PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE.

Star (Christchurch), Issue 2041, 22 September 1874, Page 2

PHILOSOPHICAL INSTITUTE.

The following is the concluding portion of Dr Haast's paper .'on .researches .'.at Sutnner Cave . — ' .;) :;!»•! Ja - Although-when enumerating in the^ foregoing' notes the results obtained during the pursuit of 'the' excavations, -I 'have given already my views, formed from -a -coniiidera^ tion of the sequence of the beds of , human origin, their' ug» and peculiarities; I think. /it will be useful if 1 offer in conclusion a, short resume of the work performed and contxßin'* plated as a whole. ( ; j, at The excavations have shewn .that a nearly level flour of marine sands existed, .resting upon tli ■• ooky bottom of the cave, these, ea'nd being 4% fi-et above high water , mark 'at -'-ij^g entrance of the cave and gradually rising- to eight feet near its termination. II /'jH There is no evidence from which could- be concluded when 'the big: block at the entrance of the cave fell down from the roof to narrow the' former so : considerably/ but I have' no doubt that this took place before the Bea had left the cave entirely, by being shut out by the boulder bank in front of the entrance,.the crown of which rises IB feet above high water mark. ".■.■■■■■■ . .■ '- -'r. :■.:;■": -:...■■'.".■' L However, both the boulder bank and this rock at the entrance of the cave prevented the drift sands from entering and filling it, bo that when the moa hunters landed with their canoes in some of the nooks amongsfc'^tlie rocky shore in the vicinity, they found &'<&&*s tal shelter in the cave, whilst the Peninsula, then an island, and the opposite shores of the main island offered them a fine hunting gronnd. , .. „""'" . : - It appears from the examination of the sea sands that the first visitors, of the cave entered it only occasionally, and still more rarely used it as a cooking place. This might have taken place after the waves of the sea had been shut out from fche cave by the formation of the boulder bank'ua front of it, probably assisted by a rise of; the land,. but it is. possible that at exceptionally high tides the water still entered the cave,. aa many of the broken moa bones, and ; the boulders of which the cooking ovens in the so'uth-weßtern portion were formed, were imbedded nearly twelve inches deep in the sands, unless we assume that they might have been brought in that position by the next inhabitants having walked overrthem) and thus having trodden them down, ' ; : , The bed of ashes and dirt which here, and in a few other places, underlies the agglomeratic bed, clearly proves that before the last- mentioned deposit was formed, fires' were lighted occasionally upon the Bands. „'... . .. The discovery of drift wood in the- cave* often of considerable size, of several: seal skeletons, and of a portion of a lower human jaw, is a proof that its entrance during the deposition of the sands was easily accessible to the waves of the sea.. . . ■ .... - I have already observed that in the marine sands we came across blocks of rook of all sizes, having fallen from the roof, and possessing a more or less rounded shape, such as is exhibited by scoria, formed in its upper a,nd lower portions during the flow of a large lava stream. When the waves of the sea finally retreated, a great number of these fragments fell for -a! considerable time from the roof, forming a nearly uniform layer of an average thickness of sis inches above the marine sands, and being generally thicker where the cave is highest. This fall waß, without doubt, caused by the interior of the cave gradually getting drier. During the whole time of the formation of this remarkable deposit, the cave appears to have been occasionally inhabited, as evinced by the great number of bones and of small quantities of charcoal and ashes enclosed in the beds under consideration. Above this agglomerated bed another remarkable layer had been deposited, generally three to four inches in thickness, mostly consisting of ref use matter from human occupation and of ashes, so that I adopted the name of dirt-bed for the same. It was especially in some localities, as for instance, near, the entrance of the cave, replete with kitchen middens of the moa hunters. I wish, however, to point out that the fall of the rocks from the roof did not cease during its formation or even afterwards, as all the beds upwards, even those of European origin, have small lumps of such scoria, or even larger blocks, embedded in them. I believe, therefore, that this dirt-bed was forming during a more regular occupancy of the cave by the moa hunters, and thus deposited in a much smaller space of time when compared with the other beds ; moreover, I think that the connection of the cooking places and kitchen middens of the moa hunters outside the cave, amongst the dunes, with the dirt bed, has been traced satisfactorily in the fpregoiug pages. But now, as it were at once, the moa hunters disappear from the scene ; but not without affording an insight into their daily life, by leaving us some of their polished and unpolished stone implements, a few of their smaller tools made of bone, a few personal

