THE DESTRUCTION OF INTERNAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND NEAT CATTLE.

Otago Witness, Issue 2209, 2 July 1896, Page 14

THE DESTRUCTION OF INTERNAL PARASITES OF SHEEP AND NEAT CATTLE.

Under this heading Mr C. W. L&ngstone, of ,Wairarap»,.bas issued a pamphlet, a copy of which has reached us. From it we make the following extracts, as likely, to, be of. interest to our readers :— ' „ THEEAt) LUNG WOHM, (Strongylus Filar\a.) The same difficulty met with by others has also been experienced by myaelf in endeavour-, ing to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion as to how this parasite first finds its way into tho lungs. Whether it penetrates the lobes of the lung after forcing its way through the stomach I cannot positively fray, and the same doubt presents itself when the theory is put forward that' "the ova are bteathed iv bj the sheep while feeding. That the former may b3 right' is highly p^obttble, for the. first . part attacked by these worms is always the lobe of the lungs, and from thenoe the disease (spreads iritt the air passages, ultimately eau-ing the death of the infected animal. The Hjstoby of FitATtfA.— Arriving in Ihe bronchi the young worms grow, develop, become adult, mate, and lay eggs ia the surrounding mucus. I find these eg^s to contain, when laid, young worms which have given rise to the name applied to the female, i.s , ovo-viparous Esoapiog from the shell the yo'ung"u'rts expelled by coughing'in large numbers, to b? picked up by other she?p along with .their food. . (This shows the ntcessity of keeping healthy and affected animals separate.) I have preserved these young paraaitxs alive for many months ia -water, which bears out the statement made by many em'nent naturalists that thoy do not die when forced to remain on the 'ground for. any con?ider«ble length of time, especially when the pasturage is,»t all moiit.. Jn fact, Nenmann.ij authority^for the saying , that; '^aFter being-dried- for a"> year, the application o f^ water will cause khen^to.be re'ni^citated ( n though I mu*t confess 'JThWye -nevsr" e^pferinfeat^d ''oif them for that period. Auofcher well-known scientist placed thTee infrcted sheep among a. flock for six weeks, at the' end of which time tbe whole were keen sufferers from the disease.' Poorly nourished anl weakly animals are more liable to the attack* of Filaria than strooger ones. '^ .Warm , weather, followed by damp, is most favourable to the development of the ova— spring and summer being the. seasons when its pre«enoo. may be mostly looked for. Symptoms.— Almost imperceptible ia the first stages. A deep shaking ooujh-accompanies tbe development of the disease. The sheep are short-winded, their skin is harah, wool dry, and the -mucous membranes pale. The 6jmptoms become aggravated iv later stages. General debility is noticeable, associated with an anremic condition. Coughing is continuous, large massed of shreddy matter being forced from the lungs, wbicb, on close examination,' prove to be worms. The sheep lose flesh, but eat well until in the final stages, when the exhausting nature of the cough utterly prostrate - them. ' Respiration becomes laboured and painful, the wool come 3 away easily from the skin, which, when exposed, is quite bloodless. At last death relieves tbe suffering -animal— usually about four months from the date of -infection. Most death* take place at the fall of the year. Limbs suffer most, a large percentage of those attacked dying. Obhcra fall away in flesh seriously, and growth of wool is retarded. Occokkence.— Examination, of the lungs of diseased sheep will show the posterior portion quite hard and' red; This i$ caused by the air ptssageß being blocked up with worms which a;e from 2\n to 3in in length. The lung is freq?uvjtly covered with a whitish membrane, which grow* fast to the chest or thoracic wall. DEseniFTiotf. — Male, one to two inches long ;. female, two tj thcee inches long. Worm .filiform, white, a dark hair line running throughout its length; obbuse he id, papilfoe absent. Round mouthy neck glands prominent. The female a short diitance from her head has tho vulva situated ; uteri directed anteriorly and -posteriority, the posterior oviduct becoming continuous with the uterus near its fleoture with the tail. The eggs are ellipsoid. THB HAIR ETJNG WORM (Strongylus Ovis-Ptdmonalis) is, according to f-ome learned helminthologist*, slow in its action, taking years instead of mouths to prodnce fatal ditease among sheep. This idea first became prominent through the fact that in moat cases adult sheep alone showed signs of tte worms in their lungs. Close observation, however, hai proved to me that the "disease is rapidly fatal, lambs which are attacked dying in from Iwo to .three months. Tbe doubt which exists with regard to the manner in which the Filaria finds its way into the lungs of animals aho presents itfeU in following up the movements of the Ovis-Pulmotialis. I agree with many authors that the. ktfcer worm passes (possibly) into the lungs by the trachea either during rumination or feeding ; but I cannot truthfully assert this to be the case always, and will willingly accept a theory from Anyone else if it ba at all acceptable. A% to term required by the worm to complete its cycle of l'fd, I must: confess that I am unable to put forward a definjta stite.cneufc, as. are nil others vrbo have .studied the matter uu/juceirXffnllv; this I emphatically sny though, the term is short. Lifb History.- Ha?iog arrived at the extreme end* ' of the- brouchial tubes", the hair luDgworms proceed to destroy' some of the tisitiea, and become encysted. Here they grow to adult sizi-and mate after escaping from their cya f 8 aud BpreadiDg through the small air passages. The eggs are hatched in the surrounding cavitiei, and the young parasites spread throughout the lungs, - The infected ehssp as

lamb ooughs them up wholesale, and thus other animals are attacked. If this parasjk once makes i(s appearance in a flock, the death rate will increase annually unless the disease is exterminated. Symptoms, the same as in Filaria. Anyone seeing y.& diseased lung once can readily recognise 4be parasite another time, so pronounced are the lesions caused by the worm in the delicate tissues. The minute worm penetrates to their extremities the air passages. It breaks down the membraneous partition, and the inflammatory matter which it excites sur- - rounds ,ib, ' and there is formed a small tubercle of about from one - twentieth to dhe-eighbh of an inch in , size, the centre of which is filled with a soft greenish, circular portion 'surrounded again by a thicker membraneous c&psular portion—being cells of r fresh growth. This outer part later on becomes, as the inner by process of degeueration, In this tubetcule rn&y be fourid the youug pa-a".ite. As the disease progresses, this tubercule enlarges to about the one-half of an.inoh in sizs, and the .interior part becomes harder, except close to the parasite, which, by constant irritation, keeps ihe soft, greenish matter' constantly forming wound it. Arriving at adult size, the worm breaks away and lives in the adjacent bronchioles. . Looking at theße tub:rcules in their early sbage3 they Have the appearance of little red spots beneath the pleural coat of the luogs. Liter they look like litt'e brownish tumours surrounded by» red zone, and later on as I have described. There is generally an elevation of (he lung surfaos over thesei nodules. ~ bu& as they may be found any distinct) in the lung Bubstancp, these outward signs must not be taWen as a proof that only the surface parts are »ffected. Tha young worms wandering to and fro. in delicate air tubes help to increase the disturbance of the yltal functions of the lungs, and.e7entually they rufu the parts. Pneumonia h produced— heuoo the disease called Verminous Pneumonia. If lungs, at thifstsge, are cut open Urge masses of eggs and embryos may be seen with an ordinary magoifying glass. The 8ea8oh» most favourable to the spread of this dread .disaase are wed warm weather a,nd -ver? 'dry weafchef. Standing water and damp pastures are alike favourable to the parasite, and, therefore, ' I c\\l the attention of cheep owners to the fact th\t ifthoy wou'd keepthoir animate healthy ■ they ' must supply running' water -'from tt-eams or gumps," and,' above' all, ,f xi;l«de them,* romdamp r p»afcur*ge. .Because a farmer has escaped loss'np'^tb fcne";presem>, it is not' to* say that his fioofcg ,wili b9 for evar *ree from this terrible pest. Many ageaoies are at work spreading the ova about, and as much care must be taken by the owner of unaffected animals to prevent tbe spread of the disease as is expected of the more unfortunate farmer whose sheep are sufferiug. Description. — Male, from half an inch to one inch long ; female, one to twd inches long. s 'Width— male,- about one-twentieth of an inch ; 'female, a litile less. A. duck Hue (the cavity) runs through, the body. Capillary' integument, transparent. Naked month; papilla number four. The head is not winged. The burs* of the male is pointed, compressed, aud terminal; coven oetce; one posterior, double notched ; two pair lateral, and one pajr anterior; spioular, symmetrical, spatuUte, curved, oneeighth inch long, and divided equally into two parts (nearly) ; the anterior bMag a cylindrical chitonnus sketeiou, margined