MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-THIRD REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1946 [In continuation of Parliamentary Paper A.-4, 1945]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1946 Session I, A-04

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1946 NEW ZEALAND

MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-THIRD REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1946 [In continuation of Parliamentary Paper A.-4, 1945]

Presented to both Homes of the General Assembly by Leave

Western Samoa, 2nd July, 1946. I have the honour to submit herewith the twenty-third report of the Administration of the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa, covering the vear ended 31st March, 1946. I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, F. W. Yoelcker, Administrator. The Right Hon. P. Fraser, Minister of Island Territories, Wellington.

TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE I. Introductory .. • • • • • •" • • • • *" o II. Status of the Territory .. . . . • • • ■ • " o III. Status of the Population .. • • • • • • . . 2 IV. International Relations .. .. • • • • • • .. 3 V. General Administration .. .. . • • • • • .. 5 YI. Public Finance .. . • • • • • • • .. 8 VII. Direct Taxes .. .. . • ■ • • • • • .11 VIII. Indirect Taxes.. .. •• •• •• -.11 IX. Trade .. • • ■ • • • • • }} X. Judicial Organization .. .. • • • • • • " 19 XI. Police and Prisons .. . • • • ■ • • • " \n XII. Social Condition of the Native People .. . • • • .. 12 XIII. Labour .. .. . • •• . •• • • J* XIV. Freedom of Conscience .. .. • • • • • • "' XV. Education . . . • • • • • • • • ■ is XVI. Liquor and Drugs .. • • • • • • • • j ® XVII. Medical and Public Health .. . • • • - • * XVIII. Land Tenure .. .. • ■ • • • • • • ■ • XIX. Agriculture .. .. . • • • • • • • " o XX. Population .. .. . • • • • • • • - • XXI. Public Works .. .. . • • • • • • ■ ■ - 25 XXII. Climatological Data .. .. . • • • • • • . . 26 Appendices:— Statistics of Trade .. .. •• " or Chart, Administration Finances .. . ■ • • • • .. 28

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I. INTRODUCTORY Western Samoa is comprised of two large islands, Upolu and Savai'i, and the small islands of Manono, Apolima, Fanuatapu, NamiVa, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, and N-11'usafe'e. The Territory lies between the 13th and 15th degrees of south latitude and the 171 st and 173rd degrees of west longitude. Upolu and Sa vai'i are 45 miles and 46 miles long respectvely, and are separated by Apolima strålt, 10f miles wide, in which are Manono and Apolima islets; the remainder of the islets are within or near the fringing reef surrounding Upolu and, are not inhabited. The islands of the group have a total area of 1,133 square miles and are mountainous in charaeter, rising to elevations of 6,094 ft. in SavaTi and 3,608 ft. in Upolu. The large majority of the Samoans live in coastal villages, there being only 11 inland villages out of the total of 192 in the whole Territory. The climate is mild and equable, the average temperatures during the last forty-four years showing a mean daily maximum of 84-7 degrees Fahrenheit, and a mean daily minimum of 73-8 degrees Fahrenheit, while the average annual rainfall for a period of fifty-four years is 112-39 in. The Samoan population, ascertained by a eensus on the 25th September, 1945, was 62,422, and the non-Samoan population 5,775; total 68,197. 11. STATUS OF THE TERRITORY The Territory is administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and eonfirmed, by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th Deeember, 1920. In Deeember, 1945, the Prime Minister announced that New Zealand would be agreeable to the application to the Territory of the trusteeship system established by the Charter of the United Nations. A decision to this effect was eommunicated to the General Assembly of the United Nations in January, 1946, and similarlv to the final meeting of the Assembly of the League of Nations in April, 1946. III: STATUS OF THE POPULATION The Native people of Western Samoa are described in documents of travel as " British-protected persons, Natives of the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa." The provisions of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1928, allow individual inhabitants of the Territory voluntarily to obtain British naturalization. Certificates of naturalization have been granted to 43 Native Samoans and to 65 Europeans, including children in both cases. The law of the Territory provides generally that all persons of onequarter or more non-Polynesian blood have the racial status of Europeans, but changes may be made voluntarily by registration. By the Samoa Registration of Europeans Regulations 1920, any person of less than full Samoan blood may be granted the status of a European; and the Samoan Status Ordinance 1934 makes provision whereby a person of European status and of not less than half Samoan blood may be granted Samoan status. During the year under review 6 persons took advantage of the regulations to register as Europeans, and 3 applied, for Samoan status, making a total of 532 partSamoans of Samoan status who have been registered as Europeans, and 24 part-Samoans of European status who have become Samoans, in terms of these enactments.

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IV. INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (a) International Conventions The following is a list of the general international conventions that have "been applied to Western Samoa; — Residence — . 24th Jnly 1923, Lausanne: Convention between the British Empire, France, Italy, &c., and Turkey, respecting Conditions of Residence and Business and Jurisdiction. Transit — 9th December, 1923, Geneva: Convention and Statute on the International Regime of Maritime Ports, and, Protocol of Signature. 9th December, 1923, Geneva: Convention relating to the Transmission in Transit of Electric Power, and Protocol of Signature 9th December, 1923, Geneva: Convention relating to the Development of Hydraulic Power more than one State, and Protocol of Signature. ' 9th December, 1923, Geneva: Convention and Statute on the International Regime of Railways, and Protocol ot Signature. 12th October, i 929, Warsaw: Convention for the Unification of certain Rules relating to International Carriage by Air. Oommerce, Navigation, and Customs — 3rd November, 1923, Geneva : International Convention relating to the Simplification of Customs Formalities. 9th December, 1923, Geneva: Convention and Statute on the International Regime of Maritime „ Ports, and Protocol of Signature. sth July, 1930, London: International Load-line Convention. Economic —• 6th November, 1925, The Hague: International Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property. 26th September, 1927, Geneva: Convention on' the Execution of Foreign Arbitral Awards. Social — 12th September, 1923, Geneva: International Convention for the Suppression of the Circulation of and Traffic in Obscene Publications. 25th September, 1926, Geneva: ' Slavery Convention. Narcotic Drugs—19th Februaiy, 1925, Geneva: International Convention relating to Dangerous Drugs (Second Conference). 13th July, 1931, Geneva: Convention for lirjiting the Manufacture and regulating the Distribution of Narootic Drugs. .Sanitary—21st June, 1926, Paris: International Sanitary Convention. 15th January, 1945: U.N.R.R.A. International Sanitary Convention. 15th January, 1945: U.N.R.R.A. International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation. Political — 13th December, 1921, Washington: Treaty between the United States of America, the British Empire, France, and Japan relating to tlieir Insular Possessions and Insular Dominions in the Pacific Ocean. Supplementary Treaty of the 6th February, 1922.

