20,883 14 7 312 1 0 162 17 0 J 28 29 30 31 35,094 3 9 13,569 10 3<j 12,995 3 7 61,162 19 8 11,695 7 3 6,798 6 7 28 10 5 217 0 0 225 14 6 59 18 8 62,666 2 4 11,864 8 8 19,791 13 4 28 10 5 1,800 15 3 34,579 11 2 1 34,662 2 5 / 2,734 19 4 4,986 16 9 I 15 0 0 324 13 4 2,975 0 0 26,058 16 11 2,610 9 4 874 7 7 1 6816 2 1 j 32 f622 0 0 6 15 0 673 12 0 ' 26,422 6 1 80 9 4 33 8,216 2 0 449 9 11 8,305 5 0 12,634 16 8 65 0 0 *613 10 9 58 5 9 .. 2,863 16 3 .. " 1,261 0 8 3,050 1 8 4 8 9 991 18 6 50 0 0 12 13 2 1,261 14 1 2,816 12 7 62 14 6 1,375 19 6 97 10 0 39 14 8 846' 19 10 0 13 5 3,247 - 17 3 ■• 846 19 10 1,04719 11 202 12 0 •• .. •• .. l,000' 9 11 175 10 6 112 16 5 ■ •• ■■ .. Totals .. *128,308 3 2 1,033,681 16 7 : J63,487 16 10 23,509 1 1 I ! 1,140,868 18 3J 1 I 6,934 19 11 6,934 19 11 '6,500 7 5 120,142 13 2 J88,525 1 2 119,314 15 1 65,382 19 11

26

E.—l

In the case of teachers' salaries, teachers' house allowances, and scholarships it will be seen that the balance or deficit, as the case may be, is practically covered by a corresponding liability or asset. The Department makes grants to cover the actual cost of these items. Table F3 shows the salaries and allowances paid to officers of Education Boards other than teachers. Tables F4 and F5 give a summary of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards from 1877 to 1913. Excluding the expenditure on buildings, the following summary shows the chief items of expenditure for the past five years :— 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. £ £ £ £ £ Board's administration .. .. 42,392 41,396 43,697 47,772 48,004 Incidental expenses of schools .. .. 40,374 37,394 42,831 44,723 46,412 Teachers'salaries* .. .. ..554,012 582,288 608,958 643,921 668,094 Training colleges .. .. .. 22,425 27,467 28,992 29,754 37,864 Scholarships and district high schools .. 32,136 32,811 32,620 33,361 33,072 Manual and technical instruction .. 47,927 56,049 65,195 77,131 82,030 * Excluding house allowance. The increase in teachers' salaries is due to the increase in the number of children receiving instruction, the yearly increment in salaries as provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, and the process of substitution of adultteachers for pupil-teachers which has been hastened by the fact that regulations passed during the year provided for further substitutions. The normal increase in attendance, more especially in connexion with the rural courses at day technical schools and secondary departments of district high schools, is the explanation of the increase in expenditure on manual and technical instruction. The following table shows the proportion of expenditure on administration to the whole expenditure, and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through the School Committees), the figures for the five years previous being also entered for purposes of comparison :— Boards. Committees. Total. 1908 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-7 4-5 9-2 1909 ... ..4-6 4-4 9-0 1910 .. .. .. .. .. .. 4-5 4-0 8-5 1911 4-3 4-2 8-5 1912 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-3 4-1 8-4 1913 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-2 4-1 8-3 The corresponding percentages for the several Education Boards are printed in Table Fl2. As is to be expected, the ratio of expenses of administration to total expenditure is highest in the smallest district (8-6). Out of the capitation paid to Education Boards for general administration purposes the Boards provide School Committees with funds according to scale to meet incidental expenses of schools, such as lighting, fuel, cleaning, &c. The following calculation, which is based on the amounts shown under the heading " Incidental expenses of schools," in the general statements of receipts and expenditure of Education Boards for the year ended the 31st December, 1913, gives the amount per unit of average attendance paid by each Board : —

Education Districts. Average Attendance. Amount. Amount per Unit of Average Attendance. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Marlborough Nelson Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland 40,715 5,472 13,904 16,672 10,296 2,158 5,685 1,765 1,105 19,316 5,251 19,233 9,670 £ 12,176 1,499 3,750 5,004 3,341 535 1,275 464 367 6,805 1,541 6,087 3,567 £ 0-299 0-274 0-270 0-300 0-324 0-248 0-224 0-263 0-332 0-352 0-293 0-316 0-369

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In other words, the average rates of allowances made by Education Boards for the incidental expenses of schools vary from 4s. sf-d. in the Nelson Education District to 7s. 4jd. in the Southland Education District. The legal minimum for the average in any district is ss. 6d. The bank balances of the Boards have decreased from £51,808 to £31,618. The decrease is accounted for by the fact that the balance of monetary assets over liabilities as at the 31st December last was about £20,000 higher than the corresponding balance as at the end of the previous year. Three Boards had an overdraft as at the 31st December last. 2. General Account. For convenience, the funds of Education Boards may be divided into two classes—those granted for building purposes and those not so granted. The latter class may be regarded as the General Account, and includes all items in Table F, with the exception of Nos. 2, 25-33, and also contractors' deposits. The following is a summary of the cash assets and liabilities of the Boards on the General Account, of which Table F6 shows the particulars:— Geneeal Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1913. Liabilities. £ Assets. Overdrafts .. .. .. .. 3,632 Cash .. .. .. .. 28,519 Other liabilities .. .. ..13,207 Due from all sources .. .. 43,672 Balances .. .. .. ..55,657 Deficits .. .. .. .. 305 £72,496 £72,496 With two exceptions, the general account of every Education Board was in credit at the end of the year 1913. The total net credit balance on these accounts for the last three years is shown as follows :— Net Balances. Deficits. Balances . £ £ £ 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 48,957 126 48,831 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 49,869 2,432 47,437 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 55,657 305 55,352 3. Buildings Account. The Buildings Account refers to moneys granted for two purposes, which by parliamentary appropriation and by the terms of the grants made by the Department are quite distinct, namely,— (a.) Moneys granted from the Consolidated Fund for the general maintenance and replacement of school buildings, and additional sums paid for the rebuilding of schools destroyed by fire, and for the rent of temporary premises during such rebuilding ; (b.) Moneys granted from the Public Works Fund specially for the erection of new schools and the extension of existing schools rendered necessary by increased attendance, for the purchase of school-sites, and for building teachers' residences in certain cases where suitable houses cannot be rented. More detailed information in regard to the making of grants under these headings appeared on page 25 of the report for last year. The moneys so granted in the year 1913"f0r the respective purposes named are shown in Tables F7, FB, and F9. The total amount expended by Education Boards during the year 1913 on buildings, sites, furniture, &c, was £207,995. Table FlO shows the assets and liabilities of the Boards on the combined Buildings Accounts. The following is a summary : — Combined Buildings Account (a) and (&), all Boards, 31st December, 1913. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts .. .. .. 15,500 Cash .. .. .. .. 22,231 Other liabilities .. .. .. 52,176 Due from all sources .. .. 75,643 Balances .. .. .. 40,145 Deficits .. .. .. .. 9,947 £107,821 £107,821 Net balances Ist January, 1914.. £30,198

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The net balance in the Buildings Account at the close of the year 1912 was £37,294. The above summary indicates that at the end of 1913 it had decreased to £30,198. An examination of the grants made to Boards under heading (a), referred to above, together with their returns of expenditure, discloses the fact that the School Buildings Maintenance Account should stand as shown in Table Fll, of which the following is a summary :■ — School Buildings Maintenance Account, all Boaeds, 31st December, 1913. £ Cash balances .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84,385 Net excess of amounts due to Boards over amounts due by Boards .. 5,656 Net balance, 31st December, 1913 .. .. .. .. .. £90,041 It would appear, then, that at the Ist January, 1914, this net balance of £90,041 was available for the purposes indicated. However, the combined Buildings Account shows the actual balance to be £30,198, and obviously, therefore, a sum of £59,843 has been diverted from the Maintenance Fund to other purposes. This is far more than would be warranted by the provision allowing the Boards to transfer 7 per cent, from this account to its Buildings Account. Education Reserves. By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, these reserves are vested in the Crown, and are placed under the administration of the several Land Boards. The revenues derived from these reserves, subject to a charge for expenses of administration, are paid by the Receivers of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a separate account for each provincial district. The above provisions of the Act apply only to revenue derived from reserves since the date of the Act coming into force. All funds, mortgages, and investments which were at that date vested in the School Commissioners the Act provided should be taken over by the Public Trustee, the revenue to be dealt with similarly to that received by Land Boards. The revenue is distributed quarterly by the Minister of Finance on a basis provided by statute. Sums equal to the amounts paid to Education Boards are deducted from sums due by this Department to the Boards. In this report the transactions of the Education Department only are given. (a.) Primary. The revenue from all sources received during the year 1913 was £63,789 ss. 3d., including a sum of £1,478 15s. Id., which represents interest on mortgages and investments received from the Public Trustee for the financial year 1913-14. This was the total amount received by Education Boards for the year ended the 31st December, 1913. Table G shows the reserves revenue and interest on mortgages and investments received on account of primary education, together with the distribution to Education Boards. (b.) Secondary. The total amount received by High School Boards during the year 1913 was £8,008 11s. Bd., including a sum of £44 11s., which represents interest on mortgages and investments received from the Public Trustee for the financial year 1913-14. Details of the distribution are shown in Table K9 of E.-6. Native Schools. (See E.-3.) At the end of 1912 there were 108 Native village schools. During the year six new schools were opened, and one was transferred to the Otago Board of Education. Two schools were closed permanently, and four were closed temporarily. The number of schools in operation at the 31st December, 1913, was thus 107.

29

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In addition to these schools, there were three mission schools giving primary instruction to Maori children, and 565 public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance, while there were ten boarding-schools specially concerned with the secondary education for Maori boys and girls. Thus, the total number of schools giving instruction to Maori children was— Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 Native mission schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. 3 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance.. .. .. 565 Total number of primary schools .. .. .. .. 675 Native boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. .. 10 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..685 The following table shows the number of Native village schools in each grade, as compared with the number for the previous year : — Table H.—Number of Native Village Schools in each Gkade. 1912. 1913. Grade I (9-15) .. .. .. .. .. .... Grade Hα (16-20) .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 9 Grade Hβ (21-25) .. .. .. .. .. 13 14 Grade 111 (26-35) .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 30 Grade IVa (36-50) .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 30 Grade IVb (51-80) 16 20 Grade V (81-120) .. 5 4 Totals .. .. .. .. ..108 107 Attendance. The number of pupils on the rolls of the Native village schools at the end of the year 1913 was —Boys, 2,459 ; girls, 2,188 : total, 4,647. Included in these numbers are 258 boys and 257 girls who are Europeans. The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each of the years 1912 and 1913 was as follows : — Average Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1912. 1913. 1912. 1913. First quarter .. .. .. .. 3,943 . 4,201 85-7 874 Second quarter .. .. .. ..4,063 4,297 89-0 87-1 Third quarter .. .. .. .. 4,068 4,068 86-6 83-1 Fourth quarter .. .. .. ..4,092 4,000 86-8 850 The following are some of the figures in regard to the attendance at Native village schools for 1913, the corresponding figures for 1912 being inserted for purposes of comparison:— 1912 im Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. .. 4,694 4,647 Average weekly roll number .. .. .. .. 4,644* 4,835* Average yearly attendance .. .. .. .. 4,042* 4,142* Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 87 85 - 7 * The mean of the four quarters. If the Native village schools are added to the Native secondary schools, we have the following figures for 1912 and 1913 respectively : — 1912. 1913. Number on rolls of Native village schools .. .. .. 4,694 4,647 „ mission schools .. .. .. 174 116 „ boarding-schools .. .. 369 419 Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. .. 5,237 5,182 Combined average weekly roll number .. .. ..5,241 5,362 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 4,588 4,621 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 87-5 862

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30

The increase in the development of the Native village schools since the year 1881, when they were transferred to the control of this Department, is shown in the following table :—

Table Ha. —Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

It will be seen that there has been an increase of 80 per cent, in the number of schools, and this does not take into account many schools which have been transferred to the various Boards of Education during the period covered by the table. The average attendance has risen from 1,406 to 4,142. The decrease in the percentage of average attendance is the result of the outbreak of smallpox, which, as is well known, was, in the main, confined to the Native population. Table H2 in 8.-3 supplies detailed information in regard to the roll number and average attendance. The number of Maoris attending public schools on the 31st December, 1913, as compared with the number attending at the 31st December, 1912, was—l9l2, 4,913; 1913, 4,791. Details are to be found in Table H5 in E.-3. The total number of children of Maori or of mixed race on the rolls of primary Native schools, public schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training at the end of the year 1913, is given in the following schedule :—

Classification of Pupils. Tables H6, H6a, and H6b in E.-3 give full information as to the races and classification of pupils on the rolls of the Native schools. As will be seen, 87 per cent, were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, I*9 per cent, were Maoris speaking English in their homes, and 11-1 per cent, were Europeans.

Year. Number 0' Mean of Average i Schools Avenuze Attendance: at End wXZ,,. T° le Year. Average Attendance as Percentage of Weekly Boll. Number of Teachers. I Teachers in Charge. Assistant Teachers. Scwingraistresses. ;Male. Female. Male. Female. 1881 .. 1886 .. 1891 .. J896 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 .. 1909 .. 1910 .. 1911 .. 1912 .. 1913 . . 60 69 66 74 89* 98* 97* 95* 95 98 99 95 94 99 104 108 107 2,343 2,395 2,874 3,257 3,650 3,805 3,794 4,097 4,235 4,321 4,479 4,308 4,325 4,494} 4,644 4,835 1,406 2,020 1,837 2,220 2,592 3,005 3,012 3,083 3,428 3,607 3,561 3,781 3,680 3,714 3,878} 4,042 4,142 86-2 76-7 77-3 79-6 82-3 79-2 81-3 83-7 85-2 82-4 84-4 85-4 85-9 86-3 87 85-7 54 60 59f 64f 70f 77t 76f 73t 74f 78f 82f 76 76 78 81 86 86 6 9 8f 1 lit ! •• i8t .. ; 20f I 20f .. 21f .. 22t ! I 21t 2 18f 2 19 2 18 3 21 3 22 3 22 4 21 4 4 26 26 61 69 83 79 85 87 94 105 104 101 106 119 122 118 48 30 37 16 15 11 13 11 15 11 3 5 5 4 3 2 4 school. X 1911 flg uri 3S ameudei * Includes two subsidi: led schools. t Includes two teachers jointly in chi irge of one I.

