EDUCATION: THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1911.]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1912 Session II, E-01

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Session 11. 1912. NEW ZEALAND

EDUCATION: THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1911.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

0 CONTENTS. Primary Education: Page Secondary Education : Page ~-..,. a v i a Number of Schools .. .. .. 45 Number of Public Schools 3 Roll and Attendance - 45 Roll Number .. .. • • •• » Free Secondary Education .. .. .. 47 Attendance • ■ • • • ■ • ■ Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and Age and Sex of Pupils .. .. .. B District High Schools .. .. 49 Maori Children receiving Primary Instruc- Junior National Scholarships .. .. 49 tlon "■ vr Li a v "i" " " in Education Board Scholarships .. .. 49 Europeans m Native Schools .. .. iv Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships.. 50 Private Schools .. ..... .. 10 Private Scholarships 50 Classification and Exammation .. , .. 11 stafig of Secondary Schools .. .. 50 Conveyance of Children .. .. .. Salaries of Secondary Teachers .. .. 50 Free School-books id Finances of Secondary Schools .. .. 51 The SchoolJourval, &c 13 Lower Departments 53 Staffs of Public Schools 14 Higher Educa ?i o n : Salaries of Teacuers .. •• •• \< New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges 53 Status of Teachers m regard to Certificates .. 17 NeW Zealand University .. .. .. 54 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 19 Degrees and Scholarships .. .. 55 Finances of Education Boards .. .. 21 Affiiliated Colleges 56 Education Reserves .. .. .. M Finances of the Affiliated Institutions .. 57 Native Schools .. .. •• ■• Scholarships, Business, &c. .. .. 59 Chatham Islands .. .. .. .. a The Universi t,y Endowment Aot, 1868 .. . , . General: Special bchools : Expenditure out of Public Funds on Education 60 Afflicted and Dependent Children .. .. 32 National Endowment .. .. .. 64 Children under State Guardianship .. .. 34 Annual Examinations .... .. .. 65 Infant-life Protection .. .. .. 35 Teaohers' Superannuation Fund .. .. 66 School for the Deaf .. .. • ■ 35 Public Libraries .. .. .. .. 66 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. .. 36 Junior Cadets .. .. .. .. 67 Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind .. 36 Education Commission .. .. .. 67 Census Returns, April, 1911 .. .. 67 Manual and Technical Instruction : Appendix: Manual Instruction in Schools .. .. 36 Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Technical Instruction .. .. •■ 39 for Financial Year ending 31st March, 1912 70 FOR INDEX, SEE PAGE 75.

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Office of the Department of Education, My Lobd,— Wellington, 14th August, 1912. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1908, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition, of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1911. I have, &c, J. Allen. His Excellency the Eight Honourable Lord Islington, Governor of the Dominion of New Zealand.

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REPORT. Contents. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1908, the Education Amendment Acts, 1908 and 1910, and the Education Eeserves Acts, 1908 and 1910, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows: — E.-2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely, — Appendix A. Eeports of Education Boards ; Appendix B. Eeports of the Land Boards on the Administration of the Education Estate. Appendix C. Eeports of Inspectors ; Appendix D. Training of Teachers ; Appendix E. List of Public Schools and Teachers, with certain Details of Expenditure. E.-3. Native Schools. E.-4. Special Schools and Infant-life Protection. E.-5. Manual and Technical Instruction. E.-6. Secondary Education. E.-7. Higher Education. E.-8. Annual Examinations. E.-9. Teachers' Superannuation. E.-9a. Actuary's Eeport on Teachers' Superannuation Fund. E.-10. Public Libraries. E.--11. Junior Cadets. E.-12. Education Commission. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. These summaries are numbered with the letters from the alphabet from A to N, and the tables from which they were prepared will be found in the separate paper concerned, numbered Al, A 2, 81, 82, &c. Where information in any section of this report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the table concerned and the report in which it is printed. PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. (E.-2.—Table Al.) The number of public schools open at the end of 1911 was 2,166, as against 2,096 for the year 1910, an increase of 70. In Table A the schools are classified according to the. yearly average attendance. In a number of cases schools maintained in grades under Schedule A of clause 2 of the staffs and salaries regulations are included in this table in such grades, although the average attendance of these schools respectively for 1911 was below the minimum of the grades as indicated in Table A. The classification is in accordance with the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, which came into operation on the Ist January, 1909. The number of small schools with an average attendance not exceeding 15 has increased since 1910 from 527 to 555. There has likewise been a marked increase in schools with an average attendance of 16 to 80 —1,225 as compared with 1,196, Of schools with an average attendance of over 80 the number has also increased by 13 —386 as against 373. It will thus be seen that the increase in attendance has been general throughout all grades of schools, a fact commented upon in the section dealing with attendance in the primary schools.

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Schools with an average of 35 or under are sole-teacher schools. On referring to Table Ait will be seen that there were 1,318 such schools. But, as already stated, schools are in some cases maintained in a higher grade than average attendance would appear to warrant, while on the other hand a number of schools in charge of sole teachers at the beginning of the year had so risen in attendance as to be entitled to assistant teachers before the end of the year. Thus in Grade IV there were, in 1911, 27 schools the average attendance of which did not warrant the appointment of an assistant teacher, but in Grades II and 111 nine schools had the services of an assistant teacher. There were therefore altogether 1,336 schools in 1911 in charge of sole teachers, an increase of 45 over last year. In other words, in 1911 sole-teacher schools formed 62 per cent, of the total number' of public schools in the Dominion. The aggregate average attendance at these sole-teacher schools in 1910 was 22,793, or 167 per cent, of the total average attendance of the Dominion; in 1911 the aggregate was 24,579, or 17*1 per cent. The average per school was 17*8 per cent., or 23-76 omitting schools belov 16 in average attendance. The number of schools with two or more teachers was, in 1910, 805. In 1911 the number was 830. Of these schools there were, in 1910, 28 with an average attendance exceeding 600, and 31 in 1911. During the year 1911 85 schools were closed. Several of these schools, although reckoned as closed in their original form, were reopened in another : in some cases two schools were amalgamated ; in some, half-time schools became separate fulltime schools ; and so on. Including such reopened schools, the total number of schools opened during the year was 155. The following list shows the number of schools opened and closed in each of the various education districts : —

Increases and Decreases in Number of Public Schools.

The net increase in the number of schools open at the end of the year is thus 70. The total number of public schools in each grade is shown in Table A, the corresponding figures for the previous year being shown for purposes of comparison.

Table A.—Number of Public Schools in each Grade, 1910 and 1911.

District. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Maryborough Nelson Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland Number of Schools Number of Schools closed. opened. 41 70 3 5 2 7 1 10 6 11 6 11 5 9 5 2 2 3 3 9 2 4 6 6 3 8 Increase in Number Decrease in Number of Schools. of Schools. 29 2 5 9 5 5 4 3 1 6 2 r •i :: 85 155 155 85 Increase (1911) j 70 i

Grade (as in Education Amendment Act, 1908). Number >f Schools. 1911. I „.,._, . Number of Grade (as in Education Amendment Act, 1908). 1910. i f Schools. 1910. 1911. 0. (1-8) 1. (9-15) 2. (16-25) 3. (26-35) 4. (36-80) 5. (81-120) .. 6a. (121-160) °- "l 6b (161-200) „ I 7a. (201-250) '• 1 7b (251-300) ( 8a (301-350) 8. J 8b (351-400) I 8c (401-450) 155 372 469 284 443 126 51 37 35 24 20 15 12 162 393 480 283 462 127 58 33 34 27 24 13 16 i 9a. (451-500) .. .. 8 9. J 9b (501-550) .. .. 12 I 9o (551-600) .. .. 5 10a. (601-650) .. .. 9 10b (651-700) .. .. 8 10o (701-750) .. .. 2 10d (751-800) .. .. 2 10. 10b (801-850) .. .. 4 10e (851-900) .. .. 2 I 10o (901-950) . 10h (951-1,000) .. .. 1 ■lOl (1,001-1,050) .. Totals .. .. .. 2,096 7 12 4 12 5 6 3 2 2 1 2,096 2,166

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For the number of schools in each education district, classified in grades, refershould be made to Table Al, in the primary-education report, E.-2. Roll Number. (E.-2.—Tables Al, 81, 82, 83, and El.) The average weekly roll number for 1911 showed an increase for each quarter over that for the corresponding quarter of 1910. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was — Mean of average weekly roll, 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 154,756 f,, ' „ 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 159,299 Increase in 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 4,543 Increase per cent in roll number, 1911 .. .. .. 2 - 9 The additions to the roll were again much more marked in the North Island, where settlement has of late years been more rapid than in the South ; but, with the exception of Marlborough and Grey, every district showed at least some increase. As usual, the increase was most noticeable in the December quarter. Number on roll at end of 1910 .. .. .. .. ..156,324 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 161,648 Increase in 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 5,324 Table B shows the numbers on the roll at the end of 1911, classified according to age and standards. Eeference to some of the more interesting facts disclosed by this table will be found under the headings " Age and Sex of Pupils," page 8, and " Classification and Examination," page 11.

Table B. —Classified Return of the Numbers on the Rolls of Public Schools at the end of 1911.

Table Bα shows the mean average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1898, and for each of the last twelve years ; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

Table Ba.—Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

Ages. Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Boys. Girls. Standard III. Boys. Girls. Standart IV. Boys. Girls. Standard V. Boys. Girls. Standf br4 VI. Stands irdVII. Tot Girls. Boys. Sal. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. 5 and under 6 .. „ 7 .. 7 „ 8 .. 8 „ 9 .. 9 „ 10 .. 0 „ 11 .. 1 „ 12 .. .2 „ 13 .. .3 „ 14 .. [4 „ 15 .. *bove 15 7,124 9,166 8,614 4,645 1,640 519 181 79 45! 13: 8 6,403 7 5 8,406 139 145 7,650 1,33711,434 3,922 3,565 3,570 1,273 3,162.2,711 370 1,3761,164 152 1 502 378 51 162 136 33 60 52 4 21 14 2 3 1 28,26610,334 9,610 2 140 1,224 3,266 3,017 1,429 575 182 49 11 5 155 1,317 3,341 2,763 1,191 419 119 26 4 "3 145: 1,094 3,062 2,949 1,565 698 169 30 ! 164 1,199 3,061 2,732 1,249 493 93 21 '' i 8 134 1,034 2,727 2,763 1,586 530 117 4 112 1,102 2,632 2,467 1,310 340 77 I I "i "2 95 ! 108 ! 8911 923, 2,371 ! 2,269i 2,4262,300 1,202, 930, 355 224' 11 118 : 798 1.937 ,1,616 743 90 786 1,903 1,479 544 33 198 397 488 .. 7,131 .. [ 9,307 .. .. 9,587 .. 9,300 .. 9,114 3 8,799 40i 8,346 210! 7,132 384! 3,997 605 1,755 1,242 84,562 6,408 8,556 9,246 8,977 8,638 8,575 > 8,101 7.417 6,420 i 3,270 I 1,478 Total 32,034 9,895 9,340 9,715 9,019 8,899 8,044 1 7,34416,756 i 5,223 4,809 1,118 77,086

Year. Nu ™ b - ofAveTage Schtl, Week, y Average Average Attendance Attendance, as PercentWhole Year. age of Weekly Eoll. Adults. Number of Teachers. Pupil-teachers. M. F. Total. M. I F. i Total. 1878 .. 1883 .. 1888 .. 1893 .. 1898 .. 1900 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 .. 1909 .. 1910 .. 1911 .. 748 971 90,859 1,158 113,636 1,375 125,692 1,655 133,782 1,707 132,897 1,715 132,868 1,754 133,952 1,786 134,748 1,827 136,282 1,851 138,471 1,921 140,320 1,963 141,946 1,998 145,974 2,057 151,142 2,096 154,756 2,166 159,299 *48,773 69,838 t90,108 {100,321 111,636 111,748 111,797 113,711 113,047 116,506 120,266 121,958 120,026 127,160 132,773 135,738 142,186 76-9 79-3 79-8 83-4 84-1 84-1 84-9 83-9 85-5 86-9 86-9 84-6 87-1 87-8 87-7 89-3 707 905 1,039 1,107 1,234 1,216 1,222 1,272 1,270 1,272 1,302 1,314 1,332 1,331 1,406 1,456 1,493 454 656 887 1,096 1,370 1,415 1,446 1,685 1,726 1,797 1,835 1,887 1,955 2,021 2,208 2,252 2,351 1,161 1,561 1,926 2,203 2,604 2,631 2,668 2,957 2,996 3,069 3,137 3,201 3,287 3,352 3,614 3,708 3,844 118 159 219 238 229 206 184 143 147 144 151 153 172 161 166 174 179 332 450 571 730 694 913 825 1,063 831 1,060 749 i 955 771 955 604 747 552 699 505 649 528 679 518 671 478 650 476 j 637 530 696 526 §700 528 ||707 Average of three quarters. t Strict average. J Working a [I Exclusive of 41 male and 'erage. | 178 female p; Exclusi'obationt r e of 32 male and 151 female probationers. rs.

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Details of these facts relating to the several educational districts are given in the primary-education report, E.-2, Tables Al, 81, and El. In order to find the actual roll number of all children receiving primary education in schools subject to inspection, it will be necessary to take into account those attending Native village schools, schools at the Chatham Islands, private primary schools subject to inspection, and the lower departments of secondary schools, and to deduct those on the rolls of the secondary departments of district high schools. The following will then be the figures :— Average Weekly Roll Number. 1911. Public schools .. .. .. .. .. .. ..159,299 Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,621 Chatham Island schools .. .. .. .. . . .. 91 Private primary schools .. . . .. . . .. . . 15,914 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. . . .. 256* 180,181 Less secondary departments of district high schools .. .. .. 2,090 Total average weekly roll of primary scholars .. .. 178,091 * Number on roll at end of year. Attendance. (E. 2.-Tables 81, B2 and 83.) Average attendance for all districts in 1910 .. .. .. .. 135,738 1911 .. .. .. .. 142,186 Increase per cent, in average attendance, 1911 .. .. . . 4-8 At the commencement of the year under rsview, the provisions of section 9 of the Education Amendment Act, 1910, came into force. By this section, with certain exceptions, every child between the ages of seven and fourteen years of age was required to have his name enrolled on the register of some public school, and to attend the school whenever it was open. Owing no doubt partly to this cause, and partly to the zeal and efficiency of the Truant Officers, the percentage of attendance attained a record in almost every district. Increases of percentage were recorded in every district except Hawke's Bay, which has remained stationary for the past three years; and in the case of five districts the percentage reached over 90 per cent, of the roll number. Otago once more had the honour of heading the list for regularity of attendance with the excellent percentage of 91*7, with Marlborough second with 91*6, Wellington leading for the North Island with 90-1. The following are the figuies for the last six years: — Attendance per Cent. of Roll. ' 1906 .. .. .. . • • • • • ■ • .. 86-9 1907 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84-6 1908 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87-1 1909 .. .. .. ■ • • • • • .. .. 87-8 1910 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87-7 1911 .. .. .. •• •• •• •• .. 89-3 Although from the point of view of regularity of attendance New Zealand sutlers greatly on account of its widely scattered population and meagre facilities for transit in many of the outlying districts, it is remarkable that the percentage of average attendance is higher in this Dominion than in such old-established countries as England, Scotland, and Ireland. The following figures are of interest in this connection : — Attendance per Cent. of Roll. Switzerland . . . . . • • • ■ • • • .. . . 97-1 Japan .. .". .. .. .. .. .. .. 92-0 New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-3 England .. .. • • • • ■ • • • • ■ ■ • 89-0 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. • ■ .. . '. 88-2 United States .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ' 72-5 Ireland .. . . .. .. .. ■ • .. .. 71-1

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A comparison between New Zealand and the various Australian States, which are somewhat similarly placed in regard to the facilities for regular school attendances, reveals the fact that this Dominion easily takes the lead in the matter of regularity of attendance. New Zealand 89-3 Western Australia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 84-0 New South Wales .. .. .. .. .-. .. .. 79-1 Queensland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ■ ■ 774 South Australia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 71-2 Victoria .. .. .. .. .. .. •• •• 72-0 Tasmania . . .. . . .. . . . . .. . • 70-0 Note.—ln some cases in the above table the percentage has been computed on the " strict" average. It is estimated, however, that if the same method of computation were adopted in the New Zealand figures the difference would be about only 1 per cent. In New Zealand the district having the lowest average was Grey—B7*l—an increase, however, of 2*4 over last year. Two years ago the North Island had attained the same percentage of regularity as the South. The high average of Otago, and the great improvement shown by North Canterbury, have, however, raised the South Island average 1-3 per cent, above the North, although the latter has improved appreciably since 1909. The figures for the past five years are as follows . — Attendance per Gent, of Roll. North Island. South Island. 1907 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83-7 85-6 1908 .. .. .. .. .. .. •• 86-7 87-6 1909 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 87-8 87-8 1910 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 874 88-1 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 88-7 900 It is confidently anticipated that next year, when the section of the Education Amendment Act above referred to becomes more widely known, and parents awake to the fact that by detaining their children from attending school for even a single day they are infringing the provisions of the Act, the standard of attendance will be even higher than it is at present. The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each quarter of the years 1910 and 1911 was as follows :— • Actual Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. First quarter .... ... ... 134,636 143,081 879 91-1 Second quarter ... 134,438 140,787 87-3 89-0 Third quarter ... ... ... 133,984 140,038 ' 86-7 87-9 Fourth quarter ... ... ... 139,895 144,837 88-9 89-1 Whole year ... ... 135,738 142,186 877 893 The above figures represent those actually in attendance at all public schools, including district high schools. To obtain the exact attendance of all children at primary schools subject to inspection it will be necessary to add those attending Native village schools, Chatham Islands schools, private primary schools, and the lower departments of secondary schools, and to subtract the secondary pupils attending the district high schools. We then get the following results :— 1911. Public schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 142,186 Native village schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 3,990 Chatham Islands schools ... ... ... ... ... 80 Private primary schools ... ... ... ... ... 14,084 Lower departments of secondary schools ... ... ... ... 244 Total ... ... ... ... ... 160,584 Less secondary departments of district high schools ... ... 1,889 Total average attendance of primary scholars ... ... ... 158,695

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Age and Sex of Pupils. (E.-2.—Table CI.) Table C shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1911, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

Table C.—Age and Sex of Pupils, December, 1911.

It will, however, be found that Table B, on page 5, gives very much fuller information in regard to both age and sex. Age. —Of the children, 53-8 per cent, are under ten, and 46-2 per cent, are over ten. This proportion has remained constant for the past three years. Sex. —For every 100 boys on the rolls of the public schools there were 91 girls. This proportion has remained practically stationary for several years past. According to the census returns for 1911 there were 100 boys between the ages of five and fifteen for every 97 girls. Now that it is compulsory for all children of school age to attend a school whenever it is open, it may well be asked what is the reason for this discrepancy. Certainly it is true that'a larger proportion of girls attend private primary schools, but even after taking these into consideration we find that the numbers are 100 boys to every 94 girls. An examination of the figures set out in Table B reveals two important sources of leakage. In the first place, we find that for every 100 boys between the ages of five and six in attendance at public schools there were between 89 and 90 girls ; and, secondly, of children thirteen years and over there were 100 boys to every 87 girls. With regard to this lart figure, itmight be supposed that girls, being somewhat quicker at passing through the standards than boys, enter the high school at an earlier age ; but a glance at the figures for the secondary schools immediately negatives such an" argument —there are only 70 girls in attendance to every 100 boys. We then arrive at three conclusions : (1) A considerable number of girls never enter the primary schools ; (2) generally speaking, girls enter the primary schools at a later age than boys ; (3) generally speaking, girls leave the primary schools at a much earlier age than boys. In regard to (1), the census figures for 1911 throw some light on the matter ; a larger proportion of girls than boys receive instruction at home — 2,791 as against 2,057. Such home instruction, if reasonably efficient, is a ground for exemption under section 150 of the Education Act. No. (2) is no doubt due to the reluctance of parents to send their girls to school at too early an age. The compulsory age is seven years. No. (3) may be due to two causes, both of which, however, are closely related. It will be seen that, although there are only 87 girls to every 100 boys in attendance over the age of thirteen years, there are 92 girls to every 100 boys in Standard VI. The reason is that girls develop mentally at a more rapid rate than boys, and consequently pass through the standards at an average rate of a year quicker than boys. Hence a proportionately large number of girls succeed in obtaining an exemption certificate a year or more before they reach the age of exemption, and of these many are withdrawn from school immediately, before the child has obtained the full benefit of school discipline and instruction. A somewhat greater degree of differentiation in the work of the girls from that of the boys in the

1911. Percent! *ges for Five Years. Ages. Girls. I Boys. Total. I 1907. 190 . 1909. 1910. 1911. 5 and under 6 years .. 6 „ 7 „ 7 „ 8 „ .. 8 • „ 9 „ 9 10 „ 10 „ 11 „ 11 12 „ 12 „ 13 „ 13 „ 14 „ 14 „ 15 „ 7,131 9,307 10,094 9,587 9,300 9,114 8,799 8,346 7,132 3,997 6,408 8,556 9,246 8,977 8,638 8,575 8,101 7,417 6,420 3,270 13,539 17,863 19,340 18,564 17,938 17,689 16,900 15,763 13,552 7,267 8-0 8-2 10-5 10-6 11-6 11-7 11-1 11-3 11-4 ll'O 11-3 11-2 11-0 10-9 10-5 10-4 8-7 8-4 4-0 4-2 8-7 10-8 11-6 11-4 11-2 107 10-6 10'2 8-5 4-3 I i 8-4 ! 8-4 11-2 11-1 11-5 12-0 11-4 ; 11-5 11-3 i ll'l 10-9 10-9 10-2 I 10-5 10-0 9-6 8'5 8-4 4-5 4-5 15 and over 82,807 1,755 75,608 1,478 158,415 3,233 98-1 1-9 97'9 2-1 98-0 2-0 97-9 2-1 980 2-0 Totals .. 84,562 77,086 !l61,648 100-0 1000 1000 loo-o ; loo-o ;

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higher classes, more especially in the direction of giving them some instruction and training in home science, would leave less excuse for the apparent failure of parents to appreciate the fact that tlfe sound education of girls is just as as that of boys. An examination of the figures published by the Department of Public Instruction in New South Wales reveals a precisely similar condition of affairs in "that State. It is interesting, in this connection, to note the proportion of girls to boys in the whole population between the ages of five and fifteen and on the rolls of the public primary schools of England, the United States, and Australia. For every hundred boys we find the number of girls to be as follows :—

Table Cl in E.-2 shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools in the several education districts at the end of 1911. Maori Children receiving Primary Education. (E.-3.—Tables H5 and Hsa.) At the end of 1911 there were 4,685 Maori children receiving instruction in public schools. The total number of Maoris under instruction in all primary schools was as follows :— At Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 4, 039 At Native mission schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 230 At public schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,685 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,954 This number does not include Maoris attending schools not under inspection or private schools subject to inspection ; of these no separate return is made. The classification of Maori children attending Native village schools will be found on page 29. The following table shows the age, sex, and classification of the Maoris attending public schools :—

Table Ca. —Maori Scholars attending Public Schools at the end of December Quarter, 1911.

Average Age of Maori Pupils in Various Classes. Average Age. Average Age. Yrs. mos. Yrs. mos. Class P. .. .. .. ..82 Class S4 .. .. .. .. 12 10 „ SI .. .. .. .. 10 4 „ S5 .. .. .. .. 13 7 „ S2 .. .. •• .. 11 2 „ S6 .. .. .. .. 14 4 „ S3 .. 12 0 „ S7 15 0 N.B.—For the purposes of this return, half-caste children and children intermediate in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori,

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Population, 5-15. Schools. England United States Queensland New South Wales Victoria Western Australia .. Tasmania New Zealand .. i 100 98 98 98 98 99 98 97 98 98 94 91 95 91 92 91

Class P. 81. S2. S3. 84. 85. Sβ. S7. To1 ;al. Years. I B i 7j 3 £ 3 B O I i B O § » 3 i o B 3 I i B Ss I i B b I a 7j 3 5 and under 6 .. 6 „ 7 .. 7 ,. 8 .. 8 „ 9 . . 9 „ 10 .. 10 „ 11 .. 11 „ 12 .. 12 „ 13 .. 13 „ 14 .. 14 „ 15 .. 15 and over 169 274 325 257 158 114 82 26 21 11 4 122 230 283 226 147 98 91 20 24 4 2 2 3 12 47 40 74 66 97 55 51 50 38 39 17 ! 19 11 5 .. ' 2 ! I • • 13 40 65 77 52 41 I 9 1 • ■ ! 3 8 47 63 54 44 25 2 2 15 36 60 60 47 9 5 1 7 28 50 29 24 6 3 2 4 20 41 30 23 6 2 7 19 33 27 12 7 • ■ 1 169 276 328 317 290 316 295 236 193 105 43 122 232 298 275 269 251 268 180 144 51 27 5 17 31 ! 22 11 3 14 : 16 I 14 9 2 6 18 13 1 1 8 8 2 i *2 3 2 Totals 1,441 1,245 340 J290 I 1298 248 232 148 126 107 87 56 39 20 5 3 2,568 2,117

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Number to whom has been granted a certificate of proficiency .. 29 „ „ competency in S6 .. 5 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..34 Number of schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance, 551. In the above table it is a matter of comment that so few Maori scholars reached the higher standards. A comparison between this table and that shown on page 29 will at once show that Native schools compare much better in this respect. The reason, no doubt, is that in a school where there are only one or two Maori children among a hundred or more Europeans the education of a Maori is apt to be left to take care of itself. Again, if the above table is compared with Table B, appearing on page 5, it will be noticed that over a third of the pupils of, say, twelve years and upwards in preparatory classes and Standard I are Maoris. While this is no doubt due in part to the fault referred to above, it is also to a great extent accountable by the fact that many Maoris, living in remote districts, never enter the walls of a school until they are ten or eleven years of age, or even older. No Native schools were handed over to Education Boards during the year, but the attendance of Maoris has risen considerably since last year. The policy is steadily followed of gradually transferring Native schools to the Boards as the extension of European settlement and the ability of the Maoris to speak English and to adapt themselves to European customs render the field suitable for the ordinary machinery of education. It is part of the same policy to assimilate the programme of work in Native schools as nearly as possible to that in public schools, and to make no distinction in point of salary between teachers in the two classes of schools. Europeans in Native Schools. (E.-3.— Table H4.) There were 518 European children attending Native village schools at the end of the year. Children intermediate in blood between half-caste and European are reckoned as European. The following table shows the age, sex, and classification, of these children : —

Table Cb. —European Scholars attending Native Schools at the end of December Quarter, 1911.