ornaments, as well as of fragments of canoes, whsres, and of wooden , spears, fire sticks, and other objects too numerous to mention; but by which the fact is established tbab they had reacned^alretidy a certain state of civilisation, which in many respects seems not to have been inferior to that possessed by the Maoris when New Zealand was first visited by Europeans. At the same time, if we consider the position of the kitchen middens on the dunes in the vicinity of the cave, and those which I discovered on the lines of inner dunes in the neighbourhood of Ohristchurch, even the most ardent defender of the groundless assertions that the moas only became extinct some 80 or 100 years ago, must admit, that at least in this portion of the island, these gigantic birds were exterminated at a period when the physical features in this part of the Canterbury plains near the nea were different from what they are now, that large lagoon-like lakes have since been filled up, and sand dunes of considerable width have been added to those then existing. In one word, those changes during quarternary times have been of such magnitude that ifc is impossible to estimate, even approximately, the length of time necessary for the achievement of such important alterations, worked out by the action of the sea and the rivere entering it. And, as in other portions of this Island the deposits in which the kitchen middens of the nioa hunters occur are of similar antiquity, I have ho doubt that my views expressed on this subject some years ago will gain general acceptance in due time, although I know that erroneous notions to the contrary, when they have once become popular prejudices, are difficult to eradicate ; especially when they are supported by one or two scientific men in New Zealand, notwithstanding that their assertions never stood the test of critical examination, and have been refuted over and over again. ' That after the deposition of the dirt bed the cave remained uninhabited for a considei-able space of time., is not only proved by the clear line of demarcation between that layer and the shell bed above it, in which no moa bones were found, but also by the deposit of blown sands about a foot thick at the entrance, and gradually thinning out as it advances towards the interior of the cave. Moreover, if we consider that ab least, these lower Bhell beds in the cave, are of contemporaneous origin with those which are situated outside on the dunes to which Maori tradition assigns such a high antiquity, it is evident, judging from their situation in such a distinct and well-defined position above the bed containing Maori bones, thafc the extinction of our gigantic birds, reasoning from this fact alone, is thrown back for a considerable space of time. Of course it is impossible to calculate this time:by,even hundreds of years, but as polished atone.;. implements have been found in New Zealand, buried iv littoral 1 beds, fifteen feet below the surface in undisturbed ground, over which extensive forests are growing, containing treeß of enormouß Bize, there is no doubt that the use of polished stone implements dates far back in pre-hisfcorie times j I mean to say to a period to which even the most obscure traditions of the aborigines do not reach. Moreover, it has been proved by philological researches, that the Polynesian race to which the Maoris belong, is of high antiquity, and, that since their location in the Pacific Ocean, great physical changes must have taken place in this part of the earth's surface. The similarity of the language spoken on numerous small islands situated at such considerable distances from each other, is no argument against such a hypothesis, because under certain conditions, even without accidental or intended emigrations, languages may remain nearly unchanged for a considerable space of time, I may even venture to say for thousands of years. In support of this view I wish only to refer here to the great resemblance of the Coptic with the language of the old Egyptians, as revealed to us by the translation of the hieroglyphic inscriptions on the oldeßt monuments of that wonderful race, still standing proudly on the banks of the Nile. . If we now consider for a moment the shell beds in the cave, we are led to the conclusion principally judging from the absence of cooking places amongst them and the numerous thin beds of ashes, without doubt, the result of camp fires and forming distinct lines of demarcation, that the cave was only occasionally inhabited, and that for their formation alone a long period of time has also to be claimed. The upper portion of these shell beds immediately below the surface deposits of European origin, might be assigned to the forefathers of the Maori tribe inhabiting at present the neighbourhood, as according to their communications to the Rev J.W. Stack, the cave had been used as shelter for their fishing parties in former times. And thus another step towards the elucidation of the question, when the moa became extinct has been made, and I have no doubt that the future researches in similar localities will not only offer a confirmation of the views, as baaed upon the results of these excavations, but: give us still more material towards a better knowledge of the life and manners of the_ primitive people who exterminated the gigantic birds once inhabiting these islands. r POSTSOHIPT. In the Press of Aug. 13th of this year I observe a paragraph headed " The Sumner Cave," being a resume of a paper read by Dr Hector before the Philosophical Society in Wellington; for A. M'Kuy, on the excavations made by me in that locality, end of 1872, and during which the said A. M'Kay was one of the labourers employed by me. According to the Press the summary of the New Zealand Times begins with the following sentence : — '■ "The exploration occupied seven weeks, and on its completion the collections and notes which were made were given to Dr Haast, and the paper now read was chiefly occupied with the author's own views on the question — whether the moa hunters were possessed of tools other than those of the rudest description, and whether there were any facts constituting a difference between them and the Maoris of later times," The beginning of this sentence, which I shall show in the sequel, consists of an untruth, might lead one to suppose that the socalled author has committed only an indiscretion, but when I read the resume itself I found that all the principal results of my excavations Lad been published without my permission or consent, and that the most flagrant breach of faith and trust had been committed. Here are the f act 3of the case. About three years ago, when examining some geological sections near the gorge of the Ashley, I found there a man of the name of A. M'itay, usually working as a labourer at the flax-mills in that locality, but having once been a gold-miner, he had been instructed to drive a gallery upon a supposed coal seam.