Actual Number. Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,829). I. Primary schools— (a.) Government Native schools (6.) Mission schools .. (c.) Public schools II. Secondary schools III. Special technical training • •*• • • 4,132 116 4,791 9,039 419 13 829 23 961 1,813 84 3 Totals 9,471 9,471 1,900

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A reference to Table H8 in E.-3 will show the classification of pupils, grouped according to ages, standards, and races. The following is a summary : — Maoris. Europeans. Totals. Class P.. .. .. .. 1,980 173 2,153 46-3 Standard I .. .. .. 576 66 642 13-8 Standard II .. .. .. 482 63 545 11-9 Standard 111 .. .. .. .. 452 52 504 10-8 Standard IV .. .. .. .. 307 62 369 7-7 Standard VFJ.. .. .. .. 197 54 251 5-6 Standard Vljj.. .. .. ..117 33 150 3-2 Standard VII .. .. 21 12 33 0-7 Secondary Education. From the tables it will be seen that there were 419 children receiving secondary education. Of this number, 108 were holders of free places provided by the Government. Information at the Department's disposal goes to show that there is on the part of the Maoris an increasing appreciation of vocational training, and the secondary schools are making fuller provision for it. Detailed information in respect to Maori children receiving higher education will be found in Tables H2 and H3 in E.-3. Results of Inspection. The report of the Inspectors of Native Schools indicates that the classification of village schools, according to the degree of efficiency recorded at the annual visit, is as follows :■ — Number of Schools. Very good to excellent .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 Satisfactory to good .. .. .. .. .. .. 64 Inferior to weak .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 Three schools were not inspected, one of them having begun operations after the visit to the district had taken place, and two having been closed temporarily, owing to the outbreak of smallpox. Staffs and Salaries. The staffs of the village schools as in December, 1913, included 86 masters, 21 mistresses in charge, 122 assistants, and 4 sewing-teachers. The average salaries of head teachers was £171 17s. 7d. —males £178 7s. and females £145 Is. sd. The average salary of assistants was £52 14s. 7d. Lodging-allowances at the rate of £30 per annum were paid to 39 assistants. Expenditure. A reference to Table H9 in E.-3 will show that the total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £44,722 10s. 9d., included in which amount is a sum of £2,534, paid out of revenue from endowment reserves. The increase in the expenditure as compared with that of the previous year was £3,652. Chatham Islands. At the end of 1913 there were four schools in operation in the Chatham islands —viz., those at Te One, Te Roto, Matarakau, and Owenga. The average number of pupils on the roll was 98, the average attendance being 82. The total expenditure on the schools for the year under review was made up as follows :— £ s. d. Salaries of teachers (including allowances and cost of removals) . . 648 1 0 Buildings, repairs, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 257 11 8 Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. .. 40 0 0 Inspection .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 917 0 Other expenses .. .. .. .. .. 10 15 7 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £966 5 3

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In the table below are given the names of the teachers together with certain details of expenditure. The average roll number and average attendance for each school are also shown.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Afflicted and Dependent Children. (See also E.-4, 1913.) The number of children brought under the operation of the Industrial Schools Act in 1913 was 328, being seventy-seven less than for the preceding year. The number whose names were written off the books was 204, leaving a total roll number of 2,908. Of these 1,777 were boys and 1,131 girls. The classification of the children was as follows :— Boarded out — Prom Government industrial schools .. .. .. .. 995 From private industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..996 In residence — In Government industrial schools (other than reformatories) .. .. 419 At private (Roman Catholic) industrial schools . . .. .. 281 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..700 At reformatories (boys) .. .. .. . . .. .. 142 (girls) 74 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..216 In situations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 With friends on probation .. .. .. .. .. .. 297 Under private guardianship .. .. .. .. .. 52 In hospitals, private institutions, absent without leave, in prison, &c. .. 147 In the total number on the books are included twelve young women and one young man who are more than twenty-one years of age ; and control of them is maintained under the law that provides for detention beyond that age of any young person who a Magistrate is satisfied is morally degenerate or otherwise in the public interest unfitted to be free from guidance. These cases will be reviewed every four years, and by like procedure detention may be indefinitely prolonged. The power of placing out applies as though the inmate were under twenty-one. At each hearing counsel is provided at Government expense for the person concerned. By similar provisions in the Education Act young people of feeble mind may be detained under the guidance of special schools. In this way lifelong control

Attendance. School. Names of Teachers. Salaries at End of 1913. Allowance (or Conveyance of Mean of Average Mean of Weekly Goods Attendance for Eoll Number for Four Quarters of Four Quarters of 1913. 1913. Te One ,. Wentzel, E. S. B. Renwick, Miss F. Lanauze, Miss G. Seymour, A. Hutchinson, J. Russell, Mrs. E. A. H.M. Pt. 2 Pt. 5 F. M. F. £ s. d. 205 0 0 *50 0 0 55 0 0 •j-108 0 0 103 10 0 99 0 0 £ 25 41 50 Te Roto .. Owenga .. Matarakau 15 20 13 8 24 15 9 Total I 620 10 0 55 82 98 •In< dudes lodging-allowance, £15 per anni im. t Also house allowance, ;i5 per annum.

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will be retained in case of necessity, and thus the public interest and that of young people who, without support, must surely fail signally in life are effectively safeguarded. The number of children maintained at the public cost was 1,896. The parental contributions under orders of Court, agreements, &c, amounted to £8,092, being at the rate of £4 ss. sd. per head of those maintained. This is an increase of Is. 6d. per head over the rate for the preceding year. The net expenditure for the last financial year on account of industrial-school children, exclusive of capital charges for additional buildings, works, and purchase of property (£41,003), shows an increase of £5,249, which is mainly accounted for by the fact that 124 more children, were maintained. Tables II and 12 in E.-4 give particulars of the expenditure during the year. Last Financial Preceeding Year. Year. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards for maintenance of children who came into Government schools owing £ £ to indigence (included in the total sum recovered). . 11,290 10,677 Number of children at the end of the year belonging to Government schools who were so paid for , .. 759 766 Number maintained at the expense of Charitable Aid Boards at private industrial schools .. .. 138 117 The amount paid by the Charitable Aid Boards on account of children sent to the four private industrial schools as indigent is not stated here, as the Managers of these schools make their claims upon the Boards without reference to the Education Department. Moneys are on deposit at interest in the Post Office Savings-bank that were earned by young people who are, or while under control were, in situations, or who, though it is advisable to have them in residence, are able to do work of more value than the cost of their keep. The disposal of these moneys is by law at the discretion of the Minister of Education, who may direct that payment be made either to the earner or to the Public Account. In practice payment is made to an applicant who, after the control of the school has ceased, shows evidence of good character, and that the proposed investment of the money is likely to be to his lasting advantage. On the other hand, the Minister may order forfeiture of the money when a former inmate proves that he is unworthy of consideration. At the end of the year the total amount deposited in the Post Office Savingsbank on account of the earnings of young people who are now or were formerly under the control of industrial schools was £33,459 7s. Id., the Government schools accounts having £29,554 9s. Bd. to credit, and the private (Roman Catholic) schools £3,904 17s. sd. The withdrawals from these accounts during the year were £4,247 19s. 7d. and £301 18s. 3d. respectively. Infant-life Protection. The infant-life protection system deals with children under six years of age who are placed privately by their parents or guardians in foster-homes for payment. To a large extent they are the illegitimate children of young girls. They are not, as industrial-school children are, under State guardianship, but the homes of the foster-parents are licensed to receive children, the number that may be retained in the home being limited strictly by the license according to the capacity of the home. The number of homes thus licensed was 950 at the end of the year, and the number of children in them under oversight during the year was 1,330, an increase of 102 over last year. Of this total the number of infants under one year was 534. Thirteen children died, being 0-98 per cent, of those in the homes. The deathrate of children under the infant-life protection system has steadily decreased from 2-56 in 1908 to 0-98 for the two past years. Of the thirteen children who died, eightwere in foster-homes, and five in hospitals or nursing-homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in foster-homes represented 0-60 per cent, of the total number dealt with.

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The expenditure for the year ended the 31st March, 1914, was £1,352, as follows :— £ Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives .. .. .. 986 Travelling-expenses of district agents, visiting nurses, and local representatives .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 221 Payment to foster-parents for board of infants .. .. .. 147 Medical attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Office expenses (including rent) and sundries .. .. .. .. 74 1,443 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. .. 91 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,352 For the preceding year the amount was £1,261. The report of the Secretary for Education in E.-4 gives detailed information as regards various phases of the work. School foe the Deaf. Number of pupils who returned to the school in February, 1913, after the summer vacation .. .. .. .. .. .. 89 Receiving instruction at Government experimental farm .. . . . . 1 Number admitted during the school year .. . . .. .. 14 Left during or at the end of the school year . . . . .. . . 1 Number remaining on the roll the close of the school year .. .. 103 The expenditure on the school for the last two financial years respectively was as follows: — Last Financial Year. Proceeding Year. 1913-14. 1912-13. • £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 3,574 3,486 Maintenance of pupils and sundry expenses . . 1,796 1,832 Maintenance of buildings and water charges . . 216 460 Additional buildings .. .. ..1,553 2.797 7,139 8,575 Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. 1,173 1,034 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards .. .. .. 1,210 1,197 Sundry other recoveries .... 1 5 2,384 2,236 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £4,755* £6,339* * Including for 1912-13 £225 and for last year £274, paid from national endowment revenue. Jubilee Institute for the Blind. This institution is governed by "a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the Institute. As the Institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 245. in the pound is payable by the Government on voluntary contributions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount paid by the Government towards the cost of training twenty-nine pupils was £767, and the amount refunded to the Government during the year by parents and Charitable Aid Boards was £731, the Boards paying £402. The sum payable by the Government as subsidy to the Board of Trustees under the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act was £2,164 Is. Id,

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Special School for the Feeble-minded. Numbers as at 31st December, 1913:— M. F. In residence .. . . .. .. .. 69 • Boarded out .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Total of both sexes .. .. .. .. .. 73 Of the above number under control ten were over twenty-one years of age. The procedure in regard to the retention of control beyond that age is similar to that already described in respect of inmates of industrial schools. 1912-13. 1913-14. £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 2,127 2,471 Maintenance of pupils .. .. .. 2,119 2,426 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 524 315 Farm and stock .. .. .. 485 270 Additional buildings, furniture, &c. .. .. 160 121 ~~ O j 110 -* 0 j OUo Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. 862 777 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards .. .. 810 857 Sundry other recoveries .. .. 207 83 1,879 1,717 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £3,536* £3,886* * Including for 1912-13 £225, and for las; year £274 from national endowment revenue. MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. Manual Instruction in Public Schools. (E.-3.—Tables Jl and ,T2). Recognized classes were held in connexion with 70 per cent, of the public schools, an increase of 2 per cent. The percentages for the various education districts were as follows :— Percentage of Schools District at w hi°h Instruction was given. 1912. 1913. Auckland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 52 56 Taranaki ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 76 Wanganui... ... ... ... ... ... ... 92 95 Wellington ... ... ... ... ... ... 76 71 Hawke's Bay ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 81 Marlborough ... ... ... ... ... ... 65 48 Nelson ... . . ... ... ... ... ... 50 52 Grey ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 27 57 Westland... ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 24 North Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 75 South Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ... 58 59 Otago ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 77 Southland... ... ... ... , ... ... ... 97 97 Classes were held at 1,572 schools, an increase of 64. The number of classes was 6,441, as compared with 6,297 for the previous year. Payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions in money or kind totalled £30,691, an increase of £6,000. The average rate of payment per class was £4-7. Special grants in aid of buildings and equipment totalling £4,538 were made to controlling authorities during the year. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual instruction have been erected during the year, or are in course of erection, at Waihi, Waipawa, Sydenham, Lawrence, Tokomairiro, Balclutha, and Invercargill, while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Helensville, Pukekohe, Waihi, Eketahuna, Otaki, Tapanui, Mosgiel, Tokomairiro, Lawrence, Balclutha, and Invercargill.

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The various forms of elementary handwork in which pupils in classes up to Standard IV receive instruction, affording as they do valuable opportunities for concrete illustrations, are being largely taught in conjunction with other subjects of the syllabus, such as arithmetic, instrumental drawing, nature-study, and geography. Of the subjects of manual instruction taken in the higher standards, woodwork, cookery, and laundry-work continue to be taught on the central system, and by special instructors. There are now about eighty well-equipped rooms for instruction in these subjects. In the larger centres special manual-training schools have been provided. In the smaller centres the rooms form part of the local district high school, secondary school, or technical school, as the case may be. During the year 419 classes for woodwork, 403 for cookery, and 117 for laundry-work were in operation. There were also 95 classes for dressmaking. Compared with the previous year, the number of classes for domestic subjects shows an increase of 7 per cent. It is gratifying to note the increasing attention that is being given to instruction in subjects bearing on the home. While the opportunities for such instruction are being widened as circumstances permit, improved methods of instruction are also being introduced. The scarcity of properly trained teachers of domestic subjects, to which reference was made in last year's report is not now so pronounced, and is likely to disappear altogether in the near future, as the result, mainly, of the establishment of full courses in home science at the Otago University and of the special bursaries provided by the Government in connexion therewith. Elementary instruction on subjects bearing on" rural occupations was given in 1,009 schools, as compared with 917 in the previous year. The instruction in the case of ten of the thirteen education districts is supervised by itinerant instructors having a special knowledge of agriculture. There are now eighteen of these instructors stationed in various parts of the Dominion. The course of instruction includes both experimental and observational work (indoor and outdoor), and in some districts, chiefly in the North Island, elementary dairywork. The continued interest taken in the classes by School Committees, agricultural and pastoral associations, and members of the farming community generally is distinctly encouraging. In addition to special prizes offered for competition, contributions in money and kind to the value of nearly £500 have been received by Ediication Boards during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. Full courses of instruction bearing on rural pursuits (having a domestic trend in the case of girls) occupying not less than twenty hours a week throughout the year, were carried on during the year in connexion with the secondary departments in 56 per cent, of the district high schools (fifty-nine in number) as follows : —

The special capitation paid to Education Boards on account of these rural courses amounted to £6*3 per pupil. The practical subjects included in the course continue for the most part to be taught by itinerant instructors. It is a matter for regret, in view of the facilities now available for training, that the supply of teachers having a practical acquaintance with modern methods of teaching science continues to be altogether inadequate. About 70 per cent, of the district high schools are

District. Number of Schools. Number of Pupils. Capitation earned. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay... North Canterbury South Canterbury 4 1 8 5 3 4 2 6 J 17 63 170 207 111 106 57 185 £ 675 450 1,070 1,287 754 667 355 1,176 Ocago Totals 1913 v ... 33 1,016 £6,434 Totals 1912 28 890 £5,795

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now well equipped for laboratory-work in physics or chemistry. In the primary schools where laboratories are not available useful courses in physical measurements have in a few cases been taken up. The number of recognized classes in operation during the year was 105, mostly in connexion with urban schools. There was a slight increase in the number of recognized classes for swimming and life-saving. During the year 233 classes were held, as against 222 for the previous year. It is a matter for regret that this subject does not appear to be receiving in the schools the attention it deserves in view of its importance and usefulness to all members of the community. Table Jα. — Capitation received and Expenditure by Education Boards in connexion with Manual Instruction in Public Schools during the Year ending 31st December, 1913 (exclusive of Expenditure out of Grants for Buildings and Equipment). Education District. Capitation. Expenditure. £ £ Auckland .. .. .. .. .. 6,950 7,602 Taranaki .. .. .. .. ..1,292 1,131 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. 3,719 4,136 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. 4,220 4,303 Hawke'sßay .. .. .. .. .. 2,164 2,349 Marlborough ~ . . . . . . . . 424 287 Nelson .. .. .. .. .. .. 915 1,330 Grey .. .. - .'. .. .. 218 277 Westland .. .. .. .. .. 22 26 North Canterbury.. .. .. .. ..3,009 3,894 South Canterbury.. .. .. .. ..1,330 1,487 .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,977 4,120 Southland .. .. .. .. ..1,928 2,344 t , , p ■ Totals for 1913 .. .. .. .. 30,168 33.286 Totals for 1912 .. .. .. ' .. 24,275 29,623 Manual Instruction in Secondary Schools. (8.-s.—Table J 3.) Recognized classes were carried on in connexion with twenty-seven of the secondary schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The subjects most generally taken up and the number of classes were as follows :— Subjects of Instruction. Number of Classes. 1912. 1913. Free and instrumental drawing . . . . . . 33 25 Cookery and laundry.. .. . . . . .. 35 32 Dressmaking .. .. . . . . . . 28 29 Woodwork and ironwork .. . . . . .. 24 26 Experimental and natural science .. . . . . .. 173 184 Swimming and life-saving .. . . . . . . ..19 28 Elementary agriculture and dairy-work. . . . . . 12 18 Elementary physical measurements .. .. .. 33 31 357 373 Capitation payments amounted to £1,518, being at the rate of £4 per class. Special grants in aid of buildings and equipment totalled £3,672. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual and technical instruction were erected during the year, or are in course of erection, in connexion" with Nelson Girls' College, Christchurch Boys' and Girls' High Schools, Waitaki Girls' High School, and Otago Boys' High School; while necessary equipment has been provided at Hamilton High School, Wellington Girls' College, Nelson Boys' College, Christchurch Boys' and Girls' High Schools, and Timaru Boys' High School. Most of the secondary schools are now well equipped for practical work in science, woodwork, and cookery. The provision made for laboratory-work in particular is very satisfactory. It is gratifying to note the increasing attention given in many of the schools to instruction in subjects bearing on rural pursuits and on the home.

