FARM and DAIRY

Hawera Star, Volume XLVIII, 1 November 1924, Page 9

FARM and DAIRY

DEHORNING. In the course of a talk on dehorning at a meeting of the S.P.C.A., . Canterbury, Mr Eraser, transport officer at Addington ealeyards, said he had been interested in the subject of dehorning for a considerable time. During the three years he had been at the Addington saleyards he had handled about 3,000,000 sheep, 1,000,000 cattle, and about 750,000 pigs. The greatest trouble was the horns on the cattle. He was a etrong advocate for dehorning, and believed that every beast should be dehorned. Horns had been necessary, in the evolution of cattle, so that they could force their Way through undergrowth, or as . a means of defence; but they were now not required for either'of these purposes. He had 6een some fearful things at the yards resulting from beasts having been horned. On one occasion a beast was horned right through the ribs; and every* week beasts were knocked about by others horning them. ECONOMY IN DAIRYING. Perhaps the greatest economy that cah : be carried out on a dairy farm is in the direction of making the herd produce more without increasing the number. A standard of pxoduction should be set up. A dairy farmer might say to himself, “any cow that doea not bring-in £2O per annum is not worth keeping,” and act accordingly. A cow is a machine for producing milk. If a manufacturer has a machine w.hich, in . spite of oiling and gleaning and careful driving, will not produce as much as a newer machine, tie promptly discards it in favour of the improved .article. So the cow that ' will not respond to careful feeding and shelter must be culled out. The farmer is not compelled to make a sudden change. By the expenditure of £SO or £IOO for a good bull, with a milking pedigree behind him, in a few year a the herd may be worked up into a more payable proposition. • In an American town the bankers and business men formed a “butter-bull association.” They sent away for 100 bulls, and disposed of them ;to the . dairy, farmers on easy terms, more s bulls being purchased as the installments on former loans came in. As business men they recognised that the easiest way to meet low prices was to increase the production per cow. ai ROOTS FOR HORSES. Roots are useful and suitable for the hunter required to be in hard galloping condition, and for the cart horse which performs its work at a walking pace. They exert a laxative action on the horse’s bowels, and tend to counteract the binding elfects /which are associated with a diet cohsisting of dry corn, chaff and hay. They are. cooling in their effect, while they also serve to purify the blood. Roots are in every way exceedingly wholesome for stabled horses, besides possessing considerable ' medicinal value. There are few foods which prove as palatable to horses as carrots, and none are more wholesome. Parsnips rank next to carrots, but are not so palatable, while mangolds and swedes are rather watery in character. Turnips may be made use of when, other roots are scarce. CREAM GRADING ENFORCED^ The two local dairy factories (says the ' Poverty' Bay Herald) are to be congratulated upon their decision to strictly enforce the provision relating to cream grading throughout the present. season. This is the first- season during which cream grading has been strictly enforced in Poverty Bay, and the penalties imposed on ■ farmers who send in dirty cream will tend to impress them. with the fact that cleanliness is essential in dairying operations. The system adopted is to class cream'either as first, second, or third

grade. The farmer who supplies second grade cream receives less than for first grade, while the third grade article is returned—without thanks.