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Peaee—28th June, 1919, Versailles : Treaty between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany. The following bi-lateral agreements have been extended to the Territory:— Legal Proceedings in Civil and Commercial Matters : 2nd February, 1922, London, between the United Kingdom and France. 20th March, 1928, London, between the United Kingdom and Germany. 18th January, 1934, Paris: Convention between the United Kingdom and France, and, Protocol providing for the Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters. 2nd May, 1934, Brussels: Convention between the United Kingdom and Belgium for the Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments in Civil and Commercial Matters, with Annex and Protocol. Telecommunications—4th December, 1945, Bermuda: Agreement between the Governments of the United States of America and the British Commonwealth and Empire. Trade—23rd April, 1932: Agreement between Canada and New Zealand. sth September, 1933: Agreement between Australia and New Zealand (in part). Extradition Treaties— Between United Kingdom and the following States: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Hungary, Iraq, Latvia, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Monaco, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Roumania, San Marino, San Salvador, Siam, Spain, Switzerland, and Yugoslavia. Supplementary Extradition Convention between the United Kingdom and Austria. Agreements for the Abolition of VisasExemption from the requirement of a visa has been provided for in the case of Netherlands nationals coming from the Netherlands East Indies, Surinam, and Curacao. Real and, Personal Property, Disposal of— Convention between the United Kingdom and the United States of America signed on 2nd March, 1899, and amendment thereto, of which ratifications were exchanged on lOth March, 1941. (&) Economic Equality Protection is afforded to Native Samoans in the legal inalienability of Native land, and Samoans are not liable for estate, succession, or gift duties, but otherwise there are no from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions or direct or indirect taxation. The question of mining rights does not arise. There is a preference in Customs ad vulorem import duties of 11 per cent. in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported. Since March, 1944, a system of import licensing has been in operation, more particularly to ensure supply of essential goods from exporting countries. There is no impairment of the authority of the local Administration to permit such imports from any country «from which they may be available.

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V. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of Island Territories for New Zealand. The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinance passed by the local Legislative Council, which as at present constituted is presided over by the Administrator and has six official members—two nnofficial members elected by the adult European community, and four Samoan members who m practice are nominated by the Fono of Faipule. The following legislative measures have been enacted since the last report:— In New Zealand — Statutes Amendment Act, 1945, section 74. The Samoa Customs Order 1939, Amendment No. 3 (Serial number 1945/36). t __ The Samoa Finance Emergency Regulations 1944, Amendment No. 1 (Serial number 1945/51). The Dependency Emergency Regulations (No. 2) 1939, Amendment No. 6 (Serial number 1945/128). . /a . , The Samoa Treasury Insurance Accounts Regulations, 1945 (benai number 1945/150). «,,/»,« • i The Samoa Quarantine (Aircraft) Regulations 1946 (Serial number 1946/37). In Samoa — No. 1/1945: The Bicycle Registration Ordinance. No. 2/1945: The Cocoa Beans Ordinance, No. 3/1945: Land for Education Purposes Ordinance. In the'New Year's Honours List His Majesty the King conferred the honour of Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire upon Mr. A. C ! . Turnbull, Administrator of the Territory Sir Alfred Turnbull relinquished, his appointment on retirement on 28th February iy4b, after sixteen years of service in Western Samoa. He was succeeded as Administrator by Lieutenant-Colonel F. W. Voelcker, D.5.0., M.u. The three Fawtua (High Chiefs and Advisers to the Administrator), accompanied by their wives, visited New Zealand as guests of the Grovernmen between 28th September and 18th November, 1945. They were most warmly received in both the North and South Islands. The three-vear term of office of the Samoan members of the Legislative Council ended "during the year under review. The Fono of FaapuU nomiimted the Hon." Tualaulelei, an existing member of the Council, and the Hon. Pulepule, the Hon. Meleisea, and the Hon. Savea, who were appomted accordingly. . , , _ „ . 7 The Legislative Council, the Finance Committee, and the Fono of Faipule met regularly. n „ On expiration of the three-year term of office of members of the Fono of Faipule on 30th September, 1945, the Administrator received nommations from constituencies and conflrmed sneh submissions of members of the new o Faipule as provided in the Faipule Election Ordinance (No. 1/1339)^ Copra and Cocoa Beans Prices for these two main exports have been maintained at a high level, and produetion during 1945 approaehed record flgures. Samoan coeoa plantings particularly have increased, especially in the Island of Savai i.

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Local merchants negotiate their own såles of cocoa beans. The total copra output is sold through the Administration to the order of the British. Ministry of Food, and prices paid to produeers are regulated by the Administration. Price Control A Price Tribunal continues to eontrol prices of all commodities sold within. the Territory so that the profit is limited, to approximately the amount of the monetary margin of profit obtaining at the 3rd September, 1939, on the same or similar goods. In the past vear 36 Price Orders covering 106 lines of goods have been issued. Generally the prices fixed have been observed. Onlv two prosecutions for overcharging were taken during the year, and eonvictions obtained in both instances. Yisits The Administrator made visits to various parts of the Territory in both. islands during the year under review. Dr. L. C. McNickle, Director, Division of Hospitals, and Mr. C. Laurenson, Architect, both of the Health Department, Wellington, visited the Territory in February, 1945, with a view to preparing plans for a new hospital at Apia, Dr. C. E. Beeby, Director of Edueation, New Zealand, together with Mr, F. C. Renyard, Superviser of Technical Edueation, and Mr. T. A. Fletcher, Senior Inspector of Native Schools, paid a visit to the Territory in May, 1945 r to report on the Edueation system. Mr. H. E. Moston, Seeretary of Labour from New Zealand, visited the Territory in June, 1945, andi met the Fono of Fmpule on the sth, 6th, and 7th June for discussion of labour problems. Dr. M. H. Watt, C.8.E., Director-General of Health for New Zealand,-, and Dr. J. C. R. Buchanan, Inspeetor-General of Health for the South Pacific, together with Miss M. I. Lambie, Director, Division of Nursing, New Zealand, visited the Territory towards the end of June prior to the South Pacific Medical Conference at Suva, and reported on the medical services. H.M.S. " Terpsichore," a British destroyer, visited Apia from the 19th to22nd October, and H.M.S. " Euryalus," a British cruiser, from the 6th to Bth December. These were the first British warships to visit the Territory since prior to the war, and they received warm welcomes. The local people, both. European and Samoan, took a keen interest in entertaining the officers and men. U.S.S. " Vincennes," with Rear-Admiral Hendren, Commander for South Pacific, on board, made a visit to Apia from the 24th to 26th December. Lands and Suryey The amount of work completed is satisfactory, but a considerable number of surveys are still outstanding. As there is only one qualified surveyor, it is impossible to make much headway on other than urgent work. It is hoped to obtain an additional surveyor from New Zealand, when endeavours will be made to bring the arrears of work up to date, particularly the outstanding surveys for the Land and Titles Court, where a number of cases are awaiting survey. Postal and Radio Both these services are maintained in conformity with the standards of the Post and Telegraph Department of New Zealand, and technical officers are seconded to them from that Department, but executive and financial responsibility, as in all services, is that of the local Administration.

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The lesser volume of work at the radio station following the cessation of hostilities enabled two seconded officers to be returned to New Zealand without replacement. The radio out-stations situated at. Aleipata, Tuasivi, Fagamalo, and Sala'ilua have continued to give moderate service. A new station was opened at Sataua, in Savai'i, during the year. In May, 1945, an air-ground-air channel was opened from Apia Radio in connection * with the New Zealand - Samoa air service, In December the aeradio station services were transferred to a station sited at Faleolo Airport. A radio-telegraph channel is maintained between Faleolo and Apia on flight days. All point-to-point aeradio traffic continues to be handled by Apia Radio. Tests were commenced in January to investigate the possibility of a. radiotelephone channel to New Zealand, but these tests have been delayed by unstable ionospheric conditions, while the close proximity of the transmitting and receiving aerials at Apia Radio will permit of only a restricted service until the position in this respect is improved. An " air mail " rate of sd. for each | oz. was introduced from the Ist January, 1946, in respect of letter-mail carried by the New Zealand - Samoa air service. The reconstruction of the Apia telephone system was completed during the year.

