MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-SECOND REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, COVERING THE FOUR YEARS FROM 1st APRIL, 1941, TO 31st MARCH, 1945 [In continuation of parliamentary paper A.-4, 1941]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1945 Session I, A-04

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1945 NEW ZEALAND

MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA TWENTY-SECOND REPORT ON THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE MANDATED TERRITORY OF WESTERN SAMOA, COVERING THE FOUR YEARS FROM 1st APRIL, 1941, TO 31st MARCH, 1945 [In continuation of parliamentary paper A.-4, 1941]

Presented to loth Houses of the General Assembly by Leave

Department of Island Territories, Wellington, 3rd August, 1945. Sir, — I have the honour to submit herewith the twenty-second report of the Administration of the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa covering the four years from the Ist April, 1941, to 31st March, 1945. I have the honour to be Sir, Your obedient servant, C. G. R. McKay, Secretary. The Right Hon. P. Fraser, Minister of Island Territories.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE I. —Introductory .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 ll.—Status of the Territory .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 lll.—Status of the Population .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 IV. —International Relations .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 V.—General Administration .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 VI. —Public Finance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 VII. —Direct Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Vlll.—lndirect Taxes .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 IX.—Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,16 X.—Judicial Organization .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Xl.—Polioe and Prisons .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 XII. —Social Condition of the Natives .. .. .. .. .. 8 XIII. —Labour .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 XlV.—Freedom of Conscience .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 XV. —Education .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 XVl.—Liquor and Drugs .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 XVII. —Medical and Public Health .. .. .. .. .. II XVIII.—Land Tenure .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 XIX. —Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 XX. —Population .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,17 XXI— Public Works .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 XXII. —Climatological Data .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 Appendices: — Statistics of Trade .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 16 Chart, Increase in Native Population .. ~ ~ ~ .. .. 17

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I.—INTRODUCTORY Owing to the exigencies of war, there has been no report on Western Samoa since the report for the year ended 31st March, 194-1. This report is in respect of the four years ended 31st March, 1945. Western Samoa is comprised of two large islands, Upolu and Savai'i, and the small islands of Manono, Apolima, Fanuatapu, Namua, Nu'utele, Nu'ulua, and Nu'usafe'e. The group is contained within latitudes 13 degrees to 15 degrees south and longitudes 171 degrees to 173 degrees west. Upolu and Savai'i are 45 miles and 46 miles long respectively, and are separated by a strait, 10J miles wide, in which are situated Manono and Apolima Islets ; the remainder of the islets are not inhabited ; they are within or near the fringing reef surrounding Upolu. The islands of the group have a total area of 1,133 square miles and are mountainous in character, rising to elevations of 6,094 ft. in Savai'i and 3,608 ft. in Upolu. The large majority of Samoans live in coastal villages, there being only 11 inland villages out of a total of 192 in the whole Territory. The climate is mild and equable, the average temperature during the last thirty years being 79-30 degrees Fahrenheit, and the average annual rainfall for the same period 115-55 in. The Samoan population as at the 31st March, 1945, was 62,803 and the non-Samoan population 3,958 ; total, 66,761. lI.—STATUS OF THE TERRITORY The Territory is administered pursuant to a mandate conferred upon His Britannic Majesty, to be exercised on his behalf by the Government of the Dominion of New Zealand, and confirmed by the Council of the League of Nations on the 17th December, 1920. lII.—STATUS OF THE POPULATION The Native people of Western Samoa are described in documents of travel as " British-protected persons, Natives of the Mandated Territory of Western Samoa." The provisions of the British Nationality and Status of Aliens (in New Zealand) Act, 1928, allow individual inhabitants of the Territory voluntarily to obtain British naturalization. Certificates of naturalization have been granted to 43 Native Samoans and to 65 Europeans, including children in both cases. The law of the Territory provides generally that all persons of one-quarter or more non-Polynesian blood have the racial status of Europeans, but changes may bo made voluntarily by registration. By the Samoa Registration of Europeans Regulations 1920, any person of less than full Samoan blood may be granted the status of a European ; and the Samoan Status Ordinance 1934 makes provision whereby a person of European status of not less than half-Samoan blood may be granted Samoan status. A total of 526 part-Samoans of Samoan status have been registered as Europeans, and 21 part-Samoans of European status have become Samoans in terms of these enactments. IV.—INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (a) International Conventions A list of the general international conventions and bilateral agreements applicable to Samoa appeared in the report for 1938-39, pages 3 and 4. Further additions and deletions were listed in the 1939-40 report, page 2, and the 1940-41 report, page 2. There were no later changes in the* period to 31st March, 1945. (b) Economic Equality Protection is afforded to Native Samoans in the legal inalienability of Native land, but otherwise there are no derogations from the principle of economic equality as regards concessions or direct or indirect taxation. The question of mining rights does not apply. There is a preference in Customs ad valorem import duties of 11 per cent, in favour of British goods, but no restrictions as regards countries of origin of goods imported. Since March, 1944, a system of import licensing has been in operation, more particularly to ensure supply of essential goods from exporting countries. There is no impairment of the authority of the local Administration to permit such imports from any country from which they may bo available. V.—GENERAL ADMINISTRATION The executive government of Western Samoa is vested in His Majesty the King pursuant to a mandate confirmed by the League of Nations. The Administrator is charged with the administration of the Territory, subject to the control of the Minister of Island Territories for New Zealand. The laws of the Territory are made by Act of the New Zealand Parliament or regulations issued thereunder, or by Ordinance passed by the local Legislative Council, which as at present constituted consists of the Administrator, six official members, two unofficial members elected by the adult European community, and four Samoan members who in practice are nominated by the Fono of Faipule. The following legislative measures have been enacted since the last report: — In New ZealandIsland Territories Act, 1943. Statutes Amendment Act, 1944, sections 56 to 59. The Samoa Demonetization of Stamps Regulations 1941. The Samoa Quarantine Amendment Order 1941 (Serial number 1941/200). The Samoa Immigration Amendment Order 1941 (Serial number 1941/201). The Samoa Emergency Regulations 1942 (Serial number 1942/99). The Samoa Crown Lands Revesting Order 1942 (Serial number 1942/151). The Dependency Emergency Regulations (No. 2) 1939, Amendment No. 5 (Serial number 1942/274). The United States Forces Emergency Regulations 1943 (Serial number 1943/56). The Samoa Methodist Lands Order 1943. The Samoa Import Control Regulations 1944 (Serial number 1944/21). The Samoa Finance Emergency Regulations 1944 (Serial number 1944/22). Samoa Land Emergency Regulations 1944 (Serial number 1944/186).