Private Primary Schools. By section 170 of the Education Act, 1908, the teachers or managers of any private primary school may apply to have the school inspected, and the school thereupon becomes " subject to inspection," and no education given to children between the ages of seven and fourteen is deemed efficient, so as to be legal ground for exemption from attendance at a public school, unless it is given at home or in a school subject to inspection. There is therefore indirectly a compulsion on all private primary schools to become subject to inspection. Such private schools

Class P. St. S2. S3. s. S5. Sβ. 17. Total. Years. I ■S ill 111 I £ .23 w 5 I i 3 1 s 5 and under 6 .. 6 „ 7 .. 7 „ 8 .. 8 „ 9 .. 9 „ 10 .. .0 „ 11 .. .1 „ 12 .. .2 „ 13 .. .3 „ 14 .. 4 „ 15 .. i5 and over 20 11 38 26 29 20 15 13 13 6 2 4 1 1 2 4 9 7 4 1 1 7 3 6 1 5 7 13 8 4 2 1 1 1 5 12 8 3 5 3 5 7 2 1 1 6 6 4 7 1 1 2 8 7 5 2 ] 1 6 11 3 1 5 3 5 2 2 3 5 8 6 2 1 1 10 5 7 2 2 1 3 3 6 2 20 40 38 37 37 22 26 25 17 16 8 11 28 28 21 31 28 27 21 21 12 4 i 2 io 4 4 3 1 Totals i 118 81 27 18 40 32 24 23 27 22 18 25 25 16 7 15 286 232

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are inspected by officers of Education Boards. The following are the particulars in regard to these schools for the year 1911 : — Total number of schools inspected .. .. .. .. .. 183 Total roll number .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,914 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 14,084 Total roll at annual examination .. .. .. .. .. 15,404 Number present at annual examination .. .. .. .. 14,233 Number present in preparatory classes .. .. .. 5,774 Number present in S6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 928 Number present in S7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 244 Number of proficiency certificates issued .. . . .. .. 581 Number of competency certificates issued . . .. .. .. 174 The standard of regularity of attendance was very satisfactory, being 88-5 per cent, of the total roll number. Classification and Examination. Table D is a summary for the whole Dominion of Table Dl in E.-2, which shows the numbers in the several classes for the various districts. The proportion of pupils in the preparatory classes is still steadily increasing. In 1909 it was 36-66 per cent., in 1910, 37-15 per cent, in 1911, 37-30 per cent.

Table D.—Classification of Pupils at Public Schools, December, 1911.

More detailed information in regard to the classification of pupils can be obtained on reference to Table B appearing on page 5. A study of this Table shows how much quicker girls pass through the standards than do boys. It will also be noticed that a larger proportion of girls than boys ramain in Standard VII. The following is a summary of the examination statistics for 1911: — Total roll at time of annual examination ... ... ... 162,536 Present at examination ... ... ... ... ... 155,244 Present in preparatory classes ... .... ... ... 56,770 Present in classes S6 ... ... ... ... ... 9,742 Present in classes S7 ... ... ... ... ... 1,757 Standard VI certificates gained, viz.,— Certificates of proficiency ... ... ... 7,212) Q ngn competency ... ... ... 1,808) y,u^u Details of these figures far each district are given in Table D 2 of the Primary Education Report. Average Age.— The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the two years 1910-11 were as follows :— 1910. 1911. Yrs. inos. Yrs. mos. Preparatory classes ... ... ... ... 7 0 7 1 Class SI ... ... ... ... ... ... 9 2 9 1 „ S2 ... ... ... ..■ •■■ ... 10 2 10 2 ~ S3 ... ... ... ... ... ... 11 3 11 3 ~ S4 ... ... ... ... ... ... 12 3 12 2 „ S5 ... ... ... .. . ... ... 13 1 13 2 „ S6 ... ... ... ... ... ... 14 0 13 11 „ S7 ... 15 0 15 0 Mean of average ages ... .. ... ... 910 9 9 Details for the several districts will be found in Table D 3 of E.-2.

Classes. I Boys. GirlB. Girls. Total. Percental Total. <es lor Five Years. Jlass P .. „ SI .. . 82.. „ S3 .. „ S4 .. „ 85.. ,,66.. „ 87.. 32,034 10,334 9,895 9,715 8,899 7,344 5,223 1,118 ; i 1907. J 1908. 28,266 60,300 | 31-11 34-27 9,610 i 19,944 ! 12-05 11-96 9,340 , 19,235 ! 12-10 11-61 9,019 ! 18,734 J 12-04 '' 11-98 8,044 16,943 11-46 11-20 6,756 ! 14,100 I 10-24 9-65 4,809 10,032 7-79 6-87 1,242 2,360 I 3-21 ' 2-46 1909. 1910. 3666 i 37-15 12-25 : 12-17 11-82 ', 11-94 11-34 ; 11-44 10-78 i 10-39 9-08 ' 9-10 6-56 6-16 1-51 ; 1-65 1911. 37-30 12-34 11-90 11-59 10-48 8-72 6-21 1-46 . i Totals.. 84,562 77,086 161,648 100-00 100-00 100-00 1100-00 100-00

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The Inspector-General of Schools has felt it his duty once more to bring under notice (see E.-2) the gradual increase in the proportion of children in preparatory .classes. During the year he has obtained fuller information on the subject, and has accordingly been enabled to define the position more accurately. He points out that, while the percentages of children on the school roll from 5 to 8 years of age have increased in the years 1905-11 from 29*8 to 31-4 the percentage on the roll of the preparatory classes has risen from 28*3 to 373, an increase of 9 per cent., as against I' 6. The following figures show how much more rapidly the number of pupils in preparatory classes has increased than those of five to eight years of age : — Roll. Children 5 to 8 Children in Years of Age. Preparatory Classes. 1905 ... ... ... ... ... ... 39,781 36,823 1911 ... ... ... ... .. ... 50,742 60,300 Increase ... ... ... ... ... 10,961 23,477 Several Boards consider that this exceptional increase is not an occasion for alarm or anxiety, as comparatively few pupils proceed to the secondary schools, and the long wait in the preparatory classes compels the average pupil to spend longer at school before reaching the standard of exemption. There can be no doubt, however, that from the point of view of the community at large no benefit can accrue by keeping back pupils capable of more advanced work. Table D 4 shows the number of pupils in each education district receiving instruction in the various subjects set forth in the syllabus. As reading, writing, arithmetic, English grammar, geography, elementary science and drawing, objectlessons and vocal music are compulsory subjects, and history must be taken unless the parent objects, no separate return has been prepared of these subjects. It may be of interest to compare the numbers doing nature-study, handwork, and elementary agriculture during the past five years. The total number doing handwork in 1910 and 1911 is not available, as the number has been split up under the headings of the various subjects included under the general title of handwork —viz., cookery, woodwork, needlework, elementary agriculture, and other branches of handwork. , Number of Pupils. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. Roll .. .. .. .. 141,071 147,428 152,416 156,324 161,648 Nature-study .. .. .. 122,660 128,716 134,651 136,341 129,796 Handwork .. .. .. .. 105,514 112,952 116,588 Elementary agriculture and dairy-work\ / 6,000 8,000 10,200 15,159 18,546 Cookery . . .. . . 1 J "g |.. .. .. 5,155 6,110 Woodwork .. .. .. pftl-f .. .. .. 5,532 6,742 Needlework .. .. .. i| § 53,789 55,065 55,911 54,606 57,968 Other branches of handwork .. Z o ?' .. .. .. 100,772 109,763 It will be seen from the above table that the number taking the various subjects of manual instruction has increased in every case, and in most cases more than proportionately to the increase in the roll number. Conveyance of Children. Conveyance by Rail. —Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools ; and at the beginning of 1909 the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid on this account for railway fares in the years 1910 and 1911 was as follows :— 1910. 1911. £ £ Primary pupils .. .. .. .. .. 4,961 4,753 Pupils attending— (a.) Secondary schools .. .. .. .. 2,323 2,308 (b.) District high schools.. .. .. .. 1,354 1,426 (c.) Technical schools .. .. .. .. 3,798 4,359 £12,436 £12,846

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Conveyance by Road and Water. —By section 44 (c) of the Education Act, Boards are empowered to arrange, where necessary, for the conveyance of children to and from school, and conveyance by road or water is accordingly arranged in districts where the population is widely scattered, and the necessary facilities for conveyance are obtainable. For children under ten living more than three miles away from school by the nearest road, and for children of ten and upwards living more than four miles away, the Department makes the Boards an allowance of 6d. for each return trip—that is, the conveyance of one child to and from school on one day. No claim is entertained in the case of children riding to school on horses or bicycles. The Taranaki, Grey, and Westland Boards did not arrange for conveyance. In the more closely settled districts of the South Island — North Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago, and Southland —this plan for conveyance was very much more widely adopted than in any other district in New Zealand. The total amount paid in 1911 to ten Education Boards for conveyance byroad and water amounted to £4,297, as against £3,322 in the previous year. The total amount paid for conveyance of pupils to public Lcliools in 1911 by rail, road, and water was therefore £17,143, as against £15,758 in 1910. Board of School-children. —In aid of the board of any child who, on account of distance or the absence of roads, has to live away from home in order to attend a public school, an allowance of 2s. 6d. per week is similarly made. In 1911 £354 was paid for the board of school-children, as against £269 in 1910. Free Class-books. The system of free class-books has now been in operation for four years. The preparatory classes and Standards I and II were supplied during 1909, Standard 111 during 1910, Standard IV during 1911, and last session a sum was included in the vote for elementary education to defray the cost of books to be supplied to Standards V and VI, and also to replace books in all standards as they are worn out. In deference to representations that some teachers considered it desirable that pupils should have a reading-book for home preparation, Boards were given the option of (1) supplying the miscellaneous readers free to pupils, or (2) requiring the pupils to provide the miscellaneous readers (except in necessitous cases orjan cases where a newly entered pupil has already purchased a different miscellaneous reader), and under certain conditions supplying in lieu thereof paper to be used in school instead of slates. The conditions of the grants provide also that after provision has been made for the supply of specified class-books, the balance of the grant may be spent on approved books for libraries suitable for class reading or for individual reading in school or at home. As the grants are on a liberal scale Boards should be able to provide schools with suitable class or school libraries, which should foster in the pupils a desire for reading. The " School Journal " and other Publications, Charts, &c. The School Journal has now completed its fifth year of issue, the first number being published in May, 1907. It is published in three parts—viz., Part I (sixteen pages) for Classes I and II; Part II (sixteen pages) for Classes 111 and IV ; and Part 111 (thirty-two pages) for Classes V and VI. There are no issues for the months of December and January, but the November number is enlarged to provide readingmatter until the schools close, about the middle of December. Public schools, Native schools, special schools (such as industrial schools), and certain other institutions more or less under departmental control or supervision are supplied free with a number of copies sufficient to provide each pupil in the standard classes with a copy of the appropriate part. An increasing number of private schools purchase copies at the rate of Jd. per copy for Part I, and Id. per copy for each of Parts II and 111. While the School Journal aims primarily at being instructive rather than recreative, there is ample evidence that each monthly number is eagerly looked for and

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welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and love of reading not in the school only, but also in the home. It is gratifying to note also that the Journal is meeting with appreciation beyond New Zealand, and particularly in Canada, where Earl Grey, late Governor- . General, has succeeded in inducing the educational authorities of some of the provinces to undertake the publication of school-papers similar to the New Zealand School Journal. In addition to containing well-defined series of articles on geography, history, nature-knowledge, &c, the Journal gives due attention to current topics of more than local importance, to striking events in current history, to important developments in modern discovery and invention, as well as to the recurrent topics of Arbor Day, Empire Day, &c. The Journal is regularly illustrated; but, in addition to the illustrations appearing in its pages, pictures and prints illustrating geography, history, and naturestudy are being issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects. Up to the present time the following series have appeared : Twenty-four pictures illustrating great British battles ; forty illustrations of New Zealand flora ; twenty-four of New Zealand geography ; eight dealing with the lives of Captain Cook and Lord Nelson ; twenty-eight of the geography of the British Isles ; twenty illustrating life on H.M.S. " New Zealand " ; twenty-four dealing geographically, historically, and ethnologically with South Africa ; seventytwo which form part of a comprehensive series dealing with British history ; fiftysix illustrating the countries of Europe geographically and historically ; and also a coloured wall-sheet illustrating the lives of Lord Nelson and Captain Cook. During the year the Department has issued to schools a chart showing a method of -estoring animation to the apparently drowned (prepared by the Health Department), and published a special report on the teaching of English in secondary schools (a reprint of a circular issued by the Board of Education, England) and also a pamphlet entitled "An account of the education system of the Dominion." Among the publications of general interest that will be issued shortly are " A Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," by H. Suter ; " Geology of New Zealand," by Dr. P. Marshall; and plates of New Zealand flora, published in connection with Cheeseman's " Manual of New Zealand Flora." The departmental library contains a large number of educational books and papers, most of which are available on loan to Inspectors, teachers of primary or secondary schools, and others interested in education. Staffs of Public Schools. (E.-2.—Table El and F3.) The number of the teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools, in December, 1910, and December, 1911, respectively, was as follows :— Table E. —Number of Teachers employed. Adults— 1910. 1911. Men .. .. ' .. .. .. .. 1,456 1,493 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,252 2,351 Total .. .. .. .. .. 3,708 3,844 Pupil-teachers— Male .. .. .. .. .. ..174 179 Female 526 528 Total .. .. .. .. .. 700* 707f All teachers — Male 1,630 1,672 Female .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,778 2,879 Total 4,408 4,551

* Exclusive of 32 male and 151 female probationers. t Exclusive of 41 male and 178 female probationers.

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The number of adult teachers may be further summarized thus :— Heads of schools — 1910. 1911. Men .. .. .. .. .. ..712 728 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 72 85 784 813 Sole teachers — Men .. .. .. .. .. ..445 452 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 793 814 1,238 1,266 Assistant teachers — —-—— Men .. .. .. .. .. ..299 313 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,387 1,452 1,686 1,765 Of the sole teachers, 102 men and 370 women, total 472, were employed in schools of less than 16 in average attendance ; the average number of children per teacher being 10-05. The average number of children per teacher in the remaining sole-teacher schools —that is, schools with 16 to 35 in average attendance—was 23-77. It will be seen on referring to the remarks in this report under the head, " Number of Schools " (page 4), that there were 1,336 sole-teacher schools. The difference (70) between this number and the number of sole teachers shown above is accounted for by the fact that 116 half-time schools (in charge of 58 sole teachers) and 12 side schools have been counted separately as sole-teacher schools. In schools with two or more teachers —that is, schools of Grade IV and upwards —we find that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, reckoning two pupilteachers as equivalent to one adult, was 40*22. With the same assumption we find that the average for all schools was 33*62, and for all schools, omitting those below Grade 11, 36-61. The following figures show the ratio of males to females, adult teachers and pupil teachers being considered separately. For purposes of comparison the figures for the previous years are also given : — 1909. 1910. 1911. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with one to fifteen scholars .. .. .. .. 100 : 359 100 : 325 100 : 362 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with more than fifteen scholars .. .. .. .. 100 : 140 100 : 141 100 : 142 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, all schools .. .. .. 100 : 157 100 : 155 100 : 157 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers .. .. .. 100 : 319 100 : 302 100 : 295 Ratio of male to female teachers, all schools 100:174 100:170 100:172 From the above table it will be seen that the proportion of males to females is by no means small, except in the cases of pupil-teachers and sole teachers of small schools. The figures in regard to pupil-teachers show conclusively that a much larger percentage of females enter the service than males ; but a great number of these female pupil-teachers leave before completing their period of training. In regard to the large proportion of female teachers to males in Grade 0 and Grade I schools, the maximum salary payable to teachers of such schools is £120, and Education Boards have always found extreme difficulty in procuring suitable male teachers to fill such positions. Indeed, many educationists hold the view that women teachers are more suited to take charge of small schools than are men; for in such schools one-half of the pupils on the average are girls, and, of the boys, half are under ten years of age, and both these groups are consequently more easily and sympathetically managed by a woman teacher; thus 75 per cent, of the average number in attendance at a sole-teacher school are more suited to instruction by a woman teacher than by a male.

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If we take into consideration the corresponding proportion for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of part-time teachers), and for students in training colleges respectively, we have:— Number of Women Teachers or Students 'per Hundred Men Teachers or Students (omitting Teachers of Schools with 15 or less in Average Attendance). 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. Adult primary teachers .. 125 124 126 140 141 142 Pupil-teachers .. ..339 277 296 319 302 295 Secondary teachers 80 77 76 82 85 84 Training-college students .. 350 315 285 280 219 197 All teachers and students 148 142 144 158 156 155 In other words, out of a total of 4,814 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession, there were, in 1911, 1,889 men and 2,925 women. It will be interesting to see how these figures compare with those from othei parts of the world—England, Scotland, and the United States, for instance. In comparing this Dominion with such old-established countries, it is necessary to bear in mind that in the latter, the population being comparatively dense and the means of communication—the roads and railways—being more complete and efficacious, there are few schools corresponding to our Grade 0 or Grade I schools. Accordingly such schools are not taken into consideration in the New Zealand figures. England. Scotland. United States. New Zealand. Adult primary teachers. . .. 314 245 368 142 Pupil-teachers .. ..313 449 * 295 Secondary teachers .. 95 * 121 84 Training-college students .. 211 389 365 197 * Figures not available. Full details of the primary staffs of the public schools in the several education districts is given in Table El of the Primary Education Report. The relieving - teachers appointed by the several Education Boards are not included in this table, nor in the summary above, but will be found in Table F3 of the Appendix of the same report. Including all grades of schools, the average number of pupils per teacher is 34, if we take into consideration both pupil-teachers and adults. Table El gives details for the vaiious education districts. In spite of the very considerable improvement in the staffing of New Zealand schools as a result of the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, there is no doubt that there is still much room for improvement in the staffing of the larger schools. Counting only schools having an average attendance of over 200, we have the following results : (1) If pupil-teachers are altogether left out of consideration, and only adult teachers are counted, we find that each adult teacher is in charge of an average number of 58*4 children. Obviously, however, this is not a fair method of calculation. (2.) A much fairer method is to count two pupil-teachers as one adult. We then find that, each adult teacher is in charge of 48 - 3 children. (3.) If pupil-teachers and adults are both counted together, each teacher is found to be in charge of 41-2 children. The second method of calculation is undoubtedly the only fair method. A comparison with the staffing in countries generally considered to be most advanced in education emphasizes the fact above stated —viz., that there is considerable room for improvement in the staffing of the larger schools. It must, of course, be borne in mind that all schools in these countries are taken into consideration, while in New Zealand only the large schools are counted. The rural school in England is very different from the rural school in New Zealand ; it approaches the rank of a suburban school in this Dominion. Were it possible to eliminate from consideration all schools with an average attendance of under 200, it would be found that the average number of pupils per teacher in England and elsewhere would increase considerably, but the available reports are not sufficiently full to enable this to be done.

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Average Number of Children per Adult Teacher (counting Two Pupil-teachers as One Adult). London (County Council schools) .. .. .. .. .. 39-0 ** England (Board of Education schools) .. .. .. .. .. 32-5 Wales (Board of Education schools) .. .. .. .. .. 28-3 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38-1 New York City .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34-6 Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 42-7 United States .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25-0 New Zealand (in schools, 201-700) .. .. .. .. .. 48-3 • Salaries of Public-school Teachers. The total amount of all salaries and allowances (as at 31st December, 1911) was £631,251. This includes pupil-teachers' salaries and allowances, £35,419 ; probationers' salaries and allowances, £8,395 ; also house allowances to head or sole teachers who had no residence provided, £15,370; but the total does not include the corresponding amounts saved in rent where houses are provided, estimated at £ - 26,600. The average rates of salary for adult teachers in public primary schools were,— (1.) All schools — (a.) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents where £ a. d. residences are provided ... ... ... ... 148 16 5 (b.) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents ... 159 14 9 (2.) Schools with average attendance over fifteen— (a.) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents ... 158 14 6 Namely, men ... ... ... ... ... 204 3 4 women ... ... ... ... ... 126 16 3 (b.) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents ... 170 3 8 Namely, men ... ■•• ... ... ... 225 1 7 women ... ... .. ... ... 131 4 1 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. (See also E.-2, Tables E2 and E3.) Table E2, in the Report E.-2, gives the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers respectively on 31st December, 1911, exclusive of secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools. It is safe to say that the number of these latter holding certificates is very much larger now than in the past. The following summary of Table E2 shows the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers in each of the years 1906 to 1911 respectively : —

Primary Teachers in all Public Schools (Secondary Departments of District High Schools excluded), 1911.

3—E. 1.

[ 1906. 1907. 1908. : 1909. 1910. J 1911. f I. Certificated teachers — Adults .. .. ..'".. Pupil-teachers !. I 2.412 6 2.412 6 2,422 14 2,451 ! 2,593 2 I 1 2,663 2,783 Totals 2,418 2,418 2,436 2,453 2,594 2,663 2,783 II. Uncertificated teachers — (a.) Holding partial qualifications— (i.) Holders of licenses (ii.) Others partially qualified 227 134 227 134 178 142 99 167 68 264 56 259 71 285 Total of (a) (b.) Having no recognized examination status 361 428 361 428 320 545 266 635 332 689 315 730 356 705 Total number of uncertificated teachers 789 789 865 901 1,021 1,045 1,061 Total of I and II . . 3,207 3,301 3,354 3,615 3,708 3,844

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It will be noticed that the number of certificated teachers has increased during the year by 120, and that the number holding partial qualifications has likewise increased by 41, whereas the number having no recognized examination status whatever has decreased by 25. This hearty and genuine attempt of teachers to improve their status is most encouraging. It may be set down to three causes :— (1.) Parliament last year voted £1,000 for the establishment at suitable centres of training classes, held in subjects essential to the award of a teachers' certificate and for the maintenance of a system of tuition by correspondence applicable to the cases of teachers who were too remote from any convenient centre or whose requirements in individual subjects were not such as could be dealt with collectively. The grant was notified last year at rather too late a date to enable due advantage to be taken by teachers of the increased facilities offered, but it is hoped that full advantages of it will be taken during the current year (1912). (2.) Education Boards have of late shown an increasing desire to dispose of the services of teachers who have made no attempt to improve their status. (3.) Thanks to the improvements made of recent years in staffs and salaries, the growing tendency among teachers, evidenced in other countries, to leave the ranks of the teaching profession for some more remunerative sphere of employment is not nearly so marked in this Dominion. It was pointed out in several of the reports of Education Boards (reprinted in Appendix A of E.-2) that it is impossible to expect teachers of schools of Grades 0 and I to qualify for teachers' certificates. Whatever soundness there may be in this statement, it is certainly true that only about a quarter of such teachers are certificated. Omitting teachers of schools with average attendance of 15 or less, we get the following comparison : —

Primary Teachers in Public Schools with an Average Attendance of 16 and upwards, 1911.

The above figures do not include teachers in the secondary departments of district high schools, the great majority of whom are fully certificated teachers. Below is printed a summary of Table E3, including all certificated teachers employed by Education Boards, whether engaged in primary work or in the secondary departments of district high schools, arranged according to sex and class of certificate held. It is to be noted that there is now no examination for E certificate.

1905. 1909. 1910. 1911. I. Certificated 2,460 2,524 2,608 2,723 I. Uncertificated — (a.) Partially qualified .. (6.) Without status .. I 329 163 272 353 262 383 277 374 — 492 625 645 - 651 Totals 2,952 2,952 3,149 3,253 3,374 Percentages — I. Certificated 83'3 80-2 80-2 80-7 II. (a.) Partially qualified .. (6.) Without status .. 11-1 5-6 — 16-7 8-6 11-2 8-0 11-8 8-2 11-] 19-8 19-8 19-3 Totals .. 100 100 100 100 I

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Holders of Teachers Certificates in the Service of Education Boards at 31st December, 1910, and at 31st December, 1911.

The following table gives a comparative view of the number of persons holding certificates who were employed in all forms of public instruction on the 30th June of the years named: —

Comparative Table of Certificates held by Persons employed in Public Instruction as at the 30th June-

It is satisfactory to note that the total increase in the number of certificated teachers is entirely due to the increase in the number of certificates of the three higher classes, A, B, C. Training of Teachers. (See also E.-2, Appendix D, Tables PI to P5.) The four training colleges in the chief centres of population all had approximately their full number of students during the year. Of the 389 students in attendance 339 had already completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entering the training college, or had obtained a University degree or taken a two-years course at an agricultural college (Division A students) ; forty-three had qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or some higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience (Division B students) ; and seven, although they had not qualified by examination, had been teaching in small schools for two years or more (Division C students). The number of the division first mentioned above has shown an increase of 20 per cent, during the year, this increase being compensated by a corresponding decrease in the other divisions. This is very satisfactory, and entirely in accord with the intentions of the Government. Of the total of 389 students, 131 were men and 258 were women. The following table shows the percentages for the past three years :—

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1910. 1911. A B C !) B i (Mass of Certificate. M. F. Total. I 29 11 j 40 154 62 216 .. 405 227 632 532 837 i 1,369 95 393 488 M. 20 172 419 505 84 / " F. 3 47 280 887 366 Total. 23 219 699 1,392 450 Total .. .. i 1,215 I 1,530 i 2,745 I ] ! 1,200 I 1,583 2,783 i

Number of Teachers holding Certificates. Glass. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. A B C D E Total, A, B, C, and D .. 86 87 94 99 105 1L6 119 201 208 232 266 300 352 392 197 294 415 544 648 761 939 1,650 1,593 1,479 1,412 1,420 1,486 1,488 721 642 595 555 522 | 480 441 2,134 2,182 2,220 2,351 2,473 2,715 2,938 ») A, B, C, D, and E 2,855 2,824 : 2,815 2,906 2,995 i I 3,195 3,379

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Percentages of Male and Female Students. Males. females. -• For the year 1909 .. .. .. .. .. 26-33 73-67 1910 .. .. .. .. V. 31-32 68-68 1911 .. .. .. .: .. 33-67 66-33 It will thus be seen that the proportion of men to women is gradually increasing, and in view of the fact that men on the average remain very much longer in the service than women, it is considered that the relative number of the sexes within the training colleges is such as fully to secure an adequate proportion of men on the teaching staffs of the schools. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available. By regulation it is provided that each normal school shall include (a) a main school, organized as a district high school, and having an average attendance of not more than 450 pupils, and (b) a " model school," arranged on the lines of. a small rural school, with an average attendance of thirty-five to forty. If the Minister approves, there may be (c) a second "model school," organized as a rural school with, an average attendance of seventy to eighty, as a junior school with thirty-five to forty children of a standard not higher than S2, or as a rural school with thirty-five to forty children in attendance and under the charge of a sole teacher ; and (d) a junior kindergarten class containing not more than forty children between the ages of three and five. For the secondary department of the main school a maximum attendance of not more than fifty is permitted. The following shows the actual average attendance at the normal schools in each case : —

The following information is summarized from tables appearing in Appendix D of E.-2, the primary education report: — Table P2 shows the University work undertaken by students. At the University college students are required to take at least a course in English in addition to the lectures on education given by the Principals of the training colleges, who for this purpose are recognized as members of the University college staff. Any other University work undertaken varies greatly according to the aims and educational status of individual students, but is necessarily subordinated to the aims and requirements of their special professional training, and the due relation of the two claims (which at times appear to conflict with one another) constitutes one of the chief problems of organization with which the principals of training colleges have to deal. Of such work, Latin, mathematics, and mental science seemed most generally taken by students. Ninety-nine students of the Auckland Training College took a course of voice-production at the University. Table P3 contains parallel facts for special classes of professional training for which provision has been made within the training college itself or in intimate connection with it. It deals only with students who are in their second year of training. Methods of teaching, elementary handwork and kindergarten, agriculture, and drawing were taken by almost all the students. In some other subjects, such as public-school science, drill and physical culture, and vocal music, practically every student took a course either in his first or second year. Table P4 classifies the students, and shows the qualification on which they were admitted into the training college. Table P5 shows their examination status at the end of their first and second years. The analysis is of special interest at the present

Main School (exclusive of Model Secondary Schools and Second- Department, ary Department). Model Junior School Model Soh ° o1 school (p t(j g2) ! ™" ~' Auckland Wellington Christchurch Dunedin 378 34 267 37 408 14 440 31 31 24 29 35 33 36

21

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time, in view of the recent abandonment of general certificate examination tests for training-college students after their admission, and the substitution therefor of 'evidence otherwise furnished of the satisfactory completion of a training-college course as prescribed by the regulations. Five students at admission held Class C ■certificates, and 114 Class D. By the end of the year one student held a Class A certificate, eleven a Class B, 121 a Class C, and 158 a Class D. As has already been remarked, the regulations were revised at the beginning of the current year, and make several important changes in the work of the training college. Provision is made for the grant of training-college certificates on the principle stated, for some increase to the staff, for the addition of a second " model school " of one or other of a variety of types with a view to improve the student's opportunities of observation and teaching, and for the admission on special terms of a certain number of graduate students who are prepared during one year of attendance to devote their whole attention to subjects of professional study and practice. The following table shows the number of male and female students in training in each of the four training colleges :— , 1910. , , 1911. , Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 41 59 100 37 64 101 Wellington ...'... ... 26 70 96 31 65 96 Christchurch ... ... ... 20 66 86 23 72 95 Dunedin ... . ... 32 66 98 40 57 97 Totals ... ... 119 261 380 131 258 389 The following is a summary of Table P5 : — Number of Students in Attendance in 1911 who qualified by Examination for a Certificate of First-year students— Class A. Class B. Class C. Class D. Division A ... ... ... ■ 1 4 16 106 Division B ... ... ... 3 9 Second-year students— Division A ... ... 5 90 40 Division B ... ... 2 12 3 1 11 121 158 The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1910 and 1911 for the training of teachers were as follows :— I. "Training colleges,— 1910 1911 Salaries of staffs (half charged to public-school £' £ £ £ salaries) ... ... ... ... 6,533 6,723 Students'allowances ... ... ... 17,667 18,495 University fees of students ... ... 2,589 2,903 Libraries ... ... ... 43 26 Apparatus ... ... ... ... 124 13 Buildings ... ... ... ... 4,896 900 31,852 ' 29,060 11. Other training,— Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students ... ... 1,735 2,115 Eailway fares of teachers and instructors ... 2,778 3,477 4,513 5,592 Totals ... ... ... £36,365 £34,652 Finances op Education Boards. (See also E.-2.—Tables Fl to Fl2.i 1. General Survey of the Finances of Education Boards. Table F is a summary of the income and expenditure, and of the assets and liabilities of the various Education Boards for the calendar year 1911. Full information for each district can be obtained on reference to Appendix A of E.-2, or to tables Fl and F2 published in the same report.

