A Taxonomic Revision of New Zealand Blepharoceridae and the Origin and Evolution of the Australasian Blepharoceridae (Diptera: Nematocera) *
D. A. Craig
By
Zoology Department, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
[Received hy the Editor, 1 May 1968.]
Abstract
Literature pertaining to New Zealand Blepharoceridae is reviewed. Materials, methods and terminology are described. Keys are provided for the Australasian genera and subgenera of Blepharoceridae, and for the adults and larval instars of New Zealand Neocurupira and Peritheates.
New blepharocerids from the south of the South Island, New Zealand, are described as Neocurupira rotalapisculus n.sp. and Forms A, B and G, and are placed with Neocurupira hudsoni in a hudsoni-complex. Because these new blepharocerids possess dichoptic males the subgenus Paracurupira has been synonymised with Neocurupira. As Neocurupira tonnoiri and Neocurupira chiltoni are distinct from the other New Zealand Neocurupira and are similar to each other, they are placed in a tonnoiri- complex.
Nothohoraia n.gen. is erected for new blepharocerid material from Westland, New Zealand. This genus shows morphological affinities to Neocurupira, Apistomyia and Horaia, and possesses highly specialised larvae. Peritheates intermedius is placed in synonymy with P. turrifer. Larval teratology is discussed.
The phylogeny of the Indo-Australasian Apistomyiinae is discussed and it is concluded that apistomyids probably arose from a Neocurupira-like ancestor. The zoogeography of the Australasian Blepharoceridae is considered and it is believed that Edwardsina arrived in Australia during the Cretaceous, either from the south or more probably the north. Later in the Cretaceous blepharocerids entered New Zealand from the north. During the Miocene Apistomyia and Neocurupira (Austro curupir a) entered Australia. The distribution of New Zealand blepharocerids is interpreted in the light of past geological and climatic changes and the possibility of refugia is discussed.
Introduction
Although blepharocerid adults were originally described by Westwood in 1842 and were associated with larvae and pupae by Muller (1879 and 1881), it is surprising that they were not discovered in New Zealand until 1900, for all stages are particularly numerous and widespread in the South Island.
Chilton (1906) reported the discovery of blepharocerid larvae in 1900 by G. R. Marriner at Lake Coleridge, Canterbury, and his own discovery in 1903 of
blepharocerid larvae at Akaroa, Banks Peninsula. Because the Banks Peninsula larvae showed similarities to the South American genus Curupira, Chilton designated them as “ ? Curupira From material collected at Arthur’s Pass by G. V. Hudon, Lamb (1912) erected two new genera, Neocurupira and Peritheates, designating N. hudsoni and P. turrifer respectively as type species. Bezzi (1914) provided descriptions of three forms of larva collected by Chilton at Akaroa.
Campbell (1921) made a detailed study of the Banks Peninsula blepharocerid which he named Curupira chiltoni. He also attempted to identify the three forms of larva supplied to Bezzi by Chilton, but in the process produced a considerable amount of confusion. Later (1923) Campbell showed that the three forms of larva described by Bezzi were larval instars of Curupira chiltoni. In addition Campbell (1921) described and named new blepharocerid adults and larvae from Ohakune, North Island, as Apistomyia harrisi and reported the occurrence of blepharocerids at Dunedin and Queenstown in the South Island.
Tillyard (1922 a), in a revision of the New Zealand Blepharoceridae, described a new species, Peritheates intermedins and transferred Apistomyia harrisi Campbell to Peritheates. He also transferred Curupira chiltoni to a new genus Paracurupira on the basis of the dichoptic males of C. chiltoni and the holoptic males of Neocurupira hudsoni. Edwards (1929), in discussing the general classification of Blepharoceridae, relegated Paracurupira to subgeneric rank. Kitakami (1950), Alexander (1958) and Dumbleton (1963 a) also consider Paracurupira to be subgeneric.
Tonnoir (1923 a, 1923 b and 1930 b) discussed the rearing of blepharocerid larvae, described the pupation of Peritheates intermedins Tillyard, and mentioned a new form of Neocurupira larva but did not provide a description. Dumbleton (1963 a) described two new species, Neocurupira (Paracurupira) tonnoiri (which was the form mentioned by Tonnoir, 1923 b) and Neocurupira [P.) campbelli. As well as erecting a new subgenus, Austrocurupira, for the Australian species N. nicholsoni Tillyard, he presented keys to the known adults and the 4th instar larvae of New Zealand blepharocerids and discussed the affinities and some biology of New Zealand species of blepharocerid.
In this paper full descriptions are given for new and previously undescribed material with only the main diagnostic characters given for material described elsewhere.
The possible origins and evolution of New Zealand and Australian Blepharo ceridae are discussed.
Material and Methods
Material
Descriptions are based on specimens preserved in Andre’s Fluid or, more rarely, in 70 per cent alcohol. The storage of all stages of blepharocerid material in fluid is recommended, as it prevents the shrinkage of taxonomically important genitalia and head structures that is often met with on pinned specimens.
The amount of material available for measurement varied greatly with species. However, large numbers of certain instars of Neocurupira campbelli, N. chiltoni, N. hudsoni and Peritheates turrifer were available for measurement from an ecological study on blepharocerids (Craig, 1966).
In the locality records the following abbreviations indicate the institution in which New Zealand blepharocerid material is housed.
AMS—Australian Museum, Sydney, Australia. AM—Auckland Museum, Auckland, New Zealand. BM—British Museum (Natural History), England. CM—Canterbury Museum, Christchurch, New Zealand.
GMB—Cambridge Museum, England.
DM—Dominion Museum, Wellington, New Zealand.
EDL —Entomology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lincoln, New Zealand.
EDN—Entomology Division, Department of Scientific and Industrial Research, Nelson, New Zealand.
UA—University of Auckland, Department of Zoology, Auckland, New Zealand.
UG—University of Canterbury, Zoology Department, Christchurch, New Zealand.
(Misc.) following locations indicates that the sample is housed in the Miscellaneous Freshwater Collection, Zoology Department, University of Canterbury.
Numbers in parentheses following locations, e.g., (23), indicate the number of the sample in the Freshwater Collection, Zoology Department, University of Canterbury. Numbers in italics, e.g., 23, indicate samples housed in the private collection of Dr V. M, Stout, Zoology Department, University of Canterbury.
The following initials are used to indicate major collectors:
D.A.G.—D. A. Craig.
L.J.D. —L. J. Dumbleton.
V.M.S,—V. M. Stout.
The letters L, P and A indicate a positive identification to species of larvae, pupae and adults in the sample. A query, e.g., L?, indicates a doubtful identification.
Locations cited are arranged in approximate order of North to South and East to West. Map references following locations refer to Department of Lands and Survey 1 inch to 1 mile Topographical Maps (N.Z.M.5.1.).
Species criteria
Decisions on the categorical rank of New Zealand blepharocerids are in most cases based on clear morphological differences. Evidence of reproductive isolation of species is available from the microsympatric distributions of the following species: Neocurupira hudsoni Lamb, N. tonnoiri Dumbleton, N. camphelli Dumbleton, Nothohoraia micrognathia n.gen. et sp., Peritheates turrifer Lamb, P. harrisi (Campbell). Neocurupira chiltoni (Campbell) though isolated from other New Zealand blepharocerids can on good morphological grounds be considered a species.
In the south of the South Island there occur a number of blepharocerids that differ in eye structure from N. hudsoni but in larval, pupal and genital characteristics are morphologically indistinct from those of Neocurupira hudsoni. Furthermore there is evidence of interbreeding between one of these “ southern ” forms and N. hudsoni where the distributions overlap. According to Mayr (1963) any interbreeding would indicate that N. hudsoni and the “ southern ” form were conspecific. However, Bigelow (1965) maintains that interbreeding does not necessarily mean conspecificity, for if the gene flow is restricted no merging of the populations will take place.
Because reproductive isolation of N. hudsoni and the “ southern ” form is not clear, the “southern” form though described, has, according to custom (Tonnoir, 1930 b; and Stuckenberg, 1958) only been assigned an arbitrary letter and placed in the hudsoni- complex.
T erminology Adult
Head. Previously the relationship between the estimated areas of the upper and lower eyes was used as a diagnostic character. As this ratio is not sufficiently accurate to demonstrate variation in the eye structure of new material
described here, a more accurate ratio describing the relationship of the upper eye to the lower eye has been devised. This ratio, called the eye ratio, is calculated using measurements taken from the eyes as indicated in Figure 2.
Male eye ratios vary from 1:0.5 (holoptic Neocurupira hudsoni) to 1:2.1 (dichoptic Neocurupira tonnoiri). The main disadvantage of the eye ratio is that it often necessitates the removal of the insect’s head to allow a full-face view, as in Figure 2, to be obtained.
The head depth to head width ratio is also used in descriptions of new material and has been calculated for existing species (Fig. 2).
Lettering for all figs: A.g., Anal gills; Ab.p., Abdominal prolegs; AD, Anal division; Ant., Antenna; Bst., Basistyle; Cer., Gercus; CD., Cephalic division; C.s., Cephalic sclerites; Dst., Dististyle; Eg.b., Egg burster; G., Galea; Lb.P., Labial Palp.; Lt.f.hr., Lateral facial hairs; Lr., Labrum; MD, Median divisions; Mg.Sth.t., Margin of Bth tergite; Mx.p., Maxillary palp.; Out.lam., Outer lamella; Ovt., Oviscapt; P.g., Pupal gills; Scl., Scales; Set., Setae; Sp., Spines; Tg., Tracheal gills; lst.Ab.seg., First abdominal segment; 2nd—loth., Second to tenth abdominal segments; 9th.t., ninth tergite.
Genitalia. Although Snodgrass (1957) showed that the male genital forceps of nematocerous insects were probably the parameres (in the strict sense), to prevent confusion the terms dististyle and basistyle are still used here (Kitakami, 1950; Stuckenberg, 1958; and Alexander, 1963) in preference to clasper and basicoxite (Dumbleton, 1963 a). The term cercus (Stuckenberg, 1958) is used for the bilobed extremity of the 9th tergite, rather than superior process (IDumbleton, 1963 a) (Fig. 22).
Because Stuckenberg (1958) apparently provided the first adequate account of the female genitalia of the Blepharoceridae and his terminology was used by Alex-
ander (1963), his terms are used here whenever applicable, i.e., oviscapt rather than subgenital plate (Dumbleton, 1963 a).
Pupa
The pupae of New Zealand blepharocerids, with the exception of Nothohoraia micrognathia (Figs. 56 and 57), are in appearance similar to Figure 4 and do not show any great generic or specific differences. Dumbleton (1963 a), however, used the ratio of the basal width to the length of the outer gill lamellae to assist in identification (Fig. 3). This practice is continued here, but many pupae remain unidentified as the pupal gills are often too damaged by natural causes to be measured.
Larva
The arbitrary terms used here to designate the body segments of blepharocerid larvae (Fig. 1) are the same as those used by Tonnoir (1923 c), Stuckenberg (1958) and Dumbleton (1963 a). The cephalic division includes the cephalic region, the three thoracic segments and the first abdominal segment and bears ventrally one sucker. The median divisions, five in number, represent single abdominal segments and bear suckers ventrally. The fifth median division (true sixth abdominal segment) is often almost completely fused to the anal division except for a lateral constriction. The anal division consists of four fused abdominal segments. Some of the confusion that existed over the number of segments fused into the cephalic and anal divisions is discussed by Craig (1967 b).
The embryonic development of blepharocerid larval appendages shows that the lateral abdominal projections of the larva are probably homologous with the embryonic thoracic prolegs (Craig, 1967 b). Therefore the term abdominal proleg is used for such structures (Fig. 1), rather than the terms claw or fulcrum (Kitakami, 1950), lateral process (Campbell, 1923; Dumbleton, 1963 a), ambulatory process (Tonnoir, 1930 b) or pseudopod (Johannsen, 1934; Stuckenberg, 1958; and Alexander, 1963).
The term seta, defined by Stuckenberg (1958) as a “ more or less flexible, slender, pale, hair-like structure”, is used here to describe small, clear, lanceolate structures on the dorsal armature and on the ventral surface of the posterior margin of the larva (Fig. 37). The term spine as defined by Stuckenberg (1958) and as used by Dumbleton (1963 a) for a short, dark, rigid, hair-like structure on the larva is also used here (Fig. 61). The term scale is used for the clear, fan-shaped structures that make up the marginal armature of Neocurupira larvae (Fig. 37), and hair is used for long, thin, flexible structures on the adult head, larval posterior body margins and prolegs.
Because growth, which takes place during each larval instar, results in considerable changes in the shape of the cephalic, median and anal divisions (e.g., first instar Figs. 46 and 47), descriptions are normally made from late larvae. The number of antennal articles, the shape of the abdominal prolegs, number of tracheal gills, hair length and sucker size are all useful as diagnostic characters, for as Kitakami (1950) pointed out they remain constant throughout any one instar.
The sucker approximately doubles in size with each ecdysis and in New Zealand blepharocerids can be used to identify instars. The differences in size of suckers during any one instar can be used to some extent to identify the species of a larva.
As fixation of the larva causes the suckers to become slightly oval in shape, the sucker width is taken as the greatest measurement across the sucker (normally at right angles to the long axis of the larva).
Colour
Colour descriptions of larvae and adults are based on the Munsell Book of Color, with the specimen under liquid and illuminated obliquely.
Measurements
Measurements of whole specimens were made to the nearest 0.05 mm. Smaller material, such as the genitalia was mounted on slides and measured to the nearest o.olmm.
Illustrations
All drawings were made with the help of a squared ocular.
Classification
At present the family Blepharoceridae is divided into four subfamilies (Kitakami, 1950; Alexander, 1958 and 1963) ; Edwardsininae Edwards, 1929, Blepharocerinae Bezzi, 1912, Paltostominae Bezzi, 1912 and Apistomyiinae Bezzie, 1912. This division, which is used here, is based primarily on the wing venation and head structure of adults.
Stuckenburg (1958) believes that the family should be primarily divided into Edwardsininae and Blepharocerinae, and that because the present Blepharocerinae, Paltostominae and Apistomyiinae are not of equal rank either one with another, or with the Edwardsininae, they should be reduced to the status of tribes within the Blepharocerinae.
On the basis of wing venation (M 3 and m-cu both absent) and the mouthparts (labial palpi long and slender) all known New Zealand Blepharoceridae, with the exception of Neocurupira camphelli and Nothohoraia micrognathia, undoubtedly belong to the subfamily Apistomyiinae.
Neocurupira camphelli and Nothohoraia micrognathia both possess short labial palpi but the pupal sheaths of these palpi are long. Dumbleton (1963 a) considered that in N. camphelli this indicated a relatively recent reduction of the labial palpi. The same is probably true for N. micrognathia. For this reason both these blepharocerids are considered to belong to the Apistomyiinae and not the Paltostominae.
New genera and species of Blepharoceridae are usually based on adult characteristics (Alexander, 1958) with little importance assigned to the larval or pupal instars. Tonnoir (1923 c) believed that larval characteristics of blepharocerids were unreliable taxonomically, but Edwards (1929) considered larval and adult characteristics to be of the same importance in taxonomy. Van Emden (1957) reviewed the general principles involved in the use of larval characteristics in taxonomy and came to a conclusion similar to that of Edwards. Using the principles outlined by Van Emden and those of Hennig (1953), Stuckenberg (1958) analysed the relationship of Paulianina to Edwardsina.
In this paper equal taxonomic importance is given to larvae, pupae and adults, and diagnostic characters for all three stages are provided in the key to the Australasian Genera and Subgenera of Blepharoceridae.
Keys
To minimise confusion the following keys are similar to those of Dumbleton (1963 a).
Key to the Australasian Genera and Subgknera of Blepharoceridae
1. Adult maxillary palpus 4-5 segmented; eye not divided, dichop tic in both sexes; wing with veins Rs and M three-branched. Pupal gills complex and with more than 4 lamellae. Larval head capsule projecting from cephalothorax; prolegs not distinct; body divisions separated by intercalary regions; tracheal gills on intercalary regions ( ;. r
Edwardsina Alexander.
