Lichens from Cape Hallett Area, Antarctica

Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Botany, Volume 2, Issue 5, 19 April 1963, Page 59

Lichens from Cape Hallett Area, Antarctica

J. Murray

By

[.Received by Editor, April 30, 1962.]

The largest collections of Antarctic lichens so far reported have been made in Graham Land (Hue, 1915 —112 species). Marie Byrd and King Edward VII Land (Dodge and Baker, 1938—89 species) and the Australian Sector (Dodge, 1948—64 species), and other smaller collections have increased the total number. Compared with these totals, the number of species so far recorded from South Victoria Land by several expeditions is small (less than 40), but most of these appear without comment in lists of species identified and some of the records are very doubtful. Collections have been made previously from Gape Adare, 70 miles north of Cape Hallett, but only about 14 species seem to be represented, so it is evident that the flora of the area is but poorly known. During the summer of 1957-58 collections were made by W. G. Croll, E. B. Fitzgerald, H. J. Harrington and I. C. McKellar from several places in the Cape Hallett district, and these include 30 lichen and four moss species or varieties. These specimens are deposited in the Dominion Museum, Wellington. Localities cited in this account are all shown on the New Zealand Lands and Survey Department map of Tucker Glacier, 1:250,000 (N.Z.M.S. 166) by E. B. Fitzgerald.

The present account deals with the lichen specimens collected and lodged in the Dominion Museum, together with a few from the N.Z. Geological Survey Petrological Collection in Lower Hutt, including a few which I have not been able to identify satisfactorily with known species but have hesitated to describe as new without seeing more material of them or in some cases relevant literature. In general I have not given full accounts of known species or discussions of synonymy, and have usually restricted the latter to include only previous records from the Ross Sea area. Details of structure and measurements are reported for these species only when they are additional to, or in disagreement with, those available in the literature.

The collection is probably not truly representative of the Hallett flora, since the dark crustose species of Lecidea and Buellia so common in other parts of Antarctica are scarce. Nevertheless there are some interesting additions to the Antarctic flora, notably the genus Candelaria.

AGAROSPORACEAE Acarospora gwyimii Dodge and Rudolph Acarospora (Pachnolepia) Gwynnii Dodge and Rudolph (1955), Ann. Miss. Bot. Card., 42, 144, PI. 15, 2. ? Acarospora chlorophana Darb. (1923), Brit. Ant. “ Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 32. The fragments seen clearly belong to this species, although the description of the species as ‘ subfruticulose ’ hardly applies to small thalli, which consist of contiguous lemon-yellow to greenish Imm dia. areolae in the centre, with outer radiating lobes about I.smm long X 0.6-o.Bmm wide, K—, C —, K(C) —. Apothecia 1 (-2) per areole, o.smm dia., dark brown, hymenium up to 250 p high, asci 120 X 20p, spores at least 150, ellipsoid, 5.5-4.5 X 2-2.5 p; pycnidia 200-400 p dia., convoluted within, ostiole brown, spermatiophores to 15 X 0.5 p, simple or sparingly branched, pycnidiospores nearly cylindrical, 4-5 X 1/u The largest thallus is humped and partly ascending centrally; the green colour of some areolae seems to be due to scattered groups of Prasiola cells in the surface layer. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft., Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar. WELT 78(pr.p.), WELT 79. Biatorella antarctica sp. nov. Thallus ad 2cm diametro, squamuloso-areolatus, sulphureus citrinusive; areolae circa o.smm crassitudine et latitudine, K —; cortex 4-Op, crassus, pallidus; fastigiatus; algae trebouxioideae, B—l3p diametro subglobosae, sub cortice in strato coloniarum sparsarum; medulla alba, hyphis pachydermis 2.5 p diametro. Apothecia thallo concolora aut aurantiaca aut distincte viridantia, ad o.smm (rare Imm) diametro, baud marginata, totas areolas tegentia, adnata, convexa; hypothecium hyalinum ad 20/x crassum, hymenium 65-70 p altum; paraphyses simplices aut super ascos ramosae, apicibus nonnihil incrassatis; asci inaequabiliter late clavati, 28 X 18p, polyspori; sporae simplices, hyalinae, late ellipsoidae, 2-2.5 X 1.8-2 p. Pycnidia non visa.

Thallus sulphur-yellow, squamulose-humped to lobate marginally or of closely contiguous areoles, mostly o.smm thick but sometimes up to Imm; cortex about 40,0, thick, not clearly differentiated from medulla, fastigiate to rather plectenchymatous, with oblong cells, the outer layer faintly coloured, K—; algae globose to angular, 8-13jo dia., mostly yellowish green or even orange-yellow but apparently trebouxioid, forming small scattered colonies below the cortex or rarely beneath the hypothecium; medulla waxy in texture, white or hyaline of fairly thick walled branched hyphae in dia., fairly dense. Apothecia biatorine, becoming adnate or even subsessile with poorly developed parathecium, yellow-orange or often greenish waxy, hymenium hyaline, 65-70/.1 high including pale yellow epithecium; paraphyses mostly once or twice branched near the tips which are only slightly thickened, asci 28 X 18/x, saccate or broadly clavate and usually rather asymmetric, thickened at the tip, with about 50 spores; spores unicellular, hyaline, broadly ellipsoid or rarely almost globose, 2-2.5 X 1.8-2/a. The younger apothecia are hardly differentiated from the cortex, and the mature apothecia commonly show small areas of sterile tissue apparently due to several apothecia developing on one areole; any algae remaining under the edges of the hypothecium appear degenerate. Fertile areolae are scarcely distinguished macroscopically from sterile ones until the apothecia are fully mature. The epithecium is yellowish-granular or rarely greenish yellow and with alkali gives a pale yellow solution depositing rosettes of pale yellow crystals,

This species belongs to the section Biatofella, but differs from other species I have examined in the better developed thallus with a fairly well marked cortex. Only one other species in this group has been reported from Antarctica, namely B. arachnoidea Dodge and Baker from the Edsel Ford Range. This species has concave apothecia with much larger spores. Felsite Island, Geol. Surv. Petr. Coll. 21553; Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 138 (type), WELT 134; Recce Hill, 2,500 ft., Fitzgerald WELT 122, WELT 123; Mt Vernon Harcourt, 5,300 ft., Fitzgerald WELT 116.

