PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

New Zealander, Volume XX, Issue 2132, 4 June 1864, Page 6

PLEURO-PNEUMONIA.

This disease among cattle' is plainly contagions. ’ The duration of its incubation is most uncertain, the best authorities at home holding that the period may extend from five days to five month's; and the experience ot this and the neighbouring colony goes to ’ show that a herd, after being infected, will not, in ordinary circumstances, and if not driven or knocked * about, show any 1 signs of the disease, even to a dose and practised observer, under from two to five months); and then only in, perhaps, one or two cases in a moh of two hundred head. : • The course of the disease in an animal is generally 3 divided into three stages.' . ' . • ... . . FIRST STAGE, . In Lush ca-.tle the first noticeable symptoms of being attacked by pleuro-pneumonia may he either, —a staring of the coat, a; dullness of the eye, a lagging, behind the mob, an .unusual amount of coughing, among catt e when put together orrinto a yard, a disinclination to feed, or generally,- the appearance,.that., tells a person accustomed to. stock that an animal is not altogether right. In dairy cows, again, along with any of the above symptoms may also be observed,a decided and unaccountable deficiency in the yield, of milk, a restle-s manner, ora change in the customary habits, an-l behaviour of the animal, . > ; i ri.The most decided post mortem appearances of the first, stage or.pleuro-pnemnonia are congestion and inflainatiun of portions —generally the points—of the lungs,- or of either of them, inflammation of the pleura, with effusiomof lymph on the inside of the„ribs and diaphragm, -<-i , .!■ -m » ion' i on-> ain’t ,

'•i . '*•! •-«(.- \ I:’SECOND STAGE. " ■ '.*>»’ • j r he symptoms heremay be all or any of the following, viz A stiffness in the fore parts —a disinclina-' tion t’h move—a drawn up a d cramped appearance ,‘' 1 when standing, especially - noticeable' to the practiced' eye at a distance’—a hard sharp cough When moved out of a slOjW walk—a sudden and’alinost instantaneous ' stopping on being allowed to do so—a hCaving of the sides, rind a decided affection of the lungs—a protruded and feverish eye filled with moisture, or a rapid falling off in 'condition.' " . . . , ' ’■ A post 'mortem examination of an animal in the second stage of the disease will, in most cases, show; a quantity of fluid of a bloody tinge in the cavity of the chest, effusions of lymph oh the inside 1 of the ribs, and on the diaphragm ; great inflammation of the pleura, and sometimes attachment of the Im g to the ribs But the chief and unmistakable symptom of pleuropneumonia is 'to be found in the lungs. At this stage ' of'the disease a portion of each of the lungs—or what is in ore, frequently the case, from a third to three,'fourihs of one lung—is hepatised, or (what is com- ' monlv called) ‘‘marbled,” while the rest of the, lung thus partially hepatised, and the whole of the other, is comparatively sound, exhibiting ' drily some traces of tinflammation. The hepatisation will be found to have changed the healthy consistency of the lung to a heavier liver-like substance, which, when cat into, exactly resembles a brown marble with white or greyish streaks running through it in all directions. The hepatisation , '. increases the weight of a lung twenty-fold. . »;| j “ i. ) : *ili ' mil THIRD STAGE-1 , .... T ->. In the third, or last Stage of the disease,■ the beast, will generally stand up under a tree, emitting a -low sound, between a grunt and a moan, when moved, and will frequently charge when stirred. The back will, i ]jo raised, the head protruded, and the eye will assume V a dead and leaden tinge; the cough, which is now . .. 0 . comparatively soft aud . faint ? will be frequent ; the tqngue will protrude,'there will be a great flow of mucus from the mouth, and sometimes a thick ropy - discharge from the hose and eyes'; hoveii will not unfrequenlly occur, respiration will become impeded and difficult, and the animal will speedily sink, and die. The post mortem appearances here are ' the same as , .those described in stage No 2, but in an' aggravated form. Thus, the whole of one lung and the greater part of the other Will be found to beTiepaiized. The hepatization also will in many , places be darker and more gangrenous in its appearance. There will be a ■ much greater quantity of fluid in the cavity of the chest—sometimes nearly' a bucketful, and floating, in .this fluid will be found flocks of lymph (a straw-, ’ coloured fatty-looking substance, a. coating of which j also generally surrounds the hepaiized portion of the. lung ) The air-tqbes and cells will be tilled up with a frothy blood-coloured mucus, and portions of the, lungs, pleura, and diaphragm will frequently be found .attached in’one diseased mass to the ribs. Many cqttle recover from the second stage of the disease without any treatment ; and if not much disturbed afterwards, and oh good feed, they may get fat and fit, for market ; bat those of them which; do recover,after being badly affected are frequently subject to a y,elapse, which always carries them off. -in, l, y i i ;.t -j} P-RKVENTIVE ,|IEaBUHE9,, , V- • Although in this country, where the cattle may he said 1 to interfnix from one end to the-other, very little benefit can he expected from the adoption of preven- ' five measures for staying the spread of pleuro-pn u- ' hiunia,' still itwould be well for stockowners to attend as far as possible to the few following points, viz. 1 -c "i. To make 1 themselves well acquainted with the 1 external and Internal symptoms of the disease. ’ ‘h ■ I 2. To keep a constant'watch on their own and •' their neighbour’s stock, in order that they may detect ” ■ 1 the earliest approach of the disease ; and the best way ■ to examine cattle is <o drive them smartly along for a ' short'distance, keeping a watch for suspicious sytnp--1 ‘ toms, as the cattle proceed, and then ito run out at a galldp for forty or fifty yards any‘ that exhibit any 1 I ‘symbtoms of-disease. ' ; ; 'i i 1 1# 3;' To enderivour to retard its advance by changing or travelling their stock as little as possible, by discouraging the carria ; e of stores by bullock teams—by kee’lng their own bullocks at home—by preventing strangers, as far as possible, from mixing with their 1 cattle^—by closely watching and examining all traveling cattle—by being mostfparticular to burn all carcases of dead cattle on their, or their neighbour’s runs or lands,—and in the case where cattle are crawling about in the last stage of the disease to kill and burn ■ '-. them. • " ' 1; ■ " *,; . , ',- i , .