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In Samoa— No. 2/1941 : The Road Closing Ordinance. No. 3/1941 : The Samoan Status Amendment Ordinance. No. 1/1942 : The Road Closing Ordinance. No. 2/1942 : The General Laws Amendment Ordinance. No. 1/1944 : The Revenue Amendment Ordinance. No. 2/1944 : The Asaga Road Closing Ordinance. No. 3/1944 : The General Laws Amendment Ordinance. The Governor-General of New Zealand by Warrant dated 22nd February, 1943, appointed Mr. A. C. Turnbull to be Administrator of the Territory, effective as on 19th February, 1943. Mr. Turnbull had been Acting-Administrator since 1935. An event of the first importance was the arrival, commencing in March, 1942, of United States Forces in considerable strength. An agreement had previously been concluded between the local United States officers and New Zealand representatives whereby the conduct of the Civil administration and the maintenance of internal order continued to be the responsibility of the Administration and the defence of the Territory was undertaken by the United States Forces. The construction of an adequate airport was immediately commenced by the United States Command. This project called for the removal and establishment elsewhere of two Samoan villages of one thousand two hundred inhabitants, all of which was accomplished with prior agreement of those concerned. Suitable land was made available in exchange, and compensation awarded in cash where required to meet other losses. All such land and compensation were provided by the New Zealand Government. The presence of large numbers of troops, the remunerative employment that was available, and the large amount of extra money circulating had an immediate effect on the economy of the Territory. The great bulk of the American Forces have now moved to forward areas, and conditions have reverted to normal. An election for European members of the Legislative Council was held in November, 1941, and resulted in the re -election of the Hon. 0. F. Nelson and the election of the Hon. A. Stowers. The death in February, 1944, of the Hon. 0. F. Nelson, who served on the Legislative Council for over eight years, is recorded with regret. The late Mr. Nelson was an outstanding leader of the Samoan people. The next election, in. November, 1944, resulted in the re-election of the Hon. A. Stowers and the election of the Hon. A. G. Smyth, who had been an elected member of the Council during the 1935-38 term. The death is also regretfully recorded of the Hon. Alipia, Samoan member of the Legislative Council, in January, 1943. The nomination of the Hon. Tualaulelei in his stead was submitted by the Fono of Faipule and adopted by Government. The Legislative Council, the Finance Committee (referred to in the 1936-37 report), and the Fono of Faipule have met regularly since submission of the last report. On expiry of the three years' term of office of members of the Fono of Faipule in 1942, the Administrator received nominations from constituencies and confirmed such submissions of members of the new Fono of Faipule, as provided in the Faipule Election Ordinance (No. 1/1939). Cocoa and Copra Following the entry into the war of the United States of America, the prices for cocoa beans and copra rose considerably. Since July, 1942, the total production of copra has been purchased by the British Ministry of Food at a reasonable price, and appropriate prices to be paid by merchants to producers have been fixed by the Administration. In 1942 the Food Controller purchased the cocoa-bean crop for the year at satisfactory prices and the Administration fixed the prices payable to producers. Since January, 1943, merchants have negotiated their own sales of cocoa beans at increased prices, and the Administration continues to watch the interests of producers. Pbice Control It has been the general policy of the Price Tribunal to control prices of foodstuffs and other essential commodities such as petrol, kerosene, and building-material so that the profit is limited to the amount of the monetary margin of profit obtaining at the 3rd September, 1939, on the same or similar goods. In the past four years 224 Price Orders covering 1,016 lines of goods have been issued. In February, 1943, all goods not covered by specific Price Orders were brought under control by the issue of a Price Order which fixed the selling-prices of these goods at landed cost plus 30 per cent, in Apia or landed cost plus 40 per cent, in out-districts. Generally the prices fixed have been observed by the trading community, but prosecutions for overcharging were taken in 90 cases and convictions obtained in 78 instances. No special staff has been provided to implement the policy of price control, which has nevertheless been reasonably successful in retarding the rise in the cost of living, despite the many opportunities for profiteering which existed during the period when a large body of troops were stationed in the Territory and when consumer goods wore in short supply.

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Visits His Excellency the Governor-General, Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Cyril Newall, G.C.8., 0.M., G.C.M.G., C.8.E., A.M., visited the Territory in June, 1942. Official visits again took place in September, 1943, and June, 1944, His Excellency being accompanied on the latter occasion by Lady Newall and their two daughters. At the close of 1944 the Right Hon. the Prime Minister, accompanied by Mr. A. G. Osborne, M.P., Parliamentary Under-Secretary, and departmental officers, visited the territory in the course of a tour of the Pacific islands. They spent six days in Western Samoa, and had representative meetings with all sections of the community. Lands and Survey The survey staff was engaged for some time after the arrival of the United States Forces in carrying out special surveys relating to the airport and other defence projects, and with the completion of this work the Department has been able to concentrate upon the arrears of civil surveys, good progress being made. Postal and Radio Both these services are maintained in conformity with the standards of the Post and Telegraph Department of New Zealand, and technical officers are seconded to them from that Department, but executive and financial responsibility, as in all services, is that of the local Administration. Statistics of services performed since last report arc—

Staff Particulars are given in the following tables as at 31st March of each year : —

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1941-42. 1942-43. 1943-44, 1944-45. Value of money-orders issued .. .. £1,858 £4,012 £3,607 £3,545 Value of money-orders paid .. .. £5,709 £14,266 £11,816 £10,892 Post-office Savings-bank withdrawals .. £23,519 £26,393 £46,614 £66,513 Post-office Savings-bank deposits .. .. £27,526 £64,622 £127,367 £114,393 Number of depositors as at 31st March .. 2,785 3,116 3,764 4,078 Amount held to their credit .. .. £73,904 £114,131 £198,284 £251,207 Number of Samoan depositors .. .. 2,100 2,517 2,969 3,055 Amount held to their credit .. .. £24,728 £28,292 £43,479 £30,563 Number of radio messages .. .. 9,536 10,009 11,198 11,983 Net receipts therefrom .. .. .. £2,912 £3,729 £3,623 £3,684

Europeans. Persons of Part-Samoan Blood. Services. 1941. J 942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. I ■ Classified departmental staffs— Education .. .. .. 8 6 6 8 9 10 16 15 14 15 Health .. .. .. .. 17 15 13 14 18 3 3 3 3 2 Native Affairs .. .. ..333331111 1 Police and prisons .. .. .. 55 5773 332 3 Other services 27 27 30 31 34 21 25 29 26 39 60 56 57 63 71 38 48 51 46 60 Casual employees .. .. .. 3 2 2 2 3 32 28 25 43 40 Totals .. .. .. 63 58 59 65 74 70 76 76 89 100 „ ,, „ Elective Samoan District and Native Samoans. ViUage officia]g . Services. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Classified departmental staffs— Education .. .. .. 252 261 262 224 24.0 Health .. .. .. .. 136 135 138 137 161 , Native Affairs .. .. 12 11 10 15 14 233 233 231 233 244 Police and Prisons .. .. 49 50 54 49 60 Other services .. .. 36 44 42 39 33 485 501 506 464 508 233 233 231 233 244 Casual employees .. .. .. 30 25 46 217 209 Totals .. .. .. 515 526 552 681 717 233 233 231 233 244

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VI. PUBLIC FINANCE Appended hereunder are comparative revenue and expenditure figures for the past five years:—

Revenue

Expenditure

A comparative statement of revenue and expenditure from 1925-26 is shown below : —

