Studies on Australian and New Zealand Diatoms VI.—Tropical and Subtropical Species

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 2, Issue 15, 20 November 1963, Page 189

Studies on Australian and New Zealand Diatoms VI. —Tropical and Subtropical Species

E. J. Ferguson Wood

By

C.5.1.R.0. Division of Fisheries and Oceanography

[Received by the Editor, June 7, 1963.]

Abstract

This paper includes 133 diatom species, mainly from shallow waters and sediments of the Coral, Timor and Arafura Seas and Indonesian waters. A few species have been described but not figured in previous parts of this series Seven new species are described and named and eight species are described but not named, as they represent single occurrences.

Introduction

This paper, the last in this series, includes species which were collected during cruises of H.M.A.S. Gascoyne and H.M.A.S. Diamantina in tropical waters of the Indian and south-west Pacific Oceans, as well as a few species which had been omitted from the previous parts.

THE DIATOM SPECIES

Sub-Order DISCINEAE

Family COSCINODISCACEAE

Genus Cosginosira Gran 1900

1. Coscinosira oestrupii Ostenfeld (PI. 1, fig. 1; PI. 5, fig. 1).

Ostenfeld, 1901, 52.

Cells in chains, cylindrical, with slightly rounded or occasionally concave valves; surface with irregular reticulations; marginal spinulae absent; cells united by numerous threads more or less parallel to the longitudinal axis. Diameter 35m.

Distribution. Off Timor.

Genus Hyalodisgus Ehr. 1845

2. Hyalodiscus sp. 1 (PI. 1, fig. 2).

Cells in pairs or solitary, elliptical in girdle, circular in valve view; valves with central area about /% valve diameter, clearly demarcated and with a vermiculate structure, marginal zone with fasciculate radial puncta. Diameter 40-60 m.

Distribution. Bottom sediments off Port Moresby.

3. Hyalodiscus sp. 2 (PI. 1, fig. 3)

Cells in pairs or solitary; elliptical in girdle, circular in valve view; surface with wellmarked central area about J diameter of valve, irregularly punctate; marginal area with fasciculate puncta forming lines in three directions at an angle of about 30°. Puncta are coarser than those of H. stelliger. Diameter 50-60^.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Genus Coscinodiscus Ehr. 1838

4. Coscinodiscus africanus Janisch (PI. 1, fig. 4).

Janisch, 1875, 59, 24, 25.

Cells discoid; valves flat with small, hexagonal areolae radiating in narrow fascicles from an excentric area; areolae uniform in size; marginal spinulae numerous. Diameter 30-50 j«.

Distribution. Indonesian area, Arafura Sea, northern Coral Sea (Port Moresby area).

5. Coscinodiscus apiculatus Ehr. (PI. 1, fig. 5).

Ehrenberg, 1844, 17.

A.S.A. 1886, 64, 5-8, 9, 10.

Valves circular; puncta in more or less radiate rows; central area hyaline. Close to C. nitidus. Diameter 40/*.

Distribution. Moresby in shallow sediments.

6. Coscinodiscus gazellae Janisch (PI. 1, fig. 6a, b).

Janisch in A.S.A. 1879, 688, 21, 8. Wood, Crosby and Cassie 1959, 212, 15, 8. A large form referred to Ethmodiscus by Hustedt. Depicted by Wood et al. by line

drawing only. Plate shows fine striate markings. Distribution. Indonesian waters, Arafura Sea, Coral Sea.

7. Coscinodiscus increscens Karsten (PI. 1, fig. 7).

Karsten 1907, 367, 35, 3,3 a.

Cells discoid; valves slightly convex, hexagonal areolae radiating from centre, no central area. Diameter 70-100/*.

Distribution. Timor Sea

8. Coscinodiscus nodulifer Janisch (PL 1, fig. 8).

Janisch in A.S.A. 1886, 59, 21, 23.

Karsten 1907, 36, 6.

Cells discoid; valves raised in the centre, areolate; areolae smaller towards the margin and with a raised nodule in the centre of the valve.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

9. Coscinodiscus obscurus A.S. (PL 1, fig. 9).

A.S.A. 1886, 61, 16.

Cells solitary; valves circular, with large, somewhat distant puncta which are roughly radial and slightly larger halfway to margin than at centre or margin; no central area or rosette. Diameter 50/t.

Distribution. Off Mackay, Queensland.

10. Coscinodiscus reniformis Castracane (PL 1, fig. 10).

Castracane 1886, 160, 12, 12.

Stoschia admirabilis Janisch, Gazelle in A.S.A. 140, 17. S. reniformis Heiden and Kolbe 1928, 476.

Valves irregularly reniform, one lobe usually larger than the other; areolae hexagonal, small, radiating. Length, 150-200/*.

Distribution. Indonesia area, Arafura and Coral Seas.

11. Coscinodiscus senarius A.S. (PI. 1, fig, 11).

A.S.A. 1875, 57, 24. Karsten 1905, 87, 3, 10.

Valves convex, coarse areolae in a triangular arrangement one row of each series being radial, and dividing that series from the adjacent triangle of areolae. Diameter 40-60/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

12. Coscinodiscus subtilissimus Karsten (PI. 1, fig. 12)

Karsten 1907, 363, 36, 2,2 a.

Valves convex near margins, otherwise flat; finely areolate in radial rows; no central area or rosette. Diameter 100 to 120 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

13. Coscinodiscus sp. (PI. 1, fig. 13).

A.S.A. 1886, 64, 15.

Valves discoid, margin in this specimen apparently slightly crenate; surface flat, punctata, puncta random, no central area. Diameter 45m.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

Genus Planktoniella (Wallich) Schiitt 1893

14. Planktoniella formosa (Schimper ex Karsten) Karsten (PL 1, fig. 14).

Karsten 1928, 146, 218.

Hendey 1937, 258.

Valdiviella formosa Schimper ex Karsten 1907, 369, 39, 12.

Cells discoid, solitary; valves flat with hexagonal areolae similar to those of Coscinodiscus excentricus and a broad, circular wing with chambers separated by up to 75 rigid rays attached interiorly to a ring outside the valve margin and open exteriorly; upper and lower walls with radial striation; junction of rays and interior ring rounded. Diameter 100-200 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters and Arafura Sea

Family ACTINODISCACEAE

Genus Actinocyclus Ehr. 1837 em. Ratt. 1890

15. Actinocyclus alienus Rattray (PI. 1, fig. 15).

Rattray 1890, 144.

Valves flat, rounded at margins; central space irregular; surface areolate, areolae radial to sub-radial, obscurely fasciculate, secondarily oblique in decussating, outwardly convex rows; narrow sub-marginal zone inconspicuous; pseudo-ocellus circular. Diameter 100/*.

Distribution. Timor Sea.

16. Actinocyclus complanatus Castracane (PI. 1, fig. 16).

Castracane 1886, 145, 4, 9.

Rattray 1890, 165, 11, 10. Frustules discoid; valves with rounded margin, circular; surface punctate, central space subcircular with irregularly arranged puncta; puncta radial, finer in marginal area, secondary rows straight or flexuous, becoming arcuate near margin; pseudonodule distinct, marginal. Diameter 100/*.

Distribution. Sediments at 200 m off Port Moresby.

