Cockayne Memorial Paper, No. I. A Revision of the genus Carmichaelia. By Geo. Simpson, 69 Belgrave Crescent, Roslyn, Dunedin. [Read before the Otago Branch, April 9, 1945; received by the Editor, April 16, 1945; issued separately, September, 1945.] Abstract. In Cheeseman's Manual of the New Zealand Flora Ed. 2, 1925, the genus Carmichaelia R. Brown was divided into the sections Eucarmichaelia, with 18 species and Huttonella with 4 species. Cheeseman regarded the characters in Kirk's genus Huttonella, mainly that of a complete indehiscence, to be inconstant. The reviser has now divided Carmichaelia em. nobis into 8 subgenera, separable by pod characters relating to their method of dehiscence or their indehiscence. He has discarded some species as indeterminable and raised the list to 41 species with 11 varieties. All the species are described, their distribution, as far as it is known, is discussed and the specimens preserved in New Zealand herbaria are listed for reference. The species are, with one exception in C. exsul of Lord Howe Island, endemic to New Zealand and those of North Island and South Island severally, the latter with the inclusion of Stewart Island, are considered by the author to be strictly insular with Cook Strait the boundary between northern and southern elements. The species are to a great extent compounds of differing forms and some are restricted to comparably small districts. The characters of the species have been studied with specimens of fresh materials collected in the field or from plants brought into cultivation for purposes of review.
Index. [The principal reference is given first, Names rejected appear in italics.] Carmichaelia, 238, 231, 232, 233, 234, 236, 270, 279. acuminata T. Kirk, 259. aligera Simpn., 250, 252. angustata T. Kirk, 242. var. pubescens Simpn., 243. appressa Simpn., 263. arborea (Forst. f.) Druce, 255, 238, 257. arenaria Simpn., 252. astoni Simpn., 276, 237. australis R. Br., 247, 233, 244, 245, 246, 252, 256, 258. var. alata T. Kirk, 250. var. egmontiana (Ckn. & Allan), 255. var. grandiflora Hook, f., 240, 233, 243. var. nana Hook f., 268, 233, 269. var. strictissima T. kirk, 250. compacta Petrie, 280, 279. var. procumbens Simpn., 281. corrugata Col., 273, 268, 269, 274. corymbosa Col., 259. cunninghamii Raoul, 251, 238, 246, 250, 252. curta Petrie, 281. var. glabra Simpn., 282. diffusa Petrie, 260, 283. divaricata (T. Kirk) Ckn., 242. egmontiana (Ckn. & Allan) Simpn., 255. enysii T Kirk, 269, 238, 267, 268. var. ambigua Simpn., 269. var. orbiculata T. Kirk, 268. exsul F. Mueller, 254. fieldii Ckn., 285. filiformis Col. nomen nudem., 258. flagelliformis Col., 257, 233, 256, 258, 259, 261, 273. var. acuminata Cheesem., 259. var. corymbosa (Col.) T. Kirk, 259. var. hookeri Cheesem., 261. var. micrantha Col., 259. var. multicaulis Col., 259. floribunda Simpn., 283. glabrata Simpn., 243. gracilis J. B. Armst., 266. grandiflora Hook. F., 240, 235, 257. var. alba T. Kirk, 240. var. divaricata T. Kirk, 242. var. dumosa T. Kirk, 263. hollowayii Simpn., 277, 275. hookeri T. Kirk, 261. humilis Petrie nomen nudem, 235. juncea Col., 283, 233, 284, 285. kirkii Hook. f., 266, 235, 267. var. strigosa Simpn., 267. lacustris Simpn., 282. micrantha Col., 259. monroi Hook. f., 278, 235, 237, 238, 274, 276, 277. var. longicarinata Simpn., 279. multicaulis Col., 259. nana Col. 269, 268, 273, 274. nigrans Simpn., 285. var. tenuis Simpn., 286. odorata Hook. f, 244, 233, 240, 246. var. pilosa T. Kirk, 245. orbiculata Col., 268, 269, 270, 274. ovata Simpn., 260. paludosa Ckn., 255, 257. petriei T. Kirk, 270, 263, 271, 272. var. minor Simpn., 271, 265. var. robusta Cheesem., 262. pilosa Hook. f., 245, 233, 246, 258. prona Ckn., 284. ramosa Simpn., 272. rivulata Simpn., 264. robusta T. Kirk, 262, 235, 263. silvatica Simpn., 251. solandri Simpn., 253, 250. subulata T. Kirk, 247, 235, 260, 273. suteri, 275. uniflora T. Kirk, 274, 273. var. suteri (Col.) Simpn., 275. violacea T. Kirk, 265, 263. virgata T. Kirk, 272, 237. williamsii T. Kirk, 249, 250. Carmichaeliella Simpn., 246, 238, 239. 257, 267. Enysiella Simpn., 267, 238, 239. Encarmichaelia, 231. Genista compressa Banks & Sol., 233, 236, 247, 254. Huttonella T. Kirk, 279, 231, 234, 236, 238, 239, 285. Kirkiella Simpn., 266, 238, 239. Lotus arboreus Forst.; 255, 233, 236, 246, 247, 256, 258. Monroella Simpn., 275, 239. Petriea Simpn., 270, 239, 273. Suterella Simpn., 273, 239. Thomsoniella Simpn., 239, 236, 238. Introduction. A. Historical. The genus Carmichaelia, as it is known from the works of Hooker, Kirk, and Cheeseman, is a loosely described and little known quantity, with its species in a considerable confusion. The authorities were confused by differing characters in apparently like plants, the information to be drawn from herbarium material was inconclusive, and the theory of species “variability,” which clouded Hooker's observance of other important characters, coloured also the opinions of his successors. Each in turn emphasised the difficulties in a discrimination of the species, yet each added in some measure to the confusion. But their task was difficult, it was hampered by differences between juvenile and adult growth, between some degrees of summer leafiness with the flowers and a nakedness in fruit, between epharmones from shade and exposure and between young and ageing states
