FARMING AND COMMERCIAL

Manawatu Standard, Volume L, Issue 110, 5 April 1930, Page 5

FARMING AND COMMERCIAL

A MOTOR DRIVE. .• . WAYSIDE NOTES. (By “Ploughshare.”) Tho generous offer of a friend, whose business ihtcrosts bring him into personal touch with leading stud brecdors. throughout tho Dominion, to accompany him on a tour through 1 parts of the Hawko’s Bay and Auckland provinces offered tho writor an opportunity of visiting now localities and to mako a few casual observations by tho way. During the twolvo days occupied in-making tho tour samo 1400 miles woro covered, but a powerful perfect running ear and a good driver enabled a quick passago to be made from point to point under the 'best of weather conditions throughout the-wholo journey. From an agricultural point of view, tho only differences in the methods adopted in management in tho various localities appeared to bo those imposed by climatic conditions and the conformity of tho country. After leaving Woodvillo tho effects' of tho two months’ spell of dry weather aro reflected in tho dried up condition of hillside pastures, which for tho most part arc devoted to sheep and tho stock appears to be in good condition, but tho largo numbers mot with on tho road labelled with a coloured mark indicates that owners are getting thoir “fats” to market as expeditiously as possible. On tho lower levols in centres whore dairying is conducted crops of maizo, red clover, and occasional plots of lucerne, and chou moullicr make a pleasing .green contrast and materially help to offset the effect of light rainfall. SHOW VISITED. The Hawko’s Bay Autumn Show was in progress when Hastings wa3 reached. Tho outstanding stock and produce features of this show, wqro tho fat sheep and apple displays. Tho fruit section,, as -might be expected, was a particularly fine one quite worthy of the fame of sunny Hawke a Bay as a fruit growing centre. There was also a very creditable showing of local dairy stock, indicating that dairying is a growing industry in a locality which has formcrly been devoted almost exclusively to fattoning and to a lesser extent to the cultivation of grain. . Milk production * is now found to be more profitable than tho cultivation of grain crops, and considerable sub-division of larger farms .is taking placo and it i 3 quite possible that in the near future the manufacture of butter _ and cheese will reach laTge proportions in tho province which has hitherto’ been chiefly noted for its fat and store stock and tho home of ■ some • of the most famous stud farms in tho Dominion. Tho well appointed. and ■ picturesquo showgrounds call for more that! passing notice. Suffice it to say that more ideal surroundings could scarcely be imagined than this spot with its rippling stream and groves of sheltering trees. By tho generous aid of an enthusiastic show supporter, it has been. possible for the committee to make .all improvements out of revenue and it is stated that the ground and equipment aro now entirely free of debt. Preparations aro now being put in hand to accommodate the big Royal Show fixture which will bo held., next spring at Hastings, .and no .effort will be spared to worthily uphold the traditions of Hawke’s' Bay as. a breeding ground and show stock centre. OVER THE HILLS. Following the old Napicr-Taupo coach route, the-sheltered. Esk valley .is traversed for ten miles. The' land here is more, intensively farmed and is devoted mainly to fruitgrowing and dairying. Shortly afterwards 'a prominent notice warns travellers to exercise care for tho next sixty miles and to bo.waro . of . sharp curves and inclines. ’ From hero onwards practically tho whole journey to Taupo is through country moro inclined to bo perpendicular than horizontal, 1 and with scarcely more than a fow hundred yards of straight going at any one place. The ascent and descent of three successive hills ranging from two thousand to nearly three thousand feet above sea . level introduce the travellers to a varied assortment of curves, spirals and hairpin bonds which did not give the cardriver much opportunity to view the rugged scenery which in light and shade has a charm and variety -of ever ehangin'g’m-" terest which i 3 beyond this writer’s power of description. Present day travellers will appreciate the difficulties encountered when, this road was surveyed and built over sixty years ago. Except for occasional sharp pinches, tho grades are easy and have a uniformly good surface throughout. Scarcely anything in the way of farming is to be seen until the pumice country is reached where in places quite good crops of swedes and grasses have dccii established and make a striking contrast with the appearance of adjoining land which remains uncultivated. The success which appears to have been made hy : experimentation to ■ bring this otherwise, worthless country -into productiveness encourages.the hope that in the courso of a few years the great areas now lying idle will be made into profitable farming propositions. WAIKATO PASTURES. After tho lower boundaries of the Waikato district are reached tho aspect of the surrounding country. is completely chang-. cd from that which has recently been loft behind. In . every, direction undulating, fields are carrying rich green pastures, most of which are used for depasturing dairy cattle. It is scarcely conceivable that not longer ago than twenty-five years this land was regarded as unsuitable for dairying or. any other farm purpOsfe. Viewed, frbm the train for miles, upon miles, this country was formorly a long dreary tract of scrub covored unpromising land and sustained only a small population of live-stock over tho whole area. Taking Matangi as. : a centre, it is stated that there are now over 5000 dairy cows in occupation of the land within a-radius of five miles. Other., centres throughout the province are proportionately well stocked. The other day a small delapidated building was pointed out to me as being the first creamery erected in South Auckland by an optimist who tried to persuade farmers that dairying had a great future but was laughed at for his pains. Now in less than thirty years this pioneer of tho dairy industry lias seen the industry, develop to proportions which seem like a romance and constituting one-sixth of .the dairy produce output of the Dominion. Tho good people of Waikato are naturally proud of their achievements in tho. past and have visions of further progress in the futuro. Besides being good farmers, they are good boosters of their proivnee, and townspeople are not' behind in impressing upon tho visitor that. Waikato is the dairy farm of the Empire. You are told that it is the homo of the most progressive farmers, that it has tho biggest dairy factories, tho biggest herd testing associations and the one and only worth while Dairy Show. On tho other side of the picture a 1 fow well directed inquiries disclosed tho fact that among tho other big things there might bo included the interest bill .on mortgages which somo of the high priced land is labouring under. This allusion to interest charges docs not infer that the farmers in tho Waikato aro not prospering. as it is apparent that the majority of them aro doing very. well, but land valuos appear to bo on the high side. ENTHUSIASM AND PHOSPHATES. What has been tho motive power behind all this rapid development and increased production, and what can farmers in other centres learn from their Waikato friends ? Briefly stated, well directed enthusiasm and management, phis superphosphate is the' main factor. The systematic top-dressing of pastures and the conservation of forago has reached a very advanced stago. and. as dairy farming practioally constitutes tho Dne and only farm activity, the moro enlightened and enterprising farmers keep on setting a higher standard which/their neighbours, endeavour to emulate, with the result that progress is being steadily maintained. A few years ago it was not thought possible to dairy farm successfully without growing special root and forago -rops; now -it is very unusual for the olough.to bo used at all on tho majority ot farms. Being, able through- tho use of manures and a suitablo climate to secure a rood all tho year round growth of grass, rotational grazing makes it- possible to <ecp pastures in their most useful state Surplus growth is conserved in very large mantitios. More stacks of ensilage aro to bo soon to tho sguaro mile m the Waikato than will be found in tho whole sf the Manawatu. It id very significant and ilustrativo of . the . value of closer zrazing that, although the Waikato has sxpericnccd dry weather for tho past threo months, the pastures are everywhere ; groon and palatable through being kept short and leafy. Growth naturally has not