17. Actinocyclus disseminatus Pantoczek (PI. 1, fig. 17).

Pantoczek 1886-1893, 3, 35. Rattray 1890, 141.

Frustules discoid; valves circular with small central space which is circular according to Rattray but almost triangular in the present specimen; surface irregularly punctate, puncta larger nearer the centre, decreasing to margin, irregularly arranged, secondary rows discernible, oblique. Diameter 60/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

18. Actinocyclus dubiosus Karsten (PI. 1, fig. 18).

Karsten 1906, 157, 27, 1,2.

Cells solitary, discoid; valves circular with very fine radial areolae and pear-shaped pseudo-ocellus. Diameter 100 m.

Distribution. Off Mackay, Queensland.

19. Actinocyclus mirabilis Rattray (PI. 1, fig. 19).

Rattray 1890, 159, 11, 16.

Cells discoid; valves with rounded margin; central space rounded with one or a few puncta, surface with radiating rows of puncta, closer near margin, with minute hyaline interspaces, especially near centre and at ends of shorter rows. Diameter 150 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

20. Actinocyclus ovatus sp. nov. (PI. 1, fig. 20)

Cellae solae; valvae ovate cum areolis hexangulatis in ordine hexagonale. Cells solitary, ovate in valve view, discoid in girdle view; surface with uniform hexagonal areolae arranged in three directions to give the appearance of an hexagonal system; pseudo-ocellus round, at apex of oval. Diameter 30-50 m.

Distribution. Frequent in Indonesian region, Arafura and South Tasman Seas.

21. Actinocyclus pyrotechnicus Deby in Rattray (PL 1, fig. 21).

Rattray 1890, 144, 11, 15.

Valves discoid; surface areolate with large central granule or scattered small granules in central space, decreasing to margin in radial rows with hyaline spaces terminating the shorter rows of areolae, and irregular subhyaline rows separating fascicules of areolae; pseudonodule near margin (may be absent according to Rattray). Diameter 175 m.

Distribution. Phytoplankton in Indonesian waters.

22. Actinocyclus subocellatus (Grunow) Rattray (PI. 1, fig. 22) Rattray 1890, 145.

Coscinodiscus curvatulus v. subocellata Grunow 1884, 83, 4d, 15. A. curvatulus Janisch in A.S.A. 1875, 57, 31.

A. decipiens Castracane 1886.

Central area subcircular; areolae hexagonal, slightly smaller near centre and margins, in slightly curved, fasciculate and oblique arcuate secondary rows; pseudonodule circular. Diameter 120-150 m.

Distribution. In sediment at 200 m south of Port Moresby

Genus Agtinoptychus Ehr. 1839

23. Actinoptychus cathedralis Brun (PI. 2, fig. 23).

Brun in A.S.A. 1892, 154, 6.

Sectors 12 to 14; central space circular, slightly depressed; surface areolate giving a zig-zag pattern, inner stratum with round, more hyaline regions giving a dappled effect. Diameter 50;".

Distribution. Off Mackay, Queensland.

24. Actinoptychus maculatus Grove and Sturt (PI. 2, fig. 24). Grove and Sturt in A.S.A. 1892, 132, 18-20. Valves circular, sectors 8 to 14, central area circular, surface areolate, inner stratum with large pores in irregular rows giving a dappled effect. Diameter 60-80 m.

Distribution. Arafura Sea.

25. Actinoptychus trilingulatus (Br.) Ralfs (PI. 2, fig. 25).

Ralfs in Pritchard 1861, 840.

Actinocyclus trilingulatus Br. 1860, 8, 93.

A.S. 1875, 1, 20.

Boyer 1927, 66.

Valves convex, slightly polygonal; surface finely and evenly areolate; sectors wedgeshaped; alternating sectors have a row of short spines near margin. Diameter 100 m.

Distribution, Off Mackay, Queensland.

26. Actinoptychus trifolium Tempere and Brun (PI. 2, fig. 26a-c).

Brun et Tempere 1889, 13, 7, 3. A.S.A. 155, 12.

Cell in valve view polygonal with rounded corners; surface finely areolate, inner layer coarsely porulate; in valve view very twisted. Diameter 120-150/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Sub-Order AULISCINEAE Family AULISCACEAE Genus Asterolampra Ehr. 1845

27. Asterolampra dallasiana Greville (PL 2, fig. 27).

Greville 1860, 115, 4, 10.

A.S.A. 1890, 137, 18.

Cells discoid; valves circular, with about 8 wedge-shaped sectors divided by hyaline rays, and finely punctate; central hyaline area about l /$ diameter of valve; sectors joined to centre by straight lines. Diameter 60m.

Distribution. Coral Sea; Indian Ocean.

Genus Asteromphalus Ehr. 1844

28. Asteromphalus cleveanus Grunow (PI. 2, fig. 28).

Grunow in A.S.A. 1875, 38, 13, 14.

Valves markedly oval; rays numerous, central hyaline area about half diameter of valve; sectors faintly marked. Diameter, 40-60/*.

Distribution. Coral Sea; Lake Macquarie.

29. Asteromphalus brookei Bailey (PI. 2, fig. 29).

Bailey 1856, 2,1, 1.

A.S.A. 1875, 38, 21-23.

Boyer 1927, 73.

Valves circular, rays straight or angled, unbranched; segments numerous, with margins straight or curved, about half the radius, the two approximate segments with margins oblique towards centre; areolate, areolae diminishing from inner to outer portion of segments. Diameter 70-120/*.

Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans in tropical waters, 30. Asteromphalus heptactis (Brebisson) Rails (PI. 2, fig. 30).

Ralfs, in Pritchard, 1861, 838. Boyer 1927, 73.

Spatangidium heptactis Brebisson 1857, 296. Valves subcircular, hyaline area excentric, approximate rays longer than others, which are short and zig-zag; hyaline interspace between rays has a lunate line at its extremity, with a small marginal process; segments coarsely areolate. Diameter 50-70/*.

Distribution. Indian Ocean, Indonesian waters. 31. Asteromphalus-Coscinodiscus (PI. 2, fig. 31 a, b).

One valve has the characters of Coscinodiscus excentricus, the other of Asteromphalus heptactis except that the valve appears to be almost flat and not convoluted as in typical Asteromphalus or in the other cells of this type described by Wood, 1961, from the Antarctic. Several cells of this type were seen in three samples from the Timor Sea and Indonesian waters.

Genus Stictodisgus Greville 1861

32. Stictodiscus californicus Greville (PI. 2, fig. 32).

Greville 1861, 9, 79, 10, 1.

Cells discoid; valves circular or slightly deformed; with large radial puncta and broad, rather obscure hyaline rays becoming more evident near margin; marginal puncta smaller and more numerous, radiate. Diameter 40/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island; Oamaru, fossil (Grove & Sturt 1887, 66). 33. Stictodiscus hardmanianus Greville (PI. 2, fig. 33).

Greville 1865 b, 98, 8, 4.

A.S.A. 1886, 74, 8; 131, 5.

Cells discoid, valves circular; hyaline central area; lines of radiating puncta separated by hyaline rays; margin with close radial puncta. Diameter, 50m.

Distribution. Maclean, New South Wales; Oamaru (Gr. & St. 1887, 66). 34. Stictodiscus harrisonianus (Norm, and Grev.) Castr. (PI. 2, fig. 34),

Castracane 1886, 2, 112.

