EDUCATION: THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1910.]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1911 Session I, E-01

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1911. NEW ZEALAND.

EDUCATION: THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1910.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Primary Education: Page Secondary Education : „„_. Public Schools— Number of Schools 49 Number of Schools .. .. .. 4 Roll and Attendance .. .. [' 42 Roll Number .. .. .. .. 5 Free Secondary Education .. 44 Attendance .. .. .. .. 6 Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and Age and Sex of Pupils .. .. .. 8 District High Schools 45 Maori Children leceiving Primary Instruc- Junior National Scholarships '' 45 _ tlon .•■ • • • ■ • • 8 Education B, ard Scholarships .. .'. 46 Europeans in Native Schools .. .. 9 Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships 47 Private Schools .. .. .. 10 Private Scholarships .. 47 Classification and Examination .. 10 Staffs of Secondary Schools 47 Conveyance of Children .. .. 11 Salaries of Secondary T-acbers " 47 Free School-books .. .. .. 12 Finances of Secondary Schools . 48 The SchonlJounial, &a. .. .. 12 Lower Dcpaitrmnts 50 Staffs of Public Schools .. .. 13 General Remarks .. 50 Salaries of Teachers .. .. .. 15 Higher Education .. 50 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates 15 Scholarships, Buraaries, &c. '' 56 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 17 Junior University, Senior National,'TaranakY Finances of Education Boards .. .. 19 and Queen's Scholarships 57 Education Reserves .. .. .. .. 25 Degrees conferred .. " 57 Native Schools 26 Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1910 58 Chatham Islands .. .. .. .. 29 The University Endowment Aot, 1868 58 Special Schools :— General: " Afflicted and Dependent Children .. .. 30 Expenditure out of Public Funds on Education 58 School for the Deaf .. .. .. 31 Annual Examinations .. 62 Jubilee Institute (or the Blind .. .. 31 Teachers' Superannuation Fund 63 Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind .. 31 Public Libraries Children under State Guardianship .. .. 32 Junior Cadets.. . 64 Infant-life Protection .. .. .. .. 33 Appendix: Manual and Technical Instruction:— Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Manual Instruction in Schools .. .. 33 for Financial Year ending 31st Maroh. 1911 65 Technical Instruction ...... 36

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Office of the Department of Education, My Lord,— Wellington, 17th August, 1911. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1908, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1910. I have, &c, George Fowlds. His Excellency the Eight Honourable Lord Islington, Governor of the Dominion of New Zealand.

BEPOET. Contents. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1908, the Education Amendment Act, 1908, and the Education Reserves Act, 1908, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows: — E.-2. Primary Education; with appendices, namely,— Appendix A. Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix B. Reports of the School Commissioners ; Appendix C. Reports of Inspectors ; Appendix D. Training of Teachers ; Appendix E. List of Public Schools and Teachers. E.-3. Native Schools. E.-4. Special Schools and Infant-life Protection. E.-5. Manual and Technical Instruction.

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E.-6. Secondary Education. E.-7. Higher Education. E.-8. Annual Examinations. E.-9. Teachers' Superannuation. E.-10. Public Libraries. E.-11. Junior Cadets. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. These summaries are numbered with the letters from the alphabet from A to N, and the tables from which they were prepared will be found in the separate paper concerned, numbered Al, A 2, 81, 82, &c. Where information in any section of this report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the table concerned and the report in which it is printed. PRIMARY EDUCATION. Public Schools. A umber of Schools. (E.-2.—Table Al, page 25.) The number of public schools open at the end of 1910 was 2,096, as against 2,057 for the year 1909, an increase of 39. In Table A the schools are classified according to the yearly average attendance. In a number of cases schools maintained in grades under Schedule A of clause 2 of the staffs and salaries regulations are included in this table in such grades, although the average attendance of these schools respectively for 1909 was below the minimum of the grades as indicated in Table A. The classification is in accordance with the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, which came into operation on the Ist January, 1909. The number of small schools with an average attendance not exceeding 15, which in 1908 rose from 447 to 504, and in 1909 to 569, has fallen to 527, still slightly more than a quarter of the number of public schools in the Dominion. But the decrease in the number of Grade 0 and Grade I schools has been more than compensated by the increase in the next higher grades, Grades II and 111. the former containing 31 schools more than last year, the latter 25. Schools with an average attendance of 35 or under are sole-teacher schools. On referring to Table A it will be seen that there were 1,280 such schools in 1910. But, as already stated, in some cases schools are maintained in a higher .grade than their average attendance would appear to warrant. Thus, in Grade IV there were in 1910 20 schools the average attendance of which did not warrant the appointment of an assistant teacher. There were therefore altogether in 1910 1,300 schools in charge of sole teachers, as against 1,266 in 1909. In other words, in 1909 soleteacher schools formed 61*5 per cent, of the total number of public schools; in 1910 62 per cent. The aggregate average attendance of schools of this kind in 1909 was 22,859, or 17 - 1 per cent, of the total average attendance for the Dominion ; in 1910 the aggregate was 22,793, or 16*7 per cent. The number of schools with two or more teachers was, in 1909, 791. In 1910 the number was 796. Of these schools there were, both years, 28 schools with an average attendance exceeding 600. During the year 1910, 76 schools were closed; as in previous years, several of these schools, although reckoned as closed in their original form, were reopened in another; some were amalgamated, some half-time schools became full-time schools; and so on. Including such reopened schools, the total number of schools

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opened during the year was 114. The totals of schools closed and of schools opened during the year are as follows :■

Increases and Decreases in Number or Public Schools.

The net increase in the number of schools open at the end of the year is thus 38. The total number of public schools in each grade is shown in Table A, the corresponding figures for the previous year being entered for purposes of comparison.

TABLE A.—Number of Public Schools in each Grade, 1909 and 1910.

The number of schools in each grade in the several education districts is given in Table Al. Roll Number. (E.-2.—Tables 81, 82, and 83, pages 25 and Bβ.) The average weekly roll number for 1910 showed for each quarter an increase over that for the corresponding quarter of 1909. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was as follows :— Mean of average weekly roll, 1909 .. .. .. .. .. 161,142 1910 .. .., .. .. .. 154,756 Increase in 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 3,614 As in previous years, the additions to the roll were most marked in the North Island, where settlement has been more rapid than in the South ; but every district showed at least some increase. The increase was most evident in the last quarter of the year. Number on roll at end of 1909 .. .. .. .. .. 152,416 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 156,324 Increase in 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 3,908 Table B shows the mean average roll number lor every fifth year from 1878 to 1898, and for each of the last eleven years ; the table gives also the total average

District. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Marlborougb Nelson Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterhury Otago Southland Number of Schools Number of Schools Increase in Number Decrease in Number cloeed. opened. of Schools, of Schools. 25 45 20 .2 5 3 ..6 6 .. I 4 6 2 .11 10 .. 1 .. I 9 15 6 6 8 2 .2 1 .. 1 .1 2 1 .. I ■ a i .. i . . 2 3 t .4 7 3 ..2 5 3 76 114 76 _ 1 Increase (1910) •■ ! 88

„,._,,. Number of Schools. . - i Number of Sohools. Grade (as in Education Amendment Grade (as in Education Amendment Act, 1908). : Act, 1908). 1909. 1910. 1909. , 1910. 0. (1-8) . . . . .. 182 155 I 9a. (451-500) . . . . 8 S 1.(9-15) .. .. .. 387 372 9. 9b (501-500) .. .. 8 i 12 2. (16-25) . . .. .. 438 409 ( 9c (551-600) .. . . 5 r> 3. (26-35) .. .. .. 259 284 10a. (601-650) .. .. 9 U 4. (36-80) .. .. .. 434 443 (10e (651-700) .. .. 6 8 5. (81-120) .. .. .. 118 126 1 10u (701-750) .. . . 3 2 6a. (121-160) .. .. 55 51 . 10d (751-800) .. .. 2 2 b - i 6b (161-200) . . .. 34 37 I J0e (801-850) .. .. 4 4 _ I 7a. (201-250) .. . . 31 35 j 10f (851-900) . . .. 2 2 '( 7b (251-300) .. .. 23 24 10o (901-950) , 8a (301-350) .. .. 21 20 10ii (951-1,000) .. 2 1 8. • 8b (351-400) .. .. H 15. { 8c (401-450) .. .. 12 12 Totals .. .. .. \ 2,057 2,096 2,098

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attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

TABLE B.—Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

Details of these facts relating to the several districts are given in Tables 81, 82, and 83, on pages 25 and 26. The roll statistics cannot be considered as complete unless there are included all the children for whose primary education the State is responsible. To the above figures we must add the number of pupils in the Maori village schools (called Native schools) and in the schools of the Chatham Islands, which are under the direct control of the Department; the complete roll for all public primary schools for the year 1909 then appears as follows :— 1909. 1910. Public schools ... ... ... ... ... 151,142 154,756 Maori village schools (Native schools) ... ... 4,308 4,325 Chatham Islands schools ... ... ... ... 92 93 155,542 159,174 Attendance. (E.-2.-Tables 81, 82, and 83, pages 25 and 26.) The average attendance for the year 1910 rose from 132,773 to 135,738, an increase of 2-2 per cent., as compared with an increase of 2-6 per cent, in the roll number. The increased, attendance is manifest in every district except two— Wellington, where the attendance has fallen by 147, and Hawke's Bay, where it has remained stationary. The standard of regularity of attendance is still very satisfactory, although it has slightly fallen since last year. The following are the figures for the last five years : — Attendance per Cent, of Roll. 1906 ... ... ... ... ... ... 869 1907 ... ... 84-6 1908 ... x 87-1 1909 ... ... ... ... ... ... 878 1910 ... ... ... ... ... ... 877 Otago again leads with the excellent percentage of 90*5, with Marlborough second with 89-2, Wellington (88 9) being the highest for the North Island. Under section 9 of the Education Amendment Act, 1910, which came into force on the Ist January, 1911, all children are required to attend the school whenever it is open, so it may be confidently anticipated that the percentage of attendance in future years will .show a still further increase.

Mean Average Number o /fveraee Average Attendai ce Year. of w™£ w? Attendance, as PercentSchools. B®ii Whole Year.: age of Ko "- Weekly Roll Adults. Number of Teachers. Pupil-teachers. M. F. j Total. j M. F. Total. 187H .. .. .. 748 t .. '48,773 ■ 1883 .. .. .. 971 90,859 69,838 76-9 1888 .. .. .. 1,158 I 113,636 190,108 79-3 1893 .. .. .. 1,375 125,092 J100.321 79'8 1898 .. .. .. 1,055 133,782 111,636 834 1300 .. .. .. 1,707 132,897 111,748 j 84-1 1901 .. .. .. 1,715 132,868 111,797 84-1 1902 .. .. .. 1,754 133,952 113,711 84-9 1903 .. .. .. 1,786 134,748 113,047 83-9 1904 ,-. .. .. 1,827 136,282 116,500 85-5 1905 .. .. .. 1,851 138,471 120,205 66-9 1906 .. .. .. 1,921 140,320 121,958 869 1907 .. .. .. 1,963 141,946 120,020 846 1908 .. .. .. 1,998 145,974 127,160 1 87-1 1909 .. .. .. 2,057 151,142 13-2,773 87'S 1910 .. .. .. 2,096 ! 154,756 135,738] 87-7 707 905 1,089 1,107 1,234 1,216 1,222 1,272 1,270 1,272 1,302 1,314 1,332 1,331 1,400 1,456 454 656 887 1,096 1,370 1,415 1,446 1,685 1,726 1,797 1,835 1,887 1,955 2,021 2,208 2,252 1,161 ■ 118 1,561 ; 159 1,926 219 2,203 238 2,604 I 229 2,031 ! 206 2,668 j 184 2,967 ' 143 2,996 147 3,06<J 144 3,137 151 3,201 , 153 3,287 172 3,352 161 3,614 166 3,708 174 332 571 694 S25 831 749 771 604 552 505 528 518 478 476 530 526 450 730 913 1,063 1,060 955 955 747 699 649 679 671 650 637 696 §700 ! i_ [ ' Average of three quarters. + Strict average. t Working average. .veragc. ; Working average. 8 Exclusive of 32 male and 151 female probationers.

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The following table shows the percentage of regularity in New Zealand as compared with' those of countries in the Old World. The figures taken are in no case earlier than 1908 : Attendance per Cent, of Roll. Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 97-1 Japan .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92-0 England .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-1 Scotland .. 88-7 Ireland .. .. 71-1 New Zealand .. .. . . .. .. .. 87-7 Leaving out Switzerland (where the percentage of regularity, if we omit those who were absent by permission, reaches the remarkable figure of 99-7), New Zealand does not compare unfavourably with much older and infinitely more closely settled countries, a result which must be considered highly satisfactory when it is remembered that New Zealand is essentially a rural country, and that the conditions obtaining in many of the backblocks districts are such that anything like regularity of attendance is well-nigh impossible. As the conditions in Australia and New Zealand are somewhat similar, it will be interesting to see how the various Australian States compare with this Dominion in the matter of attendance. Only rural schools have been taken into consideration, and for the purposes of the return rural schools are considered to be those having an average attendance of eighty or less. Number of Average c A £^. Set! STkS -^" d -- -P-Cent. New Zealand .. .. .. 1,725 30-06 25-72 85-5 Victoria .. .. .. .. 1,720 33-52 27-71 82-9 West Australia .. .. 381 26-95 21-95 81-4 Queensland .. .. .. ..910 35-90 27-27 75-9 South Australia .. . . .. 501 36-50 27-20 74-5 New South Wales .. . . .. 309* 24-38 16-61 68-1 Tasmania .. .. . . 341 44-58 26-62 59-7 * In three selected districts —viz., Kempsey (coastal), Mudgee (tableland), and Forbes (plains). The districts having the lowest average are Grey, 84-7 ; Taranaki, 85*7 ; Wanganui, 86*0 ; and Nelson, 86-4. In 1909 the North Island attained the same standard of regularity as,the South, but owing to the exceptionally high average obtained by Otago, and to the fact that North Canterbury has shown great improvement in this respect during the year, the average for the South has risen, that for the North falling in about the same proportion. In this connection the following figures are interesting :- Attendance per Cent, of Roll. North Island. South Island. 1907 ... ... ... ... ... 83-7 85-6 1908 ... ... ... ... ... 86-7 87-6 1909 ... ... ... ... ... 87-8 87-8 1910 ... ... ... ... ... 874 88-1 The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each quarter of the years 1909 and 1910 was as follows : Actual Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1909. 1910. 1909. 1910. First quarter ... ... ... 131,438 134,636 87-9 87-9 Second quarter ... ... ... 131*;837 134,438 87-7 87-3 Third quarter ... ... ... 132,3,6 133,984 874 867 Fourth quarter ... ... ... 135,442 139,895 88-2 88-9 Whole year ... ... 132,773 135,738 87-8 87 7 If to these numbers we add the average numbers in attendance at Native village schools and at the schools in the Chatham Islands, we find the total average attendance at all public primary schools for the years 1909 and 1910 in the Dominion to have been as follows :— 1909. 1910. Public schools ... ... ... ... ... 132,773 135,738 Native village schools ... ... ... ... 3,680 3,714 Chatham Islands schools ... ... ... ... 91 81 Total ... ... ... ... 136,544 139,533

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Age and Sex of Pupils. (E.-2.—TaMe CI, page 27.) Table C shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1910, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

TABLE C.—Age and Sex of Pupils, December, 1910.

Age. —Of the children in the public schools, 53-8 per cent, are under ten, and 46 2 per cent, are over ten ; the figures for 1909 are identical. Sex. —The proportion of boys to girls remains about the same as in previous years —5234 per cent, as against 47*66 per cent. In other words, for every 100 boys on the roll there are 91 girls. Last year it was pointed out that according to the census of 1906 there were, in New Zealand, between the ages of five and fifteen, 97 girls for every 100 boys Deducting the number of scholars over fifteen years of age, we find that in the New Zealand schools there are only 90 girls for every 100 boys. Using the same tests as were used in last year's report, we find that the proportion in the case of children between five and seven is 90 to 100, and that the proportion of children between twelve and fifteen is also 90 to 100. It would therefore appear that the discrepancy is evenly distributed over the whole school age, and that it arises chiefly from the fact that there are a certain number of parents who think that it is not so necessary for a girl to receive as sound an education as a boy. As was said in last report: " Home reasons no doubt account for some cases, but probably the chief cause is the thoughtlessness of parents who consider education less important for girls than for boys. The obvious remedy would appear to be a stricter enforcement of the attendance sections of the Act. There would be less excuse however, for thoughtless parents who withdraw their girls too soon from school attendance if it was an established practice in all schools to give practical domestic instruction to the elder girls." It may be said that more girls than boys go to private schools, but the number is by no means large enough to account for the difference referred to above. In this connection it is interesting to note the proportion of girls to boys in the schools of the Australian States and of England. England .. .. .. .. .. 98 girls to every 100 boys. Victoria ' .. .. .. .. .. 95 „ 100 ~ Queensland .. .. .. .. .. 94 „ 100 „ New South Wales .. .. .. - .. 92 „ 100 „ West Australia .. .. .. .. .. 91 „ 100 „ Tasmania .. .. .. .. .. 90 „ 100 „ New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. 91 „ 100 „ Table Cl shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of public schools in the several education districts at the end of 1910. Maori Children receiving Primary Education. (E.-3.—Tubles 115 arid Hsa, page 22.) In addition to the Maoris on the rolls of the Native village schools, there was a still larger number on the rolls of public schools, and a few receiving primary education at Native mission schools; so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori race was 8,963, made up as follows : — Attending Native schools ... ... ... ... ... 4,280 Attending public schools ... ... ... ... ... 4,462 Attending Native mission schools ... ... ... ... 221 Total ... ... ... ... ... 8,963

1910. Percentages for Five Years. Ages. Boys. Boys. Girls. Total. 1906. 1907. 1909. 1910. 1908. x»uyo. 5 and under 6 years .. 0 „ 7 „ 7 „ 8 „ .. 8 ,. 9 „ 9 10 „ 10 ., 11 „ 11 ,. 12 „ 12 „ 13 „ 13 „ 14 „ 14 „ 15 „ 6,914 9,182 9,362 9,361 9,128 8,916 8,268 8,090 6,U84 3,902 6,177 8,338 8,008 8,501 8,545 8,15'.) 7,643 7,494 6,818 3,225 13,091 17,520 17,970 17,862 17,673 17,075 1.5,91] 15,584 13,302 7,127 83 106 11 1 11 5 11-4 11-4 11-1 10-5 8-3 4-0 80 105 11-6 111 11-4 113 110 10-5 8-7 4 0 8-2 106 11-7 11-3 11-0 11-2 10-9 104 84 42 8-7 10-8 116 11-4 11-2 10 7 10 6 102 85 4-3 84 11-2 11-5 11-4 113 109 10 2 10-0 8-5 45 IS mid over 80,107 1,715 73,008 1,4'J4 153,115 3,209 98-2 1-8 98-1 1-9 97-9 2-1 98 0 20 97-y 2-1 Totale .. .. 81,822 74,502 156,324 1000 100 0 100 0 1000 1000 I

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This number does not include Maoris receiving primary education at schools not under Government inspection ; of these no separate return is made. The classification of Maori children attending Native schools is given in the special report on Native schools (8.-3). The following table shows the age, sex, and classification of the 4,462 children on the rolls of the public schools :—

TABLE Ca.—Classification of Maori Children attending Public Schools, December, 1910.

N B.—For the purposes of this return, half-caste children and children intermediate in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori. During the year no Native schools were handed over to the Education Boards, and the attendance has, partly on this account, remained practically stationary— 4,467 as aga : nst 4,434 in 1909. The policy is steadily followed of handing over Native schools to the Education Boards as soon as the pupils have become, educationally at least, so far European in character that they can be conveniently taught with European children. This point is reached when the Maori can use English fluently in his ordinary conversation. It is part of the same policy to assimilate the programme of work in Native schools as nearly as possible to that in public schools, and to make no distinction in point of salary between teachers in the two classes of schools. Europeans in Native Schools. (E.-3.- Table H4, page 22.) There were 427 European children—232 boys and 195 girls—attending Native village schools at the end of the year. Under this head children who are intermed ate in blood between half-caste and European are reckoned as European. The following table gives the classification of these scholars in ages and in standards :—

TABLE Cb.—Classification of European Children attending Native Schools, December, 1910.

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By Ages. |! By Stai idard Classes. I Years. Boys. Girls. Total. Classes. Beys. Girls. Total. ' Av * r g a / e II 5 and under 6 6 „ 7 7 „ 8 8 9 9 „ 10 10 „ 11 11 „ 12 12 „ 13 13 „ 14 14 „ 15 15 years and over 189 223 314 317 310 337 256 237 177 76 39 122 311 j 206 429 ! 264 578 288 605 257 567 258 595 209 465 173 410 141 318 47 123 22 61 3n| 429 ! 578 605 567 595 465 410 318 123 61 4,462 Class P. „ SI „ S2 „ S3 . S4 „ S5 „ S6 . S7 Class P... „ SI „ S2 „ S3 „ S4 . S5 „ S6 » S7 ... 1,346 378 ! 292 t 198 147 i 83 > 23 8 1,346 378 292 198 147 83 23 8 1,172 273 210 154 94 62 20 2 2,518 651 502 352 241 145 43 10 Yrs. Mos. 7 5 9 4 10 6 12 0 12 10 13 6 14 2 15 6 Totals Totals ... 2,475 1,987 4,462 Totals i 2,475 2,475 1,987 4,462 11 11

By Ages. By Standard Classes. I 1 Years. Boys. : Girls. Total. Classes. Boys ( Girls. Total. 5 and under 6 6 . 7 7 . 8 8 „ 9 9 „ 10 10 „ 11 11 „ 12 12 „ 13 13 „ 14 14 „ 15 15 years and over 23 15 38 29 20 i 49 31 22 53 27 29 , 56 19 19 38 23 27 50 22 15 i 37 20 27 j 47 21 11 32 13 9 22 ... 4 1 5 Class P ... „ SI ... „ S3 ... „ S3 ... „ S4 ... „ S5 ... „ S6 ... „ S7 ... 88 28 23 23 20 26 13 11 66 32 11 16 26 27 14 3 154 60 34 39 46 53 27 14 Totals 232 195 427 232 195 427 Totals 232 195 427

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Private Schools. Under section 170 of the Education Act, 1908, the teachers or managers of any private school may apply to have the school inspected, and the school becomes thereupon " subject to inspection." In general, if the school gives secondary instruction, it is, in accordance with the Act, inspected by an Inspector of the Education Department ; in all other cases—that is, generally, in the case of primary schools— inspection is made by an Inspector of the Education Board. In 1911, the number of private primary schools so inspected was 131 ; the total number of pupils present on the day of inspection was 11,398. TABLE Cα—lnspection of Private Schools during 1910. Xumbor Numi> Education District. of Schools Children present inspected, at Inspection. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. ..33 3,207 Taranaki .. .. .. .. .. 4 389 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. ..11 863 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. ..11 1,384 Hawke's Bay .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 788 Marlboroiißh .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 189 Nelson .. .. .. .. .. 8 552 Grey 3 403 Westland 5 293 North Canterbury .. .. .. .. ..20 1,570 South Canterbury .. . . .. .. . . 5 462 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 830* Southland .. .. .. .. .. ..8 468 Totals ..131 11,398 ♦For 1909; figures tor 1910 not available. From the Ist January, 1911, the fact of a school being subject to inspection has an important significance which it did not have before, inasmuch as by section 150, subsection (5), of the Education Act, no instruction given to a child between seven and fourteen is considered to be efficient, so as to be legal ground of exemption from attendance at a public school, unless it is " to children in their own homes or in a school subject to inspection." Classification and Examination. (E.-2. Tables Dl to D 4, p:i<res -28 to 30.) Table D is a summary for the whole Dominion of Table Dl, which shows the numbers in the several classes for the various districts. The proportion of pupils in the preparatory classes has still further increased—37 '15 per cent, as against 36-66 per cent, for the year 1909.

TABLE D.—Classification of Pupils at Public Schools, December, 1910.

The following is a summary of the examination statistics for 1910 :— Total roll at time of annual examination ... ... ... 157,333 Present at examination ... ... ... ... ... 150,552 Present in preparatory classes ... ... ... ... 55,506 Present in classes S6 ... ... .. ... ... 9,454 Present in classes S7 ... ... ... ... .. 1,901 Standard VI certificates gained, viz.,— Certificates of proficiency ... ••• ... 6,499] 8 440 competency ... ... ... 1,941 f Details of these figures for each district are given in Table D 2.