of the branchlets; the little that could be learned from an examination of the flowers was countered by conflicting characters in varietal or subvarietal forms and the fruits were of diverse character. In the large amount of herbarium material to be examined the difficulties were intensified, many of the specimens were infertile and some were fragmentary, fruits were often immature, many specimens were wrongly identified by their collectors and those representing a supposedly simple species were collected from widely separated habitats. Yet from all such contradictory material the species were described, and the foundation work is the result of patient endeavour. When parties from Cook's first expedition made landings from the ship Endeavour at various points on the east coast of the North Island, in October, 1769, one of the plants collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander was described in close detail by Solander as Genista compressa, some useful observations were added, and an excellent plate was prepared by Parkinson. The recorded habitats are Teoneroa (Gisborne), Tigadu (Tokomaru Bay), Tolaga (Tolaga Bay), Opuragi (Mercury Bay). The fruits are described as “Legumen ovatum, acutum, glabrum, Vix tres lineas longum, monospermum. Semen reniformi-ovatum, glabratum, pallide miniatum, punctis duobus tribusve inaequalibus nigris hic inde adspersum, magnitudine seminus sinapidi” (Mr. Burtt writes that the term italicised is illegible in Solander's MS.) “Obs. Post lapsum valvularum leguminis costae suturarum integrae remanent, cum semine sutura superiori affixo.” The plate shows very clearly the persistent pod margins and their attached seed. During his second expedition Cook's ship Resolution lay at anchor for some five weeks in the autumn of 1773 in Dusky Bay (Dusky Sound), and the comparatively small number of plants collected by the Forsters included Lotus? arboreus Forst. f. (1786–52 n 278) described meagrely as “leguminibus quinatis, foliolis obcordatis, caule arborea, F. Nova Zeelandia,” and to this inadequate description Willdenow (111–1392; 1803) added “Legumina oblonga compressa cuspidata. Foliola obcordata parva mucronata, Flores non vidi,” retaining Forster's generic identification. R. Brown's description of Carmichaelia and of C. australis as the type and only species were published by Lindley (1825–t 912), and in the species he included Lotus arboreus Forst. The generic description is short: “Calyx cyathiformis, 5 dentatus. Ovarium polyspermum. Stigma simplex. Legumen oligospermum (1–3 sp.) replo post lapsum valvularum persistente.” Richard (1832–345) published a fuller description of Forster's Lotus arboreus without reference to the genus erected by Brown. The generic conception was not extended when Hooker (1853–149) published a longer description of the genus from Bentham's MS. and descriptions of C. australis var. nana, C. australis var. grandiflora, C. odorata, C. pilosa, C. flagelliformis and C. juncea. Of these C. flagelliformis was the only species strictly admissable by R. Brown's interpretation.
Later in the same work (1853–2–327) he stated that forms of the genus sent to him by Colenso, Monro, and others did not “tend to clear up the difficulty of discriminating the species, but rather complicate them,” and the whole genus needed “careful revision in New Zealand and a judicious selection of ticketed specimens from the same and different individuals at many different localities, various periods of growth,” and “different seasons of the year.” Again (1864–48) he found difficulty in separating the species, he extended the genus to include plants with “valves opening at the tip only,” and he added “funicle not thickened, radicle with a double flexure.” Kirk added greatly to a knowledge of the genus, but often he forwarded specimens to Kew before his species were described, usually they were unnumbered or incompletely quoted at the time of publication or numbered in a sequence different to that of the tags attached to the specimens retained for his herbarium. Fortunately for a number of his species their description and the locality given for their discovery are helpful. In his standard work (1899–107) he tempered the sense of Carmichaelia R. Br. by “valves separating from the persistent thickened margins,” and, as the first step towards the recognition of fruit characters foreign to the original generic description, he erected his genus Huttonella. The significant terms of its description are “pods indehiscent, very small, turgid or almost inflated, the breadth exceeding the depth; beak short, turned upwards”—“Radicle with a single fold.” Finally, Cheeseman (1906–109) by the wording “valves with the edges thickened and consolidated, forming a kind of framework called the replum, from which the faces of the valves come away”; restored much of the sense of Brown's description, but he added “or in a few species the valves remain attached to the replum, and the pod is indehiscent.” This last character he considered inconstant, and he reduced Kirk's genus to a division in Carmichaelia. In a second edition of his work—interrupted unfortunately by his death—his generic description and his discussions were repeated. The confines of the genus Carmichaelia sens. strict. were now shattered by variously worded interpolations. B. Discussion. Records of the occurrence of species in various habitats have been found misleading, and for the purposes of this work they have little value but, under the specific descriptions in later pages, the recognisable specimens in the various herbaria are cited. The specimens are neatly mounted, but too many of the original labels—now carefully retained—have been discarded or overwritten in earlier investigations. The authenticity of a specimen on its original mount, and bearing its original label, cannot be questioned, and, whatever their condition, neither mount or label should be altered or destroyed. Hybrid forms in other genera are quite well known to the author, but without an intensive study it would be impossible to identify such as may occur between closely allied species of Carmichaelia.