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Head of Revenue. 1940-41. 1941-42. 1942-43. 1943-44. 1944-45. £ £ £ £ £ I. Education .. .. ■ .. .. 357 402 438 527 459 II. Health .. .. .. .. 6,271 7,573 9,594 8,344 16,904 III. Justice .. .. .. .. 848 573 1,973 2,384 1,643 IV. Lands and Survey .. .. .. 1,173 518 310 3,985 919 V. Native .. .. .. .. 455 540 600 579 535 VI. Police and Prisons .. .. .. 3,052 2,976 2,670 3,253 3,474 VII. Postal and Radio .. .. .. 8,053 9,420 11,829 15,667 17,144 VIII. Public Works .. .. .. 5,565 5,300 5,827 7,239 7,654 IX. Treasury, Customs, &c. .. .. 81,934 73,581 179,755 236,114 232,301 107,708 100,883 212,996 278,092 281,033

Head of Expenditure. 1940-41. 1941-42. 1942-43. 1943-44. 1944-45. l_ £ £ £ £ £ I. Public Debt .. .. .. .. 9,602 9,621 14,641 74,471 10,394 II. Administrator and Government House .. 2,032 2,081 2,134 3,348 3,130 III. Education .. .. .. .. 9,954 9,381 9,657 10,099 15,921 IV. Health .. .. .. .. 27,815 26,844 25,153 29,814 36,036 V. Justice .. .. .. .. 3,706 3,079 2,036 2,007 2,630 VI. Lands and Survey 2,172 2,126 3,550 2,920 3/369 VII. Native .. .. .. .. 10,121 8,517 8,176 9,165 10,086 VIII. Police and Prisons 8,151 7,767 8,271 8,381 11,517 IX. Postal and Radio .. .. .. 6,479 6,948 6,945 10,323 18,767 X. Public Works .. .. .. 14,795 11,937 18,099 54,749 59,787 XI. Secretariat .. .. .. .. 6,414 5,988 8,352 7,511 8,082 XII. Treasury, Customs, &c. .. .. 10,012 7,841 96,891 14,831 46,591 111,253 102,130 203,905 227,619 226,310 Less recoveries, Public Trust and 1,253 638 413 399 43 i. Labour 110,000 101,492 203,492 227,220 225,879

X7 . Revenue obtained Expenditure of r >. c 0 •, Subsidy from New Final Surplus or Year ' in the Territory. the Territory. Deficit or Surplus. Deficit. £ £ £ £ £ 1925-26 .. 128,638 145,687 -17,049 21,400 +4,351 1926-27 .. 113,812 141,710 -27,898 20,000 - 7,898 1927-28 .. 106,038 143,421 -37,383 20,000 -17,383 1928-29 .. 121,904 157,829 -35,925 47,374* +11,449 1929-30 .. 131,416 150,728* -19,312* 39,448* +20,136 1930-31 .. 130,385 140,288* -9,903* 21,000 +11,097 1931-32 .. 109,040 128,936* -19,896* .. —19,896* 1932-33 .. 105,920 98,166 +7,754 .. +7,754 1933-34 .. 90,613 89,955 + 658 .. + 658 1934-35 .. 78,808 76,505 +2,303 .. +2,303 1935-36 .. 111,867 100,736 +11,131 .. +11,131 1936-37 .. 117,909 116,613 +1,296 .. +1,296 1937-38 .. 139,450 139,070 +380 .. + 380 "1938-39 .. 123,803 119,233 + 4,570 .. + 4,570 1939-40 .. 131,416 135,648 -4,232 .. -4,232 1940-41 .. 107,708 110,000 -2,292 .. -2,292 1941-42 .. 100,883 101,492 - 609 .. - 609 1942-43 .. 212,996 203,492 + 9,504- .. + 9,504 1943-44 .. 278,092 227,220 +50,872 .. +50,872 1944-45 .. 281,033 225,879 +55,154 .. +55,154 * Includes expenditure on extra police : £27,374 in 1928-29, £19,448 in 1929-30, £16,561 in 1930-31, and £10,412 in 1931-32.

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The following comparative table shows the total receipts each year, together with the expenditure on the main public services :—

Customs and Treasury Revenue The following comparative table shows net collections of revenue under the various Treasury and Customs headings : —■

Repayments of Loan and Accumulated Surplus

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Revenue from External Sources. Revenue „ Amounts spent on Year from menf ' fn , Non- Internal ,™ ent „ ... _ -Loans and ii o 01 Loans. 17,1 AT Public Public Advances, bouroes - Education. Native. Health _ Workg< ££££££££ 1920-21 .. 44,336 .. 149,027 .. 3,176 15,196 15,840 13,796 1921-22 .. 49,229 16,000 119,569 .. 5,237 17,232 22,690 15,418 1922-23 .. 20,777 16,000 115,250 .. 6,846 15,481 25,715 12,549 1923-24 .. 5,658 24,000 109,917 .. 6,556 15,856 23,995 21,191 1924-25 .. .. 19,140 111,774 .. 7,609 16,170 24,425 24,737 .1925-26 .. 5,000 21,400 128,638 .. 9,131 16,740 25,761 26,555 1926-27 .. 31,000 20,000 113,812 .. 9,688 15,927 25,911 20,016 1927-28 .. 16,500 20,000 106,038 .. 10,222 15,788 25,597 16,842 1928-29 .. 25,700 47,374 121,904 8,000 7,738 12,278 24,367 13,606 1929-30 .. .. 39,448 131,416 .. 6,955 9,882 18,016 17,005 1930-31 .. .. 21,000 130,385 .. 7,439 9,698 18,224 15,726 1931-32 .. 6,000 .. 109,040 6,000 6,794 8,465 17,824 15,797 1932-33 .. .. .. 105,920 26,155 5,459 6,965 21,819 11,908 1933-34 .. .. .. 90,613 3,000 5,097 7,010 17,150 10,632 1934-35 .. .. .. 78,808 4,335 4,910 5,385 13,937 9,111 1935-36 .. .. .. 111,867 .. 4,877 5,539 17,797 20,222 1936-37 .. .. .. 117,909 9,770 5,619 6,810 19,636 28,030 1937-38 .. .. .. 139,450 9,745 7,539 7,820 22,579 31,436 1938-39 .. .. .. 123,803 4,855 8,553 8,433 25,904 25,556 1939-40 .. .. .. 131,416 5,130 9,526 8,928 29,147 29,757 1940-41 .. .. .. 107,708 5,370 9,954 10,121 27,815 14,795 1941-42 .. .. .. 100,883 5,625 9,381 8,517 26,844- 11,937 1942-43 .. .. .. 212,996 10,890 9,657 8,176 25,153 18,099 1943-44 .. .. .. 278,092 71,081 10,099 9,165 29,814 54,749 1944-45 .. .. .. 281,033 9,244 15,921 10,086 36,036 59,787 204,200 244,362 179,200 Grant in reduction 25,000 25,000 of loan 179,200 269,362 Note.—Expenditure on education and public health docs not include expenditure on school and hospital buildings, which is included under the heading " Public Works." An amount of £25,00U of the loans and advances shown above was treated as a gift by the New Zealand Government (not in respect of any specific year).