As this person appeared to "be very fond of geology, and to have a great thirst to learn something, he was very anxious that I should take him with me on one of my journeys to look after the horses, &c, and upon his earnest solicitations I engaged him shortly afterwards for such purpose. Eetuvning from a journey lasting some months, during which I had found him zealous, I employed him in menial work at the Museum, and sent him afterwards to collect fossils at the Waipara ; during all that time I had been lending him books and doing everything in my power to help him on. When I had collected the necessary funds for the expenses of the exploration to be undertaken in the Sumner Cave, I took him there with another working man I had engaged for the purpose, to make the necessary excavations under my own directions, and, as my report shows, superintending the work myself, generally going twice a week down to the cave to direct their proceedings in every respect. Thus not only were all the principal discoveries, with one exception, made under my own eye, or I may say with my own hands, but all the measurements were also made by myself, and all the notes written on the spot ; not trusting any one else with these matters. When there was sufficient material collected, I took the same with me for deposition in the Museum, properly labelled, and only in the last week when great quantities of kitchen middens, both of Maori and moa hunter origin were obtained near the entrance of the cave, they were brought up together at the termination of the work. As I thought I could place full confidence in the man's honesty, I explained to him always the nature of every object discovered (he did not know the difference between the bones of a bird and of a mammal), bufc to give him real interest in the work,! not only spoke unreservedly before him about the results obtained with scientific friends I took down during the time the work proceeded, but gave him also freely my views about the whole bearings of these interesting excavations, and when the work was finished, and he asked my permission to write me some notes on the same, I — taking an interest in hia advancement — encouraged him to do ao, which notes, if I remember rightly, three or four pages in quarto, after reading, I tore up as of no value to me. It will thus be seen that the statement in the beginning of the account given by the New Zealand 7 imes, is altogether devoid of truth, and only made to hide somewhat the dishonest action of filching another man's propoily. . I afiui wards employed A. M'Kay, to wash the specimens and varnish the bones, during which time both Mr F. Fuller and myself gave him, unreservedly, all information upon them, and when shortly afterwards Dr Hector came to Ohristchurch, 1 recommended the said person to him warmly as a zealous collector, upon which recommendation he was engaged to go to Wellington. I therefore strongly protest against this most glaring breach of trust, of which no similar instance is known to me. It deeply grieves me, that a man, for whom I have done everything in my power to help him on in the world, should thus, by betraying so shamefully the confidence placed in him, gain an unenviable notoriety, but I am still more astonished to see a person in Dr Hector's position, actually help my former workman in this business. This is incomprehensible to me. The Director of the Colonial Museum cannot plead in excuse that he had been deceived himself by M'Kay, as I went to the trouble to take him myself to the cave a few weeks after the excavations had been finished, and to explain to him what had been the principal results of my excavations, towards the expenses of which I paid a fair share out of my own pocket. In one word, Dr Hector must know that the abettor of such a transaction, is as guilty as the perpetrator himself. APPENDIX A. Expenses incurred and money received towards the excavations in and near the Moabone Point Cave :• — Nov. 9, 1872. Subscription — Dr. Mr Edward Jollie £1 0 0 Mr Samuel Beuley . 