Mr E. Beatson, local Government dairy produce grader, speaking on the subject of cream grading, said that he regarded the decision of the local companies with the greatest satisfaction. He was sure that the rigid enforcement of . the system would result in a greatly improved produce for the season. Farmers who did not exercise the necessary care and cleanliness and keep their cream in good condition would be mulcted in a penalty by both the local companies. This fact, combined with a certain, amount of instruction which . would be given on the farm, should make a very decided improvement • in the, quality of both the export butter am. l that which is sold on the local market. It is pleasing to see that the local companies are alive to the benefits to be derived from cream grading, and there is not the slightest doubt that the results attained during the season now under way will more than justify the experiment. MORE FOR EDUCATION IN AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND. GOVERNMENT GRANT OF £500,000. The Government has decided to provide a further £500,000 for agricultural, education and research, in addition to the funds already available for that object, amounting to d£l ,400,000. It has been arranged that this new money will be paid over to the Development Fund by the Treasury as required, and that it may be looked upon as provided for use during the next five years. The Ministry of Agriculture is framing proposals for various schemes to be assisted from this new money. Already certain awards of grants in aid of research into specific agricultural problems* have been made by the Ministry for the academic year 1924-25. AGRICULTURAL BANKS: m 7 HOW IT MAY .AFFECT THE PUBLIC. (Contributed by /the Welfare League.) Our first article shortly outlined Mr Poison’s proposal, and before the supporters of such proposal can insist on legislation to bring it into actual practice they must clearly show that it is not only going to benefit the farmer, but at the same time will not prejudice the public as a • whole. Our second article showed that it was very questionable whether it would materially assist the farmer owing to * the peculiar Conditions attached, to the loans and also to the fact that the advent of a new borrowing institution on a market already short of liquid cash must raise the rate of interest. The. farmers as a whole, we believe, earnestly desire to see some scheme which will provide long-term loans in order to avoid the constant and expensive renewals' of short-term mortgages. This ideal is quite natural and sound, and should be easily realisable provided it combined the introduction of new capital into the country and sound management. It is already in Department, and is capable of extension. But this is not the plea advanced by the advocates of the proposal. They allege that a farmer finds it hard to finance himself at all, and yet they have never shown that a man with proper security cannot get credit. A “bank” which’ confines its operations to lending money on long-term mortgages on some such terms as proposed would be a boon to the •mall and medium farmer. Such an institution limiting its loans to, say, £3OOO or even £SOOO, is a fair proposition • the £20,000 maximum proposed is

ridiculous. But the advocates of Mr Poison’s scheme do not want an institution of this description; they have distinctly stated that they aim at a bank to carry out all the business of farmers usually performed by bankers and stock and station agents—a very ambitious proposal. FULL OF PITFALLS. If this is examined from the community's point of view, wnich, after all, is the crux of the matter, we find it full of pitfalls; in fact, it breaks most rules of sound finance. The first and best established principle in starting a bank is adequate paid-up capital. No institution should accept deposits unless it has strong reserves of “liquid” assets in order to meet demands and protect depositors. The neglect of such a safeguard must result in. disaster, as we saw in this country recently, when Farmers’ “Coops.” and other bodies had to seek the protection of a moratorium because the deposits in their hands were not supported by “liquid” reserves. Even if covered by real property securities a -bank is not safe, because land is notably the least “liquid” of all assets; and the 1893 crisis in Australia was due to a too free creation of credit on land, which caused a boom in prices, and when the fall came the banks found their cash tied np and could not meet demands. These are truisms and cannot be disputed, yet Mr Poison proposes to establish, a bank of deposit and issue on borrowed money instead of paid-up capital, and literally no assets, The very essence of the scheme is to borrow money to start this, to lend this out on land, and then to replec(ge to their full value all the securities in hand to obtain further sums to advance. The depositors in his banks would not be protected even by land assets. As a. bank it'starts in debt, and intends to try the impossible task of trading on its indebtedness by passing its risk on to the public through its issue of bonds. It is true that a 34 per cent margin is provided for, but still the risk is a grave one owing to the fact that land prices are even now too high, and a fall in produce values would easily swamp up this margin of safety. Under normal conditions it would he' safe enough, but the very factors which have caused the troubles complained of make the proposed remedy a very risky experiment. We shall probably be told that the scheme does provide for share capital inasmuch as the borrowers have to subscribe 5 per cent of their loans in cash to take up shares. This means that £5,000,000 must be borrowed before even £250,000 share capital is accumulated, and even then it is not real share capital, but a loan from the borrowers, as it must be to them in cash as the loans mature. NOTE ISSUE.

