THE FARM

Southland Times, Issue 17530, 18 September 1915, Page 2

THE FARM

AGKICUIiTTTRAI. EVENTS POB WEEK ENDING SEPTEMBER 35.

--Saturday, September J.B, Horse sale at Invercargill, by .Messrs Wright Stephenson and (Jo., Ltd. --Monday, Scplember -0.~ .Mr John M orison's clearing sale, at (iumtoies Bush, by Messrs .1. it. Mills and t'o. Tuesday, September 21. —- Stock sale at WallaecLowu. -—Friday, September -i.— Stock sale at Lumsilen. Messrs Wrigh t. Stephenson ami Co., Old., have disposed of -Mr M. Carmichael's Kunnymoad property at Thornbury of 000 acres to Mr 11. Woodley, of Dunedin. The .same firm In's .also disposed of Messrs A. and JB. Wilson's property at Mabel Bush, t’oe purchaser being -Mr F. .1. Blakic, of Byal Bush. In returning thanks at Kdendale D.F. Co.'s annual meeting for his election to tlm directorate. Mr Andrew Hall said that while last year had prowd a record one for dairymen, lie Imped to see this .vear's prove a record one not only in the mailer of price but also' in quality. Jlo wanted to see the British Government receive the very best value in cheese, as in all other foodstuffs, for the brave soldiers on active service. It therefore behoved every patron, as well as every member of the factory staffs, lo do their utmost towards the production of a firstclass article.

Addressing Hie shareholders at the annual meeting of Kdendale J>. F. Co., on Wednesday evening, the chairman (Mr W in. Ward! in announcing that they had disposed of the ensuing season's output of export cheese from their three factories (Kdendale, llrydone, and Menzies ■Ferry.) at the 'exceptionally high figure of T'.id per lb 0.t.. remarked: “ft certainly is a splendid price; lutl, gentlemen, it's just what we require, so that we can pay our sons and daughters a wage that they are deserving of for their labour. What with the daily toil of dairying -- milking night and morning, long hours, and wet weather and the like —they deserve to lie well paid. I’ve been at the business for years; yet on account of the small wage I could afford to pay, X could not induce members of my family to settle on Hie land and that, i am sure, is a general experience. L am salislied-ihat Is lid at least will ho the ruling price for butter fat for some seasons now , and that w ill enable us to pay out a fair thing lo our workers.” — (Bond applause.)

Tile dairying seasmi is opening favourably, says the Wyndham Jlerald. Grass is coming away well. Cows arc corning in generally in good order, thanks to a s u fticienvy of turnip feed and a until winter. They should yield at their best from Hie beginning. The daily milk supply at Kdendale Factory is between 1 1(0) and 1 JOU gallons.

With reference lo the embargo placed by the Commonwealth department on the exportation of tUMIOO carcases of mutton from New South Wales, the Chief Secretary iMr Black) said on August JO

that tho mutton could not lie shipped for the imperial authorities by his department during Hie last six months because freight was not obtainable, and now that it was available, the .Federal Government stepped in and blocked the shipment of Hie meat without consulting him. The position was that at present tlie meat couid not lie sold either in New Sou Hi Wales or Victoria. In the agreement entered into between the State and tlie Imperial Government meat exported under the act was to be either for Imperial purposes or for the civilian population. and, in bis opinion, neither tlie Defence of the Kealm -Vet nor the Bommeree Act, under which lie assumed Mr Tudor had taken action, was applicable lo the present position.

Writing in reference lo Hie proposal to extend the Glut ha freezing works, tlie Deader says, “last season alone juslilicd the opening of the works. .if they had not keen here and the distract had boon lelt lo rely upon outside help it would have been a season of disaster for the stock-holders of this district. It would have involved tho ruin of some and the crippling of many. This district lias by’ its courage saved itself from one disaster: now by its wise provision may save itself from another."

Advice lias been received that at Hie annual stallion parade held at Chri.-i----churcli on Wednesday, -Mr -la-s. Batrick, of -I.ee Creek Stud Hirm, West Taieri. won the following prizes: —Baron Bold, best; Scotland's ' Conqueror, second; Sir William, lifth. Baron Bold also won the challenge cup for tho best stallion on the ground. *

A very good ration, and about a.s economical one as we can suggest, says Hoard's Dairyman," Would be lo Jet each cow weighing .100011) have daily JOIh of maize silage, at, least r.lb of lucerne hay, and a liberal allowance of sorghum hay. Supplement this roughage with a mixture of Lloolb bran, JOOIh ground oats, and ZOOlb inaizo meal. Feed about llh of lb is mixture for each 3 till) of average testing milk produced.