Adult maxillary palpus 1-2 segmented; eye divided, holoptic or dichoptic in males, dichoptic in females; wing with vein Rs forked or simple, median vein with only Ml and M 4 present. Pupal gills of 4 lamellae. Larval head capsule sunken into cephalothorax; prolegs well developed; no intercalary regions; tracheal gills near suckers. ...... ...... ...... 2
2. Vein Rs forked. Larvae with or without marginal armature of scales, dorsal armature of clear spines or tubercles , , „.... 3
- Vein Rs simple. Larvae with marginal armature of spines, dorsal armature of small blunt spines. ...... a ...... ...... 4
3. Adult labial palpi subequal to or longer than head depth; antenna of 11, 12 or 14 articles, females either macropterous or brachypterous. Pupae with dorsum highly convex; gills positioned anterolaterally, lamellae long and complete. Larvae with marginal armature of scales, dorsal armature of spines; cephalic sclerites not produced anterolaterally; antennae prominent; dorsum convex; prolegs projecting beyond lateral margins ...... ....... . ....... ; Neocurupira Lamb ;. 5
Adult labial palpi shorter than head depth; antenna of 14 articles in both sexes. Pupae flattened; gills positioned anteromedially, lamellae short and notched. Larvae with no marginal armature, dorsal armature of clear tubercles; cephalic sclerites projecting prominently anterolaterally; antennae small and recessed; body flattened, compressed anteroposteriorly; prolegs obscured by lateral margin Nothohoraia micrognathia
n.gen. et sp. 4. Vein Rs nearly straight, ending just above wing apex; male dichoptic. Pupal gills positioned anterolaterally, lamellae long. Larval anal division well developed, posterior edge angular; prolegs bearing long hairs. Peritheates Lamb
Vein Rs curving upwards, ending close to R 1; male holoptic. Pupal gills positioned anteromedially, lamellae small. Larval anal division reduced, posterior edge rounded; prolegs bearing short spines only .' Apistomyia Bigot
5. Adult ocellar turret prominent; antenna of 11-14 articles; maxillary palpus short. Larval marginal armature of scales; anal division well developed; 7th proleg present. (New Zealand.) subgenus Neocurupira Lamb
Adult ocellar turret small; antenna of 12 articles; maxillary palpus elongate. Larval marginal armature of spines; anal division reduced; 7th abdominal proleg reduced to long hair. (Australia.) subgenus Austro cur upir a Dumbleton
Key to Adults of New Zealand Neocurupira
1. Labial palpi short in both sexes, subequal to head depth; antenna of 11-12 articles, distal segments wider than long; microtrichia dense, female wings brachypterous or macropterous; internal process of oviscapt conical; male dichoptic, eye ratio 1:2.0 (Figs. 27-30). N. campbelli Dumbleton
- Labial palpi long in both sexes, 1.5—2.0 times as long as head depth; antenna of 14-15 articles, moniliform; wings clear, female always macropterous; internal process of oviscapt conical or truncate; male holotypic or dichoptic . ...... 2
2. Antenna of 14 articles; male holoptic or dichoptic, eye ratios from 1:1.4—1:0.5; dististyles widest at midlength; posterior margin of cercus notched basally; internal process of oviscapt truncate, apex concave ...... ...... hudsoni- complex 3
Antenna of 15 articles; male dichoptic, eye ratio 1:2.1 or 1:1.0; dististyles not widest at midlength; posterior margin of cercus deeply or broadly concave; internal process of oviscapt conical. ...... tonnoiri- complex ...... 6
3. Male hoi op tic, eye ratio 1:0.5 ...... ...... ...... 4
-5- Male dichoptic, eye ratio 1:1.4-1:0.9 ...... ... .. .. .. 5
4. Mouthparts twice as long as head depth (Fig. 9) -•••• _ .'...1. ......' N. hudsoni Lamb Mouthparts less than twice as long as head depth. ..U —• Form A
5. Male eye ratio 1:0.9; vein Rs arising from wing base (Figs. 6, 17 and 18) N. rotalapisculus nov.sp. Male eye ratio not as above; vein Rs arising from vein R 1 (Figs. 7, 10, 19 and 20). Forms B and C
6. Male eye ratio 1:1.0; anal angle of wing approximately 120°, vein 1A not reaching wing margin; internal process of oviscap conical, constricted apically, oviscapt lobes bearing fine pale spines subapically (Figs. 44, 45 and 50). ...... N. chiltoni (Campbell)
Male eye ratio 1:2.1; anal angle of wing approximately 110°, vein 1A reaching wing margin; internal process of oviscapt conical, oviscapt lobes bearing short dark spines subapically (Figs. 40, 48 and 49) N. tonnoiri Dumbleton
Key to the Adults of New Zealand Peritheates
1. Male ocellar turret rounded; wing length approximately Bmm; cercus wide with shallow median concavity; female with interior process of oviscapt truncate, slightly concave apically, oviscapt lobes bearing B—lo clear spines subapically (Figs. 65a and 66) ...... P. harrisi (Campbell)
Male ocellar trurret constricted or diverging basally; wing length approximately 6mm; cercus with slight lateral flattening, median concavity rounded; female with interior process of oviscapt round apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 5-13 black spines subapically and at approximately midlength. (Figs. 65b and c, and 67.) P. turrifer Lamb
Key to Larval Instars of New Zealand Blepharoceridae
The method utilised by Campbell (1921 and 1923) and Dumbleton (1963 a) to distinguish the larval instars of N. chiltoni can be used with suitable modifications for all known New Zealand blepharocerids:
1. Tracheal gill filaments absent; antenna of one article; egg-burster on cephalic sclerites; sucker width 0.057-0.067 mm (Figs. 46 and 47). .... First Instar Tracheal gill filaments present; antenna of 2 articles; no egg-burster ...... ...... ....... ...... ...... ...... 2
2. Two tracheal gill filaments per body division; sucker width 0.14-0.24 mm (Figs. 43 and 63). Second Instar More than 2 tracheal gill filaments per body division. • ....... ...... 3
3. Six or 8 tracheal gill filaments per body division; sucker width 0.20-0.44 mm (Figs. 42 and 62). Third Instar Ten or 14 tracheal gill filaments per body division; sucker width 0.36—0.83 mm (Figs. 41, 58 and 61). ...... Fourth Instar
Key to Fourth Instar Larvae of New Zealand Blepharoceridae
1. Body flattened dorsoventrally; cephalic region produced anterolaterally; lateral margins thick; no marginal armature; ventral posterior margin of anal division heavily sclerotised; prolegs not extending beyond lateral margins; 10 tracheal gills per body division; 7th proleg very inconspicuous (Figs. 58 and 59) Nothohoraia micrognathia
Body convex; cephalic region not produced anterolaterally; lateral margins acute or rounded; marginal armature of scales or spines; prolegs extending beyond lateral margins; 14 tracheal gills per body division; 7th proleg obvious , ...... ...... ;..... ...... 2
2. Marginal armature of scales, dorsal armature with or without spines, if present very large; prolegs with pale hairs only; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded, bearing 6-30 hairs, row of short setae ventral to margin (Figs. 14, 31, 37 and 41) '. Neocurupira 3
Marginal armature of irregular dark pointed spines, dorsal armature of small blunt spines; prolegs with 1-3 short dark spines dorsally among paler hairs; posterior margin of anal division rounded medially, constricted and angulate laterally, bearing 1-6 hairs medially, without row of short setae ventral to margin (Figs. 61 and 68). ...... Peritheates 6
3. Prolegs pointed apically, angulate laterally, constricted basally; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by acute angulate constriction, posterior margin thin tonnoiri- complex 4
Prolegs rounded apically, not angulate laterally, not constricted basally, with slight medial constriction; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by non-angulate constriction, posterior margin thicker ... ...... ...... 5
4. Dorsal armature of regularly arranged large black spines; 7th abdominal proleg pointed apically, 2—4 dark hairs dorsally; sucker width 0.60-0.65 mm (Fig. 41) N. chiltoni
Dorsal armature without large spines; 7th abdominal proleg rounded apically, without dark hairs dorsally; sucker width 0.54-0.64 mm (Fig. 37). ...... N. tonnoiri
5. Posterior margin of anal division bearing approximately 30 hairs; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by shallow constriction; colour varying from uniform light brown to highly patterned (Plate la); sucker width 0.60-0.83 mm hudsoni- complex
Posterior margin of anal division bearing 6—B black hairs; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by very shallow constriction; colour uniformly dusky yellowish brown; sucker width 0.48-0.59 mm (Fig. 31) . N. campbelli
6. Posterior margin of anal division crenulate, bearing 6-8 hairs medially, hair bases inset; prolegs rounded apically, slightly constricted medially; 7th proleg longer than basal width; sucker width 0.47—0.54 mm (Fig. 68) .1... Peritheates harrisi
Posterior margin of anal division bearing 2 hairs at junctions of rounded median and angulate lateral edges, hair bases not inset; prolegs bluntly pointed apically, constricted medially; 7th proleg shorter than basal width; sucker width 0.45- •• 54mm (Fig. 61). P. turrifer
Key to Third Instar Larvae of New Zealand Blepharogeridae
1. Body flattened dorsoventrally; cephalic region produced anterolaterally; lateral margins thick; no marginal armature; ventral posterior margin of anal division heavily sclerotised; prolegs not extending beyond lateral margins; 6 tracheal gills per body division; 7th proleg inconspicuous. Nothohoraia micrognathia
Body convex; cephalic region not produced anterolaterally; lateral margins acute or rounded; marginal armature of scales or spines; prolegs extending beyond lateral margin; 8 tracheal gills per body division; 7th proleg obvious 2
2. Marginal armature of scales (Fig. 37) Neocurupira 3
Marginal armature of dark pointed spines (Fig. 61). .. Peritheates 6
3. Prolegs constricted medially, angulate laterally; 7th proleg longer than basal width; posterior margin of anal division bearing 18—23 strong dark hairs ...... tonnoiri- complex 4
Prolegs only slightly constricted medially, not angulate laterally; 7th proleg shorter than basal width; posterior margin of anal division bearing 6-8 hairs ' ' 5
4. Seventh proleg inset basally, roundly truncate apically; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by deep angulate constriction; sucker width 0.26—0.32 mm (Fig. 38). ...... N. tonnoiri
—• Seventh proleg not inset basally, cone shaped; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by shallow angulate constriction; sucker width 0.30—0.36 mm (Fig. 42) N. chiltoni
5. Prolegs rounded apically; anterior filaments of anal gills larger than posterior filaments and curving around 6th sucker; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by deep subangulate constriction; sucker width 0.35 0.44 mm (Fig. 15). hudsoni- complex
■ —• Prolegs slightly pointed apically; anterior and posterior anal gill filaments subequal in size; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by very shallow constriction; sucker width 0.30-0.36 mm (Fig. 32) N. campbelli
6. Posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded medially, slightly concave laterally, bearing B—l2 hairs; 7th proleg rounded apically; anterior and posterior anal gill filaments subequal in size; sucker width 0.35 mm (Fig. 69). Peritheates harrisi
- Posterior margin of anal division only slightly rounded medially, slightly concave laterally, bearing 2-4 hairs; 7th proleg conical, pointed apically; anterior anal gill filaments larger than posterior filaments; sucker width 0.26-0.33 mm (Fig. 62) ....... ....... ■ P. turrifer.
Key to Second In star Larvae of New Zealand Blepharoceridae
1. Body slightly convex; lateral margins sharply defined and crenulate; ventral posterior margin of anal division heavily sclerotised; prolegs not extending beyond lateral margins. Nothohoraia micrognathia
Body convex; lateral margins rounded; prolegs extending beyond lateral margins. ...... 2
2. Posterior margin of anal division bearing 8—22 hairs; prolegs robust; marginal armature if present of scales ...... 'Neocurupira ...... 3
Posterior margin of anal division bearing 2 hairs; prolegs thin, constricted medially; marginal armature of dark, sharp spines Peritheates 6
3. Sixth proleg slightly constricted medially, curving posteriorly; posterior margin of anal division bearing 16-22 hairs; marginal armature prominent. tonnoiri- complex 4
Sixth proleg not constricted medially, not curved, cone shaped; posterior margin of anal division bearing 7—14 hairs; marginal armature small or absent ...... , : 7 ' r - ; L 5
4. Sixth proleg twice as long as basal width; 7th proleg hemispherical; posterior margin of anal division flattened laterally, very slightly pointed medially; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by deep angulate constriction, close to base of 6th proleg; sucker width 0.18-0.19 mm (Fig. 43) N. chiltoni
■ — Sixth proleg /$ as long as basal width; 7th proleg conical; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by subangulate constriction not close to base of 6th proleg; sucker width 0.14-o.lßmm (Fig. 39) N. tonnoiri
5. Posterior margin of anal division rounded apically, slightly concave laterally, bearing 12-14 long hairs; 6th proleg as long as basal width, rounded apically; 7th proleg conical, not prominent; posterior anal gill filaments l /z— J as long as anterior filaments; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by subangulate constriction; sucker width 0.20—0.24 mm (Fig.
16). hudsoni- complex
- Posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded, continuing anteriorly beyond 6th proleg, bearing 7-9 short black hairs; 6th proleg as long as basal width, conical, sharply rounded apically; 7th proleg conical, prominent; posterior anal gill filaments % as long as anterior filaments; sucker width 0.17-o.lßmm (Fig. 33) N. campbelli
6. Marginal armature of short dark spines only on anal division; 7th proleg conical, bearing a single clear hair; prolegs 2.5 times as long as basal width, constricted laterally; sucker width 0.15 o.lßmm (Fig. 63). Peritheates turrifer
Second instar material of P. harrisi not available.
The New Zealand Taxa of the Family Blepharoceridae
Neocurupira Lamb, 1912
Neocurupira Lamb, 1912. (New Zealand.) Type Species: Neocurupira hudsoni Lamb, 1912.
Neocurupira (Neocurupira ), Edwards, 1929; Alexander, 1958; Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Paracurupira Tillyard, 1922. (As a genus.) Type Species: Curupira chiltoni Campbell, 1921.
Neocurupira (Paracurupira ) Edwards, 1929. (As subgenus.) Alexander, 1958; Dumbleton, 1963 a. New Synonymy.
Diagnosis
Previously Neocurupira was separated from the other Apistomyiinae on the basis of its forked vein Rs. However, because of the discovery of Nothohoraia micrognathia n.gen. et sp. it is now necessary to include pupal and larval characters in the generic diagnosis. The distinction now, between Neocurupira and the other genera of the Apistomyiinae, is made clear in the Key to the Australasian Genera and Subgenera of Blepharoceridae.
Description
Adult : Eye divided, male dichoptic or holoptic; antenna of 11-15 articles; labial palpus long and slender or if short, pupal sheath long, maxillary palpus short, 1-2 segments, distal segment usually truncate and wider distally; vein Rs forked; male dististyles widest at midlength or subapically, median concavity of cercus variable. Pupa : Gills positioned anterolaterally, lamellae at least three times as long as wide; dorsum highly arched. Larvae: Anal division well developed; marginal armature of scales, dorsal armature of large black spines or clear setae; prolegs bearing hairs only.
Remarks
Dumbleton (1963 a) recognised three subgenera within Neocurupira ; Austrocurupira Dumbleton, 1963 a; Neocurupira Lamb, 1912, and Paracurupira Tillyard, 1922 a. The erection of Austrocurupira was deemed necessary by Dumbleton because of the diversity within Neocurupira and because he retained the two other subgenera. Although Paracurupira is here synonymised with Neocurupira, Austrocurupira is still retained as a subgenus, though for reasons somewhat different from those of Dumbleton (p. 146).
With the discovery, in the south of the South Island, of new blepharocerids possessing dichoptic males, the status of the subgenus Paracurupira needed reexamination. Previously the new “ southern ” blepharocerids would have been placed in the subgenus Paracurupira on the basis of the dichoptic males. However, these “ southern ” blepharocerids are very closely related to Neocurupira {N.) hudsoni, showing similarities in larval, pupal, genital and wing morphology, a relationship which is much closer than that of a subgenus. Variation in male eye structure within the “ southern ” blepharocerids and the remainder of New Zealand Neocurupira is comparable to the intrageneric eye variation in the South African Elporia (Stuckenberg, 1955). Because dichoptic males of “ southern ” blepharocerids and holoptic males of Neocurupira hudsoni show a very close relationship, the separation of Neocurupira into subgenera Neocurupira and Paracurupira on the basis of holoptic males in Neocurupira and dichoptic males in Paracurupira is considered unwarranted. Paracurupira is now synonymised with Neocurupira.
The hudsoni- Complex
Diagnosis
Antenna of 14 articles; posterior margin of male cercus notched basally; internal process of oviscapt trucate, concave apically; posterior margin of anal division of fourth instar larva bearing 30 hairs; sucker width 0.60—0.83 mm,
Remarks
The known distribution of Neocurupira hudsoni, based on collections of holoptic males, extends from Marlborough Sounds in the north of the South Island, southwards along the Southern Alps to a boundary which extends east from Lake Wanaka through the Nevis River Gorge and across the Umbrella Mountain Range to near Roxburgh (Fig. 26A). Throughout this area of distribution these is no significant morphological variation in either adults, pupae or larvae.
Blepharocerids found to the south of the area of distribution of N. hudsoni are in the larval and pupal stages, morphologically indistinguishable from N. hudsoni but adult males possess dichoptic eyes. These blepharocerids will be referred to as “southern”, and are described as Neocurupira rotalapisculus and Forms A, B and C; for reasons discussed later they are here placed along with N. hudsoni in a hudsoni-c omplex but the Forms are not given any further taxonomic status.
Blepharocerid larvae, probably of N. rotalapisculus and Form G, were first reported from Dunedin and Queenstown by Campbell (1921) who figured dorsal views of Queenstown larvae. He later (1923) figured more Queenstown larvae showing a range of colour patterning similar to that of the patterned N. hudsoni larvae. Dumbleton (1963 a) described the colour of the fourth instar larva of A. hudsoni as “ uniform dark brown” but mentions finding patterned N. hudsoni larvae. On this basis he suggested that the Dunedin and Queenstown larvae described by Campbell be referred to N. hudsoni. Morphologically differences between larvae of New Zealand blepharocerid species are such that the larval differences between members of the hudsoni- complex indicates that these blepharocerids are nonspecific.