Classes. Boye. Girls. Total. 'ercentages for Five Years. lass P .. . 81.. . 82.. „ S3 .. . S4 .. . So.. . 36 .. . 87.. 1906. 30,825 : 27,256 58,081 29-36 9,830 ; 9,203 19,033 1208 9,722 8,942 18,664 12-18 9,334 8,552 J-7,886 12-17 8,401 7,836 16,237 [ 11-79 7,488 6,787 14,220 | 10-59 5,032 '■ 4,595 9,627 i 8-24 1,245 ! 1,331 2,576 ' 359 1907. ' 1908. 1909. 1910. 31-11 34-27 I 3666 3715 12-05 11-96 1225 12-17 12-10 11-61 11-82 11-94 1204 11-98 11-34 11-44 11-46 11-20 10-78 10-39 10-24 9-65 908 910 7-79 6-87 0-56 6-16 3-21 2-46 151 1-65 Totals.. 81,822 74,502 [ 156,324 100-00 81,822 74,502 | 156,324 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 I

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Sβ Certificates. —The percentage of pupils who gained certificates of proficiency and competency respectively for the three years 1908-10 are as follows :— 1903. 1909. 1910. Per Cent. Per Cent. Per 0 nt. Gained certificates'of proficiency ... ... 6 L - 96 67-54 68-74 competency ... ... 2529 21-75 2053 No certificate ... ... ... ... 12-75 1071 10-73 10000 10000 10000 There has been a steady increase in the last four years in the number of certificates of proficiency issued, while the number of certificates of competency shows a corresponding, though by no means so marked, decline. Average Age. —The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the three years 1908-10 were as follows : — J 'JUS. 1910. Yi-s. Mo. Yre. Mo. Yrs. Mo. Preparatory classes ... ... ... 7 2 6 11 7 0 Class SI ... ... ... ... 9 3 9 2 9 2 ~ S2 ... ... ... ... 10 3 10 3 10 2 „ S3 ... ... ... ... 11 3 11 4 11 3 „ S4 12 3 12 3 12 3 „ S5 ... ... ... ... 13 1 13 0 13 1 „ S6 ... ... ... ... 14 0 13 11 14 0 „ S7 ... ... ... ... 14 9 15 0 15 0 Mean of average ages ... ... ... 11 6 11 5 11 6 Details for the several districts will be found in Table D 3. The Inspector-General in his report again calls attention to the high average age in Standard VI, and to the still increasing proportion of children in the preparatory classes. He points out that while the percentage of children on the school-roll between five and eight years of age has risen in the years 1905-10 from 29*8 to 31*1, the percentage of the roll in the preparatory classes has risen from 28-3 to 37*2. On the average, therefore, a longer period is being spent in the infant classes without, in his opinion, any corresponding advantage, but with this obvious disadvantage —that boys and girls begin their secondary education nearly a too late. Table D 4 shows the number of pupils in each education district receiving instruction in the various subjects set forth in the syllabus. All scholars received instruction in English, and practically all in arithmetic, drawing, and physical instruction. It may be of interest to compare the numbers doing nature-study, handwork, and elementary agriculture during the past five years. The total number doing handwork in 1910 is not available, as the number has been split up under the headings of the various subjects included under the general title of handwork— viz., coakery, woodwork, needlework, elementary agriculture, and other branches of handwork. _ Number of Pupils. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. Roll .. .. ■• ■• 139,302 141,071 147,428 152,416 156,324 Nature-study .. .. .. 120,833 122,660 128,716 134,651 136,341 Handwork .. .. .. .. 98,465 105,514 112,952 116,588 Elementary agriculture and dairy-work \„% 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,200 15,159 Cookery ' Ifg .. .. .. 5,155 Woodwork .. .. .. %-, .. .. .. .. 5,532 Needlework i |J 53,901 53,789 55,065 55,911 54,606 Other branches of handwork .. /"? ■ .. .. .. .. 100,772 It will be seen that, whereas the number taking handwork generally probably shows a very considerable increase, and the number receiving instruction in elementary agriculture and dairy work is half as much again as that for 1909, the number being instructed in needlework shows a decrease. Conveyance of Children. Conveyance by Rail. —Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended

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to holders o scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools ; and at the beginning of 1909 the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid on this account for railway fares in the years 1909 and 1910 was as follows :— 1909. 1910. . £ £ Primary pupils .. .. .. .. .. 5,769 4,961 Pupils attending— (a.) Secondary schools .. .. .. .. 2,199 2,323 (b.) District high schools.. .. .. .. 1.368 1,354 (c.) Technical schools .. .. .. .. 3,850 3,798 £13,186 £12,436 Conveyance by Road and Water. —ln cases where children live at a considerable distance from any school, grants are made to Education Boards under section 44 of the Act for their conveyance to school. No payment is made in the case of children under ten unless they live more than three miles away from the school by the nearest road, and in the case of children over ten unless they live more than four miles away. Rid ng-horses and bicycles are excluded from the means of conveyance on account of which the allowance is made. The amount allowed is 6d. for each return trip—that is, the conveyance of one child to and from school on one day. The Taranaki, Grey, and Westland Boards did not arrange for conveyance. In the North Canterbury, South Canterbury, Otago, and Southland districts, this plan for conveyance of children was very much more widely adopted than in any of the more northern districts. The total amount paid in 1910 to ten Education Boards for conveyance by road and water amounted to £3,322, as against £2,755 in 1909. The total amount paid for conveyance of pupils in 1910 was therefore £15,758, as against £15,941 for 1909. Board of School-children. —ln some cases it happens that, through local conditions such as, for instance, the absence of roads or the distance from the nearest school, it is found impossible to convey children to and from school daily. In such cases an allowance of 2s. 6d. per week is made, on the approval of the Minister, in aid of the board of any child who has to live away from home in order to attend a public school. In 1910, £269 was paid for the board of school-children, as against £138 in 1909. Free School-books. The system of supplying free school-books has now been in operation for three years, the preparatory classes and Standards I and II being supplied during 1909, Standard 111 during 1910, and last session a sum was included in the vote for elementary education to defray the cost of books to be supplied to Standard IV during the current year. The payment to Boards for pupils in Standard IV was fixed at ss. 3d. per pupil on the roll of Standard IV for the year ending 31st December, 1911. This sum is considered ample to provide miscellaneous (or non-continuous) readers, supplementary (or continuous) readers, arithmetic books, atlases, or geographical readers, and historical readers. These books having i>een supplied, the balance of the grant, if any, may be spent either in the purchase of some of the books for Standard V, or in the purchase of approved books for class-libraries suitable for the home reading of children in Standard IV. The " School Journal " and other Publications, Charts, &c. The School Journal has now completed its fourth year of issue, the first number being published in May, 1907. It is published in three parts—viz., Part I (sixteen pages) for Classes I and II; Part II (sixteen pages) for Classes 111 and IV; and Part 111 (thirty-two pages) for Classes V and VI. There are no issues for the months of December and January, but the November number is enlarged to provide readingmatter until the schools close, about the middle of December. Public schools, Native schools, special schools (such as industrial schools), and certain other institutions more or less under departmental control or supervision are supplied free with

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a number of copies sufficient to provide each pupil in the standard classes with a copy of the appropriate part. An increasing number of private and secondary schools purchase copies at the rate of £d. per copy for Part I, and Id. per copy for each of Parts II and 111. While the School Journal aims primarily at being instructive rather than recreative, there is ample evidence that each monthly number is eagerly looked for and welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and love of reading, not in the school only, but also in the home. In their annual reports the Inspectors of Schools uniformly speak very favourably of the part played by the Journal in the school-work as helping to improve the quality of the reading and bringing more and more into favour the school and class libraries. In addition to containing well-defined series of articles on geography,|history, nature-knowledge, &c, the Journal gives due attention to current topics of more than local importance, to striking events in current history, to important developments in modern discovery and invention, as well as to the recurrent topics of Arbor Day, Empire Day, &c. The Journal is regularly illustrated ; but in addition to the illustrations"appearing in its pages, pictures and prints illustrating geography, history, and naturestudy are being issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects. The following series have appeared : Twenty-four pictures illustrating great British battles ; forty illustrations of New Zealand flora ; twentyfour of New Zealand geography; eight dealing with the lives of Captain Cook and Lord Nelson ; twenty-eight of the geography of the British Isles ; twenty illustrating life on H.M.S. " New Zealand " ; twenty-four dealing geographically, historically, and ethnologically with South Africa ; and twenty-four which form the first issue of a comprehensive series dealing with British history ; also a coloured wall-sheet illustrating the lives of Lord Nelson and Captain Cook. During the year the Department has published " New Zealand Plants and their Story," by Dr. L. Cockayne, and a set of three temperance wall-sheets. Among the publications of general interest that are in the course of preparation are " A Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," by Mr. H. Suter; " Geology of New Zealand," by Dr. P. Marshall; plates of New Zealand flora published in connection with Cheeseman's " Manual of New Zealand Flora " ; a chart showing a method of restoring animation to the apparently drowned (prepared by the Health Department); and a special report on the teaching of English in secondary schools (a reprint of a circular issued by the Board of Education, England). The departmental library contains a large number of educational books and papers, most of which are available on loan to Inspectors, teachers of primary or secondary schools, and others interested in education. Staffs of Public Schools. (E.-2.—Table El, page 81.) The number of the teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools, in December, 1909, and December, 1910, respectively, was as follows :— TABLE E. —Numbbb of Teachers employed. Adults, — L 909. 191 U. Men .. . UOfi 1,456 Women L,208 2,252 Total . . 3,614 3,708 Pupil-teachers. - Male .. 166 174 Female 530 526 Tol . . i 700f All teachers.— Male J.. . 1,572 .1,630 Female .. . . . . 2,738 2,778 Total .. 4,310 4,408 * Exolueive of 25 male and 139 female probationers. j Exclusivr of .'i2 male and 151 female probationers.

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For the schools above Grade I—that is, schools with 16 to 35 children in average attendance—the average number of children per teacher (or in other words, per school) was 23-53, as against 24-13 for 1909. Taking all schools with two or more teachers—that is, schools of Grade IV and upwards—we find that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, reckoning two pupil-teachers as equivalent to one adult, was 39-28, as against 40-44 for 1909. With the same assumption the average for all schools of Grade II and upwards was 36-09. The following figures show the ratio of male adult teachers to female adult teachers, and of male pupil teachers to female pupil-teachers. For purposes of comparison the figures for 1908 and 1909 are also given : — 1908. 1909. 1910. Male. Female. Male. Female. Male. Female. Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, Grades 0 and I .. .. 100 : 610 100 : 359 100 : 325 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, Grade II and upwards .. 100 : 126 100 : 140 100 : 141 Ratio of adult male, to adult female teachers, all grades.. .. .. 100:152 100:157 100:155 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers . .. .. 100 : 296 100 : 319 100 : 302 Ratio of male to female teachers, all grades 100:167 100:174 100:170 The increase in the proportion of women employed in the profession in 1909 and 1910 over the number for 1908 is fully accounted for by the number of assistant mistresses appointed in 1909 to schools having 36 to 40 in average attendance. If these are omitted, it will be found that the proportion of men to women in 1909 was slightly higher than that in 1908. and that the proportion in 1910 was considerably higher. If we take into consideration the corresponding proportion for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of part-time teachers), and for students in training colleges respectively, we have:— Number of Women Teachers or Students per Hundred Men Teachers or Students (omitting Teachers of Schools with 15 or less in Average Attendance). 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. Adult primary teachers .. .. 125 124 126 140 141 Pupil-teachers .. .. ..339 277 296 319 302 Secondary teachers .. 80 77 76 82 85 Training-college students .. ..350 315 285 280 219 All teachers and students .. 148 142 144 158 . 156 In other words, out of a total of 4,675 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession, there were, in 1910, 1,827 men and 2,848 women. It will be interesting to see how these figures compare with those from other parts of the world. So far as can be gathered from the reports received from England, Scotland, and the United States, the following table shows the number of women teachers per hundred male teachers. England.* Scotland.* United States. New Zealand. Adult primary teachers .. .. 348 253 368 141 Pupil-teachers .. .. ..304 407 t 302 Secondary teachers .. 94 t 12 1 85 Training-college students .. .. 231 389 365 219 Full details of the primary staffs of the public schools in the several education districts is given in Table El. The relieving-teachers appointed by the several Education Boards are not included in this table, nor in the summary above, but will be found in Table F3 of the Appendix.

* Figures tor 1908-9. t Not available.

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Taking all grades of schools, the average number of pupils per teacher is 30*8. Table El gives details for the various Education Boards. The comparatively small number of pupils per teacher in Marlborough (18-5) and Westland (21-0) is accounted for by the large proportion of small schools in these two districts. Although the Education Amendment Act, 1908, improved the staffing of the public schools very considerably, a comparison with some of the countries most advanced in matters of education will show that the staffing of our larger schools is not yet as good as it might be. In some cases the comparison made in the following table is not a fair one, as in New Zealand only the larger schools are taken into consideration, whereas in England, Wales, Scotland, and Switzerland all schools are counted. It must, however, be remembered tha,t the rural school as known in New Zealand is a very different thing from the rural school in these other countries ; in the latter cases a school is called a rural school which in New Zealand would rank at least equal to a suburban school. Average Number of Children per Adult Teacher. Roll Average Number. Attendance. London (County Council schools) .. .. .. .. 42-6 384 England and Wales (Board of Education schools) .. .. 384 34-0 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. 434 38-1 New York City .. .. .. .. .. 42-9 34-6 Switzerland (including Geneva Canton) .. .. .. 44-0 42-7 Geneva Canton .. .. .. .. .. .. 25-7 25-0 New Zealand (in schools 201-700).. .. .. .. 50-5 444 At first glance it would appear as if the cost of education in Geneva, for instance, must be very much higher than in New Zealand. As a matter of fact, the cost per pupil is less, the reason being that, whereas the average salary for a New Zealand teacher (excluding very small schools) is £155, the average salary of a Swiss teacher is about £45. Salaries of Teachers. (E. -2.—Table P2, p«,Re 34.) At the rate paid in December, 1910, the total amount of all salaries and allowances paid to teachers and pupil-teachers was £593,574 11s. 2d. ; the average rate per teacher (including pupil-teachers'! was therefore £134 Bs. Bd.. as compared with £132 6s 2d. in December, 1909. A fairer idea could be gained by excluding teachers in schools with less than 16 pupils in average attendance and pupil-teachers, and by deducting the house allowances that are payable to teachers for whom residences are not provided. We then find that the average net salaries of adult teachers (head teachers and assistants) in the last three years in December of each year have been as follows :— 1908. 1909. 1910. £ B. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Men .. .. .. .. 195 1 0 201 10 7 201 2 8 Women .. .. .. .. 115 13 5 122 8 2 123 1 10 All adults .. .. .. 148 8 1 155 7 3 155 9 1 As will be seen from the above, the average salary of adult teachers is slightly higher than that for 1909. The very considerable increase of the averages for 1909 and 1910 over those for 1908 are due to the provisions of the Education Amendment Act of 1908. The same Act introduced the principle of annual increments to salaries, which operate in each grade until the maximum salary for the grade is reached. In addition, every head teacher is provided either with a house or with house allowance in lieu thereof. Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. (R.-2.— Table* E2 and E3, pages 31 and 82.) Table E2, in the Report, E.-2, gives the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers respectively on 31st December, 1910, exclusive of secondary schools and

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secondary departments of district high schools. It is safe to say that the number of these latter holding certificates is very much larger now than in the past. The following summary of Table E2 shows the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers in each of the years 1905 to 1910 respectively : —

It will be seen from the above table that the number of teachers employed in primary-school work in December, 1910, was 93 more than in December, 1909. Of the total, 2,663 were certificated, while 1,045, or 28-1 per cent., had either not yet completed the necessary qualification or possessed no recognized examination status whatever. The corresponding percentage for 1909 was 28 - 2. It was pointed out in several of the reports of Education Boards (reprnted n Appendix A of E.-2) that it is impossible to expect teachers of schools of Grades 0 and I to qualify for teachers' certificates. Whatever soundness there may be in this statement, it is certainly true that only about a quarter of such teachers are certificated. Omitting teachers of schools with average attendance of 15 or less, we get the following comparison :—

Primary Teachers in Public Schools with an Average Attendance of Sixteen and Upwards, 1910.

1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. I. Certificated teachers, — Adults .. .. .. .. 2,460 2,412 2,422 2,451 2,593 2,663 Pupil-teachers . .. .. .. 13 6 14 2 1 Total .. .. .. .. 2,473 2,418 2,436 j 2,453 2,594 2,663 I. Uncertificated teachers, — (a.) Holding partial qualifications,— (i.) Holders of licenses .. 270 227 178 99 68 56 (ii.) Others partially qualified .. 90 134 142 167 264 259 Total of (a) .. .. 360 361 320 266 332 315 (6.) Having no recognized examination status 320 428 545 635 689 730 Total number of uncertificated 680 789 865 901 1,021 1,045 teachers Total primary teachers .. 3,153 3,207 3,301 3,354 3,615 3,708 I .

! 1905. 1908. 1909. 1910. I I. Certificated .. [T. Uncertificated, — (a.) Partially qualified (b.) Without status 2,460 329 1C3 2,411 213 294 2,524 2,608 272 262 353 383 492 507 — 625 ; 645 Total 2,952 2,952 2,918 2,918 3,149 ! 3,253 'erccntages, — I. Certificated II. (a.) Partially qualified \Jfi.) Without status 83-3 111 5-6 - 167 i 82-6 7-2 10-2 — 17-4 80-2 80-2 8-6 8-0 11-2 11-8 — 19-8 19-8 Total .. 100 100 100 100 10G 100 lOG 100

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The above figures do not include teachers in the secondary departments of district high schools, the great majority of whom are fully certificated teachers. Below is printed a summary of Table E3, including all certificated teachers employed by Education Boards, whether engaged in primary work or in the secondary departments of district high schools, arranged according to sex and class of certificate held. It is to be noted that there is now no examination for E certificate.

Holders of Teachers' Certificates in the Service of Education Boards at 31st December, 1909, and at 31st December, 1910.

The following table gives a comparative view of the number of persons holding certificates who were employed in all forms of public instruction on the 30th June of the years named.

Comparative Table of Certificates held by Persons employed in Public Instruction as at the 30th June.

It is satisfactory to note that the total increase in the number of certificated teachers is entirely due to the increase in the number of certificates of the three higher classes, A, B, C. I raining of Teachers. (E.-2.-- Appendix D.) The training colleges in the four chief centres of population were in full working-order during the year, all having approximately their full complement of students. Of the number in attendance about three-fourths had already completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entering the college, the remaining one-fourth being made up mainly of students who had qualified for admission by passing the Matriculation or some other higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience. Of the former class the number of students is considerably more and of the latter consider-

B—E. l.

1909. 1910. Class of Certificate. M. F. i i Total. M. F. Total. A B C D E Total .. 26 148 354 .. j 555 106 .. 1,189 10 56 188 798 425 1,477 36 204 542 1,353 531 2,666 29 154 405 532 95 1,215 11 62 227 837 393 1,530 40 216 632 1,369 488 2,745

Number of Teachers holding C lortificates. Class. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. j L_ I A B C D E 86 201 197 1,650 721 i 87 94 99 208 232 266 294 415 544 I 1,593 1,479 1.442 042 595 555 105 116 300 352 648 761 1,420 1,486 522 480 v ■ ™» _ _> Total, A, B, C, and D 2,134 2,134 2,182 2,220 2,351 2,182 2,220 2,351 2,473 2,715 2,473 2,715 „ A, B, C, D, and E 2,855 2,824 2,»15 2,906 2,bI5 2,906 2,995 3,195 2,995 3,195 i

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ably less than in the year preceding. The difference is accounted for partly by the fact that in one of the centres special steps were taken by the Board concerned to make the attendance of ex-pupil-teachers compulsory, and partly by the fact that at another, established to serve the needs of an exceptionally wide field of school population, the number of ex-pupil-teachers and probationers presenting themselves for admission was so great as to leave no room for any fresh admissions of other qualified candidates, though among these a large number of eligible persons is reported to have applied. At the end of the year there were 380 students in all in attendance at the training colleges, as against 319 at the close of 1909. Of this total 119, or 31-32 per cent., were men, and 261, or 68-68 per cent., were women; the corresponding percentages for the previous year were 26-33 and 73-67 respectively. Of adult teachers in active service in the public schools of the Dominion at the close of 1910 the proportions were 39-27 per cent, men and 60-73 per cent, women, so that in view of the fact that men on the average remain very much longer in the service than women, the relative number of the sexes within the training colleges is such as fully to secure an adequate proportion of men on the teaching staffs of the schools. For the teaching practice of students the Normal practising schools, forming part of the training college in each case, are available. By regulation it is provided that each Normal School shall include (a) a main school, organized with a secondary department and having an average attendance of not more than 450 pupils, and (ft) a " model school," arranged on the lines of a small rural school, with an average attendance of 35 to 40. For the secondary department of the main school a maximum attendance of not more than 50 is permitted. There is also a provision for the addition of a junior kindergarten division of not more than 40 children, between three and five years of age, to enable students to study child-life and teaching methods at an earlier stage. The following shows the actual average attendance at the Normal Schools in each case : — Main School (exclusive of Model Secondary Model School and Second- Department. School. wry Department). Auckland .. .. .. 378 35 30 Wellington 304 15 31 Christchurch .. .. .. 352 12 33 Dunedin .. .. .. +36 36 :i. r . On the course of instruction pursued by students at the Training College and at the neighbouring University Colleges respectively much information may be gathered from the various tables. At the University College, students arc required to take at least a course in English in addition to the lectures on education given by the Principals of the Training College, who for this purpose are recognized as members of the University College staff. Any other university work undertaken varies greatly according to the aims and educational status of individual students, but is necessarily subordinated to the aims and requirements of their special professional training, and the due relation of the two claims (which at times appear to conflict with one another) constitutes one of the chief problems of organizations with which the principals of training colleges have to deal. Table B shows the university subjects taken, with the number of students attending the classes in each case: Table C contains the parallel facts for special classes of professional training for which provision has been made within the Training College itself or in intimate connection therewith. From Table D and Table E, though these are unavoidably of a technical and somewhat complicated character, an interesting comparison may also be made of the educational status of students as analysed for the time of admission and at the end of the first and second year respectively, so far as this is indicated by the results of certificate examinations in which complete or partial success has been gained. The analysis has special significance at the present time in view of the projected abandonment of general certificate examination tests for training college students after their admis

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sion, and the substitution therefor of evidence otherwise furnished of the satisfactory completion of a training college course as prescribed by the regulations. A revision of the Training College Regulations made at the beginning of the current year* makes provision for the grant of training college certificates on the principle stated, and sets out in a more definite form the essential requirements of the course. Provision is also made for some increase to the staff, for the addition of a second " model school " of one or other of a variety of types with a view to improve the students' opportunities of observation and teaching, and for the admission on special terms of a certain number of graduate students who are prepared during one year of attendance to devote their whole attention to subjects of professional study and practice. The following table shows the number of male and female students in training in each of the four Training Colleges : — IQOQ — HtHl Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 20 25 45 41 59 100 Wellington ... ... ... 21 70 91 26 70 96 Christchurch ... ... ... 19 70 89 20 66 86 Dunedin ... .. ... 24 70 94 32 66 98 Totals ... ... 84 235 319 119 261 380 The following is ;\ summary of Table E : Number of Students in Attendance in 1910 who qualified by Examination fora Certificate of Kirst-year students- — Class B. Class C. Class D. Division A .. .. .. .... i>! 95 Division B .. .. .. .. 2 5 2 Second-year students— Division A .. .. .. .. 8 II 37 Division B .. .. .. .... 20 16 10 87 15(1 The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1909 and 1910 lor the training of teachers were as follows :— I. Training colleges,— 1909, 1910. Salaries of staffs (half charged to public-school £ £ £ t salaries) ... ... 6,283 6,533 Students'allowances ... ... ... 13,210 17,667 University fees of students ... ... 2,776 2,589 Libraries ... 92 43 Apparatus ... ... ... ... 40 124 Buildings 5,691 4,896 28,092 31,852 11. Other training, — Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students ... ... 2,340 1,735 Railway fares of teachers and instructors ... 5,020 2,778 —— 7,360 4,513 Totals ... ... ... fc;35,452 €36,365 Finances of Education Boards. (E.-2.- Tables Fl to Pll, pages 33 to 40, and Appendix A, pages XXX to LVJ Table F contains an abstract of the accounts of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards for the year 1910. These are shown in detail in Tables Fl and F2, and Appendix A of E2 contains the annual reports of the several Boards, with their statements of receipts and expenditure in full detail. * mil.

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TABLE F.—Abstract of the Receipts and Expenditure of Education Boards for the Year 1910.