The scheme includes the right to issue notes, and here again is a grave danger to the public. Notes—or any form of negotiable paper—should be based on “liquid” reserves, and we have seen that this proposed bank has none, therefore its “paper” would be of less value than the notes of joint and stock banks, which are properly secured by law. As such they would bring “Grasham’s law” into operation, and drive good money out of circulation, for every one would pass them on as quickly as they could. If the bank failed it would bring disaster to every section of the community, becausse the, people would hold more of this bad “paper” than good. This creation of paper credits unsupported by actual capital can only have one result, namely, dearer land, whereas the real need of the farmer is cheaper land and more, liquid cash in the country for his use. „ MANAGEMENT. Sound banking necessitates the study of almost a lifetime, and even experts of long experience make' mistakes. What, therefore, can be said of the proposal before us when the management is considered? Five out of seven directors are to be elected by members from their fellow-members, one from each district. The only qualification insisted, on is that he be a borrower from the bank of which he is a director (which is regarded in other companies as a disqualification). This board, therefore,' can only be drawn from a limited group, and yet it has power to commit the country to a banking policy which may bring ruin on thousands. Amateurs, whether farmers or commercial men, cannot run these special operations, even when properly started with paid-up capital. How, therefore, can they run a bank whose very existence depends on credit, which only exists to give credit, and whose credit is backed, not by paid-up capital, but by a debt for borrowed money. An institution based on such a foundation and under such management must inevitably involve the whole farming community—as well as other sections—in financial disaster. Even under most carefully constituted management a similar scheme to this has caused ruin to hundreds of farmers and others in the North-west States of America. We propose to deal with this more in detail in our concluding article, and shall at the same time comment on the proposed Government guarantee. THE DAIRY INDUSTRY. HINTS, SUGGESTIONS AND ADVICE. VALUABLE ADDRESS BY MR SINGLETON. Under the auspices of • the local branch of the N.Z. Farmers’ Union,-a very interesting address was given at Otakeho Hall by Mr J. R. Singleton, Director of the Dairy Division. The information to be gained from the very praetical and common sense remarks of Mr Singleton and his reputation as a speaker drew a laTge attendance from all over the district, and a very useful evening was spent by all. Mr E. Burke, president, was in the chair, and briefly introduced Mr Singleton, assuring him that he wag always welcomed by farmer audiences who realised the value of the information given in all his addresses. In his opening remarks, Mr Singleton spoke of the fact that dairying took pride of place among all t-hebranches of agriculture in New Zealand. The value of our dairy products exports, the comparative number of people which dairying provides with occupation. and the number of people profiting by the returns from dairy products; each and all of these indicate that dairying is entitled to pride of place amongst New Zealand’s agricultural pursuits. VALUE OF RESEARCH WORK. Research has done, much for the person following agriculture in any of its branches. In such lines as plant and animal diseases a good deal of progress has been made. t In the use of artificial fertilisers and in the proper feeding of animals a great deal has been accomplished. It must go further still, for where research is necessary teaching is impossible. This applies particularly to some phases of our dairy industry to.-day. The slump of the eighties brought to the dairy industry power 1 separation and artificial refrigeration.