Hybrids between the species are certain to occur, but sufficient meantime that no special study has been made and no evidence of hybridism has emerged. Two suspects are listed by Cockayne and Allan (1934–26/27) C. monroi x subulata and C. robusta. x subulata. The former is represented by Cockayne's herbarium specimen No. 1730 (224/45 in Dom. Mus. Herb.) sent to him by Petrie as “C. humilis s. nov. MS., Ida Valley, Centre of Otago, 1800.” The specimens are small and infertile, and much like the local form of C. monroi. C. robusta and other like species meet but their hybrids would be difficult to recognise. Compound species abound, and for the present it would be unwise to presuppose the existence of any one simple species. Some stamp their jordanons plainly—e.g., C. grandiflora, C. monroi, C. kirkii; others of lesser character make no obvious display. Whatever the diversity, and it may be slight, each jordanon is constant in its locality. Notwithstanding previous recordings the author is firmly of opinion that no species crosses Cook Strait in either direction. Seed colour has not been given the attention it deserves. It is a constant for any simple species or jordanon, and in compound species that of each of the jordanons may have a distinctive colour. Bright and clearly coloured seed must be found for examination, and any that are dull, or of varying colours on any one shrub, should be discarded. Insect infestation, or a partial germination, changes light colours to red or brown, and similar changes occur when immature pods are dried. C. Acknowledgments. The present author's work began in an attempt to identify some of the more widely recorded species by their variously worded descriptions, but early it was apparent that little could be known without a wider investigation. An examination of the specimens preserved in the New Zealand herbaria and a survey of the early literature led to field search, the development of a considerable herbarium and a large and representative arboretum. Field work was limited by time-distances and the demands of vocation to a wide search in the South Island, and there and in the North Island ready assistance lent by a host of kindly correspondents has made it possible for work to proceed. The thanks expressed in correspondence and this recognition are meagre recompense, but space will not allow of greater latitude. To one and all the author is grateful. In particular Messrs. N. Potts, Opotiki; E. S. West, Napier; A. D. Beddie, Petone; and W. B. Brockie, of Christchurch, have been unfailing in their endeavours, and they have collected specimens and plants over considerable areas. By permission of the Directors of the Auckland, Dominion, Canterbury and Otago Museums and the Director of the Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, and by the co-operation of their botanical staffs, opportunity has been given to examine the whole of the herbarium material under their care. Mr. J. H. McMahon and the late Mr. R. M. Laing also sent valuable specimens. The late Sir Arthur Hill, as Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
sent a lengthy and carefully compiled report prepared by Mr. B. L. Burtt, copies of early descriptions, tracings of drawings, photographs, photostats and other invaluable material and information. The Keeper of The Herbarium, British Museum, presented a photograph of the Banksian drawing of Genista compressa and Dr. W. R. B. Oliver, Director of the Dominion Museum, forwarded a photograph of Forster's drawing of Lotus arboreus. Dr. H. H. Allan, of the Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, sent his notes on the specimens in British herbaria and lent invaluable assistance in the preparation of this paper. From the Plant Research Bureau and at the author's request, Miss R. Mason made a valuable contribution in an anatomical study of the pods, and Miss N. Adams made excellent drawings. From all such information and assistance this review of a much involved genus had its base, and the author records his indebtedness. Words cannot adequately express the value of a long companionship in the field with the late Mr. J. Scott Thomson and his assistance in the collection of both living and dried material for a study in which it was intended he should collaborate. In recognition of his work one sub-genus has been named Thomsoniella. II. The Genus and its Components. A. Discussion. It has been related earlier that the authors of the Floras realised that Carmichaelia R. Br. sens. strict., with its “replo post lapsum” description of the pod dehiscence, excluded certain species and that Hooker, followed later by Cheeseman, stressed the necessity for an intensive study of the pods as a means to a determination of the species. Kirk, by his erection of the genus Huttonella for the reception of species with indehiscent pods, took the first step in relief of the complexity, but he failed to recognise the importance of pod character for the segregation of other groups. A full consideration of the facts appears to justify the creation of eight subgenera, the circumscription of which must have a certain amplitude to cover the divergent characters but give a natural grouping. Kirk's Huttonella might be considered of generic rank as against Carmichaeliella, but the other subgenera form a linking series. The relationships seem better expressed by the treatment given than by creating genera, as each subgenus, be its species few or many, claims equal recognition with its neighbours. The wide distribution of some species denies a complete geographical separation to any subgenus, and frequently the species of two or more occur in close association. Dwarf species, too, much alike in appearance and with a further similarity in the early fall of their pods, occupy different subgenera. Since a knowledge of pod structures might bring a closer understanding, fruits representative of each of the subgenera were forwarded to Miss R. Mason, of the Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, for microscopical examination. The following is a resume of her report. The material available allowed of no more than a preliminary study, and the conclusions arrived at are to be regarded as tentative only.
