ESPERANTO.

Dominion, Volume 1, Issue 187, 2 May 1908, Page 15

ESPERANTO.

, (By. S. H.'Whichello,. of!the Gregg Shorthand , •, Institute.) : ■. - ■. . v.: Now wo como .to tho consideration of tlio verbs. , As previously stated, tliero aro in Esperanto no irregular verbs. Every verb is conjugated exactly tho same. 1 Tliero aro only three tenses,: three moodaj and six parti-; ciplos. The present tenso, "as," "Mi ' fnras,"j.','r do, or mako.-' The past tense, "is," "Vi faris,"' "You did; or made." Tho future, ,"os," "Hi faros," '"Tlioy 'will do, or; ■ mako."'.-.;.:-" .■■■■■■■ . ■ ■ ■. Conditional or "us" mood-—"Us," as "So mi farus": "If I did, or should (or would). do; or were:to do or' make.'' ' ' , linperativo or "u" mood.—"U," as "Diru al li, ke h:..tion faru";- "Tell, him-to do ..(ht.—that; ho . do vthat), I "Ni- faru .tion".■ "Let., us do.that." ■ ■' ■' . , Infinitiva.—"l," aa "Fan'': "To do or to ■ make." Participles.—"Anta," activo, present, as farahta" ; "doing":;: "farante'-J: (adv.), "in ' -or ..when* doing:" "Inta," active, past, as ' 'farinta": "having . done"; "farinto": ... (adv.), "in having dono." "Onta," active, .future,, as. "faronta"(being); "about to '.'■ do' ! ; . . dp." . "Ata,".passive;.present, as "farata" : '■■■ "being, .tlono, .or - iJoiiq'! ;v 'ffarato": -(adv.),'; . 'on being done." . "Ita," passive;- past, as : ■ -farita" : "been doncy"; .pv "having • been dono""farite'': : (adv.),"'"ouv having. been done."V Ota, " passive, future, as "faro- . to''.: (being),."about't9 bo dope"; ''faroto": ■■■ (adv.),."on being about tg be done." CLASSES OF iVEItBS. There aro .two -classes, of.-verbs, transitive ■ , . »nd intransitive.-' .Transitive verbs have tv/p forms, the active and'passivo; "the active ..voice . when :the, subject acts on the' object; : tho object .theiifTOust :ber in- the accusative case,. as: "Joh"ano,batis la. hundon": "John beat_ the dog.". - A transitive verb is m ■ the passive form when tlie subject is acted upon, ' fimi ostis. batata ido Johano" : The dog was. beaten by John." The preV 'the cb|h- ■ : P/-?Rf of--a verb: in .the passive voice is -), ®.',,' o - "P er -' l; ,.'.i.J'Do.'.'.; for tho'agent, and . per, for. tho means,- as ''La: domostruita ,de. mi* patro ostas:kovrtfa -per"ardezoj".:.: house built by my.-father isV covercd. with slates." ■ . . Intransitive-verbs /express an action con- . fiijed .to- the actor, ;as "Jobano" donnas" :: John : sleeps, .'or _is sleeping;"' They therefore hayo no ..object and no passive voice, "hero is only , ono auxiliary verb: in Esper-' . anto, "esti" : "to .be.'.' ... This, verb is. used :to form,.tho passive , voice, l and also all -'tho ■ . : . oompound tonses :of ■ the active ;voice.- Tho , verb "liavi"; "to have," is in no* sense 'an auxiliary ,verbj but an active verb, meaning ownership,, and governs, tho accusative case, ; . as "Mi havas libron": "r have a book-" ■■ InEnglish. wo frequently use the verb "to bp", when, some other verb would: more cx- . actly , describe . the stato or position ■ of 1 an object. ... Iti Esperanto : tho following verbs are often used we use "to 'be/' viz.,' "kusln"—"to", lie" j . "sidi"—"tp .f bo :situ- ..- ate'.f"sintrovi'.'—"to -find..-one's , self'!; "trovisln"—"to be found" ; "stan"; "to stand.' ■ Examples; : "La krajono kuslias (estas). sur la ■ tablo" : i "Tho pencil is -.(lies); on, ~ ."Sur la.-..kampno ; stans 1 (cstis) ,fera kaldrono, -em. kiu; sin' trovis (estis) bolanta akyo; tra la fenestro kiu sin • tfovis (estis) apud: la pordo, l ; la .vaporo. fris sur la Icorton" :■ "On the hearth was'(stood). an iron, kettle, m which was_(found-jtself) boiling . water; .•••t&ou^ was near ,tho-. out 'into -.the • yard " NIA ITALA' GVIDISTO (DAUEIGO)- ■ Eipozo estas. necesa por. la okuloj kaj por > la cerbo, la ngardpdo, por. • to nj no farighu uliotaj. La gyidisto .do " devaif suferiX So li no gliuas tion, des pli , malbone>]por h. ! Ni amuzighas tre bono- ,:• .mi devas din pn (< qlii.tiu neeviM! a i tedjjhp—la eurogaj „gjudistoj.