As at 1st January. Cash Transactions duriiiE Year. Transfers. As at :ilst December. Receipts. No - Name of Account. Balam.s Deficits. ,. ,,,.„ i " "imoiii Expenditure. Debit. Credit. usances. IVrlcite. Government. Reserves Keveaue. other Sources. (1) (2) I . (S) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £' a. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. i £ s. cl. ! Salaries of teachers (exclusive of .. 3,519 4 11 531,046 1 10' 53,562 5 11 HO 15 9 582,287 11 9 8,006 5 4 .. 6.918 12 2 secondary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total oost of the trainingcollege staff 2 Teachers" houso allowances .. .. 523 12 11 14,484 8 0 .. 10 0 0 14,434 12 334 11 3 .. .. 133 14 10 3 Salaries of relieving-teacher.s .. .. 1,622 17 11 3,365 8 9 .. .. 3,749 0 3 .. .. .. 2,008 9 5 1 SSlSr™ I: J - 269 15 8 3,589.2 2, .. ,13 0 3,782 12 7 458 3 1 i) Free school-books .. . . .. 328 5 3 3,369 5 1 .. 15 15 7 3,487 Sβ .. .. .. 430 10 I 7 General administration .. .. 28,076 18 5 .. 79,453 13 1 .. .. . . 3,124 3 1 540 10 4 i 32,101 11 (n.) Incidental expenses of schools .. .. .. .. 310 14 .i 37.394 So (cleaning, fuel, &c, in terms . f of the Board's regulations, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance of school buildings and included below under that heading) (6.) Office staff (including Sec- » .. .. .. .. 27,776 11 2 retary, Inspectors, &c), salaries, and clerical assistance (see Table F3 in Appendix) {c.) Office contingencies .. .. .. .. .. .. 13,497 18 4 (d.) Refunds and sundries .. .. .. .. .. 498 8 11 539 14 10 (e.) Unclassided items (grouped) .. .. .. r>8 8 2 .. 646 5 11 318 12 10 , Training colleges — 8 Salaries of staff (half of the total \ i 6,428 13 1 .. .. 6,570 15 6 i 9 for students .. I 7 ' 519 ° » •■ 20,255 14 11 .. .. 20,082 13 1 12 2 6 9.080 10.0 2,197 7 7 In Incidental expenses .. .1 I 131 10 10 .. \ 2 12 0 813 2 .5 Secondary education .. .. 49 4 11* .. .. .. Scholarships — 11 Board .. .. .. .. 1,132 13 5 8,871 0 2 .. 15 0 9,232 3 a .. .. .. 1,543 14 9 12 National .. . . .. .. 448 19 5 2,765 18 4 .. .. 2,654 10 0 .. .. .. 337 11 1 13 Special .. .. .. 313 16 10 . . . . .. 225 0 0 270 0 0 i .. .. 268 16 10 District High Schools— 11 Salaries of staffs of secondary .. 395 16 8 I 14,038 119 .. 10 0 0 14,782 13 10 i .. .. .. 408 0 6 department? Other receipts :— !■"> (a.) Voluntary contributions, , , 4,123 14 1 ' .. 1,538 14 .. \ and subsidies Iβ (0.) Fees from pupils .. 1,665 9 0 .. .. .. 141 10 0 .. [ 781 19 3 1,000 0 11 1,187 5 10 ... 17 (c.) High School Boards' grants I .. .. 430 0 0 Expenditure on general purposes I l\ .. .. 5,871 16 8 j * This amount represents the balance in hand of the Taranaki Education Board on the whole class " Secondary Education."

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£ s. d. Net bank balance at end of year 1910 .. .. . . .. .. 29,997 0 9 Plus sundry small balances not hitherto shown— £ a. d. Contractors' deposits .. .. .. .. .. 356 16 10 Contractors' deposits estreated . . .. .. 2 0 (> Rees bequest, Wanganui.. .. .. .. .. 2,584 9 10 On account of special classes .. .. .. .. 2 4 3 2,945 10 11 Net bank balance at beginning of year 1910, Or. . . . . . . .. £32,942 11 8 Net bank balance at end of year 1910, Or. .. .. .. .. .. £66,711 11 5

Manual and technical — School classes — 18 Capitation .. .. ..1 f 17,487 14 10 19 Voluntary contributions, and be- 206 18 5 quests and subsidies Special and associated classes — 20 Capitation '. . .. .. 22,934 0 2 21 Material .. .. ., 1,503 10 6 22 Voluntary contributions and be- ,,.. rt 7 , 3.437 15 4 quests and subsidies 23 Fees from pupils at special classes 24 Free-place holders .. .. 5,133 7 9 25 Training of teachers .. .. 1,952 13 5 26 Direction and administration (school 36 3 6 and special classes) 26a Unclassified items .. .. j Buildings : Maintenance, rebuilding, rent — 27 Maintenaiice (a),and small additions i 524g0 7U 82,780 14 3 and ordinary rebuilding (6) j ' 28 Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire 22 17 6 .. 6,259 0 0 2i> Rents of buildings and sites for .. 3,142 19 4 2,839 17 9 school purposes New buildings, furniture, additions, sites — 30 Public schools .. .. .. 52,931 8 2 33,735 0 7 31 Manual instruction .. .. 11.283 18 6 32 ! Technical instruction .. . . 7,182 11 7 33 Rent of buildings for manual in- 32 10 0 struction purposes r-10,775 14 6 34 j Rent of buildings for technical in- 598 7 9 struction purp' 34a Unclassified item .... 5 5 0 35 Sites sales . . .. . . .. 6,098 4 9 4,025 0 0 36 ' Other separate accounts — Contractors' deposits .. .. 356 16 10 37 I Wanganui School site (Act of 1909) 38 Rees Bequest Fund .. .. 2,584 9 10 39 Book-room, Nelson . . .. .. 121 6 1 40 Other separate accounts .. 38 6 1 . .. 24 8 11 Total- .. .. .. 103,883 2 9 j 70,940 11 1 888,440 18 6 i 53,562 5 11 ] 966 15 2 18,147 7 1 549 2 3 175 0 5 482 11 8 23,312 7 7 72 13 9 1,565 8 4 1,039 16 7 4,450 0 5 . glg ](1 9 8,276 8 7 6 6 0 3,711 16 4 31 6 10 1,397 8 lOl 17 6 0 3.269 18 6 81 1 S 80 <l OJJ 1,856 8 0 (a)38,965 14 II «_ .- q 76 10 10 (b) 5,891 3 6:i" 8,068 6 10 9» ."> 8 3.068 10 11 45(1 I 2 188 4 2 39.902 !) 10 958 18 3 711 10 0 6,719 16 10 1,409 0 0 697 HI 8 13.417 19 6 21 0 6 82 10 0 3 0 0 9 ii II 762 12 9 18 17 6 2,687 12 7 5,34) 9 11 2,332 3 9 1,961 2 10 467 5 0 26 13 6 122 17 10 0 10 0 124 17 2 267 17 10 16 2 5 11 5 0 9;"> 17 0 — i19,850 12 11 928,084 17. 7 16,089 2 4 |l 219 10 9 1,547 8 2 3,266116 4 534 4 2 77 3 4 42 8 3 16,089 2 4 ] 1,426 7 fl 89,724 2 1(1 6,682 18 7 727 19 9 440 11 6 2,706 17 8 163 9 5 , 142,348 3 2 I 1,786 » i 2,822 14 10 58,485 lit 2 4,769 10- 4 254 « 9 75,636 11 9 19,850 12 11 928,084 17. 7 16,089 2 4 10,089 2 4 142,348 3 2 | 75,636 11 !_ l_

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In the case of teachers' salaries, teachers' house allowances, free school-books, training colleges, scholarships, and district high schools, the totals of columns 4, 5, and 6 should balance with the figures in column 7. The discrepancy apparent in most cases is explained by the fact that some adjustments remained to be made at the end of the year between the Boards and the Department. The balances due to or by the Boards will be found entered as assets and liabilities respectively in Table F6, of which a summary is given below. The unclassified items grouped under heading 7 (c) include the following items of income—lnterest on fixed deposits (South Canterbury) £186 55., rents (South Canterbury) £151 2s. 3d., and interest (Hawke's Bay) £146 16s. 2d. ; and the following items of expenditure—Pupil-teacher classes (Auckland) £95, and truancy expenses (Marlborough) £65 3s. 6d. Table Pα shows how the total debit transfer to each account in Table F has been distributed—that is, the various amounts transferred by Education Boards from one account to another. It must always be borne in mind that all moneys received by Boards from any source whatever are ; under section 50 of the Education Act, 1908. paid into one account. But although in a sense it might be argued that transfers from one class to another were merely book entries, it must be borne in mind that certain moneys are paid to the Boards by Government for specific purposes, and must be expended for those purposes. It is only reasonable that Boards should pay into their Administration Account a fair proportion of the money expended under for instance, the Manual and Technical Account, for such a transfer might fairly be expected to cover the cost of administration in such a case. The transfer of over £8,000 from the Training College to the Teachers' Salaries Account is explained by the fact that one Board paid its training-college staff from the latter account, instead of charging half the cost to each.

TABLE Fa.—Table showing how the Transfers shown in Table F were distributed.

In the above table the figures in column 4 will be found to agree with the figures in column Bof Table F. The figures in column 2do not agree in all cases with those in column 9 of Table F, the reason being that in Table F the total amount of the transfer is entered, whereas in the Table Fα it will be readily seen from column 1 that the various accounts have been considerably split up. Table F3 shows the salaries and allowances paid to officers of Education Boards other than teachers. Tables F4 and F5 give a summary of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards from 1877 to 1910.

Account from which Amount Iβ transferred. Account to which Amount Is transferred. Name of Account. ' Amount transferred. Name of Account. Amount transferred. (1) (2) (3) (4) Training colleges .. .. . . 8,006 5 4 Salaries of teachers, &o. .. .. I 8.000 5 4 Training colleges .. .. .. 334 11 3 Teachers'house-allowances .. 334 II :i Secondary education.. .. .. 1,000 0 II Manual and technical instruction .. 475 16 U General administration .. ■■ 3.124 ,'! I Maintenance of buildings, &<■... .. 1.648 6 8 i Manual and technical instruction .. 12 2 ti Training colleges .. .. .. 12 2 li ?ritSe^ raiiO, ' :: 689 14 3 Secondary education 78, ,.3 Maintenance of buildings, &c.'' '.'. 169 10 9 [ Manual and technicalinstmotion .. 219 10 9 New buildings—public school* .. 534 4 2 j ,, manual instruction .. 77 3 4 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. 653 15 9 Sites sales .. .. .. .. 42 8 3 J Maintenance of buildings, &c... . . 450 1 2 Rents of buildings, &c. . . .. 450 1 2 „ .. .. 958 18 3 N T e\v buildings—public schools . . 958 18 3 Manual and technical instruction .. 1,409 0 0 ,, manual instruction .. 1,409 0 0 Maintenance of buildings, cfec .. .. 21 0 6 ,, technical instruction 21 0 6 „ .. .. 3 0 0 Rent of buildings for manual purposes 3 0 0 Manual and tecliniea I instruction .. 2 17 t In * u u- i . u • io n- <• ,, ■ ,. , ., ,. , ... ,, ,, Rent ot muldiiif's tori eehmcal imriios.-s 18 17 b Maintenance of buildings, &o... .. Io o o ' ' Manual and technical instruction .. 96 17 0 (M8Br separate accounts .. .. 95 17 0 ; ' L-_ j ; „_„___— Totals .. .. .. £16,089 2 4 £16,089 2 4

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Excluding the expenditure on buildings, which is dealt with separately below. the following summary shows the chief items of expenditure for the past throe year-8 : — L9OB. 1909. 1910. £ E Hoard's administration .. .. .. 39,73 d 42,392 II.3!>»; Incidental expenses of schools .. .. 38,077 40,374 :i7.3(i i Teachers'salaries .. .. .. 489,042 554.011' 582,288 Training colleges .. .. .. 19,949 22,425 27,467 Scholarships and district high schools .. 31,892 32,136 32,811 Manual and technical instruction .. .. 48,212 17.027 56,049 The increase in expenditure on teachers" salaries is due partly to the increase in the number of children under instruction, and partly to the £5 increment in salary provided by section 7 (3) of the Education Amendment Act, 1908 ; that of the training colleges to the fact that in 1910 the colleges had for the first time a full complement of students in training ; while that of manual and technical instruction includes several payments which really fell due in the previous year : this latter explanation also accounts for the decrease in the expenditure for 1909 as compared with that for 1908. The following table shows the proportion of expenditure on adm nistration to the whole expenditure, and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through the School Committees), the figures for the five years previous being also entered for purposes of comparison : — Boards. Committees. Total. 1905 .. .. .. .. .. ..5-0 5-7 10-7 1906 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-5 4-8 9-3 1907 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-7 4-8 9-5 1908 • .. .. .. .. .. ..4-7 4-5 9-2 1909 4-6 44 9-0 1910 4-5 4-0 8-5 It will be seen, therefore, that the tendency is for the proportion of expenditure on administration by both Boards and School Committees to decrease. As a matter of fact, the actual sums thus expended were greater in 1910 than in 1908, as will readily be seen by reference to the previous table; the chief cause of the decrease in percentage is due to the additional amounts paid by the Government, especially on teachers' salaries. The corresponding percentages for the several Education Boards will be found on page 32. As is to be expected, in the smallest district the percentage is found the highest (8-6), and in the largest lowest (3-9). From Table P it will be seen that the total net bank balances of the Boards increased from £32,943 to £66.712. This improvement is due chiefly to the fact that in 1910 several payments were made by the Government towards the cost of maintenance and rebuilding of schools, the expenditure for which had been incurred in the previous year. At the end of 1909 six Boards had overdrafts ; at the end of 1910 the number had been reduced to one. For convenience the funds granted to the Boards for building purposes and those granted for general purposes may be considered separately, as in former years. Table F6 shows the cash assets and liabilities of the Boards on the general account. These may be summarized thus :— General Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1910. Liabilities. £ \it«U. £ Overdrafts .. . . . . . . 110 Cash .. .. .. .. 34,494 Due to Government . . .. .. 16,835 Due from all sources .. .. .. 27,721 Other liabilities .. .. .. 14,983 Deficits .. .. .. . . 563 Balances .. .. .. .. 30,850 !:<i2,778 £62,778 The General Account of every Education Board, with the exception of one, was in credit at the end of the year 1910 ; the Nelson Education Board had a deficit on its General Account of £563. The total net credit balance on these accounts for the last three years is shown as follows : — Balances. Deficits. Not i Glances. £ E . ..;• £ 1908.. .. .. .. .. .. 29,389 Nil 29,389 1909.. .. .. .. .. .. 28,167 Nil 28,167 1910.. .. .. .. .. .. 31,413 563 30.850

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The position of this account haw therefore shown considerable improvement since the previous year. Only two Boards showed a decrease in their credit balance, and one, which at the beginning of the year was in credit, was in debit at the end. The total increases over last year amounted to £8,431, and the decreases to £6,311, a net increase of £2,120. The largest increase was shown by the Wanganui Board -£3,280. Auckland shows the largest credit balance—£7,26l. The next in order are Wanganui, £5,371; Wellington, £3,976; Southland, £3,346: Otago, £3,080; and Hawke's Bay, £3,051. The Buildings Account refers to moneys granted for two purposes, which by parliamentary appropriation and by the terms of the grants made by the Department are quite distinct, namely,— (a.) Moneys granted for the general maintenance and replacement of school buildings out of the Consolidated Fund, and additional sums paid for the rebuilding of schools destroyed by fire, and for the rent of temporary premises during such rebuilding ; (b.) Moneys appropriated by Parliament and granted out of the Public Works Fund specially for the erection of new schools and the extension of existing schools rendered necessary by increased attendance, and for building teachers' residences in certain cases where suitable houses cannot be rented. The moneys so granted in the year 1910 for the respective purposes named are shown in Tables F7, FB, and F9. Table FlO shows the assets and liabilities of the Boards on the combined buildings accounts. The following is a summary :— Combined Buildings Account (;0 and (l>). "// Boards, 31st December. 1910. [Aabilitiee. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts . . . . . . . . 6,203 Cash . . . . . . . . 38,531 Other liabilities .. .. .. 60,709 , Due from all sources .. .. 62,073 Balances .. .. .. .. 35,145 . Deficits .. .. .. .. 1,453 £102,057 ' £102,057 Net balances Ist January, 1911 .. £33,692 The net balances on the Ist January, 1910, were stated in last year's report to be £4,149, a decrease of £34,000 on the net balances of twelve months earlier, and this decrease was accounted for by the fact that the grants distributed to the Boards were in 1909 very much less than the average amount previously distributed. It will be seen that during the year 1910 the Boards increased their credit balances by almost £30,000. The reason is not that building operations were curtailed, but that the grants paid by Government on account of the Combined Buildings Account were more than £40,000 in excess of those paid the previous year. From an examination of the grants made to the Boards for the maintenance and replacement of school buildings—see (a), above—and their returns of expenditure under these heads, it has been found that the School Buildings Maintenance Account should stand as shown in Table Fll, a summary of which is given below : — School Buildings Mcrintewmoe Account, nil Boards, list December, 1910. Liabilities .. .. .. .. 3,244 Assats . . .. . . . . 3,617 Net balance, 31st December, 1910 .. 90,097 Balances . .. .. .. 89,724 £93,341 £93,341 Since the cost of maintenance and repairs of school buildings, as well as the cost of actual replacement, during the year 1910 has been taken into consideration in the above statement, it would appear that there was the sum of £90,097 available

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on the Ist January, 1911, for rebuilding worn-out schools, for replacement of wornout furniture and fittings, and for maintenance of school buildings and residences. But from the Combined Buildings Account it will be seen that the actual net balance is only £33,692. As the cost of building new schools and residences, and of additions to schools and residences already existing, should have been met by special grants already paid for that purpose, it is obvious that this balance of £33,692 represents the total amount available for the purposes of maintenance and rebuilding. Apparently, then, the Boards have diverted to other purposes over £56,000 voted by Parliament and distributed by the Government for the purpose of buildings maintenance grants. As pointed out in last year's report, the Boards have been informed that in accordance with the recommendation of the Education Committee sums amounting in the aggregate to not more than 7 per cent, of the buildings maintenance grants might be spent on " additions and alterations," but the circular conveying that information further stated in clear terms the condition under which any part of the grants could be used for additions and alterations—namely, only after due provision had been made by the Boards for maintenance and rebuilding. During the six years 1905-10 the total maintenance grants have amounted to £333,866, and if, even on the most liberal interpretation, the Boards had expended 7 per cent, of this amount on " additions and alterations " the sum so expended would have amounted to only £23,370. It would appear then that, since the issue of the circular in 1905 referred to above, the Boards have diverted at least some £33,000 from the purpose for which it was originally granted. It is pleasing to note that this amount has been reduced in one year by £15,000, as there can be no room for doubt that in the next few years the Boards will have to expend a very large sum on the replacement of worn-out and dilapidated schools. As already pointed out, some relief might be obtained by transferring to the Maintenance Account part of the credit balances in hand on the General Administration Account, as provided by paragraph (b) of section 52 of the Education Act, 1908. The above calculations have been made on the total of the buildings accounts of all Boards taken together. It must not be inferred by any means that these remarks refer to any Board in particular. Considerable difficulty has been experienced in the endeavour to present a clear view of the state of the Boards' finances, due in great measure to the fact that in their statements of receipts and expenditure several Boards have grouped under a single heading a number of accounts which ought to have been shown separately. It is hoped that in the future Boards will arrange that the respective accounts shall be clearly set out. Education Reserves. (E.-2—Apf-endix B ; and E.-6—Table K7.) On the 31st March, 1911, the School Commissioners ceased to hold office, under the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, which provided, inter alia, that on the Ist April, 1911, the date on which the Act came into force, the School Commissioners appointed under the principal Act should cease to hold office, and that all reserves and endowments hitherto vested in them should be vested in the Crown and dealt with by the Land Board of the district in which they were situated. Accordingly in future years the statistics in regard to education reserves will be set out in the report concerned (E.-2) in a somewhat different form. The cordial thanks of all those interested in the progress and development of education in this Dominion are due to the gentlemen who have so ably and unselfishly carried out in the past the important work of administering the education reserves, primary and secondary, in the several districts. Tables Gl, Gla, and Glb give a summary of the accounts of the School Commissioners, which are also given in full in the same appendix.* These accounts may be presented in outline as follows : —

•Appendix B of E2,

4—E. 1.

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TABLTC G. (a.) Receipts and Expenditure of School Commissioners, 1910. Receipts. £ Expenditure. H Balances, Ist January, I'JIO .. .. 14,002 Office expenses and salaries .. .. 2,573 E"'-eipts— ' Hlier expenses of manngement .. .. 2,4M9 res-rvps .. .. .. 59,090 P.iil for prinary educat.ii n.. .. .. 53,032 Secondary reserves .. .. .. 6,108 Paid (or -econrlary edmation .. .. 4,198 Investments iepaid •• ■• •• 4,560 Investment-' and r> funds .. .. .. 14,8-">2 Interest .. .. •■ ■• 2,885 Ba.anoes, 31st December, 1910 .. .. 10,617 Sundries .. .. .. • ■ 380 Total .. .. .. £57,441 Total .. .. .. £87,441 (b.) Cash Assets and Liabilities of School Commissioners, 31st December, 1910. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Amounts due to Capital Account .. .. 1,2.12 Arrears of rent and interest due .. .. 7,830 Other 1 abilitiis .. .. .. .. B,GJrt U.lance at .. .. .. £10,069 Net balance, 31»t December, 1910 .. .. 48,227 On .. .. .. 39,348 50,317 Total .. .. .. £58,147 Total .. .. .. £58,147 Balance brought do .mi, Ist January, 1911. £48,227. The payments made to Education Boards for primary education out of proceeds from education reserves during the year amounted to £53,032, as compared with £55,367 for the previous year. The revenues of the Boards are not, however, increased by this amount, for the Government deducts a like amount from grants payable to the Boards. The payments made by the School Commissioners to the governing bodies of the various secondary schools are shown in Table K7 of the secondary-education report (E. 6), and amounted during the year to £4,198, as against £4,628 in 1909. This sum was distributed to the various secondary schools within the district administered by the School Commissioners in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance at these secondary schools, exclusive of those in any lower department. The cost of administration during 1909 and 1910 is as follows :— 1909. 1910. £ £ Total net income .. .. .. .. .. 65,708 68,515 Cost of administration .. .. .. .. 4,522 4,712 Cost of administration per cent, of income .. .. 6-88 6-88 Table G2 shows the total income from education reserves for the several districts for the ten years 1901-10, and the cost of administration for the same period. Summarized, this appears as follows, the figures for the period 1900-9 being inserted for purposes of comparison:- 1900 _ 9 muiQ £ £ Total income for ten years .. .. .. .. 587,003 608,005 Cost of administration for ten years .. .. .. 37,537 37,8-10 Cost of administration per cent, of income .. .. 6-39 6-22 As will be seen from these figures, the decrease in the cost of administration, which was noticed last year in connection with the figures for 1900-9, is this year still more marked. In one or two districts, however, the cost of administration was very high. Native Schools. Number of Schools. (E.-B—Table HI, rage 13.) At the end of the year 1909 there were ninety-four Native village schools in operation. During the year 1910 three new schools were opened—viz., Rakaunui, Kawhia ; Port Waikato, near the mouth of the Waikato River ; and Waimiha, King-country; and the schools at Pamoana, Wanganui River; and Te Kopua, Maniapoto country, were reopened. At the 31st December, 1910, there were, in addition to public schools giving instruction to Maori children, 114 schools in operation in New Zealand for the primary purpose of giving instruction to the Maori— Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 99 Mission schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. .. 6 Boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. .. . . 9 Total .. .. .. .. .. 114

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Attendance. (E.-3—Table HI to Hfiu, pasrs 13-25.) The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll-number, for each quarter of the years 1909 and 1910 was as lOIIOWS : Actual Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1009. 1010. 1909. 1010. First quarter .. .. .. .. 3,661 3,f>59 85-0 85-5 Second quarter .. .. .. 3,647 3,720 85-1 86-7 Third quarter .. .. .. .. 3,519 3,686 85-1 85-5 Fourth quarter .. .. .. 3,566 3,669 86-0 84-7 The following are some of the figures in regard to the attendance at Native village schools for the year 1910, the corresponding figures for 1909 being inserted for purposes of comparison:— 1909 19]0 Number on rolls at end of year.. .. .. 4,121 4,280 Average weekly roll-number . . . . . . .. 4.308 4,325 Average yearly attendance, .. .. .. .. 3,680 3,714 If to the Native village schools are added the Native mission schools and Native secondary schools, the following are the figures for 1909 and 1910 respectively:— 1909. 1910. Number on rolls of Native village schools at end of year . . 4,121 4,280 „ mission schools at end of year .. 231 221 „ secondary schools at end of year 360 378 Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. 4,712 4,879 Combined average weekly roll-number . . .. .. 4,898 4,923 Combined average yearly attendp,nce . . . . .. 4,213 1,259 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 86-0 86-5 Table H shows the mean average roll-number for every fifth year, from 1881 to 1896, and for each of the last eleven years. The year 1881 is practically the first year of operation of the Native schools under this Department. The table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the Native schools.