been rapid during the dry spoil, but wherever it has been necessary to, provide extra milk producing food ensilage is being used for the purpose. Small farms intensively cultivated and stocked with cattlo of high performance aro. making South Auckland so highly productive. FURTHER NORTH. ‘ A visit to tho farm of an esteemed friend from tho Manawatu, who is now ’farming a block of gum land near Helensvillo, enabled somo first hand information to bo obtained as to the possibilities of bringing this class of. land into moro profitable use by the introduction of bettor ' class grasses. Formerly, this land was heavily timbered with kauri forest, every vestigo of which has long, since been removed. Afterwards largo quantities of gum woro taken from the ground which was considered to have verylittle value for grass growing, Tho original sowing seems to have consisted mainly of brown top and paspalum. The top-soil is of-a stiff nature, resembling pipe clay, but a porous sub-soil gives good drainago. It has been found that heavy dressings of lime, followed by suitable manures, mako it possible to grow really good perennial rye and clovers which aro gradually pushing out the poorer varieties of nativo grass and browntop. During- its period of growth paspalum is. considered tho most usoful grass for this country. If kept short, this plant produces a heavy, quick growth of leaf which keeps green and will stand a lot of grazing,, but it yields little or no herbage during the winter. Where tho fiolds have been sown with a mixture of paspalum, ryegrass and. clover, tho latter grasses come .into prominence when- the paspalum is dormant, thereby securing a well covered field during all tho year. Although tho present owner has been scarcely threo years in. oc-, cupation of this property, the fow. paddocks which have been scentifically treated have more than doubled their carrying capacity and aro capable of further development. Buttorfat returns show a return per acre quite comparabjo with the average Manawatu land, and it is only a matter of time when very large tracts of similar land will. be brought to a highly profitable condition. It is known that all gum land is not so easily brought into payable use as the district under notice, but careful investigation and experiments with all classes of land in. tho north are now being conducted and it is quite pos-. sible that the history of development in tho Waikato during tho past twenty-five years will bo repeated in the northern peninsula. A MODERN BUTTER FACTORY.. On the manufacturing side of dairy produce in South Auckland tho bulk of the yield is represented by butter made from homo separated cream. • This is the home of tho big Co-operative Dairy Company, which is an amalgamation of a number of companies, and which now has, a collective turnover of over. £6,000,000. Only a proportion of the factories have joined up with the big company, and there is the same evidence of -rivalry for supplies between different interest as :.is found elsewhere.- There are co-operative, companies known. as “independents” and. proprietary concerns, all striving for a largor share of tho butterfat. and a consequent overlapping in collection. Ah opportunity was afforded to visit one of tho largest butter factories which is equipped' with tho most modern appliances for deal-, ing with butter manufacturb. This proprietary establishment collects cream throughout the wholo territory from the Thames to south of Taumaranui and manufactures over four thousand tons of butter under one roof every season.- .This big scale production is worked from a plant costing nearly £50,000 and embraces every modern equipment for. ensuring the best quality and facilitating economical working. No attempt will be made to-, describe the various processes contained in a modern butter manufacturing plant, but in passing it may be mentioned that • tho latest installations in this establishment aro several glass lined holding ' vats bf from 2000 to 5000 gallon capacity/also two tanks each capable of . holding sufficient . water foe; one day’s use. . The. water in-;these tanks is .reduced to the desired temperature tjy .refrigeration . and this control of temperature has been found bf great advantage. Tho box making and packing are features of tho plant. A stock of 50,000 butter boxes in sections' is kept on hand, and the daily requirements are put together by machinery on the premises at the rate of 100 per hour by one man. Theso are delivered by an overhead conveyor to the churning room where packing takes place. From tho time the butter leaves the churn it passes into a press which turns out butter pats of uniform size and weight which fit exactly into the standard boxes. From the press tho butter passes over rollers to tho scales, then to the' next attendant who puts on the paper wrapping and • the box shell. Then on to the next operation, which fixes the lid, and another that further secures the box'with wire bands, and. "thenon to the storing room where a railway, van takes tho day’s supply to tho vans for delivery at. tho grading stores. Including the clerical staff, the employees number over fifty whose comfort is catered for by the provision of, commodious lunch rooms, bathing accommodation and an ex-' tensive tennis court.

Sot hack a'short distance from the main, road, this factory is surrounded by. well kept lawns and gardens which give a marked contrast to the drab appearance of the majority of dairy factories. Another activity, in which the management has. slipwn useful enterprise is found in its herd testing arrangements. Offi- : cially recognised by tho main controlling body, this factory conducts the testing ■of 12,000 cows divided into eight groups. All the. Outdoor and clerical work is done by tho regular staff at a cost of five shillings per cow, subject - to a Government rebate. A calf-marking scheme from tested-cows is also in operation under-the same management. The buttermilk by-product is sold to two separate pig fattening farms somo miles distant. Between them in the season these places keep a stock of about one thousand pigs under practically open range treatment. Altogether a very large number of pigs arc fattened from tho. factory by-products in the Waikato. The porous soil and less severe weather condi-. tions make tho work much easier there than in the Manawatu. These passing notes are- nothing more than a record of a few observations gained by the way during a most pleasant journey through interesting country whore many opportunites were found to renew old friendships of former Manawatu residents and to learn that their ventures in the new land of promise were being attended with success.

