ENGLISH AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

Wellington Independent, Volume XVI, Issue 1680, 29 October 1861, Page 4

ENGLISH AND FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE.

0 {'From our London Correspondent.) ,7 ,'! , ; ' . London, Augu'st'26lh, 1861*. Th_ American War is the great topic of tlie day f , . "Jh^, belligerents have at length eorne to blows. A great battle has been fought between the North and the South, and the North, haa suffered v signal and disgraceful defeat. The battle of Manassas junction or. of Bull's Run, (for- it -is -known- by both names), will long be remembered an the annals of American history. It was fought on Sunday, the 21st of July, on the evening of which day. the "Grand Army of tbe Potomac," as the Federal Army was called, was totally routed by- the victorious troops ofthe Southern Confederation. Such a complete and disastrous 'dirtfe-t, has perhaps no parallel in the annals of-miiitary warfare. The Northern forces fled 'pariic-strick'en and in the utmost confusion from the field of battle, leaving behind them immense quantities of materiel in thb' hands of tbe "rebels"- including baggage, artillery, muskets, knapsacks, blankets, and provisions of all kinds.. The number of killed and wounded on each., side will never be known ; but that they were considerable is certain. Upon the returns which" we receive from North and South alike, as to the nurriberof troops engaged, the numbers killed, -wounded, aud taken prisoners, not the slightest reliance can be placed. Lying and-groW exaggeration are the order of the day ou both; sides; aui the accounts w.tich reach us from the Seat of War are so various aud con Aiding, thai we do not well (know what to hh r lieve when we haye to deal with " figures " and matters of fact —(or of" fiction ")-r-as the case

iHay be, For jiiahuifls, tha uumbo* MM an the NnHtnektUlde have} bee_ varlo&ly stated at every figure "from 500-iip to i6\O0:) ; but if we take the total ttUniber of killed, vvounded and missing on the Federal side, it may fairly be estimated at about 5,000; and the Confederates lost at least half that ndrhber. As may be supposed ilinlimerable accodnis have reached us ofthe " great fight" j arid thdu'gh. the details clash a good deal, they all a^l'ee iti dna point and that is, that the North has been- " thoroughly, whipped."— The defeat of the Northern Army was owing to various causes which I shall hereafter endeavour to explain.' present I must give you a few of the leading facts. A general engagement had been expected for some days before it actually took place: . (The 1 contending armies were encamped within' a few miles of' each other, and a few sharp skirmishes took place between them onthe 17th, 18th and 19th of July, but without any positive result, tbey were merely feeling. their way for. the. general encounter about to follow. \ Thej Generals ofthe Southern Army had selected Iheir own ground and awaited the attack of the enemy. Their troops were disposed .ih the most favorable manner whether for the purpose of attack or defence. They selected a position from which it was impossible to dislodge them, and itis said that they availed themselves largely of earthworks and masked batteries. Being thus prepared for an attack and knowing the ground well, the Southern troops had greatly tbe advantage of the Northern army. -As your readers are aware, " Manassas Junction " which gives its name to tbis battle, lies between Washington and Richmond tbe respective capitals of the contending Republics, — being about 95 miles south of the former, and 65 miles north qf the latter city, and within a few miles of Alexandria and Fairfax in the State of Virginia. . v This was the scene of action;, and the7task,-under=.. taken hy the Northern troops, was nothing less than that of driving out the Southerners from a position favored by nature and strengthened by art. But they had reckoned without their bost. Fire opened early on the morning of the 21st July. On the side of the North about 20,000 men w^re engaged, and according to, General Davis, there were only 15,000 troops in action, on the side of the Confederates. Thousands of spectators had gorie from Washington 'by every kind of conveyance " to see the greaft fight conic off," as though it were merely a leview.. During the whole ofthe early part of the day the advantage lay with the North, and the telegrams forwarded hourly to Washington and New York proclaimed certain victory for tbe Federalists. Of coinse tbere was great rejoicing by anticipation. The citizens and the journals of New York were almost beside themselves with delight, and were boasting