A. Course of the Vascular Bundles in the Peduncle and Pod. There are two main types. In (1) called here the ring type, the vascular tissue enters the peduncle as a circular or more or less triangular ring. This splits into three bundles, which tend to become horseshoe-shaped as they pass into the pod, producing two ventral bundles and one dorsal. The bundles are of a simple type throughout the pod. (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.) In (2) the horseshoe type, the vascular tissue enters the peduncle as a circle, the ventral tissue appears to peter out, leaving a “horseshoe” of vascular tissue. This is lined by a layer of lignified cells, here for convenience called “pith” cells, although possibly they more properly belong to the “perimedullary zone.” In this way a double horseshoe is formed, which divides into three circular bundles, the outer half of xylem, the inner of pith. In the pod, the bundle is usually circular or shows sign of its circular origin. In some cases the lignified pith elements of the dorsal bundles become associated with the sclerenchyma plate rather than with the vascular tissue. (Fig. 3, Fig. 4, Fig. 5.) B. Arrangement of the Cells in the Sclerenchyma Plate. There are in the main two types of cells: (1) fibres, (2) stone cells. The stone cells occur at the edge of the plate, sometimes on their inner surfaces, and sometimes at the ends. The fibres may be arranged (1) parallel to the sides of the plate, (2) at a wide angle to the radius of curvature of the plate, or (3) at a narrow angle in alternating layers. The first two grade into each other. At each end of the plate the cells may be somewhat irregular in arrangement. (Fig. 6.) C. The Sclerenchyma Plates. In some cases the two plates are united for part of their length. Often, at both ends or at either the basal or the apical end of the pod, the plates are different in size or shape as seen in transverse section. D. Tendency to Specific and Subgeneric Differences. In Huttonella the division of the vascular tissues into bundles is of the ring type, the cells in the sclerenchyma plate are generally in alternating layers, the plate being seldom united. This type of sclerenchyma plate does not occur in the other groups. It is possible that the peculiar structure of the plate is such that as the pod dries no force is exerted that leads to dehiscence. (Fig. 2.) In the remainder of the species examined the division of the vascular tissue into bundles is of the horseshoe type, and the sclerenchyma plates have their cells parallel to the sides or at a wide angle to the radius of curvature. In certain species of Carmichaelia the method of origin of the vascular bundles approaches that of the ring type rather than that of the horseshoe type. In the C. astoni-C. monroi group the two selerenchyma plates are united along their dorsal edge at the tip of the pod. There is, however, a line of weakness and the plates can be pulled apart fairly readily. The union may be for a short or a long distance. In C. virgata the pith cells are joined to the dorsal edge of the sclerenchyma plate.
In C. enysii and C. arborea the fibres are arranged as shown in Fig. 9 (a); in other cases the arrangement is as in Fig. 9 (b). Carmichaelia arborea dehisces in much the same manner as C. enysii, although the valves do not remain attached; therefore the first type of arrangement may be connected with the method of dehiscence. (Fig. 5, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9.) From Miss Mason's report it is evident that the pod structure in the species of Huttonella differs from that of the remaining sections yet the near related dwarfed species C. monroi bridges the gap between the minor and major quantities. A more intensive anatomical and genetic investigation may yet show the necessity for a generic recognition of certain subgenera, but meantime a broad generic conception must suffice. Carmichaelia R. Br. sens. strict. is exclusive, and the generic description is hereunder amended to include all of the subgenera. B. Carmichaelia R. Br. em. nobis. Leguminis margo absolutus, incrassatus, permanens, nonnumquam apice attenuatus, in rostrum longum vel breve prodctus. Valvae incrassatae, ambae (vel una sola) omnino partimve dehiscentes, vel indehiscentes. Occasionally small trees, usually erect or spreading or decumbent shrubs, others prostrate, some creeping by underground stems. Branchlets flattened or terete, grooved or striate, notched at the nodes, often somewhat sinuate, sometimes leafy, more usually leafless or sparingly leafy in shade or when young, or leafy, with the flowers. Leaves 1 foliate or 3–7 or more pinnately foliate. Leaflets emarginate. Flowers usually small, or one or more closely or openly branched racemes from the notches. Calyx companulate or cyathiform, 5-toothed. Standard orbicular, usually reflexed, narrowed to a broad, short claw. Keel incurved, more or less equalling but occasionally much exceeding the standard, auricled, clawed. Wings obliquely oblong, obtuse, equalling the keel or shorter, auricled at the base, with a slender claw. Upper stamen free, the others connate by a wide sheathing base. Ovary narrowed into a slender curved style. Stigma terminal, minute. Ovules numerous, in 2 series. Pod usually small, ovate or ovate oblong or elliptic, or oblong or arcuate, or almost orbicular, turgid or compressed, coriaceous, erect or spreading or drooping. Margin hardened and persistent, sometimes weak and slender towards the tip, continued into a long or short, stout or subulate beak. Valves hardened, one or both separating in whole or part from the margin, or the toughened tissue remaining unbroken and binding the valves into an indehiscent fruit. Seeds 1–12, reniform and slightly compressed or almost spherical or flattened and disklike, attached or free when ripe. Radicle with a single or double fold. C. cunninghamii Raoul is accepted as the nomenclatorial type. III. The Subgenera. A. General. Pod characters mark definite stages in a procession linking the freely dehiscent with the indehiscent. In that sequence the subgenera will be described as Thomsoniella, Carmichaeliella, Kirkiella, Enysi-