j >■ BUTTER OUTPUT. Per Press Association. GISBORNE, April 4. Despite tho low butter market, the Kaiora Dairy Company’s output in March is more than sufficient to offset the low advance payments. The advanco.for March, 1929, was Is 3d per pound, but if oven only Is is. paid for last month’s supplies, individual cheques will be larger, as last month’s production was 37 per cent, abovo that for March, 1929. • NOTES. Record prices for tho Hawkesbury district were obtained for two historic farms, for over' 100' years the property of the Fitzgerald family, which were sold at auction (states’ tho’ Sydney Morning Herald). Ono farm, realised £135 per aero. Tho other was sold for £133 per acre. They are situated about one mile from' Windsor, on the Willbcrforce Road," and they occupy portion of the rich and fertile Hawkesbury River Valley. Mr James Na'glc, whose family has tenanted it for.over.B4 years, purchased one farm foe £135 per acre. The tenant of. tho adjoining farm, Mr H. M. Clarke, obtained the other. During .the afternoon eleven acres of an adjoining, farm, also changed hands privately. at. £133 per acre. An experiment in the manufacture of butter was carried out .at the Dorrigo factory, New. South .Wales, recently by the senior hiittor grader of tho Department of Agriculture (Mr A. M. Brown), who spent two days there. With him wore Mr J. Randall, bacteriologist of the. department. Mr G. Rowe, senior dairy instructor for the distri.-t, and Mr J. Smith, assistant dairy instructor. The methods employed in New Zealand factories wore adopted in the manufacture of one article. , • "iter was inam.fUcU'rcd under tho conditions observed locally. The butter has been taken to Sydney, and a , report as to tho result will ho furnished to the manager.

AUtUMN PASTURES. IMPORTANT » FACTORS - IN. THE TREATMENT i AND MANAGEMENT. OF GRASSLAND IN AUTUMN. At this, time of .the year, proper, treatment and management of pasture plays a very important part in the productivity of grassland. • , • Although rotational grazing has been practised only to a limited extent in New Zealand, - there. is -no question' that its adoption on farms will materially, increase the productivity in grassland and .will help the composition of pastures. According to Mr R. Lindsay Robb, the system of rotational grazing is based on sound scientific principles. Short young grass is richer in digestible" protein and mineral ß and of higher feeding value than', grass which has been allowed to grow long. By keeping the herbage ’ consistently short and young, the high feeding -value'may' be maintained-throughout the. whole Season. < One of the vital factors pf the system, therefore, is to maintain tho pastures in their young and leafy state at ail periods. This can only be done under ,-a system of intermittent or. rotational grazing and “spelling” and by the application of suitable fertilisers. In order that the herbage may be utilised most effectively, it must bo consumed fairly quickly when it is very short, as it will rapidly advance in growth to a less nutritious stage of lower protein and higher fibre content with decreased palatability. For efficient consumption of herbage relatively large numbers of stock are necessary on comparatively small areas, the stock being moved round tho paddocks in rotation. Mr P. W. Smallfield, fields superintendent for the Department of Agriculture in the Auckland district, writing on rotational grazing in the Journal of Agriculture, sajrs: “One of the most marked features of; the current experimental work on rotational grazing is the very high per acre production of butterfat from rotationally grazed fields. During the first half of tho season, such fields have produced 150 to 2001b3 of butterfat per acre, and this is far higher than the average production from the whole farm will be for the season.” : j THE USE OF THE MOWER. Even if rotational grazing, is-not practised. it is important to graze pastures heavily.' When there is a flush of growth to: keep down the rank growth ot grass and cioyer which will deleteriously alfeot the composition of the herbage. In order to control-the grass it'is at times necessary in;quito a number, of instances to ’ make use of the. niower. Under dry weather conditions, it is not advisable to harrow. pastures too severely,; but if weather conditions are damp and the growth is free, a good liarrowing, especially after'the pasture has been well grazed or. mown, is the best thing possible as a preparation for top-dressing with artificial manures. Mr A. H. Cockayne, ' Director of the N.Z. Plant Research Station, when speaking to a group of farmers at the Marton Experimental area, said: “The tendency in the past' was to put phosphateoh in the spring to act rapidly, but there is ; a tendency now to discourage this in favour of early application, say starting in March.” - -The main, object of- early autumn application of phosphate is to stimulate gr'owth in, late autumn and early winter which are, normally, periods .of. low .grassland production. . • For this early autumn application, ‘he use of soluble phosphate such as superphosphate, is ' indicate!, as it acts quickly and gives the desired increase in tho minimum -of time; - / Writing in the Journal bf Agriculture for December, 1929, Mr A. _W. Hudson, crop experimentalist,.’ N.Z. Plant- Research Station, said’: Recent work conducted by the writer at the Marton .experimental .area. in-, dicates that superphosphate-’ has a marked effect on growth of pasture in from four, toi eight weeks after-’application, providing the rainfall and temperature conditions are; sufficient to promote growth. He con-’ tifiues: “For. autumn and ‘ winter growth a dressing should bo applied during March or. April. The effect of this application will carry on into the spring, assist growth in August and September.” Mr Hiidsonadviscs that the larger -dressings are recommended. He' concludes: -“It is noteworthy that nearly all the observed farmers of highest production -are using from four to six cwt. per acre per annum of some form of phosphate, usually in two applications.” LIME AND POTASH. To secure the maximum production in grassland a good application of lime along with the phosphate is necessary in many areas in New. Zealand and in addition the .use of potash has been found effective in certain districts, more especially in Southland. ’ ,