The value of’these products of the slump is not to be lightly estimated. Indeed, I believe it is impossible to estimate their value. The importance of these advances appeals to us, but the present slump or difficult times is directing dairy farmers to another line of research. What I have in. mind is well expressed by a statement which I quote from a report on agricultural problems: “The need of most importance now is an entirely new realm of organised knowledge bearing upon the economic factors of agriculture, looking towards cheaper production, improved methods of distribution, and the enlargement of markets;, all to the end that the prices the farmer receives shall be more fairly related'to his cost of production. ’ ’ MARKETS AND -DISTRIBUTION. The questions ,of distribution and enlargement of markets and improved methods of distribution are engaging the attention of the leaders amongst "dairy farmers in New Zealand. -The Dairy Produce Export Control Board has been set up to a large, extent for. those very purposes. Cheaper production of butter-fat is being studied as never before. Tangible proof of this is to be found in the increased number of herd testing associations and cows on test. COST OF PRODUCTION. •What does it cost to produce a pound of butter-fat? The incidence of charges vary in the different districts, but so far as mv enquiries went when I was going into this matter, more particularly than I have of late, I came to the conclusion that the cost of producing butter-fat did not vary so much as between different districts as one would at the outset be inclined to believe. I did come to the conclusion, however, that the. aggregate net cost was greater than the great majority of people, including dairymen, believed to be the ease. The. difficulty comes in in getting the full costs itemised and properly assessed. It takes time and considerable thought to go into the question thoroughly. People who were practical farmers have, at the. outset, laughed’ at the large total cost I got for cow keep, but .have, on analysing the figures, been surprised that they had so under-estimated these costs. Approximate annual cost of keeping and milking a cow; the resultant costof producing butter-fat in New Zealand, season 1914-15: Labour: Per cow per annum, say, 150 hours at 8d per hour, £5 per cow. Feed: Grass from £9O worth of land per cow, rent or interest at 6'per, cent., £5 8s; extra winter feed, food for two horses and regrassing and artificial fertilisers, per cow, £1 2s 6d; rates- and taxes on land grazing one cow, varying in districts to 15s, say, 10s —£7 Os fid. Herd Upkeep: Interest on cow woTth £8 10s at 6 per cent, 10s 2d; loss from deaths and diseases, l2s 4d —£1 2s 6d. Milk Delivery: Interest on money invested in horse, cart and harness, depreciation,- repairs and renewals on same, horse shoeing and upkeep of tinwar# for average sized herd of 30 cows, £ll 10s—7s Bd. , Keep of Bull: Interest, depreciation and feed, £lO 10s; for 30-cow herd per cow, 7s. Buildings: Depreciation and maintenance on buildings valued at- £SOO at 5 per cent, £25; insurance on same, £1 10s —£26 10s; for 30-’cow herd, per cow, 17s. Sundry Items: Wire, staples, nails, cow covers, leg ropes, upkeep of windmills, pumps, tanks,' etc., say, 9s 2d. Total, £.15 ss. Less Revenue: Say, 50 per cent, calves reared at- 31s 3d, per cow,#lss 9d; one pig to four cows, pig at 545, per cow, 13s fid; value of house, £350, at 8 per cent. —£28, per cow, 18s 8d; value of farm produce used in house, per cow, 10s —£2 17& lOd. Net cost of keeping a cow, £l2 7s 2d. If herd averages 160 lb fat’ per cow, feost of producing lib fat, 18.5 d; if herd averages 1801 b. fat. per cow, cost of producing lib. fat, 16.5 d; if herd averages. 2001 - fat per cow, cost of producing 11b. fat, 14.8 d; if herd averages 2201 b. fat per cow, cost of producing lib. fat, 13.5 d. v Average price paid by bu-ter factories per lb. fat, 13.56 d. The Chicago Milk Commission of 1017 concluded that the dairy farmer' was entitled to a 10 per cent, profit on the cost of production as a recompense for his business venture. I desire that you should go more into the economies of butter-fat production, .and would appreciate your co-operation in this matter. There are many of these items in my estimate you cannot lessen, and you will get the idea that you must increase your turnover if you are going to stay solvent. There are probably assets which you cannot give a monetary value; for instance, it is said that living is more healthy in the country than in the town. That may not be so much the case to-day as in the earlier days of manufacturing in the large centres. The country life gives your sons and daughters an education that cannot be procured in towns; a doctor said to me once that “the town is no place for boys or dogs.” These, however, are farm returns you cannot, assess in monetary value, and are, therefore, to be excluded from these balance-sheets. What is more, if those boys and girls are vrorking cn the farm, debit your labour account what you would have to pay an outsider to do it. Some dairy farmers —in other districts —do not pay their children for work done as they should be paid. If a father' cannot spare the money at the time, I consider it a good plan to have the boy or girl keep a little account book and periodically—at least once a year —a settlement should be made and a P.N. be written out. This should bear interest, and each year a new P.N. replace the old, interset on the old P.N. being included in the new. Later on, when the child has got to the proper age and sense of responsibility, the obligation should be met' in full. I know a farmer who followed that practice, and at one time he was as “hard up” as few care to be. He felt it was a pretty good jjlan. After going into these costs you will doubtless come to the conclusion