Table H. —Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

Table Hi, in the appendix,* gives in detail the staffs and salaries of the various schools in order of their grades. Table H2 supplies detailed information in regard to the roll-number, average attendance, and grading of the schools. As will be seen from the above table, the percentage of regularity of attendance was higher last year than it has been for at least ten years, a result which must be considered highly satisfactory when it is remembered that all the Native schools are situated in rural districts having, in most cases, a sparse and widely scattered population. In many of the village schools, notably Te Kao in the far North, the attendance is remarkably good, the regularity in fully one-third of them reaching over 90 per cent.

• See E.-3, 1911.

Year. Number of Schools at End of Year. Mean of Average Weekly Boll. Nur Average Average Attendance *W' Percentage T-her s in Charge. Year. o f Weekly EoIL Male . Female . Number of Teachers. Assistant Teachers. Sewing Mistresses. Male. i Female. 1881 .. 1880 .. 1891 . . 1890 .. 1900 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 . . |1909 J1910 60 tilt 00 74 84* 89* 98* 97* 95* 95 98 99 95 94 99 2,343 2,395 2,874 3,256 3,257 3,650 3,805 3,794 4,097 4,235 4,321 4,479 4,308 4,325 1,400 2,020 1,837 2,220 2,500 2,592 3,005 3,012 3,083 3,428 3,607 3,561 3,781 3,680 3,714 86-2 76-7 77-3 76-8 79-6 82-3 79-2 81-3 83-7 85-2 82-4 85-4 85-9 54 00 69t 64t 67t 70f ! 77t 76f 73| I 74f 78t 82f 76 76 78 6 9 8t lit 10t 18t J 20t 20t 21t 22t 21t 18f 19 18 21 i 2 2 2 3 3 4 26 26 61 70 69 83 j 79 85 87 94 105 104 101 106 48 30 37 16 8 15 11 13 11 15 11 3 5 5 4 • Includes two subsidized schools. t Includes ti and the average attendance are the totals of each school whole number (see table H2). to teachers jointly in charge of one school. } The mean of average weekly roll for tho year, the roll and attendance of each school being reckoned to the nearest

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There were 381 Maori boys and girls receiving higher education, 378 of whom were attending the various secondary Native schools, while the remaining 3 boys were pupils of other secondary schools. Of these, 54 boys and 83 girls were holders of free places provided by the Government. Detailed information in respect to Maori pupils receiving higher education will be found in Tables H2 and H3 of the appendix to E3 (Native s -hojls report). The number of European children attending Native schools (set out in Table H4 of the appendix) shows a slight increase. Number attending at end of 1909 .. .. .. .. .. 391 Number attending at end of 1910 .. .. .. . . .. 427 In the preparatory and lower standards (up to Standard V) . . .. 386 In the higher standards (Standards VI and VII) .. . . . . .. H Number of certificates issued, — Competency .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 Proficiency .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 As regards Maoris attending public schools, the following particulars are set out in Tables H5 and Hsa. Number attending at end of 1909 .. .. .. .. .4,434 Number attending at end of 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 4,462 In the preparatory and lower standards (up to Standard V) . . . . 4,409 In the higher standards (Standards VI and VII) .. .. .. 53 Number of certificates issued, — Competency .. .. . . . . . . .. . . 1 Proficiency ■ . .. .. •. .. • • • 18 Tables H6, H6a, and H6b give full information as regards the race of the 4,280 children on the rolls of the Native schools in December, 1910. As will be seen. 87"6 per cent, were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 2-4 were Maoris speaking English, and 10 per cent, were Europeans. The total number of children of Maori or of mixed race on the rolls of primary Native schools, public schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training at the end of the year 1910, is shown in the schedule below. The numbers do not include Maori children attending public secondary schools or Maoris at schools not under Government inspection : of these no separate return is made.

Classification of Pupils. (E.-3—Tabhs H6b, H7, anS HB, pages 25-27.) At the end of the year the standard classification of the children in the village schools was as follows :— _ _ . Niimw Per Cent - of Number. the Ro]l Class P 2,018 47-1 Standard 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 12-5 Standard II .. .. .. .. .. 460 10-8 Standard 111 .. .. .. .. .. 416 9-7 Standard IV .. .. .. .. . . 373 8-7 Standard V .. .. .. .. .. 299 7-0 Standard VI .. .. .. .. .. 148 3-4 Standard VII .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 0-8 Detailed information in regard to the above table will be found in Table H7 of the appendix to E3. See also Tables H6b and HB.

1. Primary bchools — ('/.) Government Native schools (b.) Mission schools (c.) Public schools II. Secondary schools ... II. Special technical training Number per 10,000 of Actual Number. Maori Population at Census of 1906 (47,731). 4/280 896-6 221 46-3 4,462 934-8 8,963 1,877-7 378 79-1 14 2-9 Totals 9,355 1,959-7 9,355

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Results of Inspection. (E.-3-T»ble H9, page 28.) Table H9 of the appendix gives full information as to the results of the annual inspection. Staffs and Salaries. (E.-3—Table HI, page 13.) As shown in Table H, the staffs of the village schools included 78 masters, 21 mistresses in charge, 109 assistants, and 4 sewing teachers. The total amount paid in salary during the year was £23,184, the average salary of the head teachers being £171 —males £175, and females £156. The average salary of assistants was £60. Three schools are in charge of teachers who are themselves members of the Maori race, and the Inspectors speak very highly of their efficiency. Several Maori girls who have completed their course in the secondary schools are employed as junior assistants, and are on the whole doing satisfactory work. Comparison of the amount paid in salaries during the past year with that paid during the year 1906 will show an increase of £5,700. Part of this increase is due of course to the large increase in the attendance, but the greater portion of it is due to the effect of the revised scale of salaries introduced in 1907. Expenditure. (E.-3—Table HlO, paf>e 29.) The total expenditure on Native schools during the year 1910 was £33,387 Is. lid. Included in this amount is the sum of £4,305 paid from revenues from national endowments. New buildings and additions involved an expenditure of £2,844; maintenance and repairs, £1,269. Table HlO is a classified summary of expenditure. Chatham Islands. During the year 1910 there were four schools in operation in the Chatham Islands —-viz., those at Te One. Te Roto, and Matarakau, on the main island, and a school on Pitt Island. The total number of children on the rolls of these schools was 93, an increase of 1 on that of the previous year, the average attendance for the year being 81. The annual visit to the schools took place in December, and the report of the Inspector shows that the schools are doing satisfactory work. Some ten years ago the system obtaining in the Chatham Island schools was reorganized so as to place them on the same basis as the public schools in New Zealand. It is interesting to note that since the reorganization several of the ex-pupils have been very successful in the outside world. Two have almost completed the course for the teachers' D certificate ; of those who gained the Chatham Island Scholarship one is completing his university course in arts and another in medicine ; another youth, also a scholar-ship-holder, took a high place in tHe Civil Service Junior Examination, and is now in the Government service ; another is studying at Lincoln College ; while yet another holds a good position in a remote part of the Empire. This record is very encouraging to the Department, and bears direct testimony to the ability of the young people of the Islands and to the success of the present scheme. The total expenditure in the schools for the year 1910 was £868 6s. 9d., made up as follows : Salaries and allowance, £635 ; scholarships, £40 ; inspection, £17 17s. 2d. ; buildings (additions and repairs, &c), £165 18s. Id. ; other expenses, £9 11s. 6d. : total, £868 6s. 9d.

A.—Further Details of Staffs, Salaries, and Attendance.

Attendance. Attendanoe. Sohool. Names of Teachers. v ,i,,,,,. ., V _ H Allowance for of lain Conveyance of Mean of Average Mean of Weekly Good*. Attendance for | Roll Number for Four Quarters of I Four Quarters of 1910. 1910. 'e One .. "itt Island 'e Roto .. latarakau Total .. Guest, J. J. .. H.M. I Guest, Mrs. L. K. . . S. Ritchie, Miss F. .. Pt. 5 Lanauze, Miss 0. .. Pt. 2 Hutchinson, J. . . M. .. Silcock, H. S. .. M. .. Hough, Miss E. .. F. • • • ■ £ e. d. £ 205 0 0 i 25 37 43 10 10 0 55 0 0 35 0 0 90 0 0 15 12 U 108 0 0 IS 23 30 90 0 0 .. 9 9 593 10 0 j 55 81 95 I I ' 593 10 0 55 81 95 I

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Special Schools : Afflicted and DependentlChildren. (E.-4, 1911.) During the year 1910 the total number belonging to the schools for afflicted and dependent children was on the average 2,586, and the expense to the Government was £51,922. Of this sum, £15,314 represents the outlay in connection with the purchase of property, erection of buildings, and other works. The numbers on the roll and the expenditure on account of the various institutions were as follows :— Number under Net Cost. Control. £ School for the Deaf .. .. .. .. .. 97 4,087 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. .. .. .. 39 721 Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind .. .. .. 31 7,834 Industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 2,419 39,280 By the Education Amendment Act which became law last year extended provision is made for the education and training of young persons who are deaf, blind, feeble-minded, or epileptic. They must now come under efficient and suitable instruction at the age of six years, and remain so until they reach twenty-one years, unless previous to that time the Education Department is satisfied that their educational attainments or their proficiency in some art or handicraft or other calling enable them to provide for their future needs without further instruction. If the near relative of a child so affected does not provide the education required, the Minister of Education may direct that the child be sent to a school where he will have the special instruction suited to his needs, the cost of maintenance and training to be borne by the relatives according to their means and as agreed upon between them and the Minister. In the event of the Minister's direction not being complied with, a Magistrate may order the child's admission to a special school and fix the rate of the maintenance payment. The question whether or not a child is sufficiently affected to warrant his being regarded as coming under these provisions of the Act is determined by his ability to receive proper benefit from ordinary school instruction. If maintenance payments are not duly observed they may be recovered as a debt, or the defaulter may be dealt with under the provisions of the Destitute Persons Act for disobedience of the Court order. Charitable Aid Boards are made responsible in necessitous cases for payment to a limited extent for the maintenance of children in these schools. By order of a Magistrate a young person who is epileptic or feeble-minded may be kept under the guidance and control of a special school beyond the age of twentyone years if it is considered that he is not fit to guide his own life, or that it is otherwise in the public interest that he should be under institutional oversight. In connection with proceedings of this kind the Magistrate appoints counsel to represent the inmate at the hearing. The period of extended guidance is not to exceed four years in the first instance, but on its expiry it may be renewed from time to time by similar procedure, and thus, where necessary, lifelong control is retained. In such cases orders for maintenance against the near relatives may be made. Parents, school-teachers (either public or private), constables, or officers of charitable or kindred institutions who are aware of the place of residence of blind, deaf, epileptic, or feeble-minded children, and the householder in which such a child lives, must, under a penalty, send notification to the Education Department. There is, unfortunately, very strong evidence that there are a large number of young people in New Zealand (as in other countries) who by reason of mental defect are unable to properly control their lives, and it is hoped that with the means that the law now allows they will not be permitted to drift towards destitution and criminality, but will be so cared for that they will be able eventually either to maintain themselves respectably or to contribute to their maintenance in suitable institutions according to their various capabilities. Another important provision in this Act is that giving power for the inspection of orphanages and similar institutions by Inspectors of the Education Department. Up till now it has been practicable to deal with boys only at the school for the feeble-minded, but plans are now in hand for buildings which would provide for the accommodation of a considerable number of girls. Reference was made in the report for the year 1909 to the pressing need for another industrial school for boys. As the result of negotiations, the institution

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conducted by the Roman Catholic authorities as a private industrial school under the supervision of the Education Department, and generally known as the Stoke Orphanage, has been purchased for this purpose, and will hereafter be a Government industrial school to which Magistrates can commit boys irrespective of the religious denomination they belong to. School for the Deaf. (See also E.-4, 1911, pages 5-8.) Number of pupils who returned to the school in February, 1910, after the summer vacation .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 89 Number admitted during the school year .. .. .. .. 12 Number who left during or at the end of the school year .. .. 11 Number remaining on the roll after the close of the school year .. .. 90 The cost of the school for the years 1909 and 1910 respectively was as follows : — 1909. 1910. £ c. d. £ s. d. Salaries 2,916 2 7 2,958 12 6 Maintenance of pupils .. .. .. .. 1,513 6 8 1,551 8 4 Maintenance of buildings and water charges .. 332 15 6 367 16 5 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. 121 19 0 145 15 1 Less— Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. .. 838 11 0 929 0 2 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. 6 18 11 7 113 Net expenditure on the institution .. .. 4,038 13 10 4,087 0 11* (* Including £540 paid from National Endowment revenue.) There was an increase of 10-9 per cent, in parental contributions, as against an increase of Tl per cent, in the number of pupils under instruction. Jubilee Institution for the Blind. During the year the Government contributed towards the cost of training 35 pupils of this institution, of whom 1 was an adult, the net amount expended being £721 (including £99 from National Endowment revenue), as against £903 for the previous year on account of 39 pupils. Maintenance payments by parents and guardians increased from £215 19s. 3d. in 1909 to £291 2s. 6d. during 1910. For the two pa t financial years the revenue from the National Endowment Reserves Account amounted to £99 9s. 4d. The sum payable by the Government as subsidy to the Board of Trustees during last year under the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act was £1,709. Special School for Boys of Feeble Mind. (Sco also E.-4, 1911, pages 8-11.) This institution is being steadily developed, there being now 47 boys in residence. The matter of admitting young persons who are over twenty-one years of age has been fully considered, and it has been determined to give preference to younger applicants. Undoubtedly a large number of the pupils will need permanent institutional care, and by retaining these under control the adult section of this institution will be formed gradually. It is to be borne in mind that the Otekaike school does not admit those who are imbecile : it is essential that pupils shall have the capacity to derive benefit from the special education and training provided for in the school course. The cost of the institution for the past two years was as follows:— 1909. 1910. £ s. d. £ s. d. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 1,102 15 4 1,5G4 10 8 Maintenance of pupils .. .. .. .. 647 14 11 1,115 7 6 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 2-13 19 7 239 18 0 Farm and stock .. .. .. .. 612 19 9 318 8 9 Additional buildings, water-supply, drainage, fencing, &c, .. .. .. .. .. 1,602 18 3 4,984 0 8 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. 180 6 10 178 19 6 Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. .. 182 2 2 428 16 3 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. 105 2 11 138 12 6 Net expenditure on the institution .. .. 4,103 9 7 7,833 16 4f (t Including £440 paid from National Endowment revenue.)

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Children under State Guardianship. (E.-4, Tables II to 19, pagos 12-15.) The number under the control of industrial schools at the end of 1910 was 2,454, an increase of 74 during the year. Of this total, 805 were resident in the institutions, 263 being in the private (Eoman Catholic) industrial schools, 794 were boarded out with foster-parents, and 855 were earning their living in situations, placed with friends on probation, &c. The numbers of children on the books at the end of the years 1909 and 1910 respectively whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds were as follows : — l!) 09. 1910. Boarded out from Government schools .. .. .. 757 792 Boarded out from private schools . . . . .. . . 3 2 Number resident at schools .. . . . . .. . . 771 805 At other institutions .. .. .. .. .. 35 30 Total .. .. .. . . .. 1,566 1.629 1909. 1910. £ s. d. £ s. d. The amount of parental contributions was .. 5,786 8 5 5,575 8 6 Rate per head for children maintained .. 3 13 11 3 8 5 Details respecting the number of children on the books of industrial schools at the end of the year are given in Table 15. The net expenditure on account of industrial schools during the year showed an increase of £152 2s. as compared with the preceding year. The following statement gives particulars:— 1909. 1910. £ s. d. £ s. d. Cost of maintenance of schools.. .. .. 19,831 5 2 17,960 8 2 Boarding out (exclusive of cost of administration. inspection, &c.) .. .. .. .. 13,319 0 6 13,962 16 5 Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 8,151 3 8 8,816 2 2 New buildings and works, and purchase of property 5,838 2 0 10,330 6 2 Salaries, travelling-allowances, and expenses of certain departmental officers (Inspectors, visiting officers, &c.) . . .. . . .. 1,424 14 9 1,458 19 4 Sundry payments .. .. .. .. 186 15 0 107 711 Gross total .. .. .. .. . . 48,751 1 1 52,636 0 2 Recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 15,193 8 1 15,701 5 2 Net cost .. .. .. .. .. £33,557 13 0 £36,934 15 0* (* Including £3,225 paid from National Endowment revenue.) Further details of the expenditure on industrial schools during the year are contained in Tables 11 and 12. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards for mainten- 1909. 1010. ance of children who came into Government schools owing to indigence (included in the £ s . d. £ s. d. total sum recovered) .. .. .. 8.612 16 3 9,450 1 1 Number of children at the end of the year belonging to Government schools who were so paid for .. 59fi 678 Number maintained at the expense of Charitable Aid Boards at private industrial schools .. 132 98 The amount paid by the Charitable Aid Boards on account of children sent to the private industrial schools as indigent is not stated here, as the Managers of these schools make their claims upon the Boards without reference to the Education Department. At the end of the year the amount in the Post-Office Savings-Bank held in trust in the names of inmates and former inmates of industrial schools was £27,052 6s. 4d., the Government schools accounts having £23,710 4s. 9d. to credit, and the private (Roman Catholic) schools £3,342 Is. 7d. The total sums withdrawn from these accounts during the year were £3,369 14s. Bd. and £181 18s. 4d. respectively.

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These moneys represent the earnings of boys and girls in situations away from the schools, or of those in residence under training whose services are worth more than the cost of their maintenance. According to law, it is at the discretion of the Minster of Education whether payment (with interest) is eventually made to these young people or not. In practice they do receive payment where there is evidence that the applicant's good record after the control of the school has ceased has been good, and that he has a proper investment for the money. In exercise of his discretion the Minister may order forfeiture of the money where a former inmate proves his unworthiness to receive it. In such a case the amount is credited to the Public Account. The following figures are taken from 12 and 13 of the Appendix: — £ s. d. Government expenditure on private schools .. .. .. 2,200 0 0 Government expenditure on special cases at other institutions .. 146 0 0 Infant - life Protection. (See also E.-4, 1911, pages 18-22.) At the end of the year the number of foster-homes licensed under the Infants Act was -705, and the number of children maintained in them for the whole or part of the year was 1,183, of whom 469 were under one year old. The total number of deaths was 26, equal to 2*19 per cent. The report of the Secretary for Education gives detailed information as regards the various phases of the work. The expenditure for the year, amounting to £982 4s. 4d., is accounted for as follows : — £ s. d. Salaries of Visiting Nurses and local representatives .. .. .. 606 0 0 Travelling-expenses of District Agents, Visiting Nurses, and local representatives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 215 19 0 Payments to foster-parents for board of infants .. .. .. 103 6 4 Office expenses (including rent) and sundries .. .. .. 83 11 10 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. 26 12 10 Manual and Technical Instruction. Manual Instruction in Public and Secondary Schools. [E.s—Tables Jl to J6.] Various branches of manual instruction were taught in connection with 63*5 per cent, of the public schools during the year. The percentages for the various Education districts were as follows: Percentage of Schools District. at which Instruction was given. Auckland ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 43 Taranaki ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 Wanganui ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 93 Wellington ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 74 Hawke's Bay ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 80 Marlborough ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 32 Nelson ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 57 Grey ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 26 Westland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 37 North Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 68 South Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... ...■ ... 61 Otago ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 63 Southland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 97

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The chief branches taken up and the number of classes were as follows:— TABLE J. —Subjects of and Number of Classes for Manual Instruction in Public Schools. r< ~ . it . v Number of Classes. iSubjects of Instruction. IQ.OO 1910 Elementary handwork .. .. .. .. .. 3,178 3,489 Woodwork .. .. .. .. .. ..281 273 Ironwork .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 8 Agriculture and dairy-work .. .. .. .. .. 559 666 Elementary science.. .. .. .. .. .. 47 109 Physical measurements .. .. .. .. .. 101 118 Cookery .. .. .. .. .. .. 339 308 Laundry-work .. .. .. .. . . . . 60 63 Dressmaking .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 90 Swimming and life-savini; .. . . . . . . . . 136 165 Physiology and first aid .. .. .. .. 57 78 Totals .. .. .. .. 4,842 5,367 The number of public schools in which manual instruction was given was 1,330. The number of pupils receiving instruction in cookery was 5,155. The number of pupils receiving instruction in woodwork was 5,532. The number of pupils receiving instruction in agriculture was 15,159. The number of pupils receiving instruction in other branches of manual instruction was 100,772. The payments by way of capitation and subsidies on voluntary contributions were £18,343. The average rate of payment per class was £3-4. Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled £3,822. Subjects such as cookery and woodwork continue to be taught for the most part at specially equipped centres, of which there are now over sixty in operation. Many of these centres are in connection with district high schools or technical schools. The number of schools taking up elementary agriculture continues to increase. The increase for the year was 107, as compared with 61 for the previous year. In many cases, in addition to work in the school-garden, observational and experimental work is being systematically carried out, some of the results being very interesting and instructive. In several districts suitable instruction in dairy-work is also given. In nine of the thirteen education districts the work is under the general direction of special itinerant instructors. Every year sees a marked improvement in the treatment of this important branch of manual instruction, due largely to the opportunities provided by training classes for teachers, to the advice and guidance of the itinerant instructors, and to the distribution by controlling authorities of suggestive and helpful aids in the shape of pamphlets and leaflets. Valuable assistance also continues to be rendered in many cases by agricultural and pastoral associations, school committees, and members of the farming community interested in the work. In addition to prizes which have been freely offered, contributions in money and kind to the value of over £240 have been received by controlling authorities during the year. These contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. Reference was made last year to the inauguration in certain districts of rural courses in connection with the secondary departments of district high schools. During 1910 such courses were carried out in five education districts, as follows : — n . . • . Number of Number of DlBtrlot - Schools. Pupils. Taranaki .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 50 Wanganui . . .. .. .. .. . . . . 5 105 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 162 Hawke's Bay 1 45 South Canterbury . . .. . . . . .. 3 85 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 447 The capitation paid on account of rural courses carried out during the year at these sixteen schools amounted to £2,750, equivalent to a rate of £615 per pupil. There are indications that courses on similar lines will shortly be established in connection with certain district high schools in Auckland, North Canterbury, and Otago.