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Technical Instruction. (E.-s.—Tables J4 to J14.) Due attention continues to be given by controlling authorities and Managers respectively to the development along lines best suited to local requirements of the schools and classes under their control. Their efforts in this direction are, it is gratifying to note, meeting with in most cases a satisfactory response on the part of those in whose interests opportunities for instruction are provided. Considerable interest continues to be taken in the schools and classes by local bodies, industrial and trade organizations, and agricultural and pastoral associations, as well as by individual members of the community. Voluntary contributions from these sources totalled nearly £8,000 for the year, as compared with about £6,000 for the previous year. These contributions, carrying as they do a Government subsidy of £1 for £1, form a very welcome addition to the funds of the controlling bodies. The Government has, as in previous years, given favourable consideration to applications for grants for new buildings or additions where these have been shown to be necessary, and for necessary equipment. During the year grants totalling £16,293 were distributed in aid of buildings and equipment. The amount for the previous year was £10,508. ■ New or additional buildings have been erected or are in course of erection in connexion with the Elam School of Art, Auckland; New Plymouth Technical College ; Canterbury College School of Engineering ; Christchurch Technical College ; Timaru, Tenxuka, and Waimate Technical Schools ; and Dunedin and Invercargill Technical Colleges ; while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Hamilton, New Plymouth, Wanganui, Hawera, Manaia, Hunterville, Napier, Blenheim, Westport, Christchurch School of Art and Technical College, and Invercargill. About sixty buildings, for the most part well and fully equipped, are now available for purposes of technical instruction. In the smaller and more remote centres, where special buildings have not yet been provided, classes are held in suitable rented buildings or in the local schools. During the year classes were held at nineteen such centres in the Wanganui District, at fifteen in the Otago District, at twelve in the Hawke's Bay District, and at six in the Auckland, North Canterbury, and the Southland Districts. Technical Glasses other than Glasses at Day Technical Schools.

Classes were held at 132 centres. The status of the classes, their number, and the number of individual students in attendance were as follows :—

As in previous years, " special " classes — i.e., classes conducted by an Education Board or by the governing body of a* secondary school—were the most numerous, and the most widely distributed. Most of the classes in the smaller centres come under this heading " Associated " classes— i.e., classes conducted by Managers representing bodies contributory to the funds of the classes—though held at comparatively small number of centres, include most of the largest and best-equipped technical schools in the Dominion. In a few cases only do the Managers of associated classes conduct classes in more than one centre. " College " classes are conducted by the governing bodies of the University colleges, four in number. The most important are those constituting the School of Engineering in connexion with Canterbury College, Christchurch. The number (15,206) of individual students in attendance is greater by 1,679 than the number for the previous year, due mainly to an increase in the number of free pupils admitted to classes.

Statu .Status. IS. Number of Classes. Number of Students. " Special " classes " Associated " classes " College " classes Totals 1912. 1913. 867 903 529 540 156 183 1,552 1,626 1912. 1913. 7.357 8,523 5,568 5,951 602 732 13,527 15,206 15,206

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Some particulars as to the age, sex, and occupations of students are as follows :—

Summary op Occupations of Students. Number of Percentage Students. of Total. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,005 13-2 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,880 18-9 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,774 117 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .'. 3,054 20-1 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 854 5-6 Various trades .. .. .. .. .. ..4,388 28-9 Other occupations not included in above .. .. .. 251 1-6 15,206 100-0 From these figures it may be inferred that the courses of instruction provided by the technical schools as a whole are designed to meet, as far as .possible, the needs of all classes of the community.

Table Jb. —Number of Classes held during 1913 in certain Subjects of Technical Instruction.

The demand for instruction in commercial subjects is as great as in previous years. In addition to classes for higher commercial work at each of the four University colleges full courses of instruction, both elementary and advanced, are provided at most of the larger technical schools. Classes for subjects relating to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical—continue to be well attended. The classes as a whole are well equipped for practical work, and fairly full courses are provided. The attendance at classes for subjects relating to the building trades is well maintained, indicating that the courses of instruction are adapted to the requirements of those for whom they are provided. Classes for subjects bearing on the home have been well supported, the subjects most generally taken up being cookery (including invalid and high-class cookery), home nursing, dressmaking, and millinery. A number of these classes have been carried on in country districts, the instruction being given in most cases by itinerant instructors sent out from central schools. The special courses in home science and domestic arts provided recently at the Otago University appear to be meeting a need. Of the forty-seven students in attendance during the year nine were working for the degree in home science and seventeen for the diploma, while twenty-one were taking various shorter courses,

i Seventeen Years of Age and under. Over Seventeen Years of Age. J [ Totals. lales 'emales .. i 3,190 .. I 2,494 4,553 4,969 4,553 4,969 7,743 7,463 I 15.206* Totals .. .. : 5,684 5,684 9,522 9,522 '

Subjects of Instruction. Number of G.-ni res. dumber of Classes. [ lommercial subjects lathematics and science lathematics and science applied to trades and industries )omestic science irt and art-crafts lontinuation classes I 47 28 98 81 51 46 268 118 408 299 314 219 Total .. 1,626

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During the year home science bursaries tenable at the University college were awarded to thirteen of the students, who had signified their intention to qualify as teachers of domestic subjects. These bursaries, which were provided by the Government last year, are of the value of £20 a year together with the fees for the courses. A boarding-allowance of £30 a year is also made where necessary. The number of bursars for the current year is nineteen. It is to be expected that the provision of these bursaries will produce trained teachers sufficient in number to meet the requirements of the schools. Increased attention, with special reference to the application of art to industries, is being given to the courses in pure and applied art in the schools—necessarily few in number at present —that are able to make a special feature of these branches of technical education. During the year some excellent examples of craft-work were executed by students. The number of continuation classes providing instruction in elementary commercial and general education is only slightly larger than last year. These classes are attended by students taking one subject only or two or more unrelated subjects. The fact that students are now encouraged to take group courses in lieu of unrelated subjects accounts for the comparatively small number of these classes. The efforts that have been made by controlling authorities to provide some facilities for instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits seem now to be receiving some recognition and support at the hands of the farming community. During the year classes attended by some 1,700 students were held at about seventy centres. The subjects in which instruction was given included wool sorting and classing, shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, and horticulture. In addition to these classes a good deal of useful work has been done in certain districts in the way of lectures to farmers and visits to farms by the Education Boards' special instructors in agriculture. That more than this is required goes without saying, and the Government, recognizing the far-reaching importance of the matter, has referred the question of the establishment of a practicable scheme of technical instruction, for farmers to the recently constituted Board of Agriculture for its consideration and report. In the meantime not a little in the way of foundationwork is being done in schools of primary and secondary grade. Thus during the year instruction in elementary agriculture was given in over a thousand primary schools, while about a thousand pupils- attending secondary schools, day technical schools, and the secondary departments of district high schools took more or less full courses of agricultural instruction. Table Jc.—Number of Students taking Group Courses of Instruction occupying not less than Four Hours a Week and Eighty Hours a Year. Course of Instruction. Number of Students. 1912. 1913. Elementary commercial .. .. .. .. .. 856 1,366 Higher commercial .. .. .. .. .. 274 221 Practical mathematics and science .. .. .. .. 72 191 Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries . . 1,043 1,149 Domestic science.. .... .. .. .. 304 401 Art and art-crafts . . .. .. .. 490 655 General.. .. .. .. .. .. ..180 307 Totals .. ..* .. .. .. 3,219 4,290 During the year capitation in respect of group courses as above was earned by thirty-nine schools, as compared with twenty-seven in 1912. About 28 per cent, of the students took such 'courses, the total number doing so being about a thousand more than the previous year. The voluntary attendance of students at evening classes continues to be a satisfactory feature of the system at present in operation. It is also gratifying to note the number of students who find it worth while to attend on three, or more evening a week. During the year regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable

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education or who are not specially exempted from attendance were put into operation in seven school districts in Wanganui, in two in Auckland, and in one in Hawke's Bay. The classes established under these regulations were attended by 451 students, of whom 262 were males.

In the following table are given the number and sex of pupils holding free places :—

The number of students holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 2,081, the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) wa s 1,090. The figures for the previous year were 1,585 and 892 respectively. About 44 per cent, of the students who entered on Junior Free Places at evening classes in 1912 continued to attend in 1913. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year over 21 per cent, had completed two years at evening classes as junior free pupils. The remainder were either admitted from day technical schools, secondary schools, or district high schools. Of the total number (3,171) of students admitted to free places (junior and senior) 88 per cent, qualified for capitation. Capitation payments made during on account of free places amounted to £5,507. The following technical schools had roll-numbers of 500 and over (exclusive of the day technical schools carried on in connexion with some of them :— School. Roll Number. 1912. 1913. Auckland Technical College .. .. .. ..1,006 1,345 Wanganui Technical College .. .. .. .. 675 666 Wellington Technical College .. .. .. ..1,155 1,180 Christchurch Technical College .\ .. .. .. 988 1,063 Dunedin Technical School .. .. .. .. 966 1,055 Dunedin School of Art .. .. .. .. .. 479 685 Day Technical Schools. These schools (eight in number) provide courses, of secondary grade, in science and technology, domestic science, agriculture, and commercial instruction. They form part of the technical schools at Auckland (343 pupils), Wanganui (180 pupils), Wellington (251 pupils), Napier (84 pupils), Westport (10 pupils), Christchurch (416 pupils), Dunedin (218 pupils), and Invercargill (162 pupils). The total roll number was 1,664, including 739 males. * The attendance continues to be well maintained, and the schools appear to meet the needs of a number of young people who would not otherwise proceed to secondary schools. The courses of instruction taken up by pupils were as follows : — Males. Females. Totals. Industrial .. 409 .. 409 Commercial .. .. .. .. .. 217 587 804 Domestic .. .. .. .. .... 307 307 Agricultural .. .. .. .. ..77 .. 77 Art ' 7 7 General 36 24 60 Totals .. .. .. ..739 925 1,664

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1912. 1913. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. , ., (First year umor free pupils J gecon^ year (First year lenior free pupils j Second year (Third year 655 371 311 154 89 332 227 179 109 50 987 598 490 263 139 840 471 341 190 73 506 264 276 131 79 1,346 735 617 321 152 Totals .. 1,580 897 2,477 1,915 1,256 3,171

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Nearly 50 per cent, of the pupils took commercial courses, industrial courses being taken by 24-5 per cent., and domestic courses by 18 per cent. Courses in agriculture were taken by seventy-seven pupils at four schools, as compared with fifty-eight at two schools last year. The school at Westport provides an engineering course only. A well-equipped hostel in connexion with the Christchurch Day Technical School provides excellent facilities for domestic training. Capitation payments on account of day technical schools during 1913 totalled £18,147, being at the rate of £10*9 per pupil. Following are some particulars regarding free pupils at day technical schools:—

The number of pupils holding Junior Free Places (tenable for two years) was 1,340, the number holding Senior Free Places (tenable for three years) was 167. Fifty per cent, of the pupils who entered a day technical school in 1912 continued to attend during 1913, while about 62 per cent, of the pupils who completed the second year of their Junior Free Places at the end of 1912 qualified for and were admitted to Senior Free Places in 1913. General. The following is a summary of the receipts (exclusive of grants for buildings, equipment, rent, and material) and the expenditure for 1913 in respect of " special " and " associated " classes (including, in each case, day technical schools) :— Receipts. Special Associated Classes. Classes. £ £ Capitation on attendances and free places .. .. 18,055 20,936 Voluntary contributions and subsidies thereon .. .. 2,070 10.029 Students'fees .. .. .. .. .. 4,630 4^441 Sundry receipts .. .. .. .. .. 2,683 3,236 Totals for 1913 .. .. .. .. £27,438 £38,642 Totals for 1912 .. .. .. .. £26,882 £31,610 Expenditure. Administration .. .. .. .. . 5,180 4,722 Salaries of Instructors .. .. .. .. 18,440 21,362 Sundry expenses .. .. .. .. .. 1,340 1,697 Totals for 1913 .. .. .. .. £24,960 £27,781 Totals for 1912 .. .. .. .. £25,718 £26,166 The total cost of administration was about 19 per cent, of the total receipts in the case of " special " classes and about 12 per cent, in the case of " associated " classes. It must be remembered, however, that the former are held at a much greater number of small centres than are the latter. Grants in aid of buildings and equipment in the case of "special" classes amounted to £3,610, and the expenditure thereon to £18,036. In the case of " associated " classes the amounts were £10,620 and £25,607 respectively. Grants in aid of rent and material in the case of " special " classes amounted to £874, the expenditure being £2,014. In the case of " associated " classes the amounts were £1,713 and £3,300 respectively.

1912. 1913. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. r-, ., (First year . . rumor free pupls J gecon £ year I First year .. lenior free pupils -j Second year (Third year 401 162 37 11 2 440 239 65 18 841 401 102 29 2 404 207 50 12 3 464 265 86 14 2 868 472 136 26 5 Totals 613 762 1,375 676 831 1,507

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Thus in the case of " special " classes the total receipts amounted to £31,921, while the expenditure was £45,009; while as regards " associated " classes the receipts and expenditure were £50,977 and £56,689 respectively. The excess in each case of expenditure over receipts was due to non-recurrent expenditure on buildings. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction during the year ending 31st March, 1914 :— Manual instruction— £ £ Capitation on classes .. .. .. .. .. 30,679 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. 714 Grants for buildings, equipment, rent, &c. .. .. .. 3,897 35,290 Technical instruction— Capitation— Day technical schools .. .. .. .. 15,280 Other classes (including free places) .. .. .. 22,526 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. 6,600 Grants for buildings, equipment, material, rent, &c. .. .. 19,792 64,198 Manual and technical instruction — Railway fares, &c, of instructors and students .. .. 7,706 Bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 720 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 409 Inspection and other expenses .. .. .. .. 1,043 » £109,366 This total includes £7,602 from national endowment revenue. The total expenditure for the previous year by way of capitation, subsidies on voluntary contributions, and grants for buildings, &c, was —for manual instruction, £38,200 ; and for technical instruction, £53,107. Of the total capitation paid during the year, 33*8 per cent, was on account of classes of primary grade, 35*6 per cent, was on account of classes of secondary grade (i.e., classes in connexion with secondary departments of district high schools, secondary schools, and day technical schools), and 30-6 per cent, was on account of technical and continuation classes, (i.e., special, associated, and college classes). Special grants totalling £2,735 in aid of training classes for teachers in subjects of manual instruction (including science and drawing) taken up in public schools were distributed to Education Boards during the year. The Science Examinations of the Board of Education, London, and the Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute were held as usual, the former at thirteen and the latter at eighteen centres in the Dominion. The total number of entries in connexion with these examinations was 429, and the number of passes 287. The proportion of entries to passes was 67 per cent., nearly. At the National Art Competitions of the Board of Education, London, four book prizes and nine certificates of commendation were awarded to New Zealand students. SECONDARY EDUCATION. Number of .Schools. (E.-6.—Table Kl.) The schools usually included in the list of secondary schools in this report were thirty-three in number in 1913, namely,' — (a.) " Endowed secondary schools " within the meaning of section 89 of the Education Act, 1908, and included in the Eighth Schedule to the Act 27* (b.) Secondary schools within the meaning of the same section (89), but established by the Minister under section 94 ... ... ... 4 (c.) Other endowed secondary schools not coming within the definition of section 89 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Total ... ... ... ... ... ... 33

* One separate department for girls regarded as a separate school.