A.S.A. 1886, 75, 14-16.

Boyer 1927, 71.

Valves circular to triangular with straight or convex sides and sometimes slightly produced angles; rays strong, hyaline, radiate for over half radius, anastomosing, irregular towards centre, enclosing coarse puncta; marginal puncta radiate. Diameter 60-80 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters

35. Stictodiscus simplex, A.S. (PI. 2, fig. 35).

A.S.A. 1886, 74, 11.

Valves circular; puncta radial, separated by hyaline rays, large near centre, forming a single row between rays, replaced by two rows of smaller puncta nearer margin. Diameter, 60m.

Distribution. Sediments 20 miles south of Port Moresby.

Genus Cyglotella (Kiitzing) Brebisson 1838

36. Cyclotella comta (Ehr.) Kiitzing (PI. 2, fig. 36a).

Kiitzing 1849, 20.

Boyer 1916, 2,7; 1927, 40. Disco plea comta Ehr. 1844, 267.

Frustules not undulate, slightly inflated in girdle view; margin with radiate striae with an intramarginal zone apparently cellular, giving an appearance of spines; central portion of valve punctate or hyaline. Diameter, 30-40 m.

Distribution. Sahul Bank sediments, v. unipunctata Fricke (PI. 2, fig. 36b).

Fricke in A.S.A. 1900, 224, 5-12. Central area hyaline with a single punctum. Diameter 40m.

Distribution. Sediment off Port Moresby.

37. Cyclotella kuetzingiana Thwaites (PI. 2, fig. 37). Thwaites 1847, 8, 169. Boyer 1927, 38.

Frustules in girdle view angular, undulate; valves circular, central part with scattered puncta, margin striate, striae may be oblique as in the plate. Diameter, 15-30 m.

Distribution. Shallow water in the Timor Sea.

Genus Aulagodiscus Ehr. 1844

38. Aulacodiscus formosus Arnott (PI. 2, fig. 38).

Arnott in Pritchard 1861, 843.

A.S.A. 1875, 35, 7, 8.

Valves circular with irregular, hyaline central area and radiating lines of puncta rather similar to A. beeveriae but puncta more numerous and smaller and to A. margaritaceus, but with raised cunieform processes which are not apparent in the illustration. Diameter, 80/«.

Distribution. Sediments in Bate Bay, New South Wales. (34° S.).

Genus Auliscus Ehr. 1888

39. Auliscus compositus A.S. (PI. 2, fig. 39)

A.S.A. 1875, 30, 9.

Rattray 1888, 894.

Valves oblate, central area hyaline, stellate; elliptical area between the two processes with large, irregular areolae with a generally stellate arrangement and separated by irregularly reticulate meshwork; marginal area with radial subrectangular meshwork. Diameter, 120 m.

Distribution. In sediments off Port Moresby.

Family BIDDULPHIACEAE

Genus Cerataulina Peragallo 1892

40. Cerataulina curvata sp. nov. (PI. 5, fig. 4; PI. 2, fig. 40).

Gellae curvatae in serie; a duobus tuberis connectae; tuberis in extremis non oppositis. Cells in chains connected by two spined processes; frustules curved, in appearance much resembling Rhizosolenia stolterforthii, but adjacent cells more closely depressed, processes of upper and lower valves not opposite; connective zone with numerous intercalary bands, Rhizosolenia-like. Length, 30 to 50m.

Distribution. Common in plankton of Timor and Arafura Seas

41, Cerataulina sp. (PI. 5, fig, 5; PI. 2, fig. 41).

Cells cylindrical, in chains, attached by valve surface and two spined protuberances; aperture minute, thus differentiating this species from C. compacta and C. pelagica ; intercalary bands scale-like. Diameter, 45— 50 m.

Distribution. North-east Indian Ocean, planktonic

42. Cerataulina compacta Ostenfeld (PI. 2, fig. 42).

Ostenfeld 1901, in Ostenfeld and Schmidt, 153 a-d.

Cells cylindrical, much longer than broad; valves slightly concave, processes short; cells in straight chains or solitary, weakly siliceous; puncta fine. Diameter 40-50/*.

Distribution. North-west of Australia.

Genus Biddulphia Gray 1821

43. Biddulphia connecta sp. nov. (PI. 5, fig. 2).

Gellae binae; valvae circulares in medii in thalis sublatis cum duobus spinis longis et fasce filorum.

Cells in pairs, circular in valve view, subrotund in girdle view with narrow girdle zone and domed valves with raised central portion terminating in two long, angled spines; cells connected by a bundle of threads in a manner somewhat similar to Goscinosira. Diameter, 50m.

This form is placed provisionally in the genus Biddulphia though it may merit generic rank.

Distribution. Four cells observed in phytoplankton collected in the Java Sea. 44. Biddulphia sp. (PI. 5, fig. 3).

Cells solitary, hyaline; girdle zone annulate; valves rounded in valve view circular, with four blunt processes. Length 150 m.

Distribution. Arafura Sea.

Genus Trigeratium Ehr. 1839

45. Triceratium antedeluvianum (Ehr.) Grun. (PI. 3, fig. 43)

Grunow 1868, 24.

Amphitetras antedeluvianum Ehr. 1839, 142.

Biddulphia antedeluviana Boyer 1901, 716.

Hendey 1937, 274.

Cells solitary; valves quadrangular with concave sides, centre depressed; surface coarsely areolate, radiate in central portion and also concentric, subradiate in outer part. Diameter, 65m.

Distribution. Bottom deposits off Port Moresby

46. Triceratium bicorne Gleve (PI. 3, fig. 44).

Cleve 1878, 17, 5, 30.

A.S.A. 1886 78, 24, 25.

This form is referred to T. dubium Brightwell by Mills 1916—32 but the identity seems

doubtful. It is more closely related to T. reticulum but is much smaller. Valves quadrate with concave sides, one axis longer than the other; surface coarsely reticulate.

Distribution. Rawson Collection; Indonesian waters.

47. Triceratium biquadratum Janisch (PI. 3, fig. 45).

Janisch in A.S.A. 1886 98, 4-6.

Valves quadrilateral with slightly concave sides; angles rounded, with short, truncate processes, sculpture coarsely reticulate, central portion of valve raised with a circular or sub-rectangular depression between the centre and bases of the process; reticulations irregular, but with stronger radial lines in depressed portion of valve.

Hustedt synonymises this with T. balearicum as a variety, but Cleve (1881, 25) states distinctly that the sculpture of his species consists of “ rounded puncta arranged in lines radiating from the centre to the angles.”

Distribution. Rawson Collection from Dunedin area, slide 92.

48. Triceratium castelliferura Grunow (PI. 3, fig. 46).

Grunow in A.S.A. 128, 8, 17, 18; 152, 18.

Cells solitary; valves triangular with straight sides; surface punctate; in girdle view valves have long, capitate processes; girdle deep, punctate in rows parallel with the longitudinal axis. Diameter, 50m.

Distribution. Bottom sediment off Port Moresby.

49. Triceratium constellatum Tempere et Brun (PI. 3, fig. 47).

Brun et Tempere 1889, 61, 6, 12.

A.S.A. 159, 10.