The volume of business lias been well maintained, and in most cases the following- statistics of services performed show an increase:—

Staff Particulars given in the following table are as at 3 Ist March of each year:—

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— 1944-45. 1945-46. Value of money-orders issued £3,545 £3,646 Valne of money-orders paid £10,892 £7,510 Post Office Savings-bank withdrawals £66-, 513 £95,001 Post Office Savings-bank deposits £114,393 £103,748 Number of depositors as at 31st March 4,078 4,382 Amount held to their credit £251,207 £265,534 Number of Samoan depositors 3,055 3,311 Amount held to their credit £30,563 £32,096 Number of radio messages 11,983 13,141 Net receipts therefrom £3,684 £3,565

Services. j Europeans. Persons of part Samoan Blood. 1 Native Samoans. Elective Samoan Disfcrict. and Village Offieials. 1945. 1946. 1945. 1946. 1945. j 1946. 1945. 1946. Classified departmental staffs— Education Health Nati ve Affairs Police and Prisons .. Other services 9 18 3 7 34 Il 18 i 4 7 31 15 0 1 3 39 17 3 1 2 35 240 lt>i i ' S 218 187 16 57 34 244 | 262 Casual employees 71 3 71 3 60 40 58 43 508 209 512 247 244 | 262 Totals 74 74 100 101 717 759 244 1 262

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Yl. PUBLIC FINANCE The revenue and expenditure figures under departmental headings are shown below in comparison with the previous year:—

Revenue

Expenditure

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Head of Revenue. 1944-45. 1945-46. £ £ I. Education 459 3,733 II. Health 16,904 14,327 III. Justice 1,643 1,523 IV. Lands and Survey 919 445 V. Native 535 808 VI. Police and Prisons 3,474 3,756 VII. Postal and Radio 17,144 22,327 VIII. Public Works 7,654 10,205 IX. Treasury, Customs, &c. 232,301 230,275 281,033 287,399

Head of Expenditure. 1944-45. 1945-46. £ £ I. Public Debt 10,394 II. Administrator and Government House 3,130 3 ] 218 III. Education 15,921 21,656 IV. Health .. . • • • 36,036 50,699 V. Justice 2,630 3,387 VI. Lands and Survey 3,369 3,108 VII. Native 10,086 15,666 VIII. Police and Prisons 11,517 13,584 IX. Postal and Radio 18,767 19,492 X. Public Works 59,787 72,420 XI. Secretariat 8,082 14,315 XII. Treasury, Customs, &c. 46,591 17,624 226,310 235,169 Less recoveries, Public Trust and Labour .. 431 535 225,879 234,634

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A comparative statement of revenue 'and expenditure from 1925-26 is shown below: —■

* Including expenditure from loan moneys. t Includes -expenditure on extra police : £27,374 in 1928-29, £19,448 in 1929-30, £16,561 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32. The accumulated surplus at 31st March, 1946, wasCash . . . . • • • • • • 23,346 Investments in Sartioa . . . . • • • • 14,260 Investments in New Zealand .. .. • • 276,550 £314,156

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Year. Revenue obtained in the Territory. Expenditure of the Territory. Deficit or Surplus. Subsidy from New Zealand. Final Surplus or Deficit. £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 128,638 150,687* -17,049 21,400 + 4,351 1926-27 113,812 172,399* -27,898 20,000 - 7,898 1927-28 106,038 154,657* -37,383 20,000 -17,383 1928-29 121,904 162,904*f -35,925f 47,374f + 11,449 1929-30 131,416 150,728| — 19,312-f 39,448f +20,136 1930-31 130,385 140,288| - 9,903")" 21,000 + 11,097 1931-32 109,040 128,936| —19,896j — 19,896 1932-33 105,920 98,166 + 7,754 + 7,754 1933-34 90,613 89,955 -j- 658 + 658 1934-35 .. 78,808 76,505 + 2,303 + 2,303 1935-36 111,867 100,736 + 11,131 + 11,131 1936-37 117,909 116,613 + 1,296 + 1,296 1937-38 .. .. ... 139,450 139,070 + 380 + 380 1938-39 123,803 119,233 + 4,570 + 4,570 1939-40 131,416 135,648 - 4,232 — 4,232 1940-41 107,708 110,000 - 2,292 - 2,292 1941-42 100,883 101,492 - 609 - 609 1942-43 212,996 203,492 + 9,504 + 9,504 1943-44 278,092 227,220 +50,872 +50,872 1944-45 281,033 225,879 +55,154 +55,154 1945-46 287,399 234,634 +52,765 ' +52,765

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The following comparative table shows the total receipts each year r together with the expenditure on the main public services:—

Note.-—Expenditure on education and public health does not include expenditure on sehool and hospital buildings, which is included under the heading " Public Works." An amount of £25,000 of the loans and advances shown above was treated as a gift by the New Zealand Government (not in respect of any specific year).

CUSTOMS AND TREASURY REVENUE The following table shows net collections of revenue under various Treasury and Customs headings in comparison with the previous year:—

•In the years shortly f ollowing the establishment of the mandate Administration in 1920, New Zealand made free gifts for pnblie services amounting to £269,362, and in addition advanced £179,200 by way of loans. Since 1931 the Territory has been fully self-supporting; all loan

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Revenue from External Sources. Revenue Aniounts spent on from Internal Iiepavment Year. of Loans and Advances. Nonrecoverable Grants. Sources. Loans. Education Hative Affairs. PubliHealth. Public Works. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1920-21 .. 44,336 149,027 3,176 15,196 15,840 13,796' 1921-22 .. 49,229 16,000 119,569 5,237 17,232 22,690 15,418 1922-23 .. 20,777 16,000 115,250 6,846 15,481 25,715 12,549 1923-24 .. 5,658 24,000 109,917 6,556 15,856 23,995 21,191 1924-25 .. 19,140 111,774 7,609 16,170 24,425 24,737 1925-26 .. 5,000 21,400 128,638 9,131 16,740 25,761 26,555-1926-27 .. 31,000 20,000 113,812 9,688 15,927 25,911 20,016-1927-28 .. 16,500 20,000 106,038 10,222 15,788 25,597 16,842 1928-29 .. 25,700 47,374 121,904 8,000 7,738 12,278 24,367 13,606 1929-30 .. 39,448 131,416 6,955 9,882 18,016 17,005 1930-31 .. 21,000 130,385 7,439 9,698 18,224 15,726-1931-32 .. 6,000 109,040 6,000 6,794 8,465 17,824 15,797 1932-33 .. 105,920 26,155 5,459 6,965 21,819 11,908 1933-34 .. 90,613 3,000 5,097 7,010 17,150 10,632 1934r-35 .. 78,808 4,335 4,910 5,385 13,937 9,111 1935-36 .. 111,867 4,877 5,539 17,797 20,222' 1936-37 .. 117,909 9,770 5,619 6,810 19,636 23,030 1937-38 .. 139,450 9,745 7,539 7,820 22,579 31,436 1938-39 .. 123,803 4,855 8,553 8,433 25,904 25,556-1939-40 .. 131,416 5,130 9,526 8,928 29,147 29,757 1940-11 .. 107,708 5,370 9,954 10,121 27,815 14,795-1941-42 .. 100,883 5,625 9,381 8;517 26,844 11,937 1942-43 .. 212,996 10,890 9,657 ' 8,176 25,153 18,099-1943-44 .. 278,092 71,081 10,099 9,165 29,814 54,749-1944-15 .. 281,033 9,244 15,921 10,086 36,036 59,787 1945-46 .. 3*496 287,399 21,656 15,666 50,699 72,420 204,200 247,858 179,200 Grant in reduction 25,000 25,000 ofloan 179,200 272,858 1