777 , i ‘ i ve Yards and pen for Inoodlating.— On a station where the number of cattle does not exceed 2000 to 3000, and where a spaying bail and forcing yards are already erected, the herd might.be inoculated in them, although only half the number could be got through in a.day, that would be, done were the proper yards and bail erected, j Where the herd is large it would save time and,expe'.ses to erect a small forcing yard,with a five railed, six feet high pen, of eight or ten pannels in length, »nd two feet six inches wide inside. The posts should be round, piortieed through and through, with the mortices worked close to the inner side of the post, so as that wh.en put up, the sides of the’post may not project further into the pen than the rails, and they should be three feet io and eight feet out of the ground, with caps on each pair across the pen. A pen mkdeol round rails will be found more convenient and safe to work at. than if they were split, is less liable to injure the cattle, and would cost less for the erection. 'The pen should of course be logged, and have the -proper gales and fastenings at each end. In such a KVard end pen five or six hands could inoculate from -500 to 600 head a day. In whichever way the operation is performed, or whatever sort of pen is used in ,4noculatiur, the tail ought to be kept steady; and ■wherecattle (especially small beasts and calves) do not pack SO closely in the pen that they cannot move, their heads should be roped to rail of the pen $ and the operation should, like spaying, be steadily and carefully performed, and not bnstled and hurried over as cutting and branding generally is. THE VIRUS. ; • I; I ■ The virus is to bo taken from a lung of a young t beast in the second stage of the disease ; .and the animal selected .is to be slaughtered and bled as if killed for meat, every care being taken that the lungs aroasftee as possible from blood, as blood in the !. .virus renders it unsafe and comparatively useless. Aroun 1 the more firmly and earlier hepafized portion of the lung of an nuimal in this stage of the . disease will be found a soft, jelly-like part, gradully becoming hepatized, and plainly charged with quantities of lymph. This is the portion to be used, and the lymph. when extracted sb&tild have but a very slight . Jingo of blood.. \ 1< The part thus selected is then to be placed in an ewihonware vessel, to be cut up-into small pieces and ./■nt into cloth of open texture, and the virus pressed ■i. Horn it into a cleqn bottle, which is to Iv made quite .airtight, and ito be kept in a cool place, the virus being taken out in small quantities, as required. after being allowed to stand, it coagulates, it will again become. liquid by shaking. The virus must be perfectly> Jcodqrus, and" before putting it pro the bottle it is to Ike filtered through a piece of fine muslin. . ; : Jf RESERVATION OF VIRUS. 7 i As virus when exposed in the least to the air begames putrid and useless in loss than twenty-four hours jo hot weather, and in two or three days when carefully corked and kept In a cool place, many attempts Vave been made to preserve It, but with ’ indifferent success ; and it appears very questionable whether the articles sold as preserved virus, or lymph, or under ••me other more high-flown appellations, bo not worse than worthless, • ■ It might, perhaps, be possible, by using comparatively large glass lubes, to preserve virus in the same manner as vaccine lymph is saved—by filling the gfit ss tubes, and herem«tically s-aling them. But tbis mqJe Las nut yet been adopted, and practically