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Of the endowed secondary schools only twenty-three Were in operation during the year. Of the other four- —Akaroa, Grreymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate'—the last three have never been in operation, and the first existed as a small struggling high school for a few years only ; but a permanent increase of population might lead to the establishment (or re-establishment) of one or more of them at any time. Meanwhile, secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of the district high schools established in each of these four centres, and statutory provision exists whereby the income derived from the endowments of the secondary schools may be devoted, if the Minister thinks fit, wholly or in part to the maintenance of these district high schools. In addition to the above thirty-three schools, there are ten schools providing suitable secondary education for Maori boys and girls, and a considerable number of private secondary schools. Eoll and Attendance. (E.-6.—Tables Xl, K2, LI, and L 2.) The total number of pupils attending the thirty-three secondary schools in the last terms of 1912 and 1913 respectively was- — , 1912. , 1913. , Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Eoll (exclusiveof lower departments) 3,202 2,340 5,542 3,413 2,390 5,803 Number in lower departments ... 167 122 289 222 129 351 J _____ Total ... ... 3,369 2,462 5,831 3,635 2,519 6,154 Number of boarders (included above) 701 152 853 765 169 934 The following are some of the figures in connexion with the roll and attendance of secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools :■ — (a.) Sbcondaby Schools. _ _, , v ' Boys. Girls. Number on roll at beginning of 1913, lower departments excluded 2,362 1,615 Number admitted during 1913, lower departments excluded ... 1,503 1,075 Number who left during 1913, lower departments excluded ... 452 300 Number on roll at end of 1913, lower departments excluded ... 3,413 2,390 Number on roll at end of 1913, lower departments included ... 3,635 2,519 Of whom the number under twelve years of age was ... ... 99 60 And the number over eighteen years of age was ... ... 178 116 Number of boarders was ... ... ... ... ... 765 169 , Average attendance, lower departments excluded ... ... 5,835 Average attendance, lower departments included ... ... 6,142 (b.) Secondary Departments of Disteict High Schools. Number of district high schools open at end of 1913 ... ... 59 Mean of average weekly roll of secondary departments ... ... 2,073 Number on roll at end of 1913 ... ... ... ... 1,837 Average attendance of secondary departments ... ... ... 1,880 It will be noticed that there is a considerable diminution in the roll numbers at district high schools at the end of the year. It is more pronounced in the case of boys than of girls owing, no doubt, to the fact that a large number of the former leave school early with a view to entering upon some vocation. In addition to the pupils attending secondary schools and the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending day technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools ; and (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls. The numbers on the rolls of the day techincal schools were-— 1912. 1913. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 684 739 . Girls ... ... ... ... ... 842 925 Total ... ... ... 1,526 1,664

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The numbers on the rolls of the secondary schools for Maoris were— 1912. 1913. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 163 202 Girls ... ... ... ... ... 206 217 Total ... ... ... 369 419 To obtain as close an estimate as possible of the total number receiving secondary education in schools it will be necessary to include pupils attending all the above classes — i.e., secondary schools proper, secondary departments of district high schools, Maori secondary schools, and day technical schools. Also private secondary schools subject to inspection must be taken into consideration. Of private secondary schools not so subject the Department has no information. We then arrive at the following total of all secondary-school pupils in New Zealand known to the Department:— Average Weekly Roll. 1912. 1913. Secondary schools ... ... ... ... 5,542* 5,803* District high schools ... ... ... 2,048 2,073 Day technical schools ... ... ... 1,526+ 1,664t Maori secondary schools ... ... ... 369* 419* Private secondary schools ... ... ... 883} 545 Total ... ... ... 10,368 10,504 * Roll at end of year. t Actual number on roll during year. J Represents only private secondary schools inspected by the Department, and includes a number of primary pupils (estimated at 40 per cent). It will thus be seen that the number receiving secondary education during 1913 shows a slight increase over that for the previous year. Based on the estimated population of New Zealand as at the 31st December last the proportion of persons receiving some form of day secondary education is 93 per 10,000 of population. Free Secondary Education. (E.-6.—Tablo K5.) Under the regulations free places are divided into two classes—junior and senior-—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or under somewhat different conditions at technical schools. Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Education Board Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to Junior Free Places, and those who pass the special examinations for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior Free Places may, again, be obtained by those who qualify for a certificate of proficiency —that is, essentially, pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus ; but on this qualification the age of the candidate must not exceed fifteen years. Generally speaking, Junior Free Places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years without examination. In the case of district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. A Senior Free Place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Intermediate Examination, which in its non-competitive form is regarded as the special examination for Senior Free Places. This examination is held in various centres at the same time and places as the Public Service Entrance Examination, and in its competitive form is used for scholarship candidates. For non-competitive candidates different papers are set in certain subjects to meet the somewhat less exacting requirements of a purely pass qualification. Senior Free Places may also, however, be obtained without external examination after a two years' course on the recommendations of the principals of schools subject to the concurrence of the Inspector-General, and this form of qualification is becoming increasingly applicable. Senior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and day technical schools are tenable up to the age of nineteen. To technical schools of a different character this age-limit does not apply.

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The following are some of the figures for 1912 and 1913 in regard to free places in secondary schools :— 1912. 1913. Number of secondary schools giving free tuition ... 29 30 :;: Total roll number, excluding lower departments ... 5,542 5,803 Number of free-place holders ... ... ... 4,450 4,592 Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number ... 80 per cent. 79 per cent. Total annual payment by Government for free places... £50,199 £51,917 Cost to Government per free pupil ... ... ... £10 15s. sd. £10 15s. lid. * The total roll of all secondary schools is taken, including Wanganui Girls' and Boys' Colleges and Christ's College, but these three schools are not included in the number of secondary schools giving free tuition. It will thus be seen that there are now very few pupils—only 21 in every 100 —-who pay fees for admission into secondary schools. That the free-place system has undoubtedly been fully taken advantage of by the people of New Zealand is evidenced by the enormous increase in free places in the last few years. In 1903 there were 1,600 free pupils at secondary schools ; now the number has increased by nearly 190 per cent. In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary to include also 155 other holders of scholarships or exhibitions granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 1,837 pupils in attendance at district high schools, almost all of whom were free pupils, 108 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 1,507 holders of free places in technical schools. Consequently, there are 8,200 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who were art students or evening students, or who were taking courses which may be more appropriately described as technical than as secondary. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government :■ — Free Places in December, 1912 and 1913. , 1912.— , , 1913.— , (i.) Secondary schools—■ Boys- Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total, (a.) Junior free pupils ... 1,770 1,440 3,210 1,815 1,466 3,281 (6.) Senior free pupils ... 664 576 1,240 759 552 1,311 Totals 2,434 2,016 4,450 2,574 2,018 4,592 (ii.) District high schools ... 863 952 1,815 900 937 1,837 (iii.) Maori secondary schools .. 50 53 103 53 55 108 (iv.) Technical day-schools ... 613 762 1,375 676 831 1,507 Grand totals ... 3,960 3,783 7,743 4,203 3,841 8,044 In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken ; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary education in public institutions would, be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures :■ — Number receiving Free Secondary Education. 1912. 1913. Secondary schools ... . ... ... ... ... 4,815 4,963 District high schools ... ... ... ... ... 2,048 2,073 Technical day-schools ... ... ... ... ... 1,375 1,507 Maori secondary schools ... ... ... ... 103 108 Totals ... ... ... ... 8,341 8,651 The estimated increase for the year in the number receiving free secondary education is therefore 310.

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Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (Se also E.-6, Tables K5, L 4, and L 5.) These scholarships are of four kinds, — (i.) Junior National Scholarships ; (ii.) Education Board Scholarships ; (iii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools ; (iv.) Private scholarships, endowed by private owners. (i.) Junior National Scholarships. These scholarships are allotted to the several education districts practically on the basis of population, as in each district there is offered annually one scholarship for each 4,000 or part of 4,000 children in average yearly attendance at public shools. The scholarships are awarded by the Education Boards on the results of an examination conducted by the Education Department, and the Boards exercise a certain control over the holders, and pay over to them from time to time the amounts falling due. The following summary to Table L 4 in E.-6 shows the number and value of Junior National Scholarships current in December, 1912, and December, 1913, respectively :■ — Number of scholarships,— 1912. 1913. Boys ... ... ... ... ... ... 73 68 Girls ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 62 Totals ... ' ... ... ... 130 130 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) ... ... ... ... \.. ... 63 72 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) ... 2 2 Number held at secondary schools ... ... ... 112 114 Number held at district high schools ... ... ... 18 16 Total annual rate of payment ... ... ... ...£3,236 £3,460 (ii.) Education Board Scholarships. The scholarship funds of the Boards are provided by grants which, although not statutory, are of old standing, and amount to Is. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The conditions of the scholarships are determined by regulations approved in the case of each Board by the Minister of Education. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all the Boards now use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships all use the Intermediate Examination, as arranged for scholaship candidates ; but the awards themselves and the subsequent control of the holders are entirely in the hands of the Boards. The number and value of the Board scholarships in the various districts are shown in Table L 5, the totals of which are for the whole of New Zealand. Scholarships. At £40 per annum ... ... ... ... ... ... 127 At £35 per annum ... ... ■ .. ... ... ... 8 At £33 per annum ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 At £30 per annum ... ... ... ... ... ... 45 Under £25 and not under £20 per annum ... ... ... 17 Under £15 and not under £10 per annum ... ... ... 210 "Under £10 and not under £5 per annum ... ... ... 137 Under £5 per annum ... ... ... ... ... 31 Total... ... ... ... ... ... 576 Number of scholarships,— Boys ... ... ... ... ... ... 355 Girls ... ... 221 •• Total ... ... ... ... ... 576 Total expenditure of Boards on scholarships— £ In 1909 ... ... 8,694 In 1910 ... ... ... ... ... 9,232 In 1911 ... ... ... ... ... 9,244 In 1912 ... ... ... ... ..."' 9,976 In 1913 9,924

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As will be seen from the above summary, the value of the scholarships varies considerably. In five out of the thirteen education districts scholarships of the value of £40 are offered for competition, while in another the highest scholarship offered is of the value of £24. Further, four Boards do not give scholarships of a lower value than £10 per annum, whereas others offer scholarships of a value of £2 10s. The most common period of tenure is two years. By the provisions of the Education Act every Education Board scholarship is tenable at a secondary school, or its equivalent approved by the Board. In general, holders of Education Board scholarships are also, in virtue of their scholarhsip qualifications, holders of secondary free places. (iii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships. These are of two kinds, those offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and those offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. (iv.) Private Scholarships. These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1913 was 194. Of the holders, fifty-eight were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total value of the scholarships in cash was £1,138 10s. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £1,429 9s. 6d., the value of the Government free places already mentioned not being included in this amount. Staff. (See also E.-6, Tables K4 and LI,) The staffing of the secondary schools was as follows :— , 1911.— . , 1912. , , 1913. , M. F. Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Regular staff ... 148 111 259 163 118 281 168 120 288 Part-time teachers ... 48 33 81 46 38 84 46 33 79 The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers), as estimated on the roll number at the end of the year, was 21-1 in 1911, 20-8 in 1912, and 21-4 in 1913. The head teacher of a district high school generally takes some part in the secondary instruction and receives from the Government the sum of £30 in addition to the salary he would receive as head teacher of a primary school of the same size. In 1912 there were 87 special secondary assistants —38 men and 49 women. In 1913 there were 37 men and 51 women. Leaving out of consideration the head teachers, the average number of pupils per teacher was, on the roll number at the end of the year, 20*9, on the average attendance for the year, 21-4. Salaries of Secondary Teachers. (See also E.-6, Tables K4, LI, and L 3.) The total amount paid as salaries to the regular staffs of secondary schools as at the rates paid in December last was £69,856, as against £65, 845 for the previous year. Full particulars will be found in Table K4 (E.-6). The following summary shows the average salary paid to principals and assistants:— Average Salaries in Secondary Schools. 1912.. , ——1913. , M. F. All. M. F. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals ... 495 404 466 531 * 391 484 Assistants ... 241 158 205 249 161 211 Whole staff ... 275 178 234 286 182 243 Notb. —The salaries of part-time teachers are not taken into consideration in the above summary.

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In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are uniform, in accordance with the schedule to the Act. The average salaries actually paid to secondary assistants, exclusive of the sums paid to head teachers by way of extra salary, were, in December, 1912 and 1913, as follows :■ — 1912. 1913. £ s. d. & s. d. Male assistants ... ... ... ... 193 13 0 193 0 0 Female assistants ... ... ... ... 168 16 8 164 7 9 All secondary assistants ... ... ... 179 13 5 174 8 9 (The scale of salaries is the fame for men and women.) The total amount paid in salaries to teachers in secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £17,295 as against £17,431 for 1912. The professional qualifications of the secondary-school teachers of the Dominion are as follows :■ — Status of Secondaby Teachers (Eegulae Staff only), December, 1913. District Secondary High Schools Schools. (Secondary Principals,— Departments). Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 32 21 Holding certificates or other qualifications (excluding graduates)... ... ... ... ... 1 38 Assistants, — Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 210 53 Certificated (excluding graduates)... ... ... 21 31 Uncertificated ... ... ... ... ... 24 4 Totals ... ... ... ... 288 147 Finances of Secondary Schools. (See also E.-6, Tables K6 to KB.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources : ■ — (i.) Eents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute : (ii.) Statutory grants given in lieu of special reserves : (iii.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Eeserves Act: (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average ance, lower departments excluded : (v.) Government payments- — (a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act ; (6) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school: (vi.) Government payments — (a) Capitation for manual - instruction classes; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for manualinstruction purposes: (vii.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus: (viii.) Tuition fees of pupils : (ix.) Boarding fees of pupils : (x.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, loans raised, &c. The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the " net annual income derived from endowments " is the average of this revenue for the three preceding years, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and subject to some qualification upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges. In regard to new buildings the Education Amendment

7—E. 1.

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Act, 1912, provides that the expenditure shall not be deducted unless the Minister is satisfied that the buildings are necessary for the purposes of the secondary school. The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditure of all secondary schools for the year 1913 :— Table X.—Summary of the Accounts of Income and Expenditube fob 1913 furnished by THE GoVFjRNING BODIES OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS. Receipts. Expenditure. £ s. d. £ s. d. Credit balances on Ist January, 1913* 30,507 19 5 Debit balances on Ist January, 1913* .. 17,322 16 8 Endowment reserves sold, mortgage Expenses of management .. .. 4,900 9 4 moneys repaid, and insurance .. 1,954 7 5 School salaries .. .. .. 74,522 13 8 Rents, &c, of reserves .. .. 37,212 1 3 Boarding-school Account .. .. 17,899 15 2 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 1,812 810 Scholarships and prizes .. .. 2,520 11 5 Reserves revenue .. .. .. 9,467 12 7 Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. .. 6,280 911 Government payments— Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and For manual instruction, capitation, rates .. .. .. .. 44,967 18 11 and subsidies .. .. .. 2,210 2 0 On endowments .. .. .. 4,133 19 (i For free places, capitation, and subsidies 52,237 18 8 On manual instruction, exclusive of Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, buildings.. .. .. .. 1,947 4 6 &c. .. .. .. .. 4,963 13 3 On technical instruction .. .. 2,832 5 9 Statutory grant (Marlborough High Interest and repayments of mortgages .. H, 551 12 0 School) .. .. .. 400 0 0 Temporary advances to pupils, and sunSchool fees (tuition).. .. .. 18,783 12 7 dries not classified .. .. 9,854 10 9 Boarding-school fees, &c. .. .. 25,869 10 4 Credit balances, 31st December, 1913 .. 34,723 1 2 For technical instruction from Government and other sources .. .. 2,567 8 6 Transfers from Capital Account, loans and sundries not classified .. .. 16,614 16 4 Debit balances, 31st December, 1913 .. 23,855 18 1 £228,457 9 3 £228,457 9 3 * The difference; between the credit and debit balances as shown here at Ist January, 1913, and those shown n E.—l of 1913 at 31st December, 1912, are due to the fact that income and expenditure on account of technical classes under the control of High School Boards have this year been included in the statement. The following table gives a comparison of the chief'items of income and expenditure with those for 1911, 1912, and 1913 :— Income. 1911. 1912. 1913. £ £ £ Income from reserves and endowments ... 39,975 42,156 48,492 Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants) ... ... ... ... 48,055 53,548 54,848 Building grants ... ... ... ... 11,588 5,254 4,964 Tuition fees 17,769 17,973 18,784 Expenditure. Salaries of staff 64,492 69,806 74,523 Expenses of management ... ... ... 4,016 4,336 4,900 Buildings, &o. ... ... ... ... 55,749 37,982 44,982 Fifteen of the secondary schools show a credit balance at the end of the year and thirteen a debit balance. The net credit balance of all schools taken together is £17,008. For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find from Table Kβ the following position as at Ist March, 1913: — 1911. 1912. 1913. Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments ... ' ... ... ... ' ... 5,144 5,515 5,693 Total net income from endowments (average of three years ending 31st December, 1913) ... £11,066 £12,373 £11,533 Net income from endowments per head ... £215 £2-24 £2-02 Approximate annual rate of capitation ... £10-80 £10-77 £10-79 Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management ... ' ... £12-95 £13-01 £12-82 Total expenditure on salaries of staff ... ... £52,978 £56,682 £60,297 working-expenses,.. ... £3,100" £3,152* £9,909 „ staff salaries, and workingexpenses ... ... £56,078 £59,834 £70,206 Expenditure per head on staff salaries ... ... £10-37 £10-28 £10-59 „' per head on working-expenses ... £0-67* £0-57" £1-74 Total expenditixre per head on staff salaries, and working-expenses ... ... ... £11-04 £10-84 £12-33 * Management expenses only.