— 1945. | 1946. £ £ Amount collected 232,301 230,275 In-crease Decrease 3 j 813 2 j 026

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indebtedness has been fully paid off, and surplus funds amonnting to £276,550 are invested in New Zealand Government stock; but during 1945-46 the sum of £3,496 was provided by the New Zealand Government as a free gift to cover the cost of scholarships for Samoan pupils in New Zealand schools and special education equipment. VII. DIRECT TAXES The principal direct taxes payable in the Territory are a graduated salary and store tax, a building-tax, and water rates.

A comparative statement of the principal direct taxes is shown below:—

lii addition to the above, there are the usual motor-registration and other similar fees. VIII. INDIRECT TAXES The prineipal indirect taxes of the Territory are Customs duties and other dues such as port and Customs service tax, shipping, pilotage, wharf r and port dues. Stamp duties are also collected in accordance with the provisions of the Stamp Duty Ordinanee 1932. IX. TRADE For thet first time in its history, Western Samoa in 1945 had a total of exports and imports exceeding in value a million pounds. The actual values were: imports, £398,760; exports, £630,446; a total of £1,029,206. The previous highest total trade was £947,740 in the year 1920. The values on both occasions were swollen by high post-war priees. Detailed tables of the trade of the past five years are given at the end of this report. X. JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION The Samoa Act, 1921, and the Native Land and Titles Protection Ordinanee 1934 prescribe the judieiary for the Territory. There are a Chief Judge, three Commissioners of the High Court, three Native Associate Judges, and fourteen District Native Judges. The three Native Associate Judges in the High Court have jurisdiction pursuant to section 67 of the Samoa Act, and are associated with the Chief Judge in weekly sittings of the High Court in Apia. They are also members of the Native Land and Titles Court. The District Native Judges hold Court in their districts as required.

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Amounts received. 1944-45. 1945-46. £ £ Store-tax 49,238 31,854 Salary-tax 3,207 3,410 Building-tax 2,755 2,709 Water rates 1,223 1,117

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Summary of High Court Actions

Proceedings of Native Land and Titles Court

No sitting was held in the year ended 31st March, 1945, owing to staff heling engaged, on other duties. XI. POLICE AND PRISONS The European strength as at 31st March, 1946, was eight, plus one aceounts clerk, a total of nine. The imiformed Samoan strength as at 31st March, 1946, was fifty-six, exclusive of one clerk and twelve messengers, of whom four are under the control of the Native Affairs Department.

Prisoners in Custody

XII. SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE NATIYE PEOPLE The census of 1945 disclosed a movement of population to the town area of Apia and its environs and to the already thickly populated north coast of Upolu. Many families establish homes close to or within Apia for the purpose of sending ehildren to Apia sehools, and it appears likely that this movement will continue. Current high prices for the Territory ? s product are enabling the Samoan people to find economic and soeial content in good retnms for their labour, of which by far the greatest part is on their own lands. It is an illustration of 'the satisfaetion which the Samoans find in their way of life to be able to record that, despite post-war unsettlement that is evident in various parts of the world, conditions at present among the people of Western Samoa are socially sound, eeonomieally prosperous, and politieally stable.

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— i 1945. | | 1946. 1 Civil judgments Civil actions struck out Divorces granted Criminal convictions Total fines 49 8 24 1,339 £1,152 42 9 21 1,187 £824 #

Year ended 31st March, 1944. 1946. Number of sittings Number of sitting-days Petitions dealt with Number of persons attending 2 26 18 751 2 69 56 2,403

— 1945. 1946. Total at beginning of year .. .. 123 80 Admissions 202 179 Discharges 245 148 Total at end of year 80 111

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XIII. LABOUR Employment for wages is not yet a natural form of Samoan life and is engaged in by only a small percentage of the people. The census of 1945 showed that, in addition to the people of nonSamoan status, 348 Samoans are employed on plantations and 1,529 others in other forms of employment. They are not held to contracts for any period of time or wages, but work as and when they wish. There are now only 294 Chinese remaining from those who were formerly introduced for plantation employment, and who in 1914 numbered 2,200. Of those who are still in Samoa, some 87 because of age are no longer engaged in active work. No Chinese labourers have been brought into Samoa since 1934. The only other labourers subject to definite terms of employment are 74 Melanesians who remain from those introduced by the German D.H. and P.GL Co. prior to 1914 and some '19 Niueans. XIV. FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE All Samoans profess Christianity, and religious observances are prominent in Samoan life. Article V of the Mandate is fully observed; there is complete freedom of conscience. Relations between the missions and the Administration have always been harmonious and marked by a full spirit of co-operation. A table published on page 23 shows the numbers of Samoan adherents to each of the Churches.

XY. EDUCATION The general scheme of progressive education is as follows:— Grade I schools (village pastor, or catechist schools operated by the missions)

Mission Schools As indicated in the table below, the five missions in Samoa have their own schools, ranging from small village schools to colleges. Grade I Schools, also styled pastors' or catechists' schools, are staffed by Samoan teachers appointed by the respective missions. Teachers are pastors or catechists, usually assisted by their wives. The children are given an lelementary course and are taught in the vernacular. Girls'' Resident Schools.—In these the aim is not a high academic level; girls are fitted for adult life by means of instruction in child welfare, housecraft, Samoan handwork, food-growing, and Christian ideals. Boys' Resident Schools.—These form two classes, professional and technical. Pastors and pastor-teachers are trained in the-former, while in the latter training is given in tropical agriculture in addition to technical subjects.

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Girls' Day Schools and Boys' Day Schools.—These are situated in the more populous areas. In addition to the usual subjects_, special attention is given to religious instruction, music, handicraft, and sewing.

The Grade.ll Administration Schools Founded in 1924, these are the backbone of the Samoan education system. All teachers and Inspectors are Samoans, trained at the Teachers' Training School at Apia. Instruction is in the vernacular, but English is taught as a subject. Emphasis is laid on health, agriculture, Samoan handicrafts, Samoan history, and Samoan customs. Grade II pupils pass to Grade 111 schools by means of competitive examinations. A general refresher course is held during the Christmas vacation, and sub-refresher courses in the various districts during the ordinary term holidays. The (trade 111 Administration Schools The two boys' schools are situated at Avele (Island of Upolu) and Vaipouli (Island of Savai'i) respectively, and the girls' school at Malifa, Apia (Upolu). Although for some years these schools were without European staff, it has now been found possible to appoint a full-time European Headmaster at Avele and a part-time teacher at the Girls' School. Instruction is in English, but due attention is also paid to the vernacular. Teachers are continuing the use of basic English, modified to suit local conditions. Vaipouli was opened in April, 1922, Avele in July, 1924, and the girls' school at Malifa in February, 1938. The cultivation of tropical foods and fruits, simple animal husbandry, Samoan handicrafts, Samoan history, customs, and forms of ceremonial address are emphasized, but, in addition, all subjects of an ordinary school curriculum are taught.

