Contributions to the Botany of Codfish Island, Stewart Island

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 3, Issue 6, 29 November 1966, Page 111

Contributions to the Botany of Codfish Island, Stewart Island

B. A. Fineran

By

[Received by the Editor, 10 December 1965.]

Abstract

Plants gathered on Codfish Island, Stewart Island, in August, 1964, and March, 1965, are recorded. These include 5 lichens, 63 bryophytes and some 152 species of vascular plants, 16 of which are adventives. Fifty-two new records of indigenous vascular species are cited and the cryptogams are listed for the first time. Of the 116 species quoted by Poppelwell (1912) 34 were not observed in the areas visited in 1965 and these are listed. Some notes on the vegetation about Sealers Bay and the summit of the island are also presented.

Introduction

Codfish is the largest of several islands scattered around Stewart Island. The opportunity was taken during a recent visit between 6-9 March 1965 to collect vascular plants and bryophytes and to make some observations on the vegetation around Sealers Bay and about the summit of the island. This account also includes records of specimens gathered by P. M. Johns during a similar visit from 11-13 August 1964. The florula numbers many species not listed here and a thorough survey of the vegetation has not been made.

The expedition in 1965 was organised by the Wildlife Division, Department of Internal Affairs, to examine the bird life and included B. D. Bell as leader, J. S. Adams, A. Blackburn, L. E. Henderson, J. L. Kendrick, J. F. O’Brien and the writer. The expedition had previously visited the Muttonbird Islands at the south-west end of Stewart Island and later called at Bird Island in Foveaux Strait (Blackburn, 1965; Fineran, 1966).

Physiography

Codfish Island lies towards the north-west comer of Stewart Island two miles from the coast (Text-fig. 1). It is roughly semicircular in shape with two large bays on the northern side; covers 3,660 acres approximately and rises to a height of about 950 feet at the junction of the western ridge and that separating Sealers Bay and North West Bay (Plate I). From the western ridge the land slopes gradually to the north-east but on the west it drops steeply to the sea. The principal rock is granite and this is overlain by a blanket of peaty soil, except along Sealers Bay where sand dunes are present. According to the New Zealand Atlas (McLintock, 1960), the island lies near the zone of 60-80 inch annual rainfall and has a mean annual temperature of 50°F.

History

During the initial mapping of Stewart Island, William Stewart took soundings in Sealers Bay and included the island in his chart drawn in 1809, while later, in 1823, Edwardson charted the bay (cf. McNab, 1909; Howard, 1940). From about 1818 onwards sealing gangs were left in occupation for long periods and after about 1826, when some of the men took wives among the local Maoris, the settlement at Sealers Bay became permanent and was the first to be established south of Foveaux Strait. However, by 1850 the island was deserted. By 1911 the only signs of settlement were clearings in the forest where the huts once stood and clumps of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare ) and mint (Mentha spicata) (Poppelwell, 1912). In 1934 Wilson (1959) found a heap of bricks in the bush which he

considered to be the remnants of a trying-out station. Only the mint and fennel were left in 1948 (Dell, 1950) and these exist today together with clumps of introduced flax ( Phormium tenax) at the west end of the beach.

In 1892 the island was leased for farming by F. Edward and J. Roderique of Riverton but in 1901 they transferred their interests and the run was not taken up again (Howard, 1940). Poppelwell (1912) mentions the presence of a few wild cattle, which were probably relics from this attempt at grazing. They had disappeared by 1948 (Dell, 1950) . In 1915 (N.Z. Gazette 1915, p. 3987), Codfish Island was gazetted a scenic reserve under which status it remains today. Muttonbirders seldom use the island but opossum trappers have called periodically since before 1934 (Wilson, 1959). A party of trappers had been on the island some time prior to the present visit.