The commensal chironomid Dactylocladius commensalis Tonnoir (1923 b), often associated with N. hudsoni larvae, also occurs with Form G larvae. Tonnoir believed the association to be specific to N. hudsoni but D. commensalis does occur, though rarely, with larvae of N. campbelli. The abundance of D. commensalis on both N. hudsoni and Form C larvae is believed to indicate a very close relationship between these two blepharocerids. The rare occurrence of the commensal on N. campbelli larvae may indicate a relationship to the Awcfoom-complexand is considered later (p. 148).
The pupae of N. rotalapisculus and Form C are similar in all respects to N. hudsoni pupae (Fig. 4) except for a slight difference in the shape and basal width length ratio of the outer lamella of the pupal gill. Pupal characters (with one exception, that of Nothohoraia) , are not sufficiently distinct to provide positive identification of any New Zealand blepharocerid, so that the difference shown by “ southern ” pupae will not be considered further.
Campbell (1923) mentioned that the adults associated with the patterned Queenstown larvae showed wing venation similar to that of N. chiltoni and that the males were dichoptic. However, the venation of Form C is shown here (Figs. 5 and 7) to be more similar to that of N. hudsoni than to that of N. chiltoni (Fig. 50). Differences in wing shape and venation between the New Zealand Neocurupira species are sufficient for the similarities in wing shape and venation of N. hudsoni and Form C to indicate conspecificity. Wing shape and venation of N. rotalapisculus (Fig. 6) differ considerably from those of N. hudsoni and Form C.
Compared with the other species of New Zealand Neocurupira, members of the hudsoni- complex are uniform in genitalia. This is interpreted as indicating a close relationship between members of the complex. However, within the complex the genitalia of N. rotalapisculus show differences that separate it from the other members (compare Figs. 11 and 13 with 12, and 21 and 23 with 22).
Head structure of Form C females (Fig. 20) is very similar to that of N. hudsoni females; but, head structure of N. rotalapisculus females (Fig. 18) differs considerably, and in the width of the vertex area resembles N. campbelli females (Figs. 27 and 28).
Even though the adults of Form B and G are fully dichoptic, the similarities of their larvae, genitalia, wing shape, venation and shape of female head to those of N. hudsoni, suggests that Forms B and C are conspecific with N. hudsoni. N. rotalapisculus, though possessing morphologically similar larvae to those of N. hudsoni, shows considerable differences in the structure of the female head, in the
shape and venation of the wing, and the genitalia of both sexes. For these reasons this blepharocerid has been given species rank.
Form B is known from only a few specimens collected from the Matukituki Valley, Lake Wanaka. Form G and N. hudsoni have also been collected from this habitat and as Form B shows morphological similarities to these blepharocerids it is considered to be their hybrid. If Form B is indeed a hybrid, then according to Mayr’s (1963) species definition, Form C and N. hudsoni are conspecific, a conclusion reached on morphological grounds. However, Bigelow (1965) has pointed out that hybridisation does not necessarily mean conspecificity if the hybrid zone has been maintained for long periods of time, for this indicates a restricted gene flow. If the gene flow was unrestricted, the hybrid zone would not be evident and perhaps a dine of variation or a homogeneous population would result. Bigelow maintains that the presence of the two parent forms in the hybrid zone indicates a highly restricted gene flow and that the two parent taxa are still to be considered as species, since the gene flow will never result in conspecificity.
As far as is known the overlap between Form G and N. hudsoni populations is very narrow (Fig. 26a) and Bigelow’s hypothesis is applicable to the situation.
Further collections from the Lake Wanaka region would enable more authoritative conclusions to be reached concerning the reproductive isolation of N. hudsoni and Form C. Therefore Form C is not given definite taxonomic rank.
Neocuriipira (Neocurupira) hudsoni Lamb. Neocurupira hudsoni Lamb, 1912; Campbell, 1921.
Neocurupira ( Neocurupira ) hudsoni, Tillyard, 1922; Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Type Material: BM. Type Locality: Bealey River, Canterbury. Diagnosis
N. hudsoni is the largest and most spectacular of the known New Zealand blepharocerids. Male holoptic, eye ratio 1:0.5; body length 9.5-11.0 mm.
Description Adult
Male (61 specimens). Body length 9.5-11.0 mm. Head (Fig. 9). Depth width ratio 1:1.3; holoptic, eye ratio 1:0.5, upper facets large; labial palpus twice as long as head depth; 10-11 lateral facial hairs. Normal wing (Fig. 5). Length 7.210.0 mm. Brachypterous male wing (Fig. 8). Length 2.5 mm (one specimen). Genitalia (Figs. 21 and 24) . Median concavity of cercus variable but notched basally, lateral lobes variable; dististyles broad basally, widest at midlength.
Female (32 specimens). Body length 5.5—8.0 mm. Head. Depth width ratio 1:1.3; dichoptic, eye ratio 1:1.6; labial palpus 1.5 times as long as head depth; vertex area keel-like and 0.25 times as wide as head width. Wing. More membranous than male wing, length 7.2-9.omm. Genitalia { Fig. 11). Internal process of oviscapt truncate, slightly concave apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 6-7 dark spines sub-apically. Pupa (25 specimens). Length 6.0-B.omm. Outer lamellae of pupal gills tapering, broadly rounded apically, basal width length ratio 1:2.7; inner lamellae shorter than outer lamellae.
Larva
Fourth Instar (Fig. 14 and Plate la). (133 specimens). Length 5.9-14.0 mm. Sucker width 0.60-0.89 mm. Colour of the cephalic sclerites varying from moderate
yellowish orange (10YR7/6) mottled with dusky brown (SYR2/2) (early) to black (Nl) (late), colour of remainder of body either uniform, varying from light brown (SYRS/6) to moderate brown (SYR3/4), or colour patterned varying from uniform light brown with triangular pale yellowish orange (10YR8/6) patch on dorsum of 3rd median division, to completely greyish yellow except for light brown markings on 2nd division and on anterior region of other median divisions; prolegs rounded apically, not angulate laterally; posterior margin of anal division bearing approximately 30 hairs.
Third Instar (Fig. 15). (15 specimens). Length 3.4—4.5 mm. Sucker width 0.35-0.50 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerites varying from light brown (SYRS/4) (early), to dusky brown (SYR2/2) (late), colour of remainder of body uniform
but varying from moderate brown (SYR3/4) to light brown; cephalic sclerites occupying 2/3 (early) to 1/3 (late) length of the cephalic division; marginal armature of scales; dorsal armature of short setae irregularly arranged at approximately two seta lengths apart; dorsal cuticle microsculptured into ridges and grooves; lateral edges of median divisions subangulate; prolegs 1-6, 1/5 longer than basal width, subangulate apically, very slightly constricted medially, bearing dorsally short hairs plus seven fine hairs as long as proleg, ventral pad 1/2 as long as proleg; 7th proleg slightly shorter than basal width, bearing 2—3 hairs three times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by subangulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded bearing 7-9 irregularly arranged hairs, each as long as hairs on 7th proleg, as well as 12-14 shorter hairs and 10-12 setae ventral to posterior margin; eight tracheal gill filaments per division; anterior anal gill filaments large, partly encircling 6th sucker.
Second Instar (Fig. 16). (10 specimens). Length 2.8-3.4 mm. Sucker width 0.19-0.24 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerites dusky brown (SYR2/2), remainder of body uniformly light brown SYRS/4); cephalic sclerites occupying 1/3 (early) to 1/5 (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature, anteriorly 11 scales per division, posteriorly four scales per division; dorsal armature not apparent; lateral margins of median divisions subangulate anterolaterally, slightly rounded posterolaterally; prolegs 1-6 as long as basal width, rounded apically, slightly constricted medially, bearing dorsally five hairs each as long as proleg, ventral pad 1/3—l/2 as long as proleg; 7th proleg wider than long, bearing one hair 4-5 times as long as proleg plus two smaller hairs, no apparent ventral pad; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by broadly angulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded medially, slightly concave laterally bearing 12-13 short hairs as long as 7th proleg hair; two tracheal gill filaments per division; posterior anal gill filaments 1/3—l/2 size of anterior filaments.
Distribution (Fig. 26A)
N. hudsoni has the widest distribution of any New Zealand blepharocerid and occurs mainly in open, stable streams and rivers which have a good flow of water, with an altitudinal distribution from just above sea level to 5,000 ft. Neocurupira hudsoni is microsympatric with N. tonnoiri, N. campbelli, Nothohoraia micrognathia and Peritheates turrifer when the areas of distribution coincide.
Material was examined from the following localities: Red Pine (Pouawhariki) Gully, Moncrieff Scenic Reserve, Croiselles Bay, Marlborough Sounds, (Sls/995483), LP, V.M.S., 30; D.A.C., ?-xii-65, CM. Wangamoa River, Nelson, (Sl4/798367), LA, W. P. Thomas, 22-xii-63; D.A.G., 21-xii-62, 31-xii-62, l-i-65, CM; anon., 3-ii-64, UA. Maitai River, Nelson, LP, L.J.D., 23-1-50, 23-i-54, EDL; (S2O/683262), D.A.C., 27-xii-62, CM. Brook Stream Reservoir, Nelson, (S2O/638236), L, D.A.C., 30-xii-64, CM. Marsden Valley, Stoke, (S2O/617217), LP, D.A.C., 24-xii-62, l-i-64, CM. Lee River, Brightwater, (S2O/516114), L, D.A.G., 25-xii-62, CM. Buller River Bridge, Lake Rotoiti, (533/193680), L, L.J.D., 10-i-60, EDL. Travers Valley, Lake Rotoiti, L, B. M. Fitzgerald, 1964, CM. Hopeless Creek, Travers Valley, 2,400 ft., LP, J.Flux, 10-ii-65, CM. Sabine River, Lake Rotoroa, L, L.J.D., ?-x-50, EDL. Puhi Puhi, Kaikoura, L.J.D., 6-i-60, EDL. Mount Fyffe, Kaikoura, L.J.D., 14-V-62, EDL. Boyds Creeks, Kaikoura, (549/890988), LPA, D.A.C., 29-viii-62, 31-xii-62, CM. Kowhai River, Kaikoura, LP, (549/909936), V.M.S., 2-ix-64, (142); D.A.C., 19-ix-64, CM; (549/868019), D.A.G., ?-i-66, CM. Jack’s Pass, Hanmer, L, L.J.D., 12-V-54, EDL. Waterfall Stream, Lake Taylor, L, F. R. Allison, 14-i-64, CM. Rough Creek, Lewis Pass, LP, D.A.C., 12-ii-62, CM. “Unnamed” Creek, Lewis Pass, LP, D.A.G., 12-ii-62, CM. Mount Arthur, Nelson, A, A. Philpott, 22-xii-21, EDN. Cobb River, Takaka, 2,500 ft., L, S. G. Moore, 4-iv-65, CM. Fossil Creek and Brown River, Heaphy Track, LP, J. Grieve and M. Gross, 10-i-65, CM. Barrytown Beach, Barrytown, Greymouth, 10ft., LP, A. G. McFarlane, 17-xii-63, CM. Thirteen Mile Creek, Greymouth, L, L.J.D., 11-i-60, EDL; anon., 28-i-66, UA. Wanganui River, West Coast, LP, V.M.S., 12-X-61, 206. Waikukupa River, West Coast, L.J.D., EDL. Clearwater River, Fox, P, D.A.C., 9-ii-66, CM. Otira, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 16-ii-22, EDN; T. Harris, CM. Warnocks Nob, Otira, A, G. V. Hudson, 13-xii-08, DM. Otira Valley, (559/050337), D.A.C., 19-1-63, 23-ii-63, CM. Pegleg Greek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/055340), LPA, L.J.D., 30-1-60, EDL; D.A.C., 15-xii-62, CM. Temple Basin, 5,000 ft., L, L.J.D., 31-i-58, EDL. Twin Greek, (559/053322), L, D.A.G., 29-vii-62, CM. Bealey Glacier, Mount Rolleston, (559/-
027318), LP, Sykes, 9-ii-63, EDL; D.A.C., 3-ix-63, CM. Bealey Chasm, Bealey River, (559/050313), LPA, D.A.C., 1962-1966, UC. McGraths Greek, (559/053300), LP, D.A.C., 29-vii-62, CM; A. G. McFarlane, 31-i-65, CM. Punch Bowl, (559/055295), L, D.A.G., 20- 204-63, CM. Bealey River, A, G. V. Hudson, 10-ii-20, BM, DM. Arthur’s Pass, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 18-i-20, EDN; anon., ?-xii-22, DM. Snow Creek, (559/065264), LP, D.A.C., 28-iv-63, CM. Halpin Creek, (559/070244), L, L.J.D., 13-iv-62, EDL. Mingha River, (559/114297), LP, D.A.C., 16-xii-63, CM. Andrews Stream, Hallelujah Flats, (559/280167), LA, D.A.C., 14-xi-64, CM. Linwood Creek, Minchin River, (559/278446), LPA, D.A.C., 18- CM. Sudden Valley, Hawdon River, (559/195244), L, D.A.C., 19-iv-64, CM. Betwixt Stream, Cass, (566/201172), L, D.A.G., 18-iv-64, CM. Ribbon Wood Creek, Cass, L, E. Percival, 20-X-33, (Misc.). West Cass River, (566/193124), L, D.A.C., 13-xi-64, CM. Cass River, (566/211161), LP, D.A.G., 24-iii-62, CM. Cass, A, A. L. Tonnoir, ?-ii-25, CM. Masons Greek, Flock Hill, Craigieburn Mountain Range, 3,800 ft., A, P. M. Johns, 21-i-65, CM. Ryton River, Lake Coleridge, (574/053898), L, D.A.C., 10-ii-63, CM. Mount Hutt, 2,500 ft., PA, G. Tunnicliffe and W. P. Thomas, 29-i-64, CM. Taylor Stream, Ashburton River, LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 27-i-64, (123). Moa River, Wilberforce River, L, D.A.C., 19- (1). Kiwi River, Wilberforce, 2,000 ft., LP, D.A.C., 19-X-63, CM. East Kiwi River, L, D.A.C., 19-X-63, (2). Kakapo River, Wilberforce, L, D.A.C., 19-X-63, (4). East Kakapo River, 3,000 ft., L, D.A.C., 18-X-63, CM. Lower Kakapo River, 2,000 ft., LPA, D.A.G., 18-X-63, CM. Godley Hut, Godley Glacier, L.J.D., 11-xii-58, EDL. Jacks Stream, Mount Cook, L, D. R. Cowley, 24-i-65, UA. Bush Stream, Mount Cook, (SB9/773155), L, L.J.D., 14-X-58, EDL; D.A.C. and V.M.S., 11-i-64, (61). Black Birch Stream, Mount Cook, (SB9/760300), LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 9-i-64, (59 and 59a). Lake Ohau, 1,720 ft., L, P. M. Johns, 13-X-63, CM. Parson’s Rock Stream, Otematata, LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 24-i-64, (108); D.A.C., 2941-64, CM. Shingle Creek, Roxburgh, LPA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 21- (97). Neck Creek, Lake Hawea, 1,325 ft., LPA, D.A.C., 13-1-65, CM. Sawyer’s Burn, Lake Hawea, 1,325 ft., L, D.A.C., 26-X-64, CM. Camp Stream, Lake Wanaka, 930 ft., LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 12-i-64, (68). Boundary Creek, Lake Wanaka, 1,000 ft., D.A.C. and V.M.S., 124-64, (69). Camerons Creek, Makarora River, LP, D.A.C., and V.M.S., 12-i-64, (71); D.A.C., 27-X-64, (197). Brady Greek, Makarora River, L, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 12-i-64, (70). Roaring Swine River, Haast River, 160 ft., L, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 14-i-64, (78). Harris Creek, Haast River, L, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 144-64, (77). McPherson’s Creek, Haast River, LA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 144-64, (79). Gates of Haast, Haast River, LPA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 144-64, (80) ; D.A.C., 27-X-64, (195): Pyke Creek, Haast River, L, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 144-64, (81). Haast River, 1,550 ft., LP, D.A.C., 27-X-64, (196). Camp Creek, Haast River, 980 ft., D.A.C., 27-X-64, (199). Phoebe Creek, Matukituki River, Lake Wanaka, P, D.A.C., 8-U-66, CM. Old Homestead Creek, Matukituki River, 1,400 ft., L?P, D.A.C., 26-X-64, (190); 8-ii-66, CM. Bridal Veil Falls, Matukituki River, 1,400 ft, D.A.C., 124-65, CM. Raspberry Hut Stream, Matukituki River, PA, D.A.C., 84i-66, CM. Lumberbox Creek, Lake Wakatipu, 1,100 ft., L?P, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 154-64, (83); D. R. Cowley, 294-65, UA. Nevis River Gorge, Nevis Valley, Lake Wakatipu, L?P, D.A.C., 74i-66, CM. Piano Flat, Whakaea River, Southland, LP, L.J.D., EDL.