It is generally admitted Unit no manure from the farm gives better results than that from pigs, and it is an exceptionally good .fertiliser of poor land. Tiiis is no theory, hut a well-proved fad, as all who have used much pig manure can testify.

An official intimation lias been conveyed to the {Scotch farmers that Hie Go. vernment had decided to acquire all hay crops suitable for his -Majesty's forces.

Kxperiments show that the dairy cow will milk bettor on good luxuriant pa.--trucs, alternately used and rested, than on the best of band-feeding conceit 1 rat es, though individual cows do much better under hand-feeding Hint do others.

At a farmers' jumble sale at. Biverpool on behalf of the, British Farmers' Bod Crons Fund and the National ItclicC Fund a bottle of whisky, changing hands many times, finally realised flu. Among other “lots" sold were a pony, a hull calf, a goat, a sucking pig, and some ferrets. Tile sales brought in about £aoo in ail.

A cow is not going to pu.t on flesh and show a profit at the pail at the same time. Tlie.se are the laws that we cannot evade, and success in the dairy business can only come with the full realisation of the importance of dairy type.

During Brofessor J. Macmillan Brown's recent visit to New Caledonia lie came across two ex-New Zealanders who arc establishing 'meat freezing works for Messrs .Sims, Cooper and Co., of Christchurch. *• The canning works in New Caledonia are busy .providing canned meats for tho French Army. Prof. MacMillan Brown noted in connexion with these works that no use was being made of the by-products.

One of the features of the last St. Andrews sals (says Hie Christchurch Brcss) was an exceptionally well-linishcd lino of 800 two-tool hj fat wethers, which were sold on account of Mr D. Crump, Scotsion Kstale. at I!0s Per head a record price for such sheep for the district.

AUhough the lambing season in the lower districts of (lie Ashburton County is ■ now becoming general, slates that Ash hiirtnii correspondent of the. Canterbury Times, it is by no means so forward tn the districts at the base of the hills.

TJie flocks have, been wintered fairly well, but generally, as a result ol a somewhat backward spring growth o| feed, the ewes are not so well condition-, cd as graziers would desire. The heavy rains that fell recently have already had a marked effect on the pastures, which are beginning In present a line growth of Brass and clover, a class of feed so essential to successful lambing'. A strong north-west wind which prevailed on {Sunday has had (he effect of rapidly diminishing; the quantity of snow on the ranges, so lha.L the continuance of heavy frosts will thereby lie minimised, Both from an agricullural and pastoral viewpoint last week's rain was most opportune, and the prospects for it Rond season now appear to ho bright and encouraging.

;M the annual District .Meeting of the M.*». Oddfellows at Kdendale, the. Provincial Grand Ma.ster. Pro. A. V. Pope, made this reference: “The township of Kdendale and the surrounding district bear striking testimony to the value of subdivision in the interests of closer settlement. Kdendale is the stepping-off place to one of the finest tanning districts in the dominion - the home of the first dairy factory in New Zealand, (lie pioneer in what is now a vast industry. Originally, .Kdendale iOstate contained over 1-0,000 acres. Of these 80,000 were gradually sold lu hundreds of settlers, tho Government inlying the balance for the purpose of closer set tlemon I. The township is growing every year, and is surrounded by thriving homesteads."

Despite the care which is exercised at the abattoirs throughout the Dominion to, ensure that diseased meat does not reach consumers, there are, occasions when their vigilance is not sufficient to picxeiit meat getting into consumption that should lie condemned. An instance occurred in Canterbury only last week. An animal which from outwards appearances was in the best of health was sold at a public auction and was purchased by a loading butcher. it was slaughtered under official supeiwisinn and, presumably, examined by a. veterinary surgeon and passed as sound. No sooner had the carcase reached the shop, however. when it was discovered that it was an almost solid mass of disease, no part being til for human consumption. The butcher will not get any insurance, since the meal was declared good by an official, and consequently the loss, some £JS, will fall on him.