Codfish Island has been visited by various naturalists. Poppelwell spent two days there in April, 1911, and briefly described the vegetation, listing 111 species of indigenous vascular plants and five adventives (Poppelwell, 1912). During December, 1934, Edgar F. Stead and R. A. Wilson, assisted by P. Elworthy, studied the bird life for seventeen days and later published their findings and reminiscences (Stead, 1935, 1936 a and b; Wilson, 1959). A similar visit was undertaken by a six man party in November, 1948, when the island was inspected as to its suitability for the introduction of rare indigenous birds (Dell, 1950; Kean, unpublished report). Dr R. A. Falla has also called at Codfish on two occasions while on seal surveys in m.v. Alert; from 15 to 17 July 1948 and in May 1956, when the island was used as a base anchorage while working the Solander group (Falla, pers. comm.). Small collections were gathered by the 1948 parties and these are deposited in the Dominion Museum, Wellington, but the records have not been published.

Notes on the Vegetation

Fifty-four years ago Poppelwell outlined the vegetation of the sand dunes, elms, coastal scrub and rimu/kamahi stands. Since then brief comments in passing have been made by Stead (1935), Wilson and Dell, while some useful notes were prepared by R. I. Kean, but otherwise little further is known of the vegetation.

General: Forest and scrub cover most of the island (Plate 11, fig. 1); on the west some small areas of grassland may also be present. The forest comprises moderately tall (30—60 ft) and low (20-30 ft) stands which in parts grade into tall scrub (10-20 ft). This in turn gives way to medium height (4-Bft) and short scrub (2-4 ft) on the steep western slopes. The south-east facing slopes, gullies and the floor of the valleys are mainly covered by moderately tall forest communities; the lower stands prevailing on ridges and the north-western facing sides of the valleys. Some coastal “ Mutton bird scrub ” —dominated by tupare ( Olearia colensoi var. grandis and related forms), teteaweka (O. angustifolia) and Senecio reinoldii —borders the shore of North West Bay, the east headland of Sealers Bay and other places around the coast. In general, the vegetation appears similar to that found on Stewart Island (Cockayne, 1909; Poppelwell, 1913).

Vegetation of Sheltered Valley Slopes: On the east facing slopes behind Sealers Bay (Plate IV, fig. 2) rimu ( Dacrydium cupressinum ) and miro ( Podocarpus ferrugineus) are abundant and form the emergents above the main canopy layer which comprises rata ( Metrosideros umbellata ) and kamahi [W einmannia racemosa) with occasional Podocarpus hallii and Carpodetus serratus, on lower slopes. Below this, Griselinia littoralis, Pseudopanax crassifolium, Pseudopanax simplex (cf. Philipson, 1965) and Dicksonia squarrosa form the principal under-storey trees with Coprosma lucida, C. foetidissima, C. rotundifolia and Cyathea smithii prominent in lower strata. On higher slopes, Dracophyllum longifolium, Senecio reinoldii, and

some Coprosma colensoi, also enter the community. The ground stratum includes Blechnum discolor, B. lanceolatus, B. capense, Asplenium obtusatum var. obliquum, A. bulbiferum and Astelia nervosa, while elsewhere the forest floor is covered by bryophytes, Hymenophyllum multifidum, H. demissum, Trichomanes reniforme, Luzuriaga parvijlora, Nertera spp. and occasional Uncinia spp. and orchids. In places Tmesipteris tannensis appears on logs and raised ground. Epiphytes are common, comprising lichens, bryophytes, Hymenophyllum multifidum, H. flabellatum, Asplenium flaccidum, A. flabellatum, Grammitis billardieri, G. heterophylla, Phymatodes diversifolium, Dendrobium cunninghamii and the two species of Earina. Of the climbers, Ripogonum scandens forms some dense entanglements near the floor of the valley, while Rubus australis, Muehlenbeckia australis and Metrosideros diffusa occur occasionally. Throughout the stands there is abundant regeneration of podocarp and broadleaved species.