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In most cases the adoption of a rural course—or, in other words, the attempt to bring the curriculum of the rural schools into closer touch with their environment —has been attended with results which must be regarded as encouraging in view of the many real difficulties to be surmounted, and, in a few instances, of the opposition to be overcome. Much of this opposition is probably largely due to a misapprehension of the end in view, which is something more than the preliminary training of young persons for agricultural pursuits. It is not the function of the district high school to train pupils for this or that profession, vocation, or trade, but rather to provide a general education—an education that will prepare them for the duties of manhood or womanhood. A curriculum that is definitely related to the pupils' environment is at least as likely to achieve this end as one that is not. It is a matter for surprise and regret to know that in the case of some schools, happily few in number, the proposal to adopt a rural course has been opposed by members of the teaching profession. It is, of course, recognized that the present arrangements are to be regarded as tentative and provisional. The difficulty of obtaining teachers possessing the necessary experience and practical knowledge has compelled Education Boards to rely mainly on the system of instruction by itinerant teachers, whereas if the best results are to be obtained, the instruction, or most of it, should undoubtedly be provided by the regular staff. This and other disabilities to which it is unnecessary here to refer will, it is hoped, disappear in time ; meanwhile some progress has been made in the direction of attaining the end in view, and the opinion is confidently expressed that in the not far distant future what has been, and is now, though to a less extent, regarded as a particular and special course of instruction for the few will become the recognized course for all so far as the rural schools are concerned. There has been a very satisfactory increase in the number of public-school classes receiving practical instruction in some branch of elementary natural or physical science. The number of recognized classes in operation in 1910 was 227, with a total average attendance of 7,042, as compared with 148 classes with a total average attendance of 5,181 for the previous year. Instruction in science requiring special laboratory accommodation is practically confined to district high schools, over 50 per cent, of which are now provided with such facilities. In public schools not so provided elementary botany or elementary physical measurements, both of which provide opportunities for individual practical work under ordinary school conditions, are the branches of science usually taken. Although the number of classes for swimming and life-saving continues to increase, 165 classes being recognized for 1910, as compared with 136 for the previous year, the attention given to this important and useful branch of knowledge still leaves something to be desired. It is to be hoped that wherever facilities are available steps will be taken to provide regular and systematic instruction in swimming and life-saving. Nearly 60 per cent, of the public-school classes in operation during the year were confined to three education districts. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual instruction have been erected or are in course of erection at Devonport, Carterton, Masterton, Greytown, Levin, Motueka, Dunedin, Invercargill, and Riverton, while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Cambridge, Carterton,- Masterton, Greytown, Levin, Wellington, Hastings, Waipawa, Dunedin, and Riverton. Recognized classes for manual instruction were also carried on during the year in connection with twenty-six of the twenty-nine secondary schools in receipt of Government grants. The chief branches taken up and the total average attendance were as follows : — Subjects of Instruction. Woodwork 273 361 Cookery .. .. .. .. .. .. ..463 512 Dressmaking .. .. .. .. .. .. 170 278 Natural science .. .. .. .. .. . . 841 1,325 Experimental science .. .. .. .. .. 691 940

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Some further particulars relating to the classes are as follows : — 1909 1910 The number of recognized classes was .. .. .. 189 227 The capitation payments on attendances amounted to .. .. £946 £929 The average rate of payment per class was .. .. .. £5 £4 Special grants for buildings and equipment totalled .. .. £192 £912 There is evidence that the curricula of several of the rural secondary schools are undergoing some modification with the view of bringing them into more intimate relation with local conditions. New buildings or additions to buildings for manual-instruction purposes have been erected or are in course of erection in connection with New Plymouth High School, Wellington Girls' College, Marlborough High School, Nelson Girls' College, Rangiora High School, and Gore High School; while necessary equipment for manual instruction has been provided at New Plymouth High School, Wellington Boys' College, Napier Boys' High School, Gisborne High School, and Nelson Girls' College. Technical Instruction. [E.-5—Tables J7 to J17. Satisfactory progress continues to be made by controlling authorities and managers of classes throughout the Dominion in the matter of providing, improving, and extending facilities and opportunities for instruction. Generally speaking, the schools, many of which now provide fairly full courses of instruction adapted to local requirements, may be said to be receiving a fair measure of support at the hands not only of those for whose direct benefit they have been established, but also of local bodies and industrial and trade organizations, many of which, in addition to moral support, contribute liberally every year to the school funds. During the year nearly £5,000, carrying a Government subsidy of £1 for £1, was so contributed. The Government has, as in previous years, favourably considered applications for grants for new buildings or additions and for necessary equipment for technical instruction. During the year grants for thesejlpurposes amounting to nearly £9,000 were distributed. New buildings or additions to buildings have been erected or are in course of erection at Auckland, Otahuhu, Cambridge, Hamilton, Waihi, Inglewood, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Nelson, Christchurch, Ashburton, Kaiapoi, Fairlie, Gore, and Invercargill. With the completion of the new buildings for the technical colleges at Auckland and Wanganui considerable extensions in the sphere of technical education may be looked for in these places. Necessary equipment has been provided for technical classes at Auckland (school of mines), Otahuhu, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Hawera, Bull's, Taihape, Wellington, Petone, Napier, Nelson, Westport, Christchurch (School of Engineering, School of Art, and Technical College), Rangiora, Timaru, and Dunedin (School of Art and Technical School). In addition to special centres for manual instruction in the larger towns, there are now over forty well-equipped buildings for technical instruction as compared with twelve in 1901. As in previous years, classes in places where buildings specially adapted for the purpose have not yet been provided have been carried on in the local schools or in suitable rented buildings. In certain districts a good deal has been done in the direction of providing some facilities for technical instruction in the smaller and more remote centres. Thus in the Wanganui district classes were held at thirty-six, in the North Canterbury district at fifteen, in the Nelson district at nine, in the Hawke's Bay and in the Taranaki districts at eight, and in the Auckland District at seven such centres. In some districts, such as Wanganui and Auckland, the instruction is given wholly or partly by special itinerant instructors with very satisfactory results; in others local instructors are in charge of the classes. The most complete arrangements for instruction in rural areas are probably to be found in the Wanganui district.

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Following are some particulars regarding day and evening classes in operation during the year. The number of places at which recognized classes were held 1909. 1910. was .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 116 The number of classes in operation was .. .. .. 1,702 1,828 The number of individual students was .. .. .. 14,137 15,068 The capitation on attendances was .. .. .. £18,498 £22,441 The annual rate of payment per student was .. .. £I*3 £I*6 The classes were divided as follows :—

" Special" classes— i.e., classes established by an Education Board or by the Governors of a secondary school—still continue to be the most numerous and the most widely distributed. Most of the rural technical and continuation classes come under this heading. " Associated " classes, or classes conducted by managers representing bodies contributing to the funds of the classes, have increased but slightly, chiefly for the reason that the areas of influence of the bodies conducting the classes are more restricted than in the case of classes conducted by bodies such as Education Boards, whose districts are of considerable area. Thus it is the exception rather than the rule for an association to conduct classes at more than one centre. " College " classes, or classes controlled by University Colleges, necessarily show but a very slight increase. There has been an increase for the year of about 7 per cent, in the number of classes in operation and in the number of individual students under instruction. The proportion of new entrants to the total number of students en the roll was 61 per cent. Some particulars as to the age and sex of students are as follows:—

. About 91 per cent, of the total number of students under instruction were in attendance at classes held for the most part in the evenings. The remainder were under instruction at various day technical schools to which reference is made hereafter. The occupations of students attending day and evening classes may be summarized as follows:— Number ot Percentage- of Students. Totals. Commercial pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,537 16-8 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,690 17-9 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,552 16-9 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,888 19-2 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 1,305 8-7 Various trades .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,553 16-9 Other occupations not included in above .. .. . . 543 3-6 15,068 100-0 It is evident from the above figures that the technical schools as a whole are providing instruction adapted to the requirements of most classes of the community.

Classes. " Special " classes .. " Associated " classes " College " classes .. Totals Number of Centres. : Number of Classes. Number of Students. 100 929 8,197 23 745 6,219 2 154 652 125 1,828 15,068 125 1,828 15,068

Under Twenty-one Twenty-one Years of Years of Age. Age and over. Totals. Males Females 4,683 3,128 4,255 3,002 7,811 7,257 Totals 8,938 6,130 8,938 6,130 15,068 15,068

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Table Ja.—Number of Day and Evening Classes for, and Capitation on Attendances in respect of, certain Subjects of Technical Instruction.

There has been a considerable increase in the number of classes in subjects related to the various branches of engineering—civil, mechanical, and electrical. The provision made for the instruction as regards equipment and courses of work is in most cases quite satisfactory. While the demand for instruction in plumbing continues to be well maintained, there has been a decrease in the number of classes for carpentry and joinery, and cabinetmaking. It is to be regretted that the personnel of the classes includes in many cases but a small percentage of persons engaged in these trades. The classes for pure and applied art continue to be well supported. Full and well arranged courses are provided in most cases. Increased attention is being given to instruction in the various branches of applied art. It is gratifying to notice the steady increase in the demand for instruction in domestic subjects. Classes were held at seventy-three centres. In several schools fairly full courses in subjects bearing on the home are being gradually evolved. The. provision recently made by the Council of the Otago University in the way of special courses for the higher education of women in home science and domestic arts will, it is hoped, cause increasing attention to be given to this very important branch of education. As indicating the attention now being given to the matter, it may b< mentioned that the course in science as laid down in the calendar of the New Zealand University now includes the subject " domestic science." The demand foi instruction in commercial subjects continues to be maintain* d. The number of classes for various branches of commercial instruction was, as last year, greater than for any other branch of technical instiuction. Classes were held at forty-four centres. It is pleasing to be able to record a considerable increase in the number of classes in subjects related to agricultural and pastoral pursuits. In 1909 .-ixty classes were held at forty centres. In 1910 111 classes were held at sixty-one centres. In addition to classes for wool-sorting instruction was also given in sheep-shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, horticulture, bee-keeping, and farm carpentry. In the past the efforts of controlling authorities to provide some opportunities for instruction in subjects bearing on ruial pursuits have been attended by result? of a decidedly negative character; there now appear to be signs of some response on the part of those in whose interests these efforts have been made. Continuation classes or classes for general education have not, so far, been as widely held or as well attended as they should be. The opinion is expressed that a good dt al might be accomplished in the direction of providing attractive and at the same time educative courses of general instruction at subcentres in connection with technical schools, in the larger centres especially, utilizing foi this purpose the buildings used during the day for public-school purposes. Such courses to be successful should be short, and confined to the winter months. It is not improbable that a considerable number of young persons would on the termination of their publicschool course be willing to attend suitable classes of the kind indicated, especially

Number of Classes. Capitation. Subjects of Instruction. 1909. 1910. 1909. 1910. Engineering Lead and wood working Pure and applied art Experimental and natural science Domestic economy Commercial subjects Subjects of general education Agriculture, wool-classing, &c. 131 246 206 163 330 334 84 91 284 328 350 360 239 195 78 111 £ s. d. £ s. (I. 1,984 0 9 3,505 15 8 1,430 0 6 1,940 2 8 4,957 19 1 4,139 17 8 1,014 7 5 1,257 12 0 3,059 19 7 4,332 7 11 4,884 2 11 5,593 15 6 771 6 6 1,091 9 8 395 15 11 579 11 . 5 Totals 1,702 1,828 ■ 18,497 12 8 22,440 12 6

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if these weie held in connection with their own schools. The establishment of such classes, which are, it may be mentioned, alieady to be found in some districts, should have the important effect of linking more closely than is at present the case the public schools with the technical schools. Refeience has been made in previous reports to the increase every year in the proportion of students who take up definite courses of instruction involving attendance at classes on two, three, or more evenings a week. With the object of encouraging attendance at grouped courses of related subjects, and in view of the fact that classes for advanced work in ait, science, and technology cost more to maintain and are usually much smaller than elementary classes, the Education Act. was amended last session so as to provide for the payment of capitation at higher rates in the case of students who take up in any year a group of related subjects or who go through a graded course extending over a period of years. It is hoped that the scale of payments, ranging from to 9d. per hour-attendance, now in operation will enable controlling authorities and managers of classes to improve and extend the arrangements already made for graded courses of instruction. While the attendance at evening classes generally, though entirely optional, continues to be well maintained, and is in the case of a large number of students very satisfactory, the fact remains that too large a proportion of young people do not on the completion of their primary-school course proceed either to secondary or to technical schools. Further reference to this matter will be found under the heading '-Secondary Education" (see page 51). The problem of the further education, control, and discipline of adolescents is to-day engaging the attention of progressive nations throughout the world. As stated in last year's report, the Education (Scotland) Act of 1908 imposes on School Boards the duty of taking fuller cognizance of the period of adolescence and of making suitable provision for the further instruction of young people over fourteen years of age who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education. It is gratifying to know that many of the School Boards are realizing their responsibilities in the matter and aie exciting themselves to meet as far as may be the requirement of their respective districts. It need hardly be said that they are proceeding cautiously. Every means short of compulsion is being used to foster a movement for the better use of the years of adolescence as a preparation for adult life. It is significant that the first proposals, in the shape of by-laws, for compulsory attendance at continuation classes should come from rural Boards. This, however, must not be taken as an indication that the urban Boards as a whole are inactive. On the contrary, several of them, notably the School Boards of Edinburgh and Glasgow, are showing an ever-increasing interest in the matter. They prefer, however, to exhaust all other available means before applying compulsion. Conferences with employers and employed have been widely held, while a large amount of what may be termed missionary work has been accomplished. Searching inquiries have also been instituted with the view of ascertaining how far young people are profiting by the opportunities offered. The important fact that by-laws even if made must be largely inoperative unless backed by a healthy public opinion appears to be thoroughly recognized. It is worthy of note in this connection that the Scotch Education Department, in a circular letter issued in 1909 dealing with the compulsory education question, recommends School Boards to use every device to stimulate voluntary effort before applying compulsion; and, further, that the Committee of the Privy Council on Education in Scotland, in their report for the year 1909-10, state that they have no desire that in this weighty matter School Boards should act otherwise than with the deliberation and circumspection. As regards New Zealand the amending Act of last session empowers school committees to request Education Boards to frame regulations requiring the attendance at continuation or technical classes of young people within the school district who are not otherwise receiving a suitable education, or who are not specially exempted by such regulations. Already there are indications in certain districts of a desire to establish compulsory classes under the Act, and in one district at least regulations have been drafted. The attention of those who are moving in the matter is earnestly invited to what has been said in regard to the attitude

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of the Scotch School Boards to the question of compulsory education for adolescents. It is of the utmost importance that no definite action should be contemplated until there is good reason for believing that the school district is ready for the change, nor until a well considered and practicable scheme of instruction suited to the needs of the district and of the young persons concerned has been formulated. The Education Boards in the various districts in which attention is being given to the question of compulsory attendance no doubt fully recognize that to put forward, for the sake, say, of being first in the field, some ill-considered scheme unsuited to the district and unsatisfying to the students would be to court failure at the outset. The chief sources of income and items of expenditure in respect of day and evening classes, exclusive of " College " classes, may be summarized as follows : — Receipts. £ Expenditure. £ Capitation on attendances and for free ! Administration, &c. .. .. 7,258 places .. .. .. .. 33.211 Salaries of instructors .. .. 31,534 Voluntary contributions and subsidies Buildings and equipment .. .. 16,720 thereon .. .. .. .. 8,569 Students' fees .. .. .. 9,428 Grants for buildings and equipment .. 9,226 KM| Totals, 19101 .. .. £60,434 ; £55,512 ! Totals, 1909 .. .. £63,931 £60,919 Free places were enjoyed by 3,244 students, of whom 2,098, or about 65 per cent., were under instruction at classes other than classes at day technical schools. The following table gives the school age and sex of students holding free places at technical schools and classes during the year.

Of the total number of students admitted to free places, 2,794, or 86 per cent., qualified for capitation. The courses of instruction taken up by students who so qualified were as follows : — Number of Students. Courses of Instruction. 1909. 1910. Science and technology .. .. ■ • . ■ .. 649 736 Pure and applied art .. .. .. .. .. 152 197 Domestic economy .. .. .. .. .. 319 422 Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. 21 42 Commercial instruction .. .. • • .. .. 1,066 1,397 Totals 2,207 2,794 Capitation payments on account of free places amounted for 1910 to £8,066 19s. 9d., being at the rate of £2 9s. per free place. It will be seen that about 50 per cent, of the free pupils under instruction during the year elected to take commercial courses in preference to other courses of instruction. The fact that a large proportion of the students holding free places are resident in or near the larger centres probably accounts to some extent for what appears to be at first sight an undue proportion.

Day Technical Schools. Otl Other Classes. her Claesi School Age. . . , .. I First year . . umor free pupils j Secon £ yoa ,. I First year .. lenioi free pupils \ Second year (Third year. . Males. Females. Total. 355 381 736 112 175 287 26 64 90 12 15 27 2 4 6 Males. 688 257 189 104 57 Females. 406 184 116 73 24 Total. 1,094 441 305 177 81 Totals .. 507 639 1,146 507 639 1,146 . 1,295 1,295 803 803 2,098 ! i

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It is gratifying to note a gradual increase in the number of free pupils taking a course of agricultural instruction. In 1908 the number was seven, rising to fortytwo in 1910. Day technical schools consisting of organized classes providing one or more courses of not less than twenty hours a week were in operation during the year in connection with the technical schools at Auckland, Wanganui, Napier, Nelson, Westport, Christchurch, and Dunedin. These schools, which continue to be well attended, provide fairly full courses in science and technology, pure and applied art, domestic economy, agriculture and commercial instruction for pupils who on leaving the primary schools probably would not in the ordinary course proceed to secondary schools. There appear to be good grounds for believing that one result of the establishment of these schools has been a considerable reduction in the proportion of young persons who on leaving the primary school proceed at once to some form of employment. The number of pupils on the rolls of day technical schools during the year was 1,253, of whom 545 were males. Free places were held by 1,146 pupils, including 507 males. Of the free pupils 1,023 held junior free places tenable for two years, while 123 held senior free places tenable for three years. The arrangement and conduct of these day classes being a comparatively simple matter in comparison with evening classes, it has been deemed expedient to amend the Education Act so as to allow of certain approved day classes being carried on as organized schools rather than as groups of classes. Provision has also been made for a simpler method of capitation payments than necessarily obtains in connection with evening classes rin the case of those classes to which the term " day technical school" as defined in the Act is held to apply. Special grants to Education Boards for the maintenance of training classes for teachers in various branches of manual instruction taken up in public schools were again distributed during the year. Particular attention continues to be given in connection with these classes to subjects bearing on rural occupations. The science .and art examinations of the English Board of Education and the technological examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute were held as usual, the former at fourteen, the latter at seventeen centres. The number of entries for the science and art examinations was 873, the number of passes being 582 ; while for the technological examinations the number of entries was 427 and the number of passes 291. The proportion of passes to entries, in each case 66 per cent., must be regarded as very satisfactory. There has been a steady increase each year in the number of students coming up for each of these£examinations. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government during 1910 on manual and technical instruction :— Capitatiuiif . £ 8. d. £ c. d. School classes 19,033 2 0 Technical classes .. .. .. 22,440 12 6 Free places 8,066 19 9 49,540 14 3 Subsidies on voluntary contributions, — School classes.. .. .. .. 240 3 2 Technical classes .. .. .. 4,845 14 9 5,085 17 11 Grants for buildings, equipment, and rent, — School classes.. .. .. .. 4,735 2 5 Technical classes .. .. .. 9,442 5 7 Grants for material for technical classes .. 1,622 19 0 15,800 7 0 Railway fares of instructors and students .. .. .. 4,848 13 9 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 625 11 0 Inspection and other expenses .. .. .. .. 1,015 10 9 Total £76,916 14 8 This total includes £12,915 paid from National Endowment revenue. The total expenditure by the Government by way of capitation, subsidies, and grants was— for school classes, £22,008 7s. 7d., and for technical classes, £46,418 11s. 7d. The expenditure for the previous year was respectively £21,675 11s. 3d. and £49,810 11s. Id. Full information regarding manual and technical instruction will be found in a separate paper (E.-5).

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Secondary Education. 'Number of Schools. (E.-6—Table K9.) The schools usually included in the list of secondary schools in this report which were open in 1910 were thirty-one in number, namely,— (a.) "Endowed secondary schools" within the meaning of section 89 of the Education Ace, 1908, and included in the Eighth Schedule to the Act 26 (b.) Secondary schools within the meaning of the same section (89), but established by the Minister under section 94 ... ... ... 3 (c.) Other endowed secondary schools not coming within the definition of section 89 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Total 81 Of the endowed secondary schools only twenty-two were in operation during the year. Of the other four—Akaroa, Greymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate —the last three have never been in operation, and the first existed as a small struggling high school for a few years only; but a permanent increase of population might lead to the establishment (or re-establishment) of one or more of them at any time. Meanwhile secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of the district high schools established in each of these four centres, and to some extent these district high schools are assisted by funds derived from the endowments of the secondary schools. Roll and Attendance. (E.-6-Tables Xl, K2; LI, L2.J The total number of pupils attending the thirty-one secondary schools in the last terms of 1909 and 1910 respectively was— , 1909. 1910. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. I Girls. Total. Eoll (exclusive of lower departments) 2,797 1,870 4,667 2,844 2,062 4,906 Number in lower departments ... 114 75 189 178 92 270 Total 2,911 1,945 4,856 3,022 2,154 5,176 Number of boarders (included above) 566 140 706 614 14J 755 The average number of pupils on the rolls of the secondary departments of district high schools in 1909 and 1910 respectively was— 1909. 1910. Boys 1,100 1,128 Girls ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,063 1,061 Total ... ... ... ... 2,163 2,189 ft If, instead of taking the average roll throughout the year, we take the roll at the end of the year, as was done in the case of the secondary schools above, we find the number in the secondary departments of district high schools to be as follows : — 1909. 1910. Boys ... 944 954 Girls ... 947 962 Total ... ... ... ... 1,891 1,916 The average attendance at the secondary schools for 1910 was 5,012. It will be evident from a comparison of these figures that in the case of district high schools there was a distinct falling-off in the roll numbers towards

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the end of the year, both in the case of the figures for 1909 and in those for 1910. The same falling-off is apparent in the case of secondary schools, though not to so marked an extent. It was more noticeable in the case of boys than in that of girls, and is no doubt due to the large number of scholars, especially boys, who leave school before the close of the year to enter some employment. In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending certain day classes in connection with technical schools, which in this regard may be called technical high schools; and (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls. The number of pupils on the rolls of the day technical schools during the year was 1,253, made up as follows :— 1909. 1910. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 345 545 Girls .. ... ... ... ... 501 708 Total ... ... ... 846 1,253 The following was the average roll of pupils in the secondary school for Maoris (all of whom were boarders) for the years 1909 and 1910 : — 1909. 1910. Boys ... ... ... ... ... 169 182 Girls ... ... ... ... . 191 196 Total ... ... ... 360 378 If we summarize all these figures, substituting in the case of the secondary schools the average roll 'for the roll at the end of the year, and excluding pupils in the lower departments of the secondary schools, we find that, as nearly as can be estimated, there were 8,988 pupils receiving some form or other of secondary education during the year 1910. 1909. 1910. Secondary schools ... ... ... ... 4,834 5,168 District high schools ... ... ... ... 2,163 2,189 Day technical schools ... ... ... 846 1,253 Maori secondary schools ... ... ... 360 378 Total ... ... ... 8,203 8,988 It will therefore be seen that there has been an increase in all the four groups of schools giving secondary instruction, particularly in the case of the day technical schools, the numbers being half as much again as those for the previous year. The population of New Zealand, including Maoris, but excluding the inhabitants of the Cook Islands, was, according to the 1911 census, 1,058,033, so that the proportion of persons receiving some form of day secondary instruction during the year 1910 was 85 per 10,000 of the population. In 1906 the corresponding proportion was 72-7 per 10,000, so there has been a steady development of secondary education in New Zealand during the past four years. It may be of interest to make a comparison in this respect between New Zealand and other countries. The following figures, so far as can be gathered from the reports, represent the position for the year 1909-10 : — United States ... ... ... ••• 958 per 10,000 New Zealand ... ... ... ... 850 „ 10,000 England and Wales ... ... ... ... 552 „ 10,000 Scotland ... ... ... ... ... 424 „ 10,000 Further information in regard to the roll and attendance at secondary schools will be found in Tables Xl and K2, and of district high schools in Tallies LI and L 2.