It is estimated that the destruction and killing of cattle in Belgium and France on account of tho war is at least 1,.1ti0.(10d head, some estimates playing It at AOOO.OOO head, of which ‘IOO,OOO head would probably lie cows. This is said to bo Hio number of cows Unit Canada litis for the production of milk for tier export cheese trade. We have not taken into consideration tho reduction of cattle in Germany and Austria, so that Hie curtailment of cheese production in Kurope will no doubt be felt nut only as long as the war lasts, hut for some time after. It is Hi is shortage of cheese supplies in Kngiand and on the Continent as well a.s the extra demand from tho 11 r i-t ish Government for Army purposes, that has caused the high prices ruling for cheese of late: and although the values are [ending to a lower basis as tile season advances, they will in all probability still show a comparatively high summer level.

i'unions show ers of rain fell on Banks J’en insu la throughout .Sunday week and will greatly henclit spring growth, which owing to the dry winter and late frosts, is very backward. There is a great mortality id' dairy stock reported, some farmers losing heavily, particularly in the watershed of the harbours, where the ill effects of tlie hitherto dry weather seem to have been more severely lelt.

There are lo.'.qiti acres of land availaide for selection, mostly' under renewable lease, dining the munih of October, and sigui acres arc also announced fur selection in October. The land is chiefly in the Auckland. Nelson, Westland and (dago provinces, and the rents in most cases arc very low.

As the result of numerous analyses made of seaweed collected round Hie oasis of Kngiand, it appears that dried seaweed, which is about a quarter of tho material when freshly gathered, contains from* I to w. tier cent of nsirogcn, and from “ lo f, per cent of potash. The percentage of phosphoric acid is very .small, not more than about u per cent. lis value, estimated by Hie amount of fertilising so list a flees, may he reckoned to la-about the same as farmyard manure. Ss i.o 10s per ton, according lu quality.

Action has been taken by Iho Chief of the l-ivc Stock Division. Dr Jieakes. to check the slaughter of immature cattle. The freezing companies; bare been advised that cattle over nine, months old Cannot he slaughtered and .shipped a.s* vealers on owners' account, and cattle under two years old are not desired for Imperial purposes. As regards meat in store, any carcases under LPMilh may lie shipped on owners' account, and any over that weight will lie taken over under the Imperial meal supply scheme. The action taken is to prevent wellgrown young cattle, and particularly heifers, from being slaughtered and exported as vea'ers. The step is a. wise one. and is in conformity with similar action being taken in oilier countries.

The cultivation of seaweed as a crop is advocated by tho Department of Agriculture tor Ireland. There is a chance for scientists to improve the breeds of seaweed ill a manner hitherto not dreamt of. I'osts nothing to grew’, am 1 produces nitrogen, potash, iodine, and other substances for the cost of collecting- and preparation.

Fat stuck prices are very high in Victoria, New South Wales, and South Australia, Hie Melbourne market being the dearest. On. August .11, in the latter market, throe bullocks averaged fJ 1 Itis Bd, and three others brought fit), the top price being £7for a purebred shorthorn, prime bullocks, averaging £1 10s to £1 las, nnalium £J ISs to £1 as, good to prime eows and heifers, £1 f.s to £1 JOs per 10 01b.

in view of tho fact that there i.s considerable anxiety amongst farmers a.s to whether there will be sufficient labour available lo garner the inxl harvest. slates the Farmers' Cnion Advocate, it may he worth while to consider a proposal to commandeer the services of a. considerable number of Germans tv)to are “kicking their heels about," doing nothing in various ramps in Hie dominion, a. burden to themselves and expense to the country. Speaking at the Bciccslcr Show on June 1, tlie Duke of Holland submitted a suggestion which contains a hint also for tlie dominion. He, proposed the use of interned Germans tor harvest work. Ho said that Knglish prisoners were compelled to work in Germany, and on fond, su why should not Gormans he required to do something for their living? So long ns vigilant supervision was exercised over the movements of the men, the scheme might bo recommended for adoption in this dominion.

Many substititucs for oats are being experimented with in Germany. Besides the so-called sugar feed, which contains 8') per cent, sugar and .in to 20 per cent, cut straw, the use of dried sugar heels, culled “beet crumbs," has become extensive, says Hie American Consul. Ina.snuie.ii as (here is a steady increase in the use (if both these mixtures for fodder, it may ho assumed (hat the large amount of sugar contained in both has shown no had effects. It causes the animals

to become very thirdly, however, rind the heavy l onsmnnl inn of water may prove injurious for draught animals, especially in (he hot .summer months.

