IN THE TOILS

Sun (Christchurch), Volume I, Issue 205, 3 October 1914, Page 9

IN THE TOILS

GERMANS GETTING ANXIOUS INDIAN TROOPS LANDED AT MARSEILLES KAISER SEEKING PEACE. , MILLION RUSSIANS ATTACKING CRACOW.

JAPANESE SINK GERMAN DESTROYER AT TSING-TAU.

-According to the latest advices all the indications point to a decisive "battle in the immediate "future. The Allies' prospects are good, and they continue to make slight progress along the whole line. It is reported - that the Germans are beginning to realise the desperate nature of their situation, and in places in Germany considerable apprehension is being felt as to the ultimate issue of the wax. AnAmerican,who claims-to have authority to make the announcement, says that the Kaiser has made unsuccessful overtures for peace, and that Austria has been acting similarly. The first contingent of troops from India has been landed at Marseilles, and has been enthusiastically received. In Belgium fierce fighting has been the rule, taking the form of artillery duels, in which the Belgians have been, in the main, successful. The Bussians are displaying great activity, and have begun a big battle at Cracow, where they are said to have a million men. Very fierce flighting has taken place in the Tar East between the Japanese and the Germans. A German destroyer has been sunk, and a Japanese mine-sweeper blown up by a mine. Austria has apologised to Italy for the loss of life caused by a trawler being blown up in the Adriatic by an Austrian mine. A British steamer has been blown up in the North Sea bjTstriking a mine. ~~ " \

Cable. —Press Association.—Copyright.

A DESPERATE POSITION. . • GERMANS WAKING TO THE FACT. ALLIES 5 UNEXPECTED STRENGTH. October 3, 10 a.m.) „ LONDON, October 2. Sir Ellis Ashmead-Bartleit, writing fxom Paris, states that all the indicatieiis jpoiftt. to the fact that the German commanders- and troops realise for the flpst time that they are in a desperate f •srition.. The latest attacks have been haphazard all along the line, and their 3at«st .plan to have been a rever*io» to General von Klnck J s original #«fce»ie—a general advance via Noyou, ■©•mpeigne, and Senlis. <Beneral von Kluck-has been attempting to crush the French left, thus enabling General von Bulow, the Duke of ; "WwtembuTg, and the Crown Prince to ••-operate. and march opi Paris,. Ab intercepted wireless message t from ?. ftoaeral von Kluek on Tuesday said:— # 'The forward movement of my troops [■hasi been checked by the enemy, who ar« developing forces of quite u»ex> strength."

TROOPS FROM INDIA. LANDED AT MARSEILLES. AN ENTHUSIASTIC WELCOME. (Received.October 3, 9.5 a.m.) PABIS, October 1. The first contingent of Indian troops has landed at Marseilles, and had' an enthusiastic welcome in a triumphal procession. The physique •of the white Indian troops impressed the spectators. "DUTY TOUR WATCHWORD." MESSAGES FROM THE KING. 'il (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) PABIS, October 2. The King has issued two messages to the troops ..landing at Marseilles. The first is to the British troops, and reads; I have implicit confidence in you, my soldiers. Duty is your watchword, and I know your duty will be nobly done. The second message is to the Indians, as follows: —

I know with what readiness my brave and loyal Indian soldiers have prepared to fulfil their sacred trust on the field of battle, shoulder to shoulder with their comrades from all parts of the Empire. I bid you to go forward and add fresh lustre' to the glorious achievements, noble traditions, courage, and chivalry of my Indian Army, whose honour and fame are in your hands. ;

ALLIES' GOOD PROSPECTS. "VIOLENT ENGAGEMENTS WON. PROGRESS IN ARGONNE. sß««eived October 3, 8.45 ajin.) PARIS, October 2. A «©xnmunique states:- — There is nothing particular to reexcept from the Roye district, wfcere a violent engagement fortu»at#ly turned out in our favour, and » the Argonne, where we made some Jorther progress. The general situa-tion-as satisfactory.