by a br-.ad, thin, curved membrane. Tha two sp'cular form a tuba partly closed. Female, oviparous— two uteri and ovaries ; the former empty into tho vagina a short distance ftotn-the vulva ; vulva, C. 1 millimetre from anu«, and anus o.oßmm from tip of tail. The tail ends bluntly. Eggs are segment after being laid. The embryo has a eharp pointed tail. THE PIG LTJNG WORK. Before concluding this section, I feel mysrlf .cilled upon to ofiv.r a few remarks upan the worm known as Stronyylus paradoxus, or pig lung worm.. In America. (North and South), also in certain parts of Europe, I have found' this worm in tbe lungs of sheep, in company with the Filaria, for which it may be easily raisfcakeo. Its action, .whether in tbe lungs of cither animal, is almost- idea tica', which lea-Js ; me tosupposa that it is of the sune fami'y as the Filaria: In this colony I have discovered the paradoxus in pigs — more especially ia wild ones, and I do not think 1 am far wrong in saying that, as it exists ia the one animal, we may look for it in the other before long. Ho<t sheep runs in Ne* Z ;aland are subjett-sa ta the ! visUs of wild pigs, whirh undoubtedly spread \ ths ova of this worm in the ordinary wiy. It would b-3 well for farmers to do all they can to prevent these unwelcome animals from wandering over their nheep walks. "Prevention is better than cure " at all times. • THE BUOAD TAPE VfOTBM. The broad tape worm (Tania expansa), owing to its Urge slzs and sfcrikiog appearance, is the best known of all the internal parasites of sheep. Growing sometimes to a length of five yards, it is' nob surprising that its existence among a flock gives rise to grive anxiety ; yet the position of the worm inside the sheep enables the farmer to cope with the pest much easier than when the lungs are attacked by the smaller parasites. It allowed its' own way the result of fa?o worm would, no doubt, be nearly as fatally marked as in the other cisc, bub where precautions are taken for its prevention and cure fears need not be c .tertained that the ultimate extermination of the disease will be b-ought about. DKscßiPriON.— The entire adult worm ia about five yards long (more or less), as much »s an inch wide at the tail, and from one-twentieth to one tweoty-fouith of an inch ab the he id. Its tbickuesi also varies, being sometimes on*tenth of ah mcl). an<l at; others one-fUte -n'li. Tne head has ft uc suokerj uuteriorily direct-it The body is formed of a series of joint* which vary in length and width, each portion having separata ferbiliatng powers— that is, the gpnital organs are noticeable iv eich, and bsing what i« called hermaphroditic are nos dflpendeut upon one another, though cross fertilisation abo ■takes place sometimes. Each segment is bilaterally symmetrical, tbe genital orgins Jying on either side. No alimentary caual is noticeable, and nntiieab substances are absorbed, ifes&ggjs the segment surfaces. In the early

stages the young worm has no well-donned segments, though the head is psrfeob. The eggs are polyhedral and measure about 0.05 mm in diameter.' They have two shells between which is a glutinous substance. 'The embryo rests inside a kind of cap which lies over the small end of a pear-shaped apparatus covering tha whole/ It may be Been with a good glais moving about inside it. Occurrence.— The broad tape worm may be found in all seasons infesttog sheep, but damp warm weather aud moist pasturages, as in the case of all other worms, are in their favour. The greatest inoreaser of the disease though is keeping sheep on overfed pasture. Here the eggs lie in millions, and as the feeding animal .has .to go close to the ground for its food, it lucesfarily take? them into its system in large jiumbera. In all oases which have come under my notice I have found the most pronounced tobe iv those sheep run on short grass. Lambs die more quickly than adult sheep, their want of strength preventing them from battling with the disjase. The exact length of time wlr'ch the broad taps worm takes to mature is not known. Its growth, when compared with others, of the same specie?, is rapid, proof of whioh may be found iv the fact that lambs of six weeks and tsvo montb.3 of age have pissed worms two and a-half yards long. "When the worm is full grown it generally passes avray of its own accord in sections, leaving the head and suokera to form new segments, and so on throughout the year until death takoß place The worms obstruct the intestinal canal by their great mass, irritate it, cause the intestinal flaids to accumulate, and setu p indigestion with all the results thereof. The lambs are hida-bouad and poor, and are either tucked up or distended with