MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

Wanganui Chronicle, Volume 5, Issue 231, 18 April 1861, Page 4

MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

The names of those who were members of last Assembly are in italics. Auckland. City West /• Williamson J. Firth City Bast T. Bussell Northern Division ... T. Henderson J. O’Neill / Franklin R . Graham Colonel Nixon Bay of Islands H. Carleton Marsden John Mimro Mongonui W. Butler Newton G. Graham Onehunga G. M. O’Rorke Parnell deader Wood Pensioner (Settlements H. Mason Raglan C. J. Taylor Canterbury. Akaroa A. E. White Avon A. R. Creyko Cheviot F. A. Weld Christchurch J. C. Wilson Ellesmere T. Rowley Heathcote G. W. //all JCaiapoi I. T. Cookson Ryttelton Crosbie Ward Timaru Francis Jollie Hawke’s Bay. Clive J. D. Ormond Napier 11. P. (Stark Marlborough. Picton... David Monro JPairau W. //. Byes Nelson. Gold-fields , A. Bichmond Motueka H. E. Curtis iVelson City Hon. E. IV. Stafford A. Domett Nelson Suburbs J. B. Wemyss JFaimea A. launders ' Otago. Bruce T. B. Gillies C.H. Kettle Dunedin T. Dick J. McGlashan i/ampden Oapt. Fraser Wallace F. Dillon Bell /Palter Mantell Taranaki. Grey and Bell Blocks Vacant through death of Mr. W. C. King. New Plymouth Hon. C. JV, Richmond Omata J. C. Richmond Wellington. Hutt JV. Fitahrrbert W. Renall Porirua A. de B. Brandon Rangitikei JV. Fox Wanganui H. S. Harrison Wairarapa C. R. Carter Wellington City ...... /. E. Feat her stan IV. B. Rhodes JV. JV. Taylor CHEESE MAKING.

Although the makers of cheese in this district have no roason to be ashamed of their manufacture, some of which is very good, they may not take amiss a few hints for its improvement. The following observations are taken from a prize Essay on the subject by Mr. Win. Carrington, of Croxden Abbey. His directions are sufficiently clear, but he has omitted to mention the proportion of salt to be mixed with the curd, which in the best regulated Cheshire dairies is one lb. to 42 lbs. of curd, a little more or less according to the temperature of the season. Perhaps a longer time should be allowed for coagulation, say an hour and a half. Z’he smaller quantity of rennet needed, and perhaps the reduced temperature ere the process is completed, leaves the curd rich and tender, Z’his is a very important point; being, indeed, what chiefly makes the difference between a cheese mellow and melting in the mouth, and one like the celebrated skim-milk cheese of Suffolk mentioned by Arthur Young, which was so hard that “ pigs grunt at it; dogs bark at it; but neither of them dare bite it.”

Having .premised these observations, we. let Mr. Carrington speak for himself: — “ The cheeses in this neighbourhood generally weigh, when ready for sale, from twenty to thirty pounds each. It will be found that a gallon of milk will produce rather less than a pound of cheese, but it varies considerably according to the richness of the milk. The milk should be put in the cheese kettle at a temperature of from 80 to 86 degrees; it should be varied- according to the heat of the atmosphere, and should be the warmest in cold weather. In summer it should not be more than 82 or. 88 degrees. If the cheese is made almost entirely of new milk, a portion of it will require cooling. In cold weather, and where there is a considerable quantity of old milk, it will require heating to bring it to the right temperature. This should be done by putting a portion of the milk in a tin within a furnace of hot water. By observing this plan there is no risk of the milk being burnt or smoked, as there would be in heating it over the fire. The cream should be taken off the old milk before it is heated, and put in the kettle, the hot milk poured on it, and the temperature tested by a thermometer, the colouring (where used), and then the rennet, should be put in, and thoroughly mixed with the milk. A teaspoonful of salt petre, finely powdered, should also be added to each cheese, as it checks fermentation, and prevents the cheese from heaving. The top of the kettle should then be covered with a cloth or wooden cover, and the milk be allowed to stand for an hour, when it will become sufficient ly firm, to be broken do wn.

“ All the milk which is not made into cheese should be cooled before going into the dairy, and should not be put in large quantities together. or it will not keep sweet. “ The best kind of curd breaker is fitted with knives or bars, instead of wire, which bruises the curd more and makes the wliey richer.