what they would do with " that rotten old Monarchy" England assoonastheirbwn war was over; when suddenly about 1 1 o'clock at night the news reached tbeiii that their array had fledpanic stricken from the .field — leaving most of theirdead : and wounded behind them. Tbe " Times " correspondent gives an account of what.be. himself witnessed. He only reached the scene in the afternoon just in time to see the Federal forces in full retreat. He is a man whose word may be fully relied on. He has seen aud described more battles than any man perhaps that ever lived, and he must be considered a competent authority upon all kinds Of military movements offensive and defensive. ,He says, " a.ll tb.e road from Centreville for miles presented sucti a sight as c:in only be witnessed in the track of- the runaways of an utterly demoralised army. Drivers flogged, lashed, and spurred their horses, or leaped down and abandoned their teams and ran by the side of the road. Mounted men servants and men in uniform, vehicles ofall sorts, com. miseariat waggons thronged the narrow ways. At every shot a convulsion as it were -seized upon the morbid mass of bones, sinew, wood and iron and 'thrilled through it, giving new energy and action to its desperate efforts to get free from itself."— From the official dispatch of General McDowell (who commanded the Federalist troops) which has just reached London, it appears that-the attack was originally to' have : been made on the Bth of July, but it-was found impossible to bring up. all the troops and materiel in time, and so a general engagement had to be deferred from day to day, until it could no longer be put ofi]; and even then " many of the regiments did not come across till eight or nine days after the time fixed upon, and went forward without having been together before in a brigade/ This was owing to want of sufficient and efficient transport—" notwithstanding the herculean effofls of the , Quarter-M^ter General." It is quite certain thnt GefieralSfcoCt and General McDowell were ur^ed forward with too much eagerness by the civil authorities at Washington and by the press. Had General Scott had bis own way he would it is said have adopted a totally different system of tactics and plan of operations, but as it was he yielded to -the wishes of his superiors to press forward and if possible, take Richmond. General Scott did not himself take the field— he merely x directed operations from the head quarters at Washington. General McDowell in the same dispatch further says," I was not even prepared as late as the 15th ult, and the desire I should move became great, and it was wished I should not if possible delay longer than Tuesday the 16th ult. When I did set out on the l'6tb, I was 'still deficient in waggons for subsistence. But I went forward trusting to their being procured in time to follow me. The trains thus hurried tiy gathered together, with horses, waggons, drivers, and waggon managers, all new and unused to each other, moved with difficulty and disorder, and was the cause of a day's delay in I gelting the provisions forward, making it necessity to make on Sunday the attack we should have made on Saturday." Besides the causes le-idiug to defeat already mentioned there were others. The troops were many of them volunteers. Their drill and discipline were most imperfect, unaccustomed to act together they had uo confidence in each other or in their officers who are described as utterly incompetent. Some of the " Three Months' Men," whose term of service had expired on the eve of the battle, peremptorily- demanded their dischaige and actually marched off the field on their way "home to. Pennsylvania aud New York," while the canons were sounding in their ears. So much for the pluck and patriotism of these "Volunteers" who have thus covered themselves with disgrace and infamy. As it was, however, were it not for the panic terror which, without any adequate cause, suddenly seized' the Federal forces they would have gained the day upon their opponents. They fought bravely for several hours, but when once they began to retreat it was impossible to rally them again. All was confusion, and the South determined to follow up their advantage aiid pursue ithe fugitives they might have made prisoners' of them all, and even have pushed forward their victory and have taken Washington wi,thout-oppositioii, — Such at all events is 'the 'dppiiiiori- of Mr. f Itussell ofthe "Times" •■j_iijs'peakirig of thW retreat he says. "The truth seems to '.ie. that, ihe men weio overworked, kept out fer twelve or fourteen hours iv the sun, exposed to long range fire, badly officered, and of deficient regiv