Remarks
Neocurupira hudsoni is the only New Zealand species of blepharocerid which possesses holoptic male adults with the upper eye larger than the lower. In this regard it is similar to the adult male of the Australian Neocurupira nicholsoni. The wing venation of these two species is also very similar (Tillyard, 1922 b). The wings of N. hudsoni adults, in particular those from south of Mount Cook and occasionally from elsewhere, show a reduction in the thickness of vein R2+3 and an increase in the thickness of vein R4-J-5 (Fig. 5). Specimens have been collected on which the vein R2-]-3 is considerably reduced and not immediately obvious as is normal. The only known example of brachypterism in male blepharocerids has been found in this species (Fig. 8).
Collections of N. hudsoni 4th instar larvae for this work show a range in colour from a uniform colour to a pattern of colour (Plate la). Though there is usually a range of colour in any larval population, patterned larvae predominate in populations sampled from regions in Nelson, West Coast and south of Mount Cook. Uniformly coloured larvae predominate in populations from the region between Nelson and Mount Cook.
The commensal chironomid Dactylocladius commensalis Tonnoir, 1923 b, is microsympatric with N. hudsoni.
Neocurupira rotalapisculus n.sp.
Type Material: CM. Type Locality: Shepards Stream, Waipouri Falls, Dunedin.
Diagnosis
Male eyes dichoptic, divided subequally, upper facets slightly larger than lower facets. Female frons very wide. Wing of both sexes rounded apically with vein Rs arising basally, not from vein Rl.
Description Adult
Male (four pharate specimens). Body length 6.6-7.3 mm. Head (Fig. 17). Globular; colour moderate yellowish brown (10YR5/4); depth width ratio 1:1.5; eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:0.9, upper facets slightly larger than lower facets, eye margins continuous; vertex area 0.06 times as wide as head width; ocellar turret prominent, anterior ocellus prominent; antenna of 14 articles, five proximal articles longer than wide, remainder moniliform; clypeus as long as wide, colour pale yellowish orange (10YR8/6), darker on proximal border, bearing 20-24 short, black hairs; labrum darker than clypeus, with heavily pigmented proximal border, shorter than head depth, slightly longer than proximal segment of labial palpus; maxillary palpus two segmented, proximal segment small, distal segment black, truncated, bearing anterolaterally 17-19 black hairs; galea prominent, 0.66 times as long as maxillary palpus; labial palpus twice as long as head depth, distal segments diverging; 15-17 lateral facial hairs. Thorax. As for N. hudsoni. Wing (Fig. 6). Length 7.5-B.lmm. Vein Rs arising from wing base, vein 1A not reaching wing margin, wing apex rounded. Genitalia (Fig. 22). Posterior lateral margin of cercus rounded, median concavity notched basally, sides straight to slightly concave; dististyles as for N. hudsoni.
Female (one pharate specimen). Body length B.4mm. Flead (Fig. 18). Colour as for male; depth width ratio 1:1.2; eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:1.8, upper facets slightly smaller than lower facets; vertex area 0.33 times as wide as head width, only slightly protruding anteriorly from eye level; ocellar turret raised, base diverging, anterior occelus prominent; antenna of 14 articles, moniliform, proximal three articles larger than rest; clypeus wider than long, colour pale yellowish orange (10YR8/6), bearing 23-25 short, black hairs; labrum darker than clypeus, with lighter colour proximal border, longer than proximal segment of labial palpus, finely tapering; maxillary palpus two segmented, distal segment larger, constricted basally, angulate distolaterally, bearing 11—13 black hairs; galea prominent, twice as long as maxillary palpus; labial palpus 1.5 times as long as head depth, distal segment short; 4-5 lateral facial hairs. Thorax. As for N. hudsoni. Wing. Venation and shape similar to male, length B.lmm. Genitalia (Fig. 12). Internal process of oviscapt tapering, apex shallowly concave, oviscapt lobes bearing 7-8 short, clear spines subapically.
Pupa (five specimens). Length 7.0-B.7mm. Width 3.1-3.Bmm. Similar to N. hudsoni. Basal width length ratio of outer lamellae 1:2.5.
Larvae. Similar in all stages to N. hudsoni.
Distribution (Fig. 26A).
N. rotalapisculus is to date known only from a restricted area near Dunedin.
Material was examined from the following localities: Shepards Stream, Waipouri Falls, Dunedin, (5163/708666), approx. 800 ft., LP, D.A.C., 18-X-64, (167); C. Devine, 8-xi-64, CM. Post Office Stream, Mount Maungatua, Dunedin, (5163/767750), approx. 100 ft, LP, D.A.C., 18-X-64, (164) ; 5-H-66, CM.
Remarks
The adult male exhibits an interesting eye structure (Fig. 17), which is intermediate between the holoptic condition of N. hudsoni and the dichoptic condition of Form C. The wing (Fig. 6) is different from that of N. hudsoni for the vein Rs arises from the wing base and not from vein Rl, and the vein 1A does not reach
the wing margin. Apically the wing of N. rotalapiscuius is more blunt than that of N. hudsoni. The specific name refers to the rounded apex of the wing. Genitalia and body of N. rotalapis cuius male adults are very similar to those of N. hudsoni. Females of N. rotalapisculus show considerable differences in head structure from females of N. hudsoni and those of Form C. The vertex area is wider, more rounded dorsally and does not protrude greatly above the level of the eye as it does in N. hudsoni females. The galea and the distal segments of the maxillary palpus are more prominent than in N. hudsoni.
The oviscapt (Fig. 12) shows a mixture of characters similar to those shown by the oviscapts of N. hudsoni and of Form C. The distal lobes are more like those of N. hudsoni (Fig. 11) but the internal process is more like that of Form G (Fig. 13). The subapical spines are clear, in contrast to those of both N. hudsoni and Form G which are black.
The larvae associated with the pupae of N. rotalapisculus are highly patterned in a manner similar to other larvae of the hudsoni- complex, and are morphologically indistinct from N. hudsoni larvae.
The commensal chironomid Dactylocladius commensalis Tonnoir has not as yet been found associated with the larvae of N. rotalapisculus.
FORM A
Adult
Male (three pharate specimens). Body length 7.9—9.0 mm. Head. As for N. hudsoni; labial palpus from 1.2-1.7 times as long as head depth; 4-5 lateral facial hairs. Genitalia. As for N. hudsoni.
Female (two pharate specimens). Similar to N. hudsoni females. Larvae. Not known.
Distribution Otago, P, anon., CM. Remarks
Apart from the shorter labial palpi and fewer lateral facial hairs of the male, Form A is very similar to and probably conspecific with N. hudsoni. Form A is placed in the same series as the “ southern ” forms because the exact location is unknown and its members possess relatively short labial palpi similar to Form B.
FORM B
Adult
Male (three pharate specimens). Head (Fig. 10). Depth width ratio 1:0.77; eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:1.2, upper and lower eye not contiguous; vertex slightly raised, 0.17 times as wide as head width; maxillary palpus as long as labrum; galea as long as maxillary palpus; labial palpus 1.7 times as long as head depth; 10-11 lateral facial hairs. Body. Similar to N. hudsoni.
Female. Not known. Distribution (Fig. 26A).
Form B has, so far, been found only in populations containing both N. hudsoni and Form G.
Material was available from two localities: Raspberry Hut Stream, Matukituki Valley, Lake Wanaka, 1,500 ft., D.A.C., 8-ii-66, CM. Motatapu Gorge, Lake Wanaka, approx. 950 ft., D.A.C., 9-ii-66, CM.
Remarks
The shape of the head and ocellus, and the non-contiguous eye margins of Form B are more similar to those of N. hudsoni than to Form C, while the eye ratio
and the proportions of the mouth parts are more similar to those of Form C than to N. hudsoni. Because Form B is known only to occur with N. hudsoni and Form G, and shows a mixture of head characteristics of these associates, it is considered here to be a hybrid between N. hudsoni and Form G.
FORM C
Adult
Male (15 specimens). Body length 6.8-B.omm. Head (Fig. 19). Trapezoidal; colour varying from dusky yellowish brown (10YR2/2) to brownish black (SYR2/1); depth width ratio 1:1.5; eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:1.5, upper and lower facets equal in size, eye margins contiguous, black unfaceted peripheral band around upper eye; vertex area 0.1 times as wide as head width; ocellar turret raised, constricted basally; antenna of 14 articles, moniliform; clypeal margin of frons light in colour, lateral areas darker; clypeus as long as wide, distal edge lighter in colour, bearing 16-20 short black hairs; labrum black, slightly shorter than proximal segment of labial palpus; maxillary palpus 2 segmented, distal segment larger and black in colour, bearing anterolaterally 18-20 black hairs; galea twice as long as distal segment of maxillary palpus; labial palpus 2.2 times as long as head depth, distal segment slightly longer than clypeus plus labrum, diverging; 10—12 lateral facial hairs. Thorax. As for N. hudsoni. Wing (Fig. 7). Similar in shape and venation to N. hudsoni but not in length, 6.2-7.3 mm. Genitalia (Figs, 23 and 25). Posterior lateral margin of cercus variable, median concavity always notched basally (as in N. hudsoni) ; dististyles as for N. hudsoni.
Female (three specimens). Body length 7.0-7.9 mm. Head (Fig. 20). Globular; colour brownish black (SYR2/1); depth width ratio 1:1.3; eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:2.8, upper facets smaller than lower facets; vertex area 0.17 times as wide as head width, protruding above eye level to form keel-like structure; ocellar turret raised, prominent, base diverging; antenna of 14 articles; clypeus as long as wide, dark with distal dusky yellow (5Y6/4) edge, bearing 16—20 short black hairs; labrum black, slightly longer than proximal segment of labial palpus; maxillary palpus 2 segmented, segments of equal size, distal segment black, bearing anterolaterally 8-10 black hairs; galea twice as long as maxillary palpus; labial palpus 1.5 times as long as head-depth, distal segments short; 10-14 lateral facial hairs. Thorax. As for male. Wing. Length 8.0-9.lmm. As for male but more membranous and junction of vein A 1 to margin very weak. Genitalia (Fig. 13). Internal process of oviscapt constricted laterally, shallowly concave apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 6-8 short black spines subapically.
Pupa (30 specimens). Length 5.8-6.4 mm. Width 2.5-2.9 mm. Similar to N. hudsoni. Basal width length ratio of outer gill lamellae 1:3.0, sides of posterior outer lamellae gradually tapering, apex rounded; middle lamellae longer and wider than outer lamellae, lateral margins curved, constricted basally (Fig. 3).
Larvae. Similar in all stages to N. hudsoni. Distribution (Fig. 26a).
Form C occurs in habitats similar to those occupied by AA hudsoni and has a similar altitudinal distribution. The known area of distribution of Form C extends from Lake Wanaka to Milford Sound and Lake Te Anau. No known collections of blepharocerids have been made in the area south of Lake Te Anau, but it is expected that Form C and perhaps other blepharocerid forms will eventually be discovered in that area.
Material was examined from the following localities; Motatapu Gorge, Lake Wanaka, 1,300 ft;, P, D.A.C., 8-ii-66, CM. Phoebe Creek, Matukituki Valley, Lake Wanaka, 1,300 ft., P, D.A.C., 8-ii-66, CM. Raspberry Hut, Matukituki Valley, 1,400 ft., P, D.A.C., 8-ii-66, CM. Cadronna River, 3,200 ft., LP, D.A.G., 25-X-64, 11-i-65, CM. 12 Mile Creek, Queenstown,
1,030 ft., L?, D.A.C., 25-X-64, (188). Dooleys Creek, Queenstown, 1,100 ft., LPA, D.A.G., 9-1-65, CM. Ballarat Creek, Mount Aurum, L?, C. Devine, 23-iv-65, CM. Invincible Creek, Rees Valley, 1,500 ft., L?, D.A.G., 23-X-64, (182). 25 Mile Greek, Rees Valley, 1,550 ft., L?, D.A.G., 23-X-64, (183). Little Devil Greek, Rees Valley, 3,150 ft., L?, D.A.C., 24-X-64, (184). Lennox Falls, Rees Valley, 1,550 ft., L?, D.A.C,, 24-X-64, (186). Eglington River, L?, V.M.S., 20-X-61, 223. Walker Greek, Eglington River, LP, V.M.S., 2-X-61, 225; D.A.C. and V.M.S., 17-i-64 (89a). Worsley River, Lake Te Anau, A, anon., 30-xii-27, AM. Wesney Creek, Eglington River, 1,200 ft., LPA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 17-i-64, (90); annon., 31-i-65, UA. 45 Mile Greek, Eglington River, 1,400 ft., LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 17-1-64, (91). Hollyford River, LA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 18-1-64, (93). Jamestown River, Hollyford River, L?, S. C. Woods, ?-ix-64, CM. Donne River, Milford Sound, 200 ft., LA, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 19-1-64, (94). Cleddau River, Milford Sound, 1,050 ft., L?, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 19-1-64, (95). Bowen Falls, Milford Sound, 50ft., L?, D.A.C., 18-1-64, CM.
Remarks
Both sexes of Form C have wings very similar to those of N. hudsoni adults. The Form G females are very similar in head structure and genitalia to the females of N. hudsoni. The Form G males have similar genitalia to those of N. hudsoni males, but are dichoptic, a fact first reported by Campbell (1923) and apparently overlooked by Dumbleton (1963 a).
Apart from the differences in the eye structure of the male and a slight difference in the shape of the pupal gill lamellae, Form G is very similar morphologically in all stages to N. hudsoni.
Neocurupira (Neocurupira) campbelli Dumbleton
Neocurupira (Paracurupira) campbelli Dumbleton, 1963.
Type Material: EDL. Type Locality: Pegleg Creek, Arthur’s Pass, Westland. Diagnosis
Smaller than other species, wings greyish, mouthparts subequal in length to head depth, antenna articles wider than long, female often brachypterous.
Description Adult
Male (81 specimens). Body length 4.5-6.Bmm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.2; eye ratio 1:2.0; vertex width 0.28 times head width; antenna of 11 articles; labrum shorter than labial palpus; labial palpus subequal in length to head depth. Genitalia (Fig. 36). Posterior margin of cercus broadly concave, lateral margins rounded.
Female (Macropterous). (22 specimens). Body length 5.6-9.omm; wing length 3.5-4.omm. Head (Fig. 27). Head depth width ratio 1:1.4; eye ratio 1:4.2;
vertex width 0.31 times head width; antenna of 12 articles; clypeus rounded; labrum shorter than labial palpus; labial palpus subequal in length to head depth, first segment of labial palpus shorter than labrum. Genitalia (Fig. 35). Internal process of oviscapt conical, oviscapt lobes bearing 7-9 clear short spines subapically.
(Brachypterous). (Six specimens). Body length 5.0-6.omm. Wing length 0.62.5 mm. Head (Fig. 28). Head depth width ratio 1:1.2; eye ratio 1:3.5; vertex width 0.28 times as wide as head width; antenna of 12 articles; clypeus subangulate laterally and distally; labial palpus variable in length. Genitalia (Fig. 34). Internal process of oviscapt concave apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 7—9 black short spines subapically.
Pupa (522 specimens). Length 4.0—6.2 mm. Outer lamellae of pupal gills tapering to narrow rounded apex; basal width length ratio of outer lamellae 1 ;3.4.
Larvae
Fourth Instar (Fig. 31). (567 specimens). Length 4.4-B.omm. Sucker width 0.48—0.59 mm. Colour uniform dusky yellowish brown (10YR2/2) ; prolegs rounded apically, not angulate laterally; posterior margin of anal division bearing 6-1? irregularly arranged black hairs.
Third Instar (Fig. 32). (25 specimens). Length Sucker width 0,30-0.36 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerites black; remainder of body uniformly dark brown (SYR2/4) to brownish black (SYR2/1); cephalic sclerites occupying (early) to l /$ (late) of length of cephalic division; marginal armature of setae; no apparent dorsal armature; lateral margins of median divisions rounded; prolegs 1 to 6 slightly longer than basal width, cone shaped, sharply rounded apically, bearing dorsally 10-12 fine hairs as long as ventral pad, ventral pad occupies ys-j of length of proleg; 7th proleg as long as wide, bearing apically two black hairs, one five times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by very shallow angulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded bearing 4-5 black hairs irregularly arranged, as long as 7th proleg hairs; eight tracheal gill filaments per division.
Second Instar (Fig. 33). (Eight specimens). Length 1.9-2.6 mm. Sucker width 0.17-o.lßmm. Colour of cephalic sclerites black; remainder of body uniformly dark brown (SYR2/4) ; cephalic sclerites occupying \ (early) to (late) length of cephalic division; no marginal armature; dorsal armature consisting of lanceolate setae, pattern similar to spines on third instar of N. chiltoni; dorsal cuticle microsculptured into grooves and ridges; lateral margin of median divisions same as for third instar; prolegs 1 to 6 as long as basal width, cone shaped, sharply rounded apically, bears dorsally fine pale hairs as long as pad, ventral pad occupies \ of proleg length; 7th proleg small, as long as basal width, bearing apically one black hair 5-7 times as long as proleg, plus 2-3 shorter hairs; anal division not separated laterally from sth median division by constriction; posterior margin anal division broadly rounded and continuing beyond the 7th proleg to the sth division, bearing 7-9 short black hairs; two small tracheal gills per division.