“ The curd breaker should be lifted gently up and down till the curd is all reduced to small pieces, when it is ready for what is termed gathering. This is best dene by a cylindrical tin vessel, which is perforated all over with small holes ; its diameter should be little less than that of the kettle, and at the bottom it has a well for the convenience of lading oat the whey. The gatherer should be dipped sideways in the kettle, and moved slowly round a few times, so as to collect tlie ( curd together in a mass ; the gatherer should j then be lifted out, and the curd allowed to sinkto the bottom of the kettle. Z’he operation! of gathering is dispensed with by some, but l! think that it forwards the work of cheese j making. Z’he curd gatherer should then be; floated on the top of the whey, which will; ooze through the holes, and may' be laded offj into tubs.

“ Z’he curd gatherer was invented by Mr. G. Carrington, of Creighton, and it is of great, utility. It is found when it is used, that the whey is very much poorer than when the cheese is made by the ordinary method. Z’liere is generally a considerable sediment of small curd at the bottom of the whey tubs,which ought to be in the cheese ; but by the use of the curd gatherer this will be entirely prevented. When most of the whey is laded off, weights should be inside the gatherer, and the wliey laded off as before. Z’he curd round the outside of the kettle should then be cut in pieces and laid on the middle, and the weights again applied ; this process should be repeated two or threo times, when the curd will be dry enough to put in the vat. A cheese-cloth should be spread over the vat, and the ourd should be cut in pieces and laid in it, and the edges of the cloth folded over and tucked in, to prevent the curd from falling out. Z’he vat should then be placed under a light lever press, and the presure applied gradually If the curd in the kettle is intended to make more than one cheese, it should be divided equally. Our space obliges us to stop here, but we shall return to the subject next week. INDIA. The European army is discontented, and part of it mutinous. Z’he native troops arej not to be trusted ; and the whole population is bitterly dissatisfied with the government that imposed the income tax. The news of the disbanding of the sth Bengal Europeans, and the shooting of one of the men, is confirmed. The Nizam’s government has ceded to us all the rich cotton producing countries, including Behar, on the left bank of the Godavery. Z’he Scotsman has the following remarks on the late reverse at Darjeeling :

A very unnecessary fuss has been made » about the telegram which announced “ the - repulse of Campbell’s force from Sikkim.” Such an event, when only known from the , short, sharp, but not decisive chronicle of the electric wires, of course furnishes an opportunity for Jeremiads over the precarious state of British power in India; but it may be doubted whether the more sensible plan would not have been to wait for a clearer sight of the molehill which the telegraph’s foggy phraseology had magnified intb a mountain. The /ndian papers which have now come to hand enable us to give the following summary of the origin and the facts of this, on the whole, very trivial affair. Sikkim is a remote district of the Himalayas. Some quarter of a century ago a sanitarium was required for Bengal, and accordingly our Indian government offered to purchase Darjeeling from the Rajah of Sikkim. He gave it up for a pension of 3000, which was afterwards increased to 6000, rupees per annum. For a time British invalids were left to enjoy the bracing air of the mountains unmolested, but by-and-by raids began to be made upon our settlement by the Rajah’s subjects, chiefly at the instigation of his Dewan. British subjects were murdered or kidnapped ; at last, even the British Superintendent was carried off, and detained in captivity until released by British troops. 6000 rupees a year naturally appeared a ridiculously high rent to pay a landlord so regardless of his tenant’s comfort as the /Jajah of Sikkim, and consequently he was deprived of his pension, and, as a farther punishment for his misbehaviour, of a portion of his territory. In 1853 he abdicated in favour of his son, who for a time refrained from molesting the British; but of i late, egged on by the old Dewan, has recommenced the system of massacre and maraud-; ing whioh prevailed in his father’s reign. Tliei Superintendent, Dr. Campbell, having failed to! obtain redress for one of the last exploits ofj the Rajah’s moss or mountain troopers, was authorised by government to mulct him of a; farther portion of his territory. Unfortunately,! Dr. Campbell undervalued his antagonist’s power or prowess, and took only a hundred . men and one gun to annex a district of 550 square miles. The gun was lost, and thirty or forty of his men were killed—a result, no ! doubt, to be regretted, but not likely very i seriously to damage our reputation for valour, ■ whatever opinion the uatives may form of our wisdom. Britons will not the less be thought [ fire-eating dare-devils, because they were mad ; enough to make war on a neighbouring State , with one gun and two companies of sappers. , Doubtless, we shall soon hear that a more formidable force has brought the Rajah to his ' senses, that the captive ryots have been re-, stored, that their kidnappers have been given