10 0 Mr H. K. Webb 10 0 Mr J. D. Enys 10 0 Mr W. P. Cowlishaw 1 0 0 Mr William Wilson 10 0 Mr George Hart 2 0 0 MrChas.Tripp 10 0 Mr Marmaduke Dixon ... ... 0 10 0 Mr George Packe. .. ... ... 1 0 0 Mr R. H. Rhodes 10 0 Mr F. H. Meinetzhagen 1 0 0 MrF. J. Garrick.. ... 1 0 0 Philosophical Institute "5 0 0 Canterbury Museum ... ... 8 0 0 Dr Julius Haast; 6 0 4 £32 10 4 Nov. 9, 1872. Cr. To wages to R. Lournan (7 weeks at £2 2s) £H 14 0 To wages to Alex. M'Kay (7 weeks at £2)... ... 14 o 0 To expenses for tools, carriage, &c. 316 4 £32 10 4 Julius Haabt. Christchurch, Nov. 10, 1872. APPENDIX B. List of objects found in the lower or moa hunter deposits of the Moa-booe Point Cave : — a. — Remains of Mammals. Bones, human ... ... ... ...' 1 Bones of ziphoid whale 3 ... ... 8 Bones of sea leopard, Stenorhyncbus leptonix ... ... ... ... 39 Bones of fur seal, Arctocephalus lobatus (?) and cinereus 332 Bones of small fur seal, Gypaophoca subtropicalis ... ... ... 27 Bones of dog, canis 5p. ... 43 Bones of porpoise ... ... ... 24 b. — Remains of Birds. (1) Extinct. Bones of Dinornis robustus ... ... 13 Bones of Palapteryx crassus ... ... 18 Bones of Euryapteryx gravis ... ... 35 Bones of Euryapteryx rheides... ... 94 Bones of Meionornis casuarinuß ... 17 Bones of Meionornis didiformis ... 103 Bones of Aptornis defossor ... ... l Bones of Aptornis otidiformis... ... 2 Fragments of bones of different species 51 Tracheal rings of moas ... ... 37 Portions of eggshells of moas (trays) 3 (2) Recent. Bones of Graculus punefcatus, spotted shag 107 Bones of Eudyptula undina, small blue penguin 67 Bones of Anas superciliosa, grey duck 17 Bones of Graculuscarbo, black shag ... 18 Bones of Graculus, varius, pied shag 15

Bones of Graculus brevirostris, whitethroated shag 12 Bones of Ossifraga gigantea, nelly ... 6 Bones of Apteryx Australia, large kiwi 3 Bones of Nestor meridionalis, kaka ... 5 Bones of Stnngops habroptilus, kakapo 2 Bones of tui, gulls, terns and smaller birds, not yet determined 148 Feathers of Nestor meridionalis, kaka... 11 Feathers of Oasifragu g'gantea, nelly... 1 Feathers of Graculus punctatus, spotted shag ... ... .. ... 39 Feathers of Circus assimlis, harrier ... 1 Feathers undetermined ... ... 5 c. — Remains of Fishes. Bones of Oligoruß gigas, hapuku . 39 (Mollusks.) Unio Aucklandiars, trays ... ... 1 Meaodesma cuneata, trays ... ... 1 Mactra discors, trays ... ... ... 1 ArtPTiis subrosea ... ... ... 1 Objects of Human Workmanship. a. — in Bone. Canine tooth of dog, bored at base ... 1 Needle made of humerue of Ossifraga gigantea, nelly 1 Awl made of distal end of tibia of Ossifraga, gigantea, nelly ... 1 Proximal end of humerua of Oaaifraga gigantea, nelly, neatly cut off ... 1 b. — In Woods. Apparatus for lighting fire by circular, motion of Pukatea, Atherosperma Novae Zealandise ... ...... 2 Apparatus for lighting fire, by rubbing lengthwise, made of komaku, Carpodetes serr.tus ... ... ... 2 Portions of apparatus for lighting fire, ■ by rubbing lengthwise, made of komaku, Carpodetes serratus ... 3 Portions of apparatus for lighting fire, by rubbing lengthwise, made of patete, Melicope ternata ... 1 Portions of fork, made of manuka, Leptospermum scopariura ... ... 1 Portions of spear, made of nene, Dracopbyllum sp. ... ... ... 1 Pieces of timber, pukatea, Atherosperma Novse Zealandiss 4 Piece of timber, portion, of a canoe (?) tawai, Fagua menzieaii ... ... " 1 Portions of pile, totara, Podocarpus totara ... ... ... ... 2 Chips of totara, Podocarpus totara ... 3 Fork made of manuka, Leptospermuia | scoparium ... 