Valves triangular, margins slightly convex; surface irregularly punctate, puncta more numerous near margins; processes blunt, not extending beyond valve margin, with rows of fine puncta. Diameter, 80m.

Distribution. On reefs, Lord Howe Island; off Mackay, Queensland

50. Triceratium picturatum Greville (PI. 3, fig. 48).

Greville, 1866, 9, 19.

Valves triangular, margins slightly convex, processes blunt, rounded, slightly capitate, hyaline; surface of valve punctate, puncta forming three small circles midway along sides and radiating more or less distinctly from these circles to margins and processes. Diameter, 60m.

Distribution. Dunedin, N.Z. (Rawson Coll, slide 52).

51. Triceratium papillatum Grove and Stmt (PI. 3, fig. 49). Grove and Sturt 1887, 76, 6, 14.

A.S.A. 128, 16.

Valves triangular with concave sides and rounded ends; with prominent nipple-shaped processes; centre raised wtih a few stout spines; valve surface with scattered puncta. Diameter, 40/*.

Distribution. Timor Sea, sediments; Oamaru (Gr. and St.).

52. Triceratium scitulum Brightwell (PI. 3, fig. 50).

Brightwell 1853, 246, 250, 4, 9.

A.S.A. 1886, 84, 5, 6.

Valves quadrate with concave sides; processes cylindrical, extending beyond ends of valve; valve surface convex, coarsely areolate, areolae larger in the centre. Diameter, 45m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters in shallows.

53. Triceratium spinosum Bailey (PI. 3, fig. 51).

Bailey 1844, 46, 39.

A.S.A. 1886, 87, 2-5.

Biddulphia spinosum Boyer 1901, 703; 1927, 127.

Cell with girdle zone wider than valves, the latter domed, with digitate processes; in valve view triangular or quadrangular, with straight or slightly concave sides; surface reticulate; several spines occur near margin. Diameter, 85m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Genus Hemiaulus Ehr. 1844

54. Hemiaulus polycistinorum Ehr. (PI. 5, fig. 6).

Ehrenberg 1854, 36.

A.S.A. 143, 23-29.

Boyer 1927, 142.

Valves lanceolate, concave with a narrow, longitudinal keel on surface, horns long, slightly sigmoid, with stout spines; surface coarsely reticulate, meshes prominent on the horns; chloroplasts 2. Length of valve 100/t. Boyer doubted whether this was an extant species; the presence of chloroplasts proves this

Distribution. In plankton sample off Flores.

Family CHAETOCERACEAE Genus Chaetoceros Ehr. 1844

55. Chaetoceros dadayi Pavillard (PI. 5, fig. 7)

Pavillard 1913, 131, 2b.

Cupp 1943, 109, 64.

Cells usually in short chains; apertures small or absent; setae arising from valve corners, rudimentary on one side, on the other side one seta directed posteriorly, the other anteriorly, setae hirsute; chromatophores numerous, extending into setae. Diameter, 10/*.

Distribution. Frequent but never abundant in Indonesian waters and the Arafura Sea.

56. Chaetoceros seriacanthum Gran (PI. 5, fig. 8).

Gran 1897, 21, 3, 39-41.

Gran and Angst 1931, 478, 62.

Cells in straight chains, not touching at corners; apertures elliptical to rectangular; setae thin, issuing just inside slightly rounded corners, directed posteriorly; notch between valves and girdle; terminal setae diverging. Diameter, 25m.

Distribution. North-east Indian Ocean.

57. Chaetoceros sp. (PI. 5, fig. 9).

Cells in short chains, cylindrical, with domed valves, slightly rostrate, connected by a central spine; setae arising within valve corners, then turning abruptly parallel to chain axis. Diameter, 20m.

Distribution. Off Onslow, W.A., in phytoplankton

58. Chaetoceros sp. (PI. 5, fig. 10).

Cells in chains attached by most of valve surface; apertures very reduced; setae fine, very short, emerging from rounded corners of valve; chromatophores numerous, plate-like: somewhat resembles Ch. armatum West but has not the fatty integument or the branched setae and the chains do not taper. Diameter, 40m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

59. Chaetoceros tetrastichon Cleve (PI. 5, fig. 11).

Cleve 1897, 22, 1, 7.

Cupp 1943, 108, 63.

Cells in short chains; chains straight; valve surface flat, apertures almost absent, terminal valve domed; setae arising from valve margins at right angles to chain axis then

turning parallel to this axis posteriorly, spined, not opposite; chromatophores numerous, extending into setae. Diameter, 20/t.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea.

Sub-Order SOLENIINEAE Family BACTERIAGEAE

Genus Bacteriastrum Shadbolt 1854

60. Bacteriastrum elongatum Gleve (PI. 5, fig. 16).

Cleve 1897 a, 19, 1, 19.

Hust. in A.S.A. 1920, 328, 10.

Cells cylindrical, in chains; valves circular in outline, hyaline; cells joined by about six setae, united at junction; setae straight, terminal setae curved posteriorly, spinulate. Diameter, 10/*.

Distribution. Timor and Arafura Sea.

Family RHIZISOLENIAGEAE

Genus Rhizosolenia Ehr. (em. Brightw.) 1858

61. Rhizosolenia arafurensis sp. nov. (PI. 5, fig. 12).

Gellae gracillimae; valvae conicae in processis cavis et obtusis extensis; vittis squamosis.

Cells slender, solitary; valves conical, slightly rounded at junction with girdle zone, tapering to hollow spines with rounded ends; intercalary bands scale-like. Length 150—220/*.

Distribution. Arafura Sea, north of Darwin. 62. Rhizosolenia curvatulus sp. nov. (PI. 5, fig. 13).

Cellae gracillimae et curvatae; valvae hemisphericae cum setis tenuis ad R. cylindrus similis; vittis squamosis.

A small, slender, curved species with rounded valves ending in a curved, thread-like spine resembling that of R. cylindrus; intercalary bands scale-like; cells often in pairs or threes; differs from R. stolterforthii in the shape of the valves and spines, and the slenderness of the cells. Length, 100/*.

Distribution. Coral Sea; North-east Indian Ocean, Arafura Sea and Indonesian waters; not common.

63. Rhizosolenia cochlea Brun (PI. 5, fig. 15). Brun 1891, 43, 19, 9.

R. calcar avis v. cochlea Ostenfeld 1901, 228, 5.

Cells stout with rounded valves ending in a spur-like spine directed almost parallel to transverse axis of cell; connecting zone with numerous intercalary bands. Length, 100200^.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

64. Rhizosolenia hyalina Ostenfeld (PI. 5, fig. 14).

Ostenfeld and Schmidt 1901 (Red Sea).

Cells solitary, broad, hyaline; valves tapering into a long, hollow spine, not rounded at junction with girdle; connecting zone hyaline, no intercalary banding observed. Length, 300/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Genus Guinardia H. Peragallo 1892

65. Guinardia blavyana H. Peragallo (PI. 5, fig. 17).

Peragallo 1892, 107, 13, 2. Karsten 1906, 161, 29, 3,3 a.

Cells in chains, cylindrical; frustule more strongly silicified than that of G. flaccida; valves somewhat undulate, adjacent; intercalary bands overlapping, evident; chromatophores numerous. Length 50-70/*, diameter 20-40/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea

66. Guinardia victoriae Karsten (PI. 5, fig. 18).

Karsten 1906, 161, 29, 5.