14

Missions. Pastor Schools. Boys' Colleges. Girls* Colleges. Student Colleges. Mixed Colleges. Boys' Day Schools. London Missionary Society Roman Catholic Methodist Latter Day Saints Seventh Day Adventist 182 91 83 16 7 1 2 3 1 11 1 1 1 1 1 5 4 379 <> 13 3 1 9 Missions. Girls' Day Schools. Pastor Teachers. European Teachers. Native Teachers. Pupils. London Missionary Society Roman Catholic Methodist Latter Day Saints Seventh Day Adventist 11 182 98 83 4 7 3 34 3 2 24 12 14 35 3 13,166 4,473 4,143 860 235 11 374 42 88 22,877

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Pupils from the Grade 111 schools later fill a variety of positions in the -community. Some become Native medical practitioners, nurses, and teachers, while others become pastors, traders, clerks, policemen, and radio operators. Teachers'' Training Schovl.— Opened in March, 1938, this is the only institution of its kind in the Territory. The course of training is two years, but this is extended to three in the case of those likely to develop into good Inspectors or Grade 111 teachers. One hundred and fifty-five teachers have graduated from the Training School since ite inception, and their absorption into the education system has resulted in a noticeable raising of the standard of Grade II schools. L& Ifi Ifi and Aleisa European Schools. —During the year a second European school was opened to cater for the sixty children living at the Aleisa Land Settlement, seven miles inland. Le Ifi Ifi School has almost six hundred pupils, the key positions in the •staff being filled by six qualified New Zealand teachers.

The state as at 31st March, 1946, of schools operated by the Administration -was as follows: —

Education is not compulsory in Samoa and there is no age limit. Apart from a small fee for board and lodging at the two boys' resident schools, education is free. Post-primary School. —Fourteen pupils attend this school, which has a syllabus based on those used in New Zealand high schools and technical schools, but modified to suit local conditions. Scholarships in New Zealand. —Two European boys, four Samoan girls, and, seven Samoan boys were granted scholarships in New Zealand at the beginning of the 1946 school year. The total number in New Zealand in this, the second year of the scheme, is now twenty-seven, being comprised of four European boys, seven Samoan girls, and sixteen Samoan boys. Three Samoan teachers are at present in New Zealand gaining experience in modern teaching practice. XVI. LIQUOR AND DRUGS (Information in the form recommended by the Permanent. Mandates Commission in the report of its Twenty-first Session) A. There were no changes in legislation or regulations issued during the year.

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Schools. Number. Roll Numbers. Staff. Grade II Grade III Teachers' Training School European schools Post-primary school 99 3 1 2 1 13,362 185 50 650 14 200 12 3 21 1 Samoan School Inspectors .Superintendent of Schools 106 • 14,261 237 8 1 106 14,261 246

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B. Judicial statistics showed, twenty persons arrested or summoned during 1945-46 for breaches of the laws and regulations relating to liquor. Nineteen were convicted. Figures for preceding years were:— Arrested 01' Summoned. Convicted. 1944-45 ... . . .. 60 58 1943-44 .. .. .. 193 181 1942-43 . . 180 168

C. Spirits and alcoholic beverages imported during the financial vear 1945-46 :

* The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted by the Customs Department in New Zealand. Analyses of samples of all brands of ale imported show percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1-51 to only 2-39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of " intoxicating beverages " as accepted by the Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the Tenth Session, page 182) and have accordingly been omitted from the return. For sacramental purposes, 8 gallons of wine; rectified spirits of wine for industrial purposes, 572 gallons. D. Production within the Territory is prohibited by law. Vj. Revenue derived from duties in importations, 1945-46: £ s- <5. Medicinal liquor (import duty, 171 per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, and 25 per cent, on British and other respectively; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) . . 1,894 12 10 Industrial liquor (import duty, per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, or 25 per cent,; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) . . . . .. .. .. Nil (Note. —No duty was payable under this head, as the rectified spirits of wine referred to in paragraph C were all imported by the Administration.) Sacramental liquor (free of import duty; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) .. .. 0 7 0 These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty on liquor, for the rate of duty is immaterial, having regard to the fact that all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. F. In view of the position explained in E, there are no other duties,, license fees, or taxes.

16

Nature of Liquor. Average Approximate Percentage Alcohol by Weight.* Quantity imported, l!)i:>-46. Quantities issued under Medical Permits, 1945-46. Countries of Origin. Spirituous liquors— Gallons. Gallons. Whisky 38-5 to 510 1,320 1,238 United Kingdom, Canada, United States of America, Australia. Brandy 38-5 to 49-3 90 89 France, Australia. Gin 40-6 380 166 United Kingdom, Australia. Jamaica, Australia. Rum 40-0 to 47-0 54 Alcoholic beverages— Port, sauterne, sherry, 12-0 to 17-8 530 743 Australia, France. and champagne Vermouth 5-5 to 10-0 , 109 81 France, Italy, Australia. Stout 5*5 288 172 Australia.

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G-. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native ceremonial drink, kava, if allowed to stand does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes stale and unpalatable. It is not consumed in sufficient strength or quantity to have any toxic effects. H. General information with regard to liquor in addition to the above was given in the eighth report, 1928. During the year under review there were no offences reported under the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order 1930. XVII. MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Staff The staff consists of the Chief Medical Officer and 2 other European medical officers, 22 Native medical practitioners, 1 European dental officer, 5 Native dental officers, 1 European dispenser, 1 qualified bacteriologist of partSamoan descent, and a nursing staff of a Matron, an Assistant Matron, 9 European Sisters, 118 Native nurses and trainees, and 45 miscellaneous. The complete health staff embraces 17 Europeans, 3 part-Europeans, and 18T Samoans. In addition, there are 6 trainees at the Central Medical School, Suva, taking the Native medical practitioners 7 course. Of the 22 Native medical practitioners, 3 are employed at the Apia Hospital, 2 in the Apia district, 13 at out-stations, 2 on relieving duties, 1 at Niue, and 1 in the Tokelau Islands. E STABLISHMENT Apia Hospital consists of a European hospital, Samoan hospital including a number of fales, Chinese ward, dispensary and out-patients department, laboratory and x-ray department, office, laundry, and store-room.