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Free Secondary Education. (E.-o—Tables K4 and K6.) Under the free-place regulations free places are divided into two classes, junior and senior, both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools. Boys and girls who qualify for Junior Education Board Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, are entitled to Junior Free Places, and those who pass the special examinations for free places are also participants in the privilege. Junior Free Places may, again, be obtained by those who qualify for a certificate of proficiency—that is, essentially, pupils who pass with credit the Sixth Standard of the public-school syllabus; but on this qualification the age of the candidate must not exceed fifteen years. Generally speaking, Junior Free Places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension to three years without examination, or, in the case of district high schools, to the age of seventeen. A Senior Free Place is tenable by any pupil who has passed the Civil Service Junior Examination or the Intermediate Examination, the latter of which is regarded as the special examination for Senior Free Places. Both these examinations are held simultaneously, and differ mainly in the fact that in the Intermediate Examination different papers are set in certain subjects to meet the requirements of non-competitive candidates. The passing of the Matriculation Examination is also regarded as a qualification for a Senior Free Place. But in a largely increasing number of cases Senior Free Places may now be obtained without the necessity of having recourse to an external examination. By a recent amendment in the regulations, the Minister has been empowered to award Senior Free Places to eligible scholars who have satisfactorily completed a two-years course in a secondary school or district high school in accordance with the specified conditions, and are recommended by the Principal of the secondary school attended, or, in the case of a district high school, by an Inspector of the district, such recommendation being subject to the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools. Senior Free Places are tenable up to the age of nineteen. For free places granted in secondary schools in accordance with regulations grants are payable on a sliding scale, in which the capitation payments vary according to the income of the school from public endowments, and are calculated in such a way as to secure to the school for each free pupil under instruction an annual income from public sources and from endowments taken together not less than £12 10s. per pupil, which is estimated to be sufficient to cover the necessary expenditure. At the end of 1910 the secondary schools giving free tuition to duly qualified pupils, and receiving grants therefor under the Act, were twenty-eight. The total number of pupils on the roll of these twenty-eight schools, exclusive of pupils in the lower departments of the schools, was 4,906, and out of this total, 3,685, or 75 per cent., were given free places under the regulations. The total annual payment at the rate paid for the last term of the year would be approximately £40,698; the approximate average cost to the Treasury was therefore £11 os. lid. per free pupil, as against £10 10s. 2d. for the previous year. In addition, free tuition was given to 170 others who were holders of scholarships or of exhibitions granted by these schools, or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, making the total number of free places held at secondary schools 3,855, or 75 per cent, of the roll of all these schools. Further information in regard to the free places and scholarships held at secondary schools will be found in Table J4. Moreover, in reckoning the amount of free secondary education in the Dominion must be included the pupils in attendance at the secondary classes of district high schools, 1,918 in number, all but a comparatively small number of whom

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were free pupils, receiving free tuition at an average cost to the Government of £9 10s. 2d. per pupil. There should be added also those receiving free education in Maori schools, 134 in number, and the holders of certain free places in technical schools, numbering 1,144. There is thus an approximate total of 7,051 pupils receiving- free secondary education, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools who were art students, or were evening students, or were taking courses which may be more approximately described as technical rather than as secondary. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government: — Free Places in December, 1909 and n>lo. •—1909. , , 1910. (i.) Secondary schools— Boys. Girls. Total Boys. Girls. Total (a.) Junior free pupils ... 1,326 1,004 -2,330 1,468 1,193 2,661 (b.) Senior free pupils ... 571 394 965 578 446 1,024 Total ... ... 1,897 1,398 3,295 2,046 1,639 3,685 (ii.) District high schools ... 944 947 1,891 955 963 1,918 (iii.) Maori secondary schools .. 51 73 124 51 83 134 (iv.) Technical day-schools ... 345 501 846 505 639 1,144 Grand total ... 3,237 2,919 6,156 3,557 3,324 6,881 In the above table (in the case of the secondary schools and district high schools) the roll at the end of the year has been taken; a fairer estimate of the number of persons receiving free secondary education in public institutions would be obtained by taking the average roll throughout the year and including in the total the holders of foundation and private scholarships or exhibitions who received free tuition not paid for by Government. We obtain thus the following approximate figures : — Number receiving Free Secondary Education in 1910. Secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,073 District high schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 2,159 Technical day-schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 1,144 Maori secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... ... 134 Total ... ... ... ... ... 7,540 The corresponding number for 1909 may be estimated as 6,748, showing an increase for the year 1910 of 792 in the number in the Dominion who are receiving free secondary education. Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (E.-6—Tables XLI and KL2). These scholarships are of four kinds, — (i.) Junior National Scholarships; (ii.) Education Board Scholarships; (iii.) Foundation or Governor's.Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools; (iv.) Private scholarships, endowed by private owners. (i.) Junior National Scholarships, -These scholarships are allotted to the several education districts practically on the basis of population, as in each district there is offered annually one scholarship for each 4,000 or part of 4,000 children in average yearly attendance. The scholarships are awarded by the Education Boards on the results of an examination conducted by the Education Department, and the Boards exercise a certain control over the holders, and pay over to them from time to time the amounts falling due. With the Junior

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National Scholarships are now incorporated the Junior Queen's Scholarships, which were established by the Victoria College Act, 1897, to enable pupils of public schools in the Victoria College University District to attend a secondary school as a stepping-stone to a course at Victoria College. Eight Junior Queen's Scholarships, of a total annual value of £197, were held during 1910, and of these the Victoria College Council has granted an extension of two for the year 1911; after the end of the current year the Queen's Scholarships will cease to exist. The following summary to Table XLI shows the number and value of the Junior National Scholarships current in the Dominion in December, 1910: — Number of scholarships,— 80y5... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 75 Girls... 37 Total 112 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) ... 49 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. ... 3 Number held at secondary schools ... ... ... ... ... 94 Number held at district high schools ... ... ... ... ... 18 Total annual rate of payment as in December, 1910 ... £2,649 (ii.) Education Board Scholarships. —The scholarship funds of the Boards are provided by grants which, although not statutory, are of old standing, and amount to Is. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The conditions of the scholarships are determined by regulations approved in the case of each Board by the Minister of Education. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all the Boards now use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships nearly all use the Civil Service Junior Examination; but the awards themselves and the subsequent control of the holders are entirely in the hands of the Boards. The number and value of the Board scholarships in the various districts are shown in Table KL2 of E.-6, the totals of which are for the whole of New Zealand : Scholarships. At £40 per annum ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 At £35 per annum ... ... .. ... ... ... 9 At £30 per annum ... ... ... .. ... ... 41 Under £30 and not under £25 per annum ... ... ... 6 Under £25 and not under £20 per annum ... ... ... 16 Under £20 and not under £15 per annum ... ... ... 2 Under £15 and not under £10 per annum ... ... ... 192 Under £10 and not under £5 per annum ... ... ... 134 Under £5 per annum ... ... ... ... ... 63 Total... 563 Number of scholarships,— Boys ... ... ... ... ... ... 349 Girls * ... 214 Total ... ... ... ... ... 563 Total expenditure of Boards on scholarships— £ In 1909 8,694 In 1910 ... ... ... ... ... 9,232 As will lie seen from the above summary, the value of the scholarships varies considerably. In five out of the thirteen education districts scholarships of the value of £40 are offered for competition, while in another the highest scholarship offered is of the value of £15. Further, five Boards do not give scholarships of a lower value than £10 per annum, whereas others offer scholarships of a value of £2, and even £1 ss. per annum.

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The most common period of tenure is two years, but in one district the scholarships are tenable for three years, and in four districts scholarships may, in deserving cases, be extended to three years if the funds of the Boards admit. By the terms of the Act every Education Board scholarship is tenable at a secondary school or its equivalent approved by the Board. With very few exceptions holders of Education Board scholarships are also holders of secondary free places. (iii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships. —These are of two kinds, those offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and those offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. (iv.) Private Scholarships. —These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1910 was 193. Of the holders, fifty-nine were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total value of the scholarships in cash was £1,160 6s. 6d. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £943 17s. 6d., the value of the Government free places already mentioned not being included in this amount. Staff. (E.-6—Tables K3, LI, and L 2.) The staffing of the secondary schools was as follows : — 1909 * -1910 M. F. ' Total. M. F. Total. Regular staff ... ... ... 131 93 224 140 107 247 Part-time teachers ... ... 44 38 77 48 31 79 The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) was 21-7 in 1909 and 20-9 in 1910 The head teacher of a school at which district high school classes are held generally takes some part in the secondary instruction, and receives from the Government the sum of £30 in addition to his salary as head teacher of the primary school. Tn 1909 there were also 93 special assistants —namely, 43 men and 50 women. In 1910 there were 45 men and 50 women. Leaving out of consideration the head teachers of district high schools, the average number of pupils per teacher was 23-3 in 1909 and 23-0 in 1910. Salaries of Secondary Teachers. The total amount paid as salaries to the regular staffs of secondary schools as at the rates paid at the end of the year was £55,769, as against £51,681 at the end of 1909. Full particulars will be found in Table K3 of the Secondary Schools Report. As might be expected, the salaries paid vary considerably; the following summary shows the average salary paid to principals and assistants : — Salaries in Secondary Schools. 1909. , 1910. M. F. All. M. F. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals ... 474 361 437 490 368 450 Assistants ... 230 153 196 232 145 194 Whole staff ... 269 175 230 271 167 226 Note.—The salaries of part-time teachers are not taken into consideration in the above summary. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are uniform, in accordance with the schedule to the Act, The average salaries actually paid

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to assistants, exclusive of the sums paid to head teachers by way of extra salary, were, in December, 1909 and 1910, as follows : 1909. lylO. H a. d. £ s. d. Male assistants ... ... ... ... 198 2 1 195 9 9 Female assistants ... ... ... ... 154 10 0 159 2 1 All secondary assistants ... ... ... 174 13 2 176 14 2 (The scale of salaries is the fame for men and women.) The total amount paid in salaries from receipts from Government for the secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £18,240, as against £18,618 for 1909. The professional qualifications of the secondary-school teachers of the Dominion are as follows :• — Status of Secondary Teachers [Begxdar Staff only), December, 1910. District Secondary High Schools Schools. (Secondary Departments). Principals,— Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 29 24 Holding certificates or other qualifications (excluding graduates) ... ... ... ... ... -A 37 Assistants, — Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 174 62 Certificated (excluding graduates) ... ... ... 10 32 Uncertificated ... ... ... ... ... 33 1 Total ... ... ... ... 248 156 Further information in regard to the salaries of secondary-school teachers -^ will be found in Table K3 of the Appendix, and of district high schools in >- Tables Ll and L 2. Finance* of Secondary Schools. (E.-6—Tables K6, K6a, and KB.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources :- (i.) Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute; (ii.) Statutory grants given in lieu of special reserves; (iii.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act; (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the School Commissioners, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded; (v.) Government payments: (a.) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school; (vi.) Government payments : (a) Capitation for manual-instruc-tion classes; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for manual-instruction purposes; (vii.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus; (viii.) Tuition fees of pupils; (ix.) Boarding fees of pupils; (x.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys other than those obtained by the sale of reserves, donations, and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, loans raised, &c. The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the " net annual income derived from endowments " is the average for the three preceding years of this revenue, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges. _^

E.—l

Table X summarizes the receipts of all the secondary schools taken together under the several heads above named, and also the various items of expenditure during the year 1910. TaBLB K.—SUMMABY OP THE ACCOUNTS <~F InCOMK AND F.XPEVDTTURF. FOR 1910 FURNISHED BY THE GOVERNING Bodies of Secondary Schools. Receipts. Expenditure. £ s. d. I £ b. d. Credit ha'ance* on Ist January, 1910 .. 22,689 'J D. bit balances on Ist January, 1910 .. 7,497 7 6 Endowment reserves sold, and mortgage I Expenses of management .. .. 4,333 18 1 moivys repaid a"d insurance .. 4,076 14 8 Pchool salaries .. .. .. 60,024 4 1 Rents, &<>., of reserve* .. .. 32,924 16 9 Boariingpchool accounts .. .. ]fi,690 5 9 Interest on men* ye inves'ed .. .. 1,448 3 5 ! Scliobir-bips and priz s .. .. 2,558 13 6 School Commissioners' [ayments .. 4,607 49 \ Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. .. 4,633 6 7 Governinen , payments— j Building*, furnuuie, insurance, rent, Pur manual i struction, capitation, and rates .. .. .. .. 53,554 610 and subsidies .. .. .. 871 7 2j On erdowments .. .. .. 8,881 2 9 For free places, capitation, and subsidy ■ On manual instruction, exclusive of on voluntary contributions .. 40,771 02 [ buildings .. .. .. .. 1,5">9 6 4 Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, j Interest .. .. .. .. 1.867 10 1 &c. .. .. .. .. 11,794 5 4 Sundries not clarified .. .. 4,004 12 9 Statutory grant (Marlborough High Credit balances, 31st December, 1910 .. 22,143 1 6 S'hool).. .. .. .. 400 0 0 School fees (tuition) .. .. .. 17,828 4 8 Board fees .. .. .. 17,035 15 5 Sundries not classified .. .. 25,703 0 8 Debit balauoes, 31st, December, 1910 .. 7,597 5 0 £187,747 15 9 £187,747 15 9 The following table gives a comparison of the chief items of income and expenditure with those for 1908 and 1909 : — 1908. 1909. 1910. Income. ■-■ £ £ $£ Income from reserves and endowments ... 36,774 37,478 38,980 Granps from Government (exclusive of building grants)- ... ... ... ... 29,108 41,258 42,492 Building grants ... ... ... ... 16,1r>4 4,746 11,794 Tuition fees ... ... ... ... 19,160 18,887 17,828 Expenditure. Salaries of staff ... ... ... ... 52,340 56,494 60,024 Expenses of management ... ... ... 3,412 3,637 4,334 Buildings, &c. ... ... ... ... 40,103 41,911 53,554 "These incline, in addition to grunts for secondary educition properly so callel, amounts nai i 10 secondary scho >ls as oonrrolling authorities of 'eeb ncal classes: Tnesd amounts in the \ears 1908, 1909, aud 1910 were respectively £2,208, £6,521, and £850. The receipts under the heading " Tuition fees " show a general decline, due to the steady advance of the free-place system. The Education Amendment Act of 1908, by the introduction of a higher scale of capitation on free pupils, benefits not only those secondary schools which have few if any endowments, but also the more numerous class of schools whose income from endowments is small in proportion to the number of pupils; further, it will relieve from anxiety those schools where a necessity arises for a large building expenditure in any year, as the effect of the new sliding scale is that in any year the total of the net annual income from endowments and the capitation—that is, of the moneys available for the payment of staff salaries and working-expenses — cannot, with due safeguards, fall below £12 10s. per pupil—a sum which past experience shows to be just sufficient. Eighteen of the secondary schools show a credit balance at the end of the year, and nine a debit balance. The net credit balance of all the secondary schools taken together has fallen considerably since the previous year—£l4.s46 as against £19,310 for 1909; the chief cause is the large amount of building operations undertaken by several of the schools during the past year. Generally speaking, the finances of tne secondary schools are in a sound condition, notwithstanding the large expenditure under the head of buildings. In last year's report it was said, " Indeed, it would be as well if the governing bodies of many of the secondary schools would consider carefully the need for increasing the staffs of their schools, and of giving greater encouragement in the form of increased salaries to assistant teachers. At present there is no doubt that in many cases the salaries paid to assistants are far too low. Effi7—E. 1.

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cient work cannot reasonably be looked for in a secondary school unless the staff is sufficient and well paid." It would appear from the fact that the expenditure on salaries in 1910 was almost £8,000 in excess of 1908, that the assistant teachers were now receiving much better treatment financially, but this is only partly true. The average salary of a male assistant has certainly risen in these two years from £224 to £232, but that of a female assistant has fallen from £147 to £145. The increased expenditure must largely be put down to the larger number of teachers necessary to cope with the steadily increasing number of pupils in attendance. The item of income " Sundries unclassified, £25,703," includes two loans amounting to £20,550. For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find from Table K5 the following position : — 1909. 1910. Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments ... ... ... ... ... 4,421 4,638 Total net income from endowments (average of three years ending 31st December, 1910) ... £11,775 £9,561 Net income from endowments per head ... £266 £2 06 Approximate annual rate of capitation ... £10-40 £10-98 Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management ... ... £13-06 £13-04 __— Total expenditure on salaries of staff ... ... £45,081 £48,570 management ... ... £2,851 £3,275 „ staff salaries, and management ... ... ... ... ... £47,932 £51,845 Expenditure per head on staff salaries ... ... £1060 £10 82 „ on management... ... ... £064 £070 Total expenditure per head on stafl salaries, and management ... ... ... ... £11-24 £11-52 The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exchisive of those in the lower departments. Further details of the income and expenditure of the secondary schools will be found in Tables K6 and K6a. Lower Departments. —The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public-school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in thirteen secondary schools during 1910; the total number of pupils in those departments was 270 (178* boys, 92 girls); the total cost of their instruction was £2,024; the total amount of fees received on their account was £2,248.

• Including Christ's College Grammar School, for which no return has hitherto been made.

General Remarks. (E.-6.—Table K2.) (a.) Length of Time spent in Secondary Schools. School Age of Pupils in Attendance at Secondary Schools at the End of the Year.

1909-30 Schools.* 1910—31 Schools. School Age. B:>ye. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. i I Total. f irst year Second year ... i'hird year fourth (or a higher) year 1,139 682 424 316 792 535 280 263 1,931 1,217 704 579 1,072 885 1,957 840 564 1,404 471 326 797 461 287 748 Total 2,561 1,870 4,431 2,844 2,062 4,906 ■ * Exol isive of Christ'9 College Grammar Schi iol.

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Last year it was pointed out that the average time spent by a pupil at a New Zealand secondary school was slightly over two years and a half. Information in greater detail has been gathered since that date, and it is now possible to give a closer estimate of the average length of secondary-school life. The following table* shows, as nearly as can be estimated, the number of pupils who stayed one, two, three, four, and five or more years. Stayed one year ... ... ... 1,049 pupils or 273 per cent. Stayed two years ... ... ... 1,066 „ 277 „ Stayed three years ... ... ... 864 „ 22 5 „ Stayed four years ... ... ... 248 „ 6 - 4 „ Stayed five or more years ... ... 619 „ 161 Hence the average time spent by a pupil in a secondary school is 256 years, or slightly under two years and seven months. This is greater than the average duration of a pupil's stay in New York or Chicago (about two years), but less than the corresponding period in England, Scotland, Switzerland, and other European countries. One of the provisions, for instance, of the Secondary Schools Regulations of England is as follows : — Article 2. —A school will not be recognized ;*s n secondary school unless (i) an adequate proportion of the scholars remain at least four years in the school, and (ii) an adequate proportion of the scholars remain in the school up to and beyond the age of sixteen. In determining what is an adequate proportion of scholars for either of these purposes, the Board may (where circumsiimces justify it) take into account scholars who have left the school and are pursuing their studies in some other secondary school approved for this purpose. While the average length of a pupil's course in a New Zealand secondary school may, for a young country, be considered fair, there can be no doubt that, in the interests of the pupils themselves and of the community at large, a longer stay is in every way desirable. There are three causes which have contributed to shorten the average length of the secondary-school course :— (1.) As has already been mentioned in another part of this report, f children are kept so long in the preparatory classes of the public schools that they have reached an unduly high average age before they have attained to the standard required for admission to a secondary school. (2.) The Matriculation Examination of the University of New Zealand, although primarily intended as an entrance examination to one of the affiliated colleges, has come to be regarded as a leaving examination; in the past the standard of this examination has been such that pupils have been able without difficulty to cover the work required in three years, and in some cases even two. The standard of the examination for 1911 and subsequent examinations, however, has been raised to that standard which a secondary-school pupil should reasonably cover in a four-years course, and it is probable that this alteration will have some effect in prolonging the length of the secondary-school course. (3.) Economic reasons are to some extent at the root of the evil; closely related, indeed forming part of, this cause is the absence in the community of a thorough and hearty belief in the advantages of secondary education. Except in the comparatively few cases where it is the intention of the parent to send the pupil on to the University, the parent is naturally inclined to begrudge the years spent by his child in learning' mathematics and foreign languages, and to consider that he is better qualifying himself for the business of life if he is placed immediately after leaving school in some employment, and perhaps sent to evening classes at a technical school. In the past there has no doubt been some ground for this belief, but the present movement towards making the work of the secondary schools more vocational in character will tend to overcome an objection which has hitherto been well founded. It is not the province of a secondary school merely to qualify a pupil for the work he will be called upon to perform in after-life any more than it is its province to give him a purely theoretical education, such as has been the tendency in the past; but there seems to be no reason to fear that a thorough mental training could

•Christ's College Grammar School is excluded. t Page 11.

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not be obtained as well through the medium of a vocational course as from a course based upon old-fashioned lines. The ideal vocational course should embrace a sound study of English literature, history, and civics, a practical knowledge of the fundamental scientific principles underlying the common facts of life, particularly, in the case of boys, applied science (including agriculture and commerce), and, in the case of girls, domestic science and art. No doubt, if the programmes of the secondary schools were adjusted somewhat on the lines just mentioned, parents would have a greater inducement to allow their children to go through a complete course in a secondary school. The present regulations for admission to Senior Free Places, which have now been current for more than three years, give the secondary schools ample scope to modify their programmes as suggested; the only compulsory subjects are English and arithmetic, and the optional subjects include (besides mathematics, foreign languages, and the ordinary branches of science) such subjects as the following : Elementary practical agriculture; elementary hygiene (including elementary physiology, with instruction in " health " and in " first aid "); domestic science (including cookery, dressmaking or advanced plain needlework, and housewifery); shorthand, book-keeping, and commercial correspondence; woodwork or ironwork. There appears to be a growing tendency on the part of many of the schools to lean more towards the vocational course, especially in the direction of subjects bearing on agricultural and pastoral pursuits. To Qualify for a Senior Free Place or an Intermediate certificate it is not necessary, under the regulations, for the pupil to sit for examination; it is sufficient if he or she gives evidence of having diligently and intelligently completed a satisfactory two-years course. Upon the completion of a similar satisfactory four-years course is based the senior or " leaving " certificate for which provision is made. (&.) Average Duration of a Girl's Stay in a Secondary School. According to the census returns for 1906, there were 97 girls of secondaryschool age to every 100 boys. From the figures set out in Table K2 we find that there were in 1910 only 72 girls to every 100 boys. This great difference is only partly accounted for by the number of private secondary schools for girls in the Dominion. There can be no doubt that the chief cause is that parents do not consider a secondary education as necessary for a girl as for a boy. If we apply the same tests to the numbers of boys and girls separately on the rolls of secondary schools as was applied in the case of all pupils, we find that the average duration of a girl's stay is slightly greater than that of a boy : — Average giri's stay in a secondary school ... ... ... 258 years. Average boy's stay in a secondary school ... ... ... 2 - 55 years.* Average stay of a pupil (boy or girl) ... ... ... ... 2-56 years. * From Table K2 we get the following information :• — 110 girls stayed 1 year to every 100 boys. 88 „ ' 2 years „ 100 „ 97 „ 3 years „ 100 „ 85 „ 4 years „ 100 „ 120 „ 5 years or more „ 100 „ It would therefore appear that, in addition to the fact that a large number of girls are never sent to a secondary school, an undue number are withdrawn after their first year; those that are left after the year, however, stay longer than the average boy. Domestic reasons are, no doubt, at the root of the trouble. That the trouble is not insurmountable is evidenced by the fact that in the United States the very reverse is the case—there are 129 girls on the roll to every 100 boys. Higher Education. (E.-7, 1911.) The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Royal

* Exclusive of Chri: t's College, for which no separate figures were available for the year 1909.

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charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Medicine, and Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. Moreover, in 1904, the University Degrees Act gave the University authority to confer degrees of Doctor of Literature, Master of Laws, Surgery, and Science, and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, Dental Surgery, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Agriculture, Public Health, and Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given, so that nominally they must be considered as having currency only in New Zealand. The affairs of the University of New Zealand are controlled by a Senate, which, under the New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1902, consists of twenty-four members or Fellows —four elected by the Governor in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each; four, one each, by the Professorial Boards; and eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The revenue of the University is derived chiefly from a statutory Government grant of £3,000 per annum, from examination and diploma fees, and from interest on money invested. Half the amount of the statutory grant is, in accordance with a decision of the Senate, set apart for a Scholarship Fund, and, as this sum, together with the interest on the accumulated Scholarship Fund, is less than the annual expenditure on scholarships, the result has been to place the Scholarship Fund on a sound financial basis. The following table shows the principal items of income and expenditure of the University of New Zealand for the years 1909 and 1910 : — Income. 1909. 1910. Expenditure. I'JO9. 1910. Balances— £ £ £ S, General Account .. .. 3,852 3,514 Scholarships .. .. .. 1,915 2,076 Scholarship Account .. .. 22,186 23,775 Examinations .. .. .. 4,953 5,588 Offi-e salaries .. .. .. 1,035 1,217 26,038 27,289 Expi nses of Senate meetings .. 480 555 Statutory grant .. .. .. 3,000 3.010 Mitcellantous .. .. .. 753 721 Fees .. .. .. ■• 6,303 6,783 Balances .. .. .. 27,289 28,131 Interest .. .. .. 1,009 1,071 M.scelianeous .. .. .. ■ 75 145 £36,425 £38,288 £36,425 £38,288 The special scholarship and prize funds accounts have not been taken into consideration in this statement. The balance at the end of the year, £28,131, is made up as follows : General Account, £3,841; Scholarship Account, £24,290. It will therefore be seen that, apart from scholarships, the University had in hand for general purposes the sum of £3,841, the chief charges against which were the sum of £1,766 due to the English examiners for the degree examinations of November, 1910, and the expenses of administration. The University is an examining, not a teaching, body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it—the Auckland University College, Victoria College, Canterbury College, and Otago University. Of these four institutions the two first mentioned —Auckland University College and Victoria College—each receive an annual statutory grant of £4,000, supplemented during each of the last two years by grants of £1,200 and £1,500 respectively, while the two others —Canterbury College and Otago University—are endowed with reserves of land. The affairs of these University Colleges, including the appointment of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of their various Councils. Each of the four affiliated University Colleges specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose Government makes to each an annual grant of £2,000. Otago University has attached to it Medical and Dental Schools and a School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering; Canterbury College has a School of Engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil); Auckland University College has a School of Mining and Metallurgical Engineering and a School of Commerce; while the grant to Victoria College is intended to enable it to specialize in law and science

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While the University Colleges thus perform the actual teaching work, the University exercises most important functions in regulating the scope of the degree examinations, in appointing examiners, in awarding scholarships, in conferring degrees, and in many other directions. At the outset it was the policy of the University Senate to appoint outside examiners for most of its degree examinations; generally speaking, this is still its policy, with the result that the University Colleges, having their programme of work strictly defined by the statutes of the University, and having the work of their students examined in England and elsewhere, possess very little freedom in extending or modifying their curriculum. The standard of matriculation is to be raised in the December, 1911, examinations, and is now defined as that which may reasonably be expected from students who have completed a four-years course at a secondary school. The result will undoubtedly be that, while the number of matriculated students may decrease, the standard of work taught at the University will be considerably raised. There can be little doubt that, in the past, the University College was forced to cover much of the ground which was rightly the province of the secondary school. During the year the Senate had under consideration proposals for the modification of the courses for the Arts and Science degrees. The question was referred to the Recess Committee, with power to consult Professorial Boards. At its annual meeting in January, 1911, the Senate considered the report of the Recess Committee and decided to postpone further consideration for a year, and to forward copies of the scheme in the meantime to the various Professorial Boards and Courts of Convocation for their advice thereon. It has been found necessary in two of the University Colleges to arrange that most of the lectures should be given in the evening. It is thus possible for a student engaged in office-work during the day to obtain a degree in Law or Arts, even to become a Master of Laws or a Master of Arts. Practical work in Science diploma is generally done during the day, so it is a matter of difficulty for a student thus engaged to obtain a degree in Science. There can be no doubt that the standard of work in such cases must suffer; and the Senate has now decreed that a student working during the day cannot hold a University Scholarship. In addition to the four University Colleges there are several other institutions in the Dominion which are more or less of a professional character. The Canterbury Agricultural College is recognized as a School of Agriculture, and arrangements have been made with the New Zealand University whereby matriculated students attending that College for two years, and taking besides a year at one of the University Colleges, may, on passing the prescribed examination, be granted the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture. The four training colleges also may be regarded as professional schools. They are not affiliated with the New Zealand University, but they are in several ways directly connected with the University Colleges : a condition of entrance is the passing of the Matriculation Examination, attendance at some at least of the courses at the University College is compulsory, the Principal is, ex officio, the professor or lecturer in Education at the University College, and a member of the Professorial Board of each University College is a member of the Board of Advice of the Training College. Reference to Table M will show that there were 1,719 students actually in attendance at the four University Colleges, an increase of 28 over the number for the previous year. Of these, 81 were graduates, 1,275 were undergraduates, and 363, or 21 per cent., were unmatriculated students. Tn addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 143 students attached to the various University Colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science md professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. It is evident that, as these students do not come into direct contact with college life. the possession of a degree in their case possesses an entirely different signific-

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a nee from that in the case of students who actually attend the University. They can hardly be considered University students, in the strict sense of the term, since the only function of the University in their case is to examine their work and grant diplomas.