Distribution (Fig. 26b)
Dumbleton (1963 a) considered that N. camphelli was of restricted distribution occurring only in the Arthur’s Pass region. However, collections since then show the area of distribution to extend from Lake Rotoiti, Nelson, to Lake Wanaka, Otago. N. camphelli is microsvmpatric with N. hudsoni and P. turrifer when the areas of distribution coincide. The altitudinal distribution is from 1,400 ft. to 4,500 ft.
Material has been examined from the following localities; Hakano Stream, Travers River, Lake Rotoiti, Nelson, 3,500 ft., L, J. Flux, 25-xi-64, CM. Townsend Creek, Minchin Pass, Arthur’s Pass, (559/282485), 3,800 ft., LP, D.A.C., 18-iv-65, CM. Linwood Greek, Minchin River, (559/278455), LPA, D.A.C., 18-iv-65, CM. Temple Basin, Arthur’s Pass, (559/067324), L, D.A.C., 20-xi-63, 22-xi-64, CM. Lower Otira River Gorge, LP, V.M.S., 12-iii-65,
CM. Pegleg Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/055340), LPA, L.J.D., 13-iv-62, EDL; D.A.C., 15- CM. Bealey Chasm, Arthur’s Pass, (559/050313), LPA, D.A.G., 1962-1966, UC. Bealey River, (559/054296), L, D.A.C., 7-ii-62, CM. McGrath’s Greek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/053300), L, D.A.C., 29-vii-62, CM. Punch Bowl, Arthur’s Pass, (559/055295), LPA, D.A.C., 20-i-62, 20-i-63, CM. Avalanche Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/054285), L, D.A.G., 4-i-62, CM. Rough Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/045275), LP, D.A.C., 16-xii-62, CM. Snow Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/065264), LP, D.A.C., 28-ix-63, CM. Halpin’s Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/070244), A, L.J.D., 13-iv-62, EDL. Mingha River, (559/114297), LP, D.A.C., 16- CM. Masons Stream, Flock Hill, Craigieburn Mountain Range, 3,800 ft, A, P. M. Johns, 21-i-65, CM. Lyndon Stream, Fog Peak, Porter’s Pass, (574/218864), LP, R. S. Bigelow, 13-H-62; A. G. McFarlane, 25-xi-64, CM. Mount Hutt, 2,500£t., LPA, G. Tunnicliffe and W. P. Thomas, 29-i-64, CM. Kakapo River, Wilberforce River, 2,000-3,800 ft., LP, D.A.C., 18-X-63, CM. Kiwi River, Wilberforce River, 2,100 ft, L, D.A.C., 19-X-63, CM. Lyell Glacier, Rakaia River, A, P. M. Johns, 25-xi-64, CM. Fox Peak, Two Thumb Mountain Range, 3,000 ft, 4,500 ft, L, D.A.G., 20-X-63, (6), (7), (9). Black Birch Stream, Mount Cook, 2,500 ft., 2,750 ft., LP, D.A.C. and V.M.S., 9-i-64, (59 and 590). Old Homestead Creek, Matukituki River, Lake Wanaka, 1,400 ft., LP, D.A.G., 26-X-64, (190); 8-ii-66, CM.
Remarks
Although Dumbleton (1963 a) did not collect macropterous N. camphelli females, he suspected their existence. Craig (1966) has shown that the percentage of brachypterous pharate female adults has an inverse relationship to water temperature. The female macropterous wing and the male wing are very similar (Fig. 29). The female brachypterous wing (Fig. 30) varies in length from 0.6-2.5 mm. The longest brachypterous wing could possibly be used for flight, but in all cases dissection showed that the flight muscles were atrophied. The trichation and development of the veins C and R 1 are similar in the macropterous and brachypterous wings but the veins R2-)-3, R4-j-5, Ml, M 4, Cul and A 1 of the brachypterous wing are poorly developed (Fig. 30).
The head depth width ratio of the macropterous female is greater than that of the brachypterous female; the ocellar turret is rounder, protrudes further and the clypeus is more rounded than those of the brachypterous female. Labial palpi of brachypterous females are variable in length, ranging from just longer than the labrum to shorter than the labrum. The antennal articles of both forms of female are normally distinct but some adults have the distal antennal articles partially or completely fused in an irregular manner (Fig. 27a).
Craig (1963) first reported the occurrence of the nematode Agamomermis sp. in N. camphelli adults and pupae. Parasitised males exhibit the female number of 12 antennal articles and it is possible that the nematodes castrate the males, though this has not been verified by dissection. Parasitised females show no obvious external morphological effects. Similar effects are produced by -individuals of Agamomermis sp. parasitising the males of Culicoides (Ceratopogonidae) (Callot, 1959).
A small sample of larvae similar to the 4th instar larvae of N. camphelli was collected from the Matukituki Valley, Lake Wanaka, (26-X-64), in association with N. hudsoni larvae. These larvae were completely jet black instead of the normal dusky yellowish brown, with clear scales. The sucker width was larger, 0.59-0.68 mm. One 3rd instar larva was in this sample, colour jet black, sucker size, 0.40-0.45 mm. A single pharate male adult of N. camphelli has since (8-ii-66) been collected from the same location. (Unfortunately the sample of larvae has since been misplaced.)
The tonnoiri- Complex
Though geographically allopatric, Neocurupira chiltoni and N. tonnoiri are morphologically similar in all stages. All larval instars of N. tonnoiri and N. chiltoni show similarities in the shape of the angulate prolegs, shape of the posterior margin of the anal division, size of the marginal armature (larger than other species) and colour pattern. However, N. tonnoiri does not possess large black spines on the dorsal surface of the 4th instar larva. The adults of both species vary in detail but are similar, particularly in the venation and shape of the anal angle of the wing
(Figs. 41 and 53). The anal angle of members of both species is less pronounced than that of other species of New Zealand blepharocerids. The eggs of both N. tonnoiri and N, chiltoni are, apart from size, very similar in shape and colouration (Craig, 1967 b).
Because the similarities between N. chiltoni and N. tonnoiri are greater than the similarities them and the other Neocurupira species, it is considered that N, chiltoni and N. tonnoiri are closely related and form a species complex.
Neocurupira (Neocurupira) tonnoiri Dumbleton Neocurupira (Paracurupira) tonnoiri Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Type Material: EDL and CM. Type Locality: Waiho, Westland.
Diagnosis
Male eye ratio 1:2.1, concavity of cercus deep and rounded, no black dorsal spines on 4th instar larva.
Description Adult
Male (20 specimens). Body length 5.0-7.2 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.3; eye ratio 1:2.1; vertex width 0.25 times head width; antenna of 15 articles; labial palpus twice as long as head depth. Wing (Fig. 40). Anal angle of wing approximately 110°, all veins reaching wing margin. Genitalia (Fig. 48). Cercus variable, deep rounded median concavity.
Female (four specimens). Body length 4.0-6.omm. Head, Head depth width ratio 1:1.4; eye ratio 1:2.3; vertex width 0.35 times head width; labial palpus twice as long as head depth, second labial palpus segment as long as labrum. Genitalia (Fig. 49). Internal process of oviscapt conical apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 4-6 short, black spines subapically.
Pupa (15 specimens). Length 5.0-5.5 mm. Outer pupal gill lamellae tapering with apex narrow but rounded, basal width length ratio 1:3.4.
Larvae
Fourth Instar (Fig. 37). (25 specimens). Length 4.5-B.6mm. Sucker width 0.54-0.64 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerites moderate brown (SYR3/4) peripherally, yellowish orange (10YR7/6) medially; remainder of body patterned, variable, from background of dark brown (SYR2/4) with patterning of yellowish orange (10YR7/6), to background of dusky yellowish brown (10YR2/2) with patterning dark yellowish orange (10YR6/6) (Plate lb); dorsal armature of small flattened spines; prolegs pointed apically, angulate laterally, constricted basally.
Third Instar (Fig. 38). (15 specimens). Length 3.3-4.7 mm. Sucker width 0.26-0.32 mm. Cephalic sclerites black; remainder of body varying from uniform moderate brown (SYR4/4) to moderate brown with yellowish (5Y7/4) lateral lunar markings; cephalic sclerites occupying \ (early) to l /s (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature of scales; dorsal armature of irregularly arranged setae; dorsal cuticle microsculptured into fine grooves and ridges; lateral margins of median divisions subangulate anterolaterally, terminal margins straight, rounded posterolaterally; prolegs 1 to 6 slightly longer than basal width, pointed apically, constricted sub-basally, bearing dorsally 15-20 clear, yellowish hairs slightly shorter than the proleg, ventral pad occupying /$ length of proleg; 7th proleg relatively large, slightly longer than basal width, bearirig apically 3-5 hairs, two to three times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by deep acutely angulate constriction ; posterior margin of anal division rounded with 7th proleg indented, bearing KLT4 clear hairs as long as 7th proleg plus hair,
shorter hairs alternating with longer hairs, row of 17-19 short setae ventral and parallel to the posterior margin; eight tracheal gill filaments per division.
Second Instar (Fig. 39). (10 specimens). Length 2.0-2.Bmm. Sucker width 0.14—0.18 mm. Cephalic sclerites dark brown (SYR2/4) ; remainder of body varying from uniform moderate brown (5YR3.5/4) to moderate brown with yellowish (5Y7/4) lateral lunar markings; cephalic sclerites occupying | (early) to ]/$ (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature of 10-12 scales anterolaterally on each median division and 4-5 posterolaterally; dorsal armature of scattered setae; lateral margins of median divisions sharply angular anterolaterally, broadly angular posterolaterally, terminal margin straight; prolegs 1 to 6, /$ longer than basal width,
slightly constricted sub-basally, bearing dorsally 4—5 clear hairs slightly shorter than proleg, ventral pad occupies \ length of proleg; 7th proleg as long as basal width, bearing apically 3—4 hairs, three to four times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by shallow subangulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded bearing 7-9 hairs as long as 7th proleg hair, smaller hairs between larger hairs; two tracheal gill filaments per division; posterior anal gill filaments /$ size of anterior gill filaments.
Distribution 1
N. tonnoiri appears to be restricted to the West Coast of the South Island, extending from Takaka, south to the Waiho River and east to the Arthur’s Pass region. It occurs at altitudes between 500 ft. and 2,500 ft. Dumbleton (1963 a) stated that it occurred in small cascading streams within bush, however, it has since been collected from deeper, swiftly flowing rivers in the open. It is microsympatric with Neocurupira hudsoni, N. camphelli, Nothohoraia micrognathia and Peritheates turrifer where the areas of distribution overlap.
Material was examined from the following localities: Upper Aorere Valley, Gollingwood, L, A. Baker, ?-i-66, CM. Takaka, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 6-xi-21, EDN. Waikoropupu Springs, Takaka, (SB/171822), LPA, V.M.S., 25-X-63, (10); D.A.C., 28-xii-63, (130). Heaphy Track, Gouland Downs, LPA, A. L. Tonnoir, 7-ii-22, EDN; J. Grieve and M. Cross, 10-i-65, CM. Fairdown Creek, Westport, L, I. D. McLellan, 16-V-65, CM. Shenandoah Saddle, approx. 1,500 ft., L, D. R. Cowley, 22-1-64, UA. Ten Mile Creek, Buller River, (S3l/627162), LPA, I. D. McLellan, ?-vii-63, 4-iv-64, 2-V-64, CM; V.M.S., 4-iv-64, CM. Moana, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 16-xii-25, CM. Lake Brunner, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 5-ii-22, CM. Tributary of Eel Creek, Lake Brunner, approx. 500 ft., anon., 31-1-65, UA. Jack’s Hut Stream, Arthur’s Pass, L, L.J.D., 28-vii-58, 3-iv-64, EDL. Waiho River, L, A. L. Tonnoir, 9-1-22, CM. Docherty’s Creek, Waiho River, L, L.J.D., 11-i-60, EDL.
Neocurupira (Neocurupira) chiltoni (Campbell) “ ? Curupira ”, Chilton, 1906.
Curupira chiltoni Campbell, 1921.
Paracurupira chiltoni, Tillyard, 1922; Campbell, 1923
Neocurupira [Paracurupira) chiltoni, Edwards, 1929; Alexander, 1958; Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Institute housing type material unknown. Type Locality: Purau Stream, Banks Peninsula, Canterbury.
Diagnosis
Male eye ratio 1:1.0, concavity of cercus wide and shallow, 4th instar larva with black dorsal spines.
Description Adult
Male (818 specimens). Body length 5.4—8.8 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.2; eye ratio 1:1,0; vertex width 0.12 times head width; labial palpus twice as long as head depth. Wing (Fig. 50). Genitalia (Fig. 44). Cercus wide, shallowly concave medianly, rounded laterally, variable.
Female (90 specimens). Body length 4.4—8.4 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.4; eye ratio 1:2.0; vertex width 0.25 times head width; labial palpus less than twice as long as head depth. Genitalia (Fig. 45). Internal process of oviscapt constricted subapically, rounded apically; oviscapt lobes bearing 7—9 fine, clear spines subapically.
Pupa (1,011 specimens). Length 4.1-B.2mm. Outer lamellae of pupal gills long, almost parallel-sided, rounded apically, basal width length ratio of outer lamellae 1:3.6.
Larvae
Fourth Instar (Fig. 41). (2,150 specimens). Length 5.1-10.5 mm. Sucker width 0.60-0.65 mm. Colour normally uniform, varying from dusky brown (SYR2/2) (early), to moderate brown (SYR4/4), or light brown (SYRS/6) (late), occasionally exhibiting patterning of 3rd instar larva; dorsal armature consisting of large black spines; prolegs 1 to 6 pointed apically, angulate laterally, constricted basally.
Third Instar (Fig. 42). (25 specimens). Length 2.6-5.6 mm. Sucker width 0.30-0.36 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerites dark brown (SYR2/4), remainder of body normally uniform moderate brown (5YR3.5/4) but often with dorsal triangular greyish-orange (10YR7/4) patch on 4th median division and lighter patches of colour lateral to the cephalic sclerites; cephalic sclerites occupying $/*, (early) to 1 3 0' (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature of scales; dorsal armature of raised tubercles bearing short, thick spines in the same pattern as large dorsal spines of 4th instar, as well as smaller setae with irregular arrangement; lateral margins of median divisions angulate anterolaterally, rounded posterolaterally, straight between; prolegs 1 to 6 slightly less than twice as long as basal width, constricted sub-basally, angulate apically and laterally, bearing dorsally five hairs as long as ventral pad, plus other finer hairs, ventral pad Vs as long as proleg; 7th proleg slightly indented into posterior margin, longer than basal width, bearing three black hairs three times as long as proleg; constriction separating anal division laterally from sth median division, sharply angulate posteriorly, sloping gently anteriorly; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded bearing 18-22 black hairs slightly longer than 7th proleg hairs; eight tracheal gills per division; posterior filaments'of anal gills Vs size of anterior filaments.
Second Instar (Fig. 43). (25 specimens). Length 2.0-2.9 mm. Sucker width 0.18-0.19 mm. Colour of cephalic sclerite darker than that of remainder of body, remainder of body varying from moderate brown (SYR3/4) (early) to moderate yellow brown (10YR5/4) (late); cephalic sclerites occupying (early) to Vs (late) length of cephalic division; ocelli show as reddish structures posterolateral to cephalic sclerites; marginal armature of scales; dorsal armature of small raised tubercles in same pattern as 3rd instar; dorsal cuticle microsculptured into grooves and ridges; lateral margins of median divisions angulate, terminal areas straight; prolegs 1 to 6 twice as long as basal width, rounded apically, slightly constricted laterally, dorsally bearing 2-3 brown hairs as long as ventral pad as well as other finer hairs, ventral pad Vs as long as proleg; 7th proleg as long as basal width, bearing two black hairs three times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by deep acutely angulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division very broadly subangulate, bearing 6-10 hairs four times as
long as 7th proleg, plus 12-14 shorter hairs; two tracheal gill filaments per division; posterior filaments of anal gills size of anterior filaments.
First Instar (Figs. 46 and 47). (16 specimens from laboratory hatched eggs). Length 0.8-I. 6mm. Sucker width 0.057-0.067 mm. Colour uniform, light brownish grey (SYR6/1) (early), to light brown (SYR6/4) (late) ; cephalic sclerites of body colour, occupying -J (early) to \ (late) length of cephalic division; antenna of one article, bearing sensory spines distally; no marginal armature; dorsal armature as
rows of stout, black spines across anterior and posterior surfaces of divisions, larger spines on lateral edges of divisions; lateral margins of median divisions of early larva (Fig. 46) acutely angulate anterolaterally, obtusely angulate posterolaterally, of late larva (Fig. 47) acutely rounded apically; prolegs 1 to 6 conical with extensile tip, bearing dorsally two black hairs; 7th proleg small conical structure, bearing single black hair; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by subangulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division bare, highly rounded; no tracheal gills.