Hospital and Dispensary Statistics

2—A 4

17

— 1941. 1942; 1943. 1944. 1945, Admissions to hospitals— Apia Hospital— Europeans 4Q6 531 711 596 632 Samoans 935 1,139 1,694 1,063 910 Chinese 109 102 142 93 86 Melanesians 9 5 6 55 7 Tokelaus and Niueans 79 31 1,459 1,777 2,632 1,807 1,666 Tuasivi Hospital (Samoans) 118 88 240 147 100 Aleipata Hospital (Samoans) 185 220 243 187 151 Fagamalo Hospital (Samoans) 127 193 246 161 141 Sataua Hospital (Samoans) 58 106 114 112 99 Mulifanua Hospital (Samoans) 170 230 115 75 Poutasi Hospital (Samoans) i62 164 287 231 238 Leulumoega Hospital (Samoans) 14 10 208 Sa'anapu Hospital (Samoans) 185 153 "ii9 io5 41 Fagaloa Hospital (Samoans) 125 151 288 188 83. Sala'ilua Hospital (Samoans) 167 214 129 94 104 Satupa'itea Hospital (Samoans) 115 75 70 59' Safotu Hospital (Samoans) .. 141 317 208 259 182 Lufilufi Hospital (Samoans) .. 62 207 Total in-patients 2,741 3,678 4,811 3,538 3,354 Out-patients, hospitals and dispensaries 76,705 74,111 57,303 69,939 77,214 Totals 79,446 77,789 62,114 73,477 80,568 Deaths in hospitals 120 177 227 158 153

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In addition to the above, the following statistics of work carried out by the medical staff during 1945 will be of interest:— Visits by medical officers and Native medical practitioners . . . . . . .. 11,830 Hook-worm treatment . . . . .. . . 15,830 OperationsApia— Major . . . . . . . . 182 Minor .. . . . . ... 591 Out stations— Major . . . . . . . . 186 Minor .. .. .. .. 2,640 N.A.B. injections .. .. . . .. 10,238 Inductothermy treatment . . .. . . 327 Laboratory examinations . . . . . . 3,299 X-rays .. .. .. .. r . 819

Infectious Diseases reported

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— 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Meningitis, meningococcal 11 273 105 25 Meningitis, pneumonoccal 12 7 1 Tuberculosis 142 94 91 98 io3 Typhoid fever 178 134 178 57 130 Paratyphoid fever 6 3 Malignant jaundice 45 38 30 39 48 Catarrhal jaundice 18 19 30 51 64 Pneumonia 210 624 1,472 425 1 .184 "Chicken-pox 37 10 18 4 19 "Gonorrhoea 4 23 41 , 17 21 Dengue fever 2 1. } 120 Tetanus 4 7 5 2 1 Puerperal fever Gas gangrene 18 17 33 19 9 1 1 1 Lobar pneumonia 1 Broncho-pneumonia 13 Puerperal sepsis 2 ' Leprosy 2 8 6 5 10 Tubercular disease of bone 1 Tubercular glands 1 Measles 3 Dysentery (Flexner Y) 2 10 1 Whooping-cough 6 42 Conjunctivitis 1 Erysipelas .. 4 • * Septicaemia 1 Rubella 40 . Gastro-enteritis 2 Enteric fever 5 3 Morbilli 1 Infantile paralysis 1 Influenza 72 Bronchitis 3 'Tonsilitis 1 Pleurisy 2 T.B. meningitis ! 1 No unusual epidemics occurred during the year.

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Dental Clinic The staff consists of 1 European dental officer and 5 Native dental officers. The European dental officer has general supervision and direction of the Native dental officers, and is also responsible for training of cadets. The three cadets referred to in the previous report qualified during the year; the two Niueans returned to Niue, and the Samoan officer assumed the duties of a dental officer at the Apia Clinic. The European dental officer undertakes operative and surgical work of all types, having the right of _ private practice among the Euronean community, but the service to Samoans is free. Besides undertaking preventive treatment, the Native dental officers undertake extractions and scalings and surgical attention for Samoan children and adults and for all Samoan in-patients at the hospital. The Native dental officers also pay regular visits to the outlying districts of Upolu and Savai'i.

Infant Mortality Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages

The infant-mortality rate has shown a further drop to the lowest figure yet recorded—viz., 53-8 per 1,000 births. A table setting ont the rate of deaths under one year per 1,000 registered births during the last twenty years is set out below: — 1926 .. 106 1933 .. .. 114 1940 .. .. 73-80 1927 .. 101 1934.. .. 104-8 1941 .. ..69-59 1928 58 1935 .. .. 97-0 1942 .. .. 72-69 1929 .. 70 1936 .. .. 291-77* 1943 .. .. 124-42 1930 .. 61 1937 .. .. 89-30 1944 .. .. 75-8 1931 .. .. HI 1938 .. .. 73-79 1945 .. .. 53-8 1932 .. .. 121 I 1939 .. .. 83-56 * Due to epidemics of whooping-cough and measles; see report for 193(5-37, page 22. XVIII. LAND TENURE Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally—(ft) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate in fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates) 103,630 acres; or

19

Number of Deaths. Percentage of Total Deaths. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. | 1945. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Under 1 week 31 28 35 23 12 4-16 4-32 2-73 3-56 2-35 1 week to 1 month 19 10 19 Hi 4 2-55 1-54 1-49 1-70 0-77 1 month to 3 months 19 11 43 22i 17 2-55 1-71 3-36 3-39 3-33 3 months to 6 months 24 31 55 22 11 3-22 4-79 4-30 3-39 215 6 months to 12 months 61 64 143 86 65 8-19 9-89 11-18 13-32 12-72 1 year to 2 years 2 years to 3 years 3 years to 4 years 4 years to 5 years 5 years to 10 years Over 10 years 97 68 173 711 70 13 02 10-52 13-53 10-98 13-70 43 38 67 18| 24 5-77 5-86 5-24 2-78 4-70 21 26 47 19 16 2-82 4-02 3-67 2-93 313 19 9 19 9 5 2-55 1-39 1-49 1-38 0-98 55 37 74 481 31 7-38 5-72 5-79 7-42 6-07 356 325 (504 318' 256 47-79 50-24 47-22 49-15 50-10 Totals 745 ! 647 1,279 647: ! 511 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

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(&) European land, being land held from the Crown for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres; or (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown as trustee, but held by Samoans by Native title and not by grant from the Crown, of which there are 581,370 acres. " Native title " means title to land, in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. Titles to Crown lancj, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered by the Administration. The Native Land and Titles Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes; affecting Native land,. XIX. AGRICULTURE Agricultural services consist of — (a) Inspection of all produce for export in order to maintain good marketable standards, and of lands near the port of Apia, principally to check the breeding of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes 7iasiconvis), pest of the coconut trees, which was introduced during the period of 'German administration. These services are under European supervision. (5) Fourteen Samoan Plantation Inspectors, who are elected .as part of the system of Samoan elective officials, and whose duty it is to encourage care of Samoan cultivations and new plantings. As a result of the visit to Zanzibar in 1945 of Mr. 11. W. Simmonds, 0.8. E., formerly Government Entomologist in Fiji, to collect numbers of the scoliid wasp, Scolia rufworms, for transportation to Samoa in the hope that they may become established as a natural enemy of the rhinoceros beetle, some eight consignments comprising twenty-five containers of wasps were. received by air. Although some 159 of the wasps were found to be dead on arrival, a total of 465 took flight when released at Mulifanua. Shortly after release, two reports were received of these wasps having been seen, but although search has been made, no further trace of them has been found. Search is being continued in hope of discovering that some, at least, have managed to establish themselves.