11. is l>cl ie veil (says an exchange.) Itiat very soon legislation wiP he passed' which will have the. effect of making illegal the slaughtering of in-ealf cows and young calves in (treat. Britain, in the interest of potential food supply. The president of the Board of Agriculture has appointed a. department d committee to consider and report what slops should he taken by legislation or otherwise for the solo purpose of increasing the present food supplies, and in the House of < .'opinions the second reading of the Maintenance of l.ive .Stock Bill was passed. The Bill .proposes to take action to restrict the sale of calves and young animals. The .Board, it was cxpalined, although urged to do so, do not at present intend to prohibit the sale ot all female slock, hut they thought it desirable to ask- the House to give them rather fuller powers so that, if if became necessary to Into further action, if would be possible legally to do so.

Tlu- recent rains have wrouphl a very marked chanpe for the belter in the condition uf tiic ciMinlry th n mphou t North Canterbury and tin; Aniuri County. The ipiantily of rain that fell vans sufficient to penetrate (o the' subsoil of the cultivated land, and also to rc;i hj cell down lo tin; roots of (In; prass. The soil bcinp warm, a. rapid ftniwlli started, and both crops and crass are now assuming a. healthy preen spring like appearance. The fall on September was particularly heavy in Ihc hill country, accompanied hy a sipiall.v north-wester which helped in clear the ran pcs from snow which fell durinp the. wot spell earlier, .and threatened In cause‘severe fro.sls which, had they occurred, would have to a considerable extent neutralised Ihc pood effects of the rain. The farmers are now

speaklnp more optimistically of their prospects. , .V larpoly increased area of land has iiccn bronpbt under cultivation for cereals this season, itn<l the bmp dry spell has iiccn the source of no little anxiety to the aprieulturis-s. A, shortape of feed for stock lias been severely fell in some localities, and live slauphtcr of stai-vinp sheep and of lambs to save iho ewes has been the unfortunate experience of some of flic pastoralists. The market, for store sheep has boon most unsatisfactory for some time past, but fids weelv some improvement should follow the better conditions hroupht about by ihe rain.

farmers in the "West of Ireland arc much perturbed over an outbreak within the Inst week of a violent disease, known as black lop, amnnp cattle, especially on the hip-' ranches where cattle are raised in larpc numbers. In one sina]) area near Casllcrca. over I'd) cattle have died in a few days. Large slock owners arc pettinp their cattle inoculated to safe guard them from t ie disease, but as liii.s is a curtly proceeding unless the ‘Department of A .prion 11 nre comes pi the licit) of the small call le-hrccders there will be a very large morl ility. The outlook is looked upon as being very prave.

Writing on .‘lnly 2:1 the ‘London correspondent of the Lyttelton Times stales that (he lliph »’n in n i issii mcr (the lion. Thus. .Mackenzie i is arranging for a monthly article dcalinp with the affairs of Xcvv Zealand to appear in the Jounia.l called "drmvry" a .journal having a wido circulation throughout the i fade i> Knpland. The articles should In- pond and increase interest in New Zealand produce. In the .Lily ni-inhcr Jlr .Mackenzie pices a full dc.scl ipl ii m of the CXoidicnl methods employed by .Xcvv Zealand in connection with the nla mi fact ure and output of dairy produce. It describes the (lovcrnmcnt veterinary supervision which secures absolute cleanliness tiic testinp of dairy herds for health purposes, the co-operative system employed. the methods of (he fariories. and the pradinp and the sterilised (rcalmcnl of by-products to secure the absolute health (if voting stock. The article also deals with the possibilities- of an increased output, and winds up with a statement showing the preal productiveness of the dominion, amounting' to more than f L'T.raMi.OtMi in exports for the year.