BUELLIACEAE Buellia pycnogonoides Darb. Buellia pycnogonoides Darbishire (1923), Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 41, PI. 1, 4. Thallus varies from whitish in the shade to dark brown or black in exposed situations, K—, with an extensive black dendroid protothallus; cortex 5-8/x thick, of one or two plectenchymatous brown cell rows usually with an outer hyaline layer of decomposed cells. Apothecia up to SOO/a dia., dark brown to black, K—; hypothecium and parathecium merging, light reddish brown, about 75/x thick in the centre; hymenium hyaline or stained reddish brown from dark epithecium, 55 [i high, asci clavate, 40 X 13-15/a; spores at first dark grey becoming reddishbrown, ellipsoid to rounded oblong, 10-11 X 5-8 fi, often slightly constricted at septum, usually a few one-celled spores present. (Darbishire gives the parathecium as carbonaceous and the spores 12-14 X 8-10 p..) The very characteristic protothallus renders the identification reasonably certain, the only similar species in this very large genus being B. dendritica Dodge and Baker, which is probably not specifically distinct. B. pycnogonoides is reported from Cape Adare and Evans Cove, B. dendritica from Marie Byrd Land, King Edward VII Land and Queen Mary Land. Football Mt, 2,700 ft., Groll and Fitzgerald WELT 127 (pr.p.); Grater Cirque, 1,600 ft., Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 87 (pr.p.), WELT 101.

Buellia subtegens sp. nov. Thallus areolarum dispersarum olivaceo-brunnearum, areolae plus minusve hemisphaericae, 300-400/x diametro; protothallus non evolutus; cortex parum evolutus, obscurus; algae virides, 5-Bju diametro, stratum distinctum non formantes; medulla hyalina, tenuis; apothecia nigra, primum plana deinde bene convexa, ad 350/t diametro ; hypothecium et parathecium conjunctim brunnea ad 130/4 centre, hymenium 100/t altum, in parte superiore brunneum; asci infundabiliformes aut clavati, 65 X 1 5/4; sporae saepe horizontaliter in asco jacentes, obscure brunnae, 10.5-11.5 X 5.5-8/*, biloculares. Thallus et apothecia K—. Thallus formed of separate more or less hemispherical olive-brown areoles about 350/4 dia., no protothallus developed; cortex obscure or represented by a few dark cells and a thin decomposed layer; algae numerous, trebouxioid, 5-8/4 dia., distributed through most of the thallus; medulla hyaline of entangled hyphae partly encrusted with crystals, K —, C—, P —, I—. Apothecia black, initially plane becoming very convex and covering all or nearly all of the areole; parathecium dark brown, grading into paler hpyothecium 130/4 high at the centre thinning to 40/4 at the margin; hymenium about 100/* high, dark brown in the upper 50 to 25/4; paraphyses about 1.5/i dia., simple or rarely branched; asci cone-shaped to clavate, tip rather thick, mostly 65 X 15/t; spores dark brown, broadly ellipsoid, 2-celled usually with one cell larger than the other, 10.5-11.5 X 5.5-8/t with wall 1.5/t thick, often horizontally arranged in the ascus. The species differs from other brown Antarctic Buellia species in the absence of a dark protothallus and the smaller spores. It appears closely related to B. evanescens Darb., and is perhaps not specifically different,

■ Football Mt; t 2j7QOffcj, Croll and Fitzgerald, WELT 133, (.tyjas), WELT. 129- (pr.p. with. Umbilicaria)., ..

Buellia ? pemigra Darb; Buellia pernigra Darbishire (1923), Journ. Bot. Brit. For., 61, 106 (not seen). Several collections match Dodge’s (1948) description- fairly well and probably belong to this species reported from Ross Island and King George V Land. The spores are rather smaller than in Dodge’s- material, 13-16 X ? 5.5-6.5/x (Dodge gives 14-15 X 7-B jx)\ and the apothecia mostly very convex. The colour of the thallus varies from black in exposed, situations, to nearly white in the shade, with considerable variations also in thickness of the thallus and size of the apothecia; extremes would be readily taken for different species, . Grater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 82, WELT 58, WELT 78 (pr.p.).

Buellia: frigida Darb. Buellia frigida Darb. (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V. Lichens, 7, PI. 1, 4; (1923.), Brit. Ant. “ Terra Nova ” Exped., Lichens, 29. Rinodina: frigida (Darb.) Dodge (1948), B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Rep., Vol. VII, 259; Thallus rather thick, continuous or partly areolate in the centre, usually black in the centre, cinerous or white in outer portion, , with • margin f black,. 0,5-2 mm wide, • effigurate with-, lobes 350/r wide and 0.5-2 mm long, K—; sterile: areoles are often nearly, hemispherical], 350/x in diameter:, or sometimes considerably smaller, with a very- thin black protothallus between areoles; cortex dark brown or greenish brown, clearing to green in K, mostly 5-12 thick, of fastigiate hyphae with-, green: end cells, 5-7 /x in dia. (in KOH), more- or less continuous with the epithecia, and usually covered with a-, 10-13/x>. hyaline decomposed- layer; algal layer mostly 50/x thick, with; trebouxioid cells- 10—12/x dia., medulla hyaline. Apothecia 350{-600) /a dia., apparently lecanorine when young, , becoming very convex and immarginate, commonly rather contorted; hypothecium 25-30/r thick in the centre, disappearing at' the margin, faintly brownish; hymenium up to 120/x high,, often with small depressions containing, sterile tissue; paraphyses sparingly branched with end cells about sju, dia. forming a greenish-brown epithecium (the brown; clearing* in K.OH) ; asci. clavate,. about 55. X 13-15/*;, spores 11-13 X 5.5-6.5 /x, with thin walls when mature, evenly 2.-celled, ellipsoid, not constricted, dark grey at first, becoming reddish-brown. Originally I had supposed the specimens in the Dominion Museum Herbarium to represent a different species, from B. frigida,. but the material, on the Geological Survey rock specimens seems to grade into, specimens from the type locality; (leg. 8.. M. Gunn,. 1957) which should belong to the species. They also: agree very well with Dr Lamb’s description of the type material. Juvenile apothecia on one of these specimens, although not. examined microscopically, appear to be buelline. One of the rock specimens also has a yellow thallus, which is morphologically very similar, but may belong, to another species. Although there is considerable variation between different specimens in the development of the marginal lobules and the extent; and shade of the- whitish outer layer, it seems that only one species is involved:. Rarely the entire thallus is whitish. Although the juvenile apothecia usually have a whitish* thalline margin sometimes with a few algal cells and with the dark proper margin, hardly developed; this is apparently the result of. apothecia, developing, just under the cortex and erupting through it. The species seems-best left in Buellia, where there are some similar species.