1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. £ £ £ £ £ Amount collected .. .. .. .. 82,207 73,581 179,755 236,114 232,301 Increase .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 106,174 56,359 Decrease .. .. .. .. .. 10,679 8,626 .. .. 3,813

1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. £ £ £ £ £ Loan repayments .. .. .. .. 5,370 5,625 10,890 71,081 9,244 Balance owing on public debt .. .. 96,840 91,215 80,325 9,244 Nil. Appropriations to reserves .. .. .. .. .. 87,000 .. 32,500 Surplus or deficit for year .. .. .. —2,292 —609 +9,504 +50,872 +55,154 Accumulated surplus, held as under— Cash .. .. .. .. .. 11,920 6,718 62,885 88,456 19,063 Investments and advances in Samoa .. 7,283 8,676 23,513 5,614 19,661 Investments in New Zealand .. .. 21,650 24,850 50,350 93,550 236,550 40,853 40,244 136,748 187,620 275,274

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In the years shortly following the establishment of the mandate Administration in 1920, New Zealand made free gifts for public services amounting to £269,362, and in addition advanced £179,200 .by way of loans. Since 1931 the Territory has been fully self-supporting. All loan indebtedness has been fully paid off, and surplus funds amounting to £236,550 are invested in New Zealand Government, stock. The largo amount of money in circulation as a result of the presence of United States troops made a substantial contribution to the buoyancy of revenue during the years 1942-43 and 1943-44. VII.—DIRECT TAXES The principal direct taxes payable in the Territory are- a graduated salary and store tax, a building-tax, and water rates. A comparative statement of the principal direct taxes is shown below : —

The increases recorded in respect of salary-tax and store-tax are due to the widening of the scope of these taxes ; the graduated tax on business turnover has been increased, and produced a substantial addition to store-tax. In addition to the above, there are the usual motor-registration and other similar fees. VIII.—INDIRECT TAXES The principal indirect taxes of the Territory are Customs duties and other dues such as port and Customs service tax, shipping, pilotage, wharf, and port dues. Stamp duties are also collected in accordance with the provisions of the Stamp Duty Ordinance 1932. IX.—TRADE Tables of imports and exports are given at the end of this report. The large amount of money in circulation as a result of the presence of United States troops brought about very substantial increases in imports, but exports fell for a period owing to Samoans neglecting their plantations in order to undertake employment. However, during 1944 production increased following the release of labour through' the transfer of the military Forces elsewhere. X.—JUDICIAL ORGANIZATION The Samoa Act, 1921, and the Native Land and Titles Protection Ordinance 1934 prescribe the judiciary for the Territory. There is a Chief Judge, two Commissioners of the High Court, three Native Associate Judges, and fourteen District Native Judges. The three Native Associate Judges in the High Court have jurisdiction pursuant to section 67 of the Samoa Act, and hold Court weekly in Apia in minor matters affecting Samoans. They are also members of the Native Land and Titles Court. The District Native Judges hold Court in their villages as required.

Summary of High Court Actions

Proceedings of Native Land and Titles Court

No sitting was held in the year ended 31st March, 1945, owing to staff being engaged on other duties,

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I Amounts received. 1940-41. 1941-42. 1942-43. 1943-44. 1944-45. £ £ £ £ £ Store-tax .. .. .. .. .. 866 4,720 5,049 16.912 49,238 Salary-tax .. .. .. .. 406 1,420 1,330 1,940 3,207 Building-tax .. .. .. .. 2,943 2,650 2,902 2,813 2,755 Water rates .. .. .. .. 1,413 1,232 1,222 1,142 1,223

1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Civil judgments ...... 33 41 46 49 Civil actions struck out .... 4 5 12 8 Divorces granted .... 7 26 39 24 Criminal convictions .. .. 763 1,351 1,531 1,339 Total fines .. .. .. £190 £1,501 £2,053 £1,152

Year ended 31st March, 1942. 1943. 1944. Number of sittings . . .. .. .. 2 2 2 Number of sitting-days .. .. .. .. 23 17 26 Petitions dealt with . . . . . . • ■ 18 6 18 Number of persons attending .. .. .. 1,194 320 751

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XI.—POLICE AND PRISONS The European strength as at 31st March, 1945, was nine plus one Accounts Clerk, a total of ten. The uniformed Samoan strength as at 31st March, 1945, was fifty-one exclusive of one clerk and twelve messengers, of whom four are under the control of the Native Affairs Department.

Prisoners in Custody

XII.—SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE NATIVES Inevitable increases in the prices of goods, as to which assistance has been afforded by a Government price control of all imported and some of the local commodities, have been offset by marked recoveries in the values of copra and cocoa, and financially the Samoans have experienced during the last three years a large increase of prosperity. Perhaps even more influential than the higher values of produce has been the amount of money released by the spending of United States Forces and personnel. The Samoan reaction was that they undoubtedly enjoyed the ability to spend, yet there are signs that the fundamentals of Samoan culture were not upset. The money was freely spent, but not so much on luxuries of Eur pean style as in a greater indulgence in Samoan forms of social intercourse. Now that the tide of money is receding to normal, the Samoans are fortunately not in a position of having adopted a different standard of living while money flowed. The staple Native foods, always home grown, are being restored to adequate supply after a period in which the attractions of employment by the military authorities had resulted in a temporary shortage. XIII.—LABOUR The Samoans have always had sufficient funds for their money needs, and have recently had the experience of the remunerative employment offered by the United States military authorities under comparatively easy conditions of labour. They have therefore not been so willing to become employed in continuous plantation work, and consequently there has been a difficulty in obtaining sufficient labour for that purpose. Attempts to alleviate the position by the engagement of labour from Niue and the Tokelau Islands were not successful in the case of the latter, and owing to sickness and incompatibility the Tokelau labourers were returned to their own group after less than the period of service that had been agreed upon. The Niueans have given very satisfactory service. The general position is likely to ease with altered war conditions. XIV.—FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE All Samoans profess Christianity, and religious observances are prominent in Samoan life. Article V of the mandate is fully observed ; there is complete freedom of conscienceRelations between the missions and the Administration have always been harmonious and marked by a full spirit of co-operation. XV. —EDUCATION The general scheme of progressive education is as follows : — Grade T schools (village pastor, or eatechist schools operated bv the missions) I Grade II schools (operated by the Administration) I r ' ' i ' i Missions' Administration /Native boys' resident schools (2) Marist Brothers' and resident Grade 111 \Malifa Day School for Girls Sisters undenominacolleges schools ■ tional schools (all European primary school grades) Administration Teachers' Training-school Post-primary school Mission Schools The five Churches among the Samoans have schools ranging from small village schools to colleges, of which more detail is given in the table below. Grade I Schools, also called pastors' or catechists' schools, are provided with teachers by the missions concerned. The staff, uniformly Samoan, consists of the village pastors, or catechists, often assisted by their wives, The schools have an elementary course and teach in the vernacular.

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1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Total at beginning of year .. 42 59 89 123 Admissions .. .. .. 160 229 291. 202 Discharges .. .. • • 143 199 257 245 Total at end of year .. .. 59 89 123 80

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Girls' Resident Schools.—These provide for girls an all-round training in housecraft, child welfare, the growing of food, Native handwork, and Christian teaching. Boys' Resident Schools. —Those are of two classes ; professional and technical. In the former; pastors and pastor-teachers are trained ; while in the latter training is given in tropical agriculture and in technical subjects. Girls' Day Schools and Boys' Day Schools.—These are mainly in the more densely populated districts. In addition to the usual subjects, religious teaching, sewing, handicraft, and music are given emphasis.