speaking- it. is . not necessary, for any stockowner wishing to inoculate his cattle before the disease has itself among them can always obtain a supply of virus on its coming within a day’s ride ol his station. ol , The best , practicable mode of keepidg virus sound for a,time.is.,that, recommended by, Dr. Smith. Professor of Chemistry. Sydney namely, to fill the bottle (which.should he perfectly clean) in which the virus is to be put with the fumes of sulphur, and then to pour the virus into the bottle, carefully corking and sealing it before the whole of the. fumes are expelled. By adopting this,plan, *nd peeping the bottle in a cool-place, virus can.be preserved for at any rate several days longer than it won 14 otherwise be, which is a great advantage in .inoculating a herd. , , ,

-/I T. in MODE OF WOOOUIJH9. I ') • < m The safest and most efficacious mode; of inoculating is.-to use a setoning.neeille-of about.. five or six inches in- length, with the point ground narrow «nd,fine, and, •to draw a soft thread of twine or of worsted of thres -thicknesses, well sa'urated with virus, twice- through the "upper or-outer side, of the tail,, at one and a half inch from the tipi; and having done so without drawing the stitch, which is;thus made-tight,. to;cu,t.,off the. thread; leaving about two inches out of,the incision at each end dike a seton, twice .inserted,mnd left untied. ■The double insertion renders the effeeja of the inoculation mueh more certain-—a most material matter, when it is so dilfitult to discover whether or not th* -virus has taken effect—while; experience proves that this mode does not increase the risk of evil effects from the operation, The,tail shonld be closely clipped around the proper spot 1 , arid; in operating, the needle should bacarefully inserted between the, skins and.lhe, flesh, or just deep enough to reach the blood* and no-further, To economise virus, only about three or four inches of the thread should be saturated, at a time, and it should be so forievery head of cattle. ■ A sp tying needle may be used, when a setoning one cannot be obtained,; but larger is the better, both on account of its being held more firmly in the hand, and from its making a larger opening, whereby a a healthy discharge is more likely to occur. Making a slight incision in the tail, and placing a drop of virus in the wound, or using, a grooved “ inoculating’’ knife, is a more expeditious m >de than the needle, and saturated thread ; but it is not nearly so certain, as the blood from the wound is apt to.carry off the virus before it has done .its work. Nor is it so safe; for,.asclean wounds .in cattle are very apt to close,: the comparative clean wounds thus made in in T oculating with the knife sometimes do so, and the dis-r charge stopping, dangerous consequences ensue. This, the thread, by acting as a seton, in. a. great measure prevents. j . < • , • ;l 1 REVEDY POE EXCESSIVE SWELLING.

As the effects of the most mild and careful inoculation are sometimes dangerous, through causing excessive swellings and gatherings in the tail and hind‘ quarters of some of the cattle inoculated, it is necessary to consider how these may be yet counteracted. Experience how goes to show that it is better not to cut off any portion of the tail, at least not close'to the rump; although blbod-lettirig by making a.longitudinal incision in the underside of the tail, five or six inches from the butt, has a beneficial effect ”' n j - When taken at an,early stage, while small and soft, these gatherings may general,ly be removed by inserting a pie,get of tow, well saturated with equal parts of' biityr of antimony, and Venice turpentine,-in an incision made in swelling right through the centre, till the sound flesh be reached at the back, with a good sized pobket knife . The mouth of the incision should be downwards, so that the discharge will run readily off. The dressing should be renewed three or four times, at intervals of two, days. ' Where the cattle were worth the trouble, they might be cured even after thb swelling had reached a dangerous extent, by ripping open the skin and cutting away the callous flesh, when the proper dressing could be applied and the skin sewed up. 1 ‘ | ‘ In inoculating care should be taken that none of the virus gets into wounds or scratches in operators’ arms or hands, as threatening and rather dangerous results ha ve sometimes folloWed its doing so. ' - i TApCINATIOIt. ,