Ridge Vegetation : The broad ridge separating Sealers Bay from North West Bay (Plate 11, fig. 2) is covered by low broadleaved/podocarp forest in hollows and sheltered sites but on higher ground and exposed western slopes tall scrub prevails. The tall scrub is dominated by Dracophyllum longifolium, manuka (Leptospermum scoparium ) and other species from broadleaved/podocarp communities. Some tupare and Senecio reinoldii also occur. On poorly drained areas along the crest of the ridge the tall scrub gives way to medium-height partly open stands containing Gahnia procera, Phormium colensoi, Blechnum capense and Lycopodium varium. Elsewhere the understorey is mainly Cyathodes juniperina, Coprosma colensoi, C. rhamnoides, Myrsine divaricata, Pseudopanax colensoi (cf. Philipson, 1965) and, very occasionally, Gaultheria antipoda. On the ground bryophytes are plentiful and in places Trichomanes reniforme and Phymatodes diver sifolium form extensive clumps with smaller ones of Hymenophyllum multifidum and Luzuriaga parviflora. Rumohra adiantiformis and Tmesipteris also grow on scattered hummocks amongst the scrub.

Vegetation at the Summit: The highest point on the island is a knob about 50 feet high above the general level of the ridge (Plate I). On its northern side is low forest which becomes replaced by scrub on the west. At the summit are some rock outcrops and here on the ledges grow Senecio bellidioides, Schizaea fistulosa, Plantago uniflora, Uncinia aucklandica, Drapetes dieffenbachii, Luzula banksiana var. acra and Oreobolus pectinatus. About the knob a few coastal plants also occur, namely Hebe elliptica, Olearia angustifolia, Gentiana saxosa, Anisotome lyallii (cf. Dawson, 1961), Asplenium obtusatum var, obliquum and Blechnum durum.

Vegetation to the West: The communities below the summit on the west comprise a Dracophyllum /manuka scrub intermixed in parts with stunted tupare and rata while Phormium colensoi is prominent in the scattered open places (Plate 111, fig. 2). The formation has a marked windswept appearance. Amongst the shrubs grow Gahnia procera, Cyathodes juniperina and, bordering open patches, C. empetrifolia. The open ground is covered by lichens, Oreobolus pectinatus. O. strictus, Pentachondra pumila, occasional orchids and a few other species.

Sand Dune Vegetation : Sandhills stretch the length of Sealers Bay, reaching their highest altitude at the eastern end. The dunes are mostly stable and support a variety of plants, though towards the east some bare unstable areas are present.

At the foot of the dunes is a narrow fringe of Cakile edentula, while behind this and variously distributed on the stabilising foredunes occur Poa laevis, P. triodioides, Festuca novae-zelandiae, Scirpus frondosus, S. nodosus, Coprosma acerosa, Pimelea lyallii, Sonchus oleraceus, Hypochaeris radiata, Erechtites spp., Geranium sessiliflorum, Craspedia robusta, Calystegia soldanella, Acaena sp., Linum

monogynum, Euphorbia glauca, Lagenophora pumila and Deyeuxia billardieri (Plate 111, fig. 1; Plate IV, fig. 1). Many of these also grow further back on the stable dunes but here cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata) usually predominates together with scattered Haloragis erecta, Epilobium spp., Gnaphalium spp., Linum catharticum and Cerastium glomeratum, while in the hollows occur Holcus lanatus, Hierochloe redolens, Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae, Gunner a monoica and Corybas macranthus. Further from the shore on the higher sandhills, the principal vegetation consists of Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum, Phormium sp., Cyathodes fraseri (occasional) while shrubs also become common, namely Coprosma propinqua, C. lucida, Melicytus lanceolatus, Leptospermum scoparium, Pseudopanax colensoi, Muehlenbeckia complexa, Hebe salicifolia and Pittosporum colensoi.