X—l

Table F.—Summary of the Receipts and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Education Boards for the Year 1911.

22

As at 1st January. Cash Transactions daring Year. Transfers. As at 31st December. Receipts. r °- Name of Account. Balances. Deficits. From ~ Ifrom Expenditure. Debit. Credit. Balances. Deficits. , T . MMM Government. Revenue. other Sources. Assets - Liabilities. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) £ s. d. £ s. Cti £ s. d. £ s. d. £ a. d. ; £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. . £ s d £ 3 d 1 Salaries of teachers (exclusive of second- | 6,918 12 2 .. 543,915 19 4|46,776 16 7 57 1 8 ;608,957 17 7 :7,277 11 1 .. .. 4,011 16 9 3,273 1 2 885 10 3 ary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total I cost of the training-college staff 2 Teachers' house allowances .. .. .. 133 14 10| 14,991 11 2 .. 6 11 9 15,106 15 5 111 10 8 130 16 8 219 11 11 20 10 t 3 Salaries of relieving-teachers.. .. .. 2,008 9 5 1 3,523 16 10 .. 2 10 0 3,412 12 11 .. .. .. i 1,894 15 6 0 16 0 4 Conveyance of school-children .. .. 458 3 1 4,257 4 111 .. 0 17 0 3,967 18 11 [ 15 2 o' .. 'l54 19 7 941 15 3 814 11 2 5 Board of school-children .. . . .. .. 372 10 0J .. .. 347 5 0 0 7 6 . 2 10 0' 108 0 0 107 12 6 6 Free school-books .. .. .. .. 430 10 1 2,912 9 3 .'. 16 0 4,956 10 .. .. ]'. 2,472 15 10: 2,737 13 3! 241 19 9 7 J General administration .. .. 31,846 14 4; .. : 88,267 18 1 111 12 3 446 19 8 .. 4,679 3 6 9,356 4 t 30,063 8 1 .. 695 3 4! 2,429 4 2 (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (in .. .. .. .. 11 13 10 : 42,830 16 10 .. .. .. ',539 17 g terms of the Order in Council of 13th February, 1911, but exclusive of cost of works paid ; for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading) (b.) Office staff (including Secretary, .. .. .. ..; .. ; 28,913 9 10 : .. Inspectors, &c), salaries, and j clerical assistance (as in Return So. 4) (c.) Office contingencies (as in Re- .. .. .. .. 2 8 0 14,290 15 7 turn No. 4) (d.) Refunds and sundries.. .. j .. .. .. .. 399 15 9 ! 317 11 (e.) Unclassified items grouped .. .. .. .. .. 474 13 9 ! 469 3 2.. .. \[ \[ 285 0 0| 223 0 2 : Training colleges — 8 ; Salaries of staff (half of the total cost "j \l 6,684 16 111 .. .. 6,754 3 4"| \f 227 19 0' 12 10 0 9 I Allowances for students .. .. \y .. j 2,197 7 7N20.465 11 1 .. .. 20,471 13 4 Ul,669 19 l! 50 0 01 I 1 375 13 7J 273 17 2 204 7 11 10 I Incidental expenses .. .. J - ( 1,043 15 1 .. .. 1,766 11 6J i 743 14 4 : Secondary education — 11 ; Scholarships — Board .. .. .. | .. 1,543 14 9 9,781 8 5; .. 11 5 0 9,243 16 5 i 32 15 21 351 17 11 .. i 1,314 0 1 375 3 50 9 11 12: National .. .. .. .. 337 11 1 2,979 17 10 .. 0 12 0 i 3,184 9 6 .. .. .. 541 10 9 635 2 1 32 10 0 13 Special . . .. .. 268 10 10i .. 25 0 0 .. 220 0 0 j 236 3 0 .. .. 277 13 io! .. 12 10 0 277 13 10 District High Schools — 14 Salaries of staffs of secondary depart- : .. : 438 8 0 ; 16,874 14 llj .:. 37 1 8 ! 16,923 2 7 ' 550 12 9 : .. 100 18 9 ! 30 16 0 212 1 ■> tnents General purposes — 15 ; (a.) Voluntary contributions and h f ],683 12 5 .. 1,886 18 2 j 2,805 11 9"| subsidies I 16 ! (6.) Fees from pupils .. ..h-1,217 13 4J .. .. .. 174 14 0 ] 16 10 9 J- .. 845 Oil! 1,365 1 5 .. 227 18 lol 1 086 16 it 17 J (c.) High School Boards' grants .. I .. .. 279 10 0 160 3 1 {d.) Special Instructors .. ..' .. .. .. 5000J Cash Transactions during Year. '■ Transfers. Receipts. ■■ o. 2 3 4 5 7

23

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I i » Manual and technical — School classes — 18 ! Capitation 19 I Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies Special and associated classes — 20 Capitation 21 Material 22 Voluntary contributions and bequests and subsidies 23 Fees from pupils at special classes 24 Free-place holders 25 Training of teachers 26 : Direction and administration (school and special classes) 26a Sundry items unclassified .. : Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, I rent — 27 ! Maintenance and small additions (a), \ and ordinary rebuilding (6) f 28 : Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire 29 j Rents of buildings and sites for school purposes New buildings, furniture, additions, sites — 30 ] Public schools 31 i Manual instruction 32 Technical instruction 33 Rent of buildings for manual-instruc-tion purposes 34 ■ Rent of buildings for technical-instruc-tion purposes 35 J Sites —sales j Other separate accounts — Contractors' deposits Wanganui School sites Rees Bequest Fund Other separate accounts Totals .. >1,524 0 4! .. -j J I 19.817 9 4 469 14 8 21,254 17 3 1,558 10 3 3,175 17 6| 7,760 11 d 2,596 9 8 57 17 9i 1,112 7 2 20.588 3 8H 1,003 3 6 411 9 101 328 9 2 23,780 7 10| 273 15 6 1,900 4 7 1,034 9 7 3,596 3 6 5-5,023 2 6 5.663 13 1 3,656 9 6| 572 8 5 38 4 0 5,165 3 11 10 9 4j 2,620 1 7 12 0 7 6,456 3 3 73 1 0! 104 10 6 .. 1 13 9 i Kin k J '(a)47,803 10 6h 1,510 5 3 J 6) ' 6 ; 773 u o i 316 13 3 7,505 4 ll| j>7,028 17 1112,655 13 2J 114 3 9 2,674 15 7! j j 12 19 7 31,511 2 6 64 10 6 80,132 13 3 .. 27,903 11 7 9,762 19 0 1 13 9 ■ 165,394 5 11 .. ■{ . 72,529 0 0 7,835 9 3 2,816 16 1 25,328 7 li 37,205 0 4 U,682 18 7 ■• \ 6,329 16 5 i 50,725 11 3 5,386 0 4 7,039 16 1 40 0 0 614 6 4i 1,241 6 o] 410 17 11! 54,711 14 4 7,515 10 7 5,469 17 4 706 0 5 9,244 12 10 "I 227 5 8 18,269 15 10 | 140 14 2 I 793 lg j 127 u j 131 14 0 814 10 4] 293 17 9 2,508 11 3 .. 120 0 0 2,232 3 3 2,134 11 3; .. 21 8 0 632 10 11 9,847 7 7! 132 14 1 249 16 0| 19 65 77 0] .. 540 38,734 12 3 29,463 3 1 6,975 7 9 10,608 9 10 I 7,423 3 11 885 4 9 804 3 9 ; 8,774 5 2 2,589 15 9 78 5 3 19,045 13J i 12,088 4 387 10 < 727 19 9 440 11 6 2,706 17 8! 64 2 10 I 7 7 0 I 784 3 117,794 7 051,082 15 7 928,707 6 6 46,888 8 H 18,284 0 31,013,063 5 3 34,683 8 10 34,683 8 10 115.412 0 173,883 18 4112,159 13 8 [74,035 13 1( £ s i. a. L911 66,711 1 1 5 Net bank balance at beginning of year 1911 Net bank balance at end of year 1911 41,528 1 9

E.—-1

24

In the case of conveyance and board of school-children, free school-books, and scholarships, it will be noticed that the balance or deficit at the end of the year is accounted for by a corresponding liability or asset. For the above items, and for teachers'.salaries and house allowances the Department makes grants to cover the -actual cost. The unclassified items grouped under heading 7 (c) include the following : Income —Rents (Hawke's Bay and South Canterbury), £188 Bs. 6d. ; school material (Nelson), £73 18s. ; interest on fixed deposits (South Canterbury), £80. Expenditure —Motor-cycle for Truant Officer (Wanganui) (to be refunded), £77 10s. ; truancy expenses (Marlborough), £62 ; school material (Nelson), £45 9s. 3d. ; gymnastic instructor (Otago), £136 10s. Id. It will be noticed that transfers have been made to the extent of £34,683. This sum represents the actual amounts transferred in the separate balance-sheets presented by the Boards, but a glance at Table F will show that the net total of the transfers is very much less. For instance, referring to " Manual and Technical Instruction," we find that £5,663 was transferred to other items, and £5,023 was transferred from other items, the net transfer being thus only £640. The question of transfers from item to item, depending as it does on the individual discretion of the Secretaries to the Boards, must always be a somewhat vexed one. In the first place, all moneys received by a Board from any source whatever are, under section 50 of the Education Act, payable into one account—the Education Board Account ; but such funds must, in the main, be expended for the purposes for which they were voted by Parliament, and paid over by the Department. It is only reasonable, however, that Boards should transfer to their Administration Account a fair percentage of the money expended under, for instance, the Manual and Technical Account, for such a transfer might fairly be expected to cover the cost of administration in such a case. Table F3* shows the salaries and allowances paid to officers of Education Boards other than teachers. Tables F4 and F5 give a summary of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards from 1877 to 1911. Excluding the expenditure on buildings, which is dealt with separately below, the following summary shows the chief items of expenditure for the past four years : — 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. £ £ £ £ Board's administration .. .. .. 39,730 42,392 41,396 43,697 Incidental expenses of schools . . . . 38,077 40,374 37,394 42,83] Teachers' salariesf .. .. .. 489,042 554,012 582,288 608,958 Training colleges .. .. .. 19,949 22,425 27,467 28,992 Scholarships and district high schools .. 31,892 32,136 32,811 32,620 Manual and technical instruction . . .. 48,212 47,927 56,049 65,195 The increase in the expenditure on teachers' salaries is due partly to the increased number of children under instruction, and partly to the yearly increment of £5 in teachers' salaries provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act, 1908. It is anticipated that there will be a still more noticeable increase this year (1912) owing to the replacement of most j}f the pupil-teachers in schools with an attendance of 81 to 160 by adult assistants. The increase, in the manual and technical expenditure must be attributed to the increased number of students, the establishment of day technical schools to replace the day classes previously conducted at the schools, and the rural courses given in many of the district high schools. The following table shows the proportion of expenditure on administration to the whole expenditure, and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through the School Committees), the figures for the five years previous being also entered for purposes of comparison : — Boards. Committees. Total. 1906 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-5 4-8 9-3 1907 .J .. ... .. ...... 4-7 4'B 95 1908 ... .. .. .. .. .. 4-7 4-5 9-2 1909 .. .. .... .. ... 4-6 4-4 9-0 1910 .. '" .. .. ... .. ' ... 4-5 4-0 8-5 '' ' 1911 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-3 4-2 8-5

* In E.-2, Primary Education Report, t House allowances excluded.

25

E.—l

Generally speaking, the percentage of expenditure on administration tends to decrease, although a reference to the previous table will at once show that the actual amount spent on administration by Boards and School Committees was considerably more in. 1911 than in any of the previous years. The corresponding percentages for the several Education Boards are printed in Table Fl2 of E.--2. As is to be expected, the ratio of expenses of administration to the whole expenditure is highest in the smallest district (8-3) and lowest in the largest (3-7). It would appear at first sight that Boards were not in December, 1911, on so firm a financial footing as in December, 1910, as the total net bank balances decreased from £66,712 to £41,528. As a matter of fact, however, about £19,000 of this difference is due to the fact that Land Boards have not followed the practice of School Commissioners of making the December quarter payments before the end of the calendar year. As in 1910, only one Board had an overdraft. 2. General Account. For convenience, the funds of Education Boards may be roughly divided into two classes—those granted for building purposes, and those not so granted. The latter class will hereafter be called the General Account, and consists of all items in Table F, except Nos. 2, 27-35, and contractors' deposits, these constituting the Building Account. . : Table F6 shows the cash assets and liabilities of the Boards on the General Account. These may be summarized thus : — General Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1911. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts .. .. .. 1.323 Cash .. .. .. .. 24,057 Due to Government .. .. "22 Due from all sources .. ~ 43,078 Other liabilities .. .. .. 16,259 Deficits .. .. .. .. 126 Balances .. .. .. ..48,957 £67,26] £67,261 Taking into consideration cash, assets, and liabilities, the General Account of every Education Board, with the exception of one, was in credit at the end of the year 1911 ; the Nelson Education Board had a deficit on its General Account of £126. The total net credit balance on these accounts for the last three years is shown as follows : — Balances. Deficits. Net Balances. £ £ £ 1909 .. •• ■• 28,167 Nil 28,167 1910 .. ..30,850 563 30,287 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .48,957 126 48,831 The position of this account has therefore shown remarkable improvement since the previous year; indeed in two years the balance has increased by £20,000. Only two Boards showed a decrease in their credit balance, and one, which was in debit last year, has managed to considerably reduce the deficit. The total increases over last year amounted to £18,897, and the decreases to £353, a net increase of £18,544. The largest increase was shown by the Auckland Board —£4,111. Auckland also shows the largest credit balance—£ll,372. The next in order are Wanganui, £8,414; Wellington, £5,284 ; Southland, £5,279 ; Otago, £4,831 ; and Hawke's Bay, £4,592. 3. Buildings Account. The Buildings Account refers to moneys granted for two purposes, which by parliamentary appropriation and by the terms of the grants made by the Department are quite distinct, namely,— (a.) Moneys granted for the general maintenance and replacement of school buildings out of the Consolidated Fund, and additional sums paid for the rebuilding of schools destroyed by fire, and for the rent of temporary premises during such rebuilding ;

4—E. 1.

E.—l

26

(b.) Moneys appropriated by Parliament and granted out of the Public Works Fund specially for the erection of new schools and the extension of existing schools rendered necessary by increased attendance, and for building teachers' residences in certain cases where suitable houses cannot be rented. The moneys so granted in the year 1911 for the respective purposes named are shown in Tables F7, FB, and F9. Table FlO shows the assets and liabilities of the Boards on the combined buildings accounts. The following is a summary : — Combined Buildings Account (a) and (b), all Boards, 31st December, 1911. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts .. ' .. .. 12,323 Cash .. .. ~ .. 31,117 Other liabilities .. .. .. 57,655 Due from all sources .. .. 69,082 Balances .. .. .. .. 41,342 Deficits .. .. .. .. 11,121 £111,320 £111,320 Net balances Ist January, 1911 .. £30,221 The net balance in the Buildings Account at the close of the year 1910 was £33,692. From the above summary it will be seen that at the end of 1911 the net balance was £30,221, a decrease of £3,471. This decrease is entirely accounted for by the very considerable building operations undertaken by the Wanganui Education Board under the provisions of the Wanganui School Sites Act, 1909, and its amendment of 1911. In recent reports attention has repeatedly been called to the fact that during the last few years Boards have gradually diverted to other purposes amounts voted by Parliament and distributed by the Government specially for the purposes of maintenance and rebuilding. In view of the necessity of expending in the near future a very large sum on the replacement of worn-out and dilapidated schools, it seems advisable to once more bring the question under notice. From an examination of the grants made to the Boards for the maintenance and replacement of school buildings —see (a), above—and their returns of expenditure under these heads, it has been found that the School Buildings Maintenance Account should stand as shown in Table Fll, a summary of which is given below :— School Buildings Maintenance Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1911. £ Cash balances .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £86,290 Net excess of amounts due by Boards over amounts due to Boards . . 76 Net balance, 31st December, 1911 .. .. .. .. £86,214 Since the cost of maintenance and repairs of school buildings, as well as the cost of actual replacement during the year 1911, has been taken into consideration in the above statement, it would appear that there was the sum of £86,214 available on the Ist January, 1912, for rebuilding worn-out schools, for replacement of wornout furniture and fittings, and for maintenance of school buildings and residences. But from the Combined Buildings Account it will be seen that the actual net balance is only £30,221. This amount, then, represents all that is available for maintenance and rebuilding, and Boards have diverted to other purposes amounts totalling £56,000. In accordance with the recommendation of the Education Commission, the Department has informed Boards that it has no objection to a transfer of 7 per cent, from maintenance to new buildings to cover the cost of small additions and alterations coming within the meaning of the appropriation which defines the maintenance grant as a grant "for general maintenance of school buildings, and for additions to buildings, alterations, rebuildings, furniture, fittings, fencing, rents, additions and improvements of sites, &c." The circular notifying Boards of this concession stated in clear terms that due provision had first to be made for main-

27

B.—i

tenance and rebuilding. If Boards had since the date of this circular regularly transferred sums amounting to 7 per cent, of their maintenance grants, such sums would have totalled only £28,000 by the end of 1911, and there would still be £28,000 unaccounted for. It is of the utmost importance that this depreciation fund be "kept as far as possible intact, and Boards are urged to expend their school-building maintenance grants solely on the purposes for which the moneys were appropriated by Parliament—viz., maintenance and rebuilding of schools and small additions, &c, the cost of which latter item should not exceed in the total 7 per cent, of the maintenance grant. These calculations and remarks are based on all the building transactions undertaken by all Boards, and must not be taken to refer especially to any individual Board. Education Reserves. (See also E.-2, Appendix B.) By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, the School Commissioners ceased to hold office on the 31st March, 1911, and all reserves and endowments vested in them were vested in the Crown in trust for the purposes for which they were reserved, and were placed under the administration of the several Land Boards. The revenues derived from these reserves, after being subject to a charge for expenses of administration, are paid by the Receivers of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a separate account for each provincial district. The above provisions of the Act apply only to revenue derived from reserves since the day on which the Act came into force. There is a further provision that all funds, mortgages, and investments vested in the School Commissioners on Ist April, 1911, should be taken over by the Public Trustee, and administered on the same trusts as they were held by the School Commissioners. The revenue is dealt with similarly to that received by Land Boards. All revenue paid into the Treasury in respect of education reserves, whether received from Land Boards or from the Public Trustee, is distributed quarterly by the Minister of Finance among Education Boards and High School Boards on a basis provided by statute, and in the case of Education Boards amounts equal to such sums are deducted from the payments made for teachers' salaries. It will thus be seen that four Departments are concerned in the administration of the Act—viz., Lands and Survey, Public Trust, Treasury, and Education. As the year under review has been a year of transition, the Education Department has taken the liberty of summarizing the transactions of these four Departments, but in future only those directly pertaining to the Education Department will be dealt with in this report. The total area of education reserves in the hands of Land Boards was, on the 31st December, 1911— Total Area. Acres. Primary reserves .. . . .. .. .. .. 800,748 Secondary reserves .. .. .. .. .. .. 41,593 Total .. .. .. .. .. 842,341 The estimated capital value of these reserves was as follows, on the same date :— Estimated Capital Value. £ Primary reserves .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,186,264 Secondary reserves .. .. .. .. ."'. .. 192,255 Total.. .. ■■"..■ ~ .. £1,378,519 Table G is a summary of the income and expenditure of the Land Boards in connection with the reserves. In order not to make a break with the figures given in last report, the accounts of the School Commissioners for the March quarter, 1911, have also been taken into consideration.

B.^-t

28

Table G.—Summary of the Accounts of Income and Expenditure for 1911 of the Education Endowment Reserves dealt with by Land Boards. Receipts. £ s. d. Expenditure. £ s. dCredit balance on Ist January, 1911 .. 10,646 19 10 Administration— Investments—Primary .. .. 503 5 4 Primary .. ... .. .. 2,664 9 2 Bents of reserves— Secondary .. .. .. 298 11 11 Primary .. .. .. 60,358 1 3 Expenditure on reserves— Secondary .. .. .. 7,774 17 7 Primary .. .. .. .. 142 5 9 Lease fees .. .. .. .. 12 12 0 Secondary .. .. .. 0 6 (5 Timber, royalty and sale of—Primary .. 258 9 0 Expenses of School Commissioners— Interest— Primary .. .. .. .. 701 13 8 Primary .. .. .. .. 38 7 7 Secondary .. .. .. 132 1-I n Secondary .. .. .. 16 0 Expenses of leasing, valuation, &c.— Valuation for improvements—Primary .. 452 3 8 Primary .. .. .. .. 932 15 6 Royalties from coal-pits—Primary .. 114 1 6 Secondary .. .. .. 30 18 0 Goldfield revenue—Primary .. .. 79 9 0 Distributed to Boards .. .. 16,112 11 7 Coal license for prospecting and royalty— Paid to Public Account .. .. 53,426 19 1 Primary .. .. .. .. 171 0 0 Loans, interests, and repayments— Sale of office furniture—Primary .. 22 0 0 Primary .. .. .. .. 177 15 0 Repayment of loans .. .. .. 11,783 1 1 Secondary .. .. .. 782 10 6 Paid to Public Trustee— Primary .. .. .. .. 3,464 17 9 Secondary .. .. .. 143 18 6 Due by late Secretary Nelson—Primary.. 228 18 3 Improvements to outgoing tenants— Primary .. .. .. .. 452 .3 8 Purchase of land .. .. .. 10,008 4 7 In hand Taranaki School Commissioners on Ist January, 1911 .. .. *1,938 6 1 Sundries— Primary .. .. .. . . 46 15 0 Secondary .. . . .. 3 3 0 Balance in hand— Primary .. .. .. .. 514 10 7 Secondary .. .. .. 115 0 £92,215 13 10 £92,215 13 10 The following figures summarize the transactions of the Public Trustee in respect to cash and mortgages taken over from the School Commissioners on Ist April, 1911. The figures are extracted from statements dealing with the financial year 1911-12. Taken over from School Commissioners, — £ s . d. Mortgages valued at .. .. .. .. .. 22,162 0 0 Cash ... .. .. .. .. .. 2,417 14 0 Fixed deposits .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,058 2 0 Interest during the year .. .. .. 1,791 5 0 Paid to Public Account — For primary education .. .. .. .. 1,660 10 3 For secondary education .. .. . . .. 53 11 7 The two latter sums were accordingly distributed by the Treasury to Education Boards and High School Boards along with amounts received from Land Boards in the manner prescribed by statute. The total amount received by Education Boards from School Commissioners or from the Treasury was, for the year ending 31st December, £46,776 16s. 7d. The total amount received similarly by High School Boards was £5,709 Is. Bd. -■ NATIVE SCHOOLS. (See also E.-3.) At the end of 1910 there were in operation ninety-nine Native village schools During 1911 the school at Te Kopua was closed, and five new schools—Te Huruhi, Waiheke Island ; Orauta, Bay of Islands ; Kokako, near Waikaremoana ; Taharoa, south of Kawhia Harbour ; and Rangiahua, near Wairoa—were opened ; also the school at Waiotapu, south of Rotorua, was reopened. The school at Orauta was temporarily closed in the December quarter. Including this school, there were thus 104 schools in actual operation at the end of 1911. In addition to these schools, there were five mission schools giving primary instruction to Maori children

* The balance-sheet for the March quarter, 1911, was referred back to the late secretary of the School Commissioners by the Audit Department, and is not at present available. The sudden accidental death of the Government Auditor for the district has also helped to make it a matter of difficulty to get the required information.

E.-i.

and 551 public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance. Thus, the total number of schools giving instruction to Maori children was, — Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 104 Mission schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. .. 5 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance.. .. .. 551 Total primary schools.. .. .. .. .. .. 660 Boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. .. .. 9 Attendance. (E.-2.—Tables H2 to H6b.) The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll-number, for each of the years 1910 and 1911 was as follows : — Actual Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. First quarter .. .. .. ..3,659 3,932 85-5 87-0 Second quarter .. .. .. 3,720 3,893 86-7 86-2 Third quarter .. .. .. ..3,686 3,849 85-5 86-9 Fourth quarter .. .. ..3,669 3,836 84-7 84-2 Table H shows the number of scholars, both Maori and European, attending Native schools at the end of the year 1911.

Table H.—Number of Scholars attending Native Schools at the End of December Quarter, 1911.