There is growing evidence that the use of nitrogen will :play quite an important part in the securing of highest returns frqm the pastures of. the Dominion-. On . this point, the opinion of Mr A. W. Hudson, of tho Department of Agriculture, as .expressed in the Journal of -Agriculture for December, 1929, is worthy of special note. He says: “Nitrogen, chiefly in the form . of | sulphate of ammonia, > is- being experimented with .very largely. at the "present . tipie, There .is no doubt regarding the ' effect of nitrogen in increasing the growth of i grass, the only point to be decided >s, tojwhat extent its use is profitable. Farmers are, advised-to; test it as an adjunct to the ordinary lime and phosphate manuring usually ,practised.- There are' very good indications that its use for the production of; early', spring, late autumn and early winter grass is likely to be profitable. On those fields where it was used last season, there is a noticeable 'improvement' in the density and vigour .of the . grasses, especially the better species—ryegrass and cocksfoot. While there; is still some*doubt regarding the profitable .use of nitrogen in the late spring and summer, farmers should not use it during these • periods until further information»is available. To'increase grass during autumn,, .and to prolong growth -into the winter, an application of froni:lcwt. to ' 2cwt, ; should be 'made in March :or .April/ along with the phosphate dressing already recommended. For -early spring,, feed, similar application about, the middle of July appears to be as good as any, although much investigation into the time of application is, needed before a definite recommendation can”be made. The point which should be clearly understood is that- grass-growth, resulting from the use of nitrogen, must be consumed while in a nutritious-and palatable stage./; The rapid growth, if allowed to get too coarse, results in waste and subsequent difficulty in control of the pasture. At the present stage farmers are advised not to use nitrogen on poor pasures which do not contain a fair proportion of the better grasses. The more l-yegrass present, tile more likely is nitrogen manuring to be profitable.” Mr Cockayne also states, that top-dress-ing with sulphate of ammonia in March, April and May on grassland that has been well treated with phosphate could, by prolonging the growth of pasture well into the winter, quite well revolutionise winter carrying capacity of such land, and better enable farmers to utilise the full productive value of surplus summer,- growth. He also adds that if top-dressing with nitrogen would grow good grass well into winter, it was clear that, provided it could bo procured at a reasonable price, it Would become the standard practice in all ewe country, and it appears as if both the dairy farmer -and the sheep man were equally interested in the possibilities of nitrogen top-dressing. - .» NITROGEN. IMPROVES COMPOSITION OF PASTURES. Mr j. ‘Wi Deem, Director’ of the Fields Division, after, a, visit- to - a number of nitrogen grazing experiments, speaking in October said tfiat,a£\that time there was a considerable change in the predominance of some of the -pasture, plants,' particularly ryegrass. .Fields, that had generally a fair •sprinkling-of ryegrass, ,whei‘o nitrogen had been ’ supplied, had been built up wonderfully, and in many cases are iiow good ryegrass pastures, whereas the amount of r*egi-ass in the non-nitrogen treated fields have remained the same. Mr Levy, agrostologist to. the Department of Agriculture, after inspecting pastures in a competition in North Taranaki; said that he took an analysis of the paddock some 12 months previously and that there had been undoubted buildingup of the pastures since that time as a result of applying sulphate of ammonia. Whereas, ho said, 12 months ago the rye showed 26 points, to-day, "judging by the

PRODUCTION OF COWS. : r .UNDER C.ChR SYSTEM, i RECORD OF CERTIFICATES. From the commencement of tho C.O.R. system -to tho end of 1929 first-cia3s certificates of record have been issued to 6604 cows. ' In 1929 417 first-class certificates were issued to cows qualifying for tho first time, and -74 to cows which had previously gained - a certificate, making a total of 491 certificates: for tho year, states Mr W. W; Singleton, .Director of tho Dairy Division, in the. Journal of Agriculture. ~ The number of second-class certificates issued during the year under review totalled iwonty-eight, as compared with twentytwo for‘l92B, ..The twenty-eight certificates went to twenty-fout Jerseys, three Friosians, and one Ayrshire respectively. Tho Jerseys averaged 445.521 b butterfat, tho Fricsians- 612.971 b, and the Ayrshire 529.35 lb. As most readers will know, tho rules for the two classes of C.O.R. • are identical, excopt that for a first-class certificate a cow must drop a calf within 455 days (fifteen months) after date of calving for commencement’ of test, whereas for a sec-ond-class-certificate an extra- thirty days is allowed, making 485 davs,-or, roundly, sixteen months between the calvings. THE JERSEY BREED. Tho year under review brought forward no records which seriously challenged the existing class leaderships of the Jersey breed, tho list of highest producers having now remained unaltered Binco 1927. Tho Jerseys certificated -in 1929 numbor 367, with an average production of 455.511 b butterfat. This represents a decrease of 1.411 b from tho 1928 average i of 456.921 b for the samo number 'of cows. All classes except tho junior two-year-old show an increase over the previous year. Seeing, however, that the junior two-year-olds are in an overwhelming majority numerically, it is obvious that a decrease in average production for this class must have an inimical influence on the average for the wholo breed. Tho total number of certificates issued to Jersey cows from tho commencement of tho C.O.R. system in 1912 to the end of 1929 has now passed the five thousand mark, tho exact figure being 5207, and although the average butterfat production for all junior two-year-olds to date has lost a little ground since the end of 1928 (0.271 b) the breed as a whole has' shown an advance of 1.411 b, ’ the average for tho 5207 certificates being 446.971 b. An interesting point connected with production pf tho Jersey breed is the marked consistency of tho average butterfat tost of'the milk. To the end of 1929 .this came out at 5.55 per cent.) and for many years it ' has not varied more than 0.01 from that figure. Moreover, tho latest reviews which have come under citr notice indicate, that for tho Island of Jersey, England, the United States, and New Zealand the average test 'for the Jersey breed is within 0.01 of 5.55 per cent. This surely points to . a remarkable, stage of . standardisation in tho breed. , ■ '. ■ THE FRIESIAN BRBED. .