ella, Petriea, Suterella, Monroella and Huttonella. In Thomsoniella the valves separate from the replum at the tip of the pod; in Carmichaeliella and Kirkiella they separate completely from the replum, but in the latter the outer tissue forms a partial attachment; in Enysiella the ventral margin only opens; in Petriea and Suterella the separation is of one valve from the base and in Monroella and Huttonella the pod is indehiscent. Thomsoniella alone has flattened seed. In Carmichaeliella and Enysiella the seed remains attached for long or short period after a full dehiscence. In Carmichaeliella, Kirkiella the radicle has a double fold, the remaining subgenera a single fold. In Thomsoniella the pod is erect, in Carmichaeliella, Kirkiella and Monroella it is spreading and in other subgenera it droops from a recurved pedicel. By such characters the subgenera have been segregated, and the student may trace them through the key and through the descriptions. The process of development from the indehiscent form to the more highly specialised in dehiscence will not be debated here, and an interesting study in following like and repellant characters through the different subgenera must be left in other hands. Key to Subgenera. 1. Pods dehiscent 2 Pods indehiscent 6 2. Pods and racemes erect, valves dehiscing apically, remaining closed at base subgenus Thomsoniella Pods spreading, valves separating completely from the persistent replum subgenus Carmichaeliella Pods with one or both valves remaining attached to the replum 3 3. Plant lianoid, radicle with a double fold subgenus Kirkiella Plant not lianoid, radicle with a single fold 4 4. Pod dehiscent by a cup-like distortion, with one valve separating along the ventral margin; dwarfed, prostrate, leafless shrubs subgenus Enysiella Pod drooping, dehiscent by one or occasionally both valves curling shortly or widely at the base 5 5. Pod persisting after dehiscence, plant more or less erect subgenus Petriea Pod falling after dehiscence, large for the size of the plant, which is dwarfed, with creeping stems subgenus Suterella 6. Pod usually cylindrical (large and compressed in C. astoni) replum complete, fibres of sclerenchyma plate parallel to, or at a wide angle to the radius of curvature, in a single layer subgenus Monroella Pod, except in C. compacta, small, usually broader than long, with the beak upturned; replum more or less incomplete, fibres of sclerenchyma plate at a narrow angle to the radius of curvature, in alternate layers subgenus Hultonella IV. Subgenus Thomsoniella noy. Legumen ovatum vel oblongo-ovatum, in rostrum compressum, subulatum, acutum contractum. Valvae apice solum dehiscentes, persistentes. Semina tenuia, planata, rugulosa; radicula sulco unico.
Spreading shrubs with drooping and flattened, or terete and reflexed, summer leafy branchlets, notches with single racemes. Flowers with the parts of almost equal lengths, the standard broad and conspicuous. Racemes and pods strictly erect. Pods ovate or ovate oblong, narrowed to sharp or pungent subulate beaks, compressed, dehiscent at the beak only; valves persistent, or falling away only in decomposition. Seed thin and flattened, wrinkled, disk-like, over-lapping in the pod, readily wind-borne, free when ripe. Radicle short, stout, with a single fold. Plants of this subgenus are the most attractive of the genus; they flower in profusion and, whatever the direction of the branchlets, the racemes stand strictly crect. Nomenclatorial type C. odorata Col. Key to the Species. 1. Pod 1 cm. long, ovate-oblong 2 Pod not more than 8 mm. long, ovate 4 2. Flowers 6–8 per raceme, 7 mm. long, strongly scented grandiflora Flowers 10–20 per raceme, small 3 3. Branchlets glabrous, leaves 3–5 foliolate, pilose; ovary glabrous angustata Branchlets pubescent, leaves 7 or more foliolate, pubescent, ovary villous angustata var. pubescens 4. Pods 5 mm. long, beak pungent; branchlets, leaves and ovary glabrous glabrata Pods 7–8 mm. long; branchlets pubescent, leaves pubescent or pilose 5 5. Leaflets 5 (5–7) pilose on petiole and midrib; flowers laxly placed; ovary glabrous odorata Leaflets 3–5, pubescent; flowers densely placed; ovary papillose or pilose; immature pods pilose odorata var. pilosa C. grandiflora Hook. f., Handbk. N.Z. Flor., (1864), 49. T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 110; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor. (1906) 115; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 520; Ill. N.Z. Flor. 1, 1914, t. 33. C. grandiflora var. alba T. Kirk, loc. cit. C. australis var. grandiflora Benth., Hook. f. Flor. Nov. Zel. 1, (1853) 50. A much-branched, spreading, summer leafy shrub to 2 m. high. Branchlets ± 2 mm. diam., glabrous, spreading and often drooping, compressed and the edges rounded, grooved. Leaves 3–5 foliolate (3), ± 1.5 cm. long, 1 cm. or more wide, with the blade ½ the length; leaflets almost sessile or the terminal one a little distant, obcordate or obcordate-cuneate, 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad or the terminal one slightly larger, shallow notched between rounded lobes, dark green above and the midrib sunken, lighter green below and the midrib prominent, sparingly pilose or almost glabrous. Flowers 6–8, 7 mm. long, 6 mm. broad across the standard, subumbellate on an extended rhachis, scented; rhachis stout, 1–1.5 cm. long, yellow-green, shining, ribbed and glabrous below, pilose at the base of the pedicels; pedicels 1 mm. long, yellow-green; calyx softly green by a minute pubescence, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; teeth narrow, triangular, acute, ciliate; standard slightly longer than the equal wings and keel, broader than long, reflexed, white with a purple blotch above, the colour showing faintly on the inner surface; keel small, 2 mm. broad, white, auricles rounded; wings 2 mm. broad, white, spreading, auricles rounded. Pod pale brown, elliptic oblong, 1 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, with a