The following are some of the figures in regard to the attendance at Native village schools for 1911, the corresponding figures for 1910 being inserted for purposes of comparison :— 1910. 1911. Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. .. 4,280 4,557 Average weekly roll-number .. .. .. .. 4,325 4,621 Average yearly attendance .. .. .. ..3,714 3,990 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 85-8 86-3 If to the Native village schools are added the Native mission schools and Native secondary schools, we have the following figures for 1910 and 1911 respectively :• — 1910. 1911. Number on rolls of Native village schools at end of year .. 4,280 4,557 ~ mission schools at end of year .. 221 230 ~ secondary schools at end of year 378 387 Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. 4,879 5,174 Combined average weekly roll-number .. .. .. 4,923 5,245 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 4,259 4,563 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 86-5 86-8

29

Years. Prepa] Cl( ratory 188. Standard I. Standard II Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Standard III. Standi u<3 IV. Stand) irdV. Standard VI. Standard VII. Tol sal. Boys Girls. Bojs. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls Boys. Girls. Hoys. Girls. Boys. Girls 5 and under 6 6 , 7 7 8 8 „ 9 9 10 10 „ 11 11 , 12 12 „ 13 13 . 14 14 „ 15 15 and over 140 268 266 228 140 87 46 16 11 ! 124 184 234 177 103 78 41 26 18 6 2 3 22 53 62 55 39 26 12 6 2 1 28 47 50 46 24 11 12 6 4 . . 6 20 54 69 62 35 28 14 9 1 1 21 45 80 52 33 18 9 7 " 7 10 39 60 54 37 14 7 1 14 36 52 51 29 11 7 1 5 15 37 54 49 23 19 5 15 37 32 28 9 12 1 12 40 45 34 20 5 16 33 40 20 14 1 20 28 32 24 3 9 28 19 15 1 3 6 8 5 140 271 294 309 271 266 257 245 213 139 99 124 186 263 246 217 260 226 198 179 88 66 3 8 14 Totals : 1,214 993 280 229 297 267 228 201 203 138 152 128 105 74 25 23 2,504? 12,053

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Table Hα shows the mean average roll-number from 1881 to 1901 in five-yearly periods, and from 1901 onwards for each year. The year 1881 is practically the .first year of operation of the Native schools under the Education Department. The total average attendance, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed are also shown.

Table Ha. —Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

Though the average percentage of regularity of attendance in Native schools has steadily improved during the last five years, it is still lower by 0 - 8 per cent, than that of the lowest public-school district. The prevalence of severe epidemics during the year has seriously affected the attendance at some of the larger schools. There are, however, many difficulties to prevent regular attendance in Native schools, and it is therefore pleasing to find that in about one-third of them the average percentage of regularity reaches 90 per cent. There is ample evidence to show that the Maori is fully alive to the necessity of having his childien educated, and a large number of apparently well-founded applications for the establishment of schools is now receiving attention. Table Hi, in the appendix,! gives in detail the staffs and salaries of the various schools in order of their grades. Table H2 supplies detailed information in regard to the roll-number, average attendance, and grading of the schools. There were 387 Maori boys and girls receiving higher education at the various secondary Native schools. Of these, 48 boys and 80 girls were holders of free places provided by the Government. Detailed information in respect to Maori pupils receiving higher education will be found in Tables H2 and H3 of the appendix. J The number of European children attending Native schools (see also page 10) shows a considerable increase over the number for 1910. 1910. 1911. Number attending at end of year .. .. .. .. 427 518 In the preparatory and lower standards (up to Standard V) .. 386 455 In the higher standards (Standards VI and VII) .. .. 41 63 Number of certificates issued — ~..■. Competency .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 13 Proficiency .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 14 As regards Maoris attending public schools, the following particulars are set out in Table H5 of E.-3:— 1910 1911 Number attending at end of year .. .. .. 4, 462 4,685 In the preparatory and lower standards (up to Standard V) 4, 409 4, 618 In the higher standards (Standards VI and VII) .. . . 53 67 Number of certificates issued — Competency .. .. .. .. .. 1 5 Proficiency .. .. .. .. .:. 18 29

I See £.-3, Native Schools Report.

ViK. Number „ ° ( , Mean of Schools Average at End Wee kly Boll. ol Year. Average Attendance: Whole Year. Average Attendance as Percentage of Weekly Boll. Teachers in Charge. Number of Teachers. Assistant Teachers. Sewii Male. Female. Male. Female. Mistresses. 1881 .. 1886 .. 1891 .. 1896 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 .. 1909 1910 1911 60 .. 69 66 74 89* 98* 97* ... i 95* . -'.. I 95 98 .. 99 ... I 95 .. ! 94 99 104 2,343 2,395 2,874 3,257 3,650 3,805 3,794 4,097 4,235 4,321 4,479 4,308 4,325 4,621 1,406 2,020 1,837 2,220 2,592 3,005 3,012 3,083 3,428 3,607 3,561 3,781 3,680 3,714 3,990 1,406 .. 54 6 2,020 86-2 60 9 1,837 76-7 59f • 8f : 1 2,220 I 77-3 64f ; 11+ ! 2,592 79-6 ' 70f I 18f 3,005 82-3 77f I 20f 3,012 I 79-2 76f ! 20f ! 3,083 81-3 73f 21f 3,428 83-7 74f 22f .. ■. 3,607 85-2 78f j 2lf '■■ 2 i 3,561 82-4 82f I 18f 2 3,781 84-4 76 19 2 3,680 85-4 76 18 3 3,714 85-9 78 21 3 3,990 86-3 81 22 3 [ t Includes two teachers jointly in charge of one school. 4 26 26 61 69 83 79 85 87 94 105 104 101 106 119 48 30 37 16 15 11 13 11 15 U 3 5 5 4 3 * Includes two subsidized schools.

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- Tables H6, H6a, and H6b* give Ml information as regards the race of the children on the rolls of the Native schools in December, 1911. As will be seen, 86-4 per cent, were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 2-2 were Maoris speaking English, and 114 per cent, were Europeans. .. . The total number of children of Maori or of mixed race on the rolls of primary Native schools, public schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training at the end of the year 1911 is shown in the schedule below. The numbers do not include Maori children attending public secondary schools or Maoris at schools not under Government inspection : of these no separate return is made. (In the corresponding table of the Native Schools Report—B.-3—Europeans attending Native schools were also included).

Classification or Pupils. (E.-3—Tables H6b to HB.) A reference to Table H* (supra, page 29) will show the classification of the pupils attending Native village schools, grouped according to ages. The following is a summary : — Maoris. Europeans. Totals. Class P.. .. .. 2,008 199 2,207 48-4' Standard 1 .. .. 464 45 509 11-2 Standard II .. 492 72 564 12-4 Standard 111 .. .. .. 382 47 429 94 Standardly .. .. ..292 49 341 7-5 Standard V 237 43 280 6-1 Standard VI .. .. .. 138 41 179 3-9 Standard VII.. .. .. 26 22 48 1-1 Further details in regard to the above figures will be found in the tables in the appendix to 8.-3. Results of Inspection. (E.-3— Table H9.) Table H9* gives full information as to the results of the annual inspection. Twelve schools attained the maximum marks allotted, and eighty-one others showed good results. Six were only fair, and three were unsatisfactory. Five schools opened after the Inspector's annual visit to the district had been made were not inspected during the year. .... - Staffs and Salaries. (E.-3—Table HI.) As shown in Table Hi*, the staffs of the village schools included 81 masters, 22 mistresses in charge, 122 assistants, and 3 sewing-teachers. The total amount paid in salary during the year was £24,439 Bs. The average salary of the head teachers at the rate paid in December, 1911, was £170 Bs. 8d. —males, £175 9s. 3d.; and females, £151 18s. 2d.; the average salary of assistants being £48 13s. 2d. Lodging-allowances at the rate of £30 per annum were paid to forty-one assistants.

* See E.-3, Native Schools Report.

Actual Number. Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,829). I i I. Primary schools — (a.) Government Native schools (6.) Mission schools (o.) Public schools 4,039 230 4,685 810-5 46-2 940-2 II. Secondary schools II. Special technical training 8,954 387 17 1,796-9 77-7 3-4 Totals 9,358 1,878-0

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Three schools are in charge of teachers who are themselves members of the Maori race, and the Inspectors speak highly of their efficiency. Several Maori girls who have completed their course in secondary schools are employed as assistants, and are, on the whole, doing satisfactory work. Expenditure . (E.-3—Table H10.) The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year 1911 was £35,881 9s. 4d., included in which amount is the sum of £2,680 paid out of revenues from endowment reserves. New buildings and additions involved an expenditure of £3,451 ; maintenance and repairs, £2,053. Table HlO of 8.-3 is a classified summary of expenditure. Chatham Islands. During the year 1911 there were four schools in operation in the. Chatham Islands—viz., those at Te One, Te Koto, and Makarakau on the main island, and the school on Pitt Island. Towards the end of the year most of the pupils from Pitt Island crossed over to Owenga—the headquarters of the Chatham Island Fisheries Company—and in the early part of the present year the Department decided to close the Pitt Island School and open one at Owenga under the headmastership of Mr. Hutchinson of the Pitt Island School. There are now four schools on the mainland. The total number of pupils on the roll at the end of 1911 was 87, the average attendance being 80. The total expendilure on the schools for the year under review was £734 ss. 3d., made up as follows : Salaries and allowances to teachers, £654 12s. 6d. ; repairs. &c, £10 Is. ; scholarships, £40 ; inspection, £13 9s. Bd. ; other expenses, £16 2s. Id. The schools at Te One and Te Eoto were examined in the month of January of the present year in accordance with the regulations for the inspection and examination of public schools in New Zealand. The results were very satisfactory. It was not found possible to visit Matarakau and Pitt Island, where there were 7 and 3 children respectively, and the classification of the pupils was accordingly left in the hands of the teachers. Three candidates presented themselves for the examination held in connection with the Chatham Island Scholarship in November, and a scholarship was awarded to Frances Lilian Guest, a pupil of the Te One School.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Afflicted and Dependent Children. (E.-4, 1911.) The total number on the rolls of schools for afflicted and dependent children was on the average 2,819 during the year 1911, an increase of 233 in the number for the previous year ; and the expenditure decreased from £51,922 to £47,272, of which sum the outlay in connection with the purchase of property, erection of buildings, and carrying out other new works amounted to £6,762,

Attenc race. School. Names of Teachere. Names of Teachere. Salaries at End of 1911. <»«i»ri«. «t iri Allowance tor li foTt Conveyance of I Mean of Average Mean of \ or 1V11 - Goods. j Attendance for Eoll Num Fonr Quarters of Four Qua; lull. 191] I Mean of Weekly Boll Number for Four Quarters of 1911. i I 'e One .. 'itt Island 'e Roto .. latarakau Guest, J. J. .. H.M. Guest, Mrs. L. R. .. S. Seymour, Miss E. .. Pt. 3 Lanauze, Miss G. .. Pt. 3 Hutohinson, J. .. M. Silcock, H. S. .. M. Russell, Mrs. E. A. .. P. £ , d. * 210 0 0 25 38 45 8 10 0 45 0 0 45 0 0 .. :. 94 10 0 15 I 10 11 112 10 0 15 24 28 90 0 0 .. 7 8 605 10 0 55 79 92 Total *

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The following statement gives a comparison between the years 1910 and 1911 .as regards the numbers of children belonging to the various institutions and the cost to the Government :— Number under ~ , „ . Control. Net Cost - -1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. £ £ Under Industrial Schools Act .. .. 2,419 2,632 39,280 36,841 School for the Deaf .. .. .. 97 98 4,087 3,651 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. 39 35 721 405 Special School for the Feeble-minded .. 31 54 7.834 6,375 The feature of the work connected with special schools that demands the most argent attention at the present time is that of making provision for the large number of boys and girls of feeble mind whose disabilities preclude their receiving due benefit from instruction in ordinary schools, but who are capable of being improved under special tuition. Six years is fixed by the Education Amendment Act, 1910, as the age at which young people of this kind shall come under instruction, and, unless previously exempted by the Minister of Education by reason of ill health or through having developed sufficiently to enable them to earn their own living, the instruction must be continued until they are twenty-one years old. When an inmate of the School for the Feeble-minded reaches that age, and it is considered that he has not the capacity to guide his life either in his own or the public interest, he may, on the order of a Magistrate, be kept under control for a further period of four years ; and by similar procedure extensions of the currency of the order may be made from time to time, thus securing lifelong guidance where deemed advisable. It is to be noted that at such proceedings counsel appointed by the Magistrate and paid for by the Government appears on behalf of the pupil. The number of children in the Dominion who are suitable for this training in such schools cannot be accurately determined at present, but it is undoubtedly very large—almost certainly not less than 300 —and, as the parents of very few of them are in a position to pay for efficient tuition privately, a heavy expenditure must be incurred to provide for them in special schools. The increase of mental deficiency which is so alarmingly evident in older countries is already shown plainly in New Zealand. Here, however, if energetic measures are taken, the danger to society can be eliminated, as the circumstances are very favourable for doing so. A careful watch can be kept to prevent persons of feeble mind from coming in from outside countries ; our population is small, and, by detaining those adults who are mentally incapable of taking up the duties of citizenship advantageously, the propagation of their class will be kept at a minimum. The subject is of the first importance, and, although the cost of establishing and maintaining schools of this kind is heavy, their work will undoubtedly be a strong factor in restricting the expenditure in connection with destitution and criminality. The number of children brought under the operation of the Industrial Schools Act during the year was 389, an increase of 99 over the number for 1910. In 195 of these cases vagrancy, lack of control, or being charged with offences constituted the reason for action. Children who have drifted into bad habits of this kind are very often found to be not suitable for boarding out with foster-parents, and for that reason have to be kept in residence at the industrial schools at a heavier cost for maintenance. An examination of the causes underlying the admission of so many young people shows that in somewhat more than two years 225 boys between ten and sixteen years old were sent to industrial schools for the above-named reasons. In 93 of these cases the evidence showed that both parents were of good character ; in 43 additional cases the character of the father was described as good ; and in 38 others the mother's was good. Thus, out of these 225 boys who got out of hand, there were 174 cases in which one or both of the parents were of good character. This seems to show that the trouble lies more in the weakness or laxity of parental control than in the bad character of the parents or in the fault of the children ; and the need for the admission in many cases might be obviated if, when the Magistrate was satisfied that want of judicious guidance was the cause of the trouble, the child were placed by the direction of the Court under the friendly and helpful oversight of an officer who had the experience and other qualifications needed to obtain a good

5—E. 1.

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influence over him, and thus direct his life into a proper course. Such a system as this is in operation in other countries, and it is claimed that many children who would otherwise have to be removed from the parental guardianship and placed in institutions, are encouraged, by this means, to do well; further, the natural tie between parent and child is maintained, and expense to the State is substantially reduced. This important matter is now engaging the earnest attention of the Government. Children under State Guardianship. (See also E.-4, Special Schools Report.) The number under the control of industrial schools at the end of 1911 was 2,617, an increase of 163 during the year. Of this total, 868 were resident in the institutions, 246 being in the private (Roman Catholic) industrial schools, 856 were boarded out with foster-parents, and 893 were earning their living in situations, placed with friends on probation, &c. The numbers of children on the books at the end of the years 1910 and 1911 respectively whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds were as follows : — 1910. 1911. Boarded out from Government schools .. .. .. 792 855 Boarded out from private schools .. .. .. .. 2 1 Number resident at schools .. .. .. .. .. 805 868 At other institutions .. .. .. .. .. 30 37 Total .. .. .. .. .. 1 : 629 1,761 1910. 1911. £ s. d. £ s. d. The amount of parental contributions was .. 5,575 8 6 6,969 6 6 Eate per head for children maintained .. 3 8 5 3 19 1 Details respecting the number of children on the books of industrial schools at the end of the year are given in Table 15 of E.-4. The net expenditure on account of industrial schools during the year showed a decrease of £1,217 os. 4d. as compared with the preceding year. The following statement gives particulars : — 1910. 1911. £ s. d. £ s. d. Cost of maintenance of schools.. .. .. 17,960 8 2 23,630 3 0 Boarding out (exclusive of cost of administration, inspection, &c.) .. .. .. .. 13,962 16 5 14,844 15 2 Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 8,816 2 2 10,466 19 1 New buildings and works, and purchase of property 10,330 6 2 3,082 2 9 Salaries, travelling-allowances, and expenses of certain departmental officers (Inspectors, visiting officers, &c.) .. .. .. .. 1,458 19 4 1.396 3 3 Sundry payments .. .. .. .. 107 711 108 14 2 Gross total .. .. .. .. .. 52,636 0 2 53,528 17 5 Eecoveries .. .. .. .. .. 15,701 5 2 17,811 2 9 . „ Net cost .. .. .. .. .. £36,934 15 0* £35,717 14 8* (* Including for 1910 £3.225. and for 1911 £1,660, paid from National Endowment revenue.) Further details of the expenditure on industrial schools during the year are contained in Tables II and 12 of E.--4. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards for mainten- 1910. 1911. ance of children who came into Government schools owing to indigence (included in the total sum recovered) .. .. .. £9,336 19 6 £10,681 5 4 Number of children at the end of the year belonging to Government schools who were so paid for .. 678 713 Number maintained at the expense of Charitable Aid Boards at private industrial schools .. 98 106 The amount paid by the Charitable Aid Boards on account of children sent to the private industrial schools as indigent is not stated Here, as the managers of these schools make their claims upon the Boards without reference to the Education Department,

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At the end of the year the amount in the Post Office Savings-bank held in trust Jn the names of inmates and former inmates of industrial schools was £29,769 10s. 9d., the Government schools accounts having £26,228 18s. lid. to credit, and the private (Eoman Catholic) schools £3,540 11s. 10d. The total sums withdrawn from these "accounts during the year were £2,753 9s. sd. and £433 Is. respectively. These moneys represent the earnings of boys and girls in situations away from the schools, or of those in residence under training, whose services are worth more than the cost of their maintenance. According to law it is at the discretion of the Minister of Education whether payment (with interest) is eventually made to these young people or not. In practice they do receive payment where there is evidence that the applicant's record after the control of the school has ceased has been good, and that he has a proper investment for the money. In exercise of his discretion the Minister may order forfeiture of the money where a former inmate proves his unworthiness to receive it. In such a case the amount is credited to the Public Account. The following figures are taken from Tables 12 and 13 of the Appendix to 8.-4 : — £ s. d. Government expenditure on private industrial schools . . 1,036 0 0 Government expenditure on special cases at other institutions . . 87 0 0 Infant-life Protection. (See also E.-4 Report of Secretary for Education.) At the end of the year the number of foster-homes licensed under the Infants Act was 738, and the number of children maintained in them for the whole or part of the year was 1,183, of whom 454 were under one year old. The total number of deaths was 13, equal to I*o9 per cent. The report of the Secretary for Education gives detailed information as regards the various phases of the work. The expenditure for the year, amounting to £1,156 3s. Id., is accounted for as follows : — £ s. d. Salaries of Visiting Nurses and local representatives . . . . .. 791 15 1 Travelling-expenses of District Agents, Visiting Nurses, and local representatives .. .. .. .. .. .. •. 224 6 7 Payments to foster-parents for board of infants . . .. .. 92 5 3 Medical attendance . . . . . . .. . . .. 9 10 Office expenses (including rent) and sundries .. . . .. 67 7 8 Less recoveries . . .. .. .. . . • 28 12 6 School for the Deaf. Number of pupils who returned to the school in February, 1911, after the summer vacation .. .. .. .. • • • • • • .. 91 Number admitted during the school year .. .. .. .. 11 Number who left during or at the end of the school year .. .. .. 5 Number remaining on the roll after the close of the school year .. .. 97 The cost of the school for the years 1910 and 1911 respectively was as follows :— 1910. 1911. £ s. d. £ s. d. Salaries 2,958 12 6 3,380 6 7 Maintenance of pupils and sundry expenses .. 1,697 3 5 1,446 7 1 Maintenance of buildings and water charges .. 367 16 5 276 19 10 Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. .. 893 11 2 887 13 3 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards 35 9 0 563 8 7 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. 7113 170 Net expenditure on the institution .. .. 4,087 0 11* 3,651 4 8* (* Including for 1910 £540, and for 1911 £235, paid from National Endowment revenue.) It has been found necessary to erect additions to the main buildings. These will provide more class-rooms, an infirmary, larger quarters for servants, and otherrooms needed for the more efficient working of the school.

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Jubilee Institute for the Blind. During the year the Government contributed towards the cost of training thirty-three pupils of this institution, the net amount expended being £405 (including £50 from National Endowment revenue) as against £721 (including £99 from National Endowment revenue) for the previous year on account of thirty-five pupils. Maintenance payments by parents and guardians decreased from £272 7s. 6d. in 1910 to £238 Bs. during 1911. For the two past financial years the revenue from the National Endowment Reserves Account amounted to £149. The sum payable by the Government as subsidy to the Board of Trustees during last year under the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act was £2,173. The amount paid by Charitable Aid Boards towards the maintenance of pupils was £269 13s. lid. Special School for Children of Feeble Mind. 1910. 1911. £ s. d. £ s. d. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 1,564 10 8 1,985 311 Maintenance of pupils .. .. .. .. 1,115 7 6 1,750 3 2 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 239 18 0 418 13 3 Farm and stock .. .. .. .. 318 8 9 226 5 5 Additional buildings, water-supply, drainage, fencing, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 4,984 0 8 2,983 15 6 Sundries 178 19 6 Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. .. 371 0 1 559 5 1 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards 57 16 2 294 17 0 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. 138 12 6 135 9 1 Net expenditure on the institution .. .. 7,833 16 4f 6,374 10 If (f Including for 1910 £440, and for 1911 £235, paid from National Endowment revenue.) The existing accommodation of the school is fully occupied, the number of resident boys being 57 ; but it is proposed to make provision immediately, by means of cottage homes, for a much larger number of pupils than there are at present. The power given to a Magistrate under the Education Amendment Act, 1910, to extend the period of control, if he is satisfied upon a pupil's nearing his majority that his mental state precludes his being free from the school's guidance, was exercised in respect of four youths. They consequently remain under control until they attain twenty-live years of age, when their cases will be reviewed again. MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. Manual Instruction in Public and Secondary Schools. (E.-s—Tables Jl to J6.) During the year manual instruction, in accordance with the regulations, was given in 66 per cent, of the public schools, an increase of 2-5 per cent. The percentages for the various Education districts were as follows :— Percentage of Schools District ac w k*°b Instruction was given. 1910. 1911. Auckland ... ... ... ... ... ... .., 43 51 Taranaki ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 68 Wangamii... ... ... ... ... ... ... 93 95 Wellington ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 71 Hawke's Bay ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 76 Marlborough ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 70 Nelson ... ... •... ... ... ... ... 57 52 Grey ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 22 Westland... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 39 North Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ... 68 68 South Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ... 61 57 Otago ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 64 Southland... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97 98

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Table J. —Subjects of and Number of Classes for Manual Instruction in Public Schools. _ , Number of Classes. Subjects oi Instruction. lcnn IQII Elementary handwork . . . . . . . . . . 3,489 3,530 Woodwork .. .. .. .. .. ..273 315 Ironwork . . .. . . .. .. . . . . 8 6 . Agriculture and dairy-work . . . . . . . . . . 666 832 Elementary science. . .. . . . . . . .. 109 76 Physical measurements .. .. . . ... .. 118 122 Cookery .. .. .. .. .. .. ..308 342 Laundry-work .. . . . . ... . . . . 63 69 Dressmaking .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 91 Swimming and life-saving .. .. .. .. .. 165 200 Physiology and first aid .. . . . . .. .. 78 75 Totals .. .. .. .. 5,367 5,658 The number of public schools in which recognized classes for manual instruction were held was 1,436. The number of pupils in attendance at recognized classes for cookery was 6,110. The number of pupils in attendance at recognized classes for woodwork was 6,742. The number of pupils in attendance at recognized classes for agriculture was about 15,000. The number of pupils receiving instruction in other branches of manual instruction was 118,026. The payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions were £20,892 10s. The average rate of payment per class was £3-7. Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled £4,745. It is gratifying to note an increasing tendency on the part of teachers to regard handwork as a method rather than as an isolated subject of instruction, and to provide for training in handwork under the headings of other school subjects. Subjects such as woodwork and cookery continue to be taught on the central system, and by special instructors. There are now over sixty well-equipped manualtraining schools in operation. In the larger towns special buildings separate from the technical college or school have been provided. In the smaller towns the manualtraining centre is usually attached to the district high school, the secondary school, or the technical school, as the case may be. While the central system cannot be regarded as an ideal one from many points of view, yet for reasons of economy it appears at present to be the only practicable means of providing instruction. The work is, unfortunately, too often treated as an isolated subject in which the school staff takes little interest, and has little or no connection with other school subjects. These defects, which cannot be regarded as other than serious, would, it is considered, be less pronounced if the course of work were arranged after consultations between the head teachers of the schools served by the centre and the special instructors. The time spent by pupils in travelling to the centre, and the consequent break in the school-day, are also to be regarded as drawbacks to the system. In the case of schools at some distance from the centre these are met, to some extent, by increasing the duration of the lesson, thus allowing the course to be completed in a shorter time. It is a matter for regret that very few public-school teachers have given instruction to their classes in either woodwork or cookery, in spite of the fact that during recent years special classes in these subjects have been established by Education Boards with the view, presumably, of giving their teachers the requisite training. Elementary instruction in subjects bearing on agriculture was given in 832 schools as compared with 666 for the previous year. Instruction in this branch of manual training is, in the case of ten of the thirteen Education districts, supervised by special itinerant instructors. Experimental and observational work—the results of which, in some cases, have proved of no little value locally—is a feature of the course of instruction in most districts. Considerable attention is also being given to instruction, of an elementary character, in dairying, especially in the North Island.

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Local interest in the school-gardens and experimental plots continues to be well maintained, valuable assistance being forthcoming from agricultural and pastoral associations, School Committees, and members of the farming community generally. In addition to prizes, which, as in previous years, have been freely offered, contributions in money and kind to the value of over £300 have been received by Education Boards during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. During 1911 regular courses of instruction having a direct bearing on rural pursuits were carried out in connection with the secondary departments of district high schools in five education districts, as follows : — •■-.• . • , Number of Number of I)lstrict - Schools. Pupils. Taranaki .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 53 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 128 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 206 Hawke's Bay .. .. .. ... .. 3 55 South Canterbury .. .. . . .. . . . . 2 57 Totals . . .. .. . . .. .. 17 499 Capitation payments on account of rural courses carried out during the year at these schools amounted to £3,349 2s. Bd., equivalent to a rate of £67 per pupil. Arrangements are in progress for the establishment of similar courses in connection with district high schools in Auckland, North Canterbury, and Otago. These courses, which were inaugurated in 1909, appear from reports received to have fully justified their establishment. The opposition to which reference was made last year appears to have largely disappeared, an indication, it is hoped, that many who saw serious objections to the introduction of what was regarded as an uncalled-for innovation are discovering that a course of instruction that is definitely related to the pupils' environment affords opportunities for training that compare not unfavourably with those provided by a course based on what may be termed grammarschool lines. The significant subjects of the rural course continue to be taught, for the most part, by visiting instructors. This arrangement, which is unsatisfactory from many points of view, appears at present to be unavoidable in view of the scarcity of trained teachers qualified to undertake the work. It is a matter for surprise and regret that, with the facilities now available for training, the proportion of trained teachers able and qualified to give instruction on modern lines to secondary classes in the various branches of natural and physical science continues to remain quite inadequate. More than half of the district high schools of the Dominion (fifty-nine in number) are now provided with laboratories equipped for individual practical work in elementary physics or chemistry. Where special science-rooms are not available, as in the case of most public schools, a course in elementary physical measurements is being taken up in a small but increasing number of schools. The number of recognized classes for this subject,last year was 122, as against 118 for the previous year. Though there has been an increase from 165 to 200 in the number of classes for swimming and life-saving recognized under the regulations for manual and technical instruction, the provision made for instruction in this useful branch of knowledge still leaves something to be desired. Recognized public-school classes were held in ten of the thirteen education districts. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual instruction in connection with public schools have been erected during the year, or are in course of erection at Devonport, Pukekohe, Helensville, Waihi, Pahiatua, Motueka, Sydenham, Lincoln, Temuka, Mosgiel, Balclutha, Milton, Lawrence, Invercargill, and Riverton, while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Cambridge, Inglewood, Carterton, Masterton, Greytown, Levin, Wellington, Pahiatua, Pleasant Point, Dunedin, and Riverton.