TABLE M.—Students on the Books of the Affiliated Institutions.

Table Ml shows the degree courses taken dining 1910 by students attending lectures ai the various colleges, including the professional schools attached thereto.

TABLE M1.—Courses taken by Students attending Lectures at University Colleges in 1910.

Auckland Number of Studente, 1910. University College. u>uege. college. verelty. Total. for 1909. I. Attending lectures (whether terms were kept or not), —! (1.) Matriculated students,— (o.) Graduates, — Men .. .. .. .. 6 Women .. .. .. .. 9 21 8 10 45 9 11 7 36 58 31 Total graduates attending lectures.. 15 (b.) Undergraduates,— Men .. .. .. .. 184 Women .. .. .. .. 104 Total undergraduates attending lee- ; 288 tures (c.) All matriculated students (o) and (6) — Men .. .. .. .. I 190 Women .. .. .. .. 113 30 19 17 81 80 197 129 171 119 264 107 816 459 705 451 326 290 371 1,275 1,216 218 138 179 130 274 114 861 495 823 482 Total matriculated students at- 303 tending lectures (2.) Non-matriculated students, — Men .. .. .. .. 97 Women .. .. .. .. 83 303 356 309 388 1,356 1,305 97 S3 48 22 31 30 39 13 215 148 231 155 Total non-matriculated students at- 180 tonding lectures I j (3.) All students attending lectures (1) and (2), — Men .. .. .. .. 287 Women .. .. .. .. 196 180 70 01 ! 52 i I 363 386 287 106 266 160 210 160 313 127 1,076 643 1,054 637 Total all students attending lectures 483 483 426 370 440 1,719 1,691 11. Exempt students not attending lectures, not included abovo, — Men .. .. .. .. .. 18 Women .. .. .. .. .. 4 18 4 61 23 7 3 18 9 104 39 115 40 Total exempt students .. .. 22 22 84 10 27 143 155 II. Total all students I and 11, — Min .. .. .. .. .. 305 Women .. .. .. .. .. 200 305 200 327 183 217 163 331 136 1,180 682 1,169 677 i nil ii I total all students .. .. 508 5O. r ) 510 380 467 1,862 1,846

Course. Men. Women. Total. Arts (as for B.A., M.A., &c.) Science (as for B Sc, M.Sc.) Law (as for LL.B.) Commerce (as for B.Com.) Music (as for B.Mus.) Medicine (as for M.B., &c.) Dentistry (as for B.D.S.) ... Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical) Mining Engineering Agriculture (exclusive of students at Lincoln Agricultural College during 1910) 317 47 : 214 0 94 10 20 7 277 6 1 "2 4 594 53 215 5 2 98 10 20 7 Totals 714 290 1,004

E. 1

The total staff of the four University colleges consists of forty-four professors and forty-two lecturers; in many cases, from want of funds, the Council has been compelled to place two or even more subjects under the charge of one professor, but with increased grants from the Government this difficulty is being gradually overcome. The following table shows the staff of. the several institutions :— Professors and Lecturers (1910). Lecturers, Professors. Demonstrators, and Assistants. Auckland University College ... ... ... ... 8 S Victoria University College ... ... ... ... 10 9 Canterbury University College ... ... ... ... 9 12 Otago University ... ... ... ... ... 17 :; 18+ Total ... ... ... ... ... 44 42 Scholarships, Bursaries, Etc. University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes : (1.) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) postgraduate scholarships. (1.) University entrance scholarships are awarded annualty on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows : Junior University, Senior National, and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty-seven local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. Queen's Scholarships (Victoria College) are not now awarded; there are at present only two holders of these scholarships, and the term of both expires at the end of 1911. In addition to the above, all those who gained " credit" at the same examinations are entitled to' hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 per annum. (2.) Scholarships awarded during the degree course are the Senior University, Tinline, and Sir George Grey. The two first are tenable by candidates sitting for their final examination for B.A. or B.Sc, and may therefore be regarded in a sense as post-graduate. (3.) The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, and the Research Scholarships. The three first are all travelling scholarships—that is, thev are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratorv fees and expenses. They are offered by the Government, one to each of the affiliated institutions, to promote research-work likely to be of benefit to New Zealand industries. So far eisrht Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, three each to students of Otago Universitv and Auckland Universitv College, and two to students of Victoria College. The last scholarship awarded (1911) was to A. G. Marshall, of Auckland University College. So far six Research Scholarships have been awarded, and of these four were held during 1910. The subjects of research undertaken have been in each case closelv connected with some New Zealand industry; even if the discoveries made in the course of the research have no immediate commercial value, yet the training of a body of students in the application of scientific methods to the national industries cannot fail to be of great ultimate benefit to the "Dominion. Table M2 shows the number of scholarships, bursaries, and studentships held at each University College during the year.

• Al s"> Emeritus Profnssir. tAlso, the honorary staff of the Dunedin Hospital act «a Lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgary

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TABLE M2.—Scholarships, Bursaries, Exhibitions, and Studentships held at the Affiliated Institutions in 1910.*

The proportion of male and female students who have won the chief entrance scholarships in the last four years may be seen from the following table :— Junior University, Senior National, Taranaki, and Queen's Scholarships. M. F. Total. 1907 ... ... ... .. ... 18 12 30 1908 ... ... ... ... ... 24 6 30 1909 ... .... ... ... ... 23 8 31 1910 ... ... ... .. ... 27 5 32 Totals ... ... ... ... 92 31 123 The facts revealed by this table may be taken to emphasize a growing feeling among educationists that, while equal opportunities for secondary and higher education should be provided for the two sexes, there should be a greater differentiation than there is at present betw r een their courses of study followed both at the secondary schools and at the University Colleges. Degrees conferred. At its annual meeting in January of the present year the Senate conferred degrees and awarded scholarships as set out in the table below. For the sake of clearness no notice has been taken of similar degrees awarded on the results of a single examination —as, for instance, Master and Honours, or the double degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery.

TABLE M3.—Degrees conferred by the New Zealand University at the Beginning of 1911.

B—E. 1.

Scholarships, &c. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury Otago T . College. ' University. iowl - Junior University Scholarships ... Senior National Scholarships Taranaki Scholarships ... Queen's Scholarships Senior University Scholarships ... Bursaries Scholarships ... Sir George (irey Scholarships Other Scholarships and Exhibitions Training-college Studentships 9 6 3 15 1 2 100 12 13 1 5 2 5 1 4 96 12 13 1 5 2 5 1 4 13 38 14 21 54 1 ... 2 5 3 4 12 5 11 36 I 3 14 7 27 86 98 380 -1 96 Totals L86 139 127 155 557 • Exoluaive of Rhodes Scholarships and Interna Zealand), and exclusive also of the Research Scholar! itional Exhit ships given b; lition .Scholarships (wbich are tenable out of New y the Government.

Auckland University College. Victoi Collei la Canterbury College. Otago University. Total. e. Degrees. H. F. Total. M. F. •otal. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. H. F. Total. Honours in Arts.. Honours in Science Honours in Laws Master of Arts Master of Laws Bachelor of Arts.. Science Engineering (electrical) (mechanical) „ Medicine and Surgery.. „ Laws Senior University Scholarships John Tinline Scholarships 1 1 .. 6 1 5 1 2 1 4 9 2 1 1 2 .. 1 .. .1 7 1 i i 7 1 6 1 18 2 15 4 2 1 1 38 8 2 1 10 11 12 1 20 1 35 5 2 2 1 56 8 2 1 11 12 13 1 1 1 9 2 1 h 14 11 l y 2 1 *5 16 2 2 1 18 3 "i 17 3 18 ., i 2 .. 1 2 "l 1 i 7 .. 2 3 3 11 33 10 3 6 1 1 1 11 4 6 1 1 1 1 15 7 22 25 12 37 22 44 13 57 106 43 149 I

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No degree of Doctor was awarded (except in the case of a graduate admitted to an ad eundem degree) nor were there any Bachelors of Agriculture, Commerce, Music, or Dentistry. The University has not yet granted the degree of Doctor of Music, Bachelor of Agriculture, Bachelor of Dentistry, and Bachelor of Veterinary Science, but it is probable that degrees in at least Agriculture and Dentistry will be conferred in the near future. Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1910. (E.-7, Appendix.) The detailed statements of accounts of the New Zealand University, the four affiliated institutions, and the Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, will be found in E.-7. The following summary will give a general view of the finances of the University Colleges. No notice has been taken of special trust accounts and of non-university institutions under the control of a College Council.

TABLE M4. — Summary op Accounts.

The University Endowment Act, 1868. The income accrued under this Act, and applicable to the purposes of higher education yet to be determined by Parliament, amounted, on the 31st March, 1911, to £295 0s. JOd., received from reserves in Westland. General. Expenditure out of the Public Funds on Education. An attempt is made in Tables N and Nl, 2, 3, 4, to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place; to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of the schools, colleges, &c.; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. The graphs will be found to correspond with Tables Nl, N2, and N3, and are numbered accordingly. They enable a clearer view to be obtained of the advance in education during the past few fears. Tables N and Nl dve an analysis of the expenditure for the years 1909-10 and 1910-11 respectively.

Receipts (exc lusive c ->\ Special Trus Balances, 1909. From University Colleges. -3 § I Statu- ; i Governi Special and other. ment. A Build- I ings, % 4c. a i 1 § 1 I J Deficits, December, 1910. - j Total. o I : £ £ : £ .nckland .. .. .. 6,102 .. 4,000 'ictoria (to 31st March, 1911) 3,150 .. 4,000 lanterbury .. .. .. 27,925 )tago (to 31st March, 1911) .. .. 12,107 .. Total of four University 40,032 8,000 colleges 'auterbury Agricultural Col- 13 lege I I . £ 3,441 4,037 3,2R4 3,160 £ £ 496 382 74 1,879 11,228 1,053 '8,898 3,314 20,696 £ £ i £ 163 2,252 22 88 1,955 263 1,092; 3,733 1,157 616 5,023 1,256! 1,959 13,563 2,698 £ £ £ 500 16,970 13,949 ! 5,443 ... 55,741 32.713 13,922 5,443 500 119,379 2,750 7H0 1,702 5,294 .. 10,539 ' Incl [ding il,8()0 paid (annually) by t >y Uie Presbyterian Church lloai (1. Expenditure (exclusive o e of Special Trusts). University College. Deficits, 1909. - - — Salaries. General. ; Special. lufldink Adminis- DecembwiblO and tration, Interest, I December, 1»1U. Equip- Scholar- Ac. lotu - Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1911).. Canterbury Otago (to 31st March, 1911) .. £ 4,574 835 £ 544 8,640 8,187 15,324 14,090 £ £ 683 686 2,084 1,539 8,646 2,510 8,590 1,414 £ S 632 560 £ £ 6,420 2,189 24.055 12,224 £ 16,976 13,949 55,741 32,718 Total of four University colleges 5,409 544 46,241 14,953 6,149 1,195 8,609 36,279 119,379 Canterbury Agricultural College 1,770 838 7,381 550 10,539

E.-l

Table N1.—Expenditure on Education in New Zealand, 1910-11.

E—l

Table N3.-Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, &c. (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of new Buildings).

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TABLE N. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1909-10.

N — continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,030,657 including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education, 1909-10.

TABLE N1. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1910-11.

(Figures given in every ease to the nearest £1,000.) Out of Public FunflB. Total for all Items from I all Public Sources. Out Branch of Education. „ ., ... of Income . New Build- from Main- ings and Total. Reserves, tenance. Additions. I £ £ £ £ A. (J.) Primary (including Native schools and training j 716,000 53,000 769,000 81,000 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 72,000 { 8,000 80,000 44,000 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 35,000 23,000 58,000 7,000 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 29,000 ! 10,000 39,000 33,000 £ ♦850,000 124,000 65,000 72,000 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. 852,000 94,000 946,000 165,000 1,111,000 B. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. 29,000 , 4,000 33,000 2.000 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 7,000 2,000 9,000 1.000 Children) D. Superannuation andjmiscellaneous .. .. .. 10,000 .. 10,000 4,000 2,000 33,000 9,000 2.000 1,000 35,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 898,000 100,000 998,000 fl68,000 * Teachers' salaries and allowances. £604,000 ; repairs and rebuilding, £64,000 ; new buildings, £53,000 expenses, £129,000 : total, £850,000. t £47,000 from National Endowment Reserves Fund. 100,000 998,000 fl68,000 1,166,000 i i I ;, £64,000 ; new buildings, £53,000 ; all other ient Reserves Fund. 1,166,000

(Figures given in every case to tl ie nearest penny.) » j»j n_kii~ "c. i ,. Branch of Education. Oi Out of Public Funde. t of Public Fund New Buildings and Additions. de. Out Tot-il for all of Income items from from all Public Total. Reserves. Sources. Maintenance. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) .. — a. d. 13 11 1 5 0 8 0 6 s. d. 1 0 0 2 s. d. s. d. B. d. 14 11 17 16 6* 17 0 10 2 S 0 5 0 2 11 0 2 13 0 8 0 8 14 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. ! — 16 6 16 6 19 18 3 3 3 21 6 1 9 18 3 3 3 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation andjmiscellaneous .. .. .. 0 7 0 2 0 3 0 7 0 2 0 1 0 8 .. 0 8 0 1 0 3 .. 0 3 0 1 0 1 0 8 0 3 0 3 0 3 .. 0 3 0 3 Totals A, B, C, D — 17 6 17 6 1 11 19 5 3 3 22 8 1 11 19 5 I * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 11s. 9d. ; repairs expenses, 2s. 7d. : total, 18s. 6dI a and rebuL and rebui Iding, Is. 2d. ; new buildings, Is. ; all other

(Figures given in every ease to the nearest £1,000.) Out of Public Funds. Branch of Education. New Buj|d . Main- ings and Total, tenance. Additions. i » __j Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. £ l. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training 790,000 54,000 844,000 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 78,000 10,000 88,000 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 37,000 15,000 52,000 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 29,000 2,000 31,000 £ 844,000 88,000 £ 0 75,000 0 40,000 0 6,000 0 26,000 £ 75,000 40,000 £ ♦919,000 128,000 52,000 31,000 6,000 26,000 58,000 57,000 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. 934,000 81,000 1,015,000 934,000 81,000 1,015,000 0 147,000 147,000 1,162,000 !. Industrial schools .. .. .. •. 32,000 10,000 42,000 !. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 7,000 4,000 11,000 Children) ). Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. .. I 15,000 .. 1-1,000 32,000 7,000 10,000 4,000 42,000 11,000 0 1,000 0 1,000 0 1,000 1,000 ■13,000 12,000 15,000 11,000 15,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 988,000 95,000 ! 1,083,000 988,000 95,000 ! 1,083,000 tl49,000 0 tl49,000 1,232,000 * Teachers' salaries and allowances, £633,000; repairs and rebuilding, £80,000 ixpenses, £152,000 : total, £919,000. t £39 > 000 from National Endowment Reserv( : new buildings, £54,000 ; all other ;■ Fund.

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TABLE N1— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,050,452, including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education for 1910-11.

The following is the expenditure per head in some other countries : For primary education, exclusive of cost of new schools and additions, public funds (general and local) contribute per head of the population in England and Wales, 11s.; Scotland, 13s. 3d.; Ireland, 7s. 7d. (including cost of new schools and additions); United States, 18s. 7d. In New Zealand the cost is 16s. 5d. Table N2 gives for the years 1898-99, 1903-4, and 1905-6 to 1910-11 an analysis of the total expenditure from public funds alone (exclusive of the income from reserves) in two forms—the actual total amounts to the nearest thousand pounds, and the expenditure per head of the population to the nearest penny.

TABLE N2. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99, 1903-4, and 1905-6 to 1910-11 out of Public Revenue (exclusive of Income from Reserves).

(Figures given in every ca to the nej irest penny.) Branch of Education. Out Maintenance. of Public Funds. New Buildings and Additions. Total. Out Total for all of Income Items from from all Public Reserves. Sources. s. d. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training 15 0 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 1 6 ury departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 0 9 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 0 6 s. d. 1 1 s. d. 16 1 s. d. 1 5 s. d. 17 6* 0 2 1 8 0 9 2 5 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 7 0 1 0 6 1 1 1 1 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. 17 9 1 7 19 4 2 9 22 1 B. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. 0 8 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 0 2 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. .. 0 3 0 2 0 1 0 10 0 3 0 10 0 3 0 3 0 3 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 18 10 1 10 20 8 2 9 23 5 * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 12s. ; repairs and rcbuildin; ixpenses, 2s. 1 Id. : total, 17s. 6d. ;, Is. 6d. ; new buildii igs, Iβ. Id.; all other

'igures given in every case ,o tl ie nearesl 1898-9. 1903-4. 1905-6. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. 1909-10. 1910-11. 'opulation (including Maoris, but exoluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) 783,317 875,648 930,193 956,457 977,215 1,008,373 1,030,6571,050,452 Branch of Education. Total Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. £ 482,000 £ 565,000 £ 611,000 £ 717,000 £ 736,000 * 756,000 769,000 £ 844,000 A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of distriot high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) 5,000j 1-2,000 26,000 23,000 12,000 51,000 45,000 34,000 68,000 54,000 41,000 76,000 64,000 24,000 74,000 80,000 88,000 52,000 31,000 59,000 28,000 58,000 39,000 Totals A (1-4) 499,000 626,000 741,000 880,000 900,000 917,000 946,000 1,015,000 B. Industrial sohools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 15,000 3,000 37,000 13,000 31,000 8,000 36,000 5,000 32,000 7,000 39,000 17,000 33,000 9,000; 42,000 : 11,000 2,000 3,000 5,000 5,000 8,000 14,000 10,000 15,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. 519,000 679,000 785,000 926,000 947,000 987,000 998,000 1,083,000

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TABLE N2— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99, 1903-4, and 1905-6 to 1910-11 out of Public Revenue.

In Table N3 is shown the cost to the State per individual pupil or student.

TABLE N3.—Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, Colleges, and other Institutions (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of New Buildings).

Table N4 shows the progress made in education since 1898. It will be noticed that the proportion of those receiving instruction beyond the primary stage has vastly increased.

TABLE N4.—Progress in Education: A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, 1905, 1908, and 1910 respectively.

'igures given in every case to t' e nearest penny. 1898-9. J 1903-4. 1905-6. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. 1909-10. 1910-11. s. d. s. d. 12 4 12 11 s. d. 13 !i s. d. 15 0 8. d. 15 1 s. d. b. a. 14 11 14 11 s. d. 16 1 A. (1.) Primary (inoluding Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) 0 7 1 1 1 0 0 9 1 5 1 2 0 10 1 7 1 4 0 6 15 17 12 11 0 7 0 8 1 8 1 0 0 7 0 2 0 6 0 4 0 3 Totals A (1-4).. 12 10 ! 14 8 16 0 18 5 18 6 18 1 18 8 19 4 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools iDeaf and Blind, and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 5 0 10 0 1 0 4 0 8 0 2 0 9 0 1 0 7 0 2 0 9 0 8 0 4 0 3 0 4 0 3 0 10 0 3 .. 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 2 0 3 Totals A, B, C, D 13 4 15 6 16 11 19 4 19 5 19 6 19 5 20 8

Branch of Education. 1898. 1898. 1903. 1903. 1905. 1905. 1908. 1910. I. Primary, &c. II. Secondary, &o. III. Continuation and technical IV. Higher £ s. d. ! 3 4 10 I 1 2 10 16 18 11 3 17 2 I 4 2 6 1 13 8 9 4 3' £ I. d. 4 2 0 6 15 7 3 1 1 14 13 8 £ s. d. 4 15 2 8 0 2 3 4 4 14 12 3 £ s. d. 4 19 3 8 18 6 2 9 1 15 2 8 All branches except primary 5 13 11 3 7 11 3 7 11 I 5 5 1 11 1 11 5 14 8 5 12 0

Actual Numbers. Number per 10,000 of Population. 1898. 1903. 1905. 1908. 1910. 1898. 1903 1905. 1908. 1910. 'opulation .. 783,317 j 875,648 ; 930,193 1,008,373 1,050,452 i I. Primary (including public and 136,652 136,516 142,659 Native schools, all receiving free tuition) i II. Secondary (including secondary 3,046 ! 5,818 6,932 Bohools, secondary departments of district high schools, technical day schools, and Maori secondary schools) III. Continuation and technical (ex- 1,750' 6,583' 9,500 eluding school classes) IV. University, higher technical, and 708 1,104 1,294 training colleges 148,180 7,742 159,169 j 8,740 J 1,744 :v.) 1,551 lit) 1,534 76 1,467 77 1,516 83 6,533' 9,500 13,051' 15.C6S ■>i 75 102 129 144 1,194 1,294 1,711 1,916 9 14 14 17 IS (Private schools not included above, 14,857 15,609 16,639 principally primary) Total under instruction .. 157,013 j 165,700 177,024 15,609 16,639 18,367 18,900* iao 177 !78 182 180 165,700 177,024 189,051 203,793 2,004 1,883 1,903 1,872 1,941 V. Total under instruction higher 5,504 i 13,545 17,726 than primary (II, III, and IV above) ' Number of latter (V) reoeiving free l,178f 4,260f 6,404 tuition 13,545 17,726 22,504 25,724 70 155 191 223 245 4,260f 6,404 6,658 9,252 15 V.) 69 6G 88 * Estimated I Approximate.