STIRRING SCENES. EXCITEMENT REACHES FEYER . HEAT. ; -~; (Rceeiyed: October 1 3, 11.5 a.m.) PARIS, October 3. T,herc were stirring* scenes at Marseilles when the . Indian and . British troops marched to their camping grounds. The streets and roads were crammed with excited spectators, crying "Vivent les Hindus" and struggling to shake hands.' Women presented cigarettes and fruit, while girls strewed flowers on the ground or pinned them to the soldiers' tunics and-tur-bans.

AT THE FRONT. "WHAT THE SOLDIERS NEED. BBALTII OF ARMIES EXCELLENT. •• "ami "Sydney Sun" 'Sen-ices. October 3, 8 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. A« officer, writing from the front, jfeatts that the great thing is to, keep tk« kit small and watertight. The thißgs which are most badly wanted are •ijparettes, tobacco, woollen scarves, warm vests, and gloves, and, above all, Mght waterproof capes. The difficulty is to keep the men dry. Pr De Barine, the principal medical i*«fpector of the French forces, states iitat the sanitary conditions of the armies is good, and there are fewer sick tfeaii, perhaps, in times of peace. The ■weiiiided are attended to with wouderJhri devotion.

The enthusiasm reached fever : h£at when the Gurkhas struck up the Marseillaise on their weird instruments. Many of the younger natives leapt three feet in the air, waving the Union Jack and the Tricolour.

KAISER SEEKING PEACE. ALLIES AND THE TREATY. TSAR WILL SIGN IN BERLIN. (Received October 3, 8.45 a.m.) NEW YORK, October 3. Mr Victor Massen, an American metal manufacturer, who has been commissioned to buy material on behalf of the Russian Government, states that he has official authority to say that the Kaiser telegraphed to the Tsar suggesting that he should withdraw his troops from Germany. Austria is'also making suggestions for peace. The Tsar also sent telegrams to London and Paris, and the next day the Allies signed the declaration regarding

YOU CAN STILL "ASIv LOASBY ABOUT IT." There is no need to tell the public ■what Loasby can do. You know as ■well as I do that for all simple ailments ypu can be sure of getting better if you •feme and "ask Loasby about it." I am at the pharmacy from 9.30 to 12.30 and from 2.30 till 5.30 each day. Country patients treated by post. Just send me a letter telling me your symptoms, enclose postal note for 5/- (or stamps), an«i you will get a double-sized bottle return mail. No charge for postage. A. M. LOASBY, the only Prescribing Chemist, 679 Colombo Street, Christchurch. .38

common terms of peace, anil the Tsai' in a speech declared that he would only sign a treaty of peace in Berlin.

French 75 millimetre guns ' 1 The Black Butchers." The shells spread missiles ever an area of a hundred yards by thirty, and often kill a whole row of entrenched men.

GERMANS AGHAST. PREPARING FOR DEFEAT. PROMINENT JOURNAL'S ADMISSIONS. (Received October 3, 9.15 a.m.) ROTTERDAM, October 2. The Germans here are aghast at the tone of the latest Berlin newspapers, which are preparing the people for defeat.. Official messages admit that the Geriftan troops may be compelled to abandon certain positions, but a&li for a suspension of judgment iint.il the --result' of the combined operations is known. The "Berliner Tageblatt" says:— The announcement of an extensive attack against the German flank is not calculated to relieve our anxiety, but we know the German lines are protected by broad echelons, and even if fresh French and British forces advance to the north and eastward they will be bound to encounter these echelons which the German commanders withheld in expectation of such advances. The influence of the British reinforcements is showing itself more and more. They have been effective to impede us, thdugh the results will not be lasting. Why not admit this, because victory must be ours, and the .more difficult it is the greater will be the honour.- : Around Verdun a decisive movement is api proaching. We forced our way through the outworks but found on ' the heights to the westward of the i Meuse very strong positions prepared by the enemy. The" French are experts at building up such positions and their obstinacy in defence or attack deserves recognition. It has taught a lesson to all who expected an easy time."

LIVING LIKE RATS. GERMANS IN THE TRENCHES. WOUNDED LIE WHERE THEY ' 'FALL.,

(Received October 3} 11 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. During the fighting at. the Manic the condition of the German trenches was terrible. The men were living like rats for weeks in undrained holes, and lighting without a pause. The wounded and dead had to lie as they fell, and the cries of the wounded were heard at

night when the firing ceased. In some of the trenches round Rheims the French drowned .the enemy out of their lines with hose-pipes laid from the town.

ONE MILLION RUSSIANS. THE ADVANCE ON CRACOW. A HUGE DEFENDING ARMY. ~ (Received October 3, 8.45 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. Advices from Petrograd state that a million Russians with powerful artillery are advancing towards Cracow, to where General Hindenburg has been recalled from East Prussia tS assume command of the Austro-Gema.ii forces.

It is anikouneed from Vienna that the Austro-German, Army defending Cracow numbers 2,500,000.

BIG BATTLE BEGINS. ARRIVAL OF THE RUSSIANS* (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) PETROGRAD, September 2^ The Russians are befote Cracow, and the battle has begun. It is officially that the German forces at Osowieth arc hurriedly retreating northwards. The whole of the military' and civil administration *of Cracow is in German hands.

"IF GERMANY GOES UNDER." APPEAL FOB WAR FUNDS.* AIRMAN KEEPS GERMANS AT BAY "Times" and "Sydney Sun" Sa vices. (Received October 3, 8 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. The "Cologne Gazette," in urging for subscriptions to the war loan, says: —"lf Germany goes under our fortunes and property are lo§t." A German artillery officer, writing in the Press; says that a British aviator, owing to enging trouble, was forced to land near the German lines, close to a motor ear containing five German officers. He kept them at bay with his rifle while a pilot repaired the engine and then he escaped.

General Pankel has an army of 150,000 Austrians outside. Cracow.

BRITISH STEAMER LOST. i STRIKES MINE IN NORTH SEA. \ THE CREW SAVED. LONDON, October 1. A mine sank the steamer Selby in the North Sea. The ei£w were saved. [A steel screw steamer of 2137 tons, the Selby was built in 1895 at Stoclsion by Ropner and Son. She was owned by R. Ropner and Co., of Stockton, and her principal dimensions were:: —Length 280 feet, breadth 40 feet, and depth 15 .feet.]

PANIC AT COLOGNE. PEOPLE TEAR AIR ATTACKS. SIXTY* THOUSAND WOUNDED.. (Received October .3, 9.5 a.m.) . COPENHAGEN, October 1. Sixty thousand German wounded have reached Cologne, where the Exhibition and other public buildings have been converted into hospitals. Machine-guns have been mounted on the Cathedral &nd on the roofs of hotels, and the public are in a state of panic, J fearing, air attacks.

AVALANCHE OF WOUNDED. RED CROSS SOCIETY TAXED. CARNAGE EXCEEDS ALL EXPECTATIONS. (Received October 3, 9.5 a.m.) PARIS, October 1. An avalanche of German wounded from the Marne and the Aisne is taxing the French Red Cross organisation to its utmost. Both German and British wounded are being hurried to England. Although the British Red Cross organisation is perfect, the carnage exceeds all expectations. In Rouen, Nantes, Le Mans, and Tours little British graveyards are growing daily, and the French are paying tributes with their flowers aiid tears.

"THE BLACK BUTCHERS." " MAKE ME A CEMETERY.'' APPALLING INCIDENT ON ALLIES' LEFT. (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) PARIS, October 2. An appalling incident occurred on the Allies' left wing on Monday. Five hundred Germans were caught on some flat fields, with slopes on every side, and the French artillery quietly occupied the position. When the moment came to open fire the officer commanding the battery said: "Make me a cemetery down there." The order was obeyed, and the guns accounted for most of the Germans, and rifle fire for the rest. Not a man escaped. The Germans have nicknamed the

Cracow, is a city of about 90,000 inhabitants, situated on the left bank of the river Vistula, 15& miles south-west of Warsaw. Although 'it is now in the Galician district of it was formerly the capital of the kingdom df Poland. It is a picturesque city and contains many fine buildings of considerable antiquity. The old Gothic cathedral of Cracow contains the tombs of a long line of Polish kings and of some of the Most distinguished Poles. Of the modern buildings, the University of Cracow, is most notable, this university boasts of being an older foundation than any of the universities in Central Europe, with the exception of Prague, it having been projected in 1364. In the fifteenth century it tvas one of the chief seats of learning in Europe. At the present day the university has nearly two thousand stu J dents, and instruction is given in the Polish language. Cracow is also the centre of a considerable manufacturing industry, its chief products being agricultural implements, chemicals, and tobacco. Cracow has been converted into' a fortress during recent years by the construction" of a ring of forts round the city.

GERMAN CENTRE BROKEN, CASUALTIES NUMBER 20,000. CLEVER RUSSIAN STRATEGY. (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) PETROGRAD, October 2.

The successes -at'Augustivo and Kopciow, to the north-west of Grodino, imply that the German centre is broken. The Russians have opened the sluices, rendering the approaches to the Qsawieto fortress impassable. German attacks on the Russian right wing, with a view to delaying the Galician operations, have thus been frustrated.

The German casualties at Drusenki totalled 20,000, and many German guns have become embedded iu the mud.

TO 0 FACE RUSSIA. GERMANY'S SUPREME EFFORT. THREATENED INVASION OF SILESIA. (Received October 8.45 a.m.) ROME, October 2. A telegram says that Germany is making a supreme effort to face Russia and raise the prestige of the Austrian army. All the Bohemian and Moravian railways are congested with troops and war material designed to prevent the invasion of Silesia.

DUEL OF BIG GUNS. . BELGIANS EMERGE VICTORIOUS. CUTTING GERMANS' COMMUNICATION. (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) ANTWERP, October 2. In an artillery'duel along the whole front on Thursday, the Belgians repulsed the Germans, the enemy leaving many dead and wounded. The aviators are enabliug the forts to direct a withering lire. Belgian volunteers have destroyed "A'stitch in time saves nine," and 1/10 spent on a bottle of Baxter's Lung Preserver often saves a large bill from the doctor. Lung Preserver is a cough and cold remedy of fifty years' standing, and one that never fails to cure 1 even the most stubborn colds. Get a bottle from your chemist or storekeeper, or send direct to J. Baxter and Co., Chemists, Christchurch. .192

railway tracks and bridges in ten places behind and within the German lines in the provinces of Hainault, Brabant, and Limbourg. - <

A BELGIAN RUSE. FORTS SMASH AN ATTACK. SORTIE PROVES SUCCESSFUL. (Received October 3, 9.5 a.m.) ANTWERP, October 1.After the German bombardment the Wavre and Saint Cathrine forts remained silent, and the Germans believed this was due to the efficiency of their fire. A section of field artillery advanced, and the forts opened fire and destroyed almost the whole attacking force.

The Belgians sortied, and captured several guns. After the Germans had recaptured Malines, a Belgian armoured train threw seven shells into the barracks, killing many Germans.

THE MYSTERY OF A - PRINCE. WHERE IS ADALBERT? STRANGE STORIES AFLOAT. . "Times" and "Sydney Sun" Services. (Received October 3, 8 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. Mystery enshrouds the movements of Prince Adalbert, the Kaiser's third son. A nurse writes from Brussels stating

that the Kaiser demanded the surrender of Antwerp, and King Albert replied that',when the first shot was fired into Antwerp Prince Adalbert would be shot.

Antwerp residents are speculating as to the identity of a prisoner in. a noncommissioned officers' uniform, whom his fellow prisoners treat with extraordinary respect. French papers declare that Prince Adalbert is dead.

AUSTRIAN EXCESSES. BURNING AND MASSACRE. SERIOUS SHORTAGE OF WHEAT. • Nish reports state that the Austrians are burning villages and, massacring the Servian inhabitants under instructions from Hungarian officers. : " Austria'is.-short of wheat and dealers have been sent to neutral countries to try to make purchases, Rumania's prohibition of the export of coVir has caused dismay in Vienna;

THE SERVIAN CAMPAIGN. ATTACK ON SERAJEVQr THOUGHT TO "BE TOO i (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) - NISH, October 2. The have temporarily abandoned their attempt on Serajevo as the Austrians' strong positiofi would necessitate a great loss of life. HEAVY FIGHTING AT TSING-TAU. GERMAN DESTROYER SUNK. . WARSHIPS BOMBARD THE ' ' / JAPANESE. v ' (Received October 3, 9.5 a.m.). TOKEO, October 1. The Japanese siege guns sunk a German destroyer off - Tsing-taii. A Japanesje mine-sweeper has been blown up, a lid another damaged, four men being"killed and nineteen wounded.

German warships are heavily cannonading the Japanese position. Two Japanese oflicers have been killed,. PEKING, October 1. The Japanese have landed marines, and occupied the Loa-shan outer harbour, capturing eight guns. FOREIGNERS MUST REGISTER.

BRITISH ORDER IN EGYPT. LIABLE TO BE ARRESTED. (Received October 3, 8.45 a.m.) CAIRO, October 2. Sir John Maxwell, commanding the army in occupation, has ordered all Germans and Austro-Hungarians in Egypt to-register before (Dctober 10' and to obey the conditions under which they will be allowed to remain in the country; otherwise they shall be arrested.

BOTHA'S CALL TO ARMS. A MAGNIFICENT RESPONSE. OLD .COMRADES VOLUNTEERING. "Time.s" and "Sydney Sun" Services. (Received October 3, 8 a.m.) LONDON, October 2. General Botha's call to arms is meeting with a tremendous response. Complete commandos which served under him during the Boer War are volunteering- .... UNITED STATES AND BRITAIN. CARGOES TOR EUROPE. SATISFACTORY ARRANGEMEN T EXPECTED. (Received October 3, 10.25 a.m.) NEW YORK, October 2. The British Ambassador, Sir Cecil Spring-Rice, has conferred with the State officials concerning the seizure of American copper, in neutral vessels bound for neutral ports, on the assumption that it was destined for Krupps. The Ambassador lias intimated that

Britain will indemnify the owners and also will not interfere nvith -American shipments of foodstuffs to Holland.

President Wilson has informed enquirers that Britain has shown a most friendly attitude regarding possible non-neutral shipments and lis had no doubt that a satisfactory arrangement would be reached. ITALY GETS APOLOGY. MINES IN THE ADRIATIC. FOREIGN MINISTER CRITICALLY ILL. (Received October 3, 9.5 a.m.) ROME, October 1. The Marquis di San Giuliano, Minister of Foreign Affairs, is critically ill. Austria in replying to Italy, regrets the loss of life and has promised to remove the menace forthwith.

[An Italian trawler was blown up by a mine in the Adriatic and Italy protested to Austria.] - . ITALY'S STRONG MAN. The man of the moment, not only in Italy, but also in Europe, is the Marquis di San Giuliano, Minister of Foreign Affairs, said a recent issue of the '' Daily Mail.'' His voice and views more than those of any other man. except King Victor Emmanuel will decide the immediate course of Italy's foreign policy. The most difficult and delicate probiem that has ever faced an Italian statesman since Italy became free and united faces him to-day. But the author and prosecutor of the campaign against Tripoli is not the man to shrink from it>-

The. marquis is a Sicilian of Norman descent, some sixty-three years old, a senator and an inveterate student of intern actional affairs. In nearly. fhirty-five years of political life lie ..lias held but four oflices. His appointment in 1905 as Foreign Minister was not well received in Vienna and Berlin. \He knew far too much for the eomfort of his coun-. try 's allies. Foreign and colonial questions have beei\,his hobby almost since bo5 r hood; he lias something of Lord Curzon's old passion, for investigating them on the spot and at first hand; Albania, the Balkans, the Treritino, Tripoli, Erythrea, all the districts, in fact, which , are the special concern of the Italian Foreign Office he has visited and explored, not as a mere sightseer,- but, as his admirable writings show, as a keen and comprehensive observer of men and affairs.

Happily the King, who is Italy's wisest statesman, and the marquis see eye to eye. Both worked together to make the." Tripolitan, adventure not merely a success but the beginning of a new Italian risorgimento (resurrection). Neither is a Jingo; neither seeks? o.r wishes to revive those colonis-' ing enterprises that received so great a check at Adowa; but each is convinced that Italian interests can no longer be maintained by a merely negative policy. What line they will together map out in the present crisis will-be known in a very few days. Meanwhile, it ! is worth remembering that when tlie Marquis di San Giuliano was the Italian Ambassador in London some six or seven years ago,, he never disguised his faith that the old friendship between Great Britain and Italy should be something more than a tradition and should be cemented by practical co-opjejcation between'the tAvo countries in the sphere of European politics. .....

THE HOUR AT HAND. DECISIVE BATTLE EXPECTED. LONGEST'FIGHT IN HISTORY. LONDON, Octobei- 1. ! The Paris correspondent of "The Times'' says there is continuance of hope of approaching success of the Allies in the longest battle in" the history of the world. Captiit«d Germans show signs of extreme fatigue and privation. They are without boots and their clothes are torn to pieces/ \ Though German reinforcements have arrived their qualities are doubtful. On

tlie contrary, the French are fighting with renewed spirit, and their temper is more warlike and effective than it was a fortnight ago. The decisive hour cannot long be delayed. The Germans\continue to concentrate huge train-loads of troops in Brussels.

BY DAY AND NIGHT. C GERMAN METHODS OF ATTACK. INFANTRY AND ARTILLERY. LONDON, October l 7 A feature of the lighting.in. the Aisne is that the Germans content themselves

} SPRING COLDS. BON 'T NEGLECT TIIEM. HOME-MADE REMEDY. Never neglect a cold. Tackle it right at the start. Colds neglected leave the lungs weak; then really serious chest trouble, such as bronchitis, asthma, or dread consumption makes its appearance, and the trouble become much more difficult to cure. Here is a recipe easily prepared at home that gives relief and comfort from the first dose. It cuts phlegm, soothes inflamed throat, and stops a cough or cold in a way that surprises folk. You can feel it doing good all the way down. Obtain from your chemist or store a bottle of Hean's Essence; take home and mix with water and sugar, as per directions. This will give you a pint of the finest spring cough, cold, and sore throat remedy you can possibly obtain. Even.whooping"cough is promptly relieved by this splendid home-made remedy. It will also save at least nine shillings for your pocket. '' Please send me two more bottles of Hean's Essenee. The mixture I made from the last bottle promptly cured my husband's cough. I gave some to my neighbour, and it has done his cough good too, and so I want another for myself and one for my neighbour. —Mrs J. A. Jones, Kurri Kurri." Hean's Essence makes a pint of the world's greatest cough and cold mixture. It is sold by most chemists and stores, or post free promptly on receipt of price, 2/-, from G. W. Hean, Chemist, Wanganui. Wherever you buy, be sure you get H-E-A-N-'-S. .58 ...

with artillery t duels by daylight, and;the regularity with which they make night attacks.

When dusk falls and the British fire ceases, the Germans, having marked down the trenches, send battalion after battalion straight at them. The night being clear, the Germans crossing the crest of the hill in close formation, show up against the sky-line. The British allow them to approach 'well within range, and then mow them down with machine guns and rifles. The advanee quickly collapses and the British get a night's rest.

Arsace remains quiet, the people realising that any attempt to sympathise openly with the French would be ruthlessly crushed.

CUT OFF! THE ISOLATION OF GERMANY. CHOLKRA IN AUSTRIA. LONDON, October 1. Cable connection between Sweden . and Germany lias been interrupted since Monday. This is ascribed to the gale. It is reported that Germany has received no foreign mails since last week. Fresh cases of cholera are reported-at Vienna, Budapest, and Brunh. The " disease was brought by refugees from"

Galicia, and its appearance is causing the greatest anxiety in Austria.