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The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments. Further details of the income and expenditure of the secondary schools will be found in Tables K7 and K8 of E.-6. Lower Departments. —The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public-school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in twelve secondary schools during 1913 ; the total number of pupils in those departments was 351 ; the total cost of their instruction was £2,147 ; the total amount of fees received on their account was £2,700. (See Table KlO of E.-6.) HIGHER EDUCATION. New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. (See also E.—7, Higher Education Report.) The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Koyal charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Medicine, and Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. Moreover, in 1904 the University Degrees Act gave the University authority to confer degrees of Doctor of Literature, Master of Laws, Surgery, and Science, and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, Dental Surgery, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Agriculture, Public Health, and Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given, so that nominally they must be considered as having currency only in New Zealand. The affairs of the University of New Zealand are controlled by a Senate, which, under the New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1902, consists of twenty-four members or Fellows—four elected by the Governor in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, by the Professorial Boards ; and' eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The revenue of the University is derived chiefly from a statutory Government grant of £3,000 per annum, from-examination and diploma fees, and from interest on money invested. The University is an examining, not a teaching, body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it — the Auckland University College, Victoria College, Canterbury College, and Otago University. Of these four institutions the two first mentioned —Auckland University College and Victoria College—each receive an annual statutory grant of £4,000, supplemented last year by grants of £2,700 and £3,000 respectively for the general purposes of the institution, while the two others —Canterbury College and Otago University—are endowed with reserves of land. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointments of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of the various Councils. Each of the four affiliated University Colleges specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose the Government makes to each an additional annual grant to provide for the special studies pursued. This annual grant normally amounts to £2,000 in each case, but in the case of Otago University has been during the past year increased to £3,500 to meet the special expenses attached to the medical school. Otago University has both medical and dental schools, and a school of mining and metallurgical engineering ; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil); at Auckland University College the grant is allocated for mining and commerce ; and at Victoria College it is in consideration especially of law subjects and science. While the University colleges thus perform the actual teaching-work, the University exercises most important functions in regulating the scope of the degree examinations, in appointing examiners, in awarding scholarships, in conferring

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degrees, and in many other directions. At the outset it was the policy of the University Senate to appoint outside examiners for most of its degree examinations ; generally speaking, this is still its policy, with the result that the University colleges, having their programme of work strictly denned by the statutes of the University, and having the work of their students examined in England and elsewhere, possess very little freedom in extending or modifying their curriculum. Other Professional Institutions. In addition to the four University colleges there are several institutions which, though not actually affiliated to the New Zealand University, are equally entitled to be considered professional in their scope and character. The Canterbury Agricultural College is recognized by the University as a School of Agriculture, and matriculated students of the College may, after a two years' course, followed by a further course of one year at a University college, qualify for the Degree of Bachelor of Agriculture upon passing the prescribed examination. Iγ. several respects the four training colleges at Auckland, Wellington, Christ - church, and Dunedin may also be considered professional schools. Although not affiliated with the New Zealand University, they are in several ways directly associated with the University colleges : matriculation is to a large extent the entrance examination for both ; the Principal of the training college is usually lecturer on education at the University college ; attendance at some at least of the University college courses is compulsory for trainees ; and a member of the Professorial Board of the University college is a member of the Board of Advice of the training college. New Zealand University. The following figures are extracted from the Annual Report of the University to His Excellency the Governor :■ — 1912. 1913. Total number of candidates at all examinations, &c. ... 3,496 3,444 Number of degrees conferred ... ... ... ... 189 183 Of whom the number gaining honours was ... ... 35 44 Number passing Matriculation Examination ... ... 515 502 Total number of graduates so far admitted ... ... 1,661 1,755 The following table shows the principal items of income and expenditure of the University of New Zealand for the years 1912 and 1913 :• — Income. Expenditure. 1912. 1913. 1912. 1913. Balances — £ £ £ £ General Account .. 4,288 5,676 Scholarships .. .. 2,099 2,283 Scholarship Account .. 25,440 26,049 Examinations .. .. 6,593 7,761 Office salaries .. .. 1,058 1,106 29,728 31,725 Expenses of Senate meetings 805 644 Statutory grant ~ 3,000 3,000 Miscellaneous .. .. 817 793 Fees .. .. 8,903 8,062 Balances .. .. 31,725 31% 653 Interest .. .. 1,208 1,283 Miscellaneous.. .. 258 170 £43,097 £44,240 £43,097 £44,240 In the above statement.no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. The balance at the end of the year, £31,653, consists of a balance on the Scholarships Account of £26,549, and a balance on the General Account of £5,104. The amount in hand for general purposes was therefore £5,104, the only liability of importance against which is an amount of £1,961 due to English examiners for the degree examinations of November, 1913. The net balance on the General Account has therefore decreased from £3,705 in 1912 to £3,143 in 1913, a net decrease of £562. Degrees conferred and Scholarships awarded. At its annual meeting in January of the present year the Senate conferred degrees and awarded scholarships as set out in the table below. For the sake of clearness no notice has been taken of similar degrees awarded on the results of a single examination—as, for instance, Master and Honours, or the double degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery.

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Table M.— Degrees conferred by the New Zealand University at the Beginning of 1914.

Out of 2,318 students on the books of the University colleges there were thus 131 who rose from the status of undergraduates to that of graduates, and 52 from, that of Bachelor to Master of Arts, Laws, or Science, making a total of 183 —a percentage of 7*9, as against 8-1 for 1912. Affiliated Colleges. Reference to Table Mα will show that there were 2,218 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges, an increase of 104 over the number for the previous year. Of these, 104 were graduates, 1,316 were undergraduates, and 798 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 100 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination.

Table Ma.—Students on the Books of the Affiliated Institutions.

Luckla rniveri Colleg Blty Victoi Collej Sβ. Canterbi Collegi Otago University. Total. Degrees. i M. F. Total. M. F. Total., M. F. I Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total, I 1 ionours in Arts.. .. .. 2 Ionours in Science .. .. 2 Ionours in Laws .. .. j 1 laster of Arts .. .. .. j .. /[aster of Laws .. .. .. 1 /Taster of Science .. .. 1 Bachelor of Arts.. .. 11 , Science .. .. 8 Medicine and Surgery.. „ Dental Surgery .. .. „ Laws .. .. 4 „ Agriculture .. .... Senior University Scholarships .. 3 ohn Tinline Scholarships .. .. 4 Q 1 6 4 10 12 1 12 1 6 1 1 7 1 26 3 4 2 1 2 60 11 12 2 20 1 11 1 9 1 35 4 4 6 1 2 84 12 12 2 20 1 14 1 3 1 1 3 2 I 3 4 4 6 1 1 17 3 ii 1 "i 18 1 1 19 1 2 1 21 1 19 9 6 1 12 .. 2 .. 1 1 3 2 1 28 7 12 2 1 1 5 1 24 1 4 13 13 h '2 1 4 '2 ' 2 1 3 3 3 •• 11 39 1 37 12 49 139 2 41 52 17 69 156 42 198 Totals .. .. ..28

Number of Students, 1913. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury College. Otago University. Totals for 1913. Totals for 1912. I. Attending lectures (whether terms were kept or not) — (1.) Matriculated students— (a.) Graduates— Men Women 39 14 7 17 16 19 5 15 i 11 60 2!) Total graduates attending lectures.. 2\ 33 24 26 104 89 (6.) Undergraduates— Men Women 194 56 222 129 164 127 305 119 885 431 910 431 Total undergraduates attending lectures (c.) All matriculated students (a) and (ft) — Men Women 250 351 29 J 424 1,316 1,341 208 63 239 145 183 132 320 130 950 470 970 460 Total matriculated students attending lectures (2.) Non-matriculated students— Men Women 271 384 315 450 1,420 1,430 180 202 65 1.4 154 59 76 48 475 323 483 201 Total non-matriculated students attending lectures (3.) All students attending lectures (1) and (2) — Men Women 382 7!) 213 124 798 684 388 265 304 159 337 191 396 178 1,425 793 1,453 661 Total of all students attending lectures II. Exempt students not attending lectures, not included above— Men Women 653 463 528 574 2,218 2,114 11 1 39 10 8 ] 23 7 8! 19 88 26 Total exempt students 12 4(1 30 100 1.14 ill. Total of all students (I and II)— Men Women 399 200 343 169 345 192 419 185 1,606 812 1,541 687 Grand total of all students 665 512 537 604 2,318 2,228

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Table Mb shows the degree courses taken during the year 1913 by students attending lectures at the various University colleges, including the professional schools attached thereto.

Table Mb.—Courses taken by Students attending Lectures at University Colleges in 1913.

* Includes seven students studying massage.

The total staff of the four University colleges consists of 47 professors and 66 lecturers. The following table shows the staff of the several institutions : — Propessoks and Lectubbes (1913). Lecturers, Professors. Demonstrators, and Assistants. Auckland University College ... ... ... .. 8 15 Victoria University College ... ... ... ... 10 15 Canterbury University College ... ... ... ... 10 11 Otago University ... ... ... ... ... 19* 25+ Total ... ... ... ... ... 47 66 * Also four Emeritus Professors. t Also the honorary staff of the Dunedin Hospital act as lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery. Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1913. The detailed statements of accounts of the New Zealand University, the four affiliated institutions, and the Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, will be found in the Appendix to E.-7. The following summary gives a general view of the finances of tne University colleges. No notice has been taken of special trust accounts and of non-university institutions under the control of a College Council, such as (for instance) the Museum, Public Library, or School of Art, controlled by the Board of Governors of Canterbury College, or the Museum connected with Otago University.

Course. Men. Women. Total, Arts (as for B.A., M.A., &o.) Science (as for B,Sc, M.Sc, &c.) ... Law (as for LL.B.) Commerce (as for B.Com.) Music (as for B.Mus.) Medicine (as for M.B., &e.) Dentistry (as for B.D.S.) ... Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical) Mining Engineering Home Science ... ... Agriculture (exclusive of students at Lincoln Agricultural College during 1913) 329 55 238 61 326 14 1 655 69 239 61 2 146 9 42 19 41 1 130 9 42 19 '"a *16 41 1 Totals 884 400 1,284

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Table Mc.— Summary of Accounts Receipts — (exclusive of Special Trusts).

Expenditure— (exclusive of Special Trusts).

From Gover rnment. I I ■ I. [ From Government. University College. Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1914) .'.' Canterbury Otago (to 31st March, 1914) '. . Statutory. Special and othe "•"•"»">• Paymente. £ s. d. £ s. d. 4,000 0 0 3,581 4 9 4,000 0 0 i 5,307 0 0 •■ j .. ! 2,714 4 11 I 4,955 10 3 Statutory. Special and other Payments. £ s. d. 3,581 4 9 ! 5,307 0 0 2,714 4 11 ! 4,955 10 3 I Lumens. Income from Endowments and Buildings Total from Interest. I s Government. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d 500 0 0 8,081 4 9 ! 1,808 17 8 500 0 0 9,807 0 0 122 8 6 i 1,600 0 0 : 4,314 4 11 i 11,128 8 6 8,617 2 3 i 13,572 12 6 j *8,332 8 10 Fees. £ s. d. 2.977 2 6 2,448 12 6 3,253 4 0 7,739 8 3 Donations, Ac. Miscellaneous. £ s. d. £ s. d. 499 8 2 32 0 0 7 13 6 2,180 12 1 1,359 15 6 78 6 4 Total. I £ s. d. 13,366 13 1 12,417 14 6 20,876 9 6 31,082 11 5 Total of four University Colleges .. Canterbury Agricultural College .. 8,000 0 0 16,557 19 11 16,557 19 11 11,217 2 3 35,775 2 2 21,392 3 6 \ 16,418 7 3 1.391 15 6 2,766 0 1 77,743 8 3,628 17 10 ; 1,786 13 4 ■ 5,639 1 5 11,054 12 7 • Including £1,800 paid (annually) by the Presbyterian Church Board.

University College. i Administration. I Salaries. ■ Sites, Buildings,: Equipment and <&c. Apparatus, Material and i Expenses on I Eenewals, &c. Endowments. Interest. Libraries. I Scholarships. Miscellaneous, i J J Total. Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1914) Canterbury Otago (to 31st March, 1914) £ s. d. 1,235 6 .7 660 9 9 1,812 12 5 1,033 12 6 £ s. d. 8.847 1 8 i 9,475 12 7 10,539 10 0 16,816 18 4 J £ s. d. ' 520 12 2 157 15 9 4,144 10 7 12,749 6 7 £ s. d. 54 11 1 400 4 1 701 1 3 501 9 11 £ s. d. 91 2 9 160 8 0 298 5 4 671 14 4 £ s. d. 26 5 9 526 14 8 £ s. d. 0 19 3 : £ s. d. £ s. d. j £ a. d. £ s. d 139 9 1 84 10 0 *608 6 4 I 11,608 4 8 452 15 0 .. 672 6 10 I 11,979 12 0 138 9 11 J 500 15 2 I 1,104 14 0 ! 20,192 10 11 194 0 10 ; .. ; 1,141 10 8 j 33,524 1 8 427 17 7 415 8 6 Total of four University Colleges 4,742 1 3 45,679 2 7 17,572 5 1 1,657 6 4 151 15 11 I 1,219 10 5 J 553 0 5 844 5 4 924 14 10 j 585 5 2 3,526 17 10 I 77,304 9 3 Canterbury Agricultural College 1,821 12 8 1,778 13 11 668 7 7 1,167 15 9 ' I 18 14 0 22 15 2 ; 80 0 0 ! 5,921 3 10 11,630 18 10 * Including £457, Fees Account.

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Scholarships, Bursaries, etc. University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes : (1) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) post-graduate scholarships. (1.) University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows : Junior University, Senior National, and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. Queen's Scholarships (Victoria College) are not now awarded, and the terms of the last holders have expired. In addition to the scholarships, and partly in connection therewith, a scheme of bursaries, entitling students to free tuition, is also in operation, as set out in detail below. (2.) Scholarships awarded during the degree course are the Senior University, Tinline, and Sir George Grey Scholarships. The two first are tenable by candidates sitting for their final examination for B.A. or B.Sc, and may therefore be regarded in a sense as postgraduate. (3.) The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, and the Research Scholarships. The three first are all travelling scholarships—that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. They are offered annually by the Government, one to each of the affiliated institutions, to promote research-work likely to be of benefit to New Zealand industries. So far eleven Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, five to students of Auckland University College, four to students of Otago University, and two to students of Victoria College. The last scholarship awarded (1914) was to W. M. Jones, of Auckland University. So far (1914) nine Research Scholarships have been awarded, and of these three were in active operation in 1913. The subjects of research undertaken have been in each case closely connected with some New Zealand industry, or with some industry which, though not yet undertaken in this Dominion, may at an early date be an industry of importance in New Zealand. Even if the discoveries made in the course of the research have no immediate commercial value, yet the training of a body of students in the application of scientific methods to the national industries cannot fail to be of great ultimate benefit to the Dominion. It is worthy of mention that in several cases in which scholars' work has been published in one or other of the scientific journals it has received favourable comment. Of recent years the inclination of Professorial Boards has been to endeavour to arrange for new research scholars to carry on the work as from the stage at which it has been left by former students. There is no doubt that such a method, taking into consideration the fact that the tenure is for two years only (though with a possible extension to a third year), is more likely to result in discoveries of economic value. The following have been the subjects of research, the year in which the scholarships were awarded being also given :— Auckland University College. —" A systematic mechanical and chemical investigation of Auckland clay deposits, with reference to the requirements of the moulded clay industry, and especially to the defects of the Auckland clays as raw material for vitrified-tile manufacture " (1913). Yicfbria College.— ' The Fat Industry " (1908); " Mineral Oils of New Zealand " (1910) ; " Fluctuation in the lonization due to Y-rays " (1911); The Conductivity for Heat of Commercial Insulating Materials " (1912) ; " The Thermal Conductivity of Gases " (1913). Canterbury University College. —" An Investigation of Rock Phosphates, 'especially with a view to their use as a Plant Food " (1908) ; " A Study of Phormium, with a view to the improvement of its Economic Properties " (1909) ; "The New Zealand Brown Coals, with special reference to their use in Gas-producers " (1912 and 1913).