The indigenous communities appear little changed since Poppelwell (1912) observed them in 1911, but adventives now occupy a prominent place between the fore-dunes and the scrub. On the dunes Poppelwell recorded only four adventives and considered that none played a dominant part in the vegetation. Fennel occurred as isolated plants “fairly plentifully dotted over the sandhills” but in 1965 this species was noted only at the east end of the bay and as small stunted scattered individuals. The two other adventives listed by Poppelwell and Agropyron repens and Trifolium dubium mentioned by Kean were not observed in 1965. Of the present naturalised plants some have a restricted distribution on the dunes; Rumex acetosella for example, was found only towards the east while Lolium perenne appeared to be confined to fore-dunes near the stream.

In his report, Kean considered that the area occupied by the dunes had probably been completely burnt over at some time. He further suggested a judicious burning of the area around Sealers Bay might again be carried out in order to increase the habitat of the fern bird ( Bowdleria punctata wilsoni) . Such a proposal is irreconcilable with vegetation conservation and fortunately has not been adopted.

Vegetation About the Site of the Old Settlement: This site is situated at the west end of Sealers Bay where the stream meets the sea between the sandhills and the slopes of the valley (Plate IV, fig. 2). Some clumps of Phormium tenax grow here, beds of mint ( Mentha spicata) are plentiful and bracken is common. This mint is probably among the oldest clones of the species in southern New Zealand, having been planted by the sealers along with the fennel and flax. A few “Scotch” ( Cirsium vulgare) and Californian (C. arvense) thistles also grow about the site. Along the creek Carex appressa and Juncus articulatus are abundant while on the sandy bottom near the outlet is some Lilaeopsis sp. The nearby forest margin comprises mainly second growth dominated by tall manuka and kamahi.

Vegetation at the Shore: The shores bordering the beach support various communities. In wet hollows Scirpus cernuus is common, while here, and elsewhere, Apium australe and Tillaea moschata are plentiful. In other places Selliera radicans with scattered Poa astonii and other coastal plants form a turf, and at the margin of the scrub Carex trifida, Blechnum durum and Asplenium obtusatum also occur. The banks support Phormium colensoi and Anisotome lyallii, among other species, while in crevices there grows some Colobanthus apetalus.

Animals in the Vegetation; Petrel burrows are found amongst the coastal scrub around Sealers Bay and about the knob at the summit of the island, but were not observed in the broadleaved/podocarp forest or in the stands along the ridge. The only introduced mammals on the islands are rats, mice and opossums (Stead, 1935). Deer, cats, goats, stoats and other predacious animals have at various times been considered by local people to occur on the island but no positive signs of these have been seen by biologists (Kean, unpub. report; Falla, pers. comm.). According to Stead, the rat present is probably the Maori rat or kiore ( Rattus exulans). In 1948 rats were reported as not plentiful (Dell, 1950; Kean, ibid.)

while during the present visit only what might have been a small kiore or mouse was seen at night at the summit (Blackburn, 1965). Opossum tracks were noted commonly amongst the vegetation of the sand dunes in 1965 and the fennel was heavily chewed. Dead limbs of trees were also common in a zone between the coastal scrub and the main forest in many places around the island.

Some useful observations of opossums on Codfish are outlined in Kean’s report and since this has not been published these may be mentioned here. In 1948 opossums were found throughout the vegetation but in greatest numbers in the coastal belt where dry conditions prevailed and unrestricted travel was afforded for them around most of the island. Here the mutton bird kept down any dense undergrowth and in this respect Kean compared their role in allowing entry of opossums to that displayed by deer elsewhere. In the main forests, although opossums were distributed evenly, they appeared to be more restricted by the ground cover and the absence of tracks. Amongst the scrub on high ridges opossums appeared to be more numerous. Around Sealers Bay numbers were found to be “ less than further North ” and Kean suggests this was probably through trapping. On the cliffs the unpalatable Hebe elliptica, Olearia reinoldii, O. angustifolia and plants of the O. colensoi group had not suffered badly. In valleys, however, where opossums had apparently built up to high densities in the “ coastal bush ”, a fringing belt of defoliated trees was noted on the north-eastern side of the island extending through several hundred feet of elevation. In these areas the ground cover had also suffered; Asplenium lucidum, A. hulbiferum, Phymatodes diversifolium, Blechnum lanceolatum and Astelia nervosa had been heavily browsed. Kean also comments on the absence of Stilbocarpa lyallii, originally reported by Poppelwell as forming luxuriant stands, and suggested that “ It almost certainly has been exterminated by opossums, and its place has been taken by a dense growth of the water fern Histopteris incisa ”. The Stilbocarpa however, still appeared to survive on an islet off the southern end of Sealers Bay. Aristotelia serrata and Fuchsia excorticata were similarly thought to be facing extermination; several recently killed plants were noted about Sealers Bay while three other living Fuchsias showed severe defoliation. In 1965 only a few Fuchsias were observed at the bay but the wineberry appears to have disappeared or is now scarce.