gas. The fleece is harsh, dry, short, and easily detached from ths skin. The animals hive a tottering gait, andravenois appetites, both for food and water. Diarrhcei sets ia and the infeoted animih die. If the young lambs are dosed at, say, six weeks to four months' old they will recover," aud their increased strength will enable them to battle agaicsb fresh attacks. After desing they should be put on to good pasturage, where they wi.'l not have to compete j for food with adult animals. If this is done they will soon pub on fat, and their wool will resume its natural condition. % ' OTHBE WORMS. Besides the adult tapeworm -found in sheep fonr other species have been mst with aB infecting them in their immature stages. Toete are ,Tania marginata; frania coenuru's;' T&niaechinococcus; Tania tdrulla, lie life history, • structure, ,' and' growth of these worm? "are similar. Of <he four I have only meb with the maryinata in this country, and as tbat was an isolated case occurriog under specially favourable circuaistinces to the worm, a brief description of it is only n(Co3Siry. Tho parasite occurs in sheep as a semi-transparent bl*ddgr filled with fluid., Size, about; an inoh in diameter. , Ib is to ba found between. the layers of ttie serous 'membrane which forms the caul of the 6tomach, or iv tbe liver,, generally a week or two after the infection, of the steep. Again, it may be found in tbe folds of the serous membrane whioh suspends tha idte? tiues <in ike pelvic cavity. As these bladders grow they b -o m 3 thicker, and a knob forms on' the end. This knob contains what will eventually develope iuto the Tania. The tip when examined with a glass will bqow four spots with hooks in a circle between them. At this^ stags the cysts are ready for transplant ng into other 'animals. Tne dog is generally the host in which the cysts dcv-lope, this being brought abjut through the liver and intestines of 810-ughiered sheep being given »fi food to dogs. The development rapidly takes plao*, young are produced and spread in the usual way by means of the duag. The young when first ej?cted are egg-like, and go small as to bs almost invisible to the naked eye. Through a gla«s tkey may b» geeu to couMst of a jelly-like rrnfs with six hooks, tie whole being cevered with three or four mi-mbrane«, the outt-r of which oontains fluid. Betvreeu the inner membranes is an oily substance. After arriving in the stomach of sboap the (SoveriDg membranes disjo'.va, and the embyros comtnence their wanderings. Th*y are cmied | with the blood into the liver — 2. favourite place I for them— and puncture thut organ in ell directions. Ia about a fortnight they, grow as b'g.as a flix seed. This parasite bas »lto been found by me in the heart, lunge, aud muscles of shrep. The infected animal generally dies from hemorrhage of the liver and peritonitis. No special portion of the year can be set a i ide for ! these attacks, as they may ba found in all : se&soas. Lambs and yearlings are the g-esti t sufferers. From 10 to 12 weeks is theleugth of time the cyst takes to fully develop into the adult worm in the dog. Its length is about one yard. 1 Six other species of stomch worm! exist in various parts of the world— viz., 1 Strongylus fdicollis, Stroiif/ylus ventricosus, Dochmius cernuus, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichocephalus ajjinus, Scltrostoma UypoiUmum. A seventh species — Miophagostoma columbianum — is found in America ouly, and is to Ifiaed to the large inte&ines of sheep. I have never come across any of these worms in sufficient quantities to do harm to the infected auimal, except in th-j case of Dockmnis cernuus which inhabits tho small intestines of sheep, and cliugs to the walh by meaus of a uroufc oral armature. It liyes on the blood of ifca vitfm. Its life history is rot" known, although it is nupposed to be that of the dog worm— D trigonocephalus. (Sac Lenoh&rfc-Bind II) pp 132-13*.) Nob baiog prevalent in New Zealand, I refer my readers to the above authority for a decriptiori, owing to want of tpaca. lIYISR FLUKE. This disease is lit bio known in Not? Zealand at present, bub. as it hw mad« it< appearance, llif.-i! 15 jilkpavb tilt? i'e^r thtt it vH sjxead. ' PfOl"e«»or Thoam* havsaid all that i\ to be sa.id about thie> prs<\ IVs remark* may ba S3 easily obtained, that I will off rr nothing m this article ia reference ti the nutter. D'tstom% lanceolatitm aad Distoma lepatieum a* far as their life history is concerned arc almost unknown — iv New ZealaDd, I imagine, quite so. The embryo of the former differs from the latter in being globular aud having a cephalic spur, and being ciliated over the anterior govtiou of tte body only.