total organisation, !_ lien Glims d most (lift)* cult operation* to withdtaw this army so cdiistU .tilted outof action hr the face' of an- energetic ft-iemy who had repulsed it. The retirement of the baggage which was without adequate guards and was in the hands of ignorant drivers, was misunderstood and created alarm, and that ■alarm became a panic which became frantic ori the. appearance of.the euemy and on t,he opening of th^ir guqs ori ihe runaways.'* In a letter receiyed from Russell, (by far the ablest gtnd most important of the series which he has written since he went to America, and in which the affairs and institutions of the South are, freely handled); a few days before the news o( the battle of Bulls Run reached us, he predicts as. with the eye of a seer that, "a .bloody and disastrous reverse awaits the invaders, and atj the very moment that the Northerners are eau-' tiously— at least not very boldly advancing there are thousands down here (in the South) waiting for the news that Washington has been captured." This letter which appears iv the "Times," of the 3rd inst. will amply repay perusal. So much then by way of epitome ofthe battle of Bull's Run. And now a few words as to its immediate and probable future results. In the, first place, this battle is by no means a decisive one. It has caused a great sensation all through the Northern States, and has taught them a. very useful lesson or two. It has taught them that they are not such terrible warriors as they thought themselves ; that soldiers and officers cannot be extemporised at a few weeks notice ; that the former require drill and, discipline and the habit of prompt obedience,;,., and that: the latter require a. proper course of military educationbefore .they are qualified to : take the command of troops under lire. - At all events, General M'Clellan, who.has now the command -of the Federal Army, is strongly impressed with this conviction, for he has introduced jthe strictest .system of drill and discipline amongst his soldiers, and there ' are to be no more "volunteer" officers;ignorant ofthe very elements of their profession,. All offioers hereafter appointed must undergo a'stijct examination to' show (i)at jjiey are qualified for ;tbeir duties. Then again,, .the newspapers -and the civil authorities have learned the useful' lesson that they, do uot know more of military tactics 'and tna-uceuvres - than Generals and professional men-; and the public in general will learn to be less boastful of their feats before those feats are accomplished. Every effort is now being made to retrieve the late' disaster, and preparations are making for another attack. The Confederates did'riot follow up their victory as it w&s : thought they would, do.. They liave simply maintained their ground,,. where they await jany further aggression from their opponents. The latter, however, will not, it is thought, rriake any direct attack on the Confederate camp in the next -engagement, but will move by different routes upon Richmond, 'the Capital of the Southern States; 'How this will succeed we can. only conjecture, and the general feejing here .is that it will fail. The Southerners have shown excellent fighting powers, arid they , are well officered by men who formerly belonged to t'hd' regular army of the United States, jand Who- were educated at the Military Academy at West Point., My own 'impression is that the war will not be of. Jong duration"; that the Federalists will soon find that they cannot overpower the Southern States or coerce them into re-union, and that for commercial and fiuaucial reasons they willuonly: be too glad before'long to let the South have its own way. In ii country like America commercial considerations must always predominate. At the present moment, trade and commerce are virtually at a stand-still throughout the whole of the States, north and south — iv short, trade is paralysed and bankruptcy the order of the day. In the face of such facts, the Federalists cannot maintain a protracted war — the expenses are too great. At the present moment, the daily outlay of the Federal Government is one million of dollars, if not mbre. Money 1 is plentiful in the New York Banks, but the Government can only getit.at the rate of about 10 percent, or double the commercial rate — a ruinous interest. Congress has empowered the President to raise a million of men if necessary for the war, and has voted 500 million dollars towards the cost.. Upwards of 300 millions of this sum will be required for the current year, of which, 240 millions will be raised by loan, and .the remainder by taxation, direct and indirect. 1 An income tax of 3 per cent upon incomes under 800 dols. a year, and of 5 per cent upon ■.incomes above that sum will be levied forthwith. Besides "which there will be a considerable tax upon tea, coffee, sugar, wines, spirits, carnages, watches, &c, all of which — direct and indite'et —will, it is hoped, reach the sum of 80,000,000 dollars. But if the war Bhould continue for two or three years longer, at only even '.the present rate of expenditure, the United States would find themselves with a national debt upori their hands of 1000 or perhaps 1500 millions of dollars — the bare interest of which at only 8 per cent would amount to eighteen or twenty millious sterling per annum — while the means of paying it would have become considerably lessened, owing to the stagnation of commerce, the neglect of agriculture, and the' amount of labour withdrawn from the active pursuits of industrial life. Of course, we contemplate this " fratricidal " struggle in America with a very high degree of interest, or rather perhaps ' self-interest,' for our trade has already suffered greatly from this war; and then our cotton trade is in great jeopardy should the war be protracted. We have already received all our supplies of cotton for the season, and the stock in hand at Liverpool, at , the present moment, does not exceed 650,000 bales,— the, consumption is about 41,000 bales per week, and the prices are fast running up. If we could only manage to wait for a couple of years longer, we should be able to produce a sufficient quantity of cotton in India; but this wecanuoj, do, and therefore, it is thought that we shall e v cntnally be obliged to compel the UnitedStates to raise the blockade in the Southern ports so as to enable us to get supplies to keep our mills at work— so tbat it is cot unlikely ;we may have to quarrel with our transatlantic friends before the end of the year. Of course they would have to give way, for any demands touching the blockade would be made jointly by England and Fiauce, who are both sufferers. I conclude this summary view of American affairs by observing, that the general impression in England is that the Southern Republic must eventually prevail, and that accordingly the sooner peace is restored the better. This, however, cannot be at present. The North must, first recover the prestige which it lost at Bull's Run. Since the 21st of July, ouly a few insignificant skirmishes hare taken place in Western Virginia and Missouri, but those have been in favour of the North. The combatants are sharpening .their swqrds- for another great battled Meanwhile the ' Congress extraordinary Which' was called on the 4th of July, finished Us-'shorfc/but active session on tlie -6th of Aug., and stands adjourned to tbe sth December i next, haviug, in the course of . a few weeks, [passed no less than thirty or forty Bills, touch- - 7 *- "■ "' ' -' : ." ; '-' *' ' •->''■'■'' '' I