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Table Jα. —Capitation received and Expenditure by Education Boards in connection with Manual Instruction in Public Schools during the Year ending 31st December, *"» 1911 (bxclusive or Expenditure out of Grants for Buildings and Equipment). Capitation. Expenditure. Education District „ , „ Auckland 3,484 13 2 4,698 4 11 Taranaki •• 1,064 1 9 932 9 6 Waneanui 2,940 18 6 3,324 10 3 Wellington 3,658 3 6 3,879 7 10 Hawke'sßay 1,792 16 5 2,320 13 10 Marlborough 340 12 0 295 10 10 Nelson • ■ 406 13 2 910 4 10 Grey • • 78 3 9 60 17 9 Westland 42 1 9 12 1 11 North Canterbury 2,138 13 5 3,088 1 4 South Canterbury .. 1,153 13 5 1,604 0 7 Otago ■• 1.998 210 2,125 14 6 Southland 850 1 2 1,536 9 4 Totals for 1911 .. .. 19,948 14 10 24,788 7 5 Totals for 1910 .. .. 18,103 10 4 19,935 7 3 Kecognized classes for manual instruction were also carried on during the year in connection with twenty-eight of the secondary schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The chief branches taken up and the total average attendance at classes were as follows : — Average Attendance. Subjects of Instruction. 1910. 1911. Physics and chemistry .. .. . . . . .. 940 1,463 Natural science .. .. .. .. . . .. 1,325 1,335 Woodwork .. .. .. .. .. .. 361 460 Cookery .. .. .. .. .. .. ..512 638 Dressmaking .. .. .. .. .. ..278 338 Some further particulars relating to the classes are as follows : — 1910. 1911. The number of recognized classes was .. .. . . 227 274 The capitation payments on attendance amounted to . . £929 £1,147 The average rate of payment per class was . . . . .. £4-1 £4-2 Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled . . . . £912 £2,073 It is gratifying to note that in the case of most of the rural secondary schools steps are being taken to bring the curricula into closer touch with the pupils' environment. Many of them now provide opportunities for instruction in subjects bearing on rural pursuits. Improved facilities for instruction in subjects relating to the home are also being provided in several secondary schools. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual-instruction purposes have been erected during the year or are in course of erection in connection with Wellington Girls' College, Marlborough High School, and Gore High School; while necessary equipment for manual instruction has been provided at Palmerston North High School, Wellington Boys' College, Christchurch Boys' and Girls' High Schools, and Rangiora High School. Technical Instruction. (E.-s—Tables J 7 to JIT.) Satisfactory progress continues to be made by controlling authorities and managers throughout the Dominion in the matter of providing, improving, and extending facilities for technical instruction. The schools and classes, with few exceptions, continue to receive satisfactory support at the hands of those for whose direct benefit they exist. The interest taken by local bodies and various industrial and trade organizations in the schools has not only strengthened the hands of those responsible for the conduct of the classes, but has also assisted very materially the finances of the controlling bodies. During the year nearly £5,000 in the way of voluntary contributions was received by these bodies. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. The Government has, as in previous years, favour-

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ably considered applications for new buildings or additions, and for necessary equipment for technical instruction. New or additional buildings have been erected or are in course of erection at Woodville, Nelson, Christchurch, Kaiapoi, and Ashburton, .while necessary equipment has been provided for technical classes at Auckland (the School of Mines), Wanganui, Palmerston North, Napier, Nelson, Christchurch (the Technical College and the Schools of Engineering and Art, Canterbury College) and Dunedin (the Technical School). During the year grants, totalling £11,495, were distributed to controlling authorities in aid of buildings and equipment for technical classes. There are now about fifty well-equipped buildings available for the accommodation and instruction of technical classes. As in previous years, classes in the smaller and more remote centres where buildings specially adapted for the purpose have not yet been provided have been carried on in the local schools or in suitable rented buildings. Thus, in the Wanganui district classes were held at twenty-three such centres, in the Hawke's Bay district at ten, in the Taranaki and North Canterbury districts at nine, and in the Wellington and Southland districts at seven. These classes are for the most part conducted by itinerant instructors. Following are some particulars regarding technical classes (including day technical schools) in operation during the year : — The number of places at which recognized classes were held 1910. 1911. was .. .. .. .. .. .. 115 130 The number of day technical schools was . . . . . . 8 8 The number of other classes was .. .. .. ... 1,828 1,467 The number of individual students at day technical schools was 1,216 1,341 The number of individual students attending other classes was 13,252 13,632 The status of the classes was as follows:—

Note. —It will be noticed that the number of centres is greater than the number of places at which classes were held. This is accounted for by the fact that in the larger towns there are two or more schools providing technical instruction. Note.—Prior to 1911 what are now known as "day technical schools" were treated as aggregations of classes, whereas they are now regarded as organized schools. This will explain the apparent decrease in the number of classes in operation in 1911. " Special " classes — i.e., classes conducted by an Education Board or by the governing body of a secondary school—continue to be the most numerous and the most widely distributed. Most of the classes in the smaller places come under this heading. " Associated " classes, or classes conducted by managers representing bodies contributing to the funds of the classes, were held at twenty-seven centres, as against twenty-three in 1910. In only a few cases does a technical classes association conduct classes at more than one centre. " College " classes or classes controlled by a University college have remained practically stationary. Day technical schools, providing courses of instruction occupying not less than twenty hours a week, were in operation during the year in connection with the technical schools at Auckland (317 pupils), Wanganui (90 pupils), Wellington (268 pupils), Napier (83 pupils), Nelson (10 pupils), Westport (14 pupils), Christchurch (349 pupils), and Dunedin (210 pupils). These schools, which provide fairly full courses in science and technology, domestic economy, agriculture, and commercial instruction, continue to be well attended, and appear to attract a number of young people who-

Status. Number of Centres. Number of Day Number of Technical Schools, other Classes. Number of Students. ' Special " classes .. : ' Associated " classes " College " classes .. 112 27 3 4 837 4 472 158 837 472 158 7,777 6,547 649 7,777 6,547 649 Totals 142 8 1,467 14,973

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probably would not for one reason or another proceed in the absence of such schools to secondary schools. The number of pupils on the rolls of day technical schools was 1,341, of whom 598 were males. Free places were held by 1,260 pupils, including 552 males. The following table gives the school age and sex of free pupils at day technical schools:—

The number of pupils holding Junior Free Places tenable for two years was 1,129, the number holding Senior Free Places tenable for three years being 131. Fifty-one per cent, of the pupils who entered on Junior Free Places in 1910 continued to attend during 1911, while about 30 per cent, of the pupils who completed the second year of their Junior Free Places at the end of 1910 qualified for and were awarded Senior Free Places in 1911. The courses of instruction taken up by students at day technical schools were as follows:— Males. Females. Totals. Industrial .. .. .. .. .. 362 0 362 Commercial .. .. .. .. ..193 499 692 Domestic .. .. .. .. ..0 237 237 Agricultural .. .. .. .. 41 0 41 Art 2 7 9 Totals .. .. .. ..598 743 1,341 Over 50 per cent, of the pupils on the roll of day technical schools attended commercial courses, industrial courses being taken by 27 per cent, and domestic courses by 17 per cent, of the pupils. Courses of agricultural instruction were provided at two of the schools, and were attended by forty-one pupils, or about 9 per cent, of the total roll. The capitation payments made during the year on account of day technical schools amounted to £9,477. The following remarks re-late to technical classes other than classes at day technical schools : — The number of individual students in attendance during 1911 was 13,632, representing an increase of about 3 per cent. Some particulars as to the age and sex of students are as follows :—

6—E. 1.

1910. 1911. School Age. Males. Females. 1 Total. Males. j Females. Total. T • , ., 'First year.. Junior free pupils ] o j r r (Second year [First year .. Senior free pupils -j Second year (Third year 355 112 26 12 2 381 175 64 15 4 736 287 90 27 6 328 176 36 9 3 422 203 70 12 1 750 379 106 21 4 Totals 507 639 1,146 552 708 1,260

Under Twenty-one Twenty-one Years of Years of Age. Age and over. Totals. [ales 'emalea 4,156 3,644 2,816 3,016 6,972 6,660 Totals 7,800 5,832 13,632

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The occupations of students may be summarized as follows:— Number of Percentage Students. of Totals. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. ..1,678 12-3 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,308 16-9 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,062 7-8 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 3,136 23-0 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. 1,130 8-3 Various trades .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,966 29-1 Other occupations not included in above .. .. .. 352 2-6 13,632 100-0 These figures appear to indicate that the instruction provided by the technical schools as a whole is meeting in a satisfactory way the needs of the districts in which they are located.

Table Jb.—Number of Classes for, and Capitation on Attendances during 1911 in respect of, certain subjects of technical instruction.

Classes for subjects relating to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical—continue to be well attended. Most of the larger schools are provided with facilities for practical work, enabling students to take up fairly full courses in engineering. Instruction in art and art-crafts is also well provided for, and well arranged courses —both elementary and advanced—have been carried out in the schools, six in number, in which special attention is given to these branches of technical education. Instruction in one or more branches of domestic science was given at eighty-two centres as compared with seventy-three in 1910. Now that the special courses in home-science and domestic arts arranged for by the Council of the Otago University are in operation it is hoped that increased attention will in the near future be given to instruction bearing directly on the home. The demand for commercial instruction continues to be maintained. Classes were held at forty-three centres. Though the number of what are known as "continuation " classes in operation during the year appears to be small, it must not be thought that adequate provision is not made by the schools as a whole for instruction on subjects of general education. Where, as in an increasing number of schools, the subject taken in a continuation class forms part of a grouped course of instruction, the class is regarded as ranking with technical classes, and capitation is paid thereon at the rate for the course to which it belongs. The continuation classes, 158 in number, included in the above table were classes attended mainly by students not taking grouped courses. A considerable increase has again to be recorded in the number of centres in which instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits was provided. Classes were held at sixty-one centres in 1910 and at sixty-seven in 1911. The subjects of instruction included wool sorting and classing, sheep-shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, horticulture, bee-keeping, and poultry-keeping. It would thus appear that the continued efforts of controlling authorities to provide facilities for instruction in subjects bearing on rural pursuits are at last meeting with fairly

Subjects of Instruction. Number of Classes. Capitation. Commercial subjects Mathematics and science Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries Domestic science .. .. ■■-.;■■ Art and art-crafts .. .. .. Continuation classes 229 86 430 275 289 158 £ s. d. 3,129 12 1 798 10 11 4,408 8 1 2,748 3 10 4,679 2 4 824 6 0 Totals 1,467 16,588 3 3

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satisfactory response at the hands of the farming community. That a good deal is being done by the bodies charged with the administration of primary, secondary, and technical education to create an intelligent interest in rural pursuits is shown by the fact that recognized classes for subjects related to agricultural and pastoral pursuits were attended during the year by some 15,000 pupils on the rolls of primary schools, by about 650 pupils on the rolls of secondary schools and district high schools, and by about 1,600 students of technical schools. Table Jc.—Number of Students taking Grouped Courses of Instruction occupying not less than Four Hours a Week and Eighty Hours a Year. Course of Instruction. Number of Students. Elementary commercial .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,033 Higher commercial .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 208 Practical mathematics and science .. .... .. .. 117 Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries .. 1,037 Domestic science .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 268 Art and art-crafts .. .. .. .. .. .. 541 Total .. .. .. . , . , .. 3.204 Reference was made in last year's report to the provision made in 1910 for capitation payments at higher rates in respect of attendances of students taking up definite courses of technical instruction. During 1911 capitation on the attendances of such students was earned by twenty-six schools in nine of the thirteen education districts. The total number of students taking grouped courses was 3,204, representing 25 per cent, of the total roll. This must be regarded as satisfactory in view of the comparatively short time the regulations governing grouped courses in technical schools have been in operation. It is probable that the current year will see a considerable increase both in the number of schools offering grouped courses and in the number of students taking such courses. The number of students who voluntarily attend evening classes, particularly in the larger centres, is distinctly encouraging, as also is the increase in the proportion of those who find it worth while to attend on several evenings a week. Following are the roll numbers for 1911 of some of the larger schools (exclusive of the day technical schools that are carried on in connection with some of them) :— School. Roll Number. :; 1910. i9ii. ....'.■,'. ';•'. Auckland Technical College .. .. .. ..1,060 941 " Elam" School of Art .. .. .. .. .. 360 446 Wanganui Technical College .. ... .. ..636 487 Palmerston North Technical School .. .. .. 498 530 Wellington Technical School .. .. .. ..1,110 1,131 Napier Technical College .. .. .. .. 225 231 Christchurch Technical College .. ~ .. .. 910 984 Canterbury College—School of Art.. .. ... .. 357 365 .r Timaru Technical School .. .. .. ..- .. 256 359 Dunedin Technical School .. .. .. .. 896 857 Dunedin School of Art .. .. .. .. .. 180 289 Southland Technical College .. ... .. .. 344 369 ._ As stated last year, there is a movement in certain education districts in the direction of the establishment of compulsory continuation and technical classes under section 18 of the Education Amendment Act, 1910. Regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education, or who are not specially exempted from attendance have now been approved for certain school districts in Taranaki, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay. The operation of these regulations, which it is expected will shortly be put into force, will be watched with much interest in view of the attention now being given to the question of the further education of adolescents in other parts of the world.

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Free places at classes other than classes at day technical schools were held by 2,308 students. The following table gives the school age and sex of free pupils attending such classes : —

In 1911 the number of pupils holding Junior Free Places tenable for two years was 1,567, the number holding Senior Free Places tenable for three years being 741. About 51 per cent, of the pupils who entered on Junior Free Places in 1910 continued to attend in 1911. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year about 45 per cent, had previously been in attendance as junior free pupils. The remainder were either admitted on transfer from day technical schools, district high schools, or secondary schools, or had qualified by examination for Senior Free Places. Of the total number (2,308) of students admitted to free places 2,016, or 87 per cent., qualified for capitation. Capitation payments on account of free places amounted for 1911 to £5,900 15s. 10d., being at the rate of £2-9 per free place. The following is a summary of the chief sources of income and items of expenditure for 1911 in respect of " Special " and " Associated " classes for technical instruction (including day technical schools): — Associated Classes. Receipts. £ Expenditure. £ Capitation on attendances and free places 16,699 Administration, &c. .. .. .. 5,413 Voluntary contributions and subsidies Salaries of instructors .. .. 18,453 thereon .. .. .. .. 6,155 Buildings and equipment .. .. 7,145 Grants for buildings and equipment .. 4,164 Rent and material >. .. .. 2,619 Grants for rent and material .. 1,090 Students'fees .. .. .. 4,316 Other receipts .. .. .. 2,686 Totals.. .. ..£35,110 £33,630 Special Classes Receipts. £ Expenditure. £ Capitation on attendances and free places 14,547 Administration .. .. .. 6,215 Voluntary contributions and subsidies Salaries of instructors .. .. 15,416 thereon .. .. .. .. 2,436 Buildings and equipment .. .. 16,724 Grants for buildings and equipment .. 6,032 Rent and material .. .. .. 2,043 Grants for rent and material.. .. 1,025 Students'fees .. .. .. 4,528 Other receipts .. .. .. 1,799 Totals.. .. .. £30,367 £40,398 Special grants totalling £2,115 for the maintenance of training classes for teachers in subjects of manual instruction taken up in public schools were distributed to Education Boards during the year. The Science and Art Examinations of the Board of Education, London, and the Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute were held as usual, the former at twelve and the latter at sixteen centres. The number of entries for the Science and Art Examinations was 918, the number of passes being 609; while for the Technological Examinations the number of entries was

1910. 1911. School Age. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. , , ., (First year Jumor free pupils J Secon^year (First year Senior free pupils I Second year (Third year 688 257 189 104 57 406 184 116 73 24 1,094 441 305 177 81 670 356 223 130 81 341 200 140 99 68 1,011 556 363 229 149 1,295 803 2,098 1,460 848 2,308

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484, and the number of passes 291. The proportion of entries to passes was 66 and 60 per cent, respectively. The expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction during 1911 may be summarized as follows : — Manual instruction— £ s. d. £ c. d. Capitation on classes .. .. .. .. 21,095 11 2 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. 1,014 17 8 Grants for buildings, equipment, &c. .. .. 6,857 16 8 28,968 6 6 Technical instruction— Capitation— Day technical schools .. .. .. 9,477 0 0 Other classes (including free places) .. .. 21,819 6 5 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. 4,552 111 Grants for buildings, equipment, material, &c. .. 13,433 6 9 49,281 15 1 Manual and technical instruction— Railway fares, etc., of instructors and students .. .. .. 5,725 13 9 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 683 14 4 Inspection and other expenses .. .. .. .. .. 1,014 9 3 £85,673 17 11 This total includes £6,550 from National Endowment revenue. The total expenditure by the Government by way of capitation, subsidies, and grants during 1910 was, for manual instruction, £24,008 7s. 7d., and for technical instruction £46,418 11s. 7d. SECONDAEY EDUCATION. Number of Schools. The schools usually included in the list of secondary schools in this report which were open in 1911 were thirty-two in number, namely,— (a.) "Endowed secondary schools" within the meaning of section 89 of the Education Act, 1908, and included in the Eighth Schedule to the Act 26 (b.) Secondary schools within the meaning of the same section (89), but established by the Minister under section 94 ... ... ... 4 (c.) Other endowed secondary schools not coming within the definition of section 89 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Total ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 Of the endowed secondary schools only twenty-two were in operation during the year. Of the other four —Akaroa, Greymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate— the last three have never been in operation, and the first existed as a small struggling high school for a few years only; but a permanent increase of population might lead to the establishment (or re-establishment) of one or more of them at any time. Meanwhile, secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of the district high schools established in each of these four centres, and statutory provision exists whereby the income derived from the endowments of the secondary schools may be devoted, if the Minister thinks fit, wholly or in part to the maintenance of these district high schools. It must also be borne in mind that, in addition to the above thirty-two schools, there are seven endowed schools providing suitable secondary education for Maori boys and girls, and a considerable number of private secondary schools. Roll and Attendance. (See also E.-6—Tables Xl to K4, and LI.) The total number of pupils attending the thirty-two secondary schools in the last terms of 1910 and 1911 respectively was— , 1910. , 1911. , Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Roll (exclusive of lower departments) 2,844 2,062 4,906 3,058 2,151 5,209 Number in lower departments ... 178 92 270 164 92 256 Total ... ... 3,022 2,154 5,176 3,222 2,243 5,465 Number of boarders (included above) 614 141 755 680 152 832

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The"following are some of the figures in connection with the roll and attendance of secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools :— (a.) Secondary Schools. - Boys. Girls. Number on roll at beginning of 1911, lower departments excluded.. 3,261 2,166 Number admitted during 1911, lower departments excluded .. 307 269 Number who left during 1911, lower departments excluded .. 510 284 Number on roll at end of 1911, lower departments excluded .. 3,058 2,151 Number on roll at end of 1911, lower departments included .. 3,222 2,243 Of whom the number under twelve years of age was .. .. 84 44 And the number over eighteen years of age was .. .. 140 108' Number of boarders .. .. .. .. .. 680 152 Average attendance, lower departments excluded .. .. 5,238 Average attendance, lower departments included .. .. 5,682 (b.) Secondary Departments of District High Schools. Number of district high schools open at end of 1911 .. .. .. 59 Mean of average weekly roll of secondary departments .'.' .. .. 2,090 Total roll at end of 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,777 Average attendance of secondary departments .. .. .. 1,889 It will be noticed from the above figures that there is a very considerable fallingoff in tht roll numbers of district high schools at the end of the year. The same tendency, but in a much less degree, is evidenced in the secondary-school figure. This falling-off is more noticeable in the case of boys than of girls, and is due to the large number who leave school early to enter upon some vocation. In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending certain day classes in connection with technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools; and (6) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls. The numbers on the rolls of the day technical schools were : — 1910. 1911. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 545 598 Girls ~. ... ... ... ... 708 743 Total ... ... ... 1,253 1,341 The numbers on the rolls of the secondary schools for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) were — 1910. 1911. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 182 177 Girls ... ... ... ... .. 196 210 Total ... ... ... 378 387 To obtain as close an estimate as possible of the total number receiving secondary education in schools, it will be necessary to include pupils attending all the above classes— i.e., secondary schools proper, secondary departments of district high schools, Maori secondary schools, and day technical schools. Also private secondary schools subject to inspection must be taken into consideration. Of private secondary schools not so subject the Department has no information. We then arrive at the following total of all secondary-school pupils in New Zealand known to the Department : — Average Weekly Roll. 1910. 1911, - Secondary schools ... ... ... ... 5,168 5,209* District high schools ... ... ... ... 2,189 2,090 Day technical schools ... ... ... 1,253 1,341 ';. Maori secondary schools ... ... ... 378 387 Private secondary schools ... ... ... + 831 J Total ... ... ... 8,988 9,858

• Roll at end of year. t No information for 1910 available. J This figure represents only private secondary schools inspeoted by the Department. . . : ,

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! There has been a steady increase since last year in all the groups of schools giving -secondary instruction, with the exception of district high schools ; these latter must, of necessity, decline somewhat, for from time to time, as districts become more -closely settled, the district high schools are disestablished and secondary schools established in their stead; thus, during the year, Hamilton High School replaced the district high school. The population of New Zealand, according to the 1911 census, was 1,058,312, including Maoris and Chatham Island colonists, but excluding the inhabitants of the Cook and other annexed islands. Thus, the proportion of persons receiving some form of day secondary instruction in 1911 was 93-1 per 10,000 of population. In 1906 the corresponding proportion was 72 - 7 per 10,000, so, even after allowing for private secondary schools, which were not taken into consideration in the earlier return, there has been a very steady development of secondary education in New Zealand during the past five years. Although, from an examination of the figures set out in blue-books received from England and Scotland, it would appear that the proportion in this Dominion is well ahead of that in those two countries, it is still behind the United States, which claims 122 secondary pupils per 10,000 of population. Further information in regard to the roll and attendance at secondary schools will be found in Tables Xl, K3, and K4, and at district high schools in Tables Ll and L 2 of the secondary schools report (E.-6). Feee Secondary Education. (See also E.-6—Table K5.) Under the free-place regulations free places are divided into two classes—junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools. Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Education Board Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to Junior Free Places, and those who pass the special examinations for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior Free Places may, again, be obtained by those who qualify for a certificate of proficiency —that is, essentially pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus; but on this qualification the age of the candidate must not exceed fifteen years. Generally speaking, Junior Free Places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years without examination. In the case of district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. A Senior Free Place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Civil Service Junior Examination or the Intermediate Examination, the latter of which is regarded as the special examination for Senior Free Places. Both these examinations are held simultaneously, and differ mainly in the fact that in the Intermediate Examination different papers are set in certain subjects to meet the requirements of noncompetitive candidates. The passing of the Matriculation Examination is also regarded as a qualification for a Senior Free Place. But in a largely increasing number of cases Senior Free Places may now be obtained without the necessity of having recourse to an external examination. By a recent amendment in the regulations the Minister has been empowered to award Senior Free Places to eligible scholars who have satisfactorily completed a two-years course in a secondary school or district high school in accordance with the specified conditions, and are recommended by the Principal of the secondary school attended, or, in the case of a district high school, by an Inspector of the district, such recommendation being subject to the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools. Senior Free Places are tenable up to the age of nineteen. For free places granted in secondary schools in accordance with regulations grants are payable on a sliding scale, in which the capitation payments vary according to the income of the school from public endowments, and are calculated in such a way as to secure to the school for each free pupil under instruction an annual income from public sources and from endowments taken together of not less than £12 10s. per pupil, which is estimated to be sufficient to cover the necessary expenditure, . .

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The following are some of the figures for 1911 in regard to free places in secondary schools :— Number of secondary schools giving free tuition .. .. 29 Total roll number in these schools, excluding lower departments 4,608 Number of free-place holders, 1911 .. .. .. .. 4,021 1910 .. .. .. .. 3,685 Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number, 1911 .. 87 per cent. 1910 .. 75 Total annual payment by Treasury for free places .. .. £43, 6SO Cost to Treasury per free pupil, 1911 .. .. .. £10 17 0 1910 .. .. .. £11 0 11 It will thus be seen that there are now very few pupils—only 13 in every 100 — who pay fees for admission into secondary schools. That the free-place system has undoubtedly been fully taken advantage of by the people of New Zealand is evidenced by the enormous increase in free places in the last few years. In 1903 there were 1,600 free pupils at secondary schools; now the number has increased by more than 150 per cent. In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary to include also 156 other holders of scholarships or exhibitions granted by these schools or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 1,777 pupils in attendance at district high schools, almost all of whom were free pupils, receiving free tuition at an average cost to the Government of £9 19s. 2d. per pupil, 128 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 1,260 holders of free places in technical schools. There is thus an approximate total of 7,342 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who were art students or evening students, or were taking courses which may be more approximately described as technical than as secondary. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government:— Free Places in December, 1910 and 1911. , 1910. , , 1911. , (i.) Secondary schools— Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. (a.) junior free pupils ... 1,468 1,193 2,661 1,610 1,322 2,932 (b.) Senior free pupils ... 578 446 1,024 599 490 1,089 Total 2,046 1,639 3,685 2,209 1,812 4,021 (ii.) District high schools ... 955 963 1,918 867 910 1,777 (iii.) Maori secondary schools .. 51 83 134 48 80 128 (iv.) Technical day-schools ... 505 639 1,144 552 708 1,260 Grand total ... 3,557 3,324 6,881 3,676 3,510 7,186 In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary .education in public institutions would be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures :— Number receiving Free Secondary Education in 1911. Secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,221 District high schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,090 Technical day-schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,260 Maori secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 128 Total ... ... ... ... ... 7,699 The corresponding number for 1910 may be estimated as 7,540, showing an increase for the year 1911 of 159 in the number in the Dominion who are receiving free secondary education.