RUMEN PARASITES. (Amphistoma conicum',) , This parasite is 'prevalent in Australia; and I Vhave found cases in this colony. It occurs in - the large villi of tbe rumen or first stomach. It hangs on by a sucker placed posteriority. It is not dangerous to sheep. BOUND STOMACH PARASITE. {Strongylut Contortus.) This worm sometimes oarries off numbers of lambs, though, as a rule, it cauies little dis«" tnrhauce in the flocks. ; Tho female iifrota „ . 18-nnj. to 30mm long ;" the male, 15mm to' '. 20mm long.' Body red, female marked. with » . double spiral white line; Round mouth, no lips or papilro! The- male has no spiral line. When collected immediately after the, death of a eh?ep they msy be found Sfdbe'ririg by their headfl to the mvc jus • membrane of tbe fourth. " , tt.mach.' They are spread through' the drop- " ' pings of sheep, and short feed is favourable to their dissemination. ■ NODUtAR DISEASE OF THB INTK3TINB9 is caused by a rouad worm which forms a lort - of tumour ia the upper pirt of the large intesli'oos. They are uot known in this colony. THE BOT OR GAD FLT. With a vie* ti enabling everyone iufcereited, in the matter to discover for himielf the nature of the different bots I shall devote a small space to a description of the three knowa species of th* fl~, and trust that by so doing the doubt constantly arifing re this qnest!on may be set! at vekt Th 3 first one I have to deal with is the jEstrus eqh, or large spotted horse-bob— the most intereathig of the three. When the female h*i been impregnated, aad the eggs sufficiently matured, she ceekg among the horsss a subject for nor purpose, aud approaching him oa the wiog, she carries her body nearly upright in the air, and hir tail, whioh is lengthened for the purpose, curved iowards. aud upwards. She suddenly darts upon tbe hone ''generally upon the inter side of the fore leg), and instantly deports her cgjs. The back of the shoulders and the extreme ends of the hairs of the mane aro also favourite spots. Now, the common notion is that the eggs are licked off the skin aud o«ried into the stomach ; but I do not find this to be the case alwajs— it may be .Bcc!de.at»l, - for.^when Jihey' ; have remained on ' the hair four or five days they Income, ripej after which time ",'.' the filighbpsi application of warmth' and' moisture ' is sufficient to brinH.^ forth, in an initant the latent larra ' At' m\s time. -if the tougua of,.- , the horse Jsouche» :opßFCulpnjis : opßFCulpnjis "* thrown opeo, jind a small activ«'w'6fni -Is pro- " duced, which readily adheres to. the moist surface of the tongue, aud is from iherce conveyed with the food into the stomach. The laxvre or worn), bsing hatched in the stomach, immediately cliDgn, by means of its te ntacu'ro — two dark brown hook?, between whioh is it; mouth— to the outicuhr coat, which they pierce, though they never insinuate their points into -the muscular or sensitive tunic, beyond it. In this manner so pertinaciously doss the bot adhere that in my attempts to uuhitch it it frequently suffered its hook*, to be bvokeo, or even is b;<ly stvtred, latber than quit its hold. Now aud then, bub I believe very rarely, they are found hooked in the • villous coit; These, however, era nothing more thamstrapg'ers, bols, probabfy, that had on their arrival in the stomach been hastily carried with the aliment- into its vacularmrfc before they had the power of fixing their hooks into the cuticular. • Tbe apprehensionß of persons as to the pain caused by tbee intcrte ought from Ibis to be stifled, for how can ihey possibly irritato when fastened to an insensible part— a part as devoid of feeling itself a»the very hoofs are ? Not infrequently I have found bots in the duodenum, and on somo occasions more have appeared ia the va*cukr th«n tbe cuticular portion of the stomach, and this in the month of January, '. thoiv ordinary »ad natural nidus being tha cuticular pouch of the Btomaoh. Again I have -. discovered thsm in the esophagus. . , The bot remains ia tho fcfcomach of the horse . throughout) the winter uatil the spring, when, s being at the consummation of this stage of form of exitence, it spontaneonsly diseog»ges rtao'f, aud passes wijh the cay mous matters into . the iute-timl cs,asl, who-e iti stay, «s a natural coniequence, is short, it bsing cast out with the dung._ Ib is abcut the beginning of our ' „ summer that farmers for the first time see . that their horses are suffering from what is generally known as worms. If, however, these people will have patience the imaginary plagues will soon quit tho bowels of their horse* of their own accord, the time being now arrived for th-m to take-on other forms, and answer all the remaining ends of nature. . The larval being ejected, lies not long exposed