XX. POPULATION A census of the population of the Territory was taken at midnight on the 25th September, 1945, and the figures disclosed were as follows:

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Totals, Designation. Male. Female. 25th Sept., 1945. Europeans 207 152 359 Part-Europeans 2,694 2,346 5,040 Native Samoans 31,834 30,588 62,422 Chinese labourers 294 294 Other Chinese 4 3 7 Melanesians 74 1 75 Totals 35,107 33,090 68,197

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Based on this census figure, statistics for the period 26th September, 1945, to 31st March, 1946, show the following population as at 31st March, 1946:

The full figures of births and deaths, arrivals and departures, for the year ended 31st March, 1946, are as under:—

Alterations in population since April, 192-1, the date of the first census taken by the New Zealand Administration, are shown hereunder:—

3—A 4

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Designation. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. As at 31st March 1946. M. F, M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Totals. Europeans 1 1 1 83 52 73 54 217 149 366 Part-Europeans 40 32 2 5 142 143 162 183 2,712 2,333 5,045 Native Samoans 595 496 127 100 753 469 745 520 32,310 30,933 63,243 Chinese labourers 294 294 Other Chinese 4 3 7 Melanesians 74 1 75 Totals 636 528 130 106 978 664 980 757 35,611 33,419 69,030

Designation. Births. Deaths Arrivals. Departures. M. F. M. P. M. P. M. P. Europeans Part-Europeans Native Samoans Chinese labourers Other Chinese Melanesians 4 OS 1,114 1 68 944 2 6 291 4 1 10* 214 126 233 1,536 1 78 260 1,114 1 106 258 1,418 77 324 1,084 Totals 1,186 <- • 1 ,013 303 225 1,896 1,453 1,782 1,485 2,199 528 3,349 3,267

Designation. As at 17th April, 1921 As at 31st March, 1946. Total Increase or Decrease. Europeans and persons of part-Samoan blood Native Sanioans Chinese labourers Melanesian labourers * Other Chinese 2,006 33,336 1,290 465 5,411 63,243 294 75 , 7 + 3,345 +29,907 - 996 - 390 + 7 Totals 37,157 69,030 +31,873 * Not shown separately in 1921 census.

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Census, 1945, taken on 25th September, 1945 Statistics of the Native population— i.e., persons having legal status as Pacific Islanders (but not including Chinese and Melanesian contract labourers) ■ —are as follows: (1) Aye Groups Matai (heads of families ranking as chiefs or orators, usually over thirty-five years of age) .. ..' .. 3,497 Taulele'a (untitled men, of any age, over fourteen years) 12,989 Tamaiti (boys two to fourteen years of age) .. .. 12,936 Tama meamea (infant boys under two years) .. .. 2,412 Total males * . . . . .. . . ■ 31,834 Fafine (all women who have been married, and all other women over twenty-five years of age) . . . . 12,398 Teine muli (unmarried females fifteen to- twentv-five years of age) . . . . . . .. . . 4,988 Teine iti (girls two to fourteen years of age) . . . . 10,993 Teine meamea (infant girls under two years) . . . . 2,209 Total females . . . . .. . . -30,588 Total of Samoan population, 25th September, 1945 .. .. .. .. 62,422 (2) Distribution- of Population Districts of Upolu— Vaimauga . . .. . . .. .. .. 9,023 Faleata .. .. . . . . . . . . 4,875 Sagaga and Leauva'a . . .. .. .. 5,218 A'ana North . . . . . . . . . . 5,467 Falelatai and Samatau . . . . . . . . 1,484 Lefaga and Sale'aula . . . . . ; . . 1,696 Tuamasaga South . . . . . . . . . . 2,712 Falealili .. . . . . . . . . . . 2,185 Lepa and Lotofaga . . . . ... 1,495 Aleipata . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,444 Va'a-o-Fonoti .. . . . . .. . . 1,340 Anoama'a .. . . . . . . . . 4,133 Aiga-i-le-tai (Upolu portion) .. .. .. .. 692 Total, Island of Upolu . . . . . . 42,764 District of Aiga-i-le-tai (see also Upolu) Island of Manono . . . . . . . . .. 800 Island of Apolima .. .. .. .. .. 204 Districts of Savai'i — Fa'asaleleaga . . . . . . .. .. 5,409 Gaga'emauga .. .. .. . . .. 2,145 Gagaifomauga .. . . . . . . .. 2,759 Vaisigano . . . . . . . . .. . . 1,461 Falealupo . . . . . . . . .. . . 510 Alataua i Sisifo . . .. . . . . . . 842 Salega . . . . .. . . . . ~ . 1,152 Palauli "West .. .. . . .. .. 1,323 Satupa'itea . . . . . . . . .. '852 Palauli East .. .. . . . . ~ 1,295 Palauli (Falefa) .. . . .. .. ~ '906 Total, Island of Savai'i ~ ~ ~ 75 ? 654

22

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(3) Racial Groups (In the case of mixed Polynesian parentage, the race shown is that of the father) Samoans . . . . • • 61,867 Niueans .. ■ • • • 151 Tongans . . . . . . 69 Fijians . . • • • • 32 Tokelau Islanders . . . - 153 Wallis Islanders . . - . 13 Rotuma . . . . • • 5 Futuna .. • • • • -2 Ellice Islanders . . . . 72 Gilbert Islanders . . . . 6 Other islanders . . .. 52 Totals .. .. 62,422

(4) Religious Denominations and Education

(5) Employment and Extra-village Domicile (a) Samoans in employment (indicates Samoans who undertake employment as a means of" livelihood; does not include pastors or catechists, Native house or boat builders, or Government representatives styled as part-time officials) :

(6-) Samoans living on European properties (includes Samoan wives and other relatives of Europeans or of persons of part-Samoan blood haying status as Europeans, also employees resident on plantations, vessels, and in trading stores and other properties; does not include institutions such as schools, prisons, or hospitals) :

Upolu, Denomination. Manono, and Apolima. Savai'i. Totals. London Missionary Society 26,204 10,457 36,661 Roman Catholic 9,475 2,311 11,786 Methodist 5,461 5,119 10,580 Latter-day Saints (Mormon) 1,663 674 2,337 Seventh-day Adventist 462 43 505 E.F.I.S. (Samoan Congregational Church) 498 50 548 Church of England 4 4 Presbyterian 1 1 43,768 18,654 62,422 Number of children shown as attending 15,672 6,424 22,096 schools

— Males. Females. Total. On European or New Zealand Reparation Estates plantations Other employment for remuneration .. 203 1,164 145 365 348 1,529 1,367 510 1,877

— Males. Females. Totals. Upolu, Manono, and Apolima.. Savai'i 1,840 64 1,893 143 3,733 207 1,904 2,036 3,940

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European Population Age Groups

Racial Groups Full European . . . . . . . . 359 Of mixed descent — Chinese-Samoan . . . . ". .' . . 806 European-Samoan . . . . . . . . 4,171 European-Chinese . . . . .'. . . 27 European-Tongan . . . . . . 15 European-Ellice Islander . . :. . . 4 European-Fijian . . . . . . 3 European-Tokelau . . . . ..... 8 European-Niuean . . . . . , 1 European-Gilbertese . . ... 2 Chinese-Tongan . . . . . . . . 3 5,399 Religions Church of England . . . . . . 249 Roman Catholic . . . . . . . . 1,995 London Missionary Society . . . . . . 1,515 Methodist :. . . . . . . . . 381 Latter-day Saints . . . . . . 523 Seventh-day Adventists . . . . . . . . 126 Presbyterians . . . . . . . . . . 54 Congregational . . . . . . . . . . 59 Lutheran . . . . . . ..,,-. . . 34 Jewish . . . . . . . . .. 3 Baptist .. . . . . .. .. 2 Quaker . . . . . . . . .. 1 Salvation Army . . . . . . . . 1 Agnostics . ■ ■ • ■ . . • . . 2 No religion . . . . . . . . 2 Free-thinker . . . . . . . . . . 1 Atheist . . . . . . . ■ . . 1 Protestants . . . . . . . ■ . . 17 Not stated . . .. .. .. 433 5,399 Of the European population, 5,040 are resident in the Island of Upolu and 359 on the Island of Savafi.