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Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (See also E.-6—Tables K5, XLI, and KL2.) These scholarships are of four kinds, — (i.) Junior National Scholarships ; (ii.) Education Board Scholarships ; (iii.) Foundation or Governor's Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools ; (iv.) Private scholarships, endowed by private owners. (i.) Junior National Scholarships. —These scholarships are allotted to the several education districts practically on the basis of population, as in each district there is offered annually one scholarship for each 4,000 or part of 4,000 children in average yearly attendance. The scholarships are awarded by the Education Boards on the results of an examination conducted by the Education Department, and the Boards exercise a certain control over the holders, and pay over to them from time to time the amounts falling due. The following summary to Table XLI shows the number and value of Junior National Scholarships current in December, 1911 :— Number of scholarships,— Boys ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 Girls ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 51 Total ... ... ... ... ... 126 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) ... 62 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. ... 1 Number held at secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... 103 Number held at district high schools ... ... ... ... 23 Total annual rate of payment as in December, 1911 ... ... ...£'3,185 (ii.) Education Board Scholarships. —The scholarship funds of the Boards are provided by grants which, although not statutory, are of old standing, and amount to Is. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The conditions of the scholarships are determined by regulations approved in the case of each Board by the Minister of Education. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all the Boards now use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships nearly all use the Civil Service Junior Examination ; but the awards themselves and the subsequent control of the holders are entirely in the hands of the Boards. The number and value of the Board scholarships in the various districts are shown in Table KL2 of E.-6, the totals of which are for the whole of New Zealand : — Scholarships. At £40 per annum ... .., ... ... ... ... 113 At £35 per annum ... ... .. ... ... ... 7 At £30 per annum ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 Under £30 and not under £25 per annum ... ... ... 9 Under £25 and not under £20 per annum ... ... ... 17 Under £20 and not under £15 per annum ... ... ... 1 Under £15 and not under £10 per annum ... ... ... 185 Under £10 and not under £5 per annum ... ... ... 143 Under £5 per annum ... ... ... ... ... 67 Total... ... ... ... ... ... 582 Number of scholarships,— Boys ... ... ... ... ... ... 363 Girls ... ... ... ... ... ... 219 Total ... ... ... ... ... 582 Total expenditure of Boards on scholarships— £ In 1909 ... ... ... 8,694 In 1910 ... ... ... ... ... 9,232 In 1911 ... ... ... ... ... 9,244 As will be seen from the above summary, the value of the scholarships varies considerably. In five out of the thirteen education districts scholarships of the

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value of £40 are offered for competition, while in another the highest scholarship offered is of the value of £24. Further, four Boards do not give scholarships of a iower value than £10 per annum, whereas others offer scholarships of a value of £2. The most common period of tenure is two years. By the provisions of the Education Act every Education Board scholarship is tenable at a secondary school, or its equivalent approved by the Board. With very few exceptions holders of Education Board scholarships are also holders- of secondary free places. (iii.) Foundation (or Governors' , ) Scholarships. —These are of two kinds, those offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and those offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. (iv.) Private Scholarships. —These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1911 was 171. Of the holders, forty-four were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total value of the scholarships in cash was £898 3s. 4d. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £945 65., the value of the Government free places already mentioned not being included in this amount. Staff. (See also E.-6—Tables K4, LI, and L 2.) The staffing of the secondary schools w T as as follows :— , 1909. , , 1910. . , 1911. , M. F. Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Regular staff ... 131 93 224 140 107 247 148 111 259 Part-time teachers ... 44 33 77 48 31 79 48 33 81 The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) was 20-9 in 1910 and 21-1 in 1911. The head teacher of a school at which district high school classes are held generally takes some part in the secondary instruction, and receives from the Government the sum of £30 in addition to his salary as head teacher of the primary school. In 1910 there were 95 special assistants—4s men and 50 women. In 1911 there were 40 men and 47 women. Leaving out of consideration the head teachers of district high schools, the average number of pupils per teacher was 23 in 1910 and 21-7 in 1911. Salaries of Secondary Teachers. (See also E.-6—Tables K3, LI, and L 2.) The total amount paid as salaries to the regular staffs of secondary schools as at the rates paid at the end of the year was £61,082, as against £55,769 at the end of 1910. Full particulars will be found in Table K4 of the Secondary Schools Report. As might be expected, the salaries paid vary considerably ; the following summary shows the average salary paid to principals and assistants :— Average Salaries in Secondary Schools. , 1910. , 1911. . M. F. All. M. F. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals ... 490 368 450 493 401 464 Assistants ... 232 145 194 243 155 204 Whole staff ... 271 167 226 280 177 236 Note.—The salaries of part-time teachers are not taken into consideration in the above summary. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are uniform, in accordance with the schedule to the Act. The average salaries actually paid

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to assistants, exclusive of the sums paid to head teachers by way of extra salary, were, in December, 1910 and 1911, as follows : — 1910. 1911. £ s. d. £ s. d. Male assistants ... ... ... ... 195 9 9 196 13 7 Female assistants ... ... ... ... 159 2 1 164 13 11 All secondary assistants ... ... ... 176 14 2 179 8 6 The scale of salaries is the same for men and women.) The total amount paid in salaries from receipts from Government for the secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £17,880, as against £18,240 for 1910. The professional qualifications of the secondary-school teachers of the Dominion are as follows :— Status of Secondary Teachers (Regular Staff only), December, 1011. Distriot Secondary High Schools Schools. (Secondary Departments). Principals,— Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 31 24 Holding certificates or other qualifications (excluding graduates) ... ... ... ... ... 1 35 Assistants, — Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 183 60 Certificated (excluding graduates) ... ... ... 14 27 Uncertificated ... ... ... ... ... 30 Total ... ... ... ... 259 146 Further information in regard to the salaries of secondary-school teachers will be found in Table K4 of the Appendix, and of District High Schools in Tables Ll and L 2. Finances of Secondary Schools. (See also E.-6—Tables K6 to KB.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources : — (i.) Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute ; (ii.) Statutory grants given in lieu of special reserves ; (iii.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act; (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded; (v.) Government payments : (a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school; (vi.) Government payments: (a) Capitation for manual - instruction classes; (b). subsidies on voluntary contributions for manualinstruction purposes ; (vii.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus ; (viii.) Tuition fees of pupils ; (ix.) Boarding fees of pupils ; (x.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, loans raised, &c. The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the " net annual income derived from endowments " is the average for the three preceding years of this revenue, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges. The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditure of all secondary schools for the year 1911 :—

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Table X.—Summary of the Accounts of Income and Expenditure for 1911 furnished by the Governing Bodies of- Secondary Schools. Receipts. Expenditure. £ s. d. £ s. d. Credit balances on Jst January, 1911 .. 22,143 1 6 Debit balances on Ist January, 1911 .. 7,597 5 0 Endowment reserves sold, and mortgage Expenses of management . . .. 4,015 16 9 moneys repaid and insurance .. 1,310 410 School salaries .. .. .. 64,491 17 11 Rents, &c, of reserves .. .. 32,863 8 2 Boarding-school accounts .. .. 17,310 7 6 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 1,402 18 4 Scholarships and prizes .. .. 2,228 1 6 Reserves revenue .. .. .. 5,709 1 8 Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. .. 5,388 611 Government payments — Buildings, furniture, insurance, rent, and For manual instruction, capitation, rates .. .. .. .. 55,749 3 3 and subsidies .. .. .. 1,309 1 7 On endowments .. .. .. 6,343 14 6 Eor free places, capitation, and subsidy On manual instruction, exclusive of on voluntary contributions .. 46,345 18 10 buildings.. .. .. .. 1,206 13 9 Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, Interest .. .. .. .. 3, 048 2 4 &c. .. .. .. .. 11,588 6 7 Sundries not classified .. .. 5,918 17 0 Statutory grant (Marlborough High Credit balances, 31st December, 19)1 .. 27,863 17 6 School) .. .. .. 400 0 0 School fees (tuition).. .. .. 17,768 16 4 Boarding-school fees, &c. .. .. 22,456 3 3 Sundries not classified .. .. 28,839 5 11 Debit balances, 31st December, 1911 .. 9,025 16 1] £201,162 3 11 £201,162 3 11 The following table gives a comparison of the chief items of income and expenditure with those for 1909 and 1910 :— 1909. 1910. 1911. Income. £ £ £ Income from reserves and endowments ... 37,478 38,980 39,975 Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants)* ... ... ... ... 41,258 42,492 48,055 Building grants ... ... ... ... 4,746 11,794 11,588 Tuition fees ... ... ... ... 18,887 17,828 17,769 Expenditure. Salaries of staff ... ... ... ... 56,494 60,024 64,492 Expenses of management ... ... ... 3,637 4,334 4,016 Buildings, &c. ... ... ... ... 41,911 53,554 55,749 * These include, in addition to grants for secondary education properly so called, amounts paid to secondary schools as controlling authorities of technical classes: These amounts in the years 1909, 1910, and 1911 were respectively £6,521, £850, and £1,018. The receipts under " Tuition fees " are still gradually declining, owing to the steady advance of the free-place system. All other items show an increase in receipts or expenditure, as the case may be, with the exception of management and building grants. The Education Amendment Act of 1908, by the introduction of a higher scale of capitation on free pupils, benefits not only those secondary schools which have few, if any, endowments, but also the more numerous class of schools whose income from endowments is small in proportion to the number of pupils ; further, it will relieve from anxiety those schools where a necessity arises for a large building expenditure in any year, as the effect of the new sliding scale is that in any year the total of the net annual income from endowments and the capitation—that is, of the moneys available for the payment of staff salaries and working-expenses— cannot, with due safeguards, fall frelow £12 10s. per pupil—a sum which past experience shows to be just sufficient. Twenty of the secondary schools show a credit balance at the end of the year, and eight a debit balance. The net credit balance of all schools taken together has increased from £14,546 in 1910 to £16,838. This must be considered exceedingly satisfactory, as several High School Boards undertook heavy building programmes during the year ; and only one-fifth of the funds therefor was supplied by the Government. Attention has been drawn in previous reports to the urgent necessity devolving upon the High School Boards for making better provision for the salaries of their staffs. It was stated that in many schools the staffs were inadequate and, in view of the high qualifications expected, indifferently paid. The Department is, therefore, pleased to be in a position to record that this year the average salary of secondary-school teachers has been considerably improved. The total payments for salaries have increased by over £4,400, while the average salary of male assistant

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teachers has increased during the year from £232 to £243, and that of female assistants has likewise increased from £145 to £155. It is hoped that the present rate of salaries, especially in the case of women, will not be curtailed in any future year. - The item of income, " Sundries unclassified, £28,839," includes a loan of £23,100 to the Wanganui Collegiate School. For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find from Table K5 the following position :— 1909. 1910. 1911. Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments ... ... ... ... ' ... 4,421 4,638 5,144 Total net income from endowments (average of three years ending 31st December, 1911) ... £11,775 £9,561 £11,066 Net income from endowments per head ... £2-66 £2 06 £2-15 Approximate annual rate of capitation ... £10-40 £10-98 £10-80 Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management ... ... £13-06 £13-04 £12-95 Total expenditure on salaries of staff ... ... £45,081 £48,570 £52,978 management ... ... £2,851 £3,275 £3,100 „ staff salaries, and management ... £47,932 £51,845 £56,078 Expenditure per head on staff salaries ... ... £10-60 £1082 £10-37 on management... ... ... £0-64 £0-70 £0-67 Total expenditure per head on staff salaries, and management ... ... ... . ... £11-24 £11-52 £11-04 The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments. Further details of the income and expenditure of the secondary schools will be found in Tables K7 and KB. Lower Departments. —The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public-school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in eleven secondary schools during 1911 ; the total number of pupils in those departments was 256 ; the total cost of their instruction was £2,005 ; the total amount of fees received on their account was £2,030. (See Table K9 of E.-6.) HIGHER EDUCATION. New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. (See also E.-7, Higher Education Report.) The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Eoyal charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Medicine, and Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. Moreover, in 1904, the University Degrees Act gave the University authority to confer degrees of Doctor of Literature, Master of Laws, Surgery, and Science, and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, Dental Surgery, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Agriculture, Public Health, and Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given, so that nominally they must be considered as having currency only in New Zealand. The affairs of the University of New Zealand are controlled by a Senate, which, under the New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1902, consists of twenty-four members or Fellows—four elected by the Governor in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, by the

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Professorial Boards ; and eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The revenue of the University is derived chiefly from a statutory Government grant of £3,000 per annum, from examination and diploma fees, and from interest on money invested. The University is an examining, not a teaching, body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it—the Auckland University College, Victoria College, Canterbury College, and Otago University. Of these four institutions the two first mentioned —Auckland University College and Victoria College —each receive an annual statutory grant of £4,000, supplemented during each of the last three years by grants of £1,200 and £1,500 respectively, while the two others—Canterbury College and Otago University—are endowed with reserves of land. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointment of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of their various Councils. Each of the four affiliated University colleges specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose Government makes to each an annual grant of £2,000. Otago University has attached to it Medical and Dental Schools and a School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering ; Canterbury College has a School of Engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) ; Auckland University College has a School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering and a School of Commerce ; while the grant to Victoria College is intended to enable it to specialize in law and science. While the University colleges thus perform the actual teaching-work, the University exercises most important functions in regulating the scope of the degree examinations, in appointing examiners, in awarding scholarhsips, in conferring degrees, and in many other directions. At the outset it was the policy of the University Senate to appoint outside examiners for most of its degree examinations ; generally speaking, this is still its policy, with the result that the University colleges, having their programme of work strictly defined by the statutes of the University, and having the work of their students examined in England and elsewhere, possess very little freedom in extending or modifying their curriculum. Other Professional Institutions. In addition to the four University colleges there are several institutions which, though not actually affiliated to the New Zealand University, are equally entitled to be considered professional in their scope and character. The Canterbury Agriculture College is recognized as a School of Agriculture, and matriculated students of the College may, after a two years' course, followed by a further course of one year at a University college, qualify for the Degree of Bachelor of Agriculture upon passing the prescribed examination. In several respects the four training colleges at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin—may be considered professional schools. Although not affiliated with the New Zealand University, they are in several ways directly associated with the University colleges : matriculation is the entrance examination for both ; the Principal of the training college is usually lecturer on education at the University college ; attendance at some at least of the University college courses is compulsory for trainees; and a member of the Professorial Board of the University college is a member of the Board of Advice of the training college. New Zealand University. The following figures are extracted from the Annual Report of the University to His Excellency the Governor :— Total number of candidates at all examinations, &o. . . .. . . 3,346 Number of degrees conferred in 1911 .. . . .. .. . . 163 Of whom the number gaining honours was . . . . .. . . 42 Number passing Matriculation Examination .. .. .. . . 512 Total number of graduates so far admitted .. .. .. .. 1,524 The following table shows the principal items of income and expenditure of the University of New Zealand for the years 1910 and 1911 :—

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Income. Expenditure. 1910. 1911. 1910. 1911. Balances — £ £ £ £ General Account .. 3,514 3,841 Scholarships .. .. 2,076 2,071 Scholarship Account .. 23,775 24,290 Examinations .. .. 5,588 6,046 Office salaries 1.217 1,086 27,289 28,131 ! Expenses of Senate meetings 555 585 Statutory grant .. 3,000 3,000 Miscellaneous .. .. 721 771 - Fees .. .. 6,783 7,506 ! Balances .. .. 28,131 29,728 Interest ' .. .. 1,071 1,177 Miscellaneous.. .. 145 473 £38,288 £40,287 £38,288 £40,287 In the above statement no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. The balance at the end of the year, £29,728, consists of a balance on the Scholarships Account of £25,440, and a balance on the General Account of £4,288. The amount in hand for general purposes was therefore £4,288, the only liability of importance against which is an amount of £1,752 due to English examiners for the degree examinations of November, 1911. The net balance on the General Account has therefore increased from £2,075 in 1910 to £2,536, a net increase of £461. In regard to the balance in hand on the Scholarship Account, £25,440, it may be explained that by a decision of the Senate half the amount of the £3,000 statutory grant is earmarked for scholarships. This amount has been increased to £2,000, a sum practically sufficient to cover the cost of the scholarships awarded. The balance for 1910 has consequently remained intact, and, being interest-bearing, has increased during the year by over £1,000. It will therefore be seen that the Scholarship Account of the University is on a very good financial basis. In December, 1911, the standard of matriculation was raised. It is now defined as that which may reasonably be expected from students who have completed a four-years course at a secondary school. As a result, the number of entrants and the number of passes decreased considerably, but on the other hand there can be no doubt that the change will make for greater efficiency in the University colleges. At its January meeting the Senate considered the recommendations of the Professorial Boards and District Courts of Convocation on the question of amalgamating the B.A. and B.Sc. degrees, and it was resolved that the whole question be referred to a Professorial Conference to be held in Wellington in November next. The question of English history also received careful attention, and it was decided to make this a separate subject for the B.A. degree. There is no doubt that this subject has received too little attention in the past, and it is hoped that the new departure will result in its fuller appreciation by teachers and, by a reflex action, by pupils of primary and secondary schools. Degrees conferred and Scholarships awarded. At its annual meeting in January of the present year the Senate conferred degrees and awarded scholarships as set out in the table below. For the sake of clearness no notice has been taken of similar degrees awarded on the results of a single examination —as, for instance, Master and Honours, or the double degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery.

Table M.—Degrees conferred by the New Zealand University at the Beginning of 1912.

Degrees. Auckland Victoria University ™*°" a College. UUlege. M. F. i Total. M. F. Total. i I . 1 Canterbury College. M. i P. Tota 1 [ al. 9tago University. Total. M. i F. ' Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Doctor of Science Doctor of Medicine Honours in Arts Honours in Science Honours in Laws Master of Arts Master of Laws Master of Science Bachelor of Arts.. „ Science Engineering (electrical) „ (mechanical) Medicine and Surgery.. „ Dental Surgery Laws „ Commerce Senior University Scholarships John Tinline Scholarships 4 1 1 1 5 2 2 2 ■ ■ "e '3 1 1 1 .. 1 .. '? 12 2 1 '(3 I ■ ■ i V 1 9 1 19 2 7 1 1 7 2 2 9 1 1 9 1 2 10 1 'i 2 12 7 4 13 1 2 14 1 1 2 25 7 1 2 24 4 3 1 2 36 10 1 14 24 1 1 2 38 4 3 1 2 60 11 1 1 1 .. I " J .. ■ 9 5 1 1 10 2 3 10 2 3 10 2 23 1 10 1 10 2 23 1 12 1 6 '6 , "9 5 1 1 • • •• *2 1 1 3 3 ; 1 .. 28 29 ( 1 4 4 .. "i 2 23 5 1 I 15 44 24 4 28 55 17 72 131 41 172

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Out of 1,900 students on the books of the University colleges there were thus 159 who rose from undergraduates to graduates—a percentage of B*4, as against 7-3 for 1910. Three degrees of Doctor were awarded, one in medicine and two in science, The degree in dentistry was the first so far conferred, and there have not yet been any Doctors of Music, Bachelors of Agriculture, or Bachelors of Veterinary Science. Affiliated Colleges. Reference to Table Mα will show that there were 1,776 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges, an increase of 57 over the number for the previous year. Of these, 74 were graduates, 1,245 were undergraduates, and 457 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 124 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures —that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. It is evident that, as these students do not come into direct contact with college life, the possession of a degree in their case possesses an entirely different significance from that in the case of students who actually attend the University. They can hardly be considered University students, in the strict sense of the term, since the only function of the University in their case is to examine their work and grant diplomas.

Table Ma.—Students on the Books of the Affiliated Institutions.

Auckland Number oi Students, 1911. University College. Victoria College. Canterbury College. Otago University. Totals. Totals for 1910. I. Attending lectures (whether terms were kept or not) — (1.) Matriculated studentsfa.) Graduates— Men .. .. . . .. 10 Women .. .. .. .. 9 12 6 16 5 13 3 45 36 10 9 51 23 Total graduates attending lectures.. 19 19 18 21 16 74 si (5.) Undergraduates— Men .. .. .. ..169 Women .. .. .. .. 99 169 99 237 114 161 113 249 103 816 429 816 459 Total undergraduates attending lee- j 268 tures (c.) All matriculated students (a) and (b) — Men .. .. .. .. 179 Women .. ... .. .. 108 268 351 274 352 1,245 1,275 179 108 249 120 177 118 262 106 867 452 861 495 Total matriculated students at- 287 tending lectures (2.) Non-matriculated students — Men .. .. .. .. 112 Women .. .. . . .. 93 287 369 295 368 1,319 1,356 112 93 7 J 34 37 34 41 35 261 196 215 148 Total non-matriculated students at- 205 tending lectures ——-—■ — (3.) All students attending lectures (1) and (2) — Men .. .. .. ..291 Women .. .. .. .. 201 205 105 71 76 457 363 291 201 320 154 214 152 303 141 1,128 648 1,076 643 Total all students attending lectures 492 492 474 366 444 1,776 1,719 II. Exempt students not attending lectures, not included above — Men .. .. .. .. .. 12 Women .. .. .. •. • • 6 12 6 47 22 6 1 19 11 84 40 104 39 Total exempt students .. . . 18 18 69 HO 124 143 II. Total all students I and II— Men .. .. .. .. .. 303 Women .. .. .. .. .. 207 303 207 367 176 220 153 322 152 1,212 688 1,180 682 Grand total all students .. .. 510 510 543 373 474 1,900 1,862

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A close examination of the above table shows some interesting facts. The total number of University students has increased by 54 in the past two years, and in the same period the number of unmatriculated students has increased by 71. The number of unmatriculated students is now 26 per cent, of the total number attending, as against 21 per cent, last year. This very considerable increase is due chiefly to the fact that students studying for accountancy need not be matriculated—the entrance examination may be either the Civil Service Senior Examination or the Matriculation Examination, at the option of the student. It is also worthy of note that the number of graduates attending the University colleges shows a steady decline —89 in 1909, 81 in 1910, and 74 in 1911. It is a matter for regret that the majority of our graduates rest satisfied with a Bachelor's degree, and, having obtained a " handle " to their name, consider that it is unprofitable to prolong their studies at the University college. Table Mb shows the degree courses taken during the year 1911 by students attending lectures at the various University colleges, including the professional schools attached thereto.

Table Mb. —Courses taken by Students attending Lectures at University Colleges in 1911

The total staff of the four University colleges consists of 47 professors and 42 lecturers. The number of professors has increased during the year by 3, an indication that the colleges are gradually making a more satisfactory distribution of the work of instruction. In the past, owing to want of funds, it has frequently been found necessary to place two or even more subjects in the hands of a single professor, a drawback which has not yet been entirely obviated. The following table shows the staff of the several institutions :— Professors and Lecturers (1911). Lecturers, Professors. Demonstrators, and Assistants. Auckland University College .. .. .. .. 8 8 Victoria University College ... .. .. .. .. 10 8 Canterbury University College .. .. .. .. 9 13 Otago University .." 20* 13f Total.. 47 42 Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1911. The detailed statements of accounts of the New Zealand University, the four affiliated institutions, and the Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, will be found in the appendix to E.--7. The following summary gives a general view of the finances of the University colleges. No notice has been taken of special trust accounts and of non-university institutions under the control of a College Council, such as (for instance) the Museum, Public Library, or School of Art, controlled by the Board of Governors of Canterbury College, or the Museum connected with Otago University.

* Also one Emeritus Professor. t Also the honorary staff of the Dunedin Hospital act as Lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery.

B—E. 1.

Course. Men. Women. Total. Arts (as for B.A., M.A., &c.) Science (as for B,Sc, M.Sc.) Law (as for LL.B.) Commerce (as for B.Com.) Music (as for B.Mus.) Medicine (as for M.B., &c.) Dentistry (as for B.D.S.) ... Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical) Mining Engineering Agriculture (exclusive of students at Lincoln Agricultural College during 1911) 298 41 227 8 1 111 8 24 7 2 262 10 1 3 6 560 51 228 8 4 117 8 24 7 2 Totals 727 282 1,009

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Table Me.— Summary of Accounts.

Expenditure — (exclusive of Special Trusts).

Receipts — (exclusive of Special Trusts).

58

University College. From Government. Buildings. I Total from Government. Income from Endowments and Interest. Fees. Donations, &c. Miscellaneous. Total. Statutory. Special and other Payments. Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1912) .. (Canterbury •Otago (to 31st March, 1912) £ s. d. £ s. d. 4,000 0 0 i 3,358 0 0 4,000 0 0 I 3,575 0 0 3,000 8 4 I 4,126 6 6 8,000 0 0 I 14,059 14 10 ! £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. ■ £ s. d. £ s. d. 3,358 0 0 145 0 0 '. 7,503 0 0 742 18 1 2,363 19 0 .. 175 17 5 10,785 14 6 3,575 0 0 .. ; 7,575 0 0 113 11 3 | 2,220 15 0 200 10 0 ! 11 8 8 10,121 4 11 3,000 8 4 .. I 3,000 8 4 9,257 19 11 3,063 18 3 .. I 272 4 3 | 15,594 10 9 4,126 6 6 .. J 4,126 6 6 *8,346 14 2 5,615 15 3 460 0 0 126 2 10 | 18,674 18 9 14,059 14 10 I 145 0 0 ! 22,204 14 10 j 18,461 3 5 ' 13,264 7 6 660 10 0 585 13 2 j 55,176 8 11 J 3,351 7 10 I 1,740 2* 5 18 13 6 4,275 15 4 : 9,385 19 1 Total of four University Colleges .. Canterbury Agricultural College .. • Including £1,800 paid (annually) by the Presbyterian Church Board.

University College. Administration. Salaries. Sites, Buildings, \ Equipment and &c. Apparatus. Material and Expenses on Benewals. Endowments. Interest. libraries. Scholarships. Miscellaneous. \ Total. Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1912) Canterbury Otago (to 31st March, 1912) £ s. d. 1,176 16 7 977 7 6 1,239 11 2 818 9 5 £ s. d. £ s. d. ; £ s. d. 6,035 5 0 ! 373 11 8 699 15 6 8,438 19 .. 299 13 1 10,761 8 8 I 1,531 12 1 ! 1,013 6 5 10,850 3 10 ! 1,307 0 4 I 465 16 7 £ s. d. £ s. d. 242 16 1 5 17 11 267 13 4 I 120 5 9 I 192 12 8 334 14 6 I 143 10 8 £ s. d. 17 0 411 "5 2 552 3 11 £ s. d. 153 0 10 307 13 3 69 4 10 56 11 9 £ s. d. I £ s. d. i*2,528 17 2 301 13 1 265 2 2 709 1 7 i 5,192 5 11 £ s. d. 11,217 7 ( 10,592 2 ( 16,313 10 ( 19,720 16 i: a e i Total of four University Colleges 4,212 4 8 j j 36,084 19 3 j 3,212 4 1 ! 2,478 11 7 j 965 9 8 j 342 1 3 964 16 1 1,786 14 6 368 15 0 I 19 2 2 j 1,124 13 3 586 10 8 i 265 2 2 8,731 17 9 ! 57,843 17 I ] 4,994 18 9 ! 8,617 9 It •Canterbury Agricultural College I 291 6 6 I ] 32 0 5 • Including £2,363 19s., students' fees paid to Professors and lecturers. t Including £3,466, students' fees paid to Pr< ifessors and Xecti :rers.