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Otago University. —" An Investigation of the Brown Coals of Otago in relation to their Geological Occurrence, Chemical and Physical Characters, Mining and Market Conditions, Present Uses, and Economic Possibilities" (1908) ; " The Investigation of the Limestones and Clays of Otago and Southland, more particularly in respect to their suitability for the Manufacture of Cement " (1910). An important step was made in May, 1912, in the direction of extending the system of granting University bursaries. Bursaries may now be awarded on the recommendation of the University of New Zealand to matriculated students who have been resident in the Dominion for a full year, provided they fall within one of the five following classes : — (1.) They must have obtained "credit" at the University Junior Scholarship or the Senior National Scholarship Examination ; (2.) Or they must have within one year and six months immediately preceding gained a higher leaving certificate ; (3.) Or they must, within the same period, have completed their terms of service as probationers or pupil-teachers to the satisfaction of the Education Board of their district, and must declare their intention of entering a recognized training-college on completion of the tenure of their bursary ; (4.) Or they must have completed a course of training at one of the four training colleges ; (5.) Or they must have gained a teachers' C or higher certificate. Such bursaries are not tenable with any entrance scholarship the value of which exceeds £20 per annum. They are tenable for three years at any university college or school of agriculture recognized by the University, and entitle the holders to exemption from payment of university and college fees up to £20 per annum. The regulations also provide for the extension of bursaries to a fourth year in special cases and on the recommendation of the Professorial Board. In other respects bursaries are held subject to much the same conditions as Senior National Scholarships, with the exception that in the case of bursars it is not insisted on that the scholar should devote his whole time to academic study. Further, with the view of extending the sphere of usefulness of the special courses in home science and domestic arts recently inaugurated by the Council of the Otago University, regulations providing for the award of bursaries in connexion therewith were issued in November, 1912, under the regulations for manual and technical instruction. These bursaries may be awarded on the recommendation of the Council to students who have been resident in the Dominion for not less than twelve months. Applicants must have-— (1.) Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose ; or (2.) Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class D Teachers' Certificate ; or (3.) Gained a higher leaving certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers, a lower leaving certificate. Applicants are required to make a declaration that they will on completion of their course engage in teaching for not less than three years. The term of a bursary is two years, but may be extended for one year longer. A bursar under these regulations receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and, if obliged to live away from home, an allowance of £30 per annum. These bursaries are not tenable by holders of any other bursaries or of any scholarship of the value of £20 and upwards. So far (1914) bursaries of this kind to the number of nineteen have been awarded. Ten bursars are taking the course for the degree, and nine that for the diploma in home science and domestic arts.

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Table Md shows the number of scholarships, bursaries, and studentships held at each University college during the year 1913.

Table Md.—Scholarships, Bursaries, Exhibitions, and Studentships held at the Affiliated Institutions in 1913.*

* Exclusive of Rhodes Scholarships and International Exhibition Scholarships (which are tenable out of New Zealand), and exclusive also of Research Scholarships given by the Government. f Includes eight who are also holders of bursaries : Total bursaries, 191. The University Endowment Act, 1868. The income accrued under this Act, and applicable to the purposes of higher education yet to be determined by Parliament, amounted, on the 31st March, 1914, to £308 Is. Bd., received from reserves in Westland. GENERAL. Expenditure out op the Public Funds on Education. In the following tables, N, Nl, N2, N3, and N4, an attempt is made to analyze the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools, colleges, &c.; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. Tables IST and Nl give an analysis of the expenditure for the years 1912-13 and 1913-14 respectively.

Table N. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1912-13. (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

* Expended out of Consolidated Fund. -f Expended out of Public Works Fund. J Teachers' salaries and allowances, £700,000; repairs and rebuilding, £83,000; new buildings, £62,000; all other expenses, £190,000 : total, £1,035,000. § £40,000 from National Endowment Reserves Fund.

Scholarships, &c. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury College. ' Otago T , , University. iota1 ' Junior University Scholarships ... Senior National Scholarships Taranaki Scholarships ... Senior University Scholarships ... Bursaries Sir George Grey Scholarships Other Scholarships and Exhibitions Training-college Studentships 6 8 2 28 1 1 108 5 12 2 4 36 1 2 108 i 4 16 26 1 12 109 12 27.+ 22 58 3 5 2 8 93 183 1 4 7 22 120 445 Totals 154 170 168 260 752

Branch of Education. Out of Public Funds. __ Out Total tor all * t of Income Items from . New Build- from all Public Main- lngs ana Total. .Reserves. Sources, tenance. Additions. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ 892,000 £ 62,000 £ 954,000 £ 81,000 £ 1,035,000 % 87,000 3,000 90,000 44,000 134,000 .50,000 30,000 20,000 3,000 70,000 33,000 6,000 22,000 76,000 55,000 Totals A (1-4) 1,059,000 37,000 6,000 88,000 1,147,000 153,000 1,300,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation, medical inspection, a,nd miscellaneous 15,000 3,000 52,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 54,000 10,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. 1,131,000 106,000 1,237,000 §156,000 1,393,000

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Table N— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,102,471, including Maoris, BUT EXCLUDING Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education for 1912-13. (Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.)

Table N1 (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1913-14. (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

Table N1-continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,134,506, including Maoris BUT EXCLUDING Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education, 1913-14. (Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.)

Out of Public Fu! ids. Branch of Education. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Maintenance. New Buildings and Additions. Total. l. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schpols) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical).. s. d. 16 3 b. d. 1 1 s. d. 17 4 s. d. 1 6 s. d. 18 10* 1 7 0 1 1 8 0 9 2 5 0 11 0 6 0 4 0 1 1 3 0 7 0 1 0 5 1 4 1 0 Totals A (1-4) 19 3 1 7 20 10 2 9 23 7 !. Industrial schools '. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) ). Superannuation, medical inspection, and miscellaneous 0 8 0 1 0 3 0 1 0 11 0 2 0 1 1 0 0 2 0 6 0 6 0 6 Totals A, B, C, D 20 6 1 11 22 5 2 10 25 3 * Teachers , salaries and allowances, 12s. 9d.; repairs a ixpenses, 3s. 6d.: total, 18s. 10d. md rebuild: ing, Is. 6d. new build] ings, Is. Id.; all other

Out of Public Pui ids. Branch of Education. t New Buildings and Additions. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. * Maintenance. Total. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2,) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ 921,000 103,000 £ 82,000 5,000 £ 1,003,000 108,000 £ 92,000 54,000 £ l,095,000t 162,000 34,000 37,000 21,000 10,000 55,000 47,000 8,000 26,000 (>3,000 73 000 Totals A (1-4) •95,000 118,000 1,213,000 180,000 1,393,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation, medical inspection, and miscelleneous 4:!,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 47,000 8,000 2,000 1,000 49,000 9,000 33,000 33,000 33,000 Totals A, B, C, D 1,177,000 124,000 1,301,000 183,000 1,484,000

* Expended out of Consolidated Fund. f Expended out of Public Works Fund. } Teachers' salaries ,nd allowances, £732,000 ; repairs and rebuilding, £87,000 ; new buildings and additions, £82,000 ; all other expenses, ;i94,000 : total, £1,095,000. § £51,000 from National Endowment Reserves Fund.

Out of Public Fin Lds. Branch of Education. M.ir. New Buildof Income from Beserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Total. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) s. d. 16 3 s. d. 1 5 s. d. 17 8 s. d. 1 7 s. d. 19 3* 1 10 0 1 1 11 0 11 2 10 0 7 0 8 0 5 0 2 1 0 0 10 0 2 0 6 1 2 1 4 Totals A (1-4) 19 4 2 1 21 5 3 2 24 7 B. Industrial schools G. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 10 0 2 0 10 0 2 0 7 0 7 0 7 Totals A, B, C, D 20 10 2 2 23 0 3 2 26 2 * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 12s. 10d.; repairs jxpenses, 3s. 6d. : total, 19s. 3d. snd rebuild] ing, Is. 6d. new buildings, Is. 5d, ; all other

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For primary education the cost per head of population, excluding the cost of new schools and additions, was 17s. 10d., an increase of Id. in the cost per head for the previous year. The following figures show the approximate cost of primary education per head, excluding new schools and additions, contributed out of public funds (general and local) in some other countries : — s. d. England .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 2 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 11 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 7 United States (including State of New York) .. .. .. ..187 Table N2 analyses the expenditure on education in New Zealand out of public funds for the five-yearly periods as from 1898-9. The total amounts spent on the various branches of education are shown to the nearest thousand pounds, and the expenditure per head of the population to the nearest penny.

Table N2. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for Five-yearly Periods as from 1898-99, out of Public Revenue. (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

Table N2 — continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand for Fiveyearly Periods as from 1898-99 out of Public Revenue. (Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.)

1898-9.* 1903-4.* 1908-9.* 1912-13. 1913-14. 'opulation (including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) 783,317 875,648 1,008,373 1,102,471 | 1,134,506 Branch of Education. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. l. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training oolleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) £ 482,000 £ 565,000 26,000 £ 756,000 74,000 & 954,000 90,000 £ 1,013,000 157,000 5,000 12,000 23,000 12,000 59,000 28,000 70,000 33,000 42,000 63,000 ' Totals A (1-4) .. 499,000 626,000 917,000 1,147,000 1,275,000 !. Industrial sohools .. .. .. .. !. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Baokward Children) ). Superannuation, medioal inspection, and miscellaneous .. 15,000 3,000 37,000 13,000 39,000 17,000 52,000 9,000 45,000 7,000 2,000 3,000 14,000 29,000 33,000 Totals A, B, 0, D .. 519,000 679,000 987,000 1,237,000 1,360,000 • Exclusive of ii icome bom resei :ves.

Branch of Education. 1898-9.* 1903-4.* 1908-9.* 1912-13. 1913-14. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training-colleges) (2.) Seoondary (inoluding secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) Totals A (1-4) s. d. 12 4 s. d. 12 11 0 7 s. d. 14 11 1 5 s. d. 17 4 1 8 s. d. 17 10 2 9 0 2 0 4 0 6 0 3 1 2 0 7 1 3 0 7 0 9 1 2 12 10 14 3 18 1 20 10 22 6 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward Children) T>. Superannuation, medical inspection, and miscellaneous .. 0 5 0 1 0 10 0 i 0 9 0 4 0 11 0 2 0 9 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 6 0 7 Totals A, B, 0, D .. 13 4 15 6 19 6 22 5 24 0 * Exclusive ot in< :ome from resej 'es.

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In Table N3 is shown the cost to the State per individual pupil or student. Table N3. —Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, Colleges, and other Institutions (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of New Buildings).

If we include reserves revenue (still excluding cost of new buildings) the average expenditure per head out of public funds and endowments was in the year 1913 in primary schools, £5 17s. 6d.; secondary, £15 15s. 3d. ; continuation and technical, £2 15s. 3d. ; higher, £26 11s. 5d.; all branches, except primary, £12 4s. 10d. In the United States, according to the latest reports in this office, the cost of primary education is 23 dollars 62 cents, or £4 17s. 2d., but it must be borne in mind that the average salary paid to teachers in that country is only £170 for males and £132 for females.

Table N4. —Progress in Education: A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, 1908, 1912, and 1913 respectively.

* Estimated. + Approximate.

National Endowment. By the provisions of the Land Act, 1908, areas of land, not to exceed in the total nine million acres, are set apart as national endowments, and, after administration and other expenses allowed by law have been deducted, 70 per cent, of the balance is applied for the purposes of education. The sum thus applied amounted last year to £50,681, and was allocated as follows : Primary education, £25,341 ; secondary education, £7,602 ; manual and technical instruction, £7,602 ; higher education, £5,068; Native schools, £2,534; school for the deaf, £274; education of the blind, £61; Otekaike Home for Backward Children, £274 ; industrial schools, £1,925.

Branch of Education. 1898. 1903. 1908. 1908. 1912. 1912. 1913. t I. Primary, &c. II. Secondary, &c. III. Continuation and technical IV. Higher £ s. d. 3 4 10 1 2 10 16 18 11 £ s. d. 3 17 2 4 2 6 1 13 8 9 4 3 £ s. d. 4 15 2 8 0 2 3 4 4 14 12 3 £ s. d. 4 15 2 8 0 2 3 4 4 .4 12 3 £ s. d. 5 6 7 9 3 6 3 13 11 13 3 1 £ s. d. 5 6 7 9 3 6 3 13 11 13 3 1 £ s. d. 5 6 10 10 6 10 2 4 9 15 12 1 All branches, except primary 5 13 11 3 7 11 5 14 8 ! 6 12 1 9 1 3

Actual Numbers. Number per 10,000 of Population. 1898. 1903. 1908. 1912. 1913. 1898. 1903. 1908. 1912. 1913. 'opulation 783,317 875,648 1,008,373 1,102,471 1,134,506 I. Primary (including public and Native sohools, all receiving free tuition) II. Industrial and Special Schools.. 136,652 136,546 148,180 167,180 172,390 1,744 1,551 1,467 1,519 1,526 830 809 7 III. Secondary (inoluding secondary sohools, secondary departments of district high schools, teohnical day sohools, and Maori secondary schools) IV. Continuation and technical (excluding sohool classes) V. University, higher technical, and training colleges 3,046 5,818 7,742 9,481 13,527 9,959 15,206 22 39 66 77 86 88 1,750* 6,533* 13,051* 75 129 123 134 708 1,194 1,711 2,281 2,371 14 17 21 21 (Private schools not included above, principally primary) 14,857 15,609 18,367 20,527 19,428 190 177 182 187 172 Total under instruction .. 157,013 165,700 189,051 213,826 220,163 2,004 1,883 1,872 1,944 1,948 VI. Total under instruction higher than primary (III, IV, and V above) Number of latter (VI) reoeiving free tuition 5,504 l,178f 13,545 22,504 4,260f 7,959 25,289 11,380 27,536 12,574 70 155 223 230 244 15 49 79 103 Ill

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62

Annual Examinations. [See also E.-B.] The annual examinations were conducted by the Education Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior National Scholarships, Junior and Senior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and teachers' certificates. On behalf of the various Education Boards examinations were conducted for Junior and Senior Board Scholarships and for the First Examination of Pupil-teachers. Also, by arrangement with the Public Service Commissioner, examinations were held for admission to and promotion in the Public Service. The examinations were held from the 19th to the 26th November, and on the 27th and 28th November, 1913, and from the sth to the 20th January, 1914, at fifty-eight centres. The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations above enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees :■ — Number who entered, 1913-14 .. .. .. .. ..9,613 1912-13 .. .. .. .. .. 9,006 Number actually present at examination, 1913-14 .. .. .. 8,305 „ ' „ 1912-13 .. .. .. 8,031 Number who did not present themselves, 1913-14 .. .. 1,308 1912-13 .. .. .. 975 It will be noted from the above figures that the number of absentees in the last examination was very much in excess of that for the examination of 1912-13. In fact, 14 per cent, of the candidates who entered did not present themselves for the examination. This high proportion of absentees is attributable to the following causes : — (1.) In the case of Senior Free Place candidates, to the application of a principle by which awards of Senior Free Places are made with the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools on the recommendation of the principal of the secondary school attended, or, for district high schools, of an Inspector of Schools. In such cases the candidate has not been required to attend the examination for which he originally entered. (2.) In the case of the Teachers' Examinations, to a somewhat similar provision embodied in the Training College Regulations. (3.) To the usual causes, mainly illness and lack of preparation, the latter being particularly evident in the case of the Public Service Senior candidates, many of whom, being led to enter by various considerations not previously applicable, found themselves finally unprepared to meet the examiner,. The number of candidates who actually presented themselves in the examina-tion-room is given below. For the sake of comparison the figures for the previous three years are also given : — Junior National and Education Board Scholarships and 191 °- 1L WH-12. 1912-13. 1913-14. Junior Free Places .. .. .. .. 2,383 2,564 2,934 3,154 Intermediate (Education Board Senior Scholarships, Senior Free Places, First Pupil-teachers) and Public Service Entrance .. .. .. .. .. 2,375 2,563 2,770 2,756 Teachers D and C 1,534 1,626 1,753 1,524 Public Service Senior 390 518 574 871 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 6,682 7,271 8,031 8,305 The Department's examination for Junior National Scholarships is now used by all the Education Boards of the Dominion for the award of their Junior Scholarships, superseding thus without exception any examination locally conducted in earlier years for this purpose. For the award of their Senior Scholarships Education Boards use the Intermediate Examination as arranged for this purpose, the papers set being the same as those provided for the Public Service Entrance Examination and the terms in each case being determined by the regulations of the several