Felsite Island, 1,200 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald. WELT 52, (pr.p.), . WELT 53, Geol. Surv. Petr. Coll. 21508, 21512; Grater Cirque, I',6ooft, Groll, Fitzgerald* Harrington and McKellar WELT 110 (pr.p.); Football Mt. 3-200 ft; Geol. Surv. Petr. Coll. 21549. 21551; Honeycomb Ridge (Moubray Bay), Geol; Surv. Petr. Coll. 212528. 212538, 21248, 21315; Tombstone Hill, Geol. Survey Petr, GolU 21444,

Rinodina egentissima Hue. Rinodina egentissima Hue (1915), Deux. Exped. Ant. Franc. (Charcot), Lichens, 97. ? Rinodina turfacea Fr., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 7. The thallus is frequently obsolete, being replaced by a mass of contiguous apothecia. The present specimens agree well with Hue’s description except that the spores are apparently rather smaller, 18-25 X 10-11.5/t (Hue gives 20-34 X 8-12/t). There are rarely some simple spores, 15 X 9/x. The thallus is K—. Grater Cirque, 1.600 ft. on moss, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and Mcßellar WELT 57, WELT 71, WELT 92 (pr.p.).

GALOPLACACEAE 'Blastema viridans sp. nov. Thallus supra muscos, rams, delicatus, granulosus, albus, tenuissimus aut evanescens, plus minusve homoeomerus; cortex vix evolutus sed ad 25 /a crassus sub apotheciis et illic cellularis; algae trebouxioideae, 8-13 /a 'diametro, sparsae in coloniis sub cortice et apotheciis; medulla alba ex hyphis conglutinatis, K—; apothecia numerosissima, contigua, circularia, 450-650//, diametro, plana margine pallidiore aut deinde nonnihil convexa, citrina aut dilute vel obscure viridantia; parathecium subhyalinum, circa 40//, crassum; hymenium circa 70//, altum; paraphyses simplices vel furcati sub apicibus, 2// diametro; asci cylindrici vel late clavati 55 X 12-20//,; sporae ellipsoideae, polaribiloculares, hyaline, (11,5-) 14— X (5.5-) 7-8 IX. Thallus growing over mosses, white, very thin and granular, usually hardly evident, more or less homoeomerous; cortex where present hyaline, hardly different from medulla of more or less decomposed cellular structure, often up to 25//, thick below the apothecia ; algae trebouxioid, 8-13//, dia., in scattered clumps throughout the medulla and under the apothecia; medulla of somewhat cellular conglutinate structure, K—, with some discrete thin hyphae forming an indistinct hypothallus. Apothecia numerous, more or less contiguous but not compressed, 450-650//, dia.,, initially slightly concave with pale margin, eventually plane or convex, disc lemon yellow in shaded parts, elsewhere light to very dark green; parathecium hyaline or faintly yellowish about 40// thick, extending under the hymenium as a hypothecium; hymenium ca. 70// high, paraphyses simple or furcate near tips, only slightly thickened at tip, the end cells hyaline to green and coated with yellow granules (K-)- crimson) ; asci at first cylindrical, 55 X 12// becoming broader, to 20 wide; spores polaribilocular, canal not evident, (11.5-) 14-16//, X (5.5-) 7-8//. The species is well characterised by its habitat and the dark green fruits, resembling in this respect P rot oblast enia citrinigricans Dodge and Baker. Grater Cirque, 1,600 ft, on mosses, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 70 (type), WELT 73 (pr.p. with Parmelia), WELT 100 (pr.min.p.).

Blastema sparsa sp. nov. Thallus epilithicus, dilute flavidus, areolatus, ex areolis sparsis prope semper fertilibus; cortex tenuis, circa 6/i latus ex hyphis fastigiatis, cellulas 4/x diametro formantibus, K-j- rubescens; algae flavescenti-viridae sed verisimiliter trebouxioideae, globosae, 13-19/x diametro; medulla ex hyphis indistinctis 3/x diametro; apothecia totas areolas 50-100/* excepto tegentia, convexa, 300-600/* diametro, aurantia, immarginata, areola cum apothecio substipitata, ad 800/* alta; hypothecium circa 15 fx crassum centro, ad marginem absens, hyalinum; hymenium 40 (-50) /* altum epithecio flavescente comprehenso; paraphyses simplices aut sub capitibus furcatae, crassae, apicibus 3/x diametro; asci cylindrici vel clavati, 30-40 X 11-14/*; sporae polaribiloculares, ellipsoideae, 11-13 X (5.5-) 7-7.5 /*. Thallus of well scattered mostly fertile areolae often in cracks on the rock, pale yellow, the fertile areoles constricted at the base and sometimes with a stipitaLte appearance, medullary tissue spreading down cracks in the rock as white strands.

The larger areoles are up to 800/x high and 600/x diameter above with verrucae 150/x across usually with incipient apothecia; cortex absent or 4-1 Oja wide of more or less fastigiate hyphae forming one to three rows of isodiametric cells 4/x with pigment granules; algae mostly yellowish green with a very thin sheath, 13-19/x dia., in scattered groups under the apothecia and at the sides of the areoles; medulla of confused hyphae, rather thin-walled, 3/x dia. Apothecia rusty orange, with a paler margin when young, becoming convex and immarginate, covering nearly all the areole, 300-600//, dia.; hypothecium pale about 15/x in the centre thinning at the sides; hymenium 40(-50)//, high including the yellow granular 10/* epithecium; paraphyses simple or unequally furcate, 1.5//, thick, cutting off a cell 3/x dia. at the tip; asci rather cylindrical becoming clavate when mature, 30-40 X 11-14//,; spores ellipsoid, 11—13 X (5.5—) 7—7.5//,, polaribilocular, with 1// wall and thick septum, no canal, usually one cell larger than the other. Cortex and epithecium K-j- crimson. I have also seen this species, or a closely related form, from Mt Terror, Ross Island. Tombstone Hill, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 143 (type); Geol. Survey Petr. Coll. 21448.