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— Males. Females. 0 to 5 years 774 654 (5 to 15 years 724 712 16 to 20 years 287 302 21 years and over 1,116 830 2,901 2,498

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Marital Status

Country of Birth Western Samoa . . . . 4.874 | Spain . . . . . . 1 Eastern Samoa ... . . 72 Austria . . . . . . 4 New Zealand .. .. 155 Karotonga .. 2 Australia . . ... . . 42 Gilbert Islands .. .". 3 England . . . . . . 22 Denmark .'. . . . . 2 Scotland . . . . . . 12 France . . . . .". 17 Ireland .. . . . . 2 Hawaii . . . . . . 2 Canada . . • . . ■ . . 5 Sofia Island . . . . 1 India . . . . . . 2 United States of America . . 13 Tasmania . . . . . . 2 Germany . . . . 29 Fiji . . . . . . 54 Tokelau Islands . . . . 20 Tonga . . . . . . 30 Jamaica . . . . . . 1 Wallis Island . . . . 4 Ellice Islands . . . . 4 New Caledonia . . . . i Sydney Island . . . . 1 Fanning Island . . . . 7 New Hebrides .. . . 1 Belgium . . . . . . 2 Russia . . . . . . 1 Sweden . . . . ... 7 Finland . . . . . . 2 Holland .. .. .. ■ 2 5,31)9 An item of interest is the number of members of families of mixed blood in the Territory and representing the survivors of from three to four generations residence in Samoa, as follows: Stowers, 172; Hunt, 89; Fruean, 81; Betham, 70; Seanlon, 67; Orichton, 65; Schuster, 62; Meredith, 61; Williams, 61; Pereira, 59; Wilson, 58; Smith, 51; Fido, 46; Godinet, 44; Schwalger, 42; Stehlin, 41; Schwenke, 40; Laban, 39; Bartlev, 39 ; Pritchard, 38; Skelton, 34; Ulberg, 34. Twelve other families range between 20 and 29 members. XXI. PUBLIC WOBKS During the year under review activities under the following heads were carried out:— Rouds'. —Permanent surfacing and sealing of the road between Apia and the airstrip was completed. Widening of Vailima Eoad was commenced. Due to an abnormally wet " dry " season, all metalled roads required constant attention. Bridges. —Scarcity of materials permitted little more than the bare minimum of maintenance and repair works; timber for bridge-decking repairs particularly was extremely difficult to obtain. In Savai'i two new bridges were built and an extra span added to a third; the timber used was Samoan hardwoods obtained on the spot.

25

— Males. Females. Totals. Married . . 661 615 1,276 Widowed 16 69 85 Divorced 11 15 26 Separated . . 16 19 35 ' Single 2,197 1,780 3,977 2,901 2,498 5,399

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activities were considerably restricted through shortage of materials, the main works carried out being the construction of a new strongroom for the Administration Office, a new pantry, a new isolation fale, a new dispensary for the Health Department, and a new kitchen for an official residence! The usual maintenance and repairs programme was continued to the extent of the materials available. Waterworks. —All pipes for a new supply for Apia from the Fuluasou River have been laid in line and a distance of a mile and a third has been connected. The Aleisa water-supply is nearing completion. In Savai'i three concrete water-tanks of 5,000 gallons capacity each have been erected and eight pools blasted and concretedSea Wails. —Five chains of sea wall have been built between Sogi and Mulinu'u to check erosion. A stone groin 66 ft. long has been constructed near the Customhouse at Apia in an endeavour to prevent silting in the wharf basin. Electrical BmneJi. —A major breakdown of the Diesel engine which supplies auxiliary power, for Apia occurred on 11th January. The engine remained out of action for two months before repairs could be effected.

XXII. CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR APIA

Averages Total rainfall .. .. .. 112-39 in. (54 years). Mean daily maximum temperature .. 84-7° f. (44 years). Mean daily minimum temperature .. 73-82° f. (44 years).

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— 1944. 1945. Total rainfall 108-39 in. 127-46 in. Number of rain days 198 228 Maximum daily fall 5-23 in. 4-30 m. Date 5th September 15th March Extreme maximum 90-l°F. 89-6°F. Date .. 19th January 6th April Extreme minimum 68-2°*\ 68-0°f. Date 10th, 23rd July 16th August Mean daily maximum 85-0°f. 85-31°f. Mean daily minimum 74-7°f. 74-8°f.

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APPENDIX Statistics of Trade

Quantities and Values of Principal Exports

Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, not given ; printing (918 copies, including graph), £llO

By Authority: E, V, Paul, Government Printer, Wellington.—l 946,

Price, 9d.]

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— 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Import Values £ £ £ £ £ New Zealand 54,609 145,147 234.002 183,281 151,345 Australia 34,068 38,993 80,588 64,968 80,677 United Kingdom 10,499 16,375 27,027 48,553 56,736 Canada 3,632 1,790 5,899 12,391 18,979 Fiji ,5,880 10,225 4,644 17,050 14,924 India 2,015 9,723 4,813 4,958 5,679 United States of America 25,616 73,698 243,850 122,227 63,140 Other 18,016 3,713 5,088 7,336 7,280 Totals 154,335 299,664 605,911 460,764 398,760 Export Values New Zealand 151,188 177,099 124,467 100,914 164,699 Australia 19,783 21,348 304 38,245 4 376 United Kingdom Canada 8^119 33,815 Fiji 642 India United States of America 38,272 146^436 148j 378 242]188 46l" 371 Other 24,877 6,711 5,064 9,970 Totals 242,881 385,409 278,213 391,317 630,446

— 1941. 1942. 1943. Tons. £ Tons. £ Tons. £ Copra 8,678 54,222 11,140 215,778 ■ 7,268 146,728 Cocoa beans 1,679 Cases. 76,114 1,753 Cases. 122,596 1,131 Cases. 83,655 Bananas 177,416 Tons. 89,252 79,897 Tons. 25,343 64,373 Tons. 17,702 Rubber 75 10,887 \ 81 14,096 79 16,674 Desiccated coconut Nil. Nil. 96 8,686 — 1944. 1945. Tons. £ Tons. £ Copra 10,645 217,545 15,057 339,842 Cocoa beans. 1,379 Cases. 111,278 1,965 Cases. 175,451 Bananas 32,486 Tons. 12,136 109,838 Tons. 67,472 Rubber 68 15,102 65 14,644 Desiccated coconut 297 23,753 376 30,114

WESTERN SAMOA: ADMINISTRATION FINANCES