stout, straight, subulate beak. Seeds brown, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, flattened. Habitat: Scrub at upper forest margins. The description is drawn up from specimens and from plants in cultivation collected at the Cleddau River, near the Hostel at Milford Sound. Specimens—No. 570 ex the author's herbarium—in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens Examined. Auck. Mus. Herb. Mt. Rangi Taipo, L. Cockayne; Hooker Valley and Mt. Cook, Cheeseman; Waitaki Valley, Hector; cultivated, J. H. Matthews; Upper Waimakariri, L. Cockayne, T. F. Cheeseman, J. D. Enys; Lake Harris, J. H. Matthews. Specimens marked “Haast N.Z. Flowers No. 107 Fruit No. 172 from type specimens” are not useful. Dom. Mus. Herb. Generic No. 224. Specimens Nos. 266, 267, 268, 269, 271, 272, 275, 278, 280, 281, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 290, 291, 293, 299, 302, 304, 305, 310, 311, 313, 315, 316, 455, 456, 457, 458, 479. Plant Res. Bureau. Nos. 4143 (in part), 4144, 6331, 11796, 11820, 11821, 11822, 11823. Cant. Mus. Herb. generic symbol C. Nos. 33, 92, 93, 94, 96. Author's specimens: Nos. 6, 24, 50, 52, 85, 139, 152, 195, 207, 215, 219, 220, 238, 281, 304, 323, 332, 440, 455, 463, 472, 521, 535, 543, 570, 572, 574. The specimens in herbaria are numerous, and many forms and many different stages of growth are represented. Students should read Cockayne's (1918–164) discussion of Kirk's var. alba. The species is a vast composite of closely related and more or less localised forms. The leaves may be pilose beneath or glabrous, their midribs prominent or keeled, the racemes differ in length and the flowers may be regularly placed along the rhachis or crowded at its tip, the calyx teeth may be short and blunt or triangular and acute, red pointed or green, the “blotch” of colour on the standard be on the outer surface as in the type, or on the inner surface, and it may be near the tip or at the base. The pods differ in colour, and they differ in the number and colour of their seeds. In forms where the standard is coloured on the outer surface the inner surface may be almost white, but in all the forms the colour fades and the flowers are white before they wither. This fading and the disagreeable smell of strongly scented but withering flowers deceived Kirk (1899–111) when he described his var. alba, and plants collected by Mr. and Mrs. R. A. Scott at the White River, the type habitat of the variety, have a purple “blotch” at the inner base of the standard. C. grandiflora is a subalpine species; occasionally it appears at lower levels on open river banks and at the type habitat, Milford Sound, it comes down on steep slopes to near the sea as a slender, few-flowered epharmone. The specimens in herbaria are from subalpine localities on the western
side of the Southern Alps from Reefton to the Western Fiords, and from the heads of valleys on the eastern side from the Waimakariri River to the Southern Lakes. C. angustata T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 114. Cheesem. Man. Flor. N.Z. (1906) 116; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 521. C. grandiflora var. divaricata T. Kirk, loc. cit. p. 111; Cheesem. loc. cit. 1906, p. 115; loc. cit. Ed 2, (1925) 520. C. divaricata Ckn., N.Z. Plants and Their Story (1927) 163; Ckn. Veg. der Erde, (1928) 200. A spreading and openly divaricating shrub to 3 m. high, summer leafy on the branchlets or when young. Branchlets glabrous, sinuous, green or yellow-green, 2 mm. diam., rounded, slightly compressed, grooved, wide spreading, stiffly reflexed. Leaves 3–7 (5) foliate, 1 5–2 cm. long or longer, ± 1 cm. broad, pilose on both surfaces when young, glabrate above when older, midribs sunken above, under surface pale green and the midribs prominent; leaflets almost sessile, obcordate, equal, ± 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, notched between rounded lobes, sometimes mucronate. Racemes simple, 10–20 flowered; rhachis erect, slender, 2 cm. long, thickening and elongating in fruit, yellow green, pilose, pedicels short, less than 1 mm. long, thinly pilose. Flowers small, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 2 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., pilose at the base; teeth short, broadly triangular, reddish, bluntly pointed, ciliate at the margins; standard dark purple at the centre, lighter coloured on the lobes, white at the claw; keel white, purple at the tip, auricles rounded; wings white, faintly striped, auricles rounded or bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pod erect, straw coloured when ripened, 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, ovate oblong, with a longish, stout, subulate beak. Seeds 2–4, 3 mm. diam., dark brown. Habitat: Stream banks and lower forest margins. The description is drawn up from specimens No. 259 ex the author's herbarium, and from plants in cultivation, collected at the junction of the Lyell River with the Buller River, Nelson, where Kirk considered the species to be most plentiful. Specimens Examined. Auck. Mus. Herb., Buller R. near Westport, W. Townson; Junction Lyell and Buller R., T. Kirk; Fox River, W. Townson; Brighton, W. Townson; Greymouth, R. Helms. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224. Specimens No. 126, 294, 295, 296, 297, 307, 308, 312, 314, 352, 354, 355, 357, 357a, 358, 359, 360, 361, 362, 363, 364, 365, 366, 367, 368, 369, 371, 374, 375. Plant Res. Bureau Herb. 4143 (in part), 11807, 11834, 17619 (in part); R. M. Laing Herb. Cedar Ck. and Totara R. Cant. Mus. Herb. Generic symbol C. Nos. 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 40, 83, 84, 85, 91. Author's Herb. Nos. 70, 156, 242, 252, 253, 257, 414, 428, 438, 587. The species is abundant along river and stream banks on the western side of the South Island from Karamea to some undefined line south of the Waiho and Fox Rivers, and it is also not uncommon