lug iho ways" and means for oaiwlutf oil tfas War. ■

With ffiSpfiOt to hdttie tiewsY. This is How the dull season in Lodddn. . Parliament con eluded its labours dn the 6th instant. The work of the Session : was not of great importance. The repeal of the Paper Duties, and the New Bankruptcy Bill, were the 1 two principal measures of the Season. Lord John Russell, now Earl Russell; talks of introducing a new Refornißill next year, but no one cares whether he does or not, for it is certain that he is not prepared to bring in any measure which would give general satisfaction ; and I am convinced that the public prefer no-measures to half- j measures on this question. There is at, the present moment, no prospect of the Tories ! returning to office, though tlie elections show that they are gaining strength ih the country. The Whigs have lately lost one of their best men, Sidney Herbert or rather Lord Herbert of Lea, who died at the comparatively early age bf5L Itis said that he killed himself with overwork in his official capacity as Minister of War. He is greatly regretted by all classes. His place will be filled by Sir George Cornwall Lewis, heretofore Home Secretary, and formerly 'Chancellor of the Exchequer, who will be Succeeded in .the Horhe Department by. Sir George Grey, who vacates the Chancellorship of the Duchy of, Lancaster in favour of Mr. Cardwell, Secretary fof Ireland, which latter post will be held by Sir Robert Peel, a very popular and rising statesman, who has lately shown that he has a serious side in his character, and that he is well acquainted with foreign politics. His appointment has given great satisfaction in Ireland," whither he has proceeded within the last few days. Ireland is at the present moment the centre of attraction and fashion to the beau monde. "The Queen is now on a'visit there, and leaves Dublin this day, where she has been staying for nearly a week, for the South, where she will visit Killarney for the first time, and will be the guest of Lord Castlerosse and Colonel Herbert, both members for the county. Great preparations have been making fof Her MajestyVreception for several weeks past, and according' to all. accounts, she will find Ireland a ver^iffereut sort of place from what it was on tjnpoccasion of her former visits. The " SoWal Science Congress," with Lord Brougham ajgpits President, lately held its sittings in Dublin. For purposes of convenience it is divided into ' Departments ' or ' Sections,' and your readers may form some idea of the variety and extent of the labour gone through, by its members, when I state that amongst them they read 156 papers or Essays on Social Science,— a term which comprehends almost every subject connected with the progress of enlightenment and civilisation. All of these papers were contributed by the foremost men and women of the day — most of them celebrities in their several spheres, — which show how deep an interest the better classes take now-a-days in the moral elevation and advancement of their species. Only compare this with what the world was some thirty or forty years ago !

The general prospects of the country are much more favourable at present than they were last summer. The harvest will be a good deal above the average throughout Englaud and Ireland. Beport does not speak so well of Scot land, and especially the northern part, where tlie weather has been excessively wet. In England the weather has been excellent, Moreover the money market is in favour of the merchant. The Bank discount is now 4£ per cent— it having undergone no less than nine different changes since the beginning of the year. Private houses are doing good bills at 4 per oent — so there.is no lack of money. Some attempts were made on the part of American Agents to raise a portion of the Government loan io the English market, hut this could not be done. Our lenders have too vivid an idea of repudiation, and so the Yankees must raise tbeir tin in their own market, wbich I perceive by this day's advices they have succeded in doing. Our trade is slowly improving. Of course we feel the effects of the American war greatly as regards our exports to the States— l cannot pretend to say what effect the scarcity of cotton may eventually hijive upon the wool-market, but I think it must have a tendency to send wool up, and therefore holders are justified in maintaining their prices. At the present moment the wool trade is slowly improving. The latest account from the provinces represent tbe wool market as quiet, firm, and steady, with a slight ten dency up w ards. The harvests in France and Italy both as. regards serels and the vine crop, are said to be much below the average. It has been found that the vine and coin both suffer from the depredations of insects and from the white worm, owing to the paucity of sparrows and other small birds in the country — which birds it is said would devour the insects and save the crops. But it seems to have been the fashion for many years in France to kill all the little birds and make pies of them. Such is the feeling now upon the subject that I should uot wonder if they have a code of game laws for preventing the destruction of the little birds for the future. Besides the death of Lord Herbert, I have to record that of the Duke of Buckingham and of the Bishop of Durham — formerly the hon. and Rev. Montague Villers, and Rector of Bloomsbury, where he was the idol of Dissenters and Evangelicals, with whom he was entirely identified in his views. He was the youuger brother of Lord Clarendon, and it was this family connexion and not bis scholarship, talents, or abilities, which raised him to the Episcopal Beooh. He had previously been Bishop of Carlisle for about four years. He was called by way of opprobrium a " Palmerstoriian Bishop," for it is notorious tbat his lordship is under the dictates of the Exeter Hall and'Shaftesbury school in the disposal of his ecclesiastical patrionage — for he has raised none to the episcopate but the very lowest of low Churchmen—none of whom have been distinguished for learning, if we may except a Dr. Thompson who is about to be promoted, and who is said to be a very e.bleand learned man, who has uo connexion to recommend him, and who is only the son of a retired tradesman.

I must not omit to mention that we have lately been visited here by the King of Sweden and his brother prince Oscar. They remain cd.only a tew days, and were iuvited to visit the Queen at Osborne before her departure for Irelaud. They had previously been in Frauce for a week or more, where they met a very cordial reception from the Emperor. »-It was said that their visit had some political object in view — but if so, it has not transpired. What they felt most interest in, both here and iv France, was the organization of the array and tho state of the navy arsenals and dockyards. They paid a visit to the Frenoh camp at Chalons and to the English one at Aldershott, besides visiting Cherbourg, Portsmouth, Woolwich, &c. Europe is quiet just now, but armaments are everywhere increasing, and especially the iron plated vessels which have lutely became the rage in this country and in France. Russia too is about to get one or two buil t by way of experiment I presume. The war which was expected to break out in Hungary or in Venetia is not ripe yet. But eveuts are steadily hastening to a crisis. The