List of Species

Catalogue numbers cited for vascular plants refer to the herbarium of the Botany Department, University of Canterbury. Numbers given for cryptogams are those of B. A. Fineran and P. M. Johns whose material is housed in the above herbarium. Specimens collected by Johns are indicated by f. New records of vascular plants are shown by an asterisk for those collected by the writer and by $ for plants mentioned in Kean’s report; the cryptogams are listed for the first time. Nomenclature follows Allan (1961) for pteridophytes, gymnosperms and dicotyledons, and Cheeseman (1925) for the monocotyledons unless otherwise stated. Cryptogam nomenclature is that cited by the determinavits.

LICHENS

Cladia retipora (Labillardiere) Dodge 1321 f, 1324 f Cladonia rigida (Taylor) Hampe 989 Sphaerophorus curtus Hook. f. and Taylor 1322 f Sphaerophorus taylori Dodge 1320 f Stictina filicina (Ach.) Nyl 1323f 3 1325 f

BRYOPHYTES

Hepatics

Bazzania adnexa (L. and L.) Trevis 336, 347, 356, 344, 350, 376 Bazzania novae-zelandiae (Mitt.) Besch. and Massal. 327 334 337 345 384 Chiloscyphus billardieri (Schwaegr.) Nees 321 f, 331, 334, 364 Chiloscyphus coalitus (Hook.) Nees 363 Chiloscyphus triacanthus (H.f. and T.) Steph 326 Chiloscyphus sp. 336 Clasmatocolea sp. ...... 366 Frullania patula Mitt, (probably) ...... 386 Geocalyx novae-zelandiae Herzog 382 Jamesoniella colorata (Lehm.) Spruce 296 Kurzia hippuroides (Hook, and Tayl.) Groelle 937 Kurzia hippuroides approaching K. allisonii 1010 Lepidozia sp. 366 Lophocolea biciliata (Tayl.) Mitt. 339 Lophocolea lenta (H.f. and T.) G.L. and N 338, 379, 390, 1114 Lophocolea leucophylla (H.f. and T.) G.L. and N 279 Lophocolea semiteres (Lehm.) Mitt 341, 378, 380 Marchantia berteroana L. and L. 370 Marsupidium abbreviatum (Tayl.) Steph 276, 366 Metzgeria sp 1114 Monoclea forsteri Hook. 328 Plagiochila conjugatus (Hook.) Schust ...... 979, 982 Plagiochila deltoidea Lindenb. ...... 348 Plagiochila fasiculata Lindenb 385 Plagiochila lyallii Mitt. 355 Plagiochila pigmentata Hodgson 365 Plagiochila ramosissima (Hook.) Lindenb 358 Porella elegantula (Mont.) Hodgson 377 Riccardia alterniloba (Hook, and Tayl.) Trev. (probably) 329, 342 Riccardia cochleata (H.f. and T.) Kuntze 347, 367 Riccardia nitida (Col.) Hodgson ; 340 Riccardia sp. 302, 335, 361, 375, 381 Schistochila balfouriana (Tayl.) Steph 977 Schistochila glaucescens (Hook.) Steph 360 Strepsilejeunea sp. 346 Telaranea patentissima (H.f. and T.) Hodgson (probably) 937 Trichocolea lanata (Hook.) Nees 357, 383 Trichocolea mollissima (H.f. and T.) Gottsche 359 Zoopsis argentea Hooker 349 Zoopsis leitgebiana (G. and P.) Steph 381