Blastema sp. Thallus of scattered apothecia, margin disappearing but apothecia remaining concave, orange algae 13 p dia., present only as a dense layer under apothecium, hypothecium 25/x continuing to form a proper margin, hymenium 50/t high, spores 10.5—13 X 5.5/r, polaribilocular, without visible canal, more or less oblong. This species seems to have been growing in a shaded place and may not be typical. It does not seem identical with any species reported from Antarctica, but the greatly reduced state renders identification uncertain. Football Mountain, 3,200 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 133 (pr. minor p. with Neuropogon antarcticus etc.).

Blastenia or Protoblastenia sp. Thallus of granular-verrucose lemon-yellow clumps l-3mm dia., 0.5 to 2mm high, the verrucae 60-110/r across, ecorticate or with a rudimentary cortex formed by the medullary hyphae cutting off a 5 X 4/r cell at the surface; algae with a very thin sheath, 13-20ja dia., forming 60—70/x diameter colonies; medullary hyphae thin-walled, 4/x dia.; granules in cortex K-f- crimson. Sterile. Such characters as are observable agree with Protoblastenia citrina Dodge, a species reported from Marie Byrd Land and the Australian Sector. Mt Vernon Harcourt, 5,000 ft, Fitzgerald WELT 114; Groll WELT 113.

Caloplaca elegans var. pulvinata (Dodge and Baker) comb. nov. (non C. erythrina var. pulvinata Zahlbr. nec C. murorum var. pulvinata Jatta). Polycauliona pulvinata Dodge and Baker (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Card., 25, 628. Gasparrinia Harrissoni Dodge (1948), B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Rep., Vol. VII, 234. Placodium elegans Th. Fr., Darbishire (1910). Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 4. Placodium murorum DC., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 4; Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 32. Thallus yellow to bright orange-red, of radiating appressed contiguous or imbricate lobes or more or less erect subterete lobes 330-500/x dia., forming clumps up to 2cm high and several cm dia.; lobes hollow to loosely arachnoid, with cortex and algae evenly distributed round erect lobes. Cortex 20-25 (-50) p thick, heavily interspersed with granules in outer 10-15 p; apothecia initially concave becoming moderately convex, usually covering the thallus surface and often subpedicullate, hymenium 65-80/r high, asci 55-65 X 13-18 p, spores ellipsoid, canal mostly absent hi mature spores, variable in size, 10.5 X 0.5 to 15.5 X 10p. This species has given me some difficulty in determination, but I am reasonably sure that only one variable species is represented. It is evidently the plant recorded as PI. elegans and PI. murorum by earlier expeditions to the Ross Sea region, and in fact some specimens closely resemble these species. The lobes vary from appressed

and contiguous like those of C. elegans [Plac odium elegans) to erect fruticose, sometimes in the same specimen. In specimens slightly damaged by mould the lobes and apothecia may appear like those of C. murorum var. miniata Th. Fr. The aspect of the plant is very different from that of European plants of C. elegans, although the morphological differences are small; European C. elegans has flatter lobes, with a thinner cortex and the spores seem to have a clearly marked canal. Several forms related to C. elegans have been reported from the Antarctic regions and I am not certain of the correst name for this plant. Lecanora elegans var. Gainii Hue (1915) has a similar habit but differs in the wider lobes and larger spores, while the subcrenulate or granular apothecial margins of Lecanora murorum var. far eta Bab. (1847) can be matched in a few of the Cape Hallett specimens. The Hallett plants closely match Dodge’s description and photograph of Polycauliona pulvinata from Marie Byrd Land, but the affinities of the variety are clearly with section (or subgenus) Gasparrinia of Caloplaca rather than with section Thamnoma (Tuck.) (Polycauliona Hue). An undescribed New Zealand species belonging to the latter section has the apothecia strictly terminal on erect lobes, the medulla of which is solid rather than arachnoid. Although the apothecia in this variety may appear terminal, they actually are subterminal on what would normally be the upper surface of the lobes. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 59, WELT 62, WELT 76, WELT 117; Croll WELT 102 (pr.p.); Felsite Island, 1,200 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 51 (doubtful), WELT 52, WELT 54; Tucker Glacier, Geol. Surv. Petr. Coll. 21557.

Caloplaca sparsa (Dodge and Baker) var. latespora var. nov. et comb. nov. (Caloplaca sparsa (Dodge and Baker) var. sparsa comb. nov. = Polycauliona sparsa Dodge and Baker (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard., 25, 629). A C. sparsa differ! sporis minoribus, subglobosis. Thallus of subfruticose subterete sparingly-branched lobes (250-) 300-350 ( —400) ju, dia. and about 3mm long, orange red. Cortex 10-15/1 thick including heavily granulated layer, algal layer 20-50//. thick, irregular and absent in places but continuous below apothecia, algae 8-12/x dia.; medulla very arachnoid, of 4.5/i dia., fairly thick-walled hyphae or lobes partly hollow. Apothecia scarlet, plane with prominent margin, up to Imm dia., well constricted at base; hypothecium 10-25/i thick; hymenium (40-) 50-55/t high, asci broadly clavate, 35-45 X 16/t, spores mostly subglobose elliptical without canal, 8-10.5 X 5.5-8, rarely to 12 X 8/t, or rarely one-celled, thick-walled, almost globose and 6/t dia. Pycnidia globose, 100/x dia., with 10/t hyaline wall, in prominent thalline warts, pycniospores simple, cylindrical, 2-3 X 0.8/t. Dodge’s Polycauliona sparsa seems to belong to Caloplaca, section Gasparrinia, and bears much the same relationship to Caloplaca elegans var. pulvinata as Caloplaca elegans var. tenuis does to var. elegans. I have, however, retained it under a separate species in the meantime because of the different spores and lower hymenium as well as the very prominent warts containing pycnidia. Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, on rock, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 127 (type, pr.p. with Buellia pycnogonoid.es), WELT 137 (pr.min.p. with Neuropogon antarcticus) .