The Grade II Administration Schools These, the core of the general education system, are staffed entirely by Samoans, including the school Inspectors. The staff is trained at the Teachers' Training-school in Apia. The schools are conducted in the vernacular. Emphasis is placed on Samoan customs, Samoan history, Native handicrafts, work on school plantations, and health. Pupils graduate from the Grade II to the Grade 111 schools by competitive examinations. Annual refresher courses gre held for all teachers, and during one of the two term holidays sub-refresher courses are held in the different inspectorates. The Grade 111 Administration Schools These are the most advanced schools on the Samoan side of education. Two are boys' resident schools, being one each in the islands of Upolu and Savai'i. The girls' school is situated in Apia. The Upolu Boys' School, at Avele, is now under the headmastership of a European teacher from New Zealand. Steps are being taken to obtain the services of European teachers for the Malifa Girls' School and for the Savai'i Boys' School, which is at Vaipouli. The remainder of the staff are Samoans, The medium of instruction in these schools is English, but the vernacular is not neglected. Basic English has recently been introduced, and up to the present has been satisfactory. The curriculum comprises all of the ordinary school subjects, but special emphasis is placed on plantation work, health, Native handicrafts, Samoan history, and Samoan customs, including Samoan forms of ceremonial address. The pupils leaving the Grade 111 schools find positions in every walk of life. Some pass on to the post-primary school or the Teachers' Training-school, and later become nurses, teachers, Native medical practitioners, pastors, or traders. The course in the Training-school is one of two years, but a few of the brightest are retained for a third year in order to be trained to fill the higher positions of masters in the Grade 111 Schools or positions as School Inspectors. Le Ifi Ifi European School. —This is the only European school conducted by the Administration, and is situated in Apia, where the small percentage of Europeans reside. Eive qualified New Zealand teachers fill the key positions. The state as at 31st March, 1945, of schools operated by the Administration was as follows :—

Education is not compulsory in Samoa and there is no age limit. A small fee is paid for lodging and for food at the two boys' resident schools, otherwise education is free. Prior to New Zealand administration there were three Government schools, all in the main township of Apia. At the present time one hundred and ten Administration schools serve all villages in the Territory.

2—A. 4

9

Misglons Pastor Boys' Girls' Student Mixed Pastor Burop. Native -p 5] Schools. Colleges. Colleges. Colleges. Colleges. Schools Teaohers. Teachers. Teachers. 1 '' London Missionary Society 162 6 1 1 1 162 4 25 13,434 Roman Catholic .. 87 2 11 3 7 7 97 25 24 3,758 Methodist .. .. 71 3 1 1 .. .. .. 86 3 .. 4,255 Latter Day Saints .. .. .. .. 2 15 .. .. .. .. 33 1,025 Seventh Day Adventist 6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 1 4 300 32(5 11 13 7 15 8 7 351 33 86 22,772

Schools. | Number. Boll Numbers. Staff. Grade II .. .. .. .. .. .. 107 11,803 224 Grade. Ill .. .. .. .. .. 3 190 9 Teachers' Training-school .. .. .. .. 1 50 2 European school .. .. .. .. .. 1 600 18 Post-primary school .. .. .. .. .. 1 20 1 113 12,663 254 Samoan School Inspectors .. , . .. .. .. .. 9 Superintendent of Schools .. . .. .. .. .. 1 113 12,663 264

A.—4

Following on reductions in staff due to war conditions, it was unfortunately necessary to close the post-primary school in 1941. All staff vacancies, however, have now been filled and teaching services have been restored to more than the pre-war standard. ■ At the commencement of 1945 the New Zealand Government provided fourteen scholarships to be held by pupils from Samoa at New Zealand schools. The scholars were chosen by competitive examination. Twelve scholarships were for full-Samoan pupils. There are now nine boys attending boarding-schools in the North Island, and three girls who are pupils of the Kowhai Intermediate School, Auckland. Two boys who won the scholarships made available for pupils of mixed descent are also attending boarding-schools. It is earnestly hoped that these scholarships will be a means towards the Samoans having an increasing participation in the conduct of their affairs. XVI.—LIQUOR AND DRUGS (Information in the form recommended by the Permanent Mandates Commission in the report of its Twenty-first Session) A. There were no changes in legislation or regulations issued during the year. B. Judicial statistics showed sixty persons arrested or summoned during 1944-45 for breaches of the laws and regulations relating to liquor. Fifty-eight were convicted. Figures for preceding years were :— Arrested or Convicted, summoned. 1943-44 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 193 181 1942-43 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..180 168 1941-42 12 12 1940-41 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11 11 1939-40 .. .. .. .. .. .. * .. 28 28 C. Spirits and alcoholic beverages imported since submission of the last report were as follows :—

Quantities issued under Medical Permit

10

Quantities imported in Gallons, Nature of Liquor and Average Year ended 31st March, Approximate Percentage Alcohol by Countries of OriVin Weight.* 6 ' 1942. 1943. 1944. 1045. Spirituous liquors— Whisky (38-5 to 51-0) .. 525 656| 2,170 140 United Kingdom, Canada, United States of America, Australia. Brandy (38-5 to 49-3) .. 30 90 60 60 France, Australia. Gin (40-6) .. .. .. 237 200 220 150 United Kingdom, Australia. Rum (40-0 to 47-0) .. .. 16 138 100 .. Jamaica, Australia. Others .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. France. Alcoholic beverages— Port, sauterne, sherry, and 291 520J 702 638 Australia, France. champagne (12-0 to 47-8) Vermouth (5-5 to 10-0) .. 18 .. .. .. France, Italy, Australia. Stout (5-5) .. .. .. 54 48 .. .. Australia. * The approximate percentages of alcohol by weight given above are those accepted by the Customs Department in New Zealand. Analyses have been made of samples of all brands of ale imported, with results showing percentages of alcohol by weight ranging from 1-51 to only 2-39. The ales imported into Western Samoa, therefore, although subject to regulations under the Samoa Act, 1921, do not come within the definition of " intoxicating beverages " as accepted by tho Permanent Mandates Commission (minutes of the Tenth Session, page 182), and have accordingly been omitted from the return.