Mosses

Acrocladium auriculatum (Mont.) Mitt. 264, 307, 309 Barbula torquata Tayl. 269 Bryum truncorum Brid 295, 301, 302, 306, 326 Bryum sp. (mostly undeveloped) 270, 271, 285 Campylopus bicolor (Hornsch.) Hook.f 937 Campylopus sp 942 Desmatodon convolutus (Brid.) Grout 294 Dicranoloma billardieri (Schwaegr.) Par 254, 279, 320 f, 323 Dicranoloma cylindropyxis (CM.) Dix 256, 274, 319, 322 f Dicranoloma menziesii (H.f. and W.) Par 272 Distichophyllum crispulum (H.f. and W.) Mitt. 300 Distichophyllum pulchellum (H.f. and W.) Mitt 268, 273, 277 Drepanocladus aduncus (Hedw.) Warnst. 282 Fissidens leptocladus CM. e. Rodway 293 Fissidens pungens CM. and Hampe 284, 318 Hypnum cupressiforme Hedw 276, 308 Hypo pterygium novae-seelandiae CM 267 Hypopterygium rotulatum (Hedw.) Brid. 303 Leptostomum inclinans (Hedw.) R.Br 275 Macromitrium longirostre (Hook.) Schwaegr. 296, 310 Mniodendron comosum (La Bill.) Lindb. e Broth 321 f, 255, 331

Orthodontium lineare Schwaegr 257, 330, 387 Orthorrhynchium elegans (H.f. and W.) Reichdt 278 Ptychomnion aciculare (Brid.) Mitt 297, 331 Rhacopilum strumiferum CM 363 Schlotheimia brownii Brid 292, 346 Sematophyllum amoenum (Hedw.) Mitt 299 Sematophyllum leucocytus (CM.) Sainsb 388 Thuidium furfurosum (H.f. and W.) Jaeg 309 Tortula princeps De Not 283 Weymouthia cochlearifolia (Schwaegr.) Dix 298

PTERIDOPHYTES

*Asplenium hookerianum 8294 A. bulbiferum 9567, 9587 A. flaccidum 8193 f, 9593 Asplenium obtusatum 9564 Asplenium obtusatum var. obliquum (two extreme forms are included here) 9562, 9578, 9588, 9589 Blechnum capense 8195 f, 9597 B. discolor 8234 B. durum 8237 B. lanceolatum 8202 f, 8280 Cyatheasmithii 8288, 8289, 8306 Dicksonia squarrosa 8251 *Gleichenia cunninghamii 8214 f Grammitis billardieri 8196 f, 8271 *Grammitis heterophylla 8308 Histiopteris incisa 8254 Hymenophyllum demissum 8267 H. dilatatum 8216 f, 8261, 8262 *H. flabellatum 8264, 8287 *H. minimum 9607 *H. multifidum 8265, 8309 Hypolepis tenuifolia 8272 *Lycopodium varium 8213 f, 8720 L. volubile 8718 Phymatodes diversifolium 8301 Polystichum vestitum 8298 Pteridium aquilinum var. esculentum 8297 adiantiformis 8313 *Schizaea fistulosa 8282 *Tmesipteris tannensis 8717 *Trichomanes reniforme 8208 f, 8310

GYMNOSPERMS

Dacrydium cupressinum 8715 Podocarpus ferrugineus 8215 f, 8716 P.hallii 8194 f, 8719