,The list of Friesian class leaders remains unaltered, and, as in tho case of the Jersey breed, no records were made during 1929 which at any stago of the test looked like superseding those of tho present 'champions. . Tho Friesian breed has remarkably good leadership performances to-its credit, and it must be realised that any animal which oan displace tho present title holders will bo indeed a champion. The-past year- has been below the average in tho rnattor of high producers, this applying to practically -all the breeds. There have been some rather marked ups and downs in the- Friesian class averages for the past two years, and the wide variations aro obviously duo to tho influence of individual performances, the majority of the sovon classes being very small. Even so, however, it is noticeable that tho ages are more evenly distributed in 1929, as compared with seventy-nine in the previous year. The average Friesian in 1929 produced ' 534.511 b butterfat, a very credit-, able increase over the 1928 figure of 527.971 b. "• - • .Friesian cows in New Zealand have-now received 1)743 certificates since the inauguration of the system in 1912. Tho average production to date works out at the substantial figure of 479.061 b butterfat, an increase of 2.881 b over the average to the end of 1928. Also, the average milk yield has gone -up almost 901 b. : ‘ , Friesian C.O.R. bulls —that" is to say, Friesian bulk which have four or more C.O.R. daughters each from a different dam —now total ninety-nine, of which number four qualified for their placo during 1929. Tho number which added to their C.O.R. daughters during tho year, or newly qualified for the C.O.R. class, was twentytlirce. * . _ MILKING SHORTHORNS. Although there were no changes ■ in the Milking .Shorthorn class leaderships during the year some good performances were recorded. " , It is pleasing to record an increase of fifteen certificates for .the Milking ’Shorthorn breed, there having been twenty-six cows certificated in 1929, compared with eleven in 1928. A. list of class averages is of little value, as fourteen of the twenty-, six cows fall. in the filature class, and the remaining six classes of the seven into which this brood is subdivided contain only one, two, or three records. The average for the breed, -.- howgver —466.541 b buttorfat —is very satisfactory, although showing a decrease from the preceding year’s average of 480.961 b. AYRSHIRE PERFORMANCES. ; Ono change has takon p.laco in the Ayrshire class leaderships, this occurring .in the three-year-olds. .Mr A. M. . Nyoir’s Ivanhoo Stylish Daisy, with 574.091 b" butterfat, yields place to Fair Lass of Greenbank, whoso fine record of 639.‘851b increases the leadership of the class by. oyer 651 b. She was bred and tested by Mr W. Moore, of•;Homebush, Masterton, and is but one of several outstanding individuals raised by Mr .Moore. Fair Lass of Greenbank is "from a long line of well-known Ayrshire ancestry, . production being . a strong feature of the pedigree. The ability to reproduce production capacity is also apparent,. and this, after all,, is as important in the practice of breeding as the making of high records. • Fair Lass of Greenbank is line-bred to tho imported, bull, Dpminion Notherton. Good Bonus, who appears on- both sides , of her pedigree and was the paternal ancestor of many fine Ayrshires bred by the Nej»v Zealand Government. Fair Lass of Greenbank also traces to Craigcllacliie, said to have 1 been one ;of the finest Ayrshire -bulls ever imported into Now Zealand, and sire •of Alexandra of Waipapa', who, with's9l.l6lb butterfat, was for many years the highest C.O.R. cow of tho brood. Eight Ayrshire cows received first-class certificates during 1929, as compared with five in 1928. Two of tho eight cows were in the' three-ycaJ-old class, their average production being 470.651 b . butterfat. Ono four-year-old gained a certificate for 526.83 lb butterfat, while five mature cows averaged 476.741 b. All eight cows averaged 481.481 b, as compared with an average of ‘520.021b for tho five cows certificated in the preceding year.' ' ,

WELINGTON PRODUCE MARKET. (By Telegraph.—Special to Standard.) WELLINGTON, April 4. Business is showing a slight improvement though tho quotations are fairly steady. Wheat unclianged at 7s 4d to 7s 6d and 6s lOd to 6s lid, per bushel for under grades. ... • Pollard—£9 10s per ton. Somo Australian supplies that are being landed have'caused a slightly weakening tendency in' the quotations ex wharf. Bran—£9 ss-per; top,; Potatoes—6s to 7s per bag; / . Southern onions are • beginning to arrive. Thcv aro of very fair quality and sell at the same rates as northern, viz., 3s per 56 lbs and 5s to 6s per cental. Chaff—Blenheim, £8 15s to £9 per ton. Oats—Dunns, 6s 9d tto 7s per bushel; Algerian, 5s to 5s 6d; heavy # seed, 4s to 5s per bushel. ' 1 . Maize —7s per bushel.

eye, he thought the rye.would.increase to probably 50 points. , • In some districts there is quite an area sown each year of Italian rye grassland red clover as temporary pastures. Early sowing, as well as adequate manuring, pays handsomely for this crop. A good mixture is one of superphosphate and sulphate of ammonia—half and half —used' at the rate of 2cwt. per acre.

FEILDING SALE. SMALL YARDING. (Spocial to Standard.) ; ■ FEILDING, April 5.: There was only a small yarding at the Fejlding salo yesterday, and little interest was shown in- the proceedings, tho prolonged spell of dry weather evidently giving farmers concern over their feed supplies. Fat sheep, sold at . prices not far removed from last week’s rates, the quotation being:—B.f. woolly, lamb* 15s sd, 17s, 17s 2d, 18s; others, 14s 2d to 17s; owes, 13s 6d, 14s 3d, 14s sd, 15s, 15s 2d, 15s lOd, 16s 9d; b.f. 2-ths, 23s 6d, 24s 3d, 24s 4d; wethers, 23s 6d. Store sheep.—Tho store sheep entry was somowbat neglected, tho most sales taking place' in the lambs. Two tooth ewes r.w. S.D. rams sold from 18s Id to 21s 6d; 2-th ewes, r.w. Romney rains, 27s 3d; 4 and 5 year ewes r.w. Romney rams, 13s 9d; M.A. owes, 7s 4d, 8s 4d, 9s 7d, 11s *'4d, 12s Ad; owe- lambs, 16s 3d, 19s 7d, 20s lid; b.f. rape lambs, 6s 7d, 12s, 12s lOd; .wether lambs, 10s 4d, 10s lid, 12s lOd; 13s Bd, 13s lOd; b.f.i woolly lambs, 9s 6d, 10s, 10s 7d, 11s- Id. , . . , ' _ There was little animation in the cattle market, both store and dairy entries meeting a dull market. Dairy cows sold from £6, £7 15s to £lO ss, while cows in milk ranged in value from £4 to £7; wcaner heifers, £1 10s, £1 19s. £2 ss, £2.125, £2 17s. £3; wnr. steers, £2 12s 6d; store cows, £3 ss, £3 15s, £3 17s 6d, £4 17s 6d. £5 Is The fat races wero in light supply and tho majority of tho stock entered wore far from being in a finished condition. Cows made from £5 2s 6d, £5 15s, £6 10s, £6 18s 6d, £7, £7 2s 6d to £8 10s; heifers, £4 7s 6d, £5, £6 17s 6d, £7; vealers, £2 15s; runners, £3 10s; bullocks, £ll, £l2; potter bulls, £7, £7 ss, £7 15s to £ll.

AUCTIONEERS’ REPORTS. Dalgety and Co., Ltd., report having a small yarding of sheep, also a small entry of cattle 'which met with a dull sale. Quotations: Fat lambs; 17s J)d; small 2-th ewes r.w. S.D. rams, 21s 6d; empty ewes, 12s 4d; m.a. wethers,-16s; S.D. rams-24 gns.; springing cows, £7 10s, £8 10s, £lO ss; empty-cows, £2 10s, £3, £3 ss, £3 15s; Jersey Cross weaner heifers, 30s, 355„ £2 to £2 ss; small do, 255; small 18mos. heifers r.w.b., £4 16s; fat cows, £5.105, £5 15s, £6, £6. ss, £7 12s 6d; fat bullocks, £11; runners, £4 15s. Abraham and, Williams, Ltd., report The smallest yarding of both, sheep and cattle for some months was submitted to a good attendance of buyers. Considering the continued' dry weather tho market was satisfactory, every pen In tho sheep section selling under the • hammer at prices on a par with previous w.eek. Fat sheep were inclined to be firmer. The demand for cattle was inclined to be easier, especially in the fat section.'We quote: Fat lambs, 15s 5d to 17s 2d; fat ewes, 14s 3d, 15s, 15s Id, 15s 2d to 16s'9d; b.f. rape lambs, 10s lOd, 11s Id, to, 12s 6d; owe lambs, 19s 7d; wether lambs, 12s 10d; forward ewes, Us 4d; aged ewes,-7s .3d,--7s -4d. to-8s 4d; Soufhdown rams, 2Jgns; fat bullocks, £11; fat cows, £6, £6 16s, £6 18s 6d, £7, £7 2s 6d to £8 10s; fat ‘heifej-s, : £6 17s 6d to £7 2s 6d;£orward cows, £4 ss, £4 17s 6d, 4 18s to £5 Is; store cows, 15s, £1 10s, £3 15s to £4; runners, £3 10s; dairy cows, £4 17s 6d,.£6, £6 10s, £7 to £7 15s; springing cows, ~£9 to £11; weaner heifers, £1 19s, £2 ss, £2 7s 6d, £2 12s to £2 17s; bulls, £7 ss, £8 10s to £ll 10s.

ASHHURST SALE. Abraham and Williams, Ltd., report on the Ashhurst sale held on tho -2nd- inst.: — A fair, entry of both sheep and cattle came forward and changed hands at the following prices :Forward ewes, 10s l“u to 13s; forward lambs, lie Id to 13s; fat cows, £5, £5 Us, £6 17s, £7 Id, £7 ss, £7 10s, to £8 17s 6d; forward cows, £3 10s to £4 10s; weaner heifers, 30s, £2 5s to £3 6s; weaner steers, £1; pigs, weaners, 9s 6d; store pigs, 30s to 38s. DAIRY .PRODUCE. Dalgety and Coy;, Ltd., have received the following, market advice. from their head office, London, under date of the 3rd inßtant:—Butter : Market weak. Danish, 140 s to 144 s (148 s to 150 s); N.Z. finest salted, 126 s to 128 s (126 s to 130 s); Australian finest unsalted, 124 s to 126 s (130 s to 1325); 6altcd, 124 s to 126 s (124 s to 128 s); Australian g.a.q., 118 s to 122 s (120 s to 1225). Cheese: Market weak. New Zealand cheese, white, 77s to 78s (78s ter 70s); coloured, 78s to 79s (80s to 81s); spot price for Canadian white, 96s to 98s (94s to 98s); coloured, 96s to 98s (94s to 98s). Last week’s quotations are shown in parentheses).'' . The New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency Coy., Ltd., has received the following cable from their London house under date 2nd inst. :—Butter N.Z. choicest salted, 128 s to 130 s. Cheesje: White, 78s; coloured, 79s -to 80s. Markets slow. ' - FROZEN MEAT. Dalgety and -Coy., Ltd.,; report under date London, 3rd April, 1930:—Lamb: N.Z. prime Canterbury, 28/361bs, Bjd; North Island, Bid; Canterbury 36/42, B|d; North Island, 8d; Canterbury, second quality, 84d; North Island, 8d; Canterbury, 42/50, 7 3-4 d; North Island 7jd. Market for New Zealand lamb weaker;, demand poor. Mutton: N.Z. prime Canterbury, 48/561b5,-6 3-8 d; North Island, -6Ad; Canterbury, 56/64, 6d; North Island, s|d; Canterbury, 64/72, 5Jd; North Island 5 3-8 d; Canterbury owes, 48/64, 4 3-4 d; North Island, 4 ■ 3-4 d. Market for > New Zealand mutton weaker; demand not improved by, change in prices; • Australian lambs, G.A.Q. Australian lamb, 28/36, 7 ‘3-4d. Market for Australian lamb weaker; demand poor. Australian mutton, 40/601bs, 54d; f.a.q., 30/55, sid. Market for, Australian - mutton weaker; demand limited. Beef: N.Z. prime'. ox beef, hinds, sid ;---fores,- SM; - Argentine chilled hinds, 64d; fores, 4d. Market for New Zealand beef weaker; demand poor' owing to warm weather. Pork: English porkers, 80/100lbs, Hid; N.Z. porkers, 80/1001be, ,101 d; 100/12/lbs, 9i. Market for New Zealand pork weaker; demand poor owing to "warm weather. • ' SHIPMENTS OF MEAT FROM SOUTH ■I, AMERICA. The New Zealand Meat Producers’ Board has. received a cable from its representative at Buenos Aires, South America, advising the following shipments to the United Kingdom for the fortnight ended 27th March, 1930, from Argentine and Uruguay (the, figures do not include exports from Patagonia, Chile or Brazil): 168,950 quarters chilled beef, 1280 quarters frozen beef,' 117,250 carcases frozen mutton, 106,980 carcases frozen lamb. The quantify shipped to the Continent of Europe during the same period was as f0110w5:—84,358 quarters frozen beef, 17,622 carcases frozen mutton, 81 carcases frozen lamb. ; CHEESE STANDARDISATION. Mr P. .0. Veale, scientist at the Hawera dairy laboratory, has been investigating the economics of standardisation of milk for cheese making, and he submitted an interim repdrt to the South Taranaki Federation of Dairy Companies this week. He proposes to publish a full report of his investigations when they aro complete, after 'the, autumn period. Members -of tho federation discussed the report, and considered that it would allay doubts regarding the wisdom. of standardisation.; . • r . • ; BRADFORD. MARKET. ’ LONDON, April 3. The Bradford tops market is hardening for Merinos, and. more business is passing •in crossbreds. Quotations compare as follow ‘with those previously cabled: — Mar.' 13. Mar. 20. Mar. 27. Apr. 3.

NEW YORK CALL MONEY. NEW YORK, April 3. The rate for call money to-day stood at 4 per cent, throughout.

WELLINGTON STOCK EXCHANGE. . YESTERDAY’S BUSINESS AND, i v PRICES. There-was a larger turnover of shares on the Wellington- Stock Exchango yesterday than for some time past. Thirteen sales were recorded, five of them being of bank shares. . , _ Firmness is still a feature with , Government securities and bank and insurance shares. There were comparatively few sellers, and they were firm in their quotations. For tho 44 per cent stocks and bonds £9*7 5s was offered, for the 54 per cent, stocks (1936) £99L 2s 6d was offered, and the 54 per cent; stocks and bonds (1933) £99 ss. ~ , , Bank shares were in very strong demand, with prices showing a firming tendency. For Bank of Australasia £l2 was bid, but -sellers asked £l2 15s. Australian Bank of- Commorco at 25s 2d; Commercial Bank of Sydney at £2l 2s 6d, were firm. English; Scottish and Australian Bank were tip : 2s at £6 12s; National Bank. of New Zealand at £6 were 6d better; National Bank of Australia £lO paid were steady at £ls, but :£5 paid were 6d higher at £7 9s. Bank* of New South Wales at £39, and Union Bank at £l2 were unchanged. Bank of New Zealand Wero 2d higher at 57s 6d. but the long term shares wero unchanged at 265. ' , N.Z. Guarantee Corporation, ordinary, were in demand at 7s lOd; Wellington deposit at 7s 9d and Wright, Stephenson ordinary at 20s 3d. Wellington Gas were 3d better at 30s. Insurance shares were firm; National Insurance at 14s 3d. New land Insurance at 43s 9d, and South British at 60s 6d. Wellington Moat Export keep steady at 7s; Huddart, Parker ordinary roso another 6d to 36s 6d, and there was a bid of 48s 6d for P. and O. Deferred Stock, with There was a ronowal of tho demand for Kauri Timber at . 12s 6d. Crown Brewery wore 2d better at 8s Bd, and New Zealand Breweries were • wanted at 50s 6d.- Burns, Philp and Co. wore 3d down to tho old quotation of 36s 6d. British Tobacco were also 3d down at, 41s, with sales at 41s W. For Colonial Sugar £43 was bid, for \\ llson’s Cement' 38s 6d and for Waihi 13s 7d. YESTERDAY’S QUOTATIONS.

■' • - ■, YESTERDAY’S SALES. The following tales were recorded on thp Stock Exchanges of the Dominion yesterday:— > Wellington.—Commercial Bank of Australia, £1 2s, £1 2s Id, £1 2s 14d; National Bank of Australasia (£10), £ls; Bank of New South Wales, £39 2s 6d; N.Z. Guarantee Corp. (pref.), £l Is; Gear Meat, £1,18s; New Zealand Breweries, £2 Us; British Tobacco (two), £2 Is 44a; Electrolytic Zinc (pref.), two, £1 8s; Mount Lyell, £1 15s 3d. Auckland. —Inscribed Stock, 44 p.c., 1939, £97 10s; Australian; Bank of Commerce, £1 5s 44d; Commercial Bank of Australia, £1 Is lOd,' £1 Is lid; Bank of New South Wales, £39 2s 6d: Bank of New Zealand, £2 17s 9d; New Zealand Insurance, £2 4s; South British Insurance, £3 Is 6d; Farmers’ Co-op. Auctioneering (A pref.),- 17s 6d; N.Z. Guarantee Corporation, pref. (late sale Thursday), £1; Renown Collieries, prqf., 3s Id; Auckland Gas, £1 3s 7d, £1 3s 8d; Kauri Timber, 13s 6d; British Tobacco, £2 Is 3d; Gear Meat, £1 18s; Waihi (late sale Thursday), 13s 9d; Mount Lyell, £1 13s 9d. . - Christchurch. —Commercial Bank of Australia (2) £1 Is lid; N.Z. Guarantee Corporation, 8s; N.Z. Breweries, £2 11s 3d; Mount Lyell (3), £1 14s 6d; Cornish Point Mining, Is' paid, lOd. Sales reported: Commercial Bank of Australia (3), £1 U lid; Union Bank of Australia (2), £l2 3s; British Tobacco (2), £2 Is 44d; Electrolytic Zinc (pref.),' £1 7s 6d, £1 8s; Dunlop Rubber, 17s 9d. Dunedin.—Sale reported: Commercial Bank of Australia, £1 Is lid; Westport Coal, £1 Us 3d.» METAL QUOTATIONS. LONDON, April 3. Metal exchange quotations are as follows, those previously cabled being given for purposes of comparison: Mar. 27. April 3. • • Perton. Perton.,

EXCHANGE RATES. LONDON ON NEW ZEALAND. The Bank of New-Zoaland notifies that the following rates,. London on New Zealand, came into effect-on tho 3rd inst:— * Buying. '-V ' ': Selling. TiTS. 92/6 Disc 122/6d Disc O/D 100/- Disc 133/9d „ 30 days 145/- „ 60 days 156/3d „ 90 days 167/6d „ 120 days . FOREIGN EXCHANGE®.

Per lb. Per lb. Per lb. Per lb. d. d. d. d. Sixty-fpurs ... 264 264 26 ' .27 Sixties ... 25 24 : 244 25 Fifty-sixes ..: 204 20 20 . 20 Fifties ...' m 17 , . 17 17 • Forty-sixes ..: 153 15. 15 15 Forties .... .. 15 144 .14* ' 144 S,— ZT

Buying and Belling quotations at the final call yesterday on the Wellington Stock Exchange were as follow:— ... Buyers. Sellen, N.Z. GOVT. LOANS— £ i. d. £ a. d. 44' D.C. Ins. Stk., 1958 97 5 0 97 12 6 54 p.c. ditto, 1936 99 2 6 . 44 p.c' Ins. Stk. and* Bonds, 1959 97 5 U — 54'n.c. ditto, 1933 99 5 0 — 44 p.c. Bonds, 1941 and 1938 97 5 U — 44 "P.c. Bonds, 1930 99 0 0 — 54 p.c. ditto, 1936 99 2 6 — DEBENTURES- > ■ Glaxo. — u u Go den Bay Cement “A” 0 14 9 96 0 Gisborne S. Farmers — 0 BANKS—, Australasia 12 0 0 +12 15 0 Australian Bank of Commerce 15 2 ■ — Commercial of Aust. (t>rd.) 1 111 1 2 1 Commercial Banking : Co. (Sydney) 21 2 6 — English, Scottish and Australian 6 12 0 — National of N.Z 6 0 0 — National ot Australia .(£10) 15 0 0 15 2 6 7 9 0 — New South Wales 39 ■ 0 0 39 10 Q New Zealand 2 17 6 2 17 9 Ditto (long term) .... 16 0 — Union of Australia ... 12 0 0 12 5 0 Ditto (Melbourne register) •- 1Z u u FINANCIAL— ■_ _ Goldsbrough Mort • ... — 1 12 0 N.Z. Guarantee Corn. • (old.) . 0 7 10 0 8 2 Well. Invest., T. & A. — 0 11 3 Well. Trust and Loan — 7 4 0 Well. Deposit and 0 9 9 Mortgage ....■• ' Wright, Stephenson (prd.) 10 3 GAS- . . Wellington (ord.) ...... •1100' — Ditto (pref.) 0 17 0 0 17 6 INSURANCE— .0 14 3 National — New Zealand 2 3 9 — South British 3 0 6 — MEAT PRESERVING— . . N.Z. Ecfrigerat. (10b) — 0 5 b Well. Meat Ex. (ord.) 0 7 0 0 8 6 TRANSPORT— . . Huddart-Parker (ord.) lib b — P. and 0. def. stock .. 2 8 6 2 15 0 WOOLLEN— Wellington (ord.) 6 0 0 Ditto (pref.) 6 3 0 COAL— . . Waipa — 0 14 U Westport-Stockton (ord.) — 0 3 0 Ditto (pref.) — 0 4 0 TIMBER — _ _ ■ Kauri 0 12 6 — • National — 0 9 0 BREWERIES— Crown " 0-8 8 •2 11 New Zealand 2 10 6 6 Staples and Co — 2 12 0 MISCELLANEOUS — Burns, Philp and Co. 1 16- 6 1-18 0 British Tobacco (Aust.), (ord.) 2 10 2 1 5 Colonial Sugar 43 0 0 — Dental and Medical . — . 0 13 6 Electro. Zinc- (pref.) . - ~ r \.?x 1 3 '6 Holden’s Motor Bldrs. — 0 15 3 N.Z. Drug' • — - *3 11 3 Sharland and Co. (pref.) — . 1 1 0 Wilson’s 'Cement •>1 18 6 1 19 3 MINING— , : 1 15 Mount -Lyell —; 0 Waihi 0 13 7 — ,*Cum. dividend. . +Ex dividend.

Copper— £ B. d. £ s. d. Standard, spot ... 71 15 0 70 3 9 Standard, forward 68 15 0 68 6 3 Electrolytic 83 5 0 83 10 0 to 84 5 0 84 0 0 Wire bars 84 5 0 84 0 0 Lead — '•••' •"MV • ‘--'v Spot 18 17. 6 18 15 0 Forward 18 17 6 18 16 10i Spelter— Spot 18 12 A 18 5 0 Forward Tin— 19 3 0 18 17 6 Spot 168 >8 9 164 12 6 Forward 170'1 3. 166 8 9 Silver — Fine, per oz 20d 193-16J Standard, per oz. . 213-16d 203d

(British Official Wi relees). RUGBY, April 3. The following rates on foreign exchange* are current to-day, as compared with P>r ' Apr. 3. Par, N. York, dol. to £1 4.865 4.866 Montreal, dol. to £1 — 4.866 Brussels, lrel. to £1 34.865 35.00 Paris, francs to £1 124.29 124.21 Geneva, francs to £l ... 125.125 '26.2215 Amsterdam, florins £1 12.11§ 12.107 Milan, lire to £1 92.79 92-46 Berlin, marks to £1 20.38 - 20.43 Stockholm, knr. to £1 ... 18.10 18.159 Copenhagen, knr, to £1 18.17 18.159 Oslo, knr to £1 18.17 18.159 Vienna, schgs to £1 34.525 34.585 Prague, knr. to £1 164.25 164.125 Hel’fors. mks to £1 193.25 193.?3 Madrid, pcs. to £1 ...... 38.70 25.2215 Lisbon esc. to £1 108.30 Athens, drac. .o £1 375 375 _ Bucharest* lei to £1 818 813,6 Rio do Janeiro pence to milreis 513-16 5.fl9g B. Aires, p. to dol. ..;... 43J 47.577 Calcutta, p. to rup 17 13-16 18 Shangahai, p. to tael ...... 23 , H.-Kong, p. to dol 18 — _ Y’liama, p. to yen 24 13*32 24.58 Batavia, • florins to £1 ... — 18.107 GOVERNMENT, STOCKS; LONDON, April 3. Quotations of Goveriinioht stocks to day compared with those’of' March 27, are as ‘ Price. Variation. £ s. d. £ s. d.‘ Consols, 2 5 p.c 56 10 -0 0 10 0* Fund Loon, 4, 1960-90 -94 5 0 2 5 Of War Loan, 5, 1929-47 .103 2 6 same Convers. Loan, 3£ .p.c. 7fcS % iY. 6' 0 6 3* Victory Bonds, 4 p.c. 94 10 0 0 10 0* Com’wealth, 6, 1945-75 * 93 7- 6 0 12 6* Com’wealth, 6, 1931-41 100 7 6 0 7 6* Victoria. 3, 1920-49 ... 67 15 0 0 5 0* Victoria, 33, 1929-49 .. 73 0 0 1 0 0* Victoria, 54, 1930-40 97 10 0 0 10 0* Victoria, 5. 1932-42 ... 92 2 6 0 2 6* Victoria. 42, 1940-60 ... 87 15 0 0 5 Of N S.W 4, 1933 95 0 0 0 12 6t N.S.W.. 3, 1935 ...... 86 7 6 0 12 6“ N.S.W.. 31, 1930-50 ... 71 10 0 0 17 6* N.S.W., 52. 1922-32 .. 98 15 0 1 5 0* N.S.W.. 64, 1930-40 .. .100 5 0 0 5 0* N.S.W., 6, 1930-40 ... 98 10 0 1 12 6* O’land, 31, 1930 ...:.. 99 10 00 0 5 0+ O’land, 3. 1922-47 ... 69 0 0 0 17 6t O’land. 6, 1930-40 99 10 0 0 15 0+ N.Z., 41, 1949-58 95 7 6 samo N.Z. 31, 1940 89 17 6 0 5 0+ N.Z.. 3, 1945 ..." 79 0 0 0 2 0+ N.Z.. 6, 1936-51 105 10 0 0 5 0+ S. Aust... 31, 1939 84 0 0 0 12 6* S. Aust., 3. 1916/after 54 5 0 0,5 0* S. Aust., 6, 193040 ... 100 15 0 0 5 0* Tasmania, 34, 1920-40 82 5 0 0 5 0+ Tasmania. 3, 1920*40 . 81 0 0 1 0 Of Tasmania, 6, 1930-40 100 1 3 0 11 3* W. Aust., 31, 1929-35 88 2 6 same W. Aust., 3, 1915-35 184 15 0 3 5 0* W. Aust., 6, 1930-40 100 7 6 0 17 6+ +Higher. *Lower. JEx. interest.