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Boards offering Senior Scholarships for competition. Other purposes for which the Intermediate Examination is used with certain modifications to suit a purely qualifying or non-competitive candidature are —(1) The award by examination of Senior Free Places in secondary schools and district high schools ; (2) as an examination for pupil-teachers of the second or third year, and for appointment to pupil-teacher-ships of the second year or to probationerships under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908 ; and (3) general purposes of educational certificates of this standing. The cost of conducting the Department's examinations was as follows : — Total expenses, including cost of additional clerical services tempo- £ s. d. rarily employed .. .. .. .. .. 6,578 11 1 Less recoveries— Pees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates £ s. d. and others .. .. .. .. 1,843 4 9 Paid by Public Service Commissioner for expense of conducting Public Service Examinations, for which in general no fees are now payable — Public Service Entrance .. .. 751 0 10 Public Service Senior .. .. 963 19 8 % 3 ; 5 58 5 3 £3,020 5 10 Teachers' Superannuation Fund. [See also 3^9.] Under the provisions of the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1912, and the regulations made thereunder, 156 persons who were in the Education service on the Ist January, 1906, and who were still in the service at the date of passing of the Amendment Act, elected to become members of the fund on the terms and conditions set out in the regulations. Also, forty-six persons employed under the University of New Zealand, the University of Otago, and the University Colleges elected before the 30th June, 1913, the date up to which such elections were required under the Act to be made, to become members of the fund. An extraordinary vacancy occurred on the Teachers' Superannuation Board at the end of 1913, owing to the resignation of one of the representatives (Mr. Cousins) of the North Island contributors. The vacancy was filled by Mr. T. U. Wells, who was the only person nominated to fill the position. The triennial investigation of the fund, as provided for under the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908 (section 38), will be made by the Actuary appointed by the Governor for the purpose, and his report thereon will be laid before Parliament during the coming session. At the end of 1913, The number of contributors was .. . . .. .. .. 4,017 Of whom members under Part IX of Education Act, 1908, numbered .. 97 The annual rate of contribution paid as at the end of the year was over .. £44,900 The number of allowances in force at the end of the year was .. .. 460 representing an annual charge of .. .. .. ~ £29,898 viz., — Ordinary retiring-allowances were . . .. 284, representing £24,050 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases 50, „ 3,882 Allowances to widows 63, „ 1,147 Allowances to children .. 63, „ 819 The balance at the credit of the fund and invested by the Public Trustee at the end of the year was .. .. .. .. .. £258,692 The fund receives 4J per cent, interest on daily balances in the hands of the Public Trustee, and no charge is made for investment.

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64

Public Libraries. [See also E.-10.] As in the previous year, Parliament voted the sum of £4,000 in 1913 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. In the New Zealand Gazette of the 20th November, 1913, a notice was inserted stating that £4,000 had been voted by Parliament for distribution to libraries. Forms of application were sent to all libraries known to the Department. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years —viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented ; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75 —that is, in no case did the income on which subsidy was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 9th February, 1914, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 401 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 8-55 d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 7s. 2d. to £23 11s. 3d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of seven as compared with the number aided in February, 1913. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books. The authorities in charge of each library receiving the benefit of a subsidy were also advised that it was essential that a due proportion of the books purchased should be books having a permanent value. It is to be regretted that this has not received full attention. An analysis of the books added during last year discloses the fact that 83-01 per cent, of the books purchased were novels. If the additions made by the large libraries were not taken into consideration, the proportion of novels would increase to 87*4 per cent. Ninety-five public libraries purchased no books other than fiction. Attention was drawn to this matter in the report for last year, and the Gazette notice relating to the distribution of subsidy also contained a reference to the subject. That library authorities are acting on the suggestion is shown by the fact that the analysis for the year as compared with that for the previous year shows a slight improvement in the type of books purchased. It is expected that the returns for this year will disclose further improvements in this direction.

The following table shows the distribution according to the education districts :—

Summary of Distribution of Public Libraries Subsidy.

Education Districts. Number of Libraries. Income on which Subsidy i based. Subsidy. Auokland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay .. Marlborough .. Nelson Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland Stewart Island Chatham Islands • • 93 14 30 19 24 6 23 3 6 68 1!) 53 41 1 1 £ s. d. 3,657 6 6 602 2 2 1,510 10 10 1,104 9 7 1,259 14 3 283 19 4 1,080 8 10 245 5 6 230 12 9 2,715 19 9 798 12 10 2,036 17 5 1,377 0 3 43 1 0 29 10 0 £ s. d. 861 16 4 141 17 3 355 18 6 260 5 2 296 16 11 66 17 10 254 12 2 57 15 9 54 6 10 639 19 7 188 3 8 479 19 0 324 9 5 10 2 7 6 19 0 Totals 401 16,975 11 0 4,000 0 0

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APPENDIX.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries in respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ending 31st March, 1914.

9—E. 1.

Head Office (Vote No. 79). £ a. a; £ s. d. £ s. d Inspector-General of Schools Secretary Assistant Inspector-General Chief Clerk and Secretary to Teachers' Superannuation Board Two Inspectors, at £480 Inspector of Special Schools Clerks and clerical assistance Travelling-expenses Telephones Publications, books of reference, &c. Office requisites Contingencies 825 0 0 675 0 0 625 0 0 525 0 0 960 0 0 440 0 0 7,602 0 0 443 0 0 72 0 0 33 0 0 79 0 0 48 0 0 Elementary Education (Votes Nos. 80, 90, and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 102, Public Works Fund). 12,327 0 0 Grants to Education Boards for— Teachers' salaries (including lodging-allowances of pupilteachers) Teachers' house allowances (Vote No. 91) General administrative purposes: Capitation at 12s. on average attendance Grant of £250 per annum to each Board Relieving-teachers : Capitation at 6d. on average attendance Inspection of private schools Free text-books School and class libraries 679,885 0 0 17,593 0 0 90,744 0 0 3,250 0 0 3,781 0 0 733 0 0 354 0 0 527 0 0 School buildings— General maintenance and replacement of worn-ou: buildings (Vote No. 91) .. .. .. j Less amount received for sale of old buildings .. j 82,440 0 0 109 0 0 82,331 0 0 Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes (Vote No. 91) Schools destroyed or damaged by fire (Vote No. 91) - Rebuilding and repairs Rent of temporary premises 1,051 0 0 17 0 0 4,035 0 0 1,068 0 0 New buildings, additions, and teachers' residences (Vote No. 102) 69,123 0 0 Medical inspection of sohool-ohildren— Salaries Travelling-expenses Weighing-machines and other appliances 1,385 0 0 458 0 0 2,340 0 0' 4,183 0 0 966 0 0 1,474 0 0 Sohools at Chatham Islands Grants in aid of free kindergartens (Vote No. 92) .. ... Conveyance and board of sohool-chiidren (£9,754); conveyance of teachers (£136) .. .. .. .. .. j Preparation of standard test questions in English and arithmetic Illustrations: Natural history, &c. School Journal— Printing, &c. (Vote No. 79), £2,533 ; postage (Vote No. 92), £521 .. Less amount reoeived for sales 9,890 0 0 20 0 0 180 0 0 3,054 0 0 148 0 0 2,906 0 0 79 0 0 7 0 0 Wall-sheets Sundries Ij»«s recoveries 973,079 0 0 473 0 0 972,606 0 0* Carried forward 984,933 0 0 * Including ,£25,941 from national endowment reserves revenue, and from reven ie from primar edi icatien reserves.

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66

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ a. d. Brought forward Secondary Education (Vote No. 81, Consolidated Fund; i 102, Publio Works Fund; and statutory payments). Grants to Education Boards for— Scholarships : Not exceeding capitation allowance at i Is. 6d. on average attendance .. .. .. j District high schools : Salaries of secondary teachers District high schools; Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) National Scholarships, Junior (Education Aot, 1908) Secondary schools and colleges : Capitation Secondary schools and colleges : Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) Conveyance of holders of free places at secondary and district high schools.. Scholarships awarded to Maoris attending public schools Marlborough High School: Statutory payment (Marlborough High School Act, 1899) Grants to secondary schools for buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 102)— Auckland Grammar School .. .. .. j 3,000 0 0 New Plymouth .. .. .. .. .. 50 0 0 Hamilton .. .. .. .. .. 27 0 0 Dannevirke .. .. .. .. .. | 250 0 0 Ohristohurch Girls' .. .. .. .. j 500 0 0 Waitaki .. .. .. .. .. 143 0 0 Otago Girls' .. .. .. .. .. 826 0 0 Gore .. .. .. .. .. .. 50 0 0 Grant in aid of expenses of delegates, Secondary Schools Conference .. .. .. .. .. .. ■ Manual and Technical Instruction (Votes Nos. 82 and 91, Consolidated Fund; 102, Publio Works Fund; and the Education Act, 1908). Salaries of Inspectors (2) Examinations— Science and Art, Board of Education, South Kensington, London .. .. .. .. .. 117 0 0 City and Guilds of London Institute .. .. ..I 513 0 0 i_: Capitation— Manual Instruction : Public school classes, £29,486; secondary school classes, £1,193 .. .. .. 30,679 0 0 Technical Instruction: Special and associated classes— Day technical schools, £15,280, and day and evening technical classes (including free places), £20,854; college classes, £1,672 .. .. .. ..' 37,806 0 0 Material for technical classes .. .. .. Buildings and permanent apparatus (Vote No. 102) .. Rents (Vote No. 91) Conveyance of instructors .. .. .. Conveyance of students attending registered classes.. .. Conveyance of public-school pupils attending manual-training centres .. .. .. .. .. Conveyance of holders of free places at technical sohools Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. .. .. Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) .. .. Scholarships and bursaries .. .. .. Sundries .. .. ' .. .. .. £ s. d. 9,978 0 0 16,328 0 0 1,321 0 0 3,502 0 0 51,725 0 0 336 0 0 3,785 0 0 132 0 0 400 0 0 4,846 0 0 50 0 0 900 0 0 630 0 0 68,485 0 0 1,662 0 0 21,481 0 0 546 0 0 2,059 0 0 308 0 0 3,796 0 0 1,543 0 0 134 0 0 7,314 0 0 719 0 0 9 0 0 £ s. d. 984,933 0 0 *92,403 0 0 Less recoveries (examination fees, &o.) I 109,586 0 0 221 0 0 109,586 0 0 221 0 0 I Training Colleges and Training of Teachers Votes Nos. 83, Consolidated Fund ; and 102, Public Works Fund). Training collegesSalaries of staff (half is charged to teachers' salaries " Elementary Education") .. .. .. 7,114 0 0 Allowances and fees for students .. .. .. 25,246 0 0 Speoial instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. 1,042 0 0 Sites, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 102) .. .. .. 4,542 0 0 tlO9,365 0 0 7,114 0 0 25,246 0 0 1,042 0 0 4,542 0 0 Classes at subcentres— Grants to Education Boards .. .. .. .. 3,630 0 0 Fares of teachers, £5,738 ; less refunds, £5 .. .. 5,733 0 0 37,944 0 0 O1 , »** U U q Rfta n n 47,307 0 0 3,630 0 0 5,733 0 0 9,363 0 0 9,3C3 0 0 Carried forward 1,234,008 0 0 • Including £7,602 from national endowment reserves revenue. \ Including £7,602 from national endowment reserves revenue.

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. 1,234,008 0 0 Higher education (Votes Nos. 81 and 91, Consolidated Fund; 102, Public Works Fund ; and statutory payments.) Statutoryfgrants— University of New Zealand (New Zealand University Act, 1908) Auokland University College (Auckland University College Act, 1882) Victoria College, Wellington (Victoria College Aot, 1905) .. 3,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 Addition to statutory grants (Vote No. 81) — Auckland University College .. Victoria College, Wellington 2,700 0 0 3,000 0 0 5,700 0 0 Specialization grants (Vote No. 81) — Auckland University College : Commerce, Mining Victoria College, Wellington : Law, Science Canterbury College : Engineering University of Otago : Mining, Medicine, Dental, and Veterinary Science 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 9,500 0 0 3,500 0 0 Grant for buildings, &c.— Auckland University College—laboratory (Vote No. 91) .. Victoria College (Vote No. 102) Otago University (Vote No. 102) Otago University—subsidy on Mrs. Oliver's gift (Vote No. 91) .. .. .. .. 500 0 0 560 0 0 7,073 0 0 1,544 0 0 9,677 0 0 Subsidies (£1 for £1) to University Colleges on voluntary contributions (Vote No. 81) .. Sir George Grey Scholarships (Vote No. 81) National Scholarships, Senior (Education Act, 1908) Research scholarships (Vote No. 81) Bursaries (Vote No. 81) Sundries 97 0 0 200 0 0 3,318 0 0 388 0 0 2,805 0 0 10 0 Less recoveries 42,186 0 0 9 0 0 Native Schools (Votes Nos. 84 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; 102, Public Works Fund). 945 0 0 27,268 0 0 *42,177 0 0 Salaries of Inspectors (two) Salaries and allowances of teachers Higher education (including industrial and nursing scholarships) Books, school requisites, sewing material, &c. Expenses of removals of teachers Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. Buildings: New schools, additional class-rooms, &c. (Vote No. 102) Rebuilding and general maintenance of buildings (Vote No. 91) Manual Instruction: Payment of instructors and material for classes Fuel, and rewards for supplying fuel Ferrying and conveyance of ohildren Sundries —Advertising, planting sites, sanitation, &c. . 2,359 0 0 579 0 0 510 0 0 392 0 0 f44,723 0 0 8,358 0 0 I 3,394 0 0 391 0 0 138 0 0 354 0 0 139 0 0 Less recoveries 44,827 0 0 104 0 0 Infant-life Protection (Vote No. 85). Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives Travelling-expenses Board of infants in foster-homes and medical attendance Rent of offices (Auckland and Dunedin) Telephones 986 0 0 *221 0 0 162 0 0 43 0 0 31 0 0 1,352 0 0 Less recoveries 1,443 0 0 91 0 0 Carried forward 1,322,260 0 0 Includiu: iJ5,068 from national endowment reserves revenue. +Im jluding £Q,5'6i from ational endowmenl reserves revenue.

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68

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,322,260 0 0 SPECIAL SCHOOLS. School for the Deaf (Votes Nos. 86 and 91, Consolidated Fund, and 102 Public Works Fund.) 2,452 0 0 1,102 0 0 20 0 0 Salaries — Director and teachers Matron and servants Medical Officer General maintenance Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils Additional buildings, furniture, and repairs to buildings (Vote No. 91, £170; Vote No. 102, £1,553 .. 3,574 0 0 1,611 0 0 231 0 0 1,723 0 0 Less recoveries 7,139 0 0 2,384 0 0 *4,755 0 0 Education of the Blind (Vote No. 87, Consolidated Fund). Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland Less recoveries 36 0 0 f767 0 0 731 0 0 Home for Backward Children (Votes Nos. 88 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 102, Public Works Fund). alaries— Principal and teachers Matron, attendants, and servants 689 0 0 1,782 0 0 Travelling-expenses General maintenance General maintenance of buildings, repairs, furuiture, &o. (Consolidated Fund, Vote No. 91, £315; Public Works Fund, Vote No. 102, £121) 2,471 0 0 406 0 0 2,290 0 0 436 0 0 Less recoveries 5,603 0 0 1,717 0 0 {3,886 0 0 Industrial Schools (Votes Nos. 89 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 102, Public Works Fund). Salaries of Assistant Inspector, two Visiting Officers, one Probation Officer, and one Official Correspondent Travelling-expenses, of Inspectors and Visiting Officers and other departmental officers Travelling-expenses of Managers of Schools Rent, &c, of office for Probation Officer, Auckland 1,024 0 0 935 0 0 499 0 0 50 0 0 2,508 0 0 Schools, — Auckland— Salaries General maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91) Children boarded out 758 0 0 1,070 0 0 243 0 0 1,814 0 0 Less recoveries 3,885 0 0 1,520 0 0 2,365 0 0 Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa— Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, &c. (Vote No. 102), £168; and small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91), £607 2,648 0 0 6,245 0 0 775 0 0 Less recoveries 9,668 0 0 2,617 0 0 7,051 0 0 Carried forward 11,924 0 0 1,330,937 0 * Including i>274 from national endo t Including from national endi j Including £274 from national endc iwnient reserves re\ awment reserves re , jwment reserves re . 'enue. srenue. renue.