DICOTYLEDONS

*Abrotanella linearis 8206 f Acaena anserinifolia (probably) 8754 Anisotome lyallii 8201 f, 8577, 8630 Apium australe 8233 f, 8751 Calystegia soldanella 8756 *Cardamine debilis 8521, 8631, 8741 Carpodetus serratus 8426, 8204 f *Colobanthus apetalus 8628 Coprosma acerosa 8191 f, 8317 C. colensoi 8278 C. foetidissima 8166 f, 8167 f, 8320 C. foetidissima X colensoi 8165 f, 8321, 8322, 8372 C. lucida 8174 f, 8337, 8339, 8355, 8379

*C. parviflora 8330 C. propinqua 8169 f, 8170 f, 8176 f, 8318 C. rhamnoides 8373, 8374, 8375, 8376 *C. rotundifolia 8168 f, 8340 Craspedia robusta 8380 *Cyathodes empetrifolia 8486 %C. fraseri 8775 C. juniperina 8218 f, 8765 *Dichondra ? brevifolia 8549 Dracophyllum longifolium 8199 f, 8200 f *Drapetes dieffenbachii 8704 Epilobium cinereum 8557, 8776 *E. pubens 8548 *E. rotundifolium 8768, 8778 *Erechtites arguta 7932 *E. minima var. heterophylla 7924, 7931, 7933, 7934, 7935, 7936 E. wairauensis var. robusta 7925 Euphorbia glauca 8507, 8745 Fuchsia excorticata Gaultheria antipoda 821 Of, 8710, 8744 Gentiana saxosa 9599 Geranium sessiliflorum 8511, 8742 *Gnaphalium collinum 7940, 7942, 7943, 7945 *G. hookeri 7939 G. luteo-album 7941 Griselinia littoralis 8443 *Gunnera monoica 8752 Haloragis erecta 8482 Hebe elliptica 8490, 8705 H. salicifolia 8738 H. elliptica X salicifolia 8400, 8582 Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae 9609 Lagenophora pumila 8750, 8773, 8777 Leptospermum scoparium 8408 * Lilaeopsis sp. (? novae-zelandiae) 7866 Linum monogynum 8779 *Melicytus lanceolatus 8209 f Metrosideros diffusa 8410, 8411 M. umbellata 8212 f Muehlenbeckia australis M. complexa 8409 \Myrsine australis 8739 M. divaricata 8217, 8485 Nertera depressa 8554 Nertera sp. aff. dichondraefolia 8523, 8555 Olearia angustifolia 8712 O. arborescens 8737 Olearia colensoi var. grandis and related forms 8430, 8514, 8515, 8516, 8517, 8578, 8701, 8702, 8763 *Pentachondra pumila 8432 Pimelea lyallii 8755 Pittosporum colensoi 821 If, 8483, 8736 *Plantago uniflora 8553 *Pratia angulata 9608 Pseudopanax colensoi (Hook, f.) Philipson 8740, 8747 P. simplex (Forst. f.) Philipson 8203 f, 8762 P. crassifolium 8439 Rubus australis 8753 Selliera radicans 8749 *Senecio bellidioides 8623 S. reinoldii 8424 Tillaea moschata 9600 Weinmannia racemosa 8197 f, 8198 f, 8394

MONOCOTYLEDONS

*Aporostylis bifolia (Hook, f.) Rupp and Hatch 7810 Astelia nervosa 8173 f * Car ex appressa 8164 f, 8175 f, 7847, 7850, 7873, 7874, 8008

Carex trifida _ 7892 Car ex sp. (a member of the C. ternaria group) 7851 *Corybas macranthus (Hook, f.) Reichb. f 7812, 7818, 7819 *Corybas rivularis (A. Cunn.) Reichb. f 8162 f *Dendrobium cunninghamii 8171 f, 7794, 7822 *Deyeuxia billardierii 8007, 8011 *Earina autumnalis 8172 f, 7789, 7796 *E. mucronata _ 7790, 7791, 7792 *Festuca novae-zelandiae 7968 XGahnia procera 7893 Hierochloe redolens 7998 *Juncus articulatus L '. 7867 *Luzula banksiana E. Mey. var. acra Edgar 7913 Luzuriaga parviflora Kunth. 8519 *Oreobolus pectinatus 7883 *Oreobolus strictus 7884 Phormium colensoi 8205 f, 8431 Poa astonii 7986 Poa laevis R.Br, (caespitosa) 8006, 8010 Poa triodioides (Trin.) Zotov (Festuca littoralis) 8030 Ripogonum scandens 8163 f, 8475 *Scirpus cernuus 7852, 7872 Scirpus frondosus 7891 Scirpus nodosus 8161 f, 7853, 7875, 7879 *Thelymitra pachyphylla (probably) 9617 *Uncinia aucklandica Hamlin 7836, 7855 *Uncinia gracilenta Hamlin 8074