If the statements pat forth by.Mr* Mitchell, V.S., Melbourne, with: regard to the efficacy of vaccination for pleuro-poeamonia be correct (which, judging from the history and effects of < vaccination of the human subject, there are good grounds for believing),and, if a sufficient supply of lymph could ; always be obtainable, then. as a matter of, course, cattle shonld be vaccinated instead of inoculated. But in the first place these premises have, not yet been fully , established ; and, in the next, we hare our own experience of upwords of two years, and that of i the Cape of Good Hope, and several countries of Europe for nearly ten years, that inoculation, with the properly selected virus from a diseased lung, is comparatively inoculous, and highly beneficial. Al»x. Bute*. Sydney, 19th April. i

THE MAMMALS OF AUSTRALIA, i .(From the Saturday Review.) j The well-known eccentricities of Australian zoology are in no respect better exhibited than as regards its Mammals. Whilst the birds, reptiles, fishes, insects, and plants of the antipodean continent all alike present us with many noveiand'remarkable forms which must attract the notice of the most unobservant, the mammals of Australia are so marvellously different'from those that inhabit the rest of the globe that they might almost be supposed to be the production of another planet.. Such strange forms of life were not likely to escape the observation of anartist and naturalist like Mr. Gould; whovisited Australia in 1838 in order to gain materials for the preparation of his great work on the Birds of that country. And it was not, so he himself informs us, until he was surrounded by these extraordinary objects, whilst engaged in investigating the ornithology of Australia under the guidance of the native blacks, that he conceived the idea of devoting a portion of his attention to the mammalian class. Mr, Gould’s original plan was to confine his work to the illustration of the family of kangaroos—perhaps one of the most characteristic groups of the Australian Fauna. After his return home, however, he determined —wisely as wo think —to extend it so as to embrace all the other animals of the class ot mammals found within the limits of Australia. The result is, that a work has been produced worthy to take its place as a companion to what we consider as the most complete of air Mr. Gould’s undertakings-^-'the “ Birds of Australia ; ” and the mammals of that distant land are better illustrated, and their strange outlines more nearly brought home to us, as we turn over his magnificent plates, than those even of Europe itself. The principal' points in which the mummalsof Australia differ from those of every other part of the world, may be stated in a very fpw words.. These are the prevalence of Marsupials, and the absence of all the more highly organized forms of the class of mammals. The Marsupials are now universally recognized by naturalists as forminga section per sq —quite distinct from the ordinary forms of mammals, and connecting the latter with the class of Birds, Whilst, in the typical mammals, the new-born being exhibits the principal characteristics and outward form of the adult animal, the young Marsupial leaves the body of its mother in the shape of a rudimentary' and almost irrecogriisable embryo, in this stage it is transferred to the marsupiurr., or pouch, situated on the lower part of the mother’s abdomen, and here it remains, firmly attached to the nipple, until its development is completed and it has become a perfect animal similar in all respects to its parents. Other constant differences distinguish the Marsupials from the ordinary mammals; but this is the most striking point of distinction, and that from which this peculiar group of animals has received its very apposite name. In Australia, as has been already stated, Marsupials form the greater portion of the mammalian “ population ” —if we may so express ourselves-upwards of two-thirds of the known species of the Australian animals belonging to this group. Although the great grassy plains of Nevv South Wales and Queensland, and the general physical features of the country, would appear as well adapted for elephants, rhinoceroses, zebras, and antelopes as the corresponding portions of Africa, which are tenanted by multitudes of these animals, not one such creature is to be met with in Australia. la the same way, neither lions nor tigers, nor any other of the true carnivorous animals, are found there; but the place of the various herbivorous and carnivorous animals of other countries is occupied by different sections of Marsupials, of which the organisation is specially modified to enable them to play the substituted part they have to perform in the. economy of nature. Thus ruminants are replaced in Australia by herbivorous kangaroos, carnivora by flesh-eating dasyures, insectivora by bandicoots; while in a remoter degree phalangers occupy the place of monkeys, and the singular koala, or native bear, that of the sloth. So wonderfully diversified are the functions performed in that country by the different groups of Marsupials. Mr. Gould’s first two volumes are entirely devoted to the illustration of thevarious species of the extensive order. He commences with the wonderful Omithohynchus or dnck-bijled Platypus —the most bird-like of all known mammals, and so abnormal in many parts of itssiructure as to render necessary the institution of a serial order—that of Mohotrcmes—for its reception, i To the same order belong the two species of Echidna-, ! or Spiny nt-eater, also peculiar to Australia After characteristic portraits of these creatures, Mr. Gould ■

arranges next in ascending series two little animalsealled Myrmtcqbitu aud Tarsipes y almost equally isolated forms, and both of them of rather doubtful affinities. The family of Perumelidce, or Bandicoots, is next illustrated, These little animals, some of which in external appearance and habits resemble our hares, are universally dispersed over Australia. Some of them inhabit the hot stony ridges bordering upon the open plains ; others prefer the more humid forests, and in many instances burrow in tlie ground like rabbits Mr. Gould next turns his attention to the Ph-tlangers —another very characteristic group of Australian mammals, exclusively arboreal in their habits, and filling the places of the squirrels and monkeys of other regions of the world. The flying phalangcrs are provided wi:h a membrane stretched between their front and hind limbs to assist them in their passage through the air from one tree to another, and in this respect they niuch resemble the flying squirrels of India an,d, other countries The phalangers, like most oflier marsupials, ate n cturnal in theirmabits. Thpir days are passed in coricealinent in the spouts of the hollow gum swamp oaks so frequently met with in the Australian forests. As twilight commences, they quit their retreat to search for food among the branches of the trees, whilst bandicoots and wombats prowl aboutbn the grounds below, and the neighbouring open spaces are doco-d over With hordes ot browsing kangaroos.,, Not less remarkable than the phalangers is the carnivorous trronp of DasyurCs, to which Mr. Gould next devotes himself. The smaller animals of this section arri likewise ahsorbical in their habits, and search for their insect food among the shrubby trees and the branches of trees . But the true dasyurcs, which are of larger size and niore terrestrial tendencies, are strictly flesh-eating animals. The ursine dasyure—or “devil,’’ as this ugly black animal is called by tbe Tasmanian colonists—is said to commit great ravages on the sheep. ‘‘Notwithstanding their comparatively small size,” says Mri Roland Gunn, to whom science is indebted for much useful information upon the mammals of Tasmania, “ these animals are so fierce and bite so severely that they are a match for any ordinary dog.”. But a still greater pest to theco’onial shepherds is the thylacine, or native wolf of Tasmania, the giant of the existing carnivorous marsupials. The bloodthirsty beast is not less dn bulk than the common wolf, arid bears a very striking superficial resemblance to that animal. It haunts‘the caverns and rocks of the deep and almost Impenetrable glens of-Van Dieman’s Land, is uing forth at night, and', to' the dismay of the stockholders, scattering and ravaging the flocks of sheep which it is the sole object of his life to preserve The uncouth, short-legged, heavy looking animals called wombats, which must be familiar in appearance td every visitor to the Zoological Society’s 1 rat-dens, furnish the suhjec s for the last plates of Mr. Gould’s first volume Although perfectly capable of biting severely in self-defence, the wombat is by nature a most harmless animal, feeding at night exclusively on foots and other vegetable substances, and passing its days in burrows excavated by itself on the plants of its native land, whence it is to be stated to be by no means an easy t sk to dislodge it. 1 ' • ■- ' The second volume of Mr, Gould’s work is devoted exclusively to well-known family Of kangaroos, of which nearly fl'ty species are figured in postures, and with scenery, chara teristic of their respective habits. The open grassy plains--sometimes verdant, at other times parched, up by long draught—l-offer an asylum to some of these animals ; others prefer the hard and stony ridges. The brush-tailed kangaroos frequent the precipitous rocks. The wallihies prefer the mangrove swamps and more humid brushes. Tbe harekangaroos, of tlie genus Lagorchestes ‘ sit concealed in their “forms’ like their well-known European prototype. The numerous kangaroo-rats, as the smaller are called, lie curled up in their home-shaped grassy seats, uni!'both alike are trodden out and speared by the hungry blacks, who beat the long grasses and scru's in search of their daily dinner. In show, every part of the Australian continent and its islands, whatever its peculiarities may be, affords a home for some one qf more of this extensive family, which is rightly considered by Mr. Gould as “ the most important of the Marsupial grohps, both as to diversity of form and as regards the number of species.” Mr. Gould’s third and concluding volume is devoted to the non-marsupial or placental mammals of Australia. These amount to about fifty in number and are principally rodents and’ bats, all the ordinary larger and more-highly-developed animals being, as been already stated, entirely absent from the country. The single exception is the dingo, or native dog. which, howevever, is generally admitted not to be a truly indigenous Australian ' animal, but to have followed in the wake of a man in his migrations thith-r. 1

In concluding our notice of this valuable work, we must congratulate the Australian colonies on having obtained the services of an artist and naturalist like Mr. Guild for the euclidation and illustration of their native animals. Not only is every known terrestlal Australian mammal (if we except a few recently-dis-covered speqicesj accurately figured in this work, but, in those cases in which the great bulk of the animal has Tendered' its representation of the size of life impracticable, a second portrait of the head and face is added, in order that the veritable physiognamy of the species may be rendered apparent. What with this series of illustrations, and Mr. Waterhouse’s excellent essay on the “ Marsupiata,” which forms the first volume of his (alas ! unfinished) History of Mammalia we may be permitted to assuae the Australians that in no part of the world, not even in England itself, are such advantages provided for those who would fain become acquainted 1 with the animals of their native country.

Sad End of a Yelterton.—About three in the morning on Saturday last, in Barrack-street, one of the vilest back slums in Douglas, Isle of Man, the body of a woman was found, literally half-naked, and actually frozen to death, the night being piercingly cold, with a hard frost. She was recognised as the drunken and dissolute Hon. Jane Yelverton, alias Jenny Keefe, the widow of the Hon. Augustas Yelverton, brother of Lord Avonmorc, and fellow-uncle with that nobleman to Major Yelverton, whose marriage and law-suits have for the last five years occil pied attention. At an inquest held on the body of the woman, it was stated that the Hon. Augustus Yelverton, the husband of Jenny Keefe, to whom he was man led about 25 years since, died in Liverpool about two months ago; that he left her a considerable sum of money for her maintenace. which was to be paid to her in instalments by a lawyer in Liverpool, from which town she had arrived in Douglas on Tuesday se’n night-, her fate to the island (according to a statement she-made to a woman in a low public-house on the night before her frightful death) having been paid by the lawyer in question. The inquest was held by James Gell, Esq., high bailiff of Castletown, and he stated that the Hon. Augustus Yelverton and the deceased had lived in Castletown for many years, and so dissolute and depraved were they in their habits that he had committed them to prison fully a hundred times for being drunk and disorderly. At this time they weie allowed by Lord Avonraore, it was understood, an ample income to keep them comfortably, but they were in the habit of spending it in drink as quickly as.th.ey. got.. it,, and..they scarcely ever had on them sufficient rags, let alone clothing, to cover their nakedness;, Jehny Keefe, who was a low born woman, was the third wife of the Hon. Augustus Yelverton, he having l)een previously married to a Spanish lady and an Irish one. He had no children by his last wife, but he had several by his former wives. In consequence, however, of his depraved habits, they were taaen from him, and they now occupy respectable positions in life. Although in rank and in education also there was such a difference between Jenny Keefe and her husband, yet they were greatly attached to each other ; they invariabty- accompanied each other in their orgies, and if one of them was sent to gaol for some outrage against the peace commuted during a drunken fit, it was the practice of the other to smash some shop windows, or make a disturbance in the stree’s for the purpose of getting committed to gaol also, in order that they might keep each other company. They scarcely ever had a place to lay their heads in, and they lived the greater portion of their time either in the streets or in prison. All the clothing that Jenny Keefe had on when she was found dead was an old gauze frock which did not reach to her knees, and was no thicker than a piece of paper, an old pair of socks that just reached above her ankles, and a pair of thin slippers. A few hours before her death she was seen standing at a house-door close to where she was found dead, and was heard trolling out, ‘* True blue for ever,” The jury returned a verdict of “ Death from exposure.”— Liver root Mercury. Music is the only earthly bliss that the imaginations of men have transferred to heaven. Drowning Care.—lt is idle to talk of drowning care; we do but sharpen the sting of the scorpion we carry within us. Life Duties.—Every station of life has duties which are proper to it. Those who are determined by choice to any particular kind of business are indeed more happy than those who are determined by necessity; bnt both are under an equal obligation of fixing on employment which may be either useful to themselves or beneficial to others. No one of the sons of Adam ought to think himself exempt from that labour and industry which were denounced to our first parent, and in him to all his posterity. Those to whom birth or fortune may seem to make such an application unnecessary, ought to find oat some calling or profession for themselves that they may not lie as a' burden on the species, and be the only useless parts of the | creation, i