in forested valleys on the eastern side of the main divide from the vicinity of Hanmer to the tributaries of the Upper Waimakariri, where deer are rapidly lessening its amount. Specimens collected by Enys at the Poulter River and Mt. White and described by Kirk as C. grandiflora var. divaricata would be difficult to identify as of the same species when compared with the young leafy plants, “1 foot to 3 feet high,” collected by Kirk at the Buller Valley. C. angustata var. pubescens var. nov. Ab C. angustata typica differt ramulis haud divaricatis, robustioribus, 2 mm. diam.; obscure sinuatis, pubescentibus; foliis praesertim 7-foliolatis, pubescentibus; inflorescentiis omnino pubescentibus; legumine juvenile pilis vestito. Similar to the type but more openly branched and not divaricating. Branchlets stouter, fully 2 mm. diam., obscurely sinuate, pubescent. Leaves longer, 2 cm., mainly 7 foliate, pubescent; leaflets obovate, ± 7 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, glaucous beneath and the midrib much less prominent or the leaflets keeled, notch small, sometimes almost wanting and the tip truncate; inflorescence everywhere pubescent; racemes 2–4 cm. long and the flowers more openly spaced, calyx teeth narrow. Ovary villous; immature pods pilose, ripe pods and seeds similar to those of the species. Type specimen No. 184 ex the author's herbarium in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. This distinct variety was collected at the Longford Bridge, near Murchison, by Mr. A. W. Wastney, and the description is drawn up from his fresh specimens and from plants in cultivation. Nothing is yet known of its further distribution. C. glabrata sp. nov. Frutex patens, omnino glaber, ad 2 m. vel ultra altus, aestate ineunte juventuteque apicibus ramulorum foliatus. Ramuli patentes ad 20 cm. longi, 3 mm. lati, manifeste compressi, lateribus convexis, marginibus rotundatis, costati vel striati, nodis conspicuis. Folia plantarum novellarum 5–9 foliolata, vel ultra, plantarum foliata. A spreading, quite glabrous shrub to 2 mm. or more high, summer leafy at the tips of the branchlets or when young. Branchlets more or less openly spaced, yellow-green, spreading and drooping, 10–20 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, much compressed, convex on both sides, rounded at the edges, grooved or striate, coriaceous; notches swollen, conspicuous. Leaves of young plants 5–9 or more foliate (5), in older plants 3–5 foliate, 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, with the petiole about ½ the length; upper surface yellow-green and the midribs sunken; under surface paler, keeled at the midribs; leaflets distant, equal, almost sessile, obovate or obovate oblong, ± 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, shallowly notched and the lobes rounded, often quite entire. Racemes simple, erect, densely 8–12 flowered at the upper 2/3, rhachis 2 cm. long, ribbed, shining yellow-green; pedicels short, 1 mm. long. Flowers 5 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; calyx 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam.; teeth triangular, with long reddish points; standard purple from the base to margin, outer lobes white, with a few stripes; keel white, purple along the fold, auricles rounded; wings white, with a purple
blotch near the base, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pods crowded, dark straw coloured, ovate, compressed, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; beak slender, subulate, pungent. Seeds 2, 2 mm. diam., flattened, brown, with irregular darker markings. Habitat: Stream banks. Type specimen, No. 263 in the author's collection from the Pelorus River, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: No. 17518. Author's Herb.: Nos. 75, 131, 263, 271, 290. Leafy plants of this species have been recorded as C. odorata, and leafless plants as C. australis. It is nearest allied to C. odorata, but unlike that species by its coriaceous branchlets and its densely packed racemes of small, pungent beaked, long-persistent pods. The leafy, semi-flaccid branches of juvenile plants are quite unlike those of the coriaceous adult. Common at the Whakamarina River, Marlborough, the Pelorus River, the Wairoa Gorge, and the Aorere River, Nelson, and Mr. A. W. Wastney has forwarded plants from the Maitai and Tinline River valleys. C. odorata Col. ex Hook. f., Flor. Nov. Zel. 1, (1853) 50. Hook. f., Handbk. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 50; T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 113; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 115; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 521; Ill. N.Z. Flor. 1, (1914) t. 34. A spreading shrub to 2 m. or more high, summer leafy towards the tips of the branchlets or when young. Branches spreading, rounded, with a narrow rib on each side; branchlets many, light green, spreading, drooping, 10–20 cm. long, 2 mm. broad, much compressed, convex on both sides and the edges rounded, striate, finely notched, thinly pilose, pubescent at the tips. Leaves 5–7 (5) foliate, 6 mm. long, 6 mm. broad, with a short petiole; upper surface pale green, pilose along the petiole and the sunken midribs, elsewhere glabrous, under surface lighter green, pilose and the midribs evident; leaflets closely placed, almost sessile, equal, obcordate or obovate, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, shallowly notched between rounded lobes. Racemes simple, erect, laxly 8–12 flowered; rhachis, pedicel, and calyx minutely pubescent; rhachis yellow-green, 1.5 cm. long; pedicels short, 1 mm. or less. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx small, fully 1 mm. long, 1 mm. diam.; teeth short, broadly triangular, green; standard purple to midlobes, elsewhere white with heavy purple stripes; keel green at the base, whitish above and the fold purple, auricles rounded; wings white, with faint purple stripes, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod light straw colour, 7 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, broadly ovate or almost orbicular, compressed, with a pungent subulate beak to 3 mm. long. Seeds 1–2, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, flattened, insipid straw colour, with a blue-black blotch at the hilum. Habitat: Stream valleys and lower forest margins. The description is drawn up from plants in cultivation, collected by Mr. E. S. West from the banks of the Taruarau River, a tributary