CRITICAL SITUATION. TURKEY AND THE ENTENTE. MORE SUCCESS IN AFRICA. * ; LONDON, October 1. The situation between Turkey and tlie Entente is critical. It is understood that the Porte intends to make demands oh Britain in respect to the station of certain British warships. The South African forces and, captured several German positions in the vicinity of Luderitz Bay. There were no casualties. • THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE/ ITS BREAKING UP. ITALY'S REASONSL [By a Correspondent of the ' "Manchester Guardian."] Italy's decision not to- support lier allies in the present war lias justified the expectations of all those who knew her position in the * Triple Alliance. Reason stood at the cradle of her alliance with Germany and Austria, and no sentiment has ever supervened to warm and soften it. Bait calculations come and go with circumstances, and alliances based on them must klso change. None other than Bismarck-liini- : self, the 'creator of the Triple Alliianee, ' recognised' this when lie said: " Eternal duration, is assured to no treaty, -be* tween Great Powers, and it would be unwise to Regard it as affording a permanently stable. guarantee against all possible contingencies which in the future may modify the political, material, and moral conditions under which it was brought into being.. Italy first sought an alliance -witl* Germany only. Crispi's recently- published memoirs record lioav the .first, question lie put to Bismarck was Would Germany support Italy in case of war with Fi-ance or Austria? These were Italy's two rivals —France, lier rival in tlie Mediterranean, who had already been established in Algeria, who was known to entertain ambitions in Tunis and Tripoli, and who stood guard in Corsica at. the very door of Italy; and Austria, her old enemy, who stilt ruled over millions of ".unredeemed" sons of Italy in Dalmatia, Trieste, and the Southern Tyrol. It was against the two of them- that Italy wanted Germany's help. * But Bismarck refused. Against France, yes; •against Austria, no. Rather than remain isolated, Crispi chose, to be - with Germany against France. In 1882, after 1* ranee had occupied Tunis, the hitherto Dual Alliance between Germany and Austria was extended to Italy as the third partner.

. ANGLO-ITALIAN AGREEMENT. ' The terms of this extension were. jVever published. What is-kiiown is that Italy had been bound to her partners*, by two separate treaties, one with Germany.and the other with Austria; that these treaties.were renewable from time to time, and that they only provided for a common defensive poliey on the Continent. The latter point is important, because it contained the germ of the gradual decay of the extended alliance. It meant the exclusion from the operations of the treaties of all Mediterranean questions in which Italy was specially interested. This, was no oversight. Bismarck knew well that Italy was bound to have a Mediterranean policy, and to strive after hegemony in that basin. It was he himself who, in 1866, had written to Mazziui,. saying that "the mastery in the Mcditerannean must be the constant thought of Italy, the aim of the Ministers and the fundamental idea of the Florence Cabinet." But since then, at the Berlin Congress, lie had himself directed France to Tunis, and Germany, having no Mediterranean interests of licr own, he was averse from undertaking any obligations for the sake of Italy, which, moreover, might bring him into conliict with England. However, Italy soon secured herself against any possible attack by France at sea by concluding in 1887 an agreement, with this eountry which guaranteed her the maintenance of peace and the status quo in the Mediterranean.

The alliance was not popular in Italy. It did violence to her anti-Austrian sentiments, and it did nothing to help her in strengthening her position in the Mediterranean. It led, moreover, to a violent, quarrel with Franco, and resulted in a terrible Customs rates war, which jnflicted deep wounds on Italian commerce and industry, and caused famine and riot in the land. Crispi, whoi was openly aiming at a waf with. France, was only with difficulty restrained by Bismarck, and the climax was reached when the Italian Government, in order to divert the people *'& discontent, rushed the country into the disastrous war with Abyssinia. Then came the reaction. Crispi fell, the tariff war with France ceased, and in 1900 an agreement, supplemented two year® later by another, was concluded witli -