Cells in chains, evenly bent on longitudinal axis, more markedly so than that depicted by Karsten, but variable; valves and intercalary bands as in G. blavyana. Diameter, 20-40/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea.

Sub-Order ARAPHIDINEAE

Family FRAGILARIAGEAE

Genus Diatoma De Candolle 1805

67. Diatoma vulgare Bory (PI. 6, fig. 19).

Bory 1828, 20.

Boyer 1916, 10, 9, 10; 1927, 174.

Frustules quadrangular, sides straight or slightly constricted, valves lanceolate with rounded apices; costae unequal, transverse; pore present at one end of valve. Length 40/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters

Genus Campylosira Grunow 1880-85

Cells in bands connected by delicate plates with numerous ribs; cells in girdle view curved, ventral valve being less convex than dorsal, or concave; no pseudoraphe or hyaline areas.

68. Campylosira cymbelliformis (A. Schmidt) Grunow (PI. 6, fig. 20).

Cells in bands united by ribbed plates on valves, fusiform, with clavate ends, dorsal valve more convex than ventral; areolate in more or less longitudinal rows. Length, 40/*. Distribution. Off Darwin.

Genus Thalassiothrix Cleve and Grunow 1880

69. Thalassiothrix heteromorpha Karsten (PI. 6, fig. 21a, b). Karsten 1906, 397, 12, 11.

T. delicatula Cupp 1943, 188, 137.

Cells solitary, very long and tenuous with tapering base and paddle-shaped apex in valve view; striae fine; base not swollen as in T. mediterranea and fan-shaped colonies not formed. Length 500—1,000/*. Cupp distinguished her species by greater twisting and length and fineness of striations, but such differences can be expected from Antarctic and tropical regions and there seems no reason to justify separation of the forms into separate species.

Distribution. Indonesian waters and Arafura Sea.

70. Thalassiothrix mediterranea Pavillard (PI. 6, fig. 22a-c).

Pavillard 1916, 39, 2, 3.

Cells slender, long, frequently united by their tapering basal portions into fan-shaped colonies; base tapered to a blunt point, slightly swollen above; apex rounded in valve, blunt in girdle view; surface faintly striate. Length, 500-1,000/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Genus Synedra Ehr. 1830

71. Synedra tabulata (Agardh) KUtzing (PI. 3, fig. 52)

Kutzing 1844, 68, 15, X, 1-3.

Boyer 1927, 206.

S. affinis Kiitz. 1844, 68, 15, 6,9, 25 1-5.

Diatoma tabulata Agardh 1832, 40.

Valves fusiform-lanceolate with obtuse, rostrate to slightly capitate ends; striae marginal; pseudoraphe broadly lanceolate. Length 80-1 50m.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island, in shallows; northern Coral Sea; Indonesia; recorded as S. affinis from Kerguelen by Heiden and Kolbe, 1928.

72. Synedra rostrata (Hantzsch) A.S. (PI. 3, fig. 53).

A.S.A. 1920, 305.

Toxarium rostratum Hantzsch in Rabenhorst 1863, 1, 19. Valves elongate, tumid in the middle and at ends; puncta scattered or in arcuate rows; frustules arcuate. Length 500 m.

Distribution. Planktonic, marine at Lord Howe Island

Genus Entopyla Ehr. 1848

73. Entopyla ocellata (Arnott) Grunow (PL 3, fig. 54).

E. ocellata v. pulchella has already been described in Part V.

The present typical form is more lanceolate and smaller than v. pulchella

Distribution. Port Hacking; sediments off Port Moresby and by Heiden and Kolbe 1928, from Kerguelen.

Genus Plagiogramma Greville 1859

74. Plagiogramma spinosum Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 55).

Cleve 1881, 4, 55.

Boyer 1927, 178.

Valves constricted in the middle and with rostrate, blunt ends; pseudoraphe scarcely evident; central space rounded as shown by Cleve (not oblong as in Boyer) ; terminal spaces elongate; valve surface punctate in transverse rows; marginal spines present. Length, 75/*.

Distribution. Sediments 20 miles south of Port Moresby. 75. Plagiogramma validum Greville (PI. 3, fig. 56).

Greville 1859, 7, 209. Boyer 1927, 179.

Valves linear-lanceolate, slightly inflated in the middle; central space oblong, terminal spaces semicircular; pseudoraphe evident; valve surface with transverse rows of puncta. Length 80-90 m.

Distribution. Sediments at 20m off Port Moresby

Genus Cymatosira Grunow 1862

76. Cymatosira lorenziana Grunow (PI. 3, fig. 57).

Described with line drawing in Part IV. Plate illustration. Distribution. Timor Sea.

Genus Pseudoeunotia Grunow

Cells united into bands by valve surfaces, forming a semicircular band; valves linear with arcuate dorsal and straight or slightly curved ventral margins; pseudoraphe and nodules absent.

77. Pseudoeunotia doliolus (Wallich) Grunow (PL 3. fig. 58).

Grunow 1880-85 in van Heurck, 35, 22.

Cupp 1943, 190, 140.

Synedra doliolus Wallich 1860, 48, 2, 19.

Cells united into semicircular bands by valve surfaces; valves with arcuate dorsal and straight ventral margins and bluntly rounded ends; no nodules or pseudoraphe; surface with transverse striae separated by two rows of fine areolae. Length, 40-50,".

Distribution. Common in Indonesian waters, found in Coral Sea.

Genus Climacosphenia Ehr, 1841

78, Climacosphenia elongata Bailey (PL 3, fig. 59).

Bailey 1853, 7,8, 3, 10, 11.

A.S.A. 308, 5-10.

Frustules flabellate, on long branching stipes, narrowly cuneate; valves clavate, rounded at apex, slightly rounded at base; septa 2, with numerous oval foramina. Length 150-200/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island; Madras by Subrahmanyan 1946

Sub-Order MONORAPHIDINEAE

Family ACHNANTHAGEAE

Genus Campyloneis Grunow 1862

79. Campyloneis sp. (PI. 3, figs. 60a, b).

Cells elliptical in outline; upper valve with raphe and narrow axial area with transverse and longitudinal striae, the latter parallel to the margin, forming a square pattern, longitudinal striae absent towards inner part of valve forming an elliptic-lanceolate area; lower valve punctate, with depressed elliptic-lanceolate central portion and distinct, punctate margin; between valves a series of loculi with a central rib. Length, 40—50/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island (fresh water).

Genus Cocconeis Ehr. 1838 em. Grun. 1868

80. Cocconeis disculus (Schum.) Cleve (PL 3, figs. 61a, b).

Cleve 1895, 172.

Hustedt 1933, 345, 799.

Navicula disculus Schumann 1864, 21, 2, 23.

Valves flat, elliptic lanceolate to elliptic; upper valve with evident pseudoraphe and coarse oblong striae, lower valve with straight raphe, narrow axial area, small central nodule and fine striae. Length 25—30/*.

Distribution. Off Port Moresby on surface of sediments. 81. Cocconeis nummularia (Greville) Peragallo (PL 3, fig. 62)

Peragallo 1897, 3,8, 9.

Hustedt 1933, 334, 548.