1 Piece of pukatea, Atherosperma Novsb Zealand i(B, portion of a canoe (?)... 1 Pieces of tawa, Mesodaphne tawa, pro!bably portious of a bird spear ... 2 (c) In Stone. Polished stone implements, adze perfect 1 Polished stone implements, fragments. One of these resembles the point of a tool called tamatau by the Maoris, formally used by them to " make fishhooks 17 Pieces of gritty sandstone, taraiwaka of Maoris j some with grooves from sharpening tools ... ... 4 Obsidian, tuhua ... ... ... 4 Pumice stone ... ... ... ... 2 Quartz, agate, chalcedony, cores ;.-■-.'.;. ■}■'.' 4 Chipped flint implements, of which ten are cores ; ef the rest, five only show any recognisable form, of which two are spearheads, three knives, the reßt being mostly flakes 34 appendix 0. List of objects found in the Upper or Maori deposits of the Moa-bone Point Cave. (a) Remains of Mammals. Bmes, human ... ... r 3 Bones of whales, ziphoid' ... ;: I.. 7 12 Bones of porpoise 9 Bones' of dog ...... ...■...' 51 Bones of sea leopard, Stenorhynchus leptonix , ;.. ... '' ... ... 11 Bones of furaeal, Arctocephalus cinereus ... ... ... ... 37 Bones of little furseal, Gypsophoca subtropicalis 19 Bones of rat ..." ... 3 (b) Remains of Birds. (1) Extinct. Small pieces of moa bones, mostly bleached and decomposed „.. 7 (2) Recent. : Bones of Graculua punctatus, spotted shag ' 104, Bones of Graculus sp. ... ... ... 17 Bones of Anas superciliosa, grey duck 8 Bones of Circus assimilis, harrier ... 3 Bones of Ardea alba, white crane ... 2 Bones of Casarca variegata, paradise duck 3 Bones of Apteryx Australia, large kiwi ... „. ... ... 2 Bones of Osaif raga gigantea, nelly ... 1 Bones of small birds, not yet determined ... ... ... ... 37 Feathers of Graculus punctatus, spotted . ": shag 62 Feathers of Stringopa hatroplilue, kakapo 49 c. — Remains of Fishes. Bone of hapuka, Oligorus gigas ... 164 Bones of other fishes not yet determined ... ... ... ... 37 d, — Remains of Mollusks. My tiluss marag din us, mussel, numerous tray amaragdinus ... ... ... 1 Chione Stutchburgi, cockle, numerous tray ... ... ..." ..;. 1 Mesodesma Chemnitzii, pipi, numerous tray lj Amphibola avellana, periwinkle, nume- 1 roua tray ... ... ... ... Mesodeama cuneata, numerous, tray ... 1 Lutraria Deahayesii, kokotu, about 30 of them lying very close together upon the dirtbed, tray 1 Mactra diacora, a few, tray ... ... 1 Valuta pacifica, a few, tray ... ... 1 Turbo amaragdue, a few, tray 1 Unio Aucklandicus, a few, tray ... 1 Haliatis iris, a few, tray ... ... 1 Objects in Wood, Bone, or Fibre. Pieces of a toa, a long thin spear made of tawa, Mesodaphne tawa, to shoot birds with. At the upper end a barbed point, called tara, ia fastened, made of human or bird's bone ... ... ... ... 6 A wooden implement (fishhook) made of Pukatea, Atherosperma Nova) Zealandioe, with a small piece of whale's tooth, called mata, standing backwards. Manga oko-oko .. , 3 Fernroot pounders, Patu arube, manufactured from Maire, Santalum Cunninghamii ... ;.. ... 4 Fernroot pounders, Patu aruhe, manufactured from akeake, Olearia sp. , 3 Fragments of a Matiha tuna, fork, for epearing eels, made of manuka, Leptospermurn scoparium ... ... 4 Portion of a batten for a whare, Kaho, made of Turepo, Hoheria populnea ribbon wood ... ... ... .1 Portions of several Whaka kai, wooden dishes, for the preservation of fat and juice ... ... ... ... 13 Parrotstands, Taka ore kaka, made of