up for punishment, .and that the demanded district has been quietly ceded. The Income-tax riots are another Indian : topic out of which sundry alarmist contemporaries are endeavouring to make capital, political and pecuniary. What a sad pity it is, we are told, that the excellent advice of Sir Charles Trevelyan was not followed. JV hat a sad pity it is, we rejoin, that a British statesman should have almost indelibly stained- his previously fair fame by stirring up to mutiny those whose loyalty he was appointed to secure. Had it not been for his unaccountable i behaviour, and, perhaps the too conciliatory tone of the Government proclamation in reference to the Income-tax, these riots, in all probability, would never have taken place. However, there is nothing very serious in them as yet, and if the policy of firmness be persisted I in, the last of them will soon be heard. At ! Surat, the British magistrate, with a body of | police and a good supply of handcuffs, made a !!• woop upon a mob of 4000 malcontents, and |carried off. thirty .of the ringleaders,-twenty-jfive of whom have got six months’ imprisonjment with hard labour as an acknowledgment >of their services in the cause of fiscal reform. lAt Bassein, Mr. Hunter was for a time comIpelled to flee before some thousands of insoi lent anti-taxationists, but he returned next i day, and incarcerated the leading rioters. The jnative merchants, of Bombay have been heavily ; fined for their refusal to make returns of their ’income. Such tactics consistently continued i will soon lower the natives’ tone. As to their j combination against the purchase of British (goods, that is manifestly a mere piece of jchildish petulance. They will soon find that by such a course of conduct they Are taxing ■ themselves far more heavily than the Governinient wants to tax them, and will be glad I enough to frequent once more the European istores. If under previous governments the j Hindoos had been exempt from taxation, or jvery lightly taxed; there would be some exjcuse for the outcry they are now making ; but junder native, Mahometan, and Tartar princes jit is notorious that their noses were never off .‘the fiscal grindstone, whilst under British rule [they have enjoyed a comparative pocket paraidise—have been let off so easily indeed that they now regard a moderate and most necessary tax as a tyrannical infliction. Z’he necessity of the Indian income tax is proved by the “ Sketch Estimates” for 1860-61, which have recently been laid before the Governor General. Bven should that tax realise the amount which is set down as its probable fruit, India’s outgoings for the year will exceed her incomings by more than six millions of pounds.

Experiments with tiie Large Armstrong Gun.—During the second week of January a series of experiments were made in the presence of the Select Committee of Woolwich Arsenal with the 100-pounder Armstrong gun at Shoeburyuess. The experiments were exceedingly satisfactory, and fully established the fact of the new 100-pounder ordnance being equal to the similar sizes. A ship’s side, partially covered with massive iron plates, some of which had been stripped off for the purpose of testing the fuzes at the commencement ol the experiments, was set up at a thousand yards, distance, to form the butt. The shells, filled with powder, were fired at patches of white paper stuck noon the surface. The spots were twelve iuche3 in diameter, and in every case the shell went through the mark, while the iustautaueous ignition of the powder made a hole iu the timber, in the form of a huge doorway. The target was placed on that part of the ship’s side which had been stripped of the iron plates, some of which were still retained. One of these was struck by accident, and cut completely through. The firing was repeated at intervals with-the most successful result, until at length the ship’s side became so riddled that the shells were fired through the chasms without even touching the ragged and splintered borders, and exploded on coming in contract with the ground a cosiderab’e distance beyond. The experiments terminated by firing a few of Martin’s shells filled with molten iron from one of the old service guns, which in the course of a few minutes set the remains of the vroodeu framework in a blaze. At the conclusion, the experimental gun was found to he as perfect as when the trials commenced. By the late improvement in the breech there was no escape nor leakage of gas from the explosion, to test the fact of which the committee several times filled the cavity with snow, and, after the gun was fired, the snow had not the slightest 'discoloration. It was accordingly acknowledged unanimously that by the new arrangement it is barely possible for the plug to be blown out- in the event of any carelessness on the part of the funner in screwing jit home. ColonelSt George, R.A., C. 8., president of the select committee ; Captain Sir W. (Wiseman, R.N., vice-president; and thememi bers who were present, as well as Sir W. Arm- | strong, expressed their admiration of the Iresult.

j A marble statue of the late Sir William |Peel, the heroic sailor-son of the great Sir ißobert; whose gallant exploits in the Crimea,’ and above all in India, raised a thrill in all English bosoms, proving as they did that some of our naval captains are still made of the old stuff, has been placed in an appropriate home, in the Painted Hall of the Greenwich Hospital. It is from the hand of Mr. JTheed, the well-known sculptor.