' ’ HOW THE POOR OF PARIS DINE. The Horning Post's commissioner, who has been charged with an inquiry into the condition of the poor ol .Paris, writes - ■ “ All classes of Parisians have more conveniencies for dining well at a lower price than Londoners can boast. There are in Paris restaurants and cabarets adapted to every pocket. There are the gilded saloons of the Cafe' Riche and the Cafe Anglais - the tawdry corridors flanked with, where the tradesman takes his wife and children for a cheap Sunday treat ; there are straggling dining-rooms under the Emperear Joseph Hotel, by the Luxembourg, where the dignicar es of the Pays Batin hold high festival ; and so we decline on the sliding scale to the rough, but everready, cook shops like the Vendange de Bergerac of Rue de Menilinontunt, and finally to the California, an immense establishment, wherever “ convive” is in rags, that is situated between the Bblcvard de Vauves and the Chanssee du Mciue. I think .1 have had some experience of every point of the scale. That which is impressed on ihe mind of him who ha* had experience is that Paris is at once the dearest and the cheapest city on the face of the earth. On the great Boulevards. when the July sun burns you cannot get a groseille for less than Bjd. From the Cafe Cardinal you may trace this groseille, cheapening in price by the way, to a Montagne-Ste-Ceneieve wine-shop, where you will find that a groseille costs Id. Between the groseille of the Cafe Cardinal and that of the Place Manhert there is a difference as extraordinary in the taste as there is in the price of it. You will observe, however, that the drinks distributed in the great cafes haye the same names as those ret ijed in the ragman’s wine slops. The ragman can spend his hour in the suite over his penny consommation, and reading his Siecle, which is to be fpund in every wineshop, deems himself the equal in his means of. enjoyment of the director of the Grand Opera, ; sipping hj s Madeira at ihe corner of the Rue Richelieu. The frequenter of the workman’s wine-shop, or the bye-street cafe, will have hip billiard-table and his game of cards or dominoes, and, will take a hsnd for his gloria for a 1 the world like the heavy diamond merchants or the' Boursiers who play for their coffee at the Cafe Kiche. To catch the workman’s taste for cheap imitations of all the luxuries the rich enjoy, we find gigantic establishments rising in the various faubourgs, where all the customs of the gieat cafe are imitated, where the are twenty billiard-tables in one room, and where working-men can take their wives and children, on Sundays, and spend the evening in the same way that it is spent by the Hameur of the Chaussee d’ Antin. Their dinner has been a.cheap and rough imitation of that- of the gourmet who has enjoyed succulent delight to Phillipe’s. -The working-man who has a fivefranc in his pocket repairs with great dignity to the first-floor —say the Vendange de, Bergerac, where he orders the best the house can afford. On ordinary days he roughly eats on the ground-floor his few sous worth of fricot. Un holidays, he has his fair number of plats, his wine, and his glopia. Wine and the gloria are never missed. He must hgve his snowy lump of loaf sugar with his c 'flee, for, to the Paris workman, brown sugar is the mark of misery, which he disdains. Tastes appear to be the same am mg all classes. The Parisian must have his after dinner coffee, whether he takes it .with Tortoni or with Mother Patience in the open air on the bridge of. La Laurnette ; or shivering on the lowest step of the social ladder, at the “ cafes of the wet-footed”, outside that gigantic hostelry of misery, the. California. The poor provision establishments of Paris are shabby imitations of the rich restaurants and cafes, it appears to me, because there !s not in punlic that strong line drawn between class and q ass which, is everywhere to be seen in England. The reader who may wish to see how various classes mix, brought together by identical tastes, should spend a little time jn some famous establishment—say, at the renowned Maison Moreaux, at the foot of Point Neuf. It is literally dazzling with its marble, its gold, its mirrors,, its lustres, its silver counter, and its crystal vases full of all kinds of fruits. Tbe counter is bright with liqueurs of every tint, brilliant as precious stones. The ladies behind the counters are gorgeously dressed, and are wreathed in smiles. These iiebes “ of celestial shape” are serving every kind of preserved fruits, liqueurs, and punches to every conceivable variety of customer. The sewer-man will enter this place of Bacchus, and will take the same refreshment his neighbou- the Count is consuming. The Banlien intimations of the luxuries of the Bou'evards are rough and coarse, but the necessity for imitation has led the caterers fo* the working and the needy classes to produce repasts and amusements at an extraordinary low figure, On all sides there are establishments where he of the light purse can get, at any rate, enough to satisfy his hunger for a few sous. , The man in rags can get his penny dish, and bis penny plaie of soup. There is no waste of food in Paris. The relics of great feasts become at hist the fricot of the poor. The children of misery buy the crumbs that are swept from under the rich man’s table. Every ntomin which there lies nutriment for ihe human frame is carefully preserved and used. The legs of fowls, left . after the diner’s fins of Phillipe’s, are carried to the second-rate restaurants, to fall under the knife and fork of the puzzled wight, who is at once a gourmet and a lawyer’s clerk. The coarser leavings fall to the share of the rabbit-skin seller, the tumbler, the rag picker, and all the varieties of necessitous workingmen and , women. And surely, it is better that there should be a gigantic meeting place for the re,venous, like the Califonia, where the broken victuals are turned into soups and fricots, or the famous Robert dish, with its sharp sauce, than that the noisy bands of[ hungry creatures should find no food cheap enough to satisfy the hunger gnawing within ilmrn.