! Austrian emplte is standing ott tt rains at the present moment, and a very slight spark might cause it to explode at any moment. Between France and Austria there is said to be a growing Coolness — which is ominous. But the chief baitse of danger is to be found in Hungary. / The Diet there has just been dissolved by the Emperor of Austria. In answer to a Rescript I which he addressed to the Diet some weeks back, and which was couched in the most peremptory, dictatorial and offensive style, the Diet replied in an "address " drawn up by their ebief man (in every sense of the term) M. Deak,, which for boldness, united with calmness and statesmanlike ability is, perhaps, unmatched in modern times. It set forth at considerable length the relationships of Hungary to the Austrian Empire; showed that Hungary had at all times been an independent kingdom, enjoying for upwards of 800 years its own laws under its own constitution ; and that the semblance of power which was now accorded to the Hungarian Diet at Pesth would not satisfy the claims of the nation — inasmuch as all real power in the raising, and. disposal of taxes, and in the control of the finances and military levies were all reserved for the Reichsrath or Imperial Council at Vienna, whicb, whatever claims it might have to legislate for the other "Provinces" ofthe Empire, certainly had no right to make laws for Hungary, wbich would never send members to represent it iv such a council. The answer of the Vienna cabinet was brief. The Diet was dissolved "because it had misunderstood its mission and bad not addressed itself to tbe duties which it was called upon to discharge." And so the matter stands. This subject is highly interesting, andl should like to enter into it at length, but time presses. Affairs in Italy are in statu quo. Cialdini in the South has succeeded iv putting down great numbers of the brigands and Bourbonists who infested the Neapolitan territory, and who endeavoured to raise the standard of revolt in favour of the ex-King, Francis 11. Besides this he caused several priests, monks, and other dignataries of the church to be seized and imprisoned, or else expelled the kingdom, as the fomenters and promoters of the retrograde movement which has been going on at Naples for some time — the centre of it being at Rome, from which it is organised and directed. It has so often been said that the Pope was on the point of being abandoned by Louis Napoleon tbat no one will believe-the fact when it takes place. There was lately a mis Unde- - standing between the Pope's Secretary at War and General Guyon the Commander of the French troops at Rome; or rather I should say it was a very petty quarrel on accouut of a French soldier, who had been wounded in a squabble with a Roman soldier. I believe he died of his wounds ; but at all events, M. de Merode, the minister in question, refused to give up the Roman soldier to the French. Sharp words ensued between the minister and the general — in which the former spoke of the Emperor as "un scelerat, Hue canaille, un forube, gui trompe tout-le -monde." These insulting epithets were of course resented by Guyon, who told the ministers that were he not an ecclesiastic, he would box his ears for his impertinence, and it is even said that he asked him to doff his habit and he (the General) would fight him. All this seems a trifle, and I only mention it, because it afforded food for leading articles to the French papers for at least a fortnight. The Emperor Napoleon has lately "inaugurated" a new Boulevarde, called the Boulevarde Malesherbes, at Paris, and' the old palace of the Tuileries is being taken down; — in order to be re-builr,. The King of Prussia is to have an interview with Louis Napoleon! at Strasburg on the sth of October next. They will breakfast tete-a-tete, and then have a chat about politics. It is said, however, that before! this interview the King of Prussia will have an interview with the Emperor of Austria, with whom he 'is represented as being on excellent terras, politically spring. By the bye Mr. Roebuck has lately been getting himself into trouble again by speaking publicly on two ocoasions in favour of Austria, its Emperor and Government. These speeches were delivered on the occasion of a recent visit of the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Maxiraillian, who is a sailor, to Southampton, where be was feted, " addressed," &c. It is said, that there is a secret treaty betweeu France and Sardinia for the cession of tbe Island of Sardinia, Genoa, and Liguria, as a quid pro quo for Rome, whicb the French would then give up to the King of Italy ; but this is only an on dit at present. The statement, I believe, was first put forth by Mr. Roebuck. So much then for home and contiI nenlal news.

The overland mails from Australia and New Zealand were delivered on. the 15th, and the heavy mails on the 22nd. The telegrams which anticipated the mails by a few days, gave us to nnderstand that the spirit of insurrection was fast spreading amongst the Waikatos, and was likely to seize upon the whole of the Maori tribes of the North; and tbat the King movement was the cause of this general " insurrection." This news was of course " very gloomy and alarming " ; but when the mails arrived} I confess for my part, I could see no grounds to justify such a report. Of course the King party are not satisfied, uor is it to be expected that they should be so— What has been done to satisfy their wants and demands ? It is amusing sometimes to see the amount of ignorance which English journals betray in discussing the New Zealand question. Some of them go so far as to confound the " King" movement, with the war at Taranaki which was caused by a misunderstanding with " William King,"j— others assert that we originally "cbnquered" the Maories, and that as a matter of course they have no " tribal " or other rights, but' such as we may choose to accord— forgetting, or not knowing, that we made a Treaty with the Natives originally, which was the sole condition on which we first obtained a footing in the country, and not by right of conquest. Even such a great authority as the Times is very much at sea ou the subject some times— thinks that the colonists so far from wishing to get rid of the war, look upon it as a very good thing, in consequence of the money spent by the Army and Navy ; but that the' only way to put an end to the war, would be to make the colonists pay all the expenses themselves. These are the most recent views of colonial statesmanship put forth by the Times. But I must now give you two extracts from two of the leading London Week lies-the London Review, a paper of recent origin, but with a certain amount of ability— which, however, gp to support Austrian politics ; and I should not at all wonder if it was the organ of that party in London— judging from somereoent articles on the Hungarian question. It says in an article iv the last number " tbe best thing the colonists of New Zealand, supported by the Goverument at home, can do, is to goto work in earnest, and make the war so short, sharp, and decisive, as to teach the natives once for all that their project of a Native Sovereignty is an idle dream, .and that if need be the whole might of England will be put forth to punish the attempts ojf all who strive to convert 1 ..,'•;..' A :;' i