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Annual Examinations. (E.-8, 1911.) The annual examinations were conducted by the Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior National Scholarships, Junior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, Senior Free Places in secondary schools and district high schools, for admission to or promotion in the Civil Service, and for teachers' certificates. The examinations were held from 21st to 28th November, and on the 1st and 2nd December, 1910, and from 5th to 19th January, 1911, at forty-nine centres. The number of candidates examined in these two sets of examinations still shows an increase over those of previous years, although not so considerable as that for 1909-10. It will be noticed from the table below that the increase has been general in all examinations except the Civil Senior. 1908-9. 1909-10. 1910-11. Junior National and Education Board Scholarships and Junior Free Places .. .. .. .. 1,765 2,214 2,383 Civil Service Junior, Senior Free Places, Education Board Senior Scholarships, First Pupil-teachers .. 2,158 2,369 2,375 Teachers D and C.. .. .. .. .. 1,223 1,482 1,534 Civil Service Senior .. .. .. 373 443 390 Totals .. .. .. .. 5,519 6,508 6,682 The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees. In explanation of the number set down under the last of these heads it is to be noted that the relatively large proportion is to be accounted for partly on the usual grounds, but chiefly in the case of Senior Free Place candidates through the application of a, principle recently put in operation by which awards of Senior Free Places are made with the concurrence of the Inspec-tor-General on the recommendation of the principal of the secondary school attended or for district high schools of an Inspector of Schools. Number who entered, 1910-11 .. .. .. .. .. 7,553 Number who entered, 1909-10 .. .. .. .. .. 7,267 Number actually present at examination, 1910-11 .. .. .. 6,682 Number actually present at examination, 1909-10 .. .. .. 6,508 Number who did not present themselves, 1910-11 .. .. .. 871 Number who did not present themselves, 1909-10 .. .. .. 759 The Department's examination for Junior National Scholarships is now used by all the Education Boards of the Dominion for thejaward of their Junior Scholarships, superseding thus without exception any examination locally conducted in earlier years for this purpose. For the award of their Senior Scholarships the Boards commonly, but not exclusively, use the Civil Service Junior Examination. Apart from this extension of its functions, the Civil Service Junior Examination is employed for a variety of purposes. Either in its proper competitive form, or with certain modifications in selected subjects to meet the needs of a non-competitive qualification, it is thus used not only as an entrance examination for the Civil Service of the Dominion, but as a scholarship examination, an examination for the Senior Free Place qualification in secondary schools and district high schools, an examination for pupil-teachers of the second or third years, and a qualifying examination for the probationer appointments recently instituted under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908. In its non-competitive form this examination is better known as the Intermediate Examination, and will be hereafter so referred to. The cost of conducting both groups of examinations was as follows : — Total expenses, exclusive of cost of printing and £ s . d. clerical work .. .. .. .. 5,274 6 3 Less recoveries—fees paid by candidates .. 3,739 5 7 Net cost of examinations .. .. £1,535 0 8

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Teachers' Superannuation Fund. (E.-9, 1911.) The original Act, passed in 1905 and amended in certain respects in the following year, was repealed on the 10th October, 1908, by the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908 (Part I), but existing contributors were allowed the option of electing to remain subject to the provisions of the original Act. The 30th June, 1910, was fixed as the date up to which such election might be made. The chief difference between the Act of 1908 and the former Acts affected the basis of calculation of the retiring-allowance of a contributor. The retiring-allowance was to be one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary received during the three years next preceding retirement, for each year of service, provided that in no case may the allowance exceed two-thirds of that salary : under the former Acts the basis had been one-sixtieth of the total salary received by the contributor during the period of contributing to the fund (or, in other words, one-sixtieth of his average salary for each year of service during the whole period of contribution), and, in addition, in the case of original members, one one-hundred-and-twentieth of the salary during the years of service between Ist January, 1878, and Ist January, 1906, with a further proviso that in no case should an original a retiringallowance of less than £52 per annum. By the same Act of 1908 the right of persons employed on Ist January, 1906, as teachers in public schools or under the Education Department to be admitted at a future date was taken away. The Act of 1908 was amended in the following year by fixing a maximum retiringallowance of £300 per annum in the case of persons who become contributors to the fund after the passing of the Act (24th December, 1909). Preparations are being made to enable the Actuary appointed by the Governor, in terms of the provisions of section 38 of the Act of 1908, to make the first examination of the fund. The examination will cover the period from the commencement of the fund on the Ist January, 1906, to the 31st December, 1910 —five years. Subsequent examinations will be made triennially. The Actuary's report will be duly printed, laid before Parliament, and copies distributed to contributors. At the end of 1910, The number of contributors was .. .. .. .. .. 3,247 Of whom members under Part IX of Education Act, 1908, number .. 128 The annual rate of contribution paid as at the end of the year was over .. £37,300 The number of retiring-allowances in force at the end of the year was 270, representing an annual charge of over £14,261. Of these, — Ordinary allowances were .. .. .. 158, representing £11,437 Allowances in medically unfit cases .. .. 21, „ t1,408 Allowances to widows .. .. . . 47, „ £611 Allowances to children .. .. .. 44, „ £805 The balance at the credit of the fund and invested by the Public Trustee at the end of the year was .. .. . . .. .. £152,149 The average rate of interest earned by the investments at the end of the year was 4-69 per cent. Subsidies to Public Libraries. (E.-10, 1911.) Parliament did not appropriate any sum in 1909-10 for payment of subsidies to public libraries. Last session, however, a vote of £4,000 was granted—an increase of £1,000 over those of previous years. The vote was first granted twenty-seven years ago, and amounted to £6,000. In 1886 the amount was reduced to £4,000. For twelve years after this date no grant was made, but in 1898 a vote of £2,000 was passed by Parliament. The following year it was increased to £3,000, and this amount has been regularly voted each year until 1908.

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The increase in the amount of the vote is due to the increased income of libraries participating. During the last ten years the number of libraries has increased from 349 to 405, and the income on which subsidy was granted from £9,993 to £15,954. In the* New Zealand Gazette of 3rd November, 1910, a notice was inserted stating that £3,000 was available for distribution, and shortly afterwards another amount of £1,000 was voted by Parliament, making £4,000 altogether. Forms of applicationywere sent to all libraries known to the Department. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years—viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was distributed according to the amount thus augmented; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75 —that is, in no A case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 3rd February, 1911, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 405 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 4s. 7*3Bd. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £6 4s. 7d. to £23 Is. 7d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of thirty-two as compared with the number aided in February, 1909. In order that the purpose intended to be served'by the vote may bejattained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books. The following table shows the distribution according to the education districts :—

Summary of Distribution of Public Libraries Subsidy.

Junior Cadets. (E.-11, 1911.) Full particulars with regard to the Junior Cadets will be found in E.-ll. The report of the Commandant shows that the tetal strength of the Junior Cadet Force (including Scout Cadets) is 29,067 ; the number of units, excluding the Boy Scout organization," was 1,135 ; and the number of officers 1,233. The net cost for the year ended 31st March, 1911, was £7,669 8s. 4d.

Education Districts. Number of Libraries. Income. Income upon which Subsidy is based. Subsidy. Auokland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke s Bay .. Marl borough .. Nelson 97 18 31 20 29 6 25 4 5 66 19 50 3S 1 1 £ s. d. 2,974 12 0 384 17 5 1,557 9 2 4,804 11 7 1,394 14 1 152 10 4 658 1 2 351 16 10 98 18 9 1,763 2 2 301 12 3 1,111 13 3 3G4 8 6 29 0 6 7 0 0 £ s. d. 3,870 0 4 640 10 2 1,518 8 2 1,178 7 1 1,386 5 0 286 2 6 1.093 18 10 295 12 9 223 18 9 2,570 14 2 776 12 3 2.094 17 3 1,314 8 6 54 0 6 32 0 0 £ s. d. 892 16 5 147 15 7 350 7 6 271 18 4 319 17 7 66 0 5 252 8 3 68 4 6 51 13 5 593 2 2 179 2 10 483 7 3 303 5 9 12 9 4 7 7 8 Grey .. Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Sout'nand Stewart Island Chatham Islands Totals 405 15,954 8 0 17,335 16 3 3,999 17 0

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APPENDIX.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries in respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ending 31st March, 1911.

9—E. 1.

Head Office (Vote No. 80). £ s. d. £ s. d. S, b. d. Inspector-General of Schools Secretary Assistant Inspector-General Chief Clerk and Secretary to Teachers' Superannuation Board Two Inspectors, at £425 Clerks and clerical assistance Travelling-expenses Telephone subscriptions .. Publications, books of referenoe, &c. Office requisites Contingencies 750 0 0 : 600 0 0 550 0 0 450 0 0 850 0 0 6,375 18 4 ! 456 19 6 90 5 4 30 8 3 91 5 0 18 6 . Elementary Education (Votes Nos. 81, 91, and 92, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Public Works Fund). 10,246 4 11 Grants to Education Boards for— Teachers' salaries (including lodging-allowances of pupilteachers) Teachers' house allowances (Vote No. 92) General administrative purposes: Capitation on average attendance — at 11s. 3d. to end of 1910. and at 12j. from 1st January, 1911 Grant of £250 per annum to each Board Relieving teachers : Capitation at 6d. on average attendance Inspection of private schools Free text-books—Class P and SI, S2, S3, and S4 588,075 15 11 i 14,607 19 4 77,656 11 9 3,250 0 0 3,393 5 2 388 15 6 3,201 16 6 School buildings— General maintenance and replacement of worn-out buildings (Votes Nos. 92 and 105) Less amount received for sale of old buildings, &o. .. 73,064 14 0 74 2 7 4 14 0 4 2 7 72,990 11 5 Kent of buildings and sites used for school purposes (Vote No. 92) .. .. .. Sohools destroyed or damaged by fire (Vote No. 92)— Rebuilding and repairs Rent of temporary premises New buildings, additions, and teachers' residences (Vote No. 105) 3,369 16 0 5,063 11 2 390 9 8 46,281 2 7 Miscellaneous Expenditure— Conference of educational authorities (balance) Schools at Chatham Islands Grants in aid of free kindergartens (Vote No. 91) Conveyance (£7,680 16s. lid.) and board (£287 17s. 6d.) of school-children; conveyance of teaohers (£133 12s. 6d.) Preparation of standard test questions in English .. i Illustrations: Natural history, &c. Sohool Journal — Contributors' fees, printing, &c. (Vote No. 81), £2,342 9s. 7d.; postage (Vote No. 91), £499 14s. 10d. Less amount received for sales 22 19 6 744 15 10 514 16 8 8,102 6 11 12 10 0 428 5 3 2,842 4 5 83 12 10 2 4 5 3 12 10 8 5 7 S 2,758 11 7 585 12 2 18 19 9 831,858 12 8 Temperance wall-sheets Sundries Less — Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. Revenue from reserves for primary eduoation.. 831,858 12 8 105 7 5 19,553 2 6 53,031 16 11 > 7 S 3 2 6 I 16 11 72,690 6 10 72,690 6 10 ______ i 759,168 5 10 Secondary Education (Votes Nob. 82 and 92, Consolidated Fund; 105, Publio Works Fund; and statutory payments) Grants to Eduoation Boards for— Scholarships : Not exceeding oapitation allowanoe at Is. 6d. on average attendance Distriot high schools: Salaries of seoondary teachers Subsidies (Education Aot, 1908) .. National Scholarships, Junior (Education Aot, 1908) 8,954 3 11 16,897 0 11 1,289 2 8 2,609 3 4 Carried forward 29,749 10 10 769,414 10 9

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ b. d. Brought forward Secondary Education — continued. Secondary schools and colleges : Capitation Secondary schools and colleges : Subsidies (Eduoation Act, 1908)" Conveyance of holders of free places at secondary and district high schools.. Scholarship for H. P. Parker (at Nelson College) Scholarships awarded to Maoris attending public schools .. .1 Marlborough High School : Statutory payment (Marlborough High School Act, 1899) Grants to secondary schools for building purposes — Gisborne (Vote No. 105) Wellington Girls' Rangiora Gore Otago Girls' Palmerston North—Rebuilding school destroyed by fire (Vote No. 92) .. Contingencies £ s. d. I £ s. d. 29,749 10 10 769,414 10 9 42,889 8 2 224 11 9 3,046 12 3 30 0 0 68 19 O 400 0 0 300 0 0 1,000 0 0 147 10 0 2,450 0 (i 1,994 11 6 3,625 0 (i 9 18 8 Less revenue from National Endowment reserves 85,935 17 2 5,865 0 0 - 1 80,070 17 2 Manual and Technical Instruction (Votes Nos. 83 and 92, Consolidated Fund ; 105, Publio Works Fund : and the Education Act, 1908). Salaries of Inspectors (2) Examinations — Science and Art, Board of Eduoation, South Kensington, London .. .. .. .. . . 286 5 6 , City and Guilds of London Institute .. .. .. 589 12 9 820 0 0 875 18 3 Capitation— School classes: Primary, £17,021 11s. 10d.; secondary, £921 5s. 6d. .. .. .. .. .. 17,942 17 4 Special, £9,355 7s. 7d.; associated, £11,034 10s. lid.; and college classes, £1,077 17s. 6d. .. .. .. 21,467 16 0 Free places at technical schools .. .. .. 7,902 7 10 Material for technical classes Buildings and permanent apparatus (Vote No. 105) Rents (Vote No. 92) Railway fares of instructors Railway fares of students attending registered classes Railway fares of public-school pupils attending manual-train ing centres Railway fares of holders of free places at technioal sohools Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Subsidies on contributions (the Education Act, 1908) Specimens of students' works Sundries 47,818 1 2 1,929 0 9 15,107 9 10 583 10 0 958 5 11 225 2 6 1,490 4 0 1,092 18 4 152 8 8 : 1,668 12 10 3 9 9 17 3 LessRecoveries (examination fees, &o.) .. .. 234 14 0 Revenue from National Endowment reserves.. 5,8(55 0 0 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers (VoteNos. 84, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Publio Works Fund). 75,221 9 3 6,099 14 (i ■ 69,121 15 3 Training colleges — Salaries of staff (half is charged to teachers' salaries " Elementary Education " ) Allowances and fees for students Libraries and apparatus .. .. .. * .. Building-site, Wellington (Vote No. 105) Classes at subcentres — Grants to Eduoation Boards Fares of teachers, £3,151 12s. 7d. ; less refunds, £5 2s. lid. 6,585 11 6 22,451 6 1 171 16 7 4,000 0 0 2,715 0 0 3,146 9 8 39,070 3 10 Higher Education (Votes Nos. 82, Consolidated Fund; 105, Public Works Fund; and statutory payments). Statutory grantsUniversity of New Zealand (New Zealand Universitv Act, 1908) Auokland University College (Auckland University College Act, 1882) Victoria College, Wellington (Viotoria College Act, 1905) .. 3,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 - - Carried forward 11,000 0 0 i 957,677 7 0 11,000 0 0 i 957,677 7 0

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

10— E. 1.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. 11,000 0 0 £ s. d. 957,677 7 0 Higher Education — continued. Addition to statutory grants (Vote No. 82) — Auckland University College Victoria College, Wellington Specialization grants (Vote No. 82) — Auckland University College : Commerce, Mining Victoria College, Wellington: Law, Science Canterbury College: Engineering University of Otago : Mining, Medicine, Dental, and I Veterinary Science Building grants (Vote No. 105) — Victoria College, Wellington, additional accommodation Canterbury College: New Chemical Laboratory University of Otago: Additional accommodation (on account of £6,500) Dontal School equipment Sir George Grey Scholarships (Vote No. 82) Queen's Scholarships, Victoria College, Wellington (Queen's Scholarships Act, 1906) National Scholarships, Senior (Education Act, 1908) Research scholarships (Vote No. 82) Bursaries (Vote No. 82) .. . 1,200 0 U 1,500 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,01)0 0 0 2,000 0 0 482 8 10 1,000 0 0 500 0 0 225 0 0 100 0 0 357 0 0 2,290 8 0 352 5 9 589 8 0 Less revenue from National Endowment reserves 27,596 10 7 3,910 0 0 23,686 10 7 Native Schools (Votes Nos. 85 and 92, Consolidated Fund ; 105, Public Works Fund). Salaries of Inspectors (2) Salaries and allowances of teachers .. .. Higher education (including industrial and nursing scholar- : ships) Books, school requisites, sewing material, &c. Expenses of removals of teachers Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Buildings: New schools, additional class-rooiue, He. (Vote No. 105) .. .. .. .. .. ..: I' - General maintenance of buildings: Repairs, painting, &c. (Vote No. 92) .. .. .. Manual Instruction: Payment of instructors and material for classes Fuel, and rewards for supplying fuel Ferrying and conveyance of ohildren Sundries 850 0 0 23,415 19 1 2,996 19 5 659 3 10 303 8 7 376 10 4 3,798 3 7 1,705 13 3 418 1 1 90 0 6 71 4 1 51 16 8 Less— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves 586 19 5 1,955 0 0 586 1 1,955 19 5 0 0 34,737 0 5 2,541 19 5 32,195 1 0 Infant-life Protection (Vote No. 87). Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives Travelling expenses, &c. Maintenance of infants in foster-homes Rent of offices (Auckland and Dunedin) Sundries, including office requisites, legal expenses, &(;. 692 16 b , 206 6 7 108 1 1 45 10 0 35 18 5 Less recoveries .. 1,088 7 7 36 0 10 1,052 6 9 SPECIAL SCHOOLS. School for the Deaf (Votes Nos. 88 and 92, Consolidated Fund). Salaries — Director Teachers 425 i 1,644 1 425 0 0 1,644 14 5 0 0 14 5 2,069 14 5 Matron and servants .. .. ... Medical Offioer 1,057 1! 20 i 1,057 19 2 20 0 0 L9 2 0 0 General maintenance Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils Pupils boarded out Furniture and repairs to buildings (Vote No. 92) .. « 1,077 19 2 1,426 3 4 172 10 1 132 13 11 244 8 8 « Less— Recoveries Revenue from National Endowment reserves . . 938 I 1 240 I 938 17 0 240 0 0 17 0 0 0 5,123 9 7 i 1,178 17 0 3,944 12 7 Carried forward 1,018.555 17 11

E.—l

68

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,018,555 17 11 Special Schools— continued. Education of the Blind (Vote No. 89, Consolidated Fund). Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland .. 978 12 9 : 19 2 4 Travelling-expenses Less— Recoveries .. .. .. .. 301 4 6 Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. 50 0 0 997 15 1 351 4 6 f>46 10 7 Home for Backward Children (Votes Nos. 90 and 92, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Publio Works Fund). Salaries— Principal and Matron .. .. .. .. 270 0 0 Ttaoher .. .. .. .. .. .. 93 2 11 Attendants and servantR .. .. .. .. 1,252 3 1 Travelling-expenses General maintenance Additional buildings, furniture, water-supply, &c. (Public Works Fund, Vote No. 105) .. General maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c. (Consolidated i Fund, Vote No. 92) .. Less — Recoveries .. .. .. .. 670 5 6 Revenue from National Endowment reserves .. 240 0 0 1,615 6 0 174 6 5 1,533 12 10 4,472 15 8 326 4 3 8,122 5 2 910 5 6 7,211 19 8 Industrial Schools (Votes Nos. 86 and 92, Consolidated Fund ; and 105, Public Works Fund). Salaries of Assistant Inspector and Visiting Officers (2) .. 710 0 0 Travelling expenses, &c, of Inspectors and Visiting Officers and other Departmental officers .. .. .. 748 18 4 Travelling-expenses of Managers of Schools .. .. 292 17 8 1,751 16 0 , Sohoole, — Auckland— Salaries .. .. .. .. 674 12 11 General maintenance .. .. .. .. 851 4 1 Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 92) .. 82 18 1 Children boarded out .. .. .. .. 1,510 16 6 674 12 11 851 4 1 82 18 1 1,510 16 6 3,119 11 7 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 1,144 14 3 3,119 11 7 1,144 14 3 1,974 17 4 Boye' Training Farm, Weraroa — Salaries j 2,251 12 9 General maintenance .. .. .. .. , 5,782 18 5 Additional buildings, &c. (Vote No. 105), £715 7s.; j and small works and repairs to buildings, furni- I ture, <feo. (Vote No. 92), £767 15s. 2d. .. .. 1,483 2 2 Children boarded out .. .. .. .. 70 3 1 2,251 12 9 5,782 18 5 1,483 2 2 70 3 1 9,587 16 5 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 2,762 19 5 9,587 16 5 2,762 19 5 Reoeiving Home, Wellington— Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 843 3 11 General maintenance .. . .. ' .. 1,160 2 0 Repairs, &c, to buildings (Vote No. 92) .. .. 86 11 2 Children boarded out .. . .. .. 5,530 4 6 6,824 17 0 843 3 11 1,160 2 0 86 11 2 5,530 4 6 7,570 1 7 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. 4,975 11 7 7,570 1 7 4,975 11 7 Boys' Industrial School, Stoke — Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 211 4 1 General maintenance .. .. .. .. 377 7 9 Part purchase of property (Vote No. 105), £7,746 10s.; repairs to fences (Vote No. 92), £12 7s. Id. .. 7,758 17 1 2.594 10 0 211 4 1 377 7 9 7,758 17 1 8,347 8 11 Less recoveries .. • .. .. .. 54 11 7 8,347 8 11 54 11 7 8,292 17 4 Carried forward 21,438 17 8 1,026,414 8 2

69

B.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ £ 8. d. £ s. d. 21,438 17 8 £ s. d. 1,026,414 8 2 Special Schools : Industrial Schools— continued. Receiving Home, Gbrietchuroh — Salaries General maintenance Rent Repairs to buildings, &o. (Vote No. 92) Children boarded out 667 901 143 27 3,823 667"10?l 901*12 £8 143 0J0 27 2(6 3,823 18 0 Less recoveries r>, 563 2,772 r>, 563 3 3 2,772 0 4 Tβ Oranga Home, Christchurch— Salaries.. General maintenance Rent Repairs to buildings, furniture, Ac. (Vote No. 92) .. Furniture, lighting, Sic, for additional buildings (Vote No. 105) 1,007 712 137 87 717 2,791 2 11 1,007 17 1 712 11 8 137 0 0 fl7 19 6 717 17 -2 Less recoveries 2,663 212 2,663 5 4 212 S 4 Burnham— Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, rebuilding, email works, repairs, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 92, £1,618 2s. ; (Vote I No. 105, £768 18s. 4d.) 2,899 4,580 2,387 2,451 0 0 2,899 19 8 4,580 14 0 2,387 0 4 9,867 9,867 14 0 874 16 4 Less, recoveries 874 8,992 17 8 Oaversham— Salaries.. General maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 92) Children boarded out 951 1 5 956 11 10 169 1 1 3,109 15 10 951 956 169 3,109 5,186 10 2 3,437 7 1 5,186 Less recoveries? 3,437 1,749 8 1 Private Schools— St. Mary's, Auckland— Capitation grants, &c. Lees recoveries 1,627 479 1,148 11 7 1,627 15 10 479 4 3 St. Joseph's, Wellington— Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 215 63 215 10 0 63 16 6 St. Mary's, Nelson— Capitation grants, &o. Less recoveries 825 287 151 13 6 825 15 4 287 10 9 538 4 7 St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin— Capitation grants Less recoveries 122 7 0 45 0 6 122 45 Inmates maintained at other institutions ICarninge refunded to ex-inmate Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boardingout orders 77 6 6 119 2 10 8 14 2 100 0 0 Less revenue from National Endowment reserves 39,566 14 6 1,425 0 0 J 38,141 14 C Miscellaneous (Votes Nob. 81 and 91, Consolidated Fund, and 105, Public Works Fund; and the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908). Milne seismograph No. 20: Maintenance of (Vote No. 91) Postage and telegrams (Vote No. 91) Teachers' Superannuation Board : Travelling-expenses of members, and medical examination of applicants for retirement (Vote No. 91) .. .. Annual contribution to Teachers' Superannuation Fund (Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Aot, 1908) 9 10 1,368 8 7 75 13 8 7,000 0 0 Carried forward 8,4.53 8 3 1,064,556 2 8

B.—l

70

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Approximate Coti of Pa-per. —Prrpaiation, not given ; printing (4,20(1 copies, including diagrams), £86.

Authority : John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington.—l9ll.

Price Is. 6d.]

Brought forward Miscellaneous — continued. Examination expenses (Vote No. 91) : Teachers' and Civil Service .. .. .. .. .. Less recoveries (examination fees) .. .. Subsidies to* publics libraries on basis of voluntary contributions (Vote No. 91) .. Publio reading-room, Canvastown—subsidy, £1 for £1 (Vote No. 91) Grant to Educational Institute for travelling-expenses of members (Vote No. 81) .. Illustrations, photographs, &o., for parliamentary reports (Vote No. 91) " Schoolmates " : Grant to cover cost of postage (Vote No. 91) Flags for schools—New Zealand Ensigns (Vote No. 91) •' New Zealand Plants and their Story," by Dr. L. Cockayne— printing (Vote No. 91) Rent of store-room for general departmental purposes (Voie No. 91) Legal expenses (Vote No. 91) Orphan Home, Papatoitoi, Auckland, grant towards cost of new building (Vote No. 10S) Less recoveries (sale of New Zealand Ensigns Total £ s. d. £ s. d. I £ s d. 8,453 3 3 1,064.556 2 8 5,560 10 0 3,780 5 0 ! 1,780 5 0 3,994 9 9 100 0 0 100 0 0 45 18 3 50 0 0 4 5 8 168 fi 6 22 10 0 33 17 11 250 0 0 15,002 16 4 16 8 0 14,986 4 £1,079,542 11 0