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. 11,924 0 0 £ s. d. 1,330,937 0 0 Special Schools: Industbial Schools — continued. 984 0 0 1,684 0 0 Receiving Home, Wellington— Salaries General maintenance Additions (Vote No. 102), £242, and repairs, &c, to buildings (Vote No. 91), £121 .. ' Children boarded out 363 0 0 8,103 0 0 Less recoveries 11,134 0 0 6,419 0 0 Boys' Industrial School, Stoke — Salaries General maintenance Children boarded out Additional buildings, &c. (Vote No. 102), £1,579; repairs, &c. (Vote No. 91), £599 4,715 0 0 2,123 0 0 3,609 0 0 737 0 0 2,178 0 0 8,647 0 0 1,650 0 0 Less recoveries Receiving Home, Christohuroh — Salaries General maintenance Bent Furnishings, repairs to buildings, &o. (Vote No. 91) .. Children boarded out 6,997 0 0 847 0 0 997 0 0 143 0 0 17 0 0 6,012 0 0 Less recoveries 8,016 0 0 3,743 0 0 I 4,273 0 0 Tβ Oranga Home, Christchuroh— Salaries.. General maintenance Rent Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91) Purchase of property (Vote No. 102) 1,189 0 0 1,323 0 0 141 0 0 614 0 0 1,502 0 0 Less recoveries 4,769 0 0 218 0 0 Burnham — Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, rebuilding, small works, repairs, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91, £1,095; Vote No. 102, £963.) 4,551 0 0 3,236 0 0 4,864 0 0 2,058 0 0 Less recoveries 10,158 0 0 1,336 0 0 Caversham — Salaries General maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 91) Children boarded out 8,822 0 0 1,021 0 0 1,377 0 0 261 0 0 4,104 0 0 Less recoveries 6,763 0 0 3,806 0 0 'rivate Schools — St. Mary's, Auckland — Capitation grants, &u. Less recoveries 2,957 0 0 964 0 0 346 0 0 618 0 0 St. Joseph's, Wellington— Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 182 0 0 38 0 0 144 0 0 St. Mary's, Nelson— Capitation grants, &o. Less recoveries 322 0 0 188 0 0 134 0 0 St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin — Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 83 0 0 55 0 0 28 0 0 130 0 0 .nmates maintained at other institutions .. Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boardingout orders Sundries 100 0 0 64 0 0 *45,457 0 0 Carried forward .. 1,376,394 3 0 • Including £1,925 from national endi iwineut reserves re'euue.

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70

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

SUMMARY.

& S. d. £ s. d. £ s. a. 1,376,394 0 0 Brought forward Physical Training and Junior Cadets (Vote No. 90, Consolidated Fund.) Salaries Training classes for teachers, inoluding camps Equipment for training classes Travelling-expenses Books, office-cleaning, freights, &c. Junior Cadets —miniature-rifle ranges, rent of store, freights, &c. 2,857 0 0 3,132 0 0 212 0 0 1,455 0 0 234 0 0 202 0 0 Leas recoveries (sale of cadet equipment) 8,092 0 0 976 0 0 7,116 0 0 Miscellaneous (Votes Nos. 80 and 92, Consolidated Fund ; the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908 ; and the Civil Service Act, 1908). Education Commission, balanoe of expenses (Vote No. 92) .. Milne seismograph No. 20, maintenance of (Vote No. 92) Postage and telegrams (Vote No. 92) Teachers' Superannuation Board : Travelling-expenses of members, and medical examination of applicants for retirement (Vote No. 92) Contribution to Teachers' Superannuation Fund (Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908) Examination expenses (Vote No. 92) : Teachers', Public Service, and Scholarships Less recoveries 105 0 0 13 0 0 1,780 0 0 86 0 0 17,000 0 0 6,657 0 0 3,608 0 0 3,049 0 0 Subsidies to public libraries on basis of voluntary contributions (Vote No. 92) .. Grant to Eduoational Institute for travelling-expenses of members (Vote No. 80) .. Printing and stationery (Vote No. 92) " Schoolmates " : Grant to cover cost of postage (Vote No. 92) Flags for schools—New Zealand Ensigns (Vote No. 92) Bent of store-room for general departmental purposes (Vote No. 92) .. .. .. .. Auckland Exhibition, expenses of exhibits (Vote No. 92) Audit fees lor inspection of accounts (Vote No. 92) Compassionate allowance to Mrs. J. W. Miles on the death of her husband, late attendant at Otekaike Home (Vote No. 92) New South Wales teachers, grant towards oost of entertainment (Vote No. 92) .. Cook Islands Schools, travelling - expenses of Inspector of Native Schools, visiting and reporting on (Vote No. 92) .. 4,001 0 0 100 0 0 1,892 0 0 25 0 0 4 0 0 24 0 0 700 0 0 3 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 38 0 0 Less recoveries 28,890 0 0 28 0 0 28,862 0 0 Total £1,412,372 0 0

Service. Head office Elementary education Secondary education Manual and teohnical instruction Training colleges, &c. Higher education Native Sohoole Infant life protection School for the Deaf Education of the blind Home for Backward Children Industrial Schools Physical training and Junior Cadets Miscellaneous service Paid from Parliamentary Votes. £ b. a. 12,327 0 0 883,476 0 0 84,801 0 0 101,763 0 0 47,307 0 0 37,109 0 0 42,189 0 0 1,352 0 0 4,481 0 0 O. 25 0 0 3,612 0 0 43,532 0 0 7,116 0 0 28,862 0 0 Paid from Reserves Revenue. ~ £ s. d. 89,130 0 0 7,602 0 0 7,602 0 0 5,068 0 0 2,534 0 0 Totals. £ ' s. d. 12,327 0 0 972,606 0 0 92,403 0 0 109,365 0 0 47,307 0 0 42,177 0 0 44,723 0 0 1,352 0 0 4,755 0 0 36 0 0 3,886 0 0 45,457 0 0 7,116 0 0 28,862 0 0 274 0 0 61 0 0 274 0 0 1,925 0 0 Totals 1,297,902 0 0 114,470 0 0 1,412,372 0 0 Note.—For statement of total cost of education—inclusive of amount collected from ■sue Table N, pages 58 and 59. iducational bodies' jndowment reserves

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E.—l

INDEX.

A. Afflioted children. See Special schools. Agricultural instruction. —Progress in elementary agriculture, 36. Rural courses in district high schools, 36; in secondary schools, 37; in day technical schools, 41; agricultural college, 52, 54 Attendance (see also Roll number) — Public primary schools, 7. Increase since 1912, 7. Compulsory attendance, 8. Average attendance as compared with other countries, 7. Native schools, 8. 29. Chatham Islands schools, 8, 31. Private primary schools, 8, 10. Secondary schools.—Lower departments, 8, 44. All sohools, 44. University colleges, 515. B. Blind, School for the. See Special sohools. Board of primary scholars, 10. Bursaries, University, 53. C. Cadets, Junior, 14. Chatham Islands schools. — Number of schools, 31. Weekly roll number, 6, .'i 1. Average attendance, 8, 31. Expenditure, 31. List of teachers, .'i2. Class-books and libraries, 11. Compulsory continuation classes, 40. Conveyance of scholars, 10. Cost per head of education system. See Finance. D. Deaf, School for the. See Special schools. Degrees conferred. See Universities. Dependent children. See Special schools. District high schools.—Roll number, 6, 44. Average attendance, 8, 44. Rural courses, 36. E. Education Board's finance. See Finance. Education Department, Head Office.—Expenditure, 65. Education Reserves. —Distribution of revenue, 28. Elementary education. See Public primary schools. Enrolment. See Roll number. Examinations conducted by Department.—Number of candidates, 62. Expenditure, 63. F. Feeble-minded, Sohool for the. See Special schools. Finanoes— All items of expenditure.—Analysis, 58, 66—70. Cost per head of population, 59. Comparison with other countries.. 60. Analysis from 1898 in five-yearly periods, 60. Expenditure per head of population ] from public revenue, 60. Expenditure per pupil, j 61. Detailed statement of expenditure for year 1913-14, 65-70. Public primary schools.—General Aocount, 27. Build- I ings Account, 27. Diversion of moneys from Build- ! ings Account, 28. Statement of receipts and expenditure, 24-25. School Committees, Amount paid to, per unit of average attendance, 26.

Finances— continued. Native schools, 31, 67. Chatham Islands, 31, 65. Special schools, 33, 34, 35, 68-69. Manual instruction, 35, 37, 66. Physical Education, 14, 70. Technical instruction, 42, 66. Secondary schools.—Sources of income. 49. Receipt*? and expenditure, 50, 66. 52, 54, 55, 67. Free places. See Secondary schools ; Technical schools : University Colleges, bursaries. H. Health of school-children. See Medical inspection. High schools. See Secondary schools. I. Income. See Finance. Industrial schools. See Special schools. Industrial training. See Technical instruction. Infant-life protection.—Number of licensed foster-homes, 33. Number of children maintained, 33. Expenditure, 34. L. Libraries.—Method of distributing vote, 63. Number of libraries participating, 63. Income, 63. Subsidies, 63. Amount distributed, 63. Libraries, School, 11. M. Manual instruction— In public schools.—Percentage of schools, 35. Number of classes, 35. Subjects of instruction, 36, Average rate of payment, 35. Number of pupils, 36. Progress in elementary agriculture, 36. Rural courses in district high schools, 36. Building operations, 35. Capitation and expenditure, 37. In secondary schools.—Subjects of instruction, 37. Rural pursuits, 37. Building operations, 37. ! Maori children.—Number attending Native village schools, 8, 29. Number attending mission schools, 29. Number attending public schools, 30. Number attending secondary schools, ,'SO. Number under special technical training, 30. Number of schools at which Maoris are taught, 29. Medical inspection of school-children, 12. Model sohools. See Training colleges. N. National endowment, 61. Native schools— Scholars.—Average attendance, 8, 29. Roll, 8, 29. Regularity of attendance, 30. Classification of scholars, 30. Results of inspection, 31. Number of Maoris attending Native village schools, 8, 30; attending Native mission schools, 29; attending public schools, 30. Number of Europeans in Native schools, 29. Schools.—Number of schools, 29-30. Teachers.—Number of teachers, 31. Salaries, 31. Expenditure, 31, 66, 67.

1

72

P. Physical education, 13. Private primary schools. —Roll number, 6, 10. Average attendance, 8, 10. Present at examination, 10. Number of proficiency and competency certificates issued, 10. Regularity of attendance, 10. Professors, number of, at University colleges, 54. Public libraries. See Libraries. Public primary schools— Scholars. —Roll —average weekly, 6 ; at end of year, 6 ; at annual examination, 9. Average attendance, 7 ; as percentage of roll, 7 ; increase since 1912, 6; compulsory attendance, 8; attendance compared with other countries, 7. Number in each standard, (i, 9. Number at various ages, 6, 8. Examination, 9. Average age, 9 ; sex, 8. Schools. — Number, 4, 5. Percentage of sole-teacher schools, 4. Increases and decreases in number of schools for separate districts, 4. Teachers.—Number of adults, 6, 15, 16. Number of pupil-teachers, 6, 15, 16. Sex, 6, 15, 16. Salaries, 17. Status as regards certificates, 19, 20. Training, 21-23. Uncertificated teachers, 23. Expenditure, 23-28, 65. Publications issued by Department, 12. Pupils. See Scholars. R. Roll number— Primary schools.—Average weekly, 5 ; at end of year, 5 ; at annual examination, 9. Native schools, 8, 29. Chatham Islands schools, 6, 31. Private primary schools, 6, 10. Secondary schools, 44. University colleges, 53. Reserves. See Education reserves. S. Scholars— Primary schools. — Number in each standard, 6, 9. Number at various ages, 6, 8. Sex, 8. Maoris attending, 30. Classification, 6, 9. Examination, 9. Average age, 9. Native schools. — Europeans attending, 29. Maoris attending, 8, 29. All scholars attending, 29. Chatham Islands schools, 31. Private primary schools, 9, 10. Scholarships— At secondary schools. —Number of Junior National Scholarships, 47. Total rate of payment, 47. Number of Education Board scholarships, 47. Rate of payment, 47. Foundation scholarships, 48. Private scholarships, 48. At University colleges.—Description of scholarships, 56. Scholarships held—Rhodes, 56 ; Research, 56 ; Junior University, 56 ; Senior National, 56 ; Taranaki, 56 ; Senior University, 56; Bursaries, 56 ; Sir George Grey, 56 ; other, 56. School Committees, amount paid to, per unit of average attendance, 26. School Journal, 12. School libraries, 11. Secondary schools — Scholars.—Roll, 44,45. Attendance, 44,45. Proportion of population receiving secondary instruction, 45. Roll of lower departments, 6, 44. Average attendance of lower departments, 8, 44.

Secondary sohools— continued. Schools.—Number of sohools, 43. Teachers.—Staffing, 48, 49. Number of pupils per teacher, 48. Salaries, 48, 49. Free secondary education.—Junior free places, 45, 4(i. Senior free places, 45, 46. Statistics, 46. Advance of system, 61. Total number benefited, 4(i. Special schools— School for the Deaf.—Roll, 34. Expenditure, 34. Recoveries, 34. Jubilee Institute for the Blind. — Expenditure, 34. Recoveries, 34. School for Feeble-minded. — Numbers, 35. Expenditure, 35. Control over twenty-one jears of age, 35. Industrial schools. — Roll,- 32. Expenditure, 33. Parental contributions, 33. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards, 33. Savings of inmates, 33. Staffing. See Teachers. Superannuation.—Classes of contributors, 63. Statistics, 63. Expenditure, 63. T. Teachers— Public schools.—Number of adults, 6, 15, 16. Number of pupil-teachers, 6, 15, 16. Sex, 6, 15, I (i. Headteachers, 15. Assistants, 15. Sole teachers, 15. Ratio of males to females, 16. Staffing, 15, 16. Salaries, 17, 18. Status as regards certificates, 19-21. Training, 21-23. Uncertificated, 23. Native schools.—Number, 31. Staffing, 31. Salaries, 31. Secondary schools. — Staffing, 48, 49. Number of pupils per teacher, 48. Salaries, 48, 49. All teachers.—Status as regards certificates, 20. Technical instruction— All technical classes. —Progress during year, 38. Statistics, 38, 39. Special classes, 38. Associated classes, 38. College classes, 38. Number of pupils, 38. Income and expenditure, 43, 66. Day technical schools.—Number of schools, 41. Number of students, 41. Sex, 41. Free places, 42. Course! of instruction, 41. Capitation, 42. Other technical classes.—Number of students, 38. Age and sex, 39. Occupations, 39. Number of classes, 39. Capitation, 41. Group courses, 40. Commercial classes, 39. Rural classes, 40. Compulsory classes, 40. Free places, 41. Training colleges. — Students, 21. Ratio of males to females, 21. Professional work, 21. University work, 22. Number in training in each college, 23. Classification, 23. Number of scholars in main schools, 22 ; in secondary departments, 22 ; in model schools, 22. Expenditure, 23. T3. Universities— New Zealand University.—lts functions, 51-52. The Senate. 51. Number of persons examined by, 52. Income and expenditure, 52. Degrees conferred, 53. University colleges.—Their functions, 51. Number of students, 53. Courses taken, 54. Staffing, 54. Finances. 55. Other professional institutions.—Canterbury Agricultural College, 52. Training colleges, 52. University bursaries and scholarships. 58—58. University Endowment Act, 58.

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