Distribution
N. chiltoni is found only on Banks Peninsula, Canterbury, A report by Campbell (1923) that this species was found at Arthur’s Pass is evidently an error, for no subsequent reports have been made despite intensive collecting in that area. It is possible that Campbell mistook the larvae of N. tonnoiri for those of N. chiltoni as the early larval instars are very similar.
N. chiltoni is widely distributed on Banks Peninsula, particularly on the eastern part of the peninsula, occurring in practically every valley that possesses a stream with a water flow sufficient to keep some rocks clear of heavy algal growths. It occurs at altitudes from just above sea level to I,looft.
Material was examined from the following localities: Charteris Bay, (SB4/060412), D.A.G., 5-vii-65, CM. Purau Valley, anon., 23-xi-19, DM and AM; J. W. Campbell, 6-i-21, EDN; A. L. Tonnoir, 2-ii-22, CM; L.J.D., 22-X-59, 9-H-62, EDL; (SB4/105409), D.A.C., 1962-1966, UC and CM. Port Levy, (SB4/139365), D.A.C., 14-xii-65, (211). Kukupa, (SB4/233330), D.A.C., 14-xii-65, (212). Little Akaloa, (SB4/296365), D.A.C., 14-xii-65, (213). Menzies Bay, P. M. Johns, ?-viii-55, CM. Okains Bay, (SBS and 595/329351), D.A.G., 15-xii-65, (218). Flea Bay, (594/326153), D.A.C., 15-xii-65, (219). Akaroa, C. Hickory Bay, (SBS and 595/356238), D.A.C., 15-xii-65, (216). Goughs Bay, (SBS and 595/373224), D.A.C., 15-xii-65, (217). Otanerito (Long) Bay, (SBS and 595/358195), D.A.G., 15-xii-65), (218). Flea Bay, (594/326153), D.A.C., 15-xii-65, (219). Akaroa, C. Chilton, ?-ii-03, EDN. Onuku, Akaroa, (594/272188), D.A.C., 13-xii-65, (208). Takamatua Bay (594/298252), D.A.C., 13-xii-65, (209). Robinsons Bay, (594/304280), D.A.C., 13-xii-65, (210). French Farm Bay, (594/228258), D.A.C., 13-xii-65, (207). Wainui Bay, (594/225222), D.A.C., 12-xii-65, (205). Cape Three Points, (594/236197), C. S. Woods, 16-viii-64, CM. Peraki Bay, (594/175188), D.A.G., 11-xii-65, (203). Te Oka Bay, (594/133184), D.A.C., 12-xii-65, (206). Okuti Valley, (594/176251), D.A.G., 12-xii-65, (204). Opuahau Stream, Little River, (594/1 76299), D.A.C., 16-xii-65, (220). Little River, L.J.D., EDL. Prices Valley, (594/075279), D.A.G., 16-xii-65, (221). Kaituna, S. Lindsay, 16-iii-29, CM; (SB4/068334), D.A.C., 1963-1966, UC.
Remarks
Neocurupira chiltoni is unusual for it is the only New Zealand species ot blepharocerid to posses strong, black, dorsal spines on the 4th instar larva.
NOTHOHORAIA n.gen.
Type Species: Nothohoraia micrognathia n.sp.
Diagnosis
Adult mouthparts shorter than head depth, maxillary palpus ot one segment, tubular. Pupa flattened dorsoventrally; gills positioned anteromedially, lamellae small and notched. Larva compressed anteroposteriorly, flattened dorsoventrally; cephalic sclerites produced anterolaterally; posterior margin of anal division heavily sclerotised and sharp.
Nothohoraia micrognathia n.sp.
Type Material: CM. Type Locality: Fuchsia Creek, Lower Buller Gorge, W estport.
Description Adult
Male (two pharate specimens). Body length 4.9 mm. Head (Fig. 51). Depth width ratio 1:1.6; eyes holoptic, eye ratio 1:1.6, upper facets larger than lower facets, eye margins not contiguous; vertex width 0.02 times head width; ocellar turret moderately prominent; antenna of 14 articles, two proximal articles longer than wide, remainder wider than long; clypeus tapering broadly distally, concave laterally, bearing 14—20 short, black hairs; labrum subequal in length to clypeus, short; maxillary palpus of one segment, not counting basal palpiger, tubular, bearing 3-4 black hairs distally; galea small; labial palpus length 0.8 times head depth, proximal segment longer than labrum, distal segment short; no lateral facial hair. Wing (Fig. 55). Approximately 6.omm long, membraneous, densely covered with microtrichia, anal angle pronounced, vein Rs forked, veins Cui and 1A not reaching margin. Genitalia (Fig. 53). Posterior lateral margin of cercus rounded, median concavity deep with convex sides; dististyles flattened ventrobasally, rising dorsally, thickest at midlength.
Female (two pharate specimens). Body length 5.2 mm. Head (Fig. 52). Depth width ratio 1:1.5, eyes dichoptic, eye ratio 1:2.6, upper facets few in number and smaller than lower facets, eye margins not contiguous; vertex width 0.3 times head width; ocellar turret prominent, base diverging; antenna of approximately 14 articles, distal articles incompletely annulated; clypeus cone shaped, bearing 10—12 short black hairs; labrum 0.4 times as long as clypeus, very short; maxillary palpus of one segment, tubular, bearing 4-6 hairs; no galea apparent; labial length 0.56 times head depth, proximal segments longer than labrum, distal segments very small and converging; no lateral facial hair. Genitalia (Fig. 54). Internal process of oviscapt rounded apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 10-12 stout black spines subapically, lobes ridged laterally, each bearing long clear hair anterior to ridge.
Pupa (Figs. 56 and 57). (20 specimens). Length 4.0-s.omm. Width 2.5-2.Bmm. Flattened dorsoventrally; dorsal portion of wing sheaths not embossed; pupal gills positioned anteromedially, almost contiguous, outer lamellae short, tapering sharply, inner lamellae usually notched subapically; basal width length ratio of outer lamellae 1:2.2.
Larvae
Four ill Instar (Figs 58-60). (15 specimens). Length 3.0-s.omm. Sucker width 0.36—0.45 mm. Body divisions compressed anteroposteriorly, flattened dorsoventrally, higher medially and laterally; colour (10YR8/6 to SYR4/6), pattern similar to N. tonnoiri; cephalic division produced anterolaterally; cephalic sclerites colour dark reddish brown (7.5R4/6), occupying /$ of cephalic division ventrally, only median portion dorsally; antennae situated on apex of cephalic division projections, inset and apparently of one article; maxilla with elongate, curved, tubular galea, palp with only six rows of hooks; no marginal armature; dorsal armature of small clear pustules irregularly arranged; cuticle of body thick and very hard; prolegs 1 to 6 not extending beyond lateral margins of body, inset into cuticle, slightly longer than basal width, conical, bearing two hairs dorsally, possessing dorsal apodeme internally; 7th proleg represented by two small hairs; posterior margin of anal division heavily sclerotised, sharply defined, not bearing hairs; 10 tracheal gill filaments per body division, curved at midlength; anal gills small.
Third Instar (four specimens). Length 2.0-2.7 mm. Sucker width 0.20-0.25 mm. Colour dark yellowish red (2.5YR3/8), cephalic sclerites reddish brown (10R2/1) ; six tracheal gills per body division; body shape and other characters similar to 4th instar larva.
Second Instar (one specimen). Length I.9mm. Sucker width 0.15 mm. Body very flattened; colour dark reddish brown (10R3/4), cephalic sclerites (10R2/1); median divisions sloping laterally, margins sharply defined and crenulate; anterior projections of cephalic division not pronounced; two long curved tracheal gill filaments per body division; otherwise similar to the 3rd and 4th instar larvae.
Egg. Length 0.58 mm, bluntly rounded.
Distribution
Nothohoraia micrognathia is known only from a single locality on the West Coast, where it is microsympatric with Neocurupira hudsoni and N. tonnoiri.
Type locality: Fuchsia Creek, Lower Buller Gorge, Westport, (S3l/167628), approx. 800 ft., LP, I. D. McLellan, 18-vi-65, 23-xii-65, 11-vi-66, 2-vii-66, CM.
Remarks
The taxonomic position of Nothohoraia is difficult to determine. The pharate adults are similar to Neocurupira campbelli in wing shape, venation and trichation, and in short labial palpi with long pupal sheaths. However, the peculiar tubular maxillary palpi are more similar to those of Horaia Tonnoir, a Himalayan genus, and to those of Apistomyia. How much importance can be attached to the similarities of the wings and mouthparts of Nothohoraia micrognathia and Neocurupira campbelli is not known, for similar wing structure and mouthparts have arisen independently within the subfamilies of the Blepharoceridae. Indeed wings and mouthparts of N. micrognathia appear similar to those of Chilean Paltostoma species (Edwards, 1929).
Male and female genitalia of Nothohoraia do not indicate a close relationship with Neocurupira campbelli or with any other New Zealand blepharocerid. The flattened pupa of Nothohoraia with its notched inner gill lamellae is also unlike that of any known New Zealand blepharocerid. However, similar pupae have arisen a number of times within the Blepharoceridae (e.g., Apistomyia, Blepharocera and Elporia —personal material) and therefore this type of pupa cannot be used to indicate relationships.
The remarkably specialised larvae of Nothohoraia are unlike those of any other known blepharocerid genus with the exception of Horaia. The cephalic projections present on third and fourth instar larvae of Nothohoraia are probably unique in the Blepharoceridae but may be homologous with the erect, black horn-like spines just behind the cephalic sclerites of Horaia larva R 1 (Tonnoir, 1930 b). The number of maxillary palp hooks (Fig. 60) is very much reduced when compared with those of other blepharocerid larvae (Craig, 1967 a) 1 , Both Nothohoraia and Horaia larvae are compressed anteroposteriorly and show little division of the body. In addition they both possess much thicker and harder cuticle than normal, prolegs inserted into the body via a socket and manipulated by a well-developed apodeme, 7th prolegs represented by two small hairs, a heavily sclerotised posterior margin of the anal division which is sharp ventrally and tracheal gills which tend to curve posteriorly. The similarities although well defined between later instars are very striking between the second instar larva of Nothohoraia and later larval instars of Horaia. The fourth and third instars of Nothohoraia are more specialised than Horaia as the abdominal prolegs do not project laterally and the normal convex dorsal shape has become more angular. It is considered that the similarities that exist between these two genera indicate a close relationship. The similarities then between adults of Nothohoraia and N. campbelli are the result of convergent evolution. Like-wise the similarities between the pupae of Nothohoraia, Apistomyia, Blepharocera and Elporia are due to convergence. Although larval morphology
indicates a close relationship to Horaia, the current classification of Blepharoceridae is based on adult characters and this would place Nothohoraia in Neocurupira.
The larvae of Nothohoraia show relationships to Horaia, the pupae to a number of blepharocerid genera and the adults to those of Neocurupira, therefore a new genus was required. As the larval characters of this new genus give a better indication of relationships to other genera than do adult characters, the generic name Nothohoraia, is based on the larva. The specific name micrognathia refers to the main diagnostic character of the adult, the short mouth parts.
PERITHEATES Lamb, 1912
Peritheates Lamb, 1912.
Type Species : P. turrifer Lamb.
Diagnosis
Wing vein Rs unforked, ending on wing apex; larva with marginal armature of stout spines.
Description Adult
Eye divided, male dichoptic; antenna of 12 articles; maxillary palpus short, onesegmented; wing vein Rs unforked, ending on wing apex; male dististyle long and slender. Pupa. Gills positioned anterolaterally, lamellae three times as long as wide.
Larvae. Marginal armature of short spines; prolegs bearing spines and hairs. Remarks
Tillyard (1922 a) and Dumbleton (1963 a) recognised three species of Peritheates; P. turrifer, P. intermedins and P. harrisi. P harrisi is distinctly larger than the first two. Tillyard separated P. turrifer and P. intermedins on the basis of the ocellar turret shape, the male genitalia and the colour of the abdominal segments, but Tillyard’s figures of the male genitalia show differences that are dependent on the angle of observation, a fact also mentioned by Dumbleton (1963 a),
The larvae are practically indistinguishable, though Dumbleton (1963 a) did attempt to show specific differences. Adults of P. intermedius collected from the type locality (Brooks Stream Reservoir, Nelson), are not identifiable with any certainty, as the basal constriction of the ocellar turret is not as pronounced as indicated by Tillyard (1922 a). Adult Peritheates collected from the Whangamoa River, Nelson, are equally referable to either P. intermedius or P. turrifer if Tillyard’s keys are used.
The very close similarity of P. intermedius to P. turrifer in all stages has been mentioned by Dumbleton (1963 a), who suggested that these two species may be identical. He has since (pers. comm.) indicated that he now considers the forms to be conspecific. I agree, and P. intermedius is placed in synonymy with P. turrifer.
Peritheates turrifer Lamb
Peritheates turrifer Lamb, 1912; Campbell, 1921; Tillyard, 1922; Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Peritheates intermedius Tillyard, 1922; Tonnoir, 1930 b; Dumbleton, 1963 a. New Synonymy.
Type Material; CMB. Type Locality: Warnock’s Creek, Otira, Westland. Diagnosis
Smaller in size than P. harrisi, wing length approximately 6mm; ocellar turret prominent; larval posterior margin of anal division angular and bearing only two long hairs.
Description Adult
Male (57 specimens). Body length 4.2-4.7 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.2; eye ratio 1:1.5; vertex width 0.23 times head width; antenna of 12 articles; labial palpus less than three times as long as head depth, first labial palpus segment as long as labrum. Wing (Fig. 64), Genitalia (Fig. 65b and c). Cercus variable, rounded median concavity, slight lateral indentation.
Female (37 specimens). Body length 4.0-5.2 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:1.2; eye ratio 1:1.9; vertex width 0.33 times head width; antenna of 12 articles; labial palpus only slightly longer than head depth, first labial palpus segment shorter than labrum. Genitalia (Fig. 67a and b). Oviscapt variable, internal process of ovicapt conical and rounded apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 8-12 black spines subapically.
Pupa (103 specimens). Length 4.5-5.3 mm. Outer lamellae of pupal gills triangular and pointed, basal width length ratio of outer lamellae 1:2.8.
Larvae
Fourth Instar (Fig. 61). (94 specimens). Length 4.4-7.omm. Sucker width 0.45—0.54 mm. Colour from uniform brownish black (SYR2/1) to moderate brown (SYR4/4) with brownish black patches dorsally on each division; prolegs 1 to 6 bluntly pointed apically, constricted medially; posterior margin of anal division bearing two hairs at junction of rounded median and angulate lateral edges.
Third Instar (Fig. 62). (25 specimens). Length 3.6-4.lmm. Sucker width 0.26-0.33 mm. Cephalic sclerites dark brown, remainder body moderate brown (SYRS/4) with darker brown regions mid-dorsally on median divisions, immediate area around dorsal armature spines yellow; cephalic sclerites occupying /$ (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature of short dark brown spines with irregular arrangement; dorsal armature of irregularly arranged short spines, with row of distinct spines across cephalic division posterior to cephalic sclerites; lateral margins of median divisions subangulate anterolaterally, rounded posterolaterally; prolegs 1 to 6 twice as long as basal width, constricted medially, bearing 10-12 fine pale hairs as long as ventral pad, and two thick shorter spines, ventral pad \ as long as proleg; 7th proleg slightly longer than basal width, conical, bearing single hair three times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by shallow rounded constriction: posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded medially, slightly concave laterally, bears 2—4 hairs, as long as 7th proleg hair; eight small tracheal gill filaments per division.
Second Instar (Fig. 63). (15 specimens). Length 1.1-2.4 mm. Sucker width 0.15—0.18 mm. Cephalic sclerites dusky brown (SYR2/2) ; remainder of body varying from uniform moderate brown (SYR3/3) (early) to brownish black (SYR2/1) (late); cephalic sclerites occupying \ (early) to /$ (late) length of cephalic division; marginal armature only on anal division; dorsal armature of small black spines irregularly arranged, row of 10-12 spines across cephalic division posterior to cephalic sclerites, irregular rows of 12-13 spines on median divisions; lateral margins of median divisions non-angulate, rounded apically; prolegs 1 to 6 twice to three times as long as basal width, bearing dorsally 7-9 fine clear hairs as long as ventral pad, also 1-3 short stout spines, ventral pad */} as long as proleg; 7th proleg as long as wide, bearing a single hair 6-8 times as long as proleg, plus two shorter hairs; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by very shallow rounded constriction; posterior margin of anal division slightly rounded medially, flat to very slightly rounded laterally, bearing two short hairs at junction of lateral and medial edges; two tracheal gill filaments per division.