It tow a reality, TJio strong will and thd strdttg artii are the two things needful, and if is high time for the Government of New 2ea* land to display both. By way oT contrast to the* above I shall now give you a long extract frorii the ," Saturday Keview"— a journal whidb fof ability has taken a leading position from the time it started some five or six years since, and which t&nksfirst amongst the first-class Weekly Journals. It is not a v newspaper" so much as a Review '• all its matter consists of" leaders" of which there are generally about twenty-five including literary articles and reviews of books. It says, after laying the blame of. this war upon Governor Browne's policy and that of. his advisers; "It is to ' be regretted for the honor of this country that the Governor's adtisers did not apply some of their ingenuity in discovering a better cause of war. The King movement is too flimsy a pretext to be respectable. The history pf, it is this. Very sooa after the departure of Sir George Grey the maories began to discover that under thereonstitutional system which had been lately introduced, the advantages of the Treaty of Waitangi were likely to be confined entirely to one side. Their land was -being gradually diminished by the purchases of the stranger, and their relative powers lessened. ' Their independence even seemed to be threatened by the rapid progress of a race the organs of whose opinion lost no opportunity of expressing towards them a feeling of contemptuous ill-will and predicting the approach - of their- national extinction. , But the blessings of civilization which were to have been the set-off to these in-

evitable evils were not forthcoming. The; English government under the successor of Sir

George Grey, existed only foi the English. The stranger's claim to sovereignty had disorganised the rude old Maori'chieftainship, but it had supplied nothing .in its place. Instead bf the watchful- administration of government which was fostering so rapidly the prosperity of their rivals, the maories were suffering under the worst evils of anarchy. No attempt was made by the Governorto perform towards;the_i a Governor's duties. He knew little of the Maories, scarcely ever went amongst them, and took no step to extend to them the 'security of life and property, guaranteed to them by the English laws to which they were nominally subject. The consequence was that crime of every kind increased^ and with it increasedHhe

more terrible curse of blood feuds; Under these circumstances some of the leading tribes resolved to do for themselves wbat.no one

would do for them, and they set up to the best of their ability a rude native government which should at least satisfy the first needs of human society. No exception was taken, to the

movement. The, Auckland Government suf-

fered it to progress for several years without challenging its legality * "* * Much sympathy is felt at this moment for the Hungarians in the conflict they are maintaining tor the privileges which they claim * * * : The New Zealanders are precisely in the same condition. They have but one institution-^the tenure of their land. But that institution, as we have seen^ they value beyond life, and will fight for it even with, the certain prospect that the warfare must issue in tbe extirpation of their race. They gave to the Queen of England the right to rule over them, orily on the condition most solemnly and ; expressly undertaken that this institution should be held sacred. The way we fulfil that pledge' is to seize their lands without the pretext of a legal trial. How can we rebuke bad faith in Europe and practise it at the antipodes, uphold pledges as sacred on one side ofthe equator, and dismiss them contemptuously as praiseworthy devices on the other, without tarnishing, our good name." The writer concludes the article, which is a very ably written one, "arid which takes the only just views which I have yet seen expressed in the English papers upon the maori question, by expressing a hope that Sif George Grey may reach the colony before Governor Browne has too much involved our Government or committed it to any extreme measures from which it might be impossible to recede. And here it may be proper to observe that the last mail from the Cape informed.' us that Sir George had not then started fof- his destination. The fact being that he had some business in hand which required to be wound up and settled by himself. I may also add that on the 26th of July Lord Lyveden asked.'tbe Secretary for the Colonies what instructions Sir George Grey had received, respecting the war in New Zealand — the payment of the expenses and the tribal right of the natives?. He „was glad tliat it was not proposed to suspend tbe Constitution as on a former occasion. '-The recall of a Governor should be an exceptional step. Sir G. Grey who had been a very popular Governor and who left the colony inf- prosperity would have many difficulties to : contend with at present. All the difficulties of^tbe colony turned upon the question^? tribal rights. Surely it was ,not impossible to define tribal and individual rights and to establish some fixed rule on the subject. It would even be belter to acknowledge these rights at once than to have perpetual convulsions arising. "As long as the mother country paid there would be no peace." The Duke of Newcastle in reply said that the instructions given to George Grey were of a general character— that of course a good deal was left to his own discretion. ' It was no easy matter for a Secretary of State to lay down precise rules upon a question of this kind— especially*" when he saw eminent legal men in the colony like Sir W. Martin and Chief Justice Arney differing in toto upon the Question of tribal rights. These matters must be' left to the judgment of men on the spot, and Till that a Colonial Secretary could do would be to select the best instruments in his power for the purpose." I merely refer to tlie matter here, as you will of course print the speeches which took place ori the subject, and , which are not very long— "-but which are very pointed arid pregnant. Sir George Grey seems to have reoeived carte hlancKe. Governor Gore Browne's speech on the 4th of Juue has reached us. I have read it, but have not seen it commented upon in any of the papers. It appears to me , to. be very weak, and to indicate nothing like a decided or definite policy. The news from the colony is to the 12th of June. '•'-'"• Monday evening, 6 o'clock. P.S.--The enclosed telegram has been this day received. It tells its own tale. The feeling at Washington and -;New York ist very uneasy. They now begin to realise the magnitude of the task they have undertaken,; and from which they cannot escape. '■• :«*i A dreadful accident on the Brighton'line l took place yesterday morniug • by whioh twentyHwo lives were lost and at least 100 persons severely injured. The catastrophe took place in the Clayton tunnel about 5 miles from Brighton, and was occasioned by one train running into another, when within the tunnel. This was owing to some blunder ofthe signalmen, or as they allege to the' fact that the telegraph did not work properly. It* has caused great, sensation. ,The injured, persons' were trkyelUng by one of the , Excursion trains' whiqh'j esjb^ "to London on Sundays. \ .;");*';;? oj