Navicula nummularia Greville 1859, 6, 249, 5, 6. Valves flat, elliptical; upper valve with punctate radial striae and lanceolate pseudoraphe; lower valve with straight raphe narrow axial area; valve surface with transverse punctate striae interrupted by lyrate hyaline areas resembling those of Navicula forcipata. Length, 40/«.

Distribution. Bottom sediments off Port Moresby,

82. Cocconeis pseudomarginata Gregory (PL 3, fig. 63).

Gregory 1857, 20, 1, 27.

Hustedt 1933, 359, 813.

Cells elliptical; valves, upper with radial transapical striae interrupted by several arcuate depressions on either side of lanceolate axial area; lower valve with straight raphe and radial lines of puncta terminating short of the margin in single larger puncta forming a sub-marginal ring. Length 35-50/*.

Distribution. Port Hacking; recorded by Bunbury 1902 from Tasmania, Petit 1877 from Lyall Bay, Grove and Sturt 1887 from Oamaru (fossil) and Heiden and Kolbe 1928 from St. Paul,

Sub-Order BIRAPHIDINEAE

Family NAVICULACEAE Genus Navicula Bory 1794

83. Navicula acus Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 64).

Cleve 1894, 106, 3, 29, 30.

Cells in girdle view with rounded valves, in valve view naviculate with acute ends; raphe straight, striae transverse, faint; cell rectilinearly cuspidate. Length, 150-200/*.

Distribution. Common in phytoplankton in Coral Sea, Arafura Sea and Indonesian waters.

84. Navicula humerosa Breb. v. arabica (Grunow) Peragallo (PI. 3, fig. 65).

Peragallo 1897, 146, 27, 23.

N. arabica Grunow in A.S.A. 1875, 6, 14.

Form as in type but puncta more distant especially towards centre of valve, and resembling in their distribution those of N. granulata. This was referred by Cleve 1895, 49, to iV. brasiliensis v. bicuneata.

Distribution. Timor Sea.

85. Navicula cancellata Donkin (PI. 3, fig. 66).

Donkin 1871, 55.

Boyer 1927, 398. Valves linear-lanceolate, ends subacute, rounded; axial area indistinct, assymmetrical;

central area circular; striae coarse, transverse.

v. retusa (Brebisson) Cleve. Gleve 1894, 30.

Navicula retusa Brebisson 1867, 116, 6.

Valves linear, ends rounded. Length, 100,«-. Distribution. Indonesian waters.

86. Navicula clavata Gregory (PI. 3, fig. 67).

Gregory 1856, 46, 5, 17.

A.S.A. 1886, 70, 50.

Boyer 1927, 415. Valves elliptic, ends rostrate; raphe straight, curved at ends; axial areas narrow,

dilated at centre to form a very broadly lyrate hyaline area reaching the margin on each side of the axial area but separated from it by transverse punctata striae; marginal striae transverse to radial, punctate. Length, 75-90/*.

Distribution. Sediments in Port Moresby region. 87. Navicula cronullensis sp. nov. (PI. 3, fig. 68).

Navicula sp. n. A.S.A. 1875, 6, 35. Cellae solitariae; valvae ovatae, terminibus obtusis, cum striis punctatis tenuis, punctis proximis distantioribus; vide Schmidt, 6, 35.

Cells solitary; valves elliptical with slightly acute but rounded ends; raphe straight; axial area narrow; central area small, circular; surface finely striate, punctate, striae marked near valve margin but puncta more distant nearer axial area. This species is depicted by Schmidt and is united with other forms which he suggested are a new species but did not name. Two of the illustrations are later referred to N. glacialis Grunow, but no name appears to have been given to A.S.A. 6, 35. The species could be a variety of the highly variable N. granulata. As Schmidt did not give a locality for his specimens the name Cronullensis refers to the locality of my specimens.

Distribution. Port Hacking.

88. Navicula directa (W. Smith) Ralfs (PI. 6, fig. 23).

Ralfs 1861, 906.

Karsten 1905, 18, 1.

A.S.A. 1875, 47, 1-5.

Boyer 1927, 395.

Pinnularia directa W. Smith 1853, 56, 18, 172.

Valves naviculate, ends acute; axial area indistinct; raphe straight; central area small; striae transverse, fine; chromatophores H-shaped. Length, 70-100/*.

Distribution. Indonesian and Arafura Sea waters.

Genus Mastogloia Thwaites 1856

89. Mastogloia delicatula Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 69).

Cleve 1894, 16, 1, 20. Hustedt 1933, 483, 904.

Valves elliptic-lanceolate with rostrate ends; raphe bent; axial and central areas narrow; valves slightly depressed each side of raphe to about half way to margin; surface punctate, puncta arranged in three intersecting systems; loculi of even size, numerous, reaching apices. Length, 35-45/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island (common) ; off Port Moresby, in sediments.

90. Mastogloia elegans Lewis (PI. 3, fig. 70).

Lewis 1865, 19, 1, 9.

Hustedt 1933, 498, 924.

Valves semielliptic with rostrate ends; loculi small, numerous, rectangular with widest sides parallel to margin; raphe sinuate; valve surface striate parallel to transverse axis with wavy longitudinal ribs. Length, 70/*.

Distribution. Great Barrier Reef, near Mackay,

91. Mastogloia jelineckii (Grunow) Grunow (PI. 3, fig. 71).

Grunow 1867, 99, 1, 11.

Hustedt 1937, 544, 977.

Navicula jelineckii Grunow 1863, 151, 5, 12.

Valves elliptic-lanceolate to rhombic-lanceolate with more or less rostrate ends; raphe straight or slightly curved; axial area narrow; loculi narrow, numerous, even; inner portion of valve surface raised above marginal portion, which is continuous with a narrow linear area adjacent to axial area; striae transverse, outer part crossed by longitudinal striae of two orders at about 60°. Length, 80-100/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby

92. Mastogloia ovulum Hustedt 1933 (PI. 6, fig. 24).

Hustedt 1933, 474, 648.

Valves elliptic or elongate-elliptic; raphe straight or slightly undulating; axial and central areas narrow; valves areolate-punctate in transapical rows and straight but irregular longitudinal rows; loculi narrow, ovate, few, reaching apex, varying in number and spacing. Length, 20-30/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island (common) ; Borneo (Hustedt)

Genus Diploneis Ehr. 1840

93. Diploneis adonis (Brun) Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 72).

Cleve 1894, 85.

Hustedt 1937, 613, 1027. Navicula adonis Brun 1889, 41, 5, 3.

Valves linear-elliptic more or less constricted in the middle, ends rounded; central nodule moderate, quadrate; horns diverging from the middle, converging towards ends; transapical ribs strong, radial, not reaching margin. Length 100-135/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby, 94. Diploneis bombus Ehr. (PI. 3, fig. 73).

Ehr. 1844, 19, 31. A description was given in Part IV, but only v. bombiformis recorded. Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

95. Diploneis gemmata (Greville) Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 74).

Cleve 1894, 98.

This species was described in Part IV, but only v. pristiophora recorded and figured. Length, 120/*.

Distribution. Sediments at 20m off Port Moresby. 96. Diploneis mediterranea (Grunow) Cleve (PI. 3, fig. 75)

Gleve 1894, 82.

Hustedt 1937, 596, 1014.