LECANORACEAE Lecanora expectans Darb. Lecanora expectans Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichenes, 5. Thallus ecorticate or with hyaline cellular cortex up to 20/x thick; algae 14-22/t dia., with Ip sheath, densely packed in thallus and forming a continuous 70-150/j, layer below apothecia; medulla ill-defined, K—, Apothecia round to irregular, to I.2mm dia., plane, amphithecium 50/x wide, not raised, with 10p outer layer of white dead cells; hypothecium hyaline 10-18/i; hymenium 50-65/1 high including dark brown epithecium, K—; paraphyses 1.5 p dia., mostly simple and slightly clavate at tip; asci clavate, 40 X 13-15/x'; spores long ellipsoid to more

or less reniform, (11-)13(-17) X (3-)sju,, sometimes with one or two refractive transverse bands hut apparently not septate. The specimens agree well with Darbishire’s short description of material from Granite Harbour, although he gives the spores as slightly wider (14-15 X 5—6/x.). Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, on mosses, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 60 (pr.p. with Xanthoria candelaria) , WELT 80, WELT 120 (pr.min.p. with Xanthoria, etc.); Felsite Island, 1,200 ft, on moss, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 55. Lecanora rubina Ach. var. melanophthalma (Ram) Zahlbr. f. exulans (Th, Fr.) Zahlbruckner (1928), Cat. Lich. Univ., 5, 660. Squamaria chrysoleuca (Sm.) Nyl., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 5. Lecanora chrysoleuca (Sm.) Ach., var. melanophthalma (Ram.) Th. Fr. f. exulans Th. Fr. (1902), Nyt. Mag. Naturvidensk, 40, 208. Lecanora exulans (Th. Fr.) Dodge (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Card., 25, 570 and (1948) B.A.N.Z.A.R.E. Repts., VII, 171. The present specimens seem to differ from European L. rubina var. melanophthalma only in having slightly longer spores, 12-14 X 5-6.5 /a. Thallus is K-f----yellow, epithecium clearing in KOH to leave the green tipped paraphyses clearly visible. The form is macroscopically indistinguishable from Lecanora siplei Dodge and Baker (No. 004627 Bot. Dept., University of Otago, from Edsel Ford Range) but the spores of the latter are distinctly smaller (8 X 4ju,). Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 86, WELT 120 (pr.p.); Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 1-33 (pr.min.p. with ‘Neuropogon antarcticus).

LECIDEACEAE

Catillaria floccosa Dodge and Baker. Catillaria floccosa Dodge and Baker (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard., 25, 545. The plants collected in the Cape Hallett district agree with Dodge and Baker’s -description except that the thallus is sometimes reduced to a few granules beside the hemispherical apothecia, which are up to o.7mm dia. and the spores are rather smaller, 10.5-12 X 3.5-4 /x. The thallus is K—, the hypothecium K-(- brownish and the epithecium clears to green in alkali. C. floccosa is widely distributed in Marie Byrd Land. Hillock west of Football Saddle, 2,500 ft, Fitzgerald WELT 121; Grater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 77; Survey Point 11, 3,200 ft, Groll WELT 112; Tombstone Hill, 3,200 ft, Groll and Fitzgerald WELT 142.

Tecidea acerviformis sp. nov. Thallus pallide flavescens aut cremeus, ex areolis unieis aut 3-10 apotheciorum acervos disperses formans, sine protothallo conspicuo, acervi circa smm latitudine et altitudine; areolae fertiles substipitatae, 0.5-o.9mm altae et 0.5-I.6mm latae; cortex dilute flavescens, 8-12/x crassus, plus minusve plectenchymaticus; algae trebouxioideae 15—20 /x diametro, in coloniis sub cortice dispersis; medulla moderate densa ex hyphis septatis 2n diametro. Apothecia margine flavo, 0.5-I.smm diametro, plana vel nonnihil convexa, disco primo sulphureo deinde pallide obscureve virido; parathecium 20/x crassum, sub apothecio in columellam extendente; hypothecium tenuissimum: hymenium 50-65/j. altum; paraphyses diametro, simplices aut sub apice furcatae, apicibus viridis; asci subcylindrici 50 X H-12ju,; sporae 8-nae, hyalinae, oblongae 10-12 X Thallus et epithecium K—, P—. Thallus pale yellow, of scattered areoles without apparent protothallus, usually forming clusters of 3-10 or more substipitate humped apothecia smm wide and high, areoles all developing apothecia and becoming rounded funnel-shaped in section, 0.5-o.9mm high and up to I.smm wide at top; cortex pale yellow 8-12/a thick, partly plectenchymatous partly decomposed or subfastigiate near apothecia: algae trebouxioid. 15-20/t dia.. forming scattered colonies of 10-30 cells in the sides of the areoles and part way under the apothecia; medulla of 2 fx dia. hyphae,

•rather dense but i the; algal colonies show open .spaces. Apothecia level with surface of areole, yellow, becoming greenish-yellow to dark green, covering the whole areole hut retaining a yellow margin, plane or slightly • concave or convex; parathecium 20// thick, of hyaline vertical hyphae at the ; sides, hardly differentiated from cortex or hymenium and extending downwards below the centre of the apothecium; hypothecium hyaline, 6-8 hymenium 50-65// thick including 5/x pale yellow to greenish-black epithecium; paraphyses 1/x dia., simple or once branched, aseptate, slightly clavate at head and green tipped; asci subcylindrical 50 X 11-12 /x; spores in two series, hyaline, simple, thin-walled, oblong, 10-12 X 5-5.5//. This species is related to Lecidea acervuligera Hue from Graham Land; it differs : in the larger size of clumps and apothecia, the green disc rather than reddish, and in the ‘lower hymenium and longer spores. ; Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 84 (type), WELT 87.