Our Statesmen’s Handwriting.— The present race of statesmen are, on the whole, distinguished.by excellent penmanship. Lord Derby’s handwriting is beautiful—equally elegant and legible. Lord Stanley’s is as legible as large pica, but certainly not elegant. Lord Palmerston’s is free, pleasant, and by no means obscure. The Duke of Newcastle writes an. excellent hand-r-loug, well-formed, letters, aud.

very distinct. .Lord John Russell’s penmanship is not unlike the Colonial Minister’s, but on a smaller scale. Other instances might be cited, but it is more to the purport of the present paper to say that the East India Company, nearly all through the present century, have been remarkably fortunate in the caligrapliy of their chief servant, the Governor-General, who has set an example of penmanship to the whole class of writers which ought not to have been thrown away. Lord Wellesley’s bandwriting is, perhaps, the best that we have ever seen. Sir George Barlow’s was little inferior. Lord Minto wrote a remarkably firm, solid, legible hand. Lord Hastings and Lord Amherst were somewhat stately in their penmanship, but every letter was as clear as type. Lord William Bentinck ran his letters, and sometimes his words, a little too much into each other, but he wrote a good flowing hand that was rarely otherwise than legible. Lord ( Auckland’s writing; was peculiarly round and , distinct, the very reverse of his successor’s, Lord Ellenborough’s, which was pretty and ■ lady-like, and not distinct; but he was always one of the Honourable Company’s naughty boys. Lord Dalhousie wrote a beautiful hand — flowing and elegant, but very distinct; and the present Governor-General, Lord Canning, need not blush to see his handwriting placed beside that of any of his contemporaries.- — BlacTtivood for January. The Purist’s Prayer Book. —To say nothing of certain other omissions in de- i ference to * modern delicacy,’ the officiating priest is no longer to speak of the pair as ‘ this man and this woman,’ but as * these our friends.’ We must remind the editors, however, that some very refined congregations in America have carried out these kind of improvements much more liberally. Mr. Oliver! Holmes informs us that his very agreeable { friend ‘ the Professor’ was startled one day, being accidentally present at a wedding in an Episcopal Chapel (it was a. congregation of ‘niggers,’ who are great sticklers for the genteel thing), by hearing a question put in this form— 4 Who giveth this gentleman to be married to this lady ?’ A r ay some English parish clerks of more than usual delicacy and discrimination have already proprio motu, in some similar cases anticipated our present reformers. Not to mention such slight emendations as 4 our Queen and governess,’ a correction which we have ourselves seen made by a grammatical hand in the margin of the official copy, in the clerk’s desk, there is a certain occasional Service in which 4 Save this lady 7’liy servant, has been adopted (when the 4 party ’ was of that class), as the obviously more respectable reading, and been followed by the response 4 Who putteth her ladyship’s trust in Thee.’ We shall hope to see these modern improvements, which have thus already presented themselves to advanced minds, and re-j ceived a sort of demi-official sanction, incor-j porated by our revisionists in a future edition. But we beg their pardon with regard to this last; w'e observe that in their opinion it 4 admits of question’ whether, out of regard to 4 modern delicacy’ the Thanksgiving Service, to which we have ventured no more than to allude, should not rather be omitted alto-j gether .—lbid. Irish Progress. —The Northern Whig\ has the following remarks upon Irish progress: “In 1830-35 the number of paupers in ireland was a third of the population, while'in' 1859-60 it was only a thirty-second; since 1830 two millions acres of land, out of 3, 900,000 capable of being reclaimed, have been brought under cultivation. The revenue

which in 1830, was .£4,000,000 a-year is £7,000,000. The tonnage of Irish shipping which in 1830-33 was 333,700 tons, is now 786,000. Foreign imports have increased from a value of .£1,500,000 in 1829-30 to ,£5,500,000 at the present time. Wages of agricultural labourers, which were computed at half-a-crown a 'weekin 1836, are estimated now at 7s. weekly. In 183.3 Lord Grey said that * the catalogue of crime in Ireland contained 172 burnings, 465 robberies 568 burglaries, 455 acts of houghing cattle, 2095 illegal notices, and 425 illegal meetings.’ The year 1858-9 presents a very pleasing contrast to the former period, crime having, according to the Quarterly Review, ‘ dwindled down to the lowest point.’ It only comprised five convictions for homicides, not a single case of illegal meeting, of seditious outrage, or of political violence; and nearly all the judges upon their circuits in 1860 congratulated the grand juries on the general tranquillity.”