Year ended 31st March, 1942. 1943. 1944. 1945. Spirituous liquors— Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Whisky .. .. .. .. .. 458 429$ 1,020$ 1,371 Brandy .. .. .. .. .. 23$ 28 57$ 76 Gin .. .. .. .. .. .. 183 160J 269$ 210 Rum .. .. .. .. .. 6 39# 85' 50 Others .. .. .. .. .. 3| Alcoholic beverages— Port, sauterne, sherry, and champagne .. .. 233f 399 J 546 822 Vermouth .. .. .. .. .. 17| Stout .. .. .. .. .. 66§ 46 13

A.—4

Special Imports

D. Production within the Territory is prohibited by law. E. Revenue derived from duties on importations for the years shown Medicinal liquor (import duty, 17f per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, and 25 per cent, on British and foreign respectively ; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.)— .£ s. d. 1942 .. .. .. .. .. .. 829 13 4 1943 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 828 11 7 1944 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,247 5 8 1945 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,84.3 12 7 Industrial liquor (import duty, 17| per cent, or 25 per cent., plus surcharge of 15 per cent, or 25 per cent.; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.) — Nil (Note. —No duty was payable under this head, as the rectified spirits of wine referred to in paragraph C were all imported by the Administration.) Sacramental liquor (free of import duty; port and Customs service tax, 5 per cent.)— " £ s . d. 1942 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 500 1943 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 490 1944 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 12 0 1945 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 16 0 These duties are the ordinary ad valorem rates applying to all goods not subject to specific rates of duty ; there is no authorization for higher specific rates of duty on liquor. The rate of duty is immaterial, because all liquor is sold by and for the Administration at prices approximating current retail prices in New Zealand. F. In view of the position explained in E, there are no other duties, license fees, or taxes. G. There is no Native beverage containing alcohol. The Native ceremonial drink, lava, if allowed to stand does not ferment, and after a few hours becomes stale and unpalatable. It would be difficult to consume it in sufficient strength or quantity to have any toxic effects. H. General information with regard to liquor, in addition to the above, was given in the eighth report, 1928. There were no offences reported under the Samoa Dangerous Drugs Order 1939 for the years under review. XVII.—MEDICAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH Staff The staff consists of the Chief Medical Officer and 2 other European medical officers, 22 Native medical practitioners, one European dental officer, 4 Native dental officers, 3 Native dental trainees, one European dispenser, one qualified bacteriologist of part-Samoan descent, and a nursing staff of a Matron, an Assistant Matron, 9 European Sisters, 95 Native nurses and trainees, and 39 miscellaneous. The complete health staff embraces 18 Europeans, 161 Samoans, and 1 Chinese. In addition, there are 6 trainees at the Central Medical School, Suva, taking the Native medical practitioners' course. The Samoan nurses comprise 27 staff nurses, 60 training nurses, and 8 baby welfare assistants working in outstations and untrained. In the 39 miscellaneous Samoans employed at the hospital are included, besides cooks and housegirls, 4 hospital dressers, 2 bacteriological assistants, and 4 dispensary assistants. Of the 22 Native medical practitioners, 3 are employed at the Apia Hospital, 2 in the Apia district. 13 at outstations, 2 on relieving duties, 1 at Niue, and 1 in the Tokelau Islands. Establishment Apia Hospital consists of a European hospital, Samoan hospital including a number of fales, Chinese ward, dispensary and out-patients department, laboratory and x-ray department, office, laundry, and store-room.

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1942. 1043. 1944. 1945. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Gallons. Wine for sacramental purposes .. .. .. 299 202 240 250 Rectified spirits of wine for industrial purposes .. .. 790 298 132 178

A.—4

Outstations with Native medical practitioners in charge are established at seven villages on Upolu and at six villages on Savai'i, while, in addition, there are two outstations on Upolu with a trained nurse in charge. A summary of the staffing at the outstations is as follows : —■

Concrete dispensaries with a small room at one end for drugs and a much larger one at the other for doing minor operations and for consultations and treatments have been built in recent years at Safotu, Sataua, Salailua, Satupaitea, Poutasi, and Sa'anapu. Aleipata and Tuasivi have oldestablished good buildings. Fagamalo has a big useful concrete room in the old residency. At the other outstations the buildings are mainly of wooden construction, and in only two cases are they not up to full requirements.

Hospital and Dispensary Statistics

In addition to the above, the following statistics of work carried out by the medical staff during 1944 will be of interest:— Visits by medical officers and Native medical practitioners .. .. 6,194 Hook-worm treatment .. .. .. .. .. .. 7,397 Operations — ApiaMajor . > .. .. .. .. .. • • 202 Minor .. .. .. .. • • • • • • 781 Outstations — Major .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 223 Minor .. .. .. .. • • • • .. 1,991 N.A.B. injections .. .. .. .. •• . • . • 50,702 Inductothermy treatment .. .. .. .. .. .. 428 Laboratory examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,175 X-rays .. .. .. .. . • • • • • .. 533

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Upolu. Savai'i N.M.P. Nurse. B.W.A. N.M.P. Nurse. B.W.A. Lufi Lufi .. 1 1 1 Tuasivi .. 1 2 1 Fagaloa .. .. 1 1 .. Satupaitea .. .. 1 1 Poutasi .. .. 1 1 1 Salailua .. .. 1 1 1 Lalomanu .. 1 2 1 Sataua .. .. 1 1 Sa'anapu .. ... 1 1 1 Safotu .. .. 1 1 Matautu, Lefaga Bay .. .. 1 .. Fagamalo .. .. 1 1 1 Mulifanua .. .. 1 1 1 Manono .. .. .. 1 Leulumoega .. .. 1 1

1940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. Admissions to hospitals — Apia Hospital— Europeans 407 406 531 711 596 Samoans 810 935 1,139 1,694 1,063 Chinese .. .. .• • • • • 93 109 102 142 93 Melanesians .. .. *. . ■ 5 9 5 6 55 Tokelaus and Niueans .. .. .. .. .. • ■ 79 1,315 1,459 1,777 2,632 1,807 Tuasivi Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 105 118 88 240 147 Aleipata Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 134 185 220 243 187 Fagamalo Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 76 127 193 246 161 Sataua Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 68 58 106 114 112 Mulifanua Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. .. .. 170 230 115 Poutasi Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 248 162 164 287 231 Leulumoega Hospital (Samoans) .. .. 29 14 10 Sa'anapu Hospital (Samoans) .. . . .. 67 185 153 119 105 Fagaloa Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. 18 125 151 288 188 Salailua Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. . ■ 167 214 129 94 Satupa'itea Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. .. 115 75 70 Safotu Hospital (Samoans) .. .. . • .. 141 317 208 259 Lufi Lufi Hospital (Samoans) .. .. .. .. .. • • • • 62 Total in-patients .. .. .. 2,060 2,741 3,678 4,811 3,538 Out-patients, hospitals and dispensaries .. .. 60,941 76,705 74,111 57,303 69,939 Totals.. .. .. .. .. 63,001 79,446 77,789 62,114 73,477 Deaths in hospitals .. .. .. ■ • 107 120 177 227 158

A.—4

Infectious Diseases reported

The main diseases now are — (1) Filaria and its complications : (2) Parasitic : (3) Typhoid fever : (4) Pneumonia : (5) Septic sores : (6) Pulmonary tuberculosis. Meningitis was very prevalent during 1943, but declined towards the end of the year. Cases responded very well to M. and B. 693. The position of the malignant type of jaundice has improved, but, thbugh reduced in numbers of cases, has been persistent. The Apia Hospital is being completely re-equipped with up-to-date surgical equipment, including requirements for gastric, gall bladder, genito-urinary, lung and brain, spinal, bone, and orthopredic surgery. The Territory continues to benefit from its participation in health services centred in Fiji—notably the Central Medical School for the training of Native medical practitioners and the Makogai Leper Hospital. An accentuation of these benefits is anticipated from an extension of this happy co-operation by the addition of an Inspectorate General of South Pacific Health Services. Dental Clinic The staff consists of 1 European dental officer, 4 Native dental officers, and 3 Native dental cadets, 2 of whom are from Niue Island. The European dental officer is concerned with the teaching and training of the cadets and the general supervision and direction of the Native dental officers. He undertakes operative and surgical work of all types, having the right of private practice among the European community, but the Native community receive free treatment. Besides undertaking preventive treatment, the Native dental officers undertake extractions and scalings and surgical for Samoan children and adults, and for all Native in-patients at the hospital. The Native dental officers also undertook visits round Upolu and Savai'i, and reports received indicate the good work done and the credit due to them.