^ homo], sopiras: oil s|a koro deziro ngardi- ... la. . vidindajhojn.; sen •: gndistoj-. sed char' tio estas,.nceula, .ill-deziras almenau utiligr lin, , kiel .amuzou-r-konipensajhou pro "■ lia ' teda societo. -i/.lyi atuigis tion diajWnivestos': felichaj, se ma metodo utiles.la aliajn '' ' / La gqupvaj'gvidisto] tre shatas Id amcrp kanojn;. char, la /transatlantikuloj elistreme miras . lcaj estas tro, kortuslntai antau ■la , Ranktaj restajhoj. do 'ltristoforo Kolumbo Isia, gvidisto komencis turmglii clurkau ni, .. kyazau li. estas anglutinta - nsortan' matra- - c0n.... Li:,cstis. plena: do viveco kaj: nuilpacieuco Li dins Iru kun mi, smjoroj, lru. Ml montros al I Jefceron > sknbitaa .de Kristoforo 1 Kolumbo' «"i| estas skrjbita do li'mem, prpprainane! Li kondukis nm en la urbodomon' Post tro impresa shlosilsonado liaj malfermado de serurrn om malvohj? antau in la jnalnovan makUlitpn dpkumentori.::'-EkbrOisOa'^"okuloi as J ( gvijhsto Li dai.cis ebirkau ni kai , iriipis -.la pergamenon per la fiugpg--' :•' ?v' i . .' diris sJ .vi,''.siiijoroj. J<;n esfas la r !PP .'-Itristofor.o - Kolunihoi'Li inem ' - skribis ghm, propramane!. ■ r / :•'.'' T : Ni' : ngardis 'sari '. : indifercsiter- : ' doktoro tre -dotale ekzamensis.'la doku- ; menton kaj dins: v-.'V.< l '-.v . .Kii 'esths la nomo! de I' sinjoro. kiu:'.Bkribis, ghm? : , ■ Kristoforp Kol.umbo.j Glora, granda Kns- -. toloro Kolumbo. . . ." • . : . ... Rea dotal.'i ekzameno. . • lii 'meiri.' skribis ~ V'... . " Li men, Kristoforo Kolumbo, ghi estas . La .propra sknbo. , ' i ■■"■■■■ '■ A°! t j : ? r P'®etis la dokumenton, diranto • . Mi -i yi.dis en -v Ameriko;' Mbojii ■ dekkvarjarajn, kiuj sltribis pli bono f Sed ; ghi estas glo'ra Kristof . • •' '' Tio estfis ludifcrenta Tio rhi estas h plej malbpna . el .cluuj, kmjn nu iam ■ p.ciigu, ,Lg. 'Vi povas mmgi mil, ehar. nl v ostas alilandanoj. A'r ne'estas malsaghiiloj I ' Se u poseJas bonajii bel— skiibartajhojn, pioptru ilid, se ne, m veturu for i ' , r _ TRANSLATION (contmuation). ' (Littfrpl) Reposo is-necessary for .the eyes and the. ' ' prauii weary frpm .blio incesaant 'sight-seeing. 1. if wo swere. not to become idiotic.: 'The guiuo ■ then had ;to .sulfer^^ it : the, . worsp. for. him. \Ye are very - much' 1 i amused. -. Now I must say something about ; these .inevitable bores—the European / ~ Guides.:-' ; .Many,, pepple' sigh in ;their".heart ■ : to;. ?ee ' ■ thoso , beautiful things without a • Kjude,. but because that is impossible;, they : , like : ,at yeast • t.o . use him, for' amusement— compensation for ; his,tiring society. -."'AVe a t- ; .•,-tained;^t,^and-'-jve v 'gJiiai' be happy, -it our ■ plan will be useful ,to others; Tlio Geneva' guides like: the Americans very, much,' 'be-' . cause tho poople from across tlio Atlantic ■'. are extremely astonished and: .much mov.«l before the holy relicts of 'Christopher 'Columbus.. ' '. . . Our guido commenced tovjunip. around us, as if he : had .s.wallowecl. a' spring" mattress. - Ho was full of vivacity and impatience. He . said, ".Como with mo; gentlemen, come I will show you a ( Jotter written' by Christ ,-. topber Columbus. It was written by.'himself!. Come.'' 'He took us into the house . -.' After .a J.v.ery . impressive ,-sound ; of keys and the opening of. locks, he unrolled before us ' the old stained '.document. "The eygs of the guide''sparkled. , Ho>;dancedrrdu*nd : us -: and tapped the. phrchmeiftrwith his finger. '"I ■ • said t6 you, gentlemen: Here .is the of Christopher Columbus. He himself wrote it with his'.'om hand."' We lobked/vnthout any r kind: of interest— . -'' The ! .. . doctor.', very' carefully, examined' 'the' 1 doeu- ■ ment. 'diid:said: "Wlrnt' is tho'nanie:of ,tho .'- '■ ■ :''Ghfistopher . Cojuriibus; glorious, great Christopher Co- -■ ■. luiiibus.". Again searching : examination. "Did he -yjrito it lmnself?" "He'himself, V Coluinbufs-is- his;bwn writ- - mg." :' i'lyb. doctor returned, the. document, ;• saying,'' "I.Vsaw in America fourteen-year-old boys v,¥p wrote better:"' "But it is glori- . oils Christqp-7-" > "That' makes no' differ-' : . enco. '.:.-This is '.tho '.worst -writing : 0.f.. any . that I over s'a'w. .".. Do not'think, that you can astonish us because we .are foreigners. We, are..not fools. If you possess good specimens cf beautiful writing, y show them; ••if not, let Ui' iio a\vay." '