pukatea, Atherosperma Novre Zealandias 2 Pu-tatara, small trumpet, blown by the mouth, made of a Struthiolaria shell, with an opening at the point. According to Maori information, its use was confined to chiefs, the approach of whom would bo announced by its sound ... ;.. 2 Mata, mouth of a flax bag, made by twisted thin sticks, for preserving birds in their own fat, after being cooked ... ... ... ... l Taka kai, matting used for covering the food in the bangi, or oven, to keep it clean from the earth and ashes ... ... ... ... 2 Parenga-renga, sandals made of flax, or ti tree leaves (not used in the Northern Island) „ 3 Pieces of nets, the floater of pumice stone attached to one of them, is called Poito 4 Pawa shells, in which the holes at the exterior border are filled with flax, used as a vessel for keeping oil .... 4 Fishhooks, Matao, for catching hapuku, made of Kaikai-atua Rhab..V .. 4 Fishhook, made of rata, Metrosideroa... 1 Piece of timber, of - pukatea, having holes on both sides for fastening the boards of awhare" ... ... 1 Karera, a wooden handle made of totiaraj to fasten a' piece of green- ! stone, to be used as a chisel ... 1 Portion of a Patu p'atu; a large wooden hammer, made of manuka ... 1 Tahatiti-.vvhaka.a squared piece of wood ; (tolara), to fasten the sides of a canoe ... 1 Puru, made of manuka, pin to atop the holes of a canoe for letting the water out ... ... ... ... 2 Kauhuhua, a wooden pin, made of mmuka, to fasten .the battens - across the canoe ... ... ... 2 N.B. — Some of' these ■ pieces were remarkably smooth, so that they . looked as if planed.' 0 After thetimber had been worked with stone adzes, it had been smoothed down with pipis, or a piece of greenstone, used like a spokeshave. ::'...: Tokai, a thin long stick, used to keep the mouth of the fishing-net open - 2 Ripipawa, a knife made of manuka, to loosen pawa shells .... Matiha," fighting spear, made of man ukn, pieces ... ... ... ... 6 Pieces of timber haying been used for : various purposes, such as firestioka, portions of canoes, whares, and utensils of daily life j portions of mats, cordage, &c 53 Korapu, portion of net for catching inangas ... ... ... ... 1 . . . : Objects in Stone. „ . .;.... ; Portions of broken polished stone implements ... .... .-. ... ... 3 Portions of broken polished greenstone ... ... ... ... l ■ APPENDIX Di Objects collected in the kitchen middens of the moa hunters, amoagat -the sand dunes near the Moa-bone Point Cave :— a. — -Mammals. Bones of fur seals; Arctocephalua cinereus , ... . ... 69 Bonea of email fur seal, Gypßophoca aubtropiealis ... , ... ... 23 Bones of dog ... *.! ... ... 36 Bones of whale (Ziphoid) ... ... 7 ./•;.- s.— Birds. 1. — Extinct. Bones of Euryapteryx gravis ... ... 33 Bones of Euryapteryx rheides ... 49 Bones of Meionornis casuarinus ... 15 Bones of Meionornis didiformis ... 53 Tracheal rings of different species .... 18 Pieces of egg shells, trays ; ... ... 2 . 2. — rßeconfc. Bones of Graoulus puhctatus, spotted shag... ... ... . ... 28 Bones of Eudyptula pachyrhynchus, crested penguin ... ... ... 17 Bones of Eupyptula nndina, small blue penguin ... ... ... ... ' 13 Bones of Anas superciliosa, grey duck 10 Bones of Nestor meridionalis, kaka ... 6 Bones of Apteryx Australia, large kiwi 3 Bones of Casarca variegata, paradise duck... ... ... ... ... 3 Bones not yet determined (small birds) 27 OBJECTS OF HUMAN "WOBEMANSHIP. (a) Of Bone. Pieces of moa bones, partly prepared for fish-hooks ..." ' ... ... 2 Ornaments made of the humerus of the albatross, probably to be suspended from the neck ... 2 (£) Of Stone. Polished stone implements, chert ... 3 Polished stone implements, fragmentary 8 Pieces of gritty sandstone for polishing and sharpening ... ... ... 9 Pieces of obsidian, of which several have the form of spearheads ... 13 Piece of pumice Btone, evidently used for polishing purposes ... ... 1 Knives and scrapers of flint ... ... 7 Cores of flint ... ; 4 Flakes of flint; 48 Flakes of Palla 2 Chipped pieces of basalt, of which two are nicely formed spearheads j many are evidently chipped for knives, scrapers ; a few being cores 66 Total of objects collected ... 2797