ADVENTIVES

*Cakile edentula (Bigel.) Hook 8111 *Cerastium glomeratum Thuill. 8085 *Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop 8146 Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. 8115 Listed by Poppelwell (1912) as Cnicus [ljanceolatus Willd. Dactylis glomerata L 7990 Foeniculum vulgare Mill 8140 %Holcus lanatus L. 7991 %Hypochaeris radicata L. 8091 *Linum catharticum L 8092 *Lolium perenne L 7992 Mentha spicata L. em. Huds. 8130 *Mycelis muralis (L.) Rchb 8134 Phormium tenax *Rumex acetosella L 8078 *Sonchus oleraceus L 8125, 8135, 8149 *Sonchus sp 8093 *Vicia ? lathyroides L 8079

OTHER RECORDS

The plants listed below were recorded by Poppelwell (1912) —apparently from identifications made in the field—and Kean, but these were not observed in the areas visited in 1965; a few possibly are represented in the present collection under different names. Nomenclature used by Poppelwell and Kean has been revised according to Cheeseman (1925) and Allan (1961) unless otherwise indicated.

Aristotelia serrata Asplenium lucidum Blechnum penna-marina Brachycome radicata Coprosma areolata Cyathea colensoi Disphyma australe Epilobium linnaeoides Epilobium nerterioides Gleichenia circinata

Gnaphalium involucratum Probably this is what Poppelwell (1912) refers to as G. japonicum Gunnera arenaria Hymenophyllum revolutum Hymenophyllum sanguinolentum Myosotis rakiura Neomyrtus pedunculata Pittosporum tenuifolium Poa colensoi

Poa foliosa Pseudopanax edgerleyi Rubus schmidelioides Rumex neglectus Samolus repens Schefflera digitata Senecio lautus Sonchus littoralis Stilbocarpa lyallii Armstr. Taraxacum magellanicum

Tetragpnia trigyna Uncinia australis Adventives Agropyron re pens Beauv. Cryptostemina calendula (L.) Druce ( calendulaceum ) Poa pratensis L. Trifolium dubium Sibth.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Mr B. D. Bell and the Wildlife Division, Internal Affairs Department, for the opportunity to accompany the expedition to Codfish Island and to the Navy who provided transport, in H.M.N.Z.S. Mako under the command of Lieutenant D. H. Wood, R.N.Z.N. The cryptogams were identified through the generosity of Professor G. W. Dodge (lichens), Mr K. W. Allison (mosses), Mrs E. A. Hodgson (hepatics), and Miss E. O. Campbell (Marchantia) . The assistance of Drs E. Edgar, D. G. Lloyd, L. B. Moore, Messrs W. B. Brockie, G. Brownlie, C. J. Burrows, E. D. Hatch, A. J. Healy, V. D. Zotov, Misses J. M. Ward and R. Mason in checking and identifying vascular plants is much appreciated. Mr P. M. Johns kindly donated his specimens collected in 1964 and allowed the records to be included here. The use of the herbarium of the Botany Division, D.5.1.R., is acknowledged with thanks. The aerial photograph and other topographical information were supplied by the Lands and Survey Department. I also wish to thank Professor W. R. Philipson and Mr C. J. Burrows for constructive criticism of the manuscript.

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B. A. Fineran, M.Sc., Department of Botany, University of Canterbury, Christchurch.