: Lecidea hallettensis sp. nov. Thallus dare Havens, supra muscos, ex papillis hemisphaericis contiguis, crustam 0.5-3 cm iatam formans; papillae 100-200/1 latac, ecorticate aut cortice 'tenue, gonidiis trebouxioideis 10-1 2/i diametro plenae sub apotheciis except©, K —; apothecia biatorina. flaventia vel rufescenti-flavescentia, adnata, saepe granulis thallinis marginata, convexa, margine proprio inconspicuo, 0.6-Imm lata, ,para•thecio hyalin© sub : hymenio continuante; hymenium 60-7'D/i altum; paraphyses -parce • ramosan, apicibus vix dilatatis; asci saccati, numerosi, 8-spori, 25-35 X 15-18/1; sporae ellipsoideae vel distort© ovaformes, (10-) 13-16 X '4—5.5 (-7) /i. Epithecium K—. •

Thallus bright yellow, forming a crust up to 3cm dia. over mosses consisting of hemispherical papillae or . soredia-like granules, the papillae 100-2 wide, -mostly thinly corticate, the cortex coated with yellow granules; algae trebouxioid with thin sheath, 10-1 dia., filling most of the thallus but .none under apothecia except at ‘the sides. Apothecia sessile among the granules, concolorous with the thallus or faintly redder, always convex, waxy, mostly o.7mm dia., appearing immarginate, parathecium of vertical hyphae at the edge of the apothecium and continuing beneath the very thin hypothecium; hymenium 60-70/1 high including the yellow .epithecium; paraphyses sparingly branched, ,2/x dia., hardly thickened at tip; asci saccate (cylindrical when young), thin-walled, 25-35 X 15-18/t; spores 8 in two series variously shaped, ellipsoid to reniform, wider at one end, (10-) 13-16 X 4-5.5(-7)/i, one-celled with 1.5/* wall when mature. Thallus .and epithecium K —. This species might be .taken for a i Candelariella when sterile. It -apparently .resembles L. theiochroa .Hue -from Graham Land quite -closely, differing in the smaller granular thallus which is not scattered over rock, in the very thin hypothecium .and ‘the broader spores. L. lucida Ach. of the Northern Hemisphere is .also similar but has much smaller spores. Apparently ithe -Cape Hallett district and Petermann Id. (Graham Land) have ,parallel yellow Lecidea species belonging to the section Biatora, and there seem to be related species in the Arctic regions. -Grater Cirque, 1.600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald. Harrington and McKellar WELT 94 -(type), WELT 92 (pr.p. with Rinodina egentissima), WELT "93, 'WELT 119 (pr.p. with Mastodia).

MASTODIACEAE Mastodia tessellata Hook; f. et Harv. Mastodia tessellata Hook. f. et Harvey (1847), FI. Antarctica, 2, 49 The Cape Hallett specimens seem rather weakly parasitized and I did not find any fruiting bodies; they grade into Prasiola. The species is known from Kerguelen

and Graham Land in the Antarctic regions, and these specimens closely match those from Kerguelen. Mastodia Mawsoni Dodge from Macßobertson Land does not seem significantly different from M. tessellata. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, on mosses, Croll WELT 102; Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 64, WELT 66, WELT 97.

PARMELIACEAE Candelaria concolor (L.) Wain. var. antarctica var. nov. Thallus muscicolus, minute foliosus vel fruticoso-foliosus vel squamulosus, sulphureus supra et albidus subter, K—, laciniatus, laciniis l-3mm longis et 0.1-0.3 (-0.8) mm lads, margine crenato vel granuloso-sorediato, pruinosus, erhizinosus aut forsitan paucissimis rhizinis; cortex superior plectenchymaticus et inferior similis, 10-15/x crassus; algae flavescentes vel partim virides vel viridescentes, globosae 10-14/x diametro, aut ellipsoideae ad 18 X 8/x, in prope toto thallo clispersae, non concatenatae; medulla male distincta, ex hyphis 3.5/x diametro. Apothecia pycnidiaque non visa. Thallus yellow, K—, on mosses, small foliose or squamulose to subfruticose 100-200//, thick of crenate partly imbricate yellow pruinose lobes or of laciniae springing from a common base, the laciniae l-3mm X 0.1-o.3mm, mostly granular sorediose at the margins, no fully developed rhizines seen. Upper cortex of cubic to ellipsoid cells 5/x dia. with yellow granules, 10-15/x thick, lower cortex similar in structure and thickness but without pigment; algae uncertain, usually yellowish or partly orange and variable in size from globose 10/x dia., to oblong 18 X 8/x with a 2/x hyaline sheath, possibly Trentepohlia, scattered throughout the thallus, together with occasional cells of (?) Scytonema; medullary hyphae fairly loose, 3.5 p. dia., with 1.5// lumen. This plant, although not fruiting, seems similar in habitat and structure to C. concolor of the Northern Hemisphere, and pending discovery of the fruits I have placed it as a variety of this species. The material is rather scanty and somewhat variable, growing with Xanthoria Candelaria f. antarctica and appearing similar to it except in colour and K reaction. This is the first report of the genus for Antarctica and almost the first for the Southern Hemisphere. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, on moss or as scraps, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 96 (pr.p. with Xanthoria) (type), WELT 120 (pr.min.p. with Xanthoria and Parmelia). Parmelia coreyi Dodge and Baker. Parmelia coreyi Dodge and Baker (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Card., 25, 595. ? Physcia caesia (Hoffm.) Nyl., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 8. The Cape Hallett specimens agree with Dodge and Baker’s description except that the thallus is 200-250/x thick and the rhizines about 60/x dia. (not medulla 700-1, 000/x and rhizines 700-1,000/x dia., sec. Dodge and Baker). The algae extend almost to the top of the cortex in places, preparatory to forming soralia. The extent of sorediation is very variable, even in the same thallus. Our specimens are sterile. The species is reported from Marie Byrd Land and Queen Mary Land. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 60 (on moss, pr.p.), WELT 61 (pr.min.p. with Neuropogon), WELT 73 (pr.p. on moss, with Blastenia) , WELT 75 (pr.p. on moss with Xanthoria ), WELT 56 (on rock, esorediate), WELT 89 WELT 98, WELT 120 (pr.p., scraps).