Same day, s. s. Woiiga Wonga, 103 tons, F. Beuser, from Nelson and Picton. Passengers — Mr. aud, Mrs. Wilkinson, Eev. Mr. Warren, Mr. Trolove,' Mr. and Mrs. Beaven, Messrs. H. Brag<?, M. Perrj, Earle, John Sinnox, W, Siunox, Stevens: SAILED. Oct. 20, a. s. Wonga Wonga, 103 tons, F. Renner, for Castle Point and Napier. Passengers — . Mr. A. Kennedy, Miss A. Douglas, Mr. and Mrs. Wilkinson, Mr. E. Cook. Same dny, s.s. Storm Bird, 105 tons, G. Mnndle, from Wanganui. Passengers — His Honor I. E. Featherston, Miss Featherston, Mrs Rußsell Duncan, Master Duncan, J. Falkner, 3 mea,s7th Regt. Oct. 27, s. s. Lord Worsley, 291 tons, A. Kennedy, for Lyttelton nnd Otago. Passengers — cabin, Messrs. Moss, Frank, Goldsmith. Sherlock, Miss Skillicom, Miss Hichen, Mr. and Mrs. Anderson, j Rev. Mr. Tanner, Mrs. 'L'auner, Messrs. J.O. Craw- I ford, Trolone, Rich, Wright, Symons, and 40 in the stecra »c. Oct. 28, schooner Emerald, 35 tons, John Sedcole, for Otago. Oct. 29, brigantine Active, 136 tons, J.W. Cummings, for Otago Passenger — W. Haine. IMPORTS. In the Airedale, I. C. R. M Company, Agents— lease drapery, A. Stuart; 1 parcel, Bishop of Wellington; 1 case stationery, Browu; 1 parcel, Secretary Crown Lends; 13 boxes tobacco, John Martin; 1 box, Cawlhorne, Esq.; 3 bundles buckets, Dransfield; 2 cases. C. H. Brown. In the Storm Bird, Duncnn & Vennell, Agents, — 6 casks currants, 2 tons soap, 12 tons flour, 115 bags potatoes, Smith & Co.; 1 parcel, W. Ray. In the Lord Worsley, I.CR.M. Company, Agents — 388 bags sugar, Order; 10 boxes. I cask, 1 case glass, 3 casks sundries, 1 case do., 1 bag boot pegs, 2 bundles enmp ovens, 1 bundle tar brushes, 8 kegs nails, 1 bale lines, 1 case pick?, 2 doz. shovels, 2 enses axes, John Martin ; 3 bales leatlier, 1 pkg. do., L. Levy ; 6 cases merchandise, Krull & Co.; 389 bags sugar, Levin and Co.; 2 cases shovels, _ bundles buckets, I cask ironmongery, 1 do. glass, 1 bundle forks, 1 do. ironmongery, E.W. Mills ; 100 sacks flour, 50 bags barley, 25 boxes candles, Bnnuatyue & Co. ; 2 cases iron safes, W. B. Rhodes; 1 case drapery, G. Pickett & Co.; 5 oases, 2 trusses drapery, H. R. Kane ; fiO boxes candles, M. Goldsmith ; 20 boxes candles, 30 bags biseuitr, Hickson Sc Co. ; 2 cases, Bank of New Zealand; 30 cases fruit, 1 case and 1 parcel stationery, Order; 1 case, W. Lyon; 1 iron boiler, Phillips; 7 oases fruit, Order ; 1 box glass, Richardson; lease, E. and R. Reeve ; 1 parcel, H. Shaw; 1 case, H. Crawford ; I parcel, Mrs. May; 1 parcel, Bethune & Hunter; 1 case, G. Hart; 1 pel., G. Gordon ; 1 case, Miss St. Hill ; 3 cases drapery, L. Moss ; and a quantity of cargo for Lyttelton and Otago. In the Wonga Wonga, Duncan and Vennell, Agents — I case, Bethune & Hunter; 1 horse. EXPOKTS. In. the Wonga Wonga, Duncan and Vennell, Agents^-1 parcel, 1 pkg., Wilcox; 1 case, G. Pic kett & Co. ; 3 bags potatoes, T. VV. Pilcher ; 2 casks heer, J. Dixon ; 6 bags sugar, 4 boxes, 1 cask, I. parcel, 2 cases, 4 boxes, 1 wheel, 2 cases, W. Spinks; 1 drum