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Scholarships, Bursaries, etc. University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes : (1.) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) post-graduate scholarships. (1.) University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows : Junior University, Senior National, and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. Queen's Scholarships (Victoria College) are not now awarded, and the terms of the last holders have expired. In addition to the above, all those who gained " credit " at the same examinations are entitled to hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 per annum. (2.) Scholarships awarded during the degree course are the Senior University, Tinline, and Sir George Grey. The two first are tenable by candidates sitting for their final examination for B.A. or B.Sc, and may therefore be regarded in a sense as post-graduate. (3.) The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, and the Research Scholarships. The three first are all travelling scholarships —that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. They are offered by the Government, one to each of the affiliated institutions, to promote researchwork likely to be of benefit to New Zealand industries. So far nine Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, four to students of Auckland University College, three to students of Otago University, and two to students of Victoria College. The last scholarship awarded (1912) was to Alan Wallace, of Auckland University College. So far (1912) seven Research Scholarships have been awarded, and of these three were in active operation in 1911. The subjects of research undertaken have been in each case closely connected with some New Zealand industry, or with some industry which, though not yet undertaken in this Dominion, may at an early date be an industry of importance in New Zealand. Even if the discoveries made in the course of the research have no immediate commercial value, yet the training of a body of students in the application of scientific methods to the national industries cannot fail to be of great ultimate benefit to the Dominion. An important step was made in May of the current year (1912) in the direction of extending the system of granting University bursaries. Bursaries may be awarded on the recommendation of the University of New Zealand to matriculated students who have been resident in the Dominion for a full year, provided they fall within one of the five following classes :— (1.) They must have obtained " credit " at the University Junior Scholarship or the Senior National Scholarship ; (2.) Or they must have within one year and six months immediately preceding gained a higher leaving certificate ; (3.) Or they must, within the same period, have completed their terms of service as probationers or pupil-teachers to the satisfaction of the Education Board of their district, and must declare their intention of entering a recognized training college on completion of the tenure of their bursary ; (4.) Or they must have completed a course of training at one of the four training colleges ; (5.) Or they must have gained a C or higher certificate. Such bursaries are not tenable with any entrance scholarship the value of which exceeds £20 per annum. They are tenable for three years at any University college or school of agriculture recognized by the University, and entitle the holders to exemption from payment of University and College fees up to £20 per annum.

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Table Md shows the number of scholarships, bursaries, and studentships held at each University college during the year.

Table Md.—Scholarships, Bursaries, Exhibitions, and Studentships held at the Affiliated Institutions in 1911.*

The proportion of male and female students who have won the chief entrance scholarships in the last five years may be seen from the following table :— Junior University, Senior National, Taranaki, and Queen's Scholarships. M. P. Total. 1907 .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 12 30 1908 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..24 6 30 1909 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 23 |8 31 1910 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 15 32 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 12 30 110 43 153 It will be noticed that the proportion of males to females fluctuates considerably. The Univebsity Endowment Act, 1868. The income accrued under this Act, and applicable to the purposes of higher education yet to be determined by Parliament, amounted, on the 31st March, 1912, to £297 6s. Bd., received from reserves in Westland. GENERAL. Expenditure out of the Public Funds on Education. In the following tables, N, Nl, N2, N3, and N4, an attempt is made to analyze the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools, colleges, &c. ; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. Graphs have been inserted corresponding to the Tables Nl, N2, and N3 ; these give a clearer view of the rapid advance made in education in the past few years. Tables N and Nl give an analysis of the expenditure for the years 1910-11 and 1911-12 respectively.

Scholarships, &c. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury Otago T , , College, j University. • Lotal - ~ i 1 14 1 13 1 1 96 4 13 27 14 25 56 1 2 3 6 13 2 6 34 113 5 9 18 94 97 388 Junior University Scholarships ... Senior National Scholarships Taranaki Scholarships ... Senior University Scholarships ... Bursaries Scholarships ... Sir George Grey Scholarships Other Scholarships and Exhibitions Training-college Studentships 9 3 4 13 13 25 1 6 G 1 9 97 27+ 56 2 13 34 3 18 388 ... 3 101 Totals 133 127 I 123 158 541 * Exclusive of Rhodes Scholarships and Interna Zealand), and exclusive also of the Research Soholan Total bursaries, 61. .tional Bxhibi ships given by ition Scholarships (which are tenable the Government. f Also holders o. )ut of New bucsaries

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Table N. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1910-11. (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

Table N— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,050,452 including Maoris, BUT EXCLUDING COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS) ON EDUCATION, 1910-11. (Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.)

Table N1. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1911-12. (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

Branch of Education. Out of Public Funds. Out Total for all of Income Items from New Build- ' from all Public Main- j n g S and Total. i Reserves. Sources, tenance. Additions. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ 790,000 £ £ £ 54,000 844,000 ! 75,000 *919,000 78,000 10,000 88,000 40,000 128,000 37,000 29,000 15,000 I 52,000 6,000 2,000 31,000 26,000 58,000 57,000 Totals A (1-4) .. 934,000 32,000 7..000 , 1,015,000 147,000 10,000 42,000 1,000 4,000 11,000 1,000 1,162,000 43,000 12,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 15,000 ! 15,000 15,000 Totals A, B, C, D 988,000 95,000 ' 1,083,000 l fl49,000 1,232,000 * Teachers' salaries and allowances. £633,000 ; repairs a: ixpenses, £152,000 : total, £919,000. ( £39,000 from Natic nd rebuildii inal Endow] ig, £80,000 ; new buildings, £54,00l ment Reserves Fund. ; all other

Out of Public 1 Kranoh nf TT.Hnoat.inn Branch of Education. c Maintenance. Oill L _fi Tfc 1_1±_. TT1 ,1 - ; of Public Funds. b of Public Funds. . . Out oi Income New Build- from ings and Total. Reserves. Additions. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Branch of Educate. New Builc Main- ings and tenance. Additions New Buildings and Total. Additions. ! i - I , i 8. d. s. d. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training 15 0 11 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- ! 1 (i 0 2 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 0 9 0 3 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) .. 0 6 0 1 8. d. 15 0 s. d. s. d. 8. d. 11 16 1 15 s. d. 17 6* 1 6 0 2 18 0 9 2 5 0 9 0 6 0 3 10 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 6 1 1 1 1 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. 17 9 17 17 9 17 19 4 2 9 ; 22 1. B. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. 08 02 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 0 2 0 1 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. .. 0 3 0 8 0 2 0 2 0 10 0 1 0 3 0 10 0 3 0 3 0 3 0 3 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 18 10 1 10 18 10 1 10 ! 20 8 2 9 23 5 ■A. .m. v ■ ** v \/ *rf *J * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 12s. ; repairs and rebuilding, Is. fid. ; expenses, 2s. lid. : total, 17s. 6d. iew buildings, Is. Id. ; all other

Branch of Education. Out of Public Funds. „ *. New BuildMain- i j ngsan( j tenance. Additions. I i Total. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. £ 834,000 £ 58,000 £ 892,000 £ 88,000 £ {980,000 A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 85,000 6,000 91,000 39,000 130,000 39,000 29,000 19,000 1,000 58,000 30,000 7,000 25,000 65,000 55,000 Totals A (1-4) .. 987,000 84,000 1,071,000 ' 159,000 1,071,000 1,230,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 37,000 3,000 5,000 3,000 40,000 1,000 8,000 1,000 41,000 9,000 14,000 14,00U 14,000 Totals A, B, C, D !___ 1,043,000 90,000 1,133,000 §161,000 1,294,000 * Expended out of Consolidated Fund. f Expended out of Public Worl wad allowances, £666,000; repairs and rebuilding, £86,000; new buildings, £58,1 >otal, £980,000. §£44,000 from National Endowment Reserves Fund. :s Fund. J Teacl K)0; all other expense! iers' salaries !, £170,000:

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Table N1— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,058,312, including Maoris, BUT EXCLUDING COOK AND OTHER PACIFIC ISLANDS) ON EDUCATION for 1911-12. (Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.)

For primary education the cost per head of population, excluding the cost of new schools and additions, was 17s. sd. The following figures, taken from the latest available reports, show the cost per head, excluding new schools and additions, contributed out of public funds (general and local) in some other countries :— s. d. England .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1111 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 10 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 2 United States (including State of New York) .. .. .. .. 18 7 State of New York .. .. .. .. .. .. ..190 Table N2 analyses the expenditure on education in New Zealand out of public funds for the five-yearly periods 1898-9 and 1903-4 and for the last six years. The total amounts spent on the various branches of education are shown to the nearest thousand pounds, and the expenditure per head of the population to the nearest penny.

Table N2. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99, 1903-4, and 1906-7 to 1911-12 out of Public Revenue (exclusive of Income from Reserves.) (Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000.)

Out of Public Funds. Branch of Education. I „ . i New BuildMam- ings and Total tenance. Additions. _J 1 8. (1. 8. d. 8. d. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training ' 15 9 11 16 10 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 17 0 2 19 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 0 !) 0 4 11 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 0 7 .. 0 7 Out : Total for all of Income ! Items from from I all Public Reserves. ! Sources. s. d. a. d. 18 18 6* s. d. 1 1 s. d. 16 10 s. d. 1 8 0 2 1 9 0 9 0 9 2 6 0 4 1 1 0 7 0 2 0 5 0 2 13 0 5 10 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. |. 18 8 17 20 3 1 7 20 3 3 0 3 0 23 3 B. Industrial schools .. .. .. ..08 0 1 09 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 0 1 0 1 0 2 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. .. 03 .. 03 0 0 1 1 0 9 0 2 0 9 0 2 0 3 0 3 Totals A, B, C, D . . .. .. 19 8 19 21 5 1 9 21 5 1 9 3 0 3 0 24 5 * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 12s. 7d.; repairs and rebuilding, Is. 7d. ; new buil expenses, 3s. 3d. : total, 18s. 6d. tg, Is. 7d. ; new buildi igs, Is. Id. ;s, Is. Id. ; all other

'opulation (including Maoris, but ex- 783,317 eluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) 1898-9. 1903-4. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. 1909-10. 1910-11. 1911-12. I 783,317 875,648 956,457J 977,215! 1,008,373 1,030,6571,050,4521,058,312 875,648 956,457 Branch of Education. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. £ A. (1.) Primary (including Native! 482,000 schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. 5,000; (4.) Higher education (including 12,000! university and higher technical) £ 565,000 26,000 £ 717,000 68,000 £ 736,000 76,O0Oj £ 756,000 74,000 59,000 28,000 £ £ 769,000 844,000 8O,OOo! 88,000 58,000 52,000 39,000 31,000 £ 892,000 91,000 23,000 12,000 54,000 41,000 64,000 24,000 58,000 30,000 ■"■■■"™ Totals A (1-4) .. j 499,000; 626,000 880,000i 900,000: 917,000 946,000 1,015,000 1,071,000 B. Industrial sohools .. .. 15,000| O. Special schools (Deal and Blind and | 3,000i Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous I 2,000 37,000 13,000 36,000 5,000 32,000| 7,000 39,000 17,000 33,000 9,000 42,000 11,000 40,000 8,000 3,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 10,000 15,000 14,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. 519,000 519,000 679,000 926,000 947,000 987,000 998,000 1,083,000 1,133,000

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Table N1.—Expenditure on Education in New Zealand, 1911-12.

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Table N3.—Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, &c. (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of New Buildings).

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Table N2— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99, 1903-4, and 1906-7 to 1911-12 out of Public Revenue. (Figure? given in every case to the nearest penny.)

In Table N3 is shown the cost to the State per individual pupil or student.

Table N3. —Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, Colleges, and other Institutions (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of New Buildings).

Including new buildings and classes for manual instruction, the total expenditure on primary education in the year 1911-12 was £907,506. The average weekly roll was 161,648. Therefore the total cost of primary education per pupil is £5 12s. 3d. In the United States the total cost in 1909, the last figure available, was 31 dollars 65 cents, or £6 11s. 10d. As regards the figure given for New Zealand, £3 18s. lid. of the £5 12s. 3d. was for teachers' salaries, and it is generally admitted that any reduction in the rates paid would seriously militate against the supply of really good teachers. The salaries paid in the United States average £158 for males and £125 for females—very much lower than the average salary paid in this Dominion (see page 17). It is obvious, therefore, that the greater cost of the United States system of education is not due to larger salaries for teachers. To what, then, is it due ? The cause is clearly explained in the following extract from the Report of the Commissioner of Education at Washington : " The total expenditure per pupil for common school purposes in 1900 was 20 dollars 21 cents. In 1909 it had increased to 31 dollars 65 cents, or at the rate of 56 per cent. This increased cost per pupil has resulted largely from the relatively larger expenditures made for buildings, sites, furniture, libraries, and general school equipment. There has been a steady falling-ofE in the percentage of the common-school income devoted to salaries for the teachers. In 1900, 64 per cent, of the total expenditure was devoted to salaries ; in 1909 this had decreased to 59 - 2 per cent., and it declined steadily through the intervening years. While it is to be hoped that in the next decade this upward trend in better equipment will be continued, good buildings and good equipment generally cannot take the place of better teachers." In New Zealand, 70 per cent, of the total expenditure is spent on teachers' salaries. From the above, two deductions may be drawn : (1) That in the opinion of the Department of Education for the United States the quality of the teaching staff suffers proportionately to the decrease in the salaries paid ; (2) that the amount spent ia this Dominion in buildings and equipment is undoubtedly reasonable, and

i 1898-9. 1903-4. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. 1909-10. 1910-11. 1911-1 . I I A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher education (including university and higher teohnical) s. a. s. d. 12 4 12 11 s. a. 15 0 ! s. a. s. d. s. a. 15 1 14 11 14 11 s. a. 16 1 s. a. 16 10 0 7 1 5 1 j 1 5 1 7 1 8 1 9 0 2 ! 0 6 0 4 I 0 3 12 10 14 3 OS 0 10 0 1 : 0 4 1 2 0 10 1 4 I 1 2 11 0 6:0708 1 0 0 7 1 1 0 7 Totals A (1-4) 18 5 18 6 j 18 1 I 18 3 10 7 10 9 0 8 0 2 0 4 0 3 19 4 20 3 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 9 0 1 0 10 0 8 0 9 0 2 0 1 I 13 4 15 6 0 1 0 2 ; 0 4 ! 0 3 19 5 19 6 19 5 0 3 20 8 0 3 21 5 Totals A, B, 0, D 19 4 j

Branch of Education. I. Primary, &c. II. Secondary, &c. III. Continuation and technical IV. Higher All branches except primary 1898. 1903. 1906. I ! I i £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 3 4 10 3 17 2 4 14 4 4 2 6 7 19 9 .. I 1 2 10 1 13 8 3 2 10 .. l 16 18 11 9 4 3 13 6 4 .. I 5 13 11 3 7 11 r> 15 10 1908. £ s. d. 4 15 2 8 0 2! 3 4 4 14 12 3 J 5 14 8 1911. £ s. d. 5 3 0 9 9 11 2 16 II 14 16 10 6 4 3 1

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very much less in proportion than the United States, although New Zealand, being a comparatively new country, should be prepared to expend a proportionately larger amount in buildings than a country which has been settled for several centuries. Nor do the above remarks apply only to the United States. The Irish School Weekly, in its number of the 18th May, 1912, criticizes the education system of Ontario, as outlined in the Minister's report, in the following terms : " The average cost per year per pupil in average attendance in Ontario is 33*44 dollars, or about £6 12s. This is a highly creditable item of expenditure ; the only other remark we might make in reference to it is that we wonder a larger proportion of it is not expended on teachers' salaries " ; and in another place, " The average salary for men teachers is £142, and the corresponding figure for women about £96. This scale of remuneration is certainly not extravagant, and it would be vastly in the interests of the people of this great province if they would double the salaries. It is no wonder the best of the teachers leave the profession, and that the average period of service of the 9,369 teachers does not exceed eight years. The Canadians spend huge sums in building and equipping their schools, but they seem to forget that the most important educational equipment is the teacher, and, as such, the teacher must be paid." Table N4 shows the progress made in education since 1898. It will be noticed that the proportion of those receiving instruction beyond the primary stage has vastly increased.

Table N4. —Progress in Education : A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, 1906, 1908, and 1911 respectively.

National Endowment. By the provisions of the Land Act, 1908, areas of land, not to exceed in the total nine million acres, are set apart as national endowments, and, after adminis- * tration and other expenses allowed by law have been deducted, 70 per cent, of the balance is applied for the purposes of education. The sum thus applied amounted last year to £43,656, and was allocated as follows : To primary education, £21,831 ; secondary education, £6,549 ; manual and technical, £6,550 ; higher, 4,366 ; education reserves, £2,180 ; deaf, £235 ; blind, £50 ; backward children, £235 ; special schools, £1,660.

Actual Numbers. Number per 10,000 of Population. 1898. 1903. 1906. 1908. 1911. 1898. 1903. 1906. 1908. 1911. 'opulation 783,317 875,648 956,457 1,008,373 1,058,312 142,079 148,180 ; 161,921 I. Primary (including public and Native schools, all receiving free tuition) II. Secondary (including secondary schools, secondary departments of district high schools, technical dav schools, and Maori secondary schools) III. Continuation and technical (excluding school classes) IV. University, higher technical, and training colleges 136,652 136,546 3,046 5,818 142,079 7,512 7,512 i 7,742 : 8,953 1,744 39 1,551 GG 1,480 78 1,467 77 1,528 84 1,750* 6,533* 10,500* 13,051* 13,713 a ■> 75 109 129 129 708 1,194 1,502 1,711 I 1,954 9 14 1C. 17 18 (Private schools not included above, principally primary) 14,857 15,609 17,131 18,367 19,985 190 177 178 182 189 Total under instruction 157,013 165,700 5,504 I 13,545 189,051 [ 200,526 22,504 I 24,620 2,004 1,S83 1,86:J 1,872 178,724 1,948 V. Total under instruction higher than primary (II, III, and IV above) Number of latter (V) reoeiving free tuition l,178f 4,260| 19,514 7,329 I 7,959 10,540 70 155 203 223 232 15 49 7<i 79 99 * Estimated I Approximate.

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Annual Examinations. (See"also E.-8.) The annual examinations were conducted by the Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior National Scholarships, Junior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, Senior Free Places in secondary schools and district high schools, for admission to or promotion in the Civil Service, and for teachers' certificates. The examinations were held from the 21st to 29th November, and on the 30th November and Ist December, 1911, and from the sth to 20th January, 1912, at fifty-seven centres. The number of candidates examined in these two sets of examinations shows a considerable increase over the numbers of previous years. It will be noticed from the table given below that the increase has been general in all of the examinations. 1909-10. 1910-11. 1911-12. Junior National and Education Board Scholarships and Junior Free Places .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,214 2,383 2,564 Civil Service Junior, Senior Free Places, Education Board Senior Scholarships, First Pupil-teachers .. .. .. ..2,369 2,375 2,563 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,482 1,534 1,626 Civil Service Senior .. .. .. .. .. 443 390 518 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 6,508 6,682 7,271 The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees. In explanation of the number set down under the last of these heads it is to be noted that the relatively large proportion is to be accounted for partly on the usual grounds, but chiefly in the case of Senior Free Place candidates through the application of a principle recently put in operation by which awards of Senior Free Places are made with the concurrence of the Inspector-General on the recommendation of the principal of the secondary school attended or for district high schools of an Inspector of Schools. Number who entered, 1911-12 .. .'. .. .. .. 8,230 Number who entered, 1910-11 .. .. .. .. .. 7,553 Number actually present at examination, 1911-12 . . .. .. 7,271 Number actually present at examination, 1910-11 .. .. .. 6,682 Number who did not present themselves, 1911-12 .. .. .. 959 Number who did not present themselves, 1910-11 . . .. .. 871 The Department's examination for Junior National Scholarships is now used by all the Education Boards of the Dominion for the award of their Junior Scholarships, superseding thus without exception any examination locally conducted in earlier years for this purpose. For the award of their Senior Scholarships the Boards have, so far, commonly, but not exclusively, used the Civil Service Junior Examination. In the coming year any exception in this respect will be removed. Apart from this extension of its functions, the Civil Service Junior Examination is employed for a variety of purposes. Either in its proper competitive form or as the,. Intermediate Examination, with certain modifications in selected subjects to meet the needs of a non-competitive qualification, it thus serves not only as an entrance examination for the Civil Service of the Dominion, but as a scholarship examination, an examination for the Senior Free Place qualification in secondary schools and district high schools, an examination for pupil-teachers of the second or third year, and a qualifying examination for the probationer appointments instituted under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908. The cost of conducting both groups of examinations was as follows :— Total expenses, including cost of additional clerical services tern- £ s. d. porarily employed, but excluding cost of printing .. .. 5,904 4 8 Less recoveries—fees paid by candidates . . .. . . 4,048 15 6 Net cost of examinations .. .. .. .. £1,855 9 2

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Teachers' Superannuation Fund. (See also E9.) The contributors to the fund consist of— (.1.) Those who joined under the original Act of 1905 and elected to remain thereunder ; the retiring-allowance being one-sixtieth of the total salary received by the contributor during the period of contributing to the fund (or, in other words, one-sixtieth of his average salary for each year of service during the whole period of contribution), together with one one-hundred-and-twentieth of the salary during the years of service between the Ist January, 1878, and the Ist January, 1906 ; the retiring-allowance being in no case less than £52. (2.) Those who joined subsequently to the passing of the amending Act in 1908, together with such of the original members as did not exercise the option of remaining under the original Act; the retiringallowance being for each year of service one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary received during the three years next preceding retirement, with a limitation of the total allowance to two-thirds of the average salary ; and for those who joined after the 24th December, 1909, a further limitation to £300 per annum. The report of the Actuary appointed in terms of the Act to make the first examination of the fund will be published in a separate paper (E.-9a.) At the end of 1911, The number of contributors was .. .. .. .. .. 3,409 Of whom members under Part IX of Education Act, 1908, numbered 109 The annual rate of contribution paid as at the end of the year was over. . £39,000 The number of retiring-allowances in force at the end of the year was 324, representing an annual charge of over £18,787. Of these, — Ordinary allowances were .. .. ... .. 194, representing £15,349 Allowances in medically unfit cases . . . . . . 30, ~ 1,875 Allowances to widows .. .. .. .. 50, „ 913 Allowances to children .. . . .. .. 50, „ 650 The balance at the credit of the fund and invested by the Public Trustee at the end of the year was .. .. .. .. ..£183,117 The fund receives 4J per cent, interest on daily balances in the hands of the Public Trustee, and no charge is made for investment. Public Libraries. (Se9 also E.-10, Subsidies to Public Libraries.) As in the previous year, Parliament voted the sum of £4,000 in 1911-12 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. In view of the fact that this sum has been increased by £1,000 during the last two years, it is a matter of regret that the number of libraries participating in the vote should have decreased during that time by forty-six. In the New Zealand Gazette of the 9th November, 1911, a notice was inserted stating that £4,000 had been voted by Parliament for distribution to libraries. Forms of application were sent to all libraries known to the Department. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years —viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75 —that is, in no case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 3rd February, 1912, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 391 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the

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proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 9-68 d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 9s. 9d. to £24 os. Bd. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of fourteen as compared with the number Glided in February, 1911. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books. The following table shows the distribution according to the education districts :—

Summary of Distribution of Public Libraries Subsidy.

Junior Cadets. (See also E.-11, Junior Cadets.) The Junior Cadet Department, although under separate administration, is in charge of the Minister of Education. Full particulars with regard to the Junior Cadets will be found in E.-11. The report of the Staff Officer shows that the total strength of the Junior Cadet Force (including Scout-Cadets) is 29,308, the number of officers is 1,315, and the number of primary schools and secondary schools with a primary department m which the Department has active interests is 573, and of these many have two or more Cadet companies. There are also many schools in the backblocks that the Department as yet has been unable to reach, owing to the expense of sending instructors. The net cost for the year ended 31st March, 1912, was £6,513, as compared with £7,669 for the previous year. Education Commission. (E.-12.) The Education Commission appointed to inquire into educational questions has presented its report to Parliament, The detailed evidence will be published shortly. Census Returns, April, 1911. (a.) Persons unable to read or write. The census returns record that 83-78 per cent, of the population of the Dominion could read and write. Of the remainder, 0-86 could read but could not write, and 15-36 could neither read nor write. Of these, it is estimated that 14 per cent, were too young to be reasonably expected to read or write. Therefore only a little more than 1 per cent, of the population of the Dominion did not take at least some advantage of the facilities for education. Of these, thirteen out of every fourteen are over twenty years of age, and it may reasonably be supposed that most of these came

Education Districts. Number of Libraries. Income. I Income upon which 1 Subsidy is based. Subsidy. Auokland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke'e Bay . Marlborough Nelson Grey .. Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland Stewart Island Chatham Islands 8!J 12 29 20 28 5 24 3 6 68 22 46 37 1 1 £ a. a. 3,055 12 9 283 18 6 1,450 6 5 4,900 8 5 1,168 2 11 150 11 4 542 15 1 328 13 2 104 15 6 1,656 16 1 372 11 2 808 16 0 335 2 3 29 15 0 7 0 0 £ s. d. 3,590 7 3 524 13 8 1,443 5 10 1,256 14 0 1,320 13 10 25V 0 4 1,039 6 8 249 11 0 254 15 6 a,626 4 1 922 11 2 1,811 8 6 1,260 2 3 54 15 0 32 0 0 £ s. d. 862 17 6 126 1 11 346 17 5 302 0 9 317 8 2 61 15 4 249 15 7 59 19 6 61 4 9 631 3 4 22L 14 7 435 7 8 302 16 6 13 3 3 7 13 9 Totals 391 15,195 4 7 16,643 9 1 4,000 0 0

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to the Dominion as adults without the rudiments of education. This contention, indeed, is amply borne out by another table, which shows that more than two-thirds pi these are not New-Zealand-born. There are only 292 persons between the ages of ten and fifteen who cannot read or write, and the explanation of even this small number lies in the fact that there are still a few isolated parts of the Dominion where, on account of the sparsely populated nature of the district, it has been found impossible to supply the machinery for education An interesting census table is that showing the gradual advance in education at various censuses since 1858. In 1858, 36-49 per cent, of the population could not re ad or write ; at successive censuses this percentage was gradually reduced till, in 1878, only 30-48 were illiterate. The effect of the passing of the Education Act, 1877, is here very marked, the figure for 1886, for instance, being 25*99. From that date onwards the number has been gradually decreasing at each successive census. Presuming that 14 per cent, of the population are under seven years of age, and that this proportion held good in previous censuses, we get the following results. Persons of Seven Years and upwards unable to read or write. In 1858 .. .. .. '.. .. .. 22 out of every 100 In 1878 16 „ 100 In 1886 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 „ 100 In 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 1 „ 100 (b.) Attendance at various Educational Institutions. The following return shows the census figures for persons in attendance at University colleges, secondary schools, technical schools, and primary schools, and those receiving instruction at home. The Department's figures have been added where possible for purposes of comparison ; in all cases except in University colleges and primary schools it has been found impossible to supply the figures for the same period (April, 1911), and the figures for December, 1910, have been inserted.

As regards University colleges, the slight discrepancy arises in all probability from the fact that some students do not begin their course till after the] Easter holidays. The peculiarity in regard to the return of secondary-school pupils lies in the fact that, according to the census returns, there were almost as many girls as boys, whereas, according to the figures supplied by secondary schools and day technical schools there were 20 per cent, more boys than girls. It will be noted that there is a very great disparity between the two sets of figures in the case of technical classes. For this several reasons may be assigned. The most obvious and most important is that when the census was taken on the 2nd April, many of the technical classes had not opened for the year's work. Moreover, many of those attending such classes were already engaged in some trade, and having entered due particulars in the census column concerned doubtless took no

Education Depai Returns. •tment'K :nsus Returns. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. At University colleges At secondary schools and day technical schools At private secondary schools At technical classes At private technical schools At primary schools At private primary schools Home instruction 1,087 4,652 538 4,646 1,625 9,298 1.128 5,081 648 4,124 1,776 9,205 1,003 2,612 291 80.546 6,460 2,057 2,102 1,486 278 73,606 8,310 2,791 3,105 4,098 569 154,152 14,770 4,848 7,811 81,322 * 7^257 74,031 * 15,068 155,353 15, 914-t * * * No returns a . 'ailable. t Roll for year 1911.