TELOSCHISTACEAE Xanthoria candelaria Kickx f. antarctica (Wain.) Hillm. Xanthoria lychnea f. antarctica Wain. (1903), Exp. Ant. Beige Res. Voy. S.Y. Belgica, Bot. Lichens, 22. Xanthoria lychnea (Ach.) Th. Fr., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V. Lichens, 3. Xanthoria candelaria f. antarctica Hillman (1922), Hedwigia, 63, 202.

The specimens were typical, growing on mosses, sterile and variably sorediate. I have seen specimens also from Granite Harbour. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar, WELT 60 (pr.p.), WELT 63 (doubtful), WELT 75, WELT 95, WELT 96, WELT 81 (scraps), WELT 120 (pr.p.).

UMBILIGARIACEAE Although the family is fairly clearly defined there has always been difficulty in deciding the delimitation of genera or subgenera. In the most recent treatments Frey (1936 et seq.) and Imshaug (1957) have retained all the species within the genus Umbilicaria, while Llano (1950) following Scholander (1934) divides the species among five genera (including Umbilicaria) based mainly on the structure of the apothecia. These features of the apothecia are not clearly correlated with any other structural features of the thallus, and since a number of species, including the Antarctic ones, seldom or never fruit, it is difficult to assign them to the correct genera. I have followed Llano’s treatment here, primarily to avoid adding new combinations to the literature.

Omphalodlscus antarcticus (Frey and Lamb) Llano. Ornphalo discus antarcticus (Frey and Lamb) Llano (1950), Monogr. Umbilic. Western Hemisphere, 76. Gyrophora vellae (L.) Ach., Darbishire (1923), Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 32. ? Gyrophora dillenii Tuck., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 3. The present specimens agree best with this species, although they are rather small, the largest being 7cm dia., and closely resemble Umbilicaria vellea. The colour varies from grey to brownish. O. spongiosus (Dodge and Baker) Llano from Marie Byrd Land (No. 004624, Bot. Dept., University of Otago) seems to differ from the smaller Cape Hallett specimens in its rugose surface and in having a denser medullary layer near the lower cortex. The lower cortex of the Cape Hallett specimens of O. antarcticus is 20-40 ft thick (Llano gives 90ft), comparable with that of O. spongiosus. Similar specimens were also collected at Granite Harbour, together with three specimens (WELT 179, leg. Barwick) which are much larger (16 X 12cm) and closely match the description of Umbilicaria rufidula Hue (O. antarcticus, sec. Llano), Grater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 105, WELT 118 (fragments).

Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Schol. var. decussatus. Omphalodiscus decussatus (Vill.) Scholander (1934), Nyt. Mag. Naturvid., 75, 23. ? Gyrophora anthracina (Wulf.) Koerb., Darbishire (1910), Nat. Ant. Exped., V, Lichens, 3; (1923) Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 32. Most of the specimens are rather small with variable development of the rugi. In juvenile specimens, up to smm dia., the rugi are hardly perceptible although they have the typical granulose appearance above. They are lighter in colour than specimens from Granite Harbour. The species is widely distributed throughout the world. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 103, WELT 104; Hillock west of Football Saddle, 2,500 ft, Fitzgerald WELT 124: Football Mountain, 3,200 ft, Geol. Survey Pet. Coll. 21320.

Omphalodiscus decussatus var. cerebriformis (Dodge and Baker) Llano. Omphalodiscus decussatus var. cerebriformis Llano (1950), Monogr. Umbilic. Western Hemisphere, 83. The specimens closely match one from Marie Byrd Land (No. 004623, Bot. Dept., University of Otago) except that in smaller plants the cerebriform appearance is not well developed. The variety is confined to Antarctica.

Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and Mcßellar WELT 103, WELT 110; Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald (?) WELT 128, WELT 129; Hillock west of Football Mt, 2,500 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 126; Tucker Glacier, Geol. Surv. Pet. Coll. 21554.

Omphalodiscus decussatus var. tortuosus Llano. Omphalodiscus decussatus var. tortuosus Llano (1955), Wash. Acad. Sci. J., 46. 184. One collection which seems to belong here is indistinguishable from var. decussatus microscopically, but has the rugi hardly developed or almost absent. The largest specimen is 3.5 cm dia. and all are sterile. The variety is previously reported from Mawson Base. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Groll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 106.

USNEACEAE Alectoria minuscula Nyl. (several forms). Alectoria minuscula Nyl. /. congesta (Zahlbr.) Lamb (1948), Lilloa, 14, 243. Parmelia lanata (L.) Walk., Darbishire (1923), Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 58. ? Alectoria antarctica Dodge and Baker (1938), Ann. Miss. Bot. Gard.,2s, 599. The specimens vary considerably in form and colour, even in the same collection, but most of them seem to belong to f. biformis with terete to slightly flattened main stems evident round the periphery and the centre appearing almost crustose with erect to applanate minute branchlets 40-120ju, dia. A specimen from the Skelton Glacier area (Gunn, WELT 166) shows a gradation from f. congesta, with cushions of intricate branches, to the normal more open form of the species itself. Most of the specimens are about smm in dia. and l-2mm high with internodes usually considerably less than Imm apart, and vary from black to pale brown or strawcoloured in the shade. Besides the specimens cited here I have seen material of the species from Granite Harbour, the Sentinel Range (Marie Byrd Land) and New Zealand. This is perhaps the most widely distributed lichen species in Antarctica, being reported from all areas (under different names) except Marie Byrd Land. Alectoria antarctica Dodge and Baker described from several places in Marie Byrd and King Edward VII Lands is probably not a distinct species. The single small specimen I have seen from the type locality (No. 004703, Bot. Dept., University of Otago) does not seem specifically distinct from typical A. minuscula, except that the stems are quite terete like those of A. puhescens. A. minuscula has a wide distribution in Arctic and alpine parts of the Northern Hemisphere.