that you could do better with better cows. While many decry our average cow in New Zealand, I am of the opinion that she compares favourably with the average, cow of any other country. Our average cow* 2 years and over, for 1922-23 is credited, with 173.721b5. fat, and this include# all cows in milk and dry. The latest estimate from England and Wales on the same basis is 2541 b. fat. Denmark, at about 2001bs, beats us, but not so much as people imagine, arid when it is considered that the average Danish herd is probably about half the size Of ours We. realise We are not so far behind. Our average cow is improving, and New Zealand Will* I belieVe, have yet the best average dairy cow for any country in the world. GOVERNMENT ASSISTANCE. The Government of New Zealand for decades has been doing riiuch to assist agriculture, and this policy is, in my opinion* fully justified; The industry* is different from any other. The larid ■ is a. national asset, and agriculture as an industry is entrusted with its use. In the past those on the land have seldom demanded the percentages of pro- • fit- which is characteristic of most other industries. Possibly with better Organisation and knowledge, of accounts those on the land may be in a position to get a return on their investments which will more closely approximate that of other industries generally. ; 4 HERD TESTING. Ainongst those agricultural interests which the Governiherit has assisted is that. of dairying* and I am referring specially to the testing of dairy cows. The herd testing association work was given a start in New Zealand by the . Dairy Division operating illustrative associations in each Of the principal dairying districts in New Zealand. These ificirid'ed one at Kaupokoniii, which was Started in 1910, arid lias been in operation each season since. The association testing has extended to such an that last season the ; re were 187 associations operating, and somewhat over 150*000 cows were On test. The exterisifin. of herd testing created some demand for butter-fat record purebred brills* as dairymen began to realise the necessity of breeding their own heifers for rriplaeirig their lower producers. , In the earlier days of asSdciatioit. testing there were practically rip such bulls available, arid the Dairy Division got some of the breeders interested, with the result that the C.O.R, testing System was commenced. That has been extending* and each year the number of piirebred ebws With authenticated records is well augmented. I do not kriow any country where the Government has done so riiuch for the-dairyriiehi For the testing service alone, the Department lias been spending in the vicinity of £4OOO each, year over arid above the revenue which the testing fees provide. Some are of opinion that those testing fees ate too high, but it must .be remembered that the Government has been trying to reduce losses in many, ways so as to permit of reduction in taxation. Service from the Department, at lesser fees or more Service at the same fees are directly opposed to less taxation. C.O.R, SCHEME. New Zealand has followed the line of testing purebred Cows as started in North America. The value of a certificate of record has been recognised, and provision has been made to carefully. authenticate the records. in New Zealand a breeder may enter only such cows as he desires for C.O.R. test. He may test his other cows as he desires by association test, in Australia the system of the various States has now been unified and standardised. The distinctive features from the New Zealand system are that all cows in the purebred herd shall.be tested* and all records shall be published, whether or not the animals qualify for certificates. The exemptions are. such cows as are over ten years of age, and those’ that are sick, diseased or injured. The minimum number a breeder may enter is five, and the breeder must provide the necessary Babcock testing machine and equipment. The charges have been standardised* and are now reduced, since all cows must be entered# Breeders must provide accommodation if required for testing officers. The association system of testing herd cows is known to dairy farmers in this district, and provides an effective, ehepp system for testing herd. cows. ' The owner taking his samples honestly can obtain results as accurate as can be. desired for the purpose of grading up his herd. Another system of testing on the association basis is sometimes called the group system. Where farmers have difficulty in providing the labour to take samples, and releaser milking machines are a difficulty towards weighing and sampling," then such dairy farmers may enter a group. The cost is higher, say, about 6s per cow, as against 2s of thereabouts if the farmer takes his own weights and samples. In this district I believe the dairy companies" wisely pay all costs. A couple of comparisons between association testing results and factory' returns are as follows:

* Difference, 3871 b. fat. Percentage difference, ,4.1 per cent. The owner wrote: “I have calculated the fat probably used for house, calves and milkman at 3441 b., which should be added to the factory returns, but against that there Were cows that I milked over from last season for part of this season, which probably about balanced the above, so there is about a 101 b. fat per cow difference between the herd test and factory, or slightly more than a. pound per cow per month. ’ ’ Factory Association returns returns * 1922 • lb. fat lb. fat September .... 743 726.90 October .. ; ... 1143 987.63 November .... 1337 1256.84 December 1286 1240.64 1923 January 1210 1140.78 February 1117 1180.36 March ‘ 1143 1090.18 April 909 1003.89 May 528 861.42 9410 9488.64 Difference in favour of association returns, 72.641 b. Percentage difference, 0.8 per cent. This indicates that the association system gives sufficient information to

cull properly and so retain the best cows.