Professor Imnstan. of the* Imperial Instituie, in a letter to The Tinu'.s. the use of the now footling stuff. palmkmii'l c;iko. Potting the present price of good hay at 100s per lon and that of palm kernel cake at per ton, the prieo [»('!■ food nnii of liny out at ((]. anri ..f pa Im-hTiT'l < ;ikr at la

! j*l. Xo\v pal ns-kernel rnke is ehcaper than cither linseed or rollon rake. Moreover it. has boon the chief live stork food in Germany, and it has now received the approval of mir own Hoard of Agriculture, .Palm-kernel rake, it is important to notice, is now maim fact tired in tho Pnited from )ialui kernels exported from Pritish West. Africa, must of which have hitherto been sent to Hermans-. The suo'-rs of a new ami very important industry - palm kernel erqshi 111 r whh-h it is now sought to establish in (lie country, depends to a. great extent on tinding a market for llu* residual product of that chief product, paimkcrnel oil, a ready mark'd is already assured. The help of Mritish a gad eu 11 prists is required in testing tin? merits of the cake. M may he found, as is often the c;r-r f that animals do n<d. lake kindly to a new food. Palm-kermd cako will, no doubt. need to he gradually introduced into a ration containing other feeding materials.

The !• I esident nf llic Hoard of Agriculture ( Kngland i has appointed a dcj>;ll t mein a I committee to consider and report what steps ran lie taken in |imniotr 111 f • M-i i lenient or rm ploy mm l on tho land in Kngland and Wad's ol' sailors ami soldiers, whether disabled or not, on discharge from tho navy or army. From lli is; it is rvidrnl iliat l!io aulliorit ios at i lonic arc not waiting until the end of the war In heslir themselves on heh all’ of their hravc defenders. There the problem is mote difficult because any land required must he purchased from private owners. In Australia, any such proposition would naturally rely to u great extent on iTo wnlands for tin) areas required for settlement.

.I>e>jpitc the stringency of the 71101101' market and other drawbacks, such as the scarcity of rain, a large number of properties are at present i liiinyriny; hioiils ill (Ma-H'ti. The major portion of the business is, however, eonlined to (Town leaseholds and consideration paid in UlO- - of goodwill is in many eases substantial. .Small snizili" runs and pisVoral leases are, in keenesl demand. A case in point, may lie mentioned. A properly changed linings some it’ tmimiis ;tgo, for which C-tnio was paid by way of goodwill; it has again been ttans/erred, and the consideration by way of goodwill amounts to fa-00, In tho meantime not a penny-piece wa.s expended by way of improvements and goodwill on properties which have changed hands recently amounts to M per head on the sheep-carrying capacity of tin' place and in one case as high as ft ids ha,s been pand. r-

Tho Uoyal Agricultural Society of Kngland has been conducting a calf-roaring experiment at Woburn, and one nr two notable things have come out in connection with it. Twenty good calve* wore purchased in tho market at an average of PH (is apiece; these were divided into tivo lots of four each, and each lot put on a special ration of foods; cod liver oil and separated milk; a purchased calf meal; linseed, oatmeal, and separated milk; whole milk: and crushed oafs with separated milk. Eighteen of the twenty

calves lived to be sold and slaughtered a-s fat bullocks in due course two having dropped out on the way but the results were very different anfi very Instructive. The best calves were, of course, those, fed on whole milk, but the cost oven at 7d per gallon was prohibitive. Tiio best results were obtained on the crushed oats and separated milk—i.c., the best calves at the lowest' cost; tho oats were merely bruised and fed dry and tho milk given separtely. The cod liver oil and the linseed and oatmeal gruel lots were about c'liial, next in order of results, while the calf meal gave the worst results of all.

FAIRFAX NOTES. (From Our Own Correspondent.) Tito splendid seasonable rains we are getting and the advanced state of all farm work gives the country an a.ppea.rancc that excel Is all previous years. Tlie win ter - sown braird promises heavy returns, particularly wheal, crops.' The end of (he present month will see all oats sown. Harm work has seldom been .so far advanced in Southland at this time of tire year, and Southland is becoming the. envy of Now' Zealand. VAhat advances the envy is to sec tho OanterbiK'y sheep in life same yard with ours with their large capcases and doughty fleece. AVe in Southland experience extra, heavy rains, hut we always succeed in growing sufficient feed for our stock. Tori taps never before have our sheep carried heavier fleeces and looked to better advantage, and .the absence of culls crow ns them with success. Thoro can be little doubt that the Southland fleeces will satisfactorily fill the bales this year and the prices will make the shcopowner smile. Lambs arc fast making their appearance and look very healthy skipping about. Sheep should be looked over ev'ery morning until shearing time, us they arc much too valuable to allow them to lie on their backs through their fleeces being too heavy.