Crater Cirque. 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald. Harrington and McKellar WELT 108 (pr.p.),' By-pass Hill, South Wall of Tucker Glacier, Fitzgerald WELT 146. Neuropogon antarcticus (DR.) Lamb. Usnea antarctica Du Rietz (1926), Svensk Bot. Tidskr., 20, 93. Neuropogon melaxanthum (Ach.) Darbishire (1923), Brit. Ant. “Terra Nova” Exped., Lichens, 23 (pr.p.) {sec. Lamb). Neuropogon antarcticus Lamb (1939), J. Linn. Soc. (London) Bot. 52, 210. Neuropogon Taylori Nyl., Blackman (1902), Kept. Coll. Nat. Hist. “Southern Cross,” Lichens, 320 (pr.p., sec. Lamb). Although these specimens vary somewhat in the appearance of cortex and soralia they are clearly conspecific. The axis varies from to fof the total diameter in the main stems, and all plants are K—, P—. In what I take to be the typical variety the branches are not markedly attenuate and the soralia are up to 0.6 mm in dia. Grater Cirque. 1,600 ft, on mosses, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 61, WELT 67, WELT-68. WELT 83, WELT 99, WELT 109: Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 133, WELT 137.

Neuropogon antarcticus (DR.) Lamb var. laxissima (Dodge) comb. nov. Usnea. laxissima: Dodge (19.48), B.A.N.Z, Ant; Res, Expect Rep to, VII, Lichens, 198-. Plants up to 4cm high, blackened except for lower part of main stem, sparingly branched, branches long and 1 slender, not fibrillose, attenuate, 10-25 cm X 0.06-0. 15 mm, with yellow powdery soredia in scattered circular plane, eroded soralia 0.05-0. 15 mm dia., surface dull, papillose to nearly smooth, sometimes rugose or subfoveolate, axis in main stems J/3 of total 'dial, medulla about 120/u, f rather dense near cortex with scattered groups of algae, arachnoid near axis; cortex 40-60/r; medulla K—, P—. The collections cited agree fairly well with Dodge’s description of Usnea laxissima. from. Queen- Mary Land, a species apparently known.only from indifferent specimens. The structure of the thallus and chemical reactions resemble’ those of N. antarcticus closely but it differs from the typical variety in the longer thinner branches with, correspondingly smaller soralia. The variety lacks the usual strong yellow’ colour and blackened granular soredia of ' N. sulphur Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 72, WELT 108 (pr.p. with- Alectoria) ; Football Mountain, 2,700 ft, Croll and Fitzgerald WELT 139.

Neuropogon ciliatus var. subpolaris Lamb (identified by Dr Lamb), Neuropogon ciliatus var. subpolaris Lamb (1939), J. Linn. Soc. (London) Bot., 52, 217. The collection consists of a small clump of moss with several plants, separated from admixture with N. antarcticus. They are about 2cm tall, quite smooth except for a few foveolae where branching occurs, are esorediate and show alternate black and yellow banding as in Lamb’s description and illustration. As Lamb remarks, the variety may not be truly related to N. ciliatus, but in the absence of fruits it is not possible to define it further. Although none of the plants has the blackedged cracks usually found in N. ciliatus, I have seen a few New Zealand specimens in which they are lacking; such specimens are quite similar to the Antarctic material except in their much larger size. Crater Cirque, 1,600 ft, Croll, Fitzgerald, Harrington and McKellar WELT 69.

Neuropogon sulphureus (Koenig) Hellbom. Neuropogon sulphureus Hellbom (1896), Bihang till Kgl. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Hand., 21, afd. 3 (13), 21; Lamb (1939), J. Linn. Soc. (London) Bot., 52, 209. The specimens from the hillock west of Football Saddle are quite typical of the species, with very loose medulla, K—, P—, and with the axis occupying iof the total diameter. This collection contains plants 2-3 cm high; a few of them have a spinulose appearance of the soralia corresponding to f. acanthella Lamb. The Tombstone Hill specimens, although considerably smaller, agree structurally except that the axis is nearly /$ of the stem diameter. Another collection from the hillock west of Football Saddle, Fitzgerald WELT 126 (pr. p. with Omphalodiscus) has a similar habit to N. sulphureus with an arachnoid medulla, P —, and slender axis but has few soralia. The stems are shining black, partly rugose and sometimes partly ecorticate above. I have seen a similar specimen from the Edsel Ford Range, Marie Byrd Land (No. 004626, Bot. Dept., University of Otago) and both might be referable to Usnea frigida Dodge and Baker. Hillock west of Football Saddle, 2,500 ft, Fitzgerald WELT 125; Tombstone Hill, 3,200 ft, Groll and Fitzgerald WELT 140.

Undetermined Material At least two species of Buellia or Lecidea are represented among material which is either sterile or too incomplete for satisfactory determination at present.

Bibliography Dodge, G.' W; (1948). “Lichens and Lichen Parasites”, B.A.N.Z. Antarctic Research Exped. Reports, Vol. VII, Series B, 276 pp. Dodge, C. W. and Baker, G. E. (1938). “The Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition—Botany. IT. Lichens and Lichen Parasites”, Ann. Miss. Bot. Card. 25, 515-718. Hue, i/Abbe (1915). “Lichens”, Deuxierne Expedition Antarctique Francaise (1908-1910), Sciences Naturelles, 202 pp. Imshaug, H. A. (1957). “Alpine Lichens of the Western United States and Adjacent Canada. I. The Macrolichens”, Bryologist, 60, 177-272. Frey, E. (1936). “ Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Umbilicariaceen ”, Ber. Schweiz Bot. Ges., 45, 198-230. Llano, G. A. (1950). “A Monograph of the Lichen Family Umbilicariaceae in the Western Hemisphere”, Navexos P-831. Office of Naval Research, U.S., 281 pp.

I am particularly indebted to the four collectors named in the text, and to Dr I. Mackenzie Lamb, Director of the Farlow Herbarium, for his comments on this MS. and for detailed redescriptions of type material of several species. Nov. 1958 (Amend. Nov. 1959 L

♦ Late of Chemistry Department, University of Otago. Dr James Murray was a senior lecturer in Chemistry at the University of Otago, who began to study New Zealand lichens as a source of organic compounds and thus became deeply interested in their taxonomy. At the time of his death in a car accident, on June 24, 1961, he was 38 years of age and was publishing a series of papers entitled “ Studies on New Zealand Lichens” (Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., vol. 88). He left several manuscripts which were substantially complete and these are now being printed, though they lack the final revision intended by their author.