Distribution (Fig. 70)
This species is of special interest in that it is the.only New Zealand blepharocerid to occur in both North and South Islands. It is known from only the Southern tip of the North Island, but in the South Island has been collected extensively in the Nelson and Arthur’s Pass regions. The distribution of P. turrifer in the area between Nelson and Arthur’s Pass is poorly known. It has an altitudinal distribution of between 200 ft. and 3,500 ft.
Material was examined from the following localities: The Forks, Hutt River, North Island, A, A. Philpott, ?-i-21, EDN; J. Muggeridge, 16-ii-21, EDN. Whangamoa River, Nelson, (Sl4/798367), A, D.A.C., 31-xii-62, l-i-65, CM. Nelson, A, A. Philpott, 10-xii-20, EDN. Goads Creek, Dun Mountain, (S2O/687205), LPA, A. Philpott, 21-i-22, 28-X-22, 22-xi-22, 28-xii-22, EDN; D.A.G., 2-xii-61, 29-1-62, 29-xii-62, CM. Maitai River, Nelson, L, L.J.D., 23-i-50, EDL. Brook’s Stream Reservoir, Nelson, (S2O/638237), LPA, R. J. Tillyard, 2-i-22, EDN; D.A.G., 30-xii-64, CM. Cobb River, Takaka, 2,500 ft., L, S. G. Moore, 4-iv-65, CM. Suicide Creek, Boulder Lake, Takaka, LP, P. M. Johns and V.M.S., 28-X-63, CM. Portia Greek, Boulder Lake, 3,500 ft., LP, P. M. Johns, 28-X-63, CM; V.M.S., 28-X-63, (28). Boyds Creek, Kaikoura, (549/890988), LPA, D.A.C., 29-viii-62, CM. Ten Mile Creek, Buller River, (S3l/162628), LA, I. D. McLellan, 2-iv-64, CM. Warnock’s Nob, Otira, A, G. V. Hudson, 5-xii-08, DM. Otira, A, A. L. Tonnoir, 9-ii-22; T. Harris, DM. Otira Valley (559/050377), A, D.A.C., 23-H-63, CM. Pegleg Greek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/055340), LPA, D.A.C, 15-xii-62, CM. Arthur’s Pass, A, G. V. Hudson, ?-xii-22, DM. Bealey Chasm, Arthur’s Pass, (559/050313), 2,750 ft., D.A.C., 1962-1965, UC. Jack’s Hut Stream, Arthur’s Pass, (559/053311), L, L.J.D., 13-iv-62, EDL; D.A.C., 20-xi-63, CM. Avalanche Creek, Arthur’s Pass, (559/054285), L, D.A.C., 4-1-62, CM.
Remarks
P. turrifer occurs mainly in small torrential bush-covered streams but is also found in larger, open, stable rivers. It is microsympatric with N. hudsoni, N. camphelli and N. tonnoiri where the areas of distribution overlap.
Peritheates harrisi (Campbell)
Apistomyia harrisi Campbell, 1921.
Peritheates harrisi, Tillyard, 1922; Campbell, 1923; Dumbleton, 1963 a.
Institute housing type material unknown. Type Locality: Ohakune, North Island.
Diagnosis
Larger than P. ' turrifer, wing approximately Bmm long; ocellar turret rounded; larval posterior margin of anal division crenulate and bearing more than two long hairs. - ... , .
Description Adult
. Male (two pharatc specimens). -Body length 4.8 and 5.5 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:2.0; eye ratio 1:1.7; vertex width 0.19 times head width; antenna of 12 articles; labrum longer than first segment-of labial palpus; labial palpus three times as long as head depth. Genitalia (Fig. 65a). Cercus wide, very shallow median concavity. . •
Female (five pharate specimens). Body length 5.5—6.0 mm. Head. Head depth width ratio 1:2.2; eye ratio 1:2.0; antenna of 12 articles; labial palpus twice as long as head depth, second segment shorter than labrum. Genitalia (Fig. 66). Internal process of oviscapt concave apically, oviscapt lobes bearing 8-10 clear spines subapically.
Pupa (seven specimens). Length 4.9-6.omm. Outer lamellae of gill longer than P. turrifer, more rounded apically, basal width length ratio 1:3.1.
Larvae
Fourth Instar (Fig. 68). (12 specimens). Length 4.3—8.1 mm. Sucker width 0.47-0.54 mm. Cephalic sclerites black, remainder of body uniformly yellowish brown (10YR3/2); posterior margin of anal division bearing 9-10 hairs, inset at bases.
Third Instar (Fig. 69). (One specimen only). Length 4.omm. Sucker width 0.35 mm. Cephalic sclerites black, remainder of body moderate brown (SYR4/4) with dorsal median moderate brown (SYR3/4) patches; cephalic sclerites occupying l /s length of cephalic division; marginal armature of short sharp clear spines; dorsal armature of short sharp black spines irregularly arranged laterally, also as irregular rows across anterior and posterior of median divisions; lateral margins of median divisions subangulate anterolaterally, less angulate posterolaterally; prolegs 1 to 6 longer than basal width, rounded apically, constricted medially, bearing dorsally 2-3 spines plus numerous fine pale hairs longer than ventral pad, ventral pad \ as long as proleg; 7th proleg as long as basal width, bearing 3-5 hairs 1-| times as long as proleg; anal division separated laterally from sth median division by shallow subangulate constriction; posterior margin of anal division broadly rounded medially, slightly concave laterally, bearing 4-5 irregularly placed larger hairs and 5-6 smaller hairs medially; eight tracheal gill filaments per division; anal gill filaments small.
Second Instar. No material available
Distribution (Fig. 70)
This species is known at present only from the North Island and collections indicate that it could be widely spread throughout the mountainous areas. Little is known about the 'habitat of this species; Dumbleton (1963 a) stated that it occurs in bush-covered streams. It has an altitudinal distribution of between : 500 ft. and 2,250 ft. ■ .... ’,
Material was examined from the following localities: Te Aroha, A, anon., l-iii-23, CM. Waiorongomai Stream, Te Aroha, L, P. M. Johns, 14-i-64, CM. Makau Stream, Lake Waikare Moana, 2,220 ft., LP, M. Winterbourne, 28-iii-64, CM; J. McLean, 31-iii-64, UA. Whaka-
puparui Stream, Chateau Tongariro, L, M. Winterbourne, ?-v-64CM. Waipuna Stream, National Park, L, D. R. Cowley, 23-ii-65, UA. Ohakune, LA, A. L. Tonnoir, 8-iii-23, CM; L.J.D., 13-X-60, EDL. Akatarawa River, L, L.J.D., 11-x-60, EDL. Mathew Stream, Wellington, LP, S. G. Moore, ?-vi-65, CM.
Larval Teratology
Larvae of New Zealand species of blepharocerids are very uniform in their morphology throughout their area ranges. This may be the result of serious defects or mutations being removed from the population by the rigorous habitat occupied by the larvae.
Larvae collected from frequently flooded streams often show scar-marks on the dorsal surface. These are probably the result of stone damage. The scars are quite distinct from the following abnormalities:
Neocurupira campbelli Fourth Instars
(a) Loss of of right side of both sth median and anal divisions (two examples).
(b) Posterior margin of anal division shallowly concave medially; black pos terior hairs absent (one example).
Neocurupira chiltoni Fourth Instars
(a) Posterior margin of anal division notched medially; strong posterior hairs absent from notched area (one example).
(b) Loss of of right side of both sth median and anal divisions (one example).
Neocurupira hudsoni Fourth Instar
(a) Complete loss of right 7th proleg: only one posterior anal gill filament, the latter being placed medially (three examples). Second Instar
(a) Complete loss of left 7th proleg (three examples) Peritheates turrifer
Third Instar
(a) Left 7th proleg displaced anteriorly to constriction between sth median and anal divisions, proleg protruding at right angles to body axis, similar in shape to first instar proleg (one example).
These abnormalities could be predator damage but because of their similarities it is considered that they are of a genetic nature and that they may indicate how the Edwardsininae and Apistomyia larvae evolved reduced anal divisions.
Phylogeny of the Indo-Australasian Apistomyiinae
From a study of the morphology of the family, Tillyard (1922 b) considered that the Blepharoceridae arose in Jurassic times. Alexander (1958 and 1963), despite a lack of fossil evidence, on the basis of the virtual world-wide distribution of the Blepharoceridae, suggested that the family originated during the mid-Meso-zoic or even earlier during the Permian.
Tillyard (1922 b), Tonnoir (1923 c), Kitakami (1950) and Alexander (1958 and 1963) considered that the primitive Edwardsininae were ancestral to the
remainder of the Blepharoceridae. However, Edwards (1929) believed that it was unwarranted to assume an ancestral nature for Edwardsina and more recently Stuckenberg (1958) after examining the affinities of Edwardsina and Paulianina with other Blepharoceridae came to the same conclusion. However, even if the Edwardsininae were not ancestral, phylogenies of Blepharoceridae are usually based on Edwardsina- like ancestors.
The major evolutionary trends in the blepharocerid adults appear to have been reduction of venation, development of divided eyes, loss of mandibles and reduction of the other mouthparts. These trends have taken place independently within the subfamilies of blepharocerids, resulting at times in considerable convergence. Within the Apistomyiinae the extent of reduction in venation is one of the main characteristics separating the genera. The most primitive venation is in Neocurupira hudsoni and Neocurupira tonnoiri where vein Rs is forked and all veins reach the wing margin (Figs. 5 and 40) . Other Neocurupira species show some reduction in venation. Neocurupira chiltoni, and N. rotalapisculus of the hudsoni- complex do not have vein 1A reaching the margin and N. camphelli has neither vein 1A nor Cul reaching the margin. The simple vein Rs of Peritheates probably came from a neocurupirid vein Rs by loss of vein R2-|-3. That this was the pathway of reduction is suggested by the very weak vein R2-f-3 found now on some specimens of Neocurupira hudsoni. The presence of a spur vein R2-j-3 on vein Rs in some specimens of
Horaia montana (Tonnoir, 1930 b) suggests a similar pathway of reduction for this genus. Horaia as well shows great reduction in vein lA. The simple but curved vein Rs of Apistomyia probably came from the forked vein Rs by loss of vein R4-f-5. However, there is no direct evidence to indicate that this in fact was the the pathway of reduction. Greatest reduction in venation has occurred in Hammatorrhina where vein Rs is not present. Unfortunately little is known about Hammatorrhina and there is no evidence to indicate the pathway of reduction.
As the Edwardsininae possess large undivided eyes, other blepharocerids with divided eyes are considered to be more recently evolved. Stuckenberg (1955) showed that modification of the eyes in Elporia may have taken a number of pathways to result in convergence. As the majority of male apistomyid blepharocerids are holoptic, it is believed here that this represents the primitive apistomyid eye condition. Only Peritheates, Nothohoraia and the Neocurupira species (with one exception, N. hudsoni ), have dichoptic males. The evolution of dichoptic males in Neocurupira (Neocurupira) appears to have taken place three times; N. campbelli, the tonnoiri- complex, and N. rotalapiscuius and Form C of the hudsoni- complex; a situation comparable to that m Elporia. Downes (1969) has suggested a sexual role for the divided eye in Simuliidae. This may have some influence on eye evolution, but insufficient is known about the sexual habits of blepharocerids to suggest a similar reason for the evolution of divided eyes or why holopty appears to have given rise to dichopty.
The Apistomyiinae are separated from the other blepharocerid subfamilies mainly on the basis of the long diverging labial palpi and form a relatively distinct group. However, in 1963(a) Dumbleton described Neocurupira campbelli which has short labial palpi (a subfamilial characteristic of the Paltostominae), and in this work Nothohoraia micrognathia, also with short labial palpi, is described. Both these blepharocerids have, however, long pupal sheaths on the short labial palpi as well as having other apistomyid characteristics. Dumbleton considered that the short labial palpi of Neocurupira campbelli were the result of a recent single mutation, and until the pupal labial sheaths of the Paltostominae are examined in detail, Dumbleton’s explanation remains the best both for Neocurupira campbelli and for Nothohoraia micrognathia.
Stuckenberg {in litt. 1967) has mentioned that in New Caledonia, there is in addition to neocurupirid blepharocerids, a blepharocerid with vestigial mouth parts and a straight vein Rs. He states that this form with vestigial mouth parts is obviously related to the neocurupirids. It would be interesting, when all stages have finally been described, to speculate on the relationships of this new blepharocerid with Nothohoraia micrognathia and Neocurupira campbelli.
Although blepharocerid pupal shape is very conservative, the gills show considerable variation. Surprisingly, the gills of Edwardsininae pupae are the most complex (Tonnoir, 1924, and Stuckenberg, 1958) ; the more primitive gills of four lamellae are found on the pupae of the other subfamilies. Within the Apistomyiinae the pupal gills are of two forms. Those of Horaia, Neocurupira and Peritheates with the lamellae long and placed anterolaterally, and those of Apistomyia and Nothohoraia with the lamellae short, notched and placed anteromedially. Unfortunately both types of gills have arisen independently within other subfamilies so that it is not possible to say which is the derived form. However, within the Apistomyiinae it is suggested that the Neocurupira- type is the more primitive.
There are a number of distinct larval forms within the Apistomyiinae. Generally, there has been a reduction of the anal division and the 7th proleg, and an anteriorposterior compression of the body division. The Neocurupira (Neocurupira) Peritheates larvae show the least amount of reduction of the anal division and still retain obvious 7th prolegs. The Apistomyia-Neocurupira (Austrocurupira) larvae have a reduced anal division and the 7th prolegs are either very reduced or absent.
Horaia larvae are compressed anteroposteriorly and have heavily sclerotised cuticle particularly on the edges of the cephalic and anal divisions. Nothohoraia larvae are similar in many respects to Horaia but are flattened dorsoventrally and have a specialised cephalic division. The larvae of Nothohoraia are the most highly evolved of any known blepharocerid.
All apistomyid genera can be derived from a neocurupirid ancestor similar in all stages to Neocurupira hudsoni. Horaia retained the holoptic male, reduced the vein R2+3 to an occasionally occurring spur vein on vein Rs, retained the long pupal gill lamellae but evolved a highly specialised larval form. Apistomyia retained the holoptic male, lost vein R4-|-5 to give a simple though curved vein Rs, evolved shorter pupal gill lamellae and larvae with reduced anal divisions. Neocurupira (Austrocurupira) retained the holoptic male, forked vein Rs and long pupal gill lamellae but the larvae with reduced anal divisions are distinctly Apistomyia- like. The combination of characteristics shown by Neocurupira (Austrocurupira ) could represent a condition. Peritheates evolved dichoptic males, lost vein R2-(-3 but retained the long pupal gills and neocurupirid larvae. The larvae have subsequently evolved some apistomyid characteristics. Nothohoraia evolved dichoptic males very similar to Neocurupira campbelli but the pupa is apistomyid in every respect. The larvae of Nothohoraia probably segregated from a common stock with Horaia and then specialised even further than Horaia.
With the discovery of blepharocerid forms with taxonomic characters that cut across presently accepted generic and subfamilial limits, it may be necessary in the near future to reconsider the present classification of the Blepharoceridae.
Zoogeography of the Australasian Blepharoceridae
Because the Blepharoceridae are, in almost all stages of their life cycle, dependent on fast flowing water, Tillyard (1922 b) believed that the dispersal of this family took place along definite land bridges, not by sea or air carriage, and for this reason Edwards (1929) also believed the family to be of special value in zoogeography. However, Edwards pointed out. that blepharocerids are known from an isolated volcanic island and suggested that migration by sea routes may occur. The distribution and affinities of the New Zealand Neocurupira chiltoni suggests that aerial colonisation is also possible. Nevertheless it is agreed here that the main dispersal routes of the Blepharoceridae were along land. Because of their specialised habitats and low vagility, blepharocerids are probably of equal importance with Ghironomidae (Brundin, 1966 and 1967) and the Trichoptera (Ross, 1956 and 1967) in zoogeography.
Edwardsininae : The distribution of the Edwardsininae (South Africa, South Australia, Tasmania and South America) may be taken to suggest a southern origin for this subfamily. Tillyard (1922 b) believed that the then known distribution of Australian blepharocerids could best be explained by the evolution of the Blepharoceridae in a temperate Antarctica. Tonnoir (1930 a) also believed that the Australian species of Edwardsina were of southern origin. Hennig (1960) considered that the affinities of the present subgenera of Edwardsina also suggests a southern origin in the Antarctic but he reserved his judgement until there was further detailed systematic research. With recent geological evidence concerning antarctic land connection (Adie, 1963), continental drift (Wilson, 1963 and Cox et al., 1967) and the existence of Gondwanaland (King, 1967), the possibility that the Edwardsininae evolved and dispersed in the south cannot be discounted.
However, Darlington (1965), after reviewing the probable climatic history and present distribution of significant plants and animals on the lands surrounding the Antarctic Continent now, concludes that it was not an important centre of evolution. Stuckenberg (1958) from his considerations of the affinities of the Edwardsininae to other Blepharoceridae, believed that the centre of origin of the
Edwardsininae was not southern but more likely in the Northern Hemisphere. Dumbleton (1963 b) indicated in a figure that the Australian Edwardsina arrived from the north.