of the Ngaruroro River, Hawke's Bay, and represented by specimens, No. 170 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. The summer leafy young tips, smooth, slender, drooping and closely placed branchlets, squatly 5-foliate leaves, many erect racemes and laxly placed, brightly coloured, small flowers separate this species from all others. Colenso (1884–7) states that in his journey down the coast he arrived at the junction of the Waipaoa and the Maakaroro Rivers, “Here the drooping C. odorata (which I had first detected in 1843, inland from Te Wairoa) grew plentifully on the banks …” Te Wairoa (Clive) appears to be, as nearly as can be ascertained, the type habitat of the species. Specimens Examined. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Otaki Gorge, Petrie. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224. Specimens Nos. 321, 327, 328, 330, 332, 333 (in part), 334, 338 (in part), 340, 342, 348, 349 (in part), 351. Plant Research Bureau Herb.: Nos. 726, 11830. Author's Specimens: Nos. 12, 170. var. pilosa T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 113. Cheesem., Man. Flor. N.Z. (1906) 116; loc. cit. Ed. 2., (1925) 521. C. pilosa Simpn. et Thomn., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 70, (1940) 27; Hook. f., Handb. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 49; Col. ex Hook. f., Flor. Nov. Zel. 1, (1853) 50. A spreading shrub 2–3 m. high, summer leafy at the tips of the branchlets or when young, branches spreading, rounded, with narrow ribs along two sides; branchlets many, dark green, spreading and drooping, 5–15 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, much compressed, convex on both sides, roughly notched, rounded at the edges, grooved, pubescent; notches oblique, toothed at the lower lip and conspicuous. Leaves 3–5 foliate, or simple at the soft tips, shortly petioled, 8 mm. long, 8 mm. broad, sometimes larger, pubescent; upper surface dark green, with the midrib sunken; under surface much lighter, keeled at the midrib. Leaflets equal, or the terminal one slightly larger, 2–4 mm. long, 1–2 mm. broad, oblong obovate, shallowly emarginate and the lobes rounded. Racemes simple, erect, densely 8–12 flowered at the tip; rhachis, pedicels and calyx pubescent; rhachis pale green, 1 cm. long; pedicels short or almost wanting. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 2 mm. long, 1.5 mm. diam.; teeth triangular, green; standard dark purple at the centre, lighter towards the mid-lobes, outer lobes white, heavily striped; keel white, purple at the tip and fold, auricles rounded; wings white or faintly striped, auricles rounded. Ovary with soft white hairs at the base of the stigma. Pods pilose when immature, brownish with lighter margins when ripe, ovate, ± 8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, compressed, with a pungent subulate beak 2 mm. long. Seeds 2, similar to those of the type. Habitat: As the type.
The description is drawn up from specimens, No. 401 ex the author's herbarium, from plants in cultivation at Dunedin, collected by A. D. Beddie and M. E. Roberts at the Waingawa River, Wairarapa, Wellington. Specimens Examined. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Base of Ruahine Range, Bishop Williams; Moawhango, Petrie. Dom. Mus. Herb: Generic No. 224. Specimens Nos. 317, 318, 319, 320, 322, 324, 325, 326, 329, 333 (in part), 335, 338 (in part), 341, 343, 349 (in part), 350, 353. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: Nos. 942, 3882, 8266, 8267, 11817, 11818. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 87, 88, 89, 90. Author's Specimens: Nos. 399, 401, 542, 553. The stouter, roughly notched branchlets, the larger leaves, the densely flowered pubescent racemes, and the pilose character of the pods in their early development best distinguish the variety from the species. Kirk (loc. cit.) states that his No. 902 to Kew had glabrous immature pods, but the corresponding specimens in his herbarium, (No. 224/235 Dom. Mus. Herb.) bearing his tag No. 774 and labelled as “C. odorata Pohau R. Feb., 1880, sent to Kew as No. 902, referred to C. pilosa, but the ovary is glabrous” have fully developed pods which would be pilose in early growth. The specimens have the rough branches of C. pilosa, and the present author agrees with the identification made by the Kew authorities. Other specimens, bearing the same tag number (No. 774), and sent as No. 1180 to Kew, are a mixed gathering from cultivated plants of both the type and the variety. V. Subgenus Carmichaeliella nov. Carmichaelia R. Br. sens, strict. Legumen arcuatum vel oblongum vel ellipticum, compressum, in rostrum subulatum contractum, patens. Valvae omnino dehiscentes, replum persistens. Semina reniformia, leviter compressa, radicula bisulcata. Leafless or sparingly leafy, erect, decumbent or prostrate shrubs, sometimes small tree. Branchlets compressed or terete; notches with 1 or several racemes. Flowers with the parts of about equal length. Pods spreading, arcuate or oblong, or elliptic, or narrowingly or broadly elliptic, compressed, with long or short subulate beaks, dehiscent by the valves distorting cup-like by opening along the ventral margin, or by curling away at both ends, or from the base only, finally separating completely. Seeds reniform, slightly compressed, attached by convolute umbilicals. Radicle with a double fold. Nomenclatorial type C. cunninghamii Raoul. The name C. australis trails through the literature in many guises. When Robert Brown's genus was published by Lindley (1825–11) only one species was recognised by Brown, who cited Lotus arboreus Forst, f as a synonym. The specific description was drawn
up and the drawing made from a plant in “Mr. Colvill's Nursery.” Lindley remarks, “The plant was originally discovered in 1769, by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander, on the eastern side of the northern island of New Zealand, between latitudes 37°–29° South, and an excellent description of it, from the hand of Dr. Solander exists in the Banksian Library…. George Forster, who afterwards met with it in Dusky Bay, referred it to the genus Lotus … The garden plant has been compared by Mr. Brown with the specimens from Cook's voyage, in his own collection, and with an authentic specimen from George Forster's Herbarium, as well as by ourselves with others from some part of New Zealand; and no difference has been detected between them.” Genