THREATENED REVOLUTION IN PARIS.

Northern Advocate, 26 November 1887, Page 3

THREATENED REVOLUTION IN PARIS.

London, November 22. LjtfParis correspondent of the " Times ' IsPates that tne troops of Paris ar( to barracks, owing to fean of a revolution. I M. Glemencoan states he will onU acceni^^&ce if M. Grevy resigns tIM ' Pr^dHH^^^trevry refuses to resij HH^^^^^^ft^muties negoitatefl presidency, jH B^H^^BHB^H^^^^^^^r es> e* B S6BhHbH^^^^^^H^^V^ a view, how■BBBBR|HH^HHF He is probably B^H^^HB^H^H^^HBH^f or longer events, ■^H^^^H^^^Hj^Hfl^H-a-half ; if in these j^^H^Hj^^Hjj^^^^itage, he is set down HMbß^^^B^^b^BPß distance, but a non* BhHHb|H^^9>" 0 < And is forthwith releHHnnHH|^Hr position. eQ e changes hands, and his possibly put him into a longHH^^HH^^HBwhich ho has another animal whom — his forte being " stay9JjHH^^Hpes uro fixed, the speedy animal H^|^^^^H^^Kist has proved himself a non■HHßEJHßeiiteitld solely with a view of HH|^^^gace, a? the term is, otherwise leadHH^^flj^B 3 attoacommencement of the race i QH^HBHBoiiaaK'ast pace with a view^ to enabling i (the noflu stayer) to i Hpß|Bre^iccory later on. Mmueumes out often the plan is successful enough, but sometimes it will happen that the supposed non-stayer, who is expected after, say, the first mile, to fall back in the rear and be unable even to keep pace with the other competitors, does nothing of the sort, but maintains his position at the head of affairs without any apparent effort, and ultimately comes in first, to the utt6r consternation of his owner, who may not have, and probably has not, backed him even for a single shilling. An amusing instance ot this sort came under our notice not so very long ago. In a certain race, over a longish distance, three animals were entered ; two of them were considered to have such an equally-balanced chance that it was almost impossible to choose between them ; on the other hand, the third was a noted nocstayer, and it was a matter of surprise to everyone that he should have been entered at all. Just before the race his owner took the jockey aside, and spoke to him somewhat as follows : " Now, look here, so-and-so and so-aad-so (mentioning the names of the two jockeys riding the other horses) will be so carefully watching each other the whole way with a view to seeing when to make the final effort, that they will not have time to take any notice of you ; now I know your mount can go fast for a mile or so, but he is not a stayer ; the only thing for you to do is, therefore, to put as wide a distance as you can between them and you during the early part of the journey, and then there is just the chance (not much of a one I admit) that they may not be able to catch you in the last part." The jockey in question carefully acted up to his instruction, and eventually, to the surprise and consternation of everyone present, won the race. A favourite device of experienced jockeys on nearing the winning-post is to raise their whip in a threatening manner as if to give their horses what is called a " regular roasting " ; the nearest jockeys on seeing this imagine that the leading horse is failing, and immediately becoming inspired with revived hope, commence whipping aad spun-ing in real earnest ; this is justwhat the experienced jockey has anticipated, and sitting quite still, without flustering his horse by needless castigation (the uplifted arm and whip being all bunkum), he frequently manages to just score a win, which he would have probably failed to do had his opponents pursued the same tactics as himself— that is, sat still. Although certain sluggish animals can only be induced to do their best under the pressure of severe punishment, they are in a decided minority, and where one race is won by a flogging finish, a hundred are scored by refraining from the practice. The use oi the spur at a critical point of a race, is, htfwever, still more fatal to success ; many a horse that will respond gamely enough to a stroke or two of the whip, and by an almost superequine effort manage to increase his pace be it ever so little, will refuse to try any longer if unduly spurred. The great secret of success in racing may probably be said to be to know when to hit a horse, and when to leave him alone ; in by far the majority of instances the latter course is the best, and most jockeys would probably agree that the greater number of the races they win are by sitting still.

„. In our second page will be found the profitomme of the Hikurangi Jockey Club. This programme is a very attractive one to local ncifse owners, and should command a numerous eatery list. It will be seen that this club has revived to run under the A.B.C. rules. Actuated by a wish to be freed from the thrall of metropolitan clubs, a number of northern clubs^ united with the Hikurangi Club for the purp<wo of forming a corporation under the title .sf "The Associated Northern Racing Clabu," running under their own rules. The surtden withdrawal of other clubs from their Clnb alone, whioh renders it impossible to So other than run under the A.R.C. rules. This club has gone to the cost of acquiring a pretty co irse at Kkmrihohore, which will, we believe, be ready for the ensuing meeting. We heartily wish them success and prosperity. The Mania, Race Club's programme appears in another cblumn. We understand that a capital course\haß been prepared by this club, and their arrangements are very complete. This club we s&e runs under the A.R.O. rules. We have beeSi informed'that the Waipu Eace Club have resolved to run under the A.R.C. Bules. We hive not yet seen the programme. The scullers and Beach have continued to practice in good form for the race of to-day. Hnnlan improving in favor for the championship on acconnt of his good training. \ %

r6 °^^BH^fli^HflflHHfl9Bß^^Bß i wiiicti^^^^H^Hfl^^^^^H^^^^^H^^H in h;ii) ij^^H^^^^9^^Hjj^^^HißHHH rate. vioiei^^^^^^^B^^HH^BHj^H|^^B^H nei^^^^BH^^^^HH^^H|^H^H^^^H of prn^HHuue has H^H^Hfl^llearnt with regaaH^^Pre diseases ; and that sometfl^Hro this, that pHrm sanitation applies as iJVu to the crops I which grow in the field as it does to the live stock and to the homestead of the farmer himself. Plants, like animals, are subject to a variety of ailments— ailments dependent upon unsuitability of climate, insufficient nourishment, the attacks of internal worms, and the ravages of germ diseases. We might also have added the ravages of insects, but these are usually considered separately in connection with economic entomology, although, indeed, the general principles of what we may call crop sanitation when strictly applied have tLo effect in many cases of warding off the evils of insect ravages on the croDS, just as the application of sanitary principles to human habitations promotes cleanliness in regard to insect vermin. The germs which cause disease iv plants are mostly of the fungus kind. The word fungus is popularly applied only to mushrooms, toad--Btools, and the like, but it is properly used to denote all those low forms 6t plants, such us moulds, mildews, &c , which, when closely examimid, > are found to be of the same botanical nature as mushrooms and other similar plantar The ordinary green mould which forms on 61a cheese and other stale provisions is a fungus of this character, and the greon dust which arises from this mould when one blows on it or shakes it consists of a multitude of minute spores, which are to these lowly plants Vhat seeds are to higher plants, and what the " germs " are to those organisms which cause disease in man and animals. The forms and habits of the fungoid growths which produce plant diseases are exceedingly varied, and it would be impossible in a short space to enter into details with regard to even a few of them. We may briefly notice two of them as being striking examples. A peculiarity of many of these lowly forms of plant life is that they pass through various stages, much as insects pass through the three Stages of grub, chrysalis, and perfect insect. The rust and mildew fungus of wheat is of this kind. The develop jaent of this fungus has not, we believe, been studied in this country ; but in England its growth is as follows :— The summer rust of English farmers first makes its appearance about June or July. It is to be noticed as a few reddish or brown spots on the blades of corn ; if these spots be examined under a lens they are seen to consist of numbers of little oval bodies embedded in parallel lines in the cells of the leaf. These little bodies if magnified more highly are found to consist of innumerable delicate brownish fibres interlaced into a close mat, bearing on its surface thousands of small red egg-shaped spores. This is the "rust" stage of the fungus, or, as botanists call it, the uredo stage. When the spores are ripe, the skin of the corn leaf becomes burst by the fungus, and the gentle moving of the corn or the faintest breath of air causes these spores to rise as a little cloud of living microscopic dust. These spores being carried away by the breeze, stick to any moist object with which they may meet, and in the course of an hour or two germinate, and there grow out of them one or two long thin sinuous microscopic threads ; these threads wind about like little streams, following every minute irregularity or crevice of the surface on which the spores have fallen. If the object on which they have fallen is unsuitable for the growth of the little fungus it quickly dies, but if the object be a leaf or stem of wheat the living thread then winds its way until it comes to an opening in the plant, such as a stoma or " breathing spore," and through this it effects aii entrance into the tissues of the plant. It then grows rapidly, throws out branches on every side, until eventually it forma a mat of interwoven threads, which in a few days produce a fresh crop of rust spores. These again ripen, are shed, caught on other leaves, germinate, and so forth ; so that in the course of a few weeks half-a-dozen insignificant spots of rust may have spread over a whole Held of wheat. One little spot of rust may contain thousands of the little oval bodies, and each oval body contains many hundreds of spores ; so that from an acre of wheat there will be millions upon millions ; in fact, an inconceivable multitude of these rust spores. These little plants live upon the sap of their host, and so prevent its proper development, and the injury they do becomes apparent when at harvest only 12 or 20 bushels of grain are gathered per acre from a field which should have produced iO or 50 bushels. As the autumn approaches the growth of this little fungus changes. Instead of the little red patches, black patches are to be observed on the straw. These are the "mildew" of wheat. They are produced by the germination of the rust spores, but the change from the rust stage to the mildew atago seems to depend upon the change in the season. The mildew is called by botanists the puceiuia stage, and may be considered analogous to the perfect stage of insects. In form and internal structure it is very similar to the rust ; but the little oval bodies are larger and of a, jet black colour. The spores are black and are not single egg-shaped bodies like those of rust, but are double, formed of two little cones fixed together at their bases. The rust spores, as we have seen, germinate quickly and soon die ; but the black mildew spores, like the seeds of higher plants, remain dormant through the winter, and do not' break out into new life until next spring. They remain in the straw and stubble, which rots in. the ground, and on the appearance of warm weather germinate, producing, however, not rust, but another stage, which, not being popularly noticeable, has Teceived no popular name, but which is called by botanists the promycehum stage, and may be regarded as analogous to the grub stage in the development of insects. From this are produced small delicate spores, much smaller than rust or mildew. These infinitesimal germs are carried about in myriads by the wind, alight on the young wheat leaves and produce the rust, which again in its turn reproduces the mildew, and so the cycle goes on again.