No matter which way Edwardsina arrived in Australia, the present distribution of Australian blepharocerids 1 can best be explained by Edwardsina arriving in Australia when Tasmania was still connected to the mainland, with more specialised blepharocerids arriving after the Oligocene when Tasmania had become an island (Darlington, 1965). If Edwardsina and the other blepharocerids came from the north as is more generally believed at present (Fig. 72), then the suggested origin of Australian blepharocerids is similar to Ross’s (1956) suggested origin for Australian caddisflies. Ross believed that there were two invasions of mountain caddisflies into Australia. The first, of primitive genera, arrived during the late Mesozoic when the Malay Archipelago was probably an extensive land mass connected intermittently with New Guinea and Australia. The second invasion, consisting of more specialised genera, entered Australia during the Miocene through island chains between southeastern Asia, New Guinea and Australia. It is possible that, as well as the primitive caddisflies, Edwardsina arrived in Australia during the Cretaceous, with the Apistomyiinae and the more specialised caddisflies arriving during the Miocene.
According to Fleming (1962), Suggate (1963), Ross (1965) and King (1967) New Zealand was probably connected to Asia by way of New Caledonia during the late Cretaceous. As Edwardsina is considered to have colonised Australia during this era why it failed to reach New Zealand is difficult to explain. However, it is possible that the timing and placing of New Zealand’s Cretaceous northern connection occurred after Edwardsina was already in Australia and when the more specialised blepharocerids were moving southwards.
The origin of the Blepharoceridae in the Northern Hemisphere, with the most primitive form (Edwardsininae) existing now in the southern-most land extensions of the Southern Hemisphere is in general agreement with Darlington (1965) who believed that evolution and dispersal run generally from large to small land masses. The presence of Edwardsininae in the Southern Hemisphere could be regarded as the result of southerly migration from the northern centre of origin with the northern stock now extinct. In principle this is simlar to the hypothetical scheme proposed by Darlington for carabid beetles.
Apistomyiinae: This subfamily includes all the remaining Australasian blepharocerids.
Because he believed the Edwardsininae were ancestral, Tillyard (1922 b) considered that the Australasian Apistomyiinae were of a southern origin. Tonnoir (1930 a), however, because of the comparatively specialised Apistomyia species occurring in Australia and the absence of Edwardsina from New Zealand believed that the Australasian Apistomyiinae were from the north. Both Hennig (1960) and Dumbleton (1963 a and b) believed that the various genera of the Apistomyiinae were derived independently from the Paltostominae; Dumbleton indicated that they came from the north. Dumbleton (1963 a) suggests as an alternative that Apistomyia may have arisen within Australia from Neocurupira and then migrated north. It is believed here, however, that the present distribution 2 of Apistomyia is the result of an Asian origin rather than an Australian origin, and that relationships shown between the Apistomyiinae genera indicate a monophyletic origin (Fig. 72).
The relationship between the Australian and New Zealand species of Neocurupira is not clear. Tonnoir (1930 a) was rot at all satisfied that the Australian N. nicholsoni Tillyard was congeneric with the New Zealand N. hudsoni, as the
N. nicholsoni larvae are more similar to those of Apistomyia (with reduced anal divisions, dorsal and marginal armature of spines) than to those of N. hudsoni (with well-developed anal divisions, marginal armature of scales). Dumbleton (1963 a) subsequently placed N. nicholsoni in the subgenus Austrocurupira. These larval similarities may be interpreted to mean that Austrocurupira is more closely related to Apistomyia than to Neocurupira (sensu stricto). It is then more likely that Austrocurupira gave rise to Apistomyia by loss of the vein R4-j-5 as Dumbleton (1963 a) has suggested, though not necessarily in Australia (Fig. 72). It is suggested here that Austrocurupira probably arrived in Australia during the Miocene with Apistomyia, rather than during the Cretaceous with Edwardsina, for Austrocurupira is not found on Tasmania. If this was so, Austrocurupira then has no direct link with New Zealand Neocurupira which are considered to have arrived during the late Cretaceous when New Zealand was probably connected to the north (Fleming, 1962, and others). However, until further studies are undertaken on the affinities of the Australasian Neocurupira the status of the subgenus Austrocurupira remains unchanged.
According to Dumbleton (1963 a) Tillyard regarded Neocurupira as giving rise to Apistomyia and Peritheates. Morphologically this view is logical if it is accepted that Peritheates has lost vein R2-f-3 and Apistomyia vein R4+s, though as Dumbleton has pointed out the curved vein Rs in Apistomyia is difficult to explain. Dumbleton also agreed with this origin of Peritheates and suggested that Peritheates segregated from the Neocurupira stock within New Zealand. The present distribution of Peritheates interpreted in the light of past geological and climatic changes in New Zealand, coupled with the fact that loss of vein R2+3 appears to be taking place in some members of the hudson z-complex now makes Dumbleton’s suggestion highly acceptable.
After the northern connection was broken in the late Cretaceous and during the mid-Eocene New Zealand was a single land mass. By the Oligocene this land mass was transgressed by the sea to such an extent that two islands resulted, one situated over the north-east of the present North Island, the other reaching from the middle of the present South Island to the south of Stewart Island. According to Fleming (1962) there is evidence that much of New Zealand at this time was peneplained and very low lying with some mountains present in the south. How blepharocerids managed to survive this period with its probably sluggish streams and rivers is difficult to suggest but it may be significant that Neocurupira chiltoni can at present survive in water very much slower than that normally tolerated by other species (Craig, 1966). It is considered that during this period, when New Zealand first consisted of two islands, Peritheates separated from the ancestral stock by evolution of dichoptic males and the loss of vein R2-|-3. The present distribution of the genus Peritheates (Fig. 70) suggests that it arose in the northern island, Neocurupira retaining the more primitive characters in the southern island.
New Zealand again became a single land mass during the Lower Miocene, lying approximately over the present position of New Zealand. Fleming (1962 and 1963) believed that the Miocene in New Zealand was warmer than any previous age and that the alpine zone (between tree-line and permanent snow) did not exist in New Zealand at that time. The effect of higher temperatures on blepharocerids of that time is not known but it is significant that blepharocerids exist now in the tropics. It is possible that some blepharocerids took refuge in the then southern-most land extension along with the alpine flora (Wardle, 1963). It is assumed that during this period Peritheates migrated south to at least the limits of the present South Island and that Neocurupira, having evolved in the cooler south, was prevented from migrating north to any extent. During the Upper Miocene there is evidence (Fleming, 1962) that temperatures were cooler and that considerable faulting of the
land mass in the Marlborough area took place. Why Neocurupira did not manage to migrate north at this time is difficult to explain but it is not found in the present North Island and would appear to have reached the Marlborough Sounds after the present Cook Strait was formed during the Pliocene-Pleistocene. It is possible that Neocurupira did in fact reach the “ North ” Island but subsequently became extinct. However, the fact that Neocurupira species are at present found in a wide-spread range of habitats in the South Island makes the suggestion of extinction in the North Island unlikely.
During the early Pliocene New Zealand again consisted of two islands. The South Island was of approximately the present configuration but extended across the present Cook Strait on to the south-western tip of the present North Island. A shallow sea separated this peninsula from the northern part of the North Island (Fleming, 1962). It is considered that during this period Peritheates harrisi evolved in the then North Island and P. turrifer in the then South Island. It is further postulated that when the present Cook Strait was rapidly formed during the Plio-cene-Pleistocene a small population of Peritheates turrifer was isolated from the South Island; and that, when the shallow sea regressed off the centre of the North Island, Peritheates harrisi migrated south until now it is found in the small southern area of the North Island inhabited by Peritheates turrifer (Fig. 70).
The presence on Banks Peninsula of Neocurupira chiltoni, the only New Zealand blepharocerid with large black spines on the fourth instar larva, is extremely interesting. This peninsula is a remnant of two extinct volcanoes which were probably initially active during the Cretaceous (Liggett and Gregg, 1965). They were again active during the Pliocene-Pleistocene and very slightly during the Pleistocene-Holo-cene. The volcanoes were separated from the main South Island until approximately the last volcanic activity when they were connected to the mainland by low aggraded plains. As the last volcanic activity was very limited, Banks “ Peninsula ” was probably available for colonisation by blepharocerids during the Pleistocene. Dumbleton (1963 a) considered that Neocurupira chiltoni evolved from aerial colonists as the aggraded Canterbury Plains do not provide suitable ecological conditions for invasion by water. Except for large spines on the fourth instar larva, Neocurupira chiltoni is very similar in egg shape, larval morphology and general adult morphology to Neocurupira tonnoiri. Therefore it is considered that the aerial colonists of Banks Peninsula were of the tonnoiri- type. The nearest that Neocurupira tonnoiri is known to approach Banks Peninsula is Arthur’s Pass, a direct distance of 70 miles. If, as at present, the prevailing winds were westerly during the Pleistocene, as suggested by Gage (1964), it is quite probable that the original colonists could have been blown the intervening distance. However, if blepharocerid adults can become aerial colonists it is surprising that other species of blepharocerids occurring at Arthur’s Pass have not found their way to Banks Peninsula.
Mount Egmont, Taranaki, North Island, is very similar to Banks Peninsula for it is a recently extinct volcanic dome separated from the main mountain chain and known blepharocerid localities by ecologically unsuitable terrain. Despite intensive searching by a number of collectors, no blepharocerids have yet been discovered, though both L. J. Dumbleton and A. G. McFarlane (pers. comm.) indicate that other freshwater fauna is abundant on the mountain. Located west of blepharocerid localities Mount Egmont has little chance of aerial colonisation from the predominantly westerly winds. During the Last Pleistocene Glaciation, Mount Egmont was connected to the north-west of the South Island by a flat aggraded plain, probably similar to the present Canterbury Plains. This ecologically unsuitable terrain was no doubt the main reason that no South Island blepharocerids reached the North Island and vice versa during this period.
The present distribution of the remaining Neocurupira species makes it difficult to form a hypothesis concerning their pattern of evolution. It seems likely that the
original hudsoni- complex stock became separated into two or possibly three populations some time after the Oligocene or perhaps during the Pliocene-Pleistocene periods. The separation, which has given rise to Neocurupira hudsoni and the “ southern ” blepharocerids, appear to have taken place after the evolution of the commensal chironomid association, as it is unlikely that such an association would evolve twice. The known distribution of Neocurupira hudsoni and Form G strongly suggests that the populations of these two blepharocerids have only very recently regained contact, probably since the retreat of the ice at the end of the last Pleistocene Glaciation. The evolutionary stages between the holoptic males of Neocurupira hudsoni and the dichoptic males of Form C are suggested by the series: Neocurupira hudsoni —> Form A—> N. rotalapisculus —> Form C. The distribution of Neocurupira camphelli suggests that this species has been associated with Neocurupira hudsoni for a considerable time, for apart from an altitudinal restriction its geographic range practically coincides with that of Neocurupira hudsoni (Fig. 26). Neocurupira camphelli is the only other species of New Zealand blepharocerid which tolerates the commensal chironomid Dactylocladius commensalis and this suggests two possible origins for Neocurupira camphelli. Firstly, that Neocurupira camphelli separated early from the hudsoni- complex stock just as the chironomid association was developing and no further development took place, or secondly, that there is no close relationship and the rare examples of chironomid on N. camphelli are brought about by local conditions either forcing the chironomid to associate with the blepharocerid or the blepharocerid into accepting the chironomid. Dumbleton (1963 a) suggested that the parent species of N. camphelli might be N. tonnoiri. However, as the larvae of N. camphelli are more similar to N. hudsoni larvae than to any other New Zealand blepharocerid and the only known examples of brachypterous wings in the Blepharoceridae occur in these two species, it is more probable that the parent species was N. hudsoni and not N. tonnoiri.
As Nothohoraia is believed to be closely related to Horaia, the ancestral stock of Nothohoraia probably constituted a separate invasion to that of the Neocurupira stock, however, these both occurred at the same time during the Cretaceous. There is only one species of Nothohoraia known at present and that from a single locality. It is possible that the New Caledonian blepharocerid with vestigial mouthparts represents a remnant of the southward migration of the ancestral Nothohoraia into New Zealand.
Refugia (Fig. 71) : The present distribution of certain groups of plants suggested to Wardle (1963) and to Burrows (1965) that there were refugia for plants in the Nelson and Otago-Southland regions during the Last Pleistocene Glaciation. The distribution of New Zealand terrestrial invertebrates also indicates that refugia were present, though not necessarily during the Last Glaciation. According to R. S. Bigelow (pers. comm.) the relationships and distribution of the South Island grasshoppers agree generally with the limits of the refugia as set by Wardle and Burrows. From the relationships and distributions of certain members of the Carabidae (Coleoptera) and Sphaerotrichoptidae (Diplopoda), P. M. Johns (pers. comm, and 1964) believes that refugia were located as in Figure 71.
The climatic factors, which are likely to affect the distribution of flora and terrestrial fauna during periods of glaciation, with the exception of lack of water, would probably not greatly effect the distribution of blepharocerids. Gage (1964) considered that the Last Glaciation was not as severe as has generally been believed and that there were considerable amounts of running water present. These conditions would no doubt favour the survival and distribution of blepharocerids.
It is strange therefore that the present distribution of some of the South Island blepharocerids agrees very closely with the refugia suggested by Wardle (1963), by Burrows (1965) and by P. M. Johns (pers. comm.). The distribution of P. turrifer (Fig, 70) within the South Island is, with the exception of the single location at
Kaikoura, very similar to the refugium suggested by Burrows and by P. M. Johns in north-west Nelson. The overall distribution of P. turrifer in the South Island agrees with the refugium suggested by Wardle. The distribution of N. tonnoiri though extending well down the West Coast, agrees well with the north-western Nelson refugium suggested by Burrows and by P. M. Johns. Both P. turrifer and N. tonnoiri, while occurring in open streams, are mainly found in bush-covered streams, suggesting that their present distribution is in some way connected with vegetation.
The presence of Nothohoraia within the limits of the north-west Nelson refugium, along with Neocurupira hudsoni, Neocurupira tonnoiri and Peritheates turrifer, indicates that this area is important for New Zealand blepharocerids and that it should be investigated thoroughly.
The known distribution of N. campbelli and N. hudsoni fit generally the distribution of certain alpine plants which Burrows (1965) suggests survived the Last Glaciation. It is of interest that N. campbelli is restricted to higher altitudes.
It is considered that N. rotalapisculus and Form C of the hudsoni- complex evolved in the two southern refugia suggested by Burrows and P. M. Johns.
The distribution of N. chiltoni agrees in general with a refugium suggested by P. M. Johns (pers. comm.) on the eastern part of Banks Peninsula (Fig. 71). However, the distribution of N. chiltoni is probably influenced more by a lack of suitable streams on the western part of the peninsula than by the existence of any refugium.
To explain more fully the present distribution and relationships of New Zealand blepharocerids and in particular those of the interesting hudsoni- complex and Nothohoraia, a more detailed study of the affinities and distribution of New Zealand blepharocerids and associated freshwater fauna is required.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank all those who contributed material, and Professor R. L. G. Pilgrim, Professor G. E. Ball, Dr R. S. Bigelow, L. J. Dumbleton and R. E. G. Craig for constructive criticism.
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D. A. Craig, Department of Entomology, The University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
This work is based on a portion of the author’s Ph.D. Thesis.
1 Since this paper went to press, L. J. Dumbleton has kindly supplied me with Neocurupira tonnoiri pharate male and female pupae and a fourth instar larva, collected from Stoney Greek, Rakiahua Valley, Stewart Island, ?-11-68.
The larva, while definitely N. tonnoiri, show similarities to that of N. chiltoni. The adult characteristics are also obviously of N. tonnoiri, with the exception of the male cercus which is distinctly chiltoni-like, and the female oviscapt which has a pair of supernumerary lobes and is therefore unlike any other New Zealand blepharocerid oviscapt.
The presence of N. tonnoiri on Stewart Island tends to confirm the Fiordland— Stewart Island refugium postulated by P. M. Johns (pers. comm.) (Fig. 71) as N. tonnoiri is found to the north of this refugium at Waiho River, Westland. Although N. tonnoiri has not yet been found in Fiordland it is probable that it will eventually be collected from this area.
The chiltoni- like characteristics shown by this population of N. tonnoiri are very interesting and may after detailed study give further insights into the phylogeny of the tonnoiri-complex.
3 Anthon and Lyneborg have presented a more reasonable interpretation of the blepharocerid larval maxilla in Spolia. zool. Mus. haun. 27: 1—57, 1968.
1 Edwardsina found in Tasmania and Australia, Apistomyia and Neocurupira (Austrocurupira ) found only in Australia.
Corsica, Cyprus, Northern India, Eastern Australia, Formosa and Japan.
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Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Biological Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 9, 8 September 1969, Page 101
Word Count
21,963A Taxonomic Revision of New Zealand Blepharoceridae and the Origin and Evolution of the Australasian Blepharoceridae (Diptera: Nematocera)* Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand : Biological Sciences, Volume 11, Issue 9, 8 September 1969, Page 101
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