There, have been some outstanding examples of .herd improvement in this district, and why more dairy farmers have not undertaken, the testing seems hard to fathom. Taranaki’s percentage of cows tested last season at 9.2 per cent, was below the. average for the North Island at 15.16 per cent., and below the average for, New Zealand at 12.03 per cent. There appears to be room for a considerable revival in this district, and in the meantime one can only come to the conclusion that many dairy farmers are too well off to be bothered with testing. In comparing the figures of a herd testing association whieh has been in operation three seasons, some, further interesting figures regarding the increase in production and progress of improvement in herds that have been under test are becoming available. These records* which are checked by the-actual factory return, conclusively demonstrated the value of such a system to the district. The. figures fot the three following herds are of outstanding interest, being taken from a backward district, and are therefore very praiseworthy:— HeTd No. 1. Season 1920-21 —18 cows tested; 169 days in milk; 92.851 b. fat per cow; culled four. Season. 1921-22—14 cows tested; 248 days in milk; 157.991b5. fat per cow; increase 70 per cent or 651 b. <fat .per cow; culled two; replaced seven. Season 1922-23—19 cows tested; 195 days in milk; 180.761b5. fat per. cow; increase 14' per cent, or 221bs. fat per COW. ' It will be seen that in testing and culling this herd for three seasons the production has been almost doubled, and that for the second season the herd of 14 cows produced 5401 b. more blitterfat than did the herd of 18 cows the previous year. Herd No. 2. Season, 1921-22—21 cows tested; 186 days in milk; 119.13ib5. fat per cow; culled six; replaced five. Season 1922-23—20 cows tested; 227 days iii ihilk; 189.081b5. fat per cow;, increase 58.7 per cent, or 701bs. fat per cow. Herd No. 3. Season 1920-21—19 cows tested; 196 days in milk; 149.281b5. fat per cow; culled two; replaced ten. Season 1921-22—27 cows in milk (not -tested); culled nine. Season 1922-23—18 cows tested; 271 days in milk; 237.591b5. fat, per ctow; increase* 59.1 per cent, or 881bs. fat per coW. - Th,is herd was not tested the second season* although nine cows were culled •on the figures received the first season. In increasing the herd average in three seasons from 149.28 to 237.591b5. fat per coW, this farmer has been well repaid for his enterprise, and a comparison of the production of 18 cows on 1920-21 and 1922-23, taking the price of butter-fat in both cases at 1/6 per lb, shows that the increase has meant £ll9 4s 3d, and is indicative of the value of herd improvement. Another Herd’s Improvement (in another district). 1920-21 season—27 cows averaged 302.011b5. fat-in 275 days. 192L22 season—2s cows averaged 337.141b5. fat in 280 days. 1922-23 season—27 cows averaged 390.481b5, fat in 295 days. The butter-fat showed a steady increase* and also the length of the season a similar increase.USE OP PUREBRED SIRES. • There is no doubt that, given proper feed .and attention, the herd can be most satisfactorily improved by the Use of purebred sires. There is an improveineht in recent years for the North island, of 15.6 per cent; Taranaki, 9.27 per cent.; New Zealand, 12.03 per cent. . Strains vary in thieir ability to transmit the factor for production of milk and butter-fat. There are, however, many breeders who. can now quote bulls of a good producing strain, as proved by otir certificates of record,, whieh are well authenticated. TABLE SHOWING INFLUENCE ON PRODUCTION BY PUREBRED BULL

The influence of heredity is one of the greatest controlling forces—transmissible and powerful—but there are many other factors in the every day life of the farmer which also exercise great influence. Still more and more testing should be done in Taranaki, and perhaps the only way for this to be brought about would be- if the fermers were more hard pressed. A very great improvement in the herds' can be brought about in this way. In closing I’ll just quote the Dairy Division’s motto: “Late to bed and early to rise, Work like Hell, and economise!’’

Association. Factory returns returns lb. fat lb. fat August , 319.76 499 September : 882.31 992 October . 1160.99 1349 November . 1245.03 1255 December . 1176.68 1317 January, 1923 . 1036.37 1158 February . 1056.93 1018 March . 1051.19 1041 April 881.60 729 Heifers .... 934.60 9745.46 9358

Beeord of Dam. Age in yrs. Days. Lb. Fat i 6 245 355.75 2 — 242 229.84 3 — 249 317.00 4 — 292 192.22 5 — 186 188.79 6 — 260 260.32 7 — 264 332.80 8 2 187 90.77 9 — 258 305.42 10 —■ 245 253.11 11 228 291.33 12 — 281 292.59 Beeord of Daughter (sired by purebred bull). ». Age m yrs. Days. Lb. Fat 1 3 267 430.58 2 — 267 343.88 3 — 274 489.27 4 — 246 325.22 5 — 256 302.62 6 — 256 320.50 7 2 316 578.88 8 2 225 166.94 9 — 267 449.87 10 — 249 342.99 11 — 296 369.46 12 — 309 420.25