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— 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. Meningitis, meningococcal .. .. .. 11 273 105 Meningitis, pneumonoccal .. .. .. .. 12 7 1 Tuberculosis .. .. • • ■ • 142 94 91 98 Typhoid fever 178 134 178 57 Paratyphoid fever .. .. .. . ■ • • ■ ■ 6 3 Malignant jaundice .. .. .. •• 45 38 30 39 Catarrhal jaundice .. .. .. .. 18 19 30 51 Lobar pneumonia .. .. .. . ■ 1 • • • • Pneumonia.. 210 624 1,472 425 Broncho-pneumonia .. .. .. .. 13 Chicken-pox- .. .. •• •• 37 10 18 4 Gonorrhoea .. .. . ■ • • • • 4 23 41 17 Dengue fever .. .. • • • • • • 2 1 120 Tetanus .. .. .. • • ■■ 4 7 5 2 Puerperal fever .. .. • • ■ • 18 17 33 19 Puerperal sepsis .. .. . • • • 2 Gas gangrene .. .. • • • • • • 1 • • 1 Leprosy .. •• •• •• •• 2 8 6 5 Tubercular disease of bone .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Tubercular glands .. .. . . .. • ■ ■ • 1 Measles .. .. .. • • • • • • • • 3 Dysentery (Flexner Y) .. .. .. .. 2 10 Whooping-cough .. .. .. .. .. 6 42 Conjunctivitis .. .. .. • • • • • • 1 Erysipelas .. .. .. • • • • • • 4 Septicaemia .. .. .. . ■ • • • • 1 Rubella .. .. .. .. .. • • 40 Gastro-enteritis . . .. .. .. . • 2 Enteric fever .. .. • • • • 5 3 Morbilli .. • • • • ■ • • • • • 1 Infantile paralysis .. .. .. .. .. 1 Influenza .. .. .. . • •• 72 Bronchitis .. .. .. • • • • 3 Tonsilitis .. .. .. • • • • 1 Pleurisy .. .. • • • • ■ • 2

A.—4

The proposed development of the dental service will be along the lines of setting up clinics in outdistricts to deal more adequately with the Native population resident outside of the township of Apia. The final examinations for the Samoan and two Niuean dental cadets will be hold towards the middle of 1945. Endeavours have been made, especially in the case of the Niue cadets, to make their training as wide and comprehensive as possible, including medical subjects, medicine, surgery, nursing, and therapeutics as well as dental subjects. For some time past they have attended the operating-theatre on operation days learning the principles of asepsis in surgical oases and the fundamentals of general anaesthesia until they have reached the stage w-hen they will be able, in an emergency, to give a general anaesthetic. In dentistry they will be able to do the following types of work : amalgam and ccment fillings, synthetic porcelain fillings, scalings, extractions and minor surgery, jaw fractures, infectious gum conditions, easing artificial dentures. They will not be able to do any mechanical dentistry, gold inlays, root canal work, or orthodontics—i.e., straightening childrens' teeth—although they understand the elementary principles of orthodontics.

Infant Mortality Deaths (Samoans) at Different Ages

The infant-mortality rates of deaths under one year per 1,000 registered births have been as follows :— 1925 186 1932 .. ..121 1939 .. .. 83-56 1926 106 1933 .. ..114 1940 .. .. 73-80 1927 .. .. ..101 1934 .. .. 104-8 1941 .. .. 69-59 1928 .. .. ..58 1935 .. .. 97-0 1942 .. .. 72-69 1929 .. .. ..70 1936 .. .. 291-77* 1943 .. .. 124-42 1930 .. .. ..61 1937 .. .. 89-30 1944 .. .. 75-8 1931 .. .. ..11l 1938 .. 73-79 * Due to epidemics of whooping-cough and measles ; see report for 1936-37, page 22. XVIII.—LAND TENURE Under the Samoa Act, 1921, all land is legally— (a) Crown land, vested in the Crown free from Native title or any estate in fee-simple, of which there are (including New Zealand Reparation Estates) 103,630 acres; or (b) European land, being land held from the Crown for an estate in fee-simple, of which there are 40,000 acres ; or (c) Native land, being land vested in the Crown as trustee, but held by Samoans by Native title and not by grant from the Crown, of which there are 581,370 acres. " Native title " means title to land in accordance with the customs and usages of the Samoan race. Titles to Crown, land, European land, and European interests in Native land (leases) are registered by the Administration. The Native Land and Titles Court has jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes affecting Native land. XIX.—AGRICULTURE Agricultural services consist of— (a) Inspection of all produce for export in order to maintain good marketable standards, and of lands near the port of Apia, principally to check the breeding of the rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes nasicomis) pest of the coconut trees, which was introduced during the period of German administration. These services are under European supervision. (b) Fourteen Samoan Plantations Inspectors, who are elected as part of the system of Samoan elective officials, and whose duty it is to encourage care of Samoan cultivations and new plantings. Mr. H. W. Simmonds, 0.8. E., formerly Government Entomologist in Fiji, is at present undertaking for Western Samoa the collection in Zanzibar of numbers of the scoliid wasp, Scolia ruficornis, in the hope that they may be transported successfully to Samoa and become established there as a natural enemy of the rhinoceros beetle. An earlier attempt with Scolia oryctophaga was not successful. It is thought that climatic conditions in Samoa may npt have been favourable to them. Zanzibar has a uniformly warm climate similar to that of Samoa.

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Number of Deaths. Percentage of Total Deaths. 1940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. 1940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. Under 1 week .. .. '25 31 28 35 23 3-37 4-16 4-32 2-73 3-56 1 week to 1 month .. 15 19 10 19 11 2-01 2-55 1-54 1-49 1-70 1 month to 3 months .. 25 19 11 43 22 3-37 2-55 1-71 3-36 3-39 3 months to 6 months .. 29 24 31 55 22 3-91 3-22 4-79 4-30 3-39 6 months to 12 months .. 68 61 64 143 86 9-14- 8-19 9-89 11-18 13-32 1 year to two years .. 86 97 68 173 71 11-57 13-02 10-52 13-53 10-98 2 years to 3 years .. 44 43 38 67 18 5-93 5-77 5-86 5-24 2-78 3 years to 4 years .. 23 21 26 47 19 3-10 2-82 4-02 3-67 2-93 4 years to 5 years .. 9 19 9 19 9 1-21 2-55 1-39 1-49 1-38 5 years to 10 years .. 51 55 37 74 48 6-86 7-38 5-72 5-79 7-42 Over 10 years .. ..368 356 325 604 318 49-53 47-79 50-24 47-22 49-15 Totals .. 743 745 647 1,279 647 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

A.—4

XX.—POPULATION Statistics For the Year ended 31st March, 1942

For the Year ended 31st March, 1943

For the Year ended 31st March, 1944

For the Year ended 31st March, 1945

A population graph appears at the end of this report.