Navicula gemmata v. mediterranea Grunow in A.S.A. 1875, 8, 42. Valves elliptic to linear-elliptic with convex or parallel sides; central nodule small, quadrate; horns parallel or slightly diverging from base; chambers not divided. Length, 60/*.

Distribution. Sediments south of Port Moresby,

97. Diploneis pseudobombiformis Hustedt (PI. 3, fig. 76).

Hustedt 1937, 708, 1087.

Resembles D. bombus in shape but is nearer D. adonis; longitudinal ribs are absent; inner openings to loculi present and a band crossing the transapical ribs is marked. Length, 80/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

Genus Pinnularia Ehr. 1843

98. Pinnularia stauroptera v. interrupta Gleve (PI. 4, fig. 77).

Cleve 1895, 83.

Boyer 1916, 30, 11.

Valve shape as for type (Pt. II), but central area much larger; stauros much wider and striae much shorter, particularly in the central region.

Distribution. Botany swamps near Sydney, fresh water.

Genus Trachyneis Cleve 1894

99. Trachyneis antillarum Gleve (PI. 4, fig. 78).

Cleve 1878, 5,8, 2, 11.

Boyer 1927, 429.

Valves lanceolate, ends obtuse, rounded; raphe curved; axial area unilaterally broad and lanceolate, on opposite side narrow, dilated into rounded central area; alveoli in transverse to radial rows; surface of valve rounded. Length, 130-200 m. Distribution. In sediments off Port Moresby.

Genus Pleurosigma W. Smith 1853

100. Pleurosigma acuminatum (Kiitzing) Grunow (PI. 6, fig. 25).

Grunow 1860, 561, 4, 6.

Frustulia acuminata Kiitzing 1833, 14, 39.

Navicula acuminata Kiitzing 1844, 102, 4, 26, 30, 15.

Valves sigmoid, sides parallel in the middle, then sharply bent, acute; ends acute or rounded; raphe central, sigmoid; striae transverse and longitudinal. Length, 120/t.

Distribution. Shallow waters in Indonesian region.

101. Pleurosigma arcticum Cleve (PI. 6, fig. 26).

Cleve 1894, 4, 119.

Both margins of valve continuously sigmoid, raphe evenly sigmoid, close to outer margin near apices. Length 50-70^.

Distribution. Planktonic off Solomon Islands.

102. Pleurosigma distortum W. Smith (PI. 6, fig. 27).

Valves lanceolate with abruptly bent, subrostrate ends, sides evenly rounded; raphe central, sigmoid; striae longitudinal and transverse. Length, 60-100 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters and Arafura Sea in plankton.

103. Pleurosigma elongatum W. Smith (PI. 6, fig. 28).

Valves lanceolate, rather slender, sigmoid, ends acute, tapering; raphe central sigmoid; striae oblique. Length, 150-200/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea. 104. Pleurosigma galapagense Gleve (Pi. 6, fig. 29)

Cleve 1894, 36, 4, 16.

Boyer 1927, 469.

Valves linear-lanceolate, slightly sigmoid at ends; raphe central, slightly bent at ends; striae oblique. Length 140-1 80m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea; northern Coral Sea and Torres Strait.

105. Pleurosigma heros Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 79; PI. 6, fig. 35).

Gleve 1894, 44, 4, 20.

Valves lanceolate, somewhat angular in the middle, resembling P. angulatum; ends, however, are only slightly bent and acute; raphe sigmoid, central; valve surface with oblique striae. Length, 150 m.

Distribution. North of Kangaroo Island, South Australia, in plankton. Type locality, Macassar Strait.

106. Pleurosigma majus (Grunow) Cleve (PI. 6, fig. 30).

Cleve 1894, 44, 4, 15.

P. speciosum v. major Grunow in Gleve and Grun. 1880. Valves lanceolate, slightly sigmoid, slightly wider at the middle, ends subacute, rounded; raphe central, displaced near ends; striae oblique. Length, 130 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

107. Pleurosigma simile Grunow (PI. 6, fig. 31).

Grunow in Cleve and Grunow 1880, 56.

Gyrosigma simile Boyer 1916, 76, 23, 4; 1927.

Valves very slightly sigmoid, sides parallel, ends rounded, obtuse; raphe more sigmoid than valve margins, nearly central; striae transverse and longitudinal. Length, 120 m.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

108. Pleurosigma strigosum W. Smith (PI. 6, fig. 32).

W. Smith 1853, 64, 21, 203.

Valves lanceolate, sigmoid; sides evenly rounded, ends subacute; raphe strongly sigmoid, excentric at ends; striae oblique. Length, 150-200^.

Distribution. Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea.

Genus Caloneis Cleve 1894

109. Caloneis bicuneata (Grunow) Boyer (PI. 4, fig. 80).

Boyer 1927, 311.

Navicula bicuneata Grunow 1860, 10, 546.

A.S.A. 1875, 50, 37.

Valves lanceolate, sigmoid; sides evenly rounded, ends subacute; raphe strongly sigmoid, raphe curved; central area small, circular; longitudinal lines irregular; surface striate, punctate. Length, 100-200 m.

Distribution. Lake Macquarie; sediments south of Port Moresby.

110. Caloneis ophiocephala (Cleve and Grove) Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 81).

Cleve 1894, 66.

Navicula ophiocephala Cleve and Grove 1887, 57, 9, 13.

Valves with lanceolate ends, round middle part and constricted between; raphe straight; axial area swollen in the middle and in each lobe; striae transverse, interrupted. Length, 75m.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

111. Caloneis permagna (Bailey) Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 82).

Cleve 1894, 59.

Navicula permagna Bailey 1850, 2, 40.

Valves ovate-lanceolate with ends more or less produced; raphe nearly straight; axial area narrow, linear, striae radiate, indistinctly punctate; longitudinal lines double. Length, 150/*.

Distribution. Sediments 20 miles south of Port Moresby,

Genus Amphiprora Ehr. 1843

112. Amphiprora gigantea Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 83)

Grunow 1860, 568, 4, 12.

Gleve 1894, 1, 6.

Frustules sharply constricted; raphe sigmoid, junction line arcuate; striae curved, punctate; dorsal puncta appear in rows in three directions; more ventral puncta in transverse curved striae. Length, 150/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Genus Tropidoneis Cleve 1891

113. Tropidoneis approximata Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 84; PL 6, fig. 33a, b).

Cleve 1894, 26, 3, 20.

Boyer 1927, 480.

Valves narrow, lanceolate, ends acute, valve very convex; central area indistinct; wing unilateral, close to raphe. Length, 200-300/*.

Distribution. Coral Sea; Indonesian waters; Arafura Sea. Type locality Java.

114. Tropidoneis maxima (Gregory) Cleve (PI. 6, fig. 34a, b).

Cleve 1894, 26, 3, 24, 25.

Boyer 1927, 480.

Amphiprora maxima Gregory 1957, 507. Frustules constricted; wing elevated above central nodule; valves lanceolate; wing unilateral; striae fine. Length, 150/*.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

Family GYMBELLACEAE

Genus Amphora Ehr. 1840

115. Amphora acuta v. labyrinthula (Grunow) Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 85) Cleve 1895, 4, 23.

As for type (Part IV) but surface with irregular rows of puncta.

Distribution. Indonesian waters.