oil, 1 case, 1 parcel, I.C.R.M. Company; 1 parcel, Bethune k Hunter; 1 case confectionery, W. &G. Turnbull & Co. ; 1 case drugs, W. Bishop; 11 cases, 27 bags seed, 2 sacks do., A. P. Stuart & Co. ; 0 boxes sperm candles, 1 pkg. wool packs, 2 drums tar, 1 parcel shears, 1 oase b^led fruits, 1 do. jams, Sj chests tea, I '•ase raspberry viDegar, 1 case sundries, Duncan & Veilnell;i carriage, A. Kennedy; 1 bale wool packs, 8 rams, W. Bowler, Son & Co. ; 1 cask grass seed, A. P. Stuart & Co. ; 2000 ft. sawn Umber, W. and G. Turnbull & Co ; 8 rams, R. .7. Duncan ; 1 horse, J. Wilkinson; 5 cases liquers, 6 oases caracon, 5 oases marai-ino, 2 half tierces tobacco, Stuart and Co. In the Emerald, J.& T. Kebbell, Age nts—l 4,ooo ft. sawn timber, 1 ton baoon, 65 doz. tether lines, 20 bags bran, J ton rope, 1 keg butter. 105 lbs. lard, J. & T. Kebbell; 2 pkgs. luggage, A. Stook. In the Active, Master, Agent-— lO tons potatoes, 46 head of cattle, 1 ton hay, W. Evans. In the Lord Worsley, I.C.R.M. Co.npany, Agents —8 bullocks, 1 dray, Wright; 2 horses, 2 builocks, 1 cart, 5 kegs butter, Hughey ; 4 horses, Adams ; 1 box, Taylor j 1 pkg.. 1 cask, 3 cases, 3 hags, Rowlands ; 1 bag gold. £5000, B.N.S. W. ; 2 cases drapery, Moss ; 6 bales wool packs, Duncan & Vennell ; 1 case perambulators, Turnbull & Co. ; 1 tin box, I. C. R. M. Co.; and part of original cargo. Inthe Storm Bird, Duncan & Vennell, Ageuts, —2 hhds. brandy, G. Crawford ; 5 cases liquors, 3 casea sugar, 3 do. pickles, 1 do. sauje, 2 casks augar, 1 case bottled fruit, 1 do. oil, 1 cask rice, 1 box raisins, I oase tojs, 1 do. fruit, 1 do. sundries, lease oil, 1 do saddlery, I do., confectionery, 2 do. liquors, Owen Brothers ; 1 case coffee, 5 bags, flour, 1 pkg. wool packs, 6J chests ten, 3 cases sugars, Johnston and Co.; 1 sack. Levin and Co. ; 3 pkgs. wool packs, 1 roll wire, Bethune & Hunter; 1 bdl. leather. W". Paine ; 4 cases drapery, 2 trunks, 1 case, I cask, 2 drums oil , J. Joseph & Co. ; 1 box, lease, 3 trusses, W. \Y. Taylor; 1 box, Bishop of Wellington; 3 cases oilmen's stores, I bag sugar, lieg barley, 1 nest tubs, 1 cask oatmeal, I case currants, 3 half chests tea. D. Anderson; 1 case drapery, 4 cases cheese, 1 cask oatmeal, J. J Tame ; 5 boxes soap, 1 bag corks, W. Hickson & Co.; 0 parcels, 15 boxes soap, 5 chests, 5 half chests tea, Duncan & Vennell ; 1 case drapery, 1 pkg., Turnbull. and Co ; 3 cases brandy, 1 cask sugar, 1 do. porter, 1 case oil, Krull & Co. The schooner Randolph, Captain Davidson, from Hawke's Bay, arrived in this harbour last evening. She sailed faom Napier on the I7th instant, and experienced a succession of southerly gales which drove her back three times to the Kidnappers. The schooner Zillah, from Auckland, bound to Otago, was in oompany with her under the Cape. She had 61 passengers on board.

Marbibu. — At St. Paul's Church, Wellington, | by the Rev. A. Stock, M. A,, on Saturday, ,26th October, Mr. John Lofts Hill, to Mary, ouly I daughter of Mr Henry London, of Porirua.