15

Designations. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. „ As r 31st March, 1942. M - M. F. M. F. M. F. M F Europeans .. .. 3 3 4 4 84 31 108 75 208 *83 Part-Europeans .. 53 44 4 2 173 126 403 237 1,413 1 392 Native Samoans .. ..1,130 983 365 314 879 468 1,371 569 30,002 29^305 Chinese labourers .. .. .. 2 .. .. .. 3X5 Other Chinese .. .. .. .. ,. .. 7 3 Melanesians .. .... .. 1 .. 76 X 1,186 1,030 376 320 1,136 625 1,882 881 32,021 30,784 Totals •• •• 2,216 696 1/761

Designations. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. , ,^ s r 31st March, 1943. M. P. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F Europeans 11 2 74 37 85 24 186 '94 Part-Europeans .. 56 55 5 4 273 112 156 109 1,581 1 446 Native Samoans .. .. 1,078 1,025 452 381 1,091 462 763 410 30,956 30'001 Chinese labourers .... .. 5 310 ' Other Chinese .. .. .. .. ., .. _ _ ' '' 7 0) Melanesians .. .... .. .. .. ' 7g j 1,134 1,080 473 387 1,438 611 1,004 543 33,116 31,545 T °ta ] s •• •• 27214 860 uiT ~l£m~

Designation. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. nl ,„ A3 1 31st March, 1944. M - M. F. M. P. M. F Europeans 2 5 1 87 69 85 45 183 119 Part-Europeans .. 92 90 6 10 174 254 220 294 1,621 1,486 Native Samoans .. .. 1,245 1,081 622 500 2,287 1,520 2,663 1,807 31,203 30 295 Chinese labourers .. .. .. 7 . _ Other Chinese .. . . .. .. . , _ _ ' ' ' ' y Molanesians . . .... . . . . ,, . yg M37 1,173 640 511 2,548 1,843 2,968 2,146 33,393 31,904 Totals •• 2,510 1151 5,'Til 65^297~

Designation. Births. Deaths. Arrivals. Departures. , n , M As f ln , 31st March, 1945. _ M - F - M. F. M. F. M. l>. M. J. Europeans .. .. 3 4 2 .. Ill 98 64 45 231 176 Part-Europeans .. 67 61 7 5 218 269 228 309 1,671 1502 Native Samoans .. .. 1,127 1,034 365 282 1,738 1,137 1,805 1,279 31,898 30'905 Chinese labourers . 4 i OQQ Other Chinese .. .... 41.. 32 Molanesians .. 2 74 1,197 1,099 384 288 2,067 1,504 2,098 1,633 34,175 32,586 Totals •• •• 2,296 672 37731 _ 6&JQ1

A.—4

XXI.—PUBLIC WORKS The four years under review began with the functioning of a minimum programme, due to financial stringency and scarcity of materials, but early in 1942 there was a call for a great expansion of activities to meet the needs of United States Forces, stationed principally in Upolu. In this, as in all other Administration Departments, there was an instant spirit of co-operation with the United States Forces. The coast road westward of Apia to the airport was widened to a 20 ft. surface throughout (including four bridges, and a fifth bridge in Apia itself), and was maintained under many months of constant heavy traffic. One of the bridges was rebuilt in steel and timber.. There was a continuing provision for the Forces of buildings, materials, electric power, and whatever of their varied needs it was possible to meet. This was greatly assisted by the help received from the Forces themselves, particularly in work capable of being done by their extensive equipment. New works for local purposes were resumed, and include — An operating block in ferro-concrete for Apia Hospital, including theatre, sterilizer, and boiler rooms. Concrete dispensaries for the out-district hospitals at Safotu and Satupa'itea. Four new bridges in Savai'i. Six concrete water-cisterns—five for Samoan villages and one for Tafa'igata Prison. Three new residences for staff quarters. Installation of Diesel-electric generating power to assist the hydro-electric power for Apia during peak hours. Procurement of pipes and preliminary work in order to serve the Apia water-supply from a stream at the south-west corner of the reticulation area, supplementary to the existing supply at its south-eastern corner.

XXII.—CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA FOR APIA

Averages Total rainfall .. .. .. .. ■ • • • 112-11 in. (53 years). Mean daily maximum temperature .. .. 84-7° F. (43 years). Mean daily minimum temperature .. .. • • 73-8° F. (43 years).

APPENDICES Statistics of Trade

Quantities and Values of Principal Exports

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1941. 1942. 1943. 1944. Total rainfall .. . • 80-49 in. 107*14 in. 79-35 in. 108-39 in. Number of rain days .. 162 189 201 _ 198 Maximum daily fall .. 12-13 in. 5-76 in. 3-48 in. 5-23 in. Date .. .. .. 16th February 22nd December 18th October 5th September Extreme maximum .. 90-3° P. 91-0° F. 89-8° F. 90-1 F. Date .. .. .. 2nd November 19th January 25th November 19th January Extreme minimum .. 67-6° F. 68-2° F. 68-0° F. 68-2 1. Date .. .. Hth October 6th July 17th August 10th, 23rd July Mean daily maximum .. 85-8° F. 85-5° F. 85-3° F. 85-0 F. Mean daily minimum .. 75-4° F. 75-0° F. 74-7° F. 74-7 F.

Imports Values. Exports Values. 1940. 1941. J 1942. 1943. 1944. 1.940. 1941. 1942. 1943. 1044. ££££££££££ New Zealand .. 58,738 54,009 145,147 234,002 183,281 106,706 151,188 177,099 124,467 100,914 Australia .. .. 34,198 34,068 38,993 80.58S 64,968 2,134 19,783 21,348 304 38,245 United Kingdom .. 21,495 10,499 16,375 27,027 48,553 52,224 Canada .. .. 4,091 3,632 1,790 5,899 12,391 .. 8,119 33,815 Fiji .. .. 2,846 5,880 10,225 4,644 17,050 39 642 India .. .. 2,928 2,016 9,723 4,813 4,958 United States of America 19,460 25,616 73,698 243,850 122,227 31,297 38,272 146,436 148,378 242,188 other .. .. 21,697 18,016 3,713 5,088 7,336 29,333 24,877 6,711 5,064 9,970 Totals .. 165,453 154,335 299,664 605,911 460,764 221,733 242,881 385,409 278,213 391,317

j 1940. 1941. j 1942. 1943. 1944, Tons £ Tons. £ Tons. £ Tons. £ Tons. £ Copra 5,644 44,004 8,678 54,222 11,140 215,778 7,268 146,728 10,645 217,545 Cocoa beans .. 1,801 75,193 1,679 76,114 1,753 122,596 1,131 83,635 1,379 111,278 Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Cases. Bananas .. .. 225,885 84,706 177,416 89,252 79,897 25,343 64,373 17,702 32,486* 12,136 Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Rubber .. •• 61 7,930 75 10,887 81 14,096 79 16,674 • 68 15,102 Desiccated ooeonut .. Nil .. Nil .. Nil •• 96 8,686 297 23,753 * 09,499 cases were exported in the first six months of 1945.

A.—4

Increase in Native Population, Western Samoa

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