B^^^lH^^P as to require a powefl^^^^^H them. If old diseased HhHH^^B ground the soil it s P. r '°|H^^H jHJ^^^^S^^rasted with this moving the seeds of turnips or cabbH^H ■^^Hj^^Haciferous plants, be sown in s^H[ this slime becomes absorbed, o|H MBBMEaßotlet^. It may only be an infin^l j^^^^H^HVtity, yet if it be inconceivably j^^B^^^Hßufßcicnt to grow until the whole B^^HH^HBcs diseased. ■KH^H^B some of the diseases which affect J^HHH might give a great many other the majority of plant diseases B^m^Hl by organisms of a similar character. B^H^^Hes the organisms are not plants, but HHK, like the little nematoids or thread B^hH*^ which cause "ear cockles" in wheat, attack many kinds of garden vegetables, HR which are the cause of the onion disease at Clover sickness, the mildevira of onions, turnips, corn, grass, peas, and lettuce ; the rot of turnips, cabbages, potatoes; the smut of corn, onions, and potatoes; onion mould, pea mould, hop mould, Tine mould; bunt of wheat ; ergot ; the rot of Tine and hop stocks, and numerous other diseases ara caused by fungus plants of various forms and habits. But the chief point of practical importance in a large majority of these are :— Ist, that the spores, seeds, or eggs which carry on the disease from one year to another are preserved either in the seeds of affected crops or in the old and decaying plants left in the ground after the harvest ; 2nd, that they germinate in damp ground and rotting vegetable matters ; 3rd, that they are for the most part confined in some stage of their growth to one particular plant or group of plants, and cannot be propagated in any other ; and 4th, that plants in a weekly condition are more likely to sticcumb to the attacks of many of these gertn3 than are plants in a vigorous condition. The broad rules, then, of what we have called crop sanitation therefore should be : — Ist, the careful selection of seed from none but healthy plants ; 2nd, the removal from the ground of all diseased portions of plants and the burning of the same ; 3rd, the draining of the soil and sufficient ploughing ; 4th, a change, of crop and the removal of all such weeds as belong to groups of plants which can support the growth of the >diseaso germs ; and sth, the maintaining of the vigour of the crops by sufficient manuring. It is often also necessary to pare and burn patched of soil which have borne diseased plants, or u!»y dress them with some suitable disinfecting '* material.