116. Amphora groenlandica Cleve (PI. 4, fig. 86).

Cleve 1895, 128, 4, 1.

Valves with arcuate dorsal, straight ventral margins; raphe straight or slightly biarcuate, close to ventral margin; axial area linear; transverse rows of puncta on dorsal and ventral sides of raphe. Length 70-100/*.

Distribution. Off Mackay, Queensland

117. Amphora corpulenta Cleve and Grove (PI. 4, fig. 87).

Cleve and Grove 1891, 68, 10, 14.

Valves papillionate; ventral margin slightly convex; raphe ventral, almost parallel to margin; dorsal margin almost semicircular but with central indentation; striae transverse, punctate, puncta more numerous towards dorsal margin. Length, 150/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

Genus Gomphogymbella O. Muller 1905

118. Gomphocymbella bmnii (Fricke) O. Muller (PI. 4, fig. 88).

O. Muller 1905, 150, 1, 2-3.

Gomphonema brunii Fricke in A.S.A. 238, 4-6.

Valves asymmetric with respect to longitudinal and transverse axes, one side strongly convex, the other almost straight, ends slightly rostrate; raphe curved, axial area narrow, linear; striae coarse, transverse. Length, 40/*.

Distribution. Sydney water supply.

Genus Gomphonema Agardh 1824

119. Gomphonema constrictum Ehr. (PL 4, fig. 89).

Described in Part IV, but not illustrated.

Distribution. Sydney and Wellington water supplies.

Family BAG ILL ARI ACE AE

Genus Nitzschia Hass. em. Grunow 1880

120. Nitzschia distans Gregory (PI. 4, fig. 90)

Gregory 1857, 530, 14, 103, 103 b. Boyer 1927, 512.

Described in Part IV but not figured.

Distribution. In plankton off Mackay, Queensland.

121. Nitzschia gruendleri Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 91).

Grunow 1878, 14, 4, 24. Valves linear with subconical subacuate ends; keel excentric; keel costae wide, uneven.

Length, 180/*.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island.

122. Nitzschia hungarica Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 92). Grunow 1862, 568.

Described in Part 11. Present figure is much clearer.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island; present along east Australian coast. 123. Nitzschia kittlii Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 93).

Grunow 1882, 155, 29, 24, 25.

A.S.A. 347, 15, 16.

Valves bean-shaped, coarsely striate, ends rostrate; no longitudinal fold; keel puncta

even.

Distribution. Sahul Bank.

124. Nitzschia linearis (Agardh) W. Smith (PI. 4, fig. 94).

W. Smith 1853, 39, 13, 110.

Boyer 1927, 518.

Frustulia linearis Agardh fide W. Smith..

Frustule linear, narrow, attenuate towards truncate ends; valves linear, attenuate, slightly curved but not sigmoid, ends truncate; keel puncta even but two median distant; striae transverse. Length, 150^.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island, fresh water.

125. Nitzschia mediterranea Hustedt (PL 4, fig. 95)

Hustedt in A.S.A. 1912, 331, 22.

Valves deeply constricted in the middle into two sub-circular parts with rostrate ends; fold evident; keel puncta even; valve surface with large hexagonal areolae. Length, 70/*.

Distribution. Sediments off Port Moresby.

126. Nitzschia recta Hantzsch (PI. 4, fig. 96).

Hantzsch in Rabenhorst 1864, 1283.

A.S.A. 334, 19-21.

Frustule linear, ends truncate; valves linear with attenuate ends; keel puncta distinct, more distant near centre of valve. Length, 120/*.

Distribution. Sydney water supply.

127. Nitzschia vermicularis (Kiitzing) Hantzsch (PL 4, fig. 97).

Hantzsch in Rabenhorst 1864, 1, 155.

Synedra vermicularis Kiitzing 1844, 67.

Valves linear, sigmoid, attenuated towards the obtusely rounded ends, almost rostrate Length, 160/*.

Distribution. Off Mackay, Queensland; Lord Howe Island (fresh water).

Genus Hantzschia Grunow 1880

128. Hantzschia marina (Donkin) Grunow (PL 4, fig. 98).

Grunow in Gleve and Grunow 1880, 105.

Boyer 1916, 32, 22; 1927, 527.

Epithemia marina Donkin 1858, 29, 3, 14.

Valves with dorsal margin slightly concave, ventral almost straight, ends rostrate, curved; keel puncta prolonged into costae extending across valve, with striae formed by a double row of puncta between costae. Length 100 m.

Distribution. Lord Howe Island.

Sub-Order SURIRELLINEAE

Family SURIRELLACEAE

Genus Surirella Turpin 1828

129. Surirella arachnoidea sp. nov. (PI. 4, fig. 99).

Valve ovate, cum area depressa et margine levata; costis 8-9, elevatis ad marginem areae, turn depressis.

Valves elliptic-ovate; central area depressed, with raised margin giving an arachnoid appearance to the valve; costae 8-9, coarse, abruptly raised at margin of central area, then abruptly depressed, meeting at central ridge. Length 40-S(K Somewhat like S. fluminensis Grunow, differing in shape of valve surface.

Distribution. Indonesian waters

130. Surirella neumeyeri Janisch (PI. 4, fig. 100).

Jan. Gaz. 31, 33.

A.S.A. 1886, 56, 1.

Valves reniform, with radiating septa and narrowly reniform axial area. Length, 120 m

Distribution. Cook Strait.

Genus Campylodiscus Ehr. 1841

131. Campylodiscus brightwellii Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 101).

Grunow 1862, 445, 9,5; in A.S.A. 1875, 15, 6, 7.

C. kinkeri, A.S.A. 207, 16.

Valves sub-spherical to ovate; marginal costae coarse, radiate: area elliptical to subrectangular, coarsely costate; median space narrow, lanceolate. Diameter 60-70 m.

Distribution. Timor Sea.

132. Campylodiscus pacificus Grunow (PI. 4, fig. 102).

Grunow in A.S.A. 1875, 16, 12.

Valves circular to sub-circular in outline, central area depressed, elliptical: costae anastomosing close to margin and near central area; central area elliptic, finely striate, median space difficult to distinguish. Length, 60-80 m.

Distribution. Sediments south of Port Moresby.

133. Campylodiscus thuretii Brebisson (PI. 6, fig. 36)

Brebisson 1854, 13.

A.S.A. 1886, 51, 15, 16. Boyer 1927, 554.

Valves almost circular, costae wide; central area lanceolate, traversed by transverse lines. Diameter 50m.

Distribution. Arafura Sea.

Conclusion

Quantitative and qualitative studies have shown that, in tropical and subtropical waters of the Southern Hemisphere, diatoms are largely neritic. In Antarctic and sub-Antarctic waters, many species are Oceanic. It will be recognized that many species in this paper, though recorded from the plankton, belong to genera associated with the benthos, and are no doubt carried into the plankton by turbulence. Such species belong to the Pleurosigmas, Cyclotellas, Biddulphias,

Triceratiums as well as many of the Coscinodiscaceae. They were most frequent in plankton from the shallow Timor and Arafura Seas, the waters inside the Great Barrier Reef and the island chains.

Study of the sediment flora of the coral shelf south of Port Moresby revealed a typical benthic flora, but included parts of the setae of Chaetoceros messanense and valves of Rhizosolenia, thus differing from the floras of sediments from deeper waters.

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