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interchange on a scale not hitherto attempted, but were prepared also to co-operate actively in other schemes designed to foster international understanding. There was a much larger measure of initial agreement among the delegates than was commonly expected, and there was, too, a general willingness to make compromises on contentious questions. It is to be remembered that the Conference took place only three months after the demonstration of new forces of destruction at Hiroshima; there seemed all too little time to construct the defences of peace. Hence it proved possible to reach unanimity on all the details of the Constitution in the brief period of a fortnight. Forty-four nations were represented at the Conference, and the delegates, observers, and technical advisers numbered about three hundred. The following international organizations were officially represented by observers— International Labour Organization, League of Nations Secretariat, League of Nations Committee on Intellectual Co-operation, International Institute of International Co-operation, Pan-American Union, United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration, International Bureau of Education. Of the larger countries the only one not represented was the U.S.S.R. There was general regret at the absence of a delegation from Russia, and when in due course the time came to elect an Executive Committee of the UNESCO Preparatory Commission, a seat was kept for this country in the hope that it would see its way to occupy it. New Zealand was represented by Dr R. M. Campbell, then Acting High Commissioner in London; Mr A. E. Campbell, Director of the New Zealand Council for Educational Research; Miss Lorna McPhee, Information Officer, New Zealand Government Office, London; and Captain s W. W. Mason, Lieut.-Colonel W. E. Alexander, and "Flight Lieutenant A. C. Arnesen, three former New Zealand teachers who were available in London. MEMBERSHIP The Constitution provides that membership of the United Nations shall carry with it the right of membership of UNESCO, although there is provision for membership of States that are not members of the United Nations. Membership was deliberately limited to States. The Conference considered a proposal that international educational, scientific, and cultural associations should be entitled to membership, but this was rejected, mainly because it would be hard to decide in particular instances whether or not the body were truly