The. patriotism of the Fairfax and district. people was fajrly shewn last week when a concert an«i dance held in aid of the Wounded Soldiers' Fund netted £”t>. A cake made by Miss Mclntosh brought fa -Is. Mrs John Ford, of Groper's Bush, and Miss Mclntosh were the principal workers for flic comforts of schoolmates and brothers. Next month will see the stallion season commence. .Patronise the young and sound, as the aged and maimed have, no const i t u lion.

MANURING FOB POTATOES. (Ry I>. 1,. Freeman, Southland Education Board’s Agricultural Expert.) The potato needs to he rightly felt Used if maximum yields are to tie harvested, (.inly a we.il - balanced fertiliser can ho relied upon to produce the best result. There are two broad classc.s of fertilisers which concern the farmer, namely, natural and a rtilicial. In order to produce maximum crops economically, it is desirable that, an optimum amount of Ihe natural product, be present in the soil, and that it, bo supplemented by applications of a well-balanced artificial fertiliser suited to the requirements of the particular crop it may be intended to grow. .It is essential also if full crops tiro to ho marketed that the bind lie sufficiently drained, and that it contain a fair proportion of liruo. tf these conditions are nor fulfilled, fertilisers, whether natural or artificial, however judiciously chosen, can never bo fully effective.

Xatural fertiliser is the product resulting from decayed vegetable and animal matter, including stork excreta, it may lie regarded as the oldest and most effective fertiliser and soil improver. Virgin lands are ttsually well endowed witli abundant supplies. if, however, unfertilised crops are removed from them for a number of years, their original store becomes considerably depleted unci! a stage is reached when it becomes necessary, if they are to retain their full crop - producing power to adopt a system of cropping and fertilising which will ensure a favourable, amount being maintained in them. A farmer cropping intons! vely can ensure this by periodically .applying dressings of stockdung ami compost, or under certain circumstances. by ploughing in 11itick-grow-ing green crops sttclt a-s certain legumes, tin the Ollier hand, a farmer farming extensively can bring about the same condition of things by growing crops and feeding litem off stiffieienlly olten by slock. A system of farming, where feeding off is practised is not nearly so exhaustive as whore all crops are removed pioromcal from the land, .anti tsold off, the farm. .M oreo ver, by sueit practice considerable titiantilies ot fertilising material accumulates in the soil which if s 11ppl emonted hy suitable dressings oj artificial fertilisers will enable future crops to be grown profitably. The fertilising elements most usually deficient in soils are nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus, hence fertilisers containing those in more or less concentrated forms have been placed on the market, Those, in which cither particular element preponderates are known as 11i t roge itllus, pola-ssic. and phos'pha.ric fertilisers: respectively. Having regard to the special rcduirenients of crops grown under different, conditions of soil and climate, a fertiliser should lie balanced in respect to each clement, if sttclt is not the case, maximum yields cannot lie recorded. In instances one only of the three needs to tie applied, while in others two. throe, or all nitty be ncc.essarv. The farmer himself can easily determine whether it will be proiUahlo or not to omit any one from Hit' matiuriai dressing. In order to do this, all he need do is to omit fertiliser supplying an'’ ime of iiicse from the manorial dressing, and observe the behaviour of the particular crop towards the respective dressing. liifferent manorial dressings can he compounded for the potato < flip, but. the three following examples nitty be given:

- -X i>. 1. — Superphosphate !c\vt. Sulphate of ammonia .. lev,a. Sulphate of potash .. .. Jcwt. Xo. 2. Superphosphate Honedust fewt. Sulphate of ammonia. .. ip'Wl. Sulphate of potash -■ Ictvt. —Xo. T I’hosphalic guano .. -. licwl. Superphosphate lewt. Sulphate of ammonia .. lewt. Sulphate of potash .. .. lewt. Kilhrof these can be mixed in tho proportions Stated, and at Urn rale of from 2 to Scwts, applied per acre. The smaller quantity may lie applied to the potato on rich land, while the larger ain.iunl may be given for tin- same crop on poor soils. !• or soils of intermediate finality an amount some.vncic octwecn the smaller and higher rpianliiies max’ be given depending on wind her the land approximate more nearly to the richer or poorer quality.