NOTES AND QUERIES.

Otago Witness, Issue 1832, 31 December 1886, Page 22

NOTES AND QUERIES.

Ignoramus asks: -Will a hose afoot in diameter, having a 2in nozzle with a perpendicular fall of 100ft a , give a greater pressure titan a hose 6iu in diameter, with the eauie fall and same sized nozzle ? — Mr Beverly replies : Yes ; the wideihose will give slightly greater pressure, but unless the length of hose be very great the difference would hardly be perceptible, and would not compensate the extra expense. Dispute, Manaia.— -The weight of milk is nearly equal to that of sea wafer. A gallon of pure water weighs 101b, a gallon of milk or sea water weighs 101b soz. Dipsomaniac— (l) Cinchona rubra. (2) We do not know of any such case, and think ie extremely problematical if such there be. (3) The experience gained in institutions for the cure of dipsomania conclusively proves that nothing can be done without a powerful and continuous effort on the part of the victim. Anyone expecting a miraculous cure with but slight effort at selfrestraint cannot do otherwise than meet with disappointment. The first and most imperative thing to be done by one who feels he cannot do without intoxicants and yet is conscious that their power is ruining his health, is to manfully and boldly sign the pledge. No matter what course of treatment is undergone, the temptation and caving last for liie in varied degrees, and it is only by continual fighting against it that the temptation will be lessened. C. Marshall. — The Jesuit movement was a reaction from the Reformation, and particularly from the extravagances of the Aimbaptiste. The leader of it was Don Inigo Lopez de Recalde, generally known, from the Castle of Loyola, whe.e he was

born in 1491, as Ignatius Loyola. In his early manhood he was an officer in the Spanish army, and distinguished himself by his bravery. In 1521, , while defending Pampeluna against the French, he wbs severely wounded, and being long confined to a sick bed, he saw the vanity of the world, and gave himself to a devotedly religious life. On his recovery he went to the University of Paris, and there made friends of two fellow students, one of whom was Francis Xavier, afterwards the distinguished missionary. In 1534, these three, with others, formed themselves into a religims society, and a little later took vows of chnstity, absolute poverty, devotion to the care of Christians and to the conversion of infidels. Loyola, like most other Spaniards, was attached to the old order of things, rudely shaken by the Reformation. A soldier, he bethought him of the army, in which inferiors give implicit obedience to superiors, and on this model the new order was constituted, it being decreed that he and his successors should exercise absolute power, subject only to the authority of the Pope. In 1540 Pope Paul 111 issued a Bull sanctioning the order, which spread with great rapidity, and on tbo death of Loyola, in 1556, consisted of upwards of 1000 members, witti 100 houses. The Jesuits rendered great service to the Papacy, but ultimately became unpopular with the civil government in most Roman Catholic countries, while the people thought them crafty and unscrupulous. At one time and another they have been expelled from most of the countries in which they had set-tied. In 1773 the Pope issued a Bull suppressing the 1 order, but in 1814 it was reestablished by Pius VII. B. S. — The Kelly'gang was captured on June 28, 1880. Ned Kelly was executed on November 11 or the

same year. Axakmeu.— Shortness of breath from exertion, or going uphill or upstairs, ia common in people of seudcntary habits and those suffering from flatulence and indigetf ion, and the "stitch" in the left side may be easily accounted for without looking seriously at it. At the same time this shortness of breath ought not to be ignored, and care should be taken to take things easy ,'and not put too great a strain on the heart, also to endeavour by gentle exercise and good habits to improve the genei al health. F. R. J. — To make candles sufficiently hard from beef tallow for summei use requires about 3oz of beeswax to every pound of tallow. Small quantities of camphor or alum are also eald to improve the article. Geotrob Maxwell. — Most grammars contain a few simple rules of punctuation. But the matter is, to a considerable extent, one of fashion rather than of laws •which are rooted in the nature of things. For instance, the full-stop is very often used now where formerly the semicolon or the colon would have been placed ; and the colon has been almost superseded by the semicolon. To learn to punctuate, nothing is necessary beyond giving a little attention to the matter in your ordinary reading And should you ever be in doubt, you may comfort yourself with the reflection that probably the point is one upon which no two authorities on punctuation would agree. Subscriber. — Much of the injury done to the udders and teats of milking cows is due to negligence when in calf cows are "running dry." At this time a little of the milk should be drawn every secoud day.and as the secretion fails every third or fourth day, until no fluid can be obtained from the teat. Should the udder be much inflamed immediately before calving time, the cow should be »epeatedly milked and the udder bathed each time with warm water, a large flannel being used, and held up close to and all round the udder until it begins to cool. Proper attention at this period will avert all trouble after the cow calves, but should there be any obstruction in the teats, a Bma 'l silver probe must be slowly and gently inserted, and by almost imperceptible pressure (turning round with the finger and thumb corksorew fashion) forced through the matter impeding the orifice, and the teat should be repeatedly drawn and the udder bathed. Always after bathing dry the udder well and immediately apply hog a lard, olive oil. or some cooling ointment, and rub in with the hand. Should the udder be lumpy fche a , uc " lD X °.f. f * he calf «»w a considerable portion of the milk lias been drawn will effect a cure, for the young thing will knock the udder about a good deal aud thereby hasten an even and healthy secretion. ""»"«=" an Mother asks how to clkan Grey Feit Hats for children. -Dissolve an ounce of ammonia in a cupful of tepid wafer, aud carefully sponge into the felt, taking caro not to use too much at a time of the liquid. Dry iv the opeu air, and brush the hat afterwards with a soft brush. i J ?nr£ Sco 11?1 1? y£ ites : - Can an y ° f the readers of the | IWituess in Stewart's Island give me information as to where would be the be6fc place to spend a fortaigbt's holiday? Plenty of flsbjEg wanted,

Tapanui.— We have submitted your specimen to an expert, who replies as follows: -The thistle of which you send a speoimen, if the plant has a creeping root, which cannot be tola from the portion sent, is common in Great Britain, where it is nut with in abundance both in fields and by the wayside, It is known as Cardus Cunieus Arvensis (th&creeping plume thntle). The trouble which it gives to the agriculturist iv iuced our fathers to cull it fche cursed thistle. It requires no small care and industry to keep it within bounds, from the nature of its creeping roots. It is recorded that Mr Curtis planted in his garden in April about 2in of the root of this thistle, and by the following November it had thrown out stolons all round, several of then) being Bft long. The whole plant having been taken up, as it was supposed, and washed was found to weigh 41b. But it was not yet eradicated, for next spring it appeared again at about the same spot, and between 60 and 60 young plants grew from the fragments of the root that had been left in the soil, notwithstanding all the efforts of the gardener to exterminate them. This will show the need for our farmers to be on their guard to have this troublesome weed eradicated on its first appearance in their fields. Anxious. — Great care thould be taken to extract every portion of whey possible from the curd before pressing, otherwise the curd near the whey remaining is apt to become sour, and heave or bulge. Too much rennet will have the came effect, and the flavour in both cases will be disagreeable. At the Frorae (England) district dairy show held in September last, 250 lots of cheese were exhibited, and the report states : " The factors held a meeting, and complained that-much of the cheese had a bitter taste. As a result of this meeting £10 was subscribed to be offered for the best essay on how to get rid of this bitter taste." For ourselves we have to say that with due atfctn/ tion to the quantity and quality of the rennet used, the temperature of the milk when the rennet' is added, the proper manipulation of the curd, and extraction of any whey remaining before applying the pressure the cheese will be perfectly Iree from auy bitter taste. Full particulars of the method adopted in making different kinds of cheese were published in a recent number of this journal.