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(b) Disarmament and Demilitarization The fact that the disarmament of Japan has been already largely completed during the occupation period should not encourage undue complacency. It is in any case only after a period of years that Japan would be in a position to resume a course of aggression if she were so minded. The treaty must therefore provide for maintenance of the complete disarmament and demilitarization of Japan. The Far Eastern Commission has already addressed itself to the problem of defining in detail the prohibitions which should be placed on Japanese military activity during the present regime of control, and this work will undoubtedly be of assistance to the Peace Conference. Japan must not be permitted to retain or develop any armed forces, and the Japanese Imperial General Headquarters and all military and paramilitary organizations must remain disbanded. Some non-military police force will have to be retained by Japan, but the peace treaty should place restriction on its strength and organization, on the number and maximum calibres of weapons of foreign manufacture which might be held by the force, and on its duties and training. To ensure that it did not become the nucleus of a secret army it would be advisable to require that service in the force should be on a long-term basis and that persons who have held certain positions under the old regime were made ineligible for enlistment. In addition to a police force, Japan will require a coastguard service. The peace treaty should prescribe the duties of this service, and the number, type, maximum tonnage, speed, range, and armament of vessels to be used for this purpose. Japan should not be permitted to manufacture or to import any weapon or warlike equipment except that the importation of weapons and ammunition for the civil police and coastguard service should be permitted within prescribed limits. The provisions of the peace treaty should specifically prohibit the construction of any naval combatant or auxiliary vessel or craft, the conversion of any commercial vessel or craft to military purposes, and the reconstruction or remodelling of commercial vessels or craft so as to render them more suitable for military purposes. A more controversial problem is set by the military potentialities of scientific research. While prohibitions must be imposed upon the import of bacteriological and chemical warfare agents and the warlike application of certain branches of research, it would be undesirable to impose on legitimate