LIN E a UTS. (From the Rondon Daily News.) Lord Lyndhurst’s Pictures.—The late Lord , Lyndhurst’s collection of pictures represents rather forcibly the. immense advance our painters have made since the time when John Singleton Copley, R.A., was the eminent historical painter. We must also congratulate the age on having reached a higher point in art, since it would be impossible for a moment to find any sympathy for this style of art in the public mind now. Extreme affectation of attitude in the figure as “ the graceful” accordiag to the Academics, the coarse touch and colour of the common scenepainter, and a pompous style of expression full of empty display—all the fire and fury of the palette signifying nothing—form the general character of these works. A picture of the “ Nativity” (62), whicli was evidently considered qn important work, is a marvel of its kind. The Virgin is represented as a rather elegantly-attired lady of the Copley period in a white robe de chambre, reclining with her delicate hand to her forehead. As an indicative of the taste of that day we may add that the picture was engraved. The sketch for a prize historical picture of “Charles I. demanding the Arrest of the Five Members,” which is in the Gallery at Boston, U.S., is a glorious specimen of the posture-making style in favour when Copley painted. Bust of the Prince op Wales.—Mr. Morton Edwards exhibits his model of a bust of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales in the uniform of the I Oth Hussars, which is to be executed in marble for the city of Toronto, in Canada. It is a careful work, and will no doubt come out to advantage in the marble.' Mr. Edwards was a pupil of the late eminent sculptor Behnes, and we observed by the side of this bust the original model of a very beautiful bust of the Queen when a child, the work of the late William Behues. THE YELVERTON CASE. (From the Belfast News Letter.) It is probable that the numerous section of the public who relish sensation episodes will be deprived, for some time at least, of the gratification to be derived from the rehearsal at the bar of the House of Lords of the celebrated Yelverton marriage case. The gallant exmajor, who has cited his first wife to the highest tribunal in the land, now finds himself met by a difficulty which his legal advisers did not, perhaps, anticipate when they appealed to the Law Lords to step in and decide the vexed question at issue. Mrs. Yelverton objects to meet her husband on this distinguished neutral ground until the latter has furnished her with the necessary funds for the preparation of ht-r case, and has applied to the House of Lords to make an order calling upon the Hon. Mr. Yelverton to pay her £SOO on account. If the case were in the Court of Divorce, in Westminster Hall,'instead of being translated to the House of Lords, the application would be granted, as a matter of course, and the general opinion is that their lordships will have no alternative but to make the order, as prayed. But, admitting the order to be made, 1 it is just possible that it cannot be served, as it is reported that the appellant has left England for a Transatlantic trip, Which may be extended for an indefinite period. Meantime, although nominally the husband of two wives, he is debarred from the society, of either, Mrs. Forbes Yelverton having, very naturally, declined to live with him until she is enabled to solve the mystery of who’s who.