69

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heed of the column on education. So far as the Education Department's figures are concerned it may safely be asserted that no individual student is entered more than once, although he may have been in attendance at several different classes. In order to get at the root of the disparity, if possible, the Department has made a careful analysis of the figures set down in census Table VII, wherein the same particulars are given for the various boroughs, and in every case has found that the figures supplied by the local authorities are much in excess of the census figures. The comparatively slight disparity in the primary figures, less than 1 per cent., is no doubt due partly to a falling-ofi in attendance at the beginning of a new quarter. Efficient home instruction is a ground of exemption from attendance at school. Probably a considerable number of the 4,848 children returned as receiving home instruction were too young to be sent to school; in some cases, in sparsely populated districts, the school is too far away; while in still other cases parents consider, no doubt quite rightly, that the child will benefit more by parental teaching than by instruction with others in a class-room. (c.) Increase in Attendance during Forty Years. Attending Attending all Government other Schools Taught at Primary and Home. Schools. Universities. (1.) (2.) (3.) 1871 .. .. .. .. .. 14,953 16,757 1878.. .. .. .. .. 62,866 14,611 9,706 1886 .. 110,644 14,948 7,567 1911.. .. .. 154,152 33,465 4,848 Column I.—The effect of the passing of the Education Act, 1877, is here very clearly shown. The numbers in attendance at primary schools to-day are over ten times as great as forty years ago. Column 2. —Prior to the passing of the Education Act many children were taught privately. In fifteen years, in spite of the enormous increase in population, the number attending schools other than primary fell off to the extent of almost 2,000. In recent years, the facilities for free education at secondary schools and technical day schools has resulted in an enormous increase in the numbers attending. Column 3. —The number of children taught at home has fallen in accordance with the increase in the number taught in primary schools.

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APPENDIX.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries in respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ending 31st March, 1912.

Head Office (Vote No. 79). £ s. d. £ s. d. I £ 3. d. Inspector-General of bchoois Secretary Assistant Inspector-General Chief Clerk and Secretary to Teachers' Superannuation Board Two Inspectors, at £435 Clerks and clerical assistance .. Travelling-expenses Telephone subscriptions Publications, books of reference, &c. Office requisites Contingencies 775 0 0 i 625 0 0 : 575 0 0 490 0 0 i 870 0 0 6,728 7 1 330 2 9 63 6 10 J 58 6 3 ] 232 6 7 15 1 0 J 10,760 10 6 Elementary Education (Votes Nos. 80, 90, and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Publie Works Fund). Grants to Education Boards for— Teachers' salaries (including lodging-allowances of pupilteachers) Teachers' house allowances (Vote No. 91) General administrative purposes: Capitation at 12s. on average attendance Grant of £250 per annum to eaoh Board Believing teachers : Capitation at 6d. on average attendance Inspection of private schools Free text-books—Class P and 81, 82, S3, S4, S5, and S6.. 618,938 10 11 15,337 2 3 ! 85,311 15 0 3,250 0 0 3,554 16 8 ! 608 17 0 10,186 15 10 School buildings— General maintenance and replacement of worn-out buildings (Votes Nos. 91 and 105) Less amount received for sale of old buildings, &c. .. 75,432 0 0 128 3 6 75,303 16 6 I Bent of buildings and sites used for school purposes (Vote No. 91) .. .. .. .. Schools destroyed or damaged by fire (Vote No. 91)— Bebuilding and repairs Bent of temporary premises New buildings, additions, and teachers' residences (Vote No. 105) 1,529 6 1 J 9,073 9 3 139 18 2 53,164 1 4 Miscellaneous Expenditure— Schools at Chatham Islands Grants in aid of free kindergartens (Vote No. 90) Conveyance (£9,526 Is. 9d.) and board (£382 7s. 6d.) of school-children; conveyance of teachers (£94 19s.wL) Preparation of standard test questions in English and arithmetic Illustrations: Natural history, &c, £350 16s. 2d.; postage, £30 11s. 6d. Sohool Journal—Printing, &c. (Vote No. 80), £2,379 10s. 2d.; postage (Vote No. 90), £458 12s. Less amount received for sales . 783 15 7 i 596 3 4 10,003 9 0 20 0 0 381 7 8 2,838 2 2 119 3 10 Wall-sheets Sundries 2,718 18 4 72 17 2 3 17 6 L«ss— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. Bevenue from reserves for primary education.. 890,978 17 7 I 100 6 8 21,830 13 6 64,246 16 6 86,177 16 8 I ; 804,801 0 11 Secondary Education (Votes Nos. 81 and 91, Consolidated Fund; 105, Publio Works Fund; and statutory payments). Grants to Education Boards for— Scholarships : Not exceeding eapitation allowance at Is. 6d. on average attendance District high schools: Salaries of seoondary teachers Subsidies (Education Act, 1908) .. National Scholarships, Junior (Education Aot, 1908) 9,616 5 2 16,432 8 5 1,762 10 9 ! 3,250 18 6 Carried forward 31,062 2 10 815,561 11 5

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ «. d. £ e. d. 31,062 2 10 £ s. 815,561 11 Secondary Education — continued. Secondary schools and colleges : Capitation Secondary schools and colleges : Subsidies (Eduoation Act, 1908) Conveyance of holders of free places at secondary and district high schools.:. Scholarships awarded to Maoris attending public schools Marlborough High School : Statutory payment (Marlborough High School Act, 1899) Grants to secondary schools for buildings, furniture, &c. — Whangarei (Vote No. 105) Hamilton ■ Wellington Girls' Marlborough: „ .. .. .. Rangiora „ .. .. ••'■". Waicaki Gore „ Palmerston Morth—Fitting up temporary premises, school destroyed by fire (Vote No. 91) Contingencies .. .. .. 45,779 18 1 1,354 7 7 4,421 9 9 53 13 4 400 0 0 500 0 0 371 4 1 3,500 0 0 250 0 0 '250 0 0 500 0 0 550 2 5 71 15 6 5 11 9 Less: revenue from National Endowment reserves 89,070 5 4 6,549 0 0 82,521 5 4 Manual and Technical Instruction (Votes Nos. 82 and 91, Consolidated Fund;'105, Publio Works Fund; and the Education Act, 1908). Salaries of Inspectors (2) Examinations— ; Science and Art, Board of Education, South Kensington, London City and Guilds of London Institute 835 0 0 266 7 7 625 18 11 892 6 6 Capitation— School classes: Primary, £16,527 11s.; secondaiy, £1,169 8?. 10d. .. Special, £8,657 Us. 9d.; associated, £14,542 2s. 9d.; and college classes, £1,916 2s. 9d. .. .. Free places at technical schools 17,696 19 10 46,641 9 11 1,853 7 11 18,702 16 10 619 12 4 1,175 4 9 345 16 8 25,116 0 3 3,828 9 10 Material for technical classes Buiidines and permanent apparatus (Vote No. 105) Rents (Vote No. 91) Railway fares of instructors Railway fares of students attending registered classes Railway fares of public-school pupils attending manual-train-ing centres Railway fares of holders of free places at technical schools .. Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) Sundries 3,799 16 5 1,677 13 6 194 3 2 5,840 5 i 15 1 11 Less— Recoveries (examination fees, &c.) Revenue from National Endowment reserves.. 255 4 9 6,550 0 0 82,592 15 3 6,805 4 9 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers (Votes Nos. 84, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Publio Works Fund). 75,787 10 6 Training collegesSalaries of staff (half is charged to teachers' salaries " Elementary Education ") Allowances and lees for students Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. Building-site (additional), Welliugton (Vote No. 105) Classes at subcentres— Grants to Education Boards .. Fares of teachers, £3,584 11s. 5d.; less refunds, £5 15s. 5d. 6,877 0 9 21,348 4 11 1,209 3 3 900 0 0 j 3,890 0 0 3,578 16 0 87,803 4 11 Higher Education (Votes Nos. 81, Consolidated Fund; 105, Public Works Fund; statutory payments; and unauthorized.) .-■ ■ ,: ■• . ' 'J. 'iijj / ■'; Statutory grantsUniversity of New Zealand (New Zealand University Act, 1908) Auckland University College (Auckland University College Act, 1882) .. .. ... ..- Victoria College, Wellington (Victoria College Act, „ : 1905) .. \ '■■ . "■ v i 3,000 0 0 .4,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 Carried forward. ,000 0 0 1,011,673 12 2

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc.— continued.

Brought forward £ s. £ s. d. 11,000 0 0 £ s. d. 1,011,678 12 2 Higher Education— contimitd. Addition to statutory grants (Vote No. 81)— Auckland University College Victoria College, Wellington Specialization grants (Voie No. 81) — Auckland University College : Commerce, Mining Victoria College, Wellington : Law, Scienoe Canterbury College: Engineering University of Otago: Mining, Medicine, Dental, and Veterinary Science Grants for buildings, &o. Victoria College, Wellington : apparatus (Vote No. 105) University of Otago: Grant in aid (Public Works Fund, unauthorized) Sir George Grey Scholarships (Vote No. 81) Queen's Scholarships, Victoria College, Wellington (Queen's Scholarships Act, 1906) National Scholarships, Senior (Education Act, 1908) Researoh scholarships (Vote No. 81) Bursaries (Vote No. 81) .. 1,200 0 0 1,500 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 75 0 0 22,694 0 6 1,000 0 0 150 0 0 50 0 0 3,048 9 1 239 16 4 796 15 1 Less revenue from National Endowment reserves 27,060 0 6 4,366 0 0 Native Schools (Votes Nos. 84 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; 105, Publio Works Fund). Salaries of Inspectors (2) Salaries and allowances of teachers Higher education (including industrial and nursing scholarships) Books, school requisites, sewing material, &c. Expenses of removals of teachers Travelling-expenses of Inspectors and other Departmental officers Buildings: New schools, additional class-rooms, &c. (Vote No. 105) General maintenance of buildings: Bepairs, painting, &c. (Vote No. 91) .. .. .. .. Manual Instruction: Payment of instructors and material for olasses .. Fuel, and rewards for supplying fuel Ferrying and conveyance of ohildren Sundries —Advertising, planting sites, sanitation, &o. 890 0 0 24,812 6 7 3,098 10 9 461 8 9 808 9 3 439 19 6 4,124 16 1 85,012 2 3 1,929 13 6 362 19 4 150 1 11 83 12 7 73 17 1 Less— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves 43 13 2 2,180 0 0 37,235 15 4 2,223 13 2 Infant-life Protection (Vote No. 85). Salaries of visiting nurses and looal representatives Travelling-expenses, &o. .. Maintenance of infants in foster-homes Rent of offices (Auckland and Dunedin) Telephones, £22 2s. 6d. ; sundries, £1 7s. lid. 767 3 4 213 2 1 97 5 0 43 10 0 23 10 5 Less recoveries s* ■ SPECIAL SCHOOLS. School for the Deaf (Votes Nos. 86 and 91. Consolidated Fund, and 105 Publio Works Fund.) 1,144 10 10 26 1 0 1,118 9 10 SalariesDirector Teachers .. .. .. .. 450 0 0 1,732 8 4 Matron and servants Medical Officer 2,182 8 4 1,031 7 3 20 0 0 General maintenance Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils Pupils boarded out Furniture and repairs to buildings (Vote No. 91, £197 Is. 4d.; Vote No. 105, £14 3s. id.) 1,051 7 3 1,218 12 5 245 4 1 81 13 11 2,592 18 3 211 4 8 Less— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. 2,162 12 5 235 0 0 4,990 10 8 2,397 12 5 Carried forward .. 1,073,091 2 11

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued

10— E. 1.

£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,073,091 2 11 Brought forward Special Schools— continued. Education of the Blind (Vote No. 87, Consolidated Fund). jharges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland Less— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. 876 8 3 798 10 5 50 0 0 848 10 5 27 17 10 Home for Backward Children (Votes Nos. 88 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Public Works Fund). Salaries — Principal and Matron Teachers Attendants and servants 300 0 0 143 15 0 1,619 18 3 Pravelling-expenses xeneral maintenance additional buildings, furniture, water-supply, &c. (Public Works Fund, Vote No. 105) .. .. ieneral maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c. (Consolidated Fund, Vote No. 91) .. 2,063 18 3 238 11 6 1,719 8 10 3,078 19 3 . 292 2 5 Less — Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. 1,366 15 10 235 0 0 7,392 15 3 industrial Schools (Votes Nos. 89 and 91, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Public Works Fund). 1,601 15 10 5,790.19 5 Salaries of Assistant Inspector and Visiting Officers (2) travelling expenses, &c, of Inspectors and Visiting Officers and other departmental officers travelling-expenses of Managers of Schools 720 0 0 666 18 6 340 14 11 1,727 13 5 Schools, — Auckland — Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, &o. (Vote No. 105), £438 8s. Id.; repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91), £100 17s. Id. Children boarded out 716 17 2 863 0 6 539 5 2 1,338 10 4 Less recoveries 3,457 13 2 1,224 17 11 Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa— Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, &o. (Vote No. 105), £2,289 9s. 7d. ; and small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91), £797 11s. 8d. Children boarded out 2,232 15 3 2,382 12 10 5,970 4 10 3,087 1 3 14 15 8 Less recoveries 11,454 14 7 2,494 0 0 Receiving Home, Wellington— Salaries General maintenance Repairs, &c, to buildings (Vote No. 91) Children boarded out .. 8,960 14 7 903 19 0 1,534 19 9 78 14 6 6,235 12 10 Less recoveries 8,753 6 1 5,338 16 1 Boys' Industrial School, Stoke — Salaries General maintenance .. .. Additional buildings, furniture, renovation, &c. (Vote No. 105, £87 8s. 5d. ; Vote No. 91, £1,091 3s. 3d.) Interest on mortgages on property 3,414 10 0 1,552 9 7 • 3,477 5 5 1,178 11 8 629 12 2 Less recoveries 6,837 18 10 1,422 16 5 5,415 2 5 Receiving Home, Christchurch — Salaries General maintenance Rent .. Furnishings, repairs to buildings, &o. (Vote No. 91) .. Children boarded out 788 1 8 1,261 12 9 143 0 0 39 1 7 4,530 11 6 Less recoveries G.762 7 6 3,142 5 8 3,620 1 10 Carried forward .. 25,370 17 6 1,078,910 0

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. £ p. a. 25,370 17 C £ s. d 1,078,910 0 2 Brought forward Special Schools : Industrial Schools— continued. . " Tβ Oranga Home, Christchuroh— Salaries.. General maintenance Rent .. Repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 91) Swimming-bath, improvements to water-supply, &o. (Vote No. 105) 1,105 17 1 699 10 5 103 5 0 169 9 8 838 11 10 Less recoveries 2,916 14 0 555 13 2 Burnham— Salaries General maintenance Completion of additional buildings, small works, repairs, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91, £676 7s. ; Vote No. 105, £116 lls. 8d.) .. 2,361 0 10 2,918 7 5 4,432 16 6 792 18 8 Less recoveries 8,144 1 7 855 5 0 Caversham — Salaries.. General maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 91) Children boarded out 7,288 16 7 951 15 1 987 7 6 299 16 4 3,175 10 2 Less recoveries 5,414 9 1 3,537 15 5 Private Schools— St. Mary's, Auckland— Capiiation grants, &o. Less recoveries 1,870 13 8 1,229 19 8 457 5 4 772 14 4 St. Joseph's, Wellington— Capitation grants, &o. Less recoveries 152 8 3 75 7 9 St. Mary's, Nelson— Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 77 0 6 164 9 6 132 12 11 31 16 7 St. Vincent de Paul's, Danediu— Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries ' 87 2 0 8 16 6 Inmates maintained at other institutions Earnings refunded to ex-inmates .. Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boa dingout orders 78 5 6 64 3 8 31 0 3 100 0 0 Loss revenue from National Endo.vnent reserves 38,052 9 5 1,660 0 0 36,392 9 5 Miscellaneous (Votes Nos. 80 and 90, Consolidated Fund ; and the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908). Milne seismograph No. 20, Maintenance of (Vote No. 90) Postage and telegrams (Vote No. 90) Teachers' Superannuation Board : Travelling-expenses of members, and medical examination of applicants for retirement (Vote No. 90) .. .. Annual contribution to Teachers' Superannuation Fund (Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908) Examination expenses (Vote No. 90) : Teachers' and Civil Service Lees recoveries (examination fees) 54 3 5 1,323 12 0 I , 30 16 8 7,000 0 0 . . . £Wt 5,9.33 10 7 4,075 16 0 I 1,857 14 7 Subsidies to public libraries on basis of voluntary contributions (Vote No. 90) .. •Grant to Educational Institute for travelling-expenses of members (Vote No. 80) .. Illustrations, photographs, &c, for parliamentary reports (Vote No. 90) " Schoolmates " : Grant to cover cost of postage (Vote No. 90) Flags for schools —Naw Zealand Ensigns (Vote No. 90) Bent of store-room for general departmental purposes (Vote No. 90) Legal expenses (Vote No. 90) .. .. 3,956 5 2 100 0 0 34 18 6 50 0 0 5 18 4 54 10 0 54 6 1 Less recoveries 14,522 4 9 47 11 8 14,474 13 1 Total .. £1,129,777 2 8

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INDEX.

A. Afflicted children. See Special schools. Agricultural instruction. —Progress in elementary agriulture, 37. Rural courses in district high schools, 38. Agricultural college, 54, 58. Rural courses in secondary schools, 39 ; in technical schools, 41, 42; all schools, 43. Attendance (see also Roll number) — Public primary schools, 6. Increase since 1910, 6. Compulsory attendance, 6. Average attendance as compared with other countries, 6, 7. Native schools, 7. Chatham Islands schools, 7. Private primary schools, 7, 11. Secondary schools. — Lower departments, ,7. All schools, 46. B. Blind, School for the. See Special schools. Board of primary scholars, 13. Bursaries, University, 59. C. ■Cadets, Junior, 67. Census, 1911, Criticism of figures.—Persons unable to read or write, 67. Comparison between Department's figures and census returns, 68. Increase in attendance over forty years, 69. Chatham Islands schools. — Number of schools, 32. Weekly roll number, 6. Roll number at end of year, 32. Average attendance, 7, 32. Examination, 32. Scholarship examination, 32. Expenditure, 32. List of teachers, 32. Compulsory continuation classes, 43. Conveyance of scholars, 12. Cost per head of education system. See Finance. D. Deaf, School for the. See Special schools. Degrees conferred. See Universities. Dependent children. See Special schools. District high schools.—Roll number, 6, 46. Average attendance, 7, 46. Rural courses, 38. E. Education Board's finance. See Finance. Education Department, Head Office. —Expenditure, 70. Education Reserves. —Provisions of new Act, 27. Area of reserves, 27. Capital value, 27. Income and expenditure, 28. Elementary education. See Public primary schools. Enrolment. See Roll number. Examinations conducted by Department.—Number of j candidates, 65. Expenditure, 65. F. Feeble-minded, School for the. See Special schools. Finances— All items of expenditure.—Analysis, 61, 70-74. Cost per head of population, 62. Comparison with other countries, 62. Analysis from 1898 in five-yearly periods, 62. Expenditure per head of population from public revenue, 63. Expenditure per pupil, 63. Detailed statement of expenditure for year 1911-12, 70-74. Public primary schools. —General Account, 25. Buildings Account, 25. Diversion of moneys from Buildings Account, 26. Statement of receipts and expenditure, 22-23. Native schools, 32, 72. •Chatham Islands, 32, 70.

Finances— continued. Special schools, 34, 35, 36, 72-74. Manual instruction, 45, 71. Technical instruction, 45, 71. Secondary schools.—Sources of income, 51. Receipts and expenditure, 52, 70-71. Criticism of finances, 52-53. Universities, 55, 57-58, 71-72. Education Reserves, 28. Free class-books, 13. Free places. See Secondary schools ; Technical schools; i University Colleges, bursaries. H. High schools. See Secondary schools. I. Income. See Finance. Industrial schools. See Special schools. Industrial training. See Technical instruction. Infant-life protection.—Number of licensed foster-homes, 35. Number of children maintained, 35. Expenditure,. 35. J. Junior Cadets.—Total strength, 67. Number of officers, 67. Cost, 67. L. Libraries.—Method of distributing vote, 66. Number of libraries participating, 66. Income, 67. Subsidies, 67. Amount distributed, 67. M. Manual instruction— In public schools.—Percentage of schools, 36. Number of classes, 37. Subjects of instruction, 37, Average rate of payment, 37. Number of pupils, 37. Centralization of instruction, advantages and disadvantages, 37. Progress in elementary agriculture, 37. Rural courses in district high schools, 38. Elementary physics, 38. Swimming and life-saving, 38. Building operations, 38. Capitation and expenditure, 39. In secondary schools.—Subjects of instruction, 39. Average attendance, 39. Average rate of payment, 39. Rural courses, 39. Building operations, 39. Maori children.—Number attending Native village schools, 9, 31. Number attending mission schools, 9, 31. Number attending public schools, 9, 31. Number attending secondary schools, 31. Number under special technical training, 31. Number of schools at which Maoris are taught, 29. Backwardness of Maori pupils attending public schools, 10. Model schools. See Training colleges. N. National endowment, 64. Native schools— Scholars.—Average attendance, 7, 29. Roll, 6, 29. Regularity of attendance, 30. Classification of scholars, 31. Results of inspection, 31. Number of Maoris attending Native village schools, 9, 31; attending Native mission schools, 9, 31 ; attending public schools, 9, 31 ; speaking Maori in the home, 31. Number of Europeans in Native schools, 10, 30 ; their standards and ages, 10. Schools.—Number of schools, 28-29. Teachers.—Number of teachers, 31. Salaries, 31. Expenditure, 32.

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p. Private primary schools.—Roll number, 6, 11. Average attendance, 7, 11. Present at examination, 11. Number of proficiency and competency certificates issued, 11. Regularity of attendance, 11. Professors, number of, at University colleges, 57: Progress in education, 64, 69. Public libraries. See Libraries. Public primary schools— Scholars.—Roll—average weekly, 5 ; at end of year, - 5; at annual examination, 11. Average attendance, 6 ; as percentage of roll, 6, 7 ; increase since 1910, 6; compulsory attendance, 6; attendance compared with other countries, 6, 7. Number in each standard, 5, 11. Number at various ages, 5, 8. Classification, 5, 11. Examination, 11. Average age, 8 ; sex, 8. Schools. — Number, 3. Percentage of sole-teaoher schools, 4. Increases and decreases in number of schools for separate districts, 4. Teachers.—Number of adults, 5, 14-16. Number of pupil-teachers, 5, 14-16. Sex, 15-16. Salaries, 17. Status as regards certificates, 17-19. Training, 19-21. Expenditure, 21-27. Publications issued by Department, 13. Pupils. Sec Scholars. R. Roll number— Primary schools.—Average weekly, 5 ; at end of year, 5; at annual examination, 11. Increase over forty years, 69. Native schools, 6, 29. Chatham Islands schools, 6, 32. Private primary schools, 6, 11. Secondary schools, 45-46. University colleges, 56. Reserves. See Education reserves. S. Scholars — Primary schools.—Number in each standard, 5, 11. Number at various ages, 5, 8. Sex, 8. Leakage in attendance of girls, 8. Maoris attending, 9, 30. Classification, 5, 11. Examination, 11. Average age, 8. Native schools.—Europeans attending, 10, 30. Maoris attending, 9, 30. All scholars attending, 31. Chatham Islands schools, 32. Private primary schools, 11. Scholarships— At secondary schools.—Number of Junior National Scholarships, 49. Rate of payment, 49. Number of Education Board scholarships, 49. Rate of payment, 49. Foundation scholarships, 50. Private scholarships, 50. At University colleges.—Description of scholarships, 59. Scholarships held—Rhodes, 59 ; Research, 59 ; Junior University, 60 ; Senior National, 60 ; Taranaki, 60 ; Senior University, 60 ; Bursaries, 60 ; Sir George Grey, 60 ; other, 60. School Journal, 13. Secondary schools— Scholars. —Roll, 45-46. Attendance, 46. Proportion of population receiving secondary instruction, 47. Roll of lower departments, 6, 53. Average attendance of lower departments, 7. Schools.—Number of schools, 45. Number of lower departments, 53. Description of lower departments, 53. Teachers.—Ratio of males to females, 50. Staffing, 50. Number of pupils per teacher, 50. Salaries, 50-51.

Secondary schools— continued. Free secondary education.—Junior free places, 47-48. Senior free places, 47-48. Statistics, 48. Method of calculating capitation, 47. Advance of system, 64. Total number benefited, 48. Special schools— All schools.—Total roll, 33. School for the Deaf. —Roll, 35. Expenditure, 35. Recoveries, 35. Jubilee Institute for the Blind.—Roll, 36. Expenditure, 36. Recoveries, 36. School for Feeble-minded.—Roll, 36. Expenditure, 36. Need for extension of system, 33. Precautions for eliminating mental deficiency, 33. Extension of control, if necessary, to age of twenty-five, 33, 36, Proposed building of cottage homes, 36. Industrial schools. — Roll, 34. Expenditure, 34. Supervision by special officer suggested in certain cases, 33. Parental contributions, 34. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards, 34. Savings of inmates, 35. Staffing. See Teachers. Superannuation.—Two classes of contributors, 66. Actuary's report, 66. Statistics, 66. Expenditure, 66. T. Teachers— Public schools. —Number of adults, 5, 14—16. Number of pupil-teachers, 5, 14-16. Sex, 15-16. Headteachers, 15. Assistants, 15. Sole teachers, 15. Ratio of males to females, 15. Staffing, 14-17* Salaries, 17. Status as regards certificates, 17-19. Training, 19-21. Native schools.—Number, 31. Staffing, 31. Salaries,. 31. Secondary schools. — Ratio of males to females, 50. Staffing, 50. Number of pupils per teacher, 50. Salaries, 50-51. All teachers.—Status as regards certificates, 19. Technical instruction — All technical classes.—Progress during year, 39. Statistics, 40. Special classes, 40. Associated classes, 40. College classes, 40. Number of pupils, 40. Income and expenditure, 44, 45, 71. Day technical schools.—Number of schools,'4o. Number of students, 41. Sex, 41. Free places, 41. Course of instruction, 41. Capitation, 41. Free places, 41. Other technical classes.—Number of students, 41. Age and sex, 41. Occupations, 42. Number of classes, 42. Capitation, 42. Grouped courses, 43. Commercial classes, 42. Rural classes, 42. Evening classes, 43. Compulsory classes. 43. Free places, 44. Training colleges.—Students, 19-20. Ratio of males tofemales, 20. Professional work, 20. University work, 20. Number in training in each college, 21. Classification, 21. Number of scholars in main schools, 20 ; in secondary departments, 20 ; in model, schools, 20. Expenditure, 21. U. Universities— New Zealand University.—lts functions, 53-54. TheSenate, 53. Number of persons examined by, 54. Income and expenditure, 55. Raising of matriculation standard, 55. Resolutions adopted at last meeting, 55. Degrees conferred, 55. University colleges.—Their functions, 54. Number of students, 56. Increase in unmatriculated students, 57. Courses taken, 57. Staffing, 57. Finances, 57-58. Other professional institutions.—Canterbury Agricultural College, 54. Training colleges, 54. Dniversity bursaries, 59. University Endowment Act, 60.

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[Photo by T. H. Whetton.

Central Infants' School, Wanganui.

HALCOMBE Primary School, WANGANUI, Showing School-Garden.

Frontispiece.]