on the ground, but quickly dries up into a ktate <f chrysalis or grub, in which condition it remains for a few weeks, when parts of ttte future insect being hardened, and tuperfliiouß moisture all gone, i'j bursts, and the fly makes its exit at tbe small ends. Ia a fesv hnure these flies are prepared to seek mates, bnd then search among the horses for proper subjects for their purposes. A far more annoying insect to (he horse than the JEstrus equi is the fundemental bot (JZstrus "Twnorrholdahs) whose manner of depositing ' egg 4is m toil 'V to the other, bat the parts ib chooses for the purpose are the lips and corners of the mouth, which is very distressing bo the hordes on account of the very excessive titillation it ciuse*. Immediately after the fly has touched him. the howe robs his mouth against his h>s forelegs and the ground, or sometimes -against a tree, with great emotion, till at length, finding this means of defence insufficient, he gallops away to the neatest water, where, ntcaoge to say, the tost'rus never follows him. These flies hide ia the grass,- and as the horse 8!ioops to feed they dart upon him, always p.>is1 ing themfe'vss, m has been df?:ribfd f - before depositing tb^ir eggs. The larva c.r frrubs of - this species inhabit the stomich iv tha same ■ way as the equi, general-y adhering to the white lining, and are disposed promiscuously in denia clusters after the same manner. They may, however, be distinguished by being in general smaller, longer in proportion to theiff bulk, and rounder, and of a duller redmore inclining to white. These bots remain in the stomach the' same length of time is .< the equi; bat, instead of bring quite cast ,

out, they Btick .more or less -^.within the verge 'of the anus, adheribg, to its soft lining, and producing exoestive and constant irritation, thus making the horse lazy, unwilling, »nd awkward. A sure B?gn that the hone is suffering /rom the' fandaaienfc&l bob Is when he rubs his breech against any obstacle 4b hand. " '"'''*.' The red bob (JEstrus veterinus} is lei's known than the former two— as far as its habits are concerned. -There is no doubt, though, that they deposit their eggs upon the lips of the borse, and ciuse considerable pain by stinging. The larvse of this species may be recognised by 'fibs size and tapering oblong figure, and the segments are more detached and rounded, shining, smooth, and of a pellucid xed or ruby oolour, more particularly ab the tail t>r obtuse end." . In the "opinion of many experts, bots exert a salubrious e(!( cb on thestqmaohn of horses by promoting digtstiou', or actiDg as "whab are called vellicatoriea, like local atimuhnts and detractors, on the principle of counterirritation. With this, however, I cannob' agree. Ib must not be forgotten that bobs are attached to a parb of the stomach that does not perform any proper digestive function, and that all the stimulants or other substances pro- j motive of digestion must be applied to the vasoular parb, the only veritably digestive surface, or it -is obvious they can have no such effect. Indeed, I do nob see how bobs can perform the., office of stimuli ab all, unless it be that by some motive they are capable of they may have any such influence upon the mucous follicles — placed in abundance under the outicular coat ; bub then, again, ib has nob boon absolutely proved that this sgoretion is necessary to digestion. • " • As long, as bots exist in a small number they do do harm, and cause no pain; bub in a multitude' they occasion sharp pains; and prove detrimenbal to d'gestion by absorbing the greater parb of the ju r c?o necessary for that operation. I have recently examined horses after .death and found the living membrane maa state of mortification. In one case there were 40 red bots in the stomaob, whioh had in places almost eaten through its coat. Agun, in another animal I came across a large nundber, of white bots in the esophagus, the cufcicular coat being eaten through. It will be seen from the foregoing that, unless present in large •jmmbers, the bot is injurious to ,hor6es. ■With the many preventives and cures suggested I have npthibg to/ do now, my motivebeing merely to" pl&c.e before the public the results , of "my experiments urion ' Btjbjeobs,' infeoted wibh .the. disease. All 'horses which are run to. grass" areJSubjpcjj to bow, batitris a diffi- " onlb matter indeed for a veterinary surgeon to tell whether a horse is suffering pain from them or from colic. How easy, then, mug t ib be for an inexperienced person to come to /a csnclusion on the matter P In fact, in most cases vrhere my services" have' been 'required I have found that the pains attribubed to bots by j horse-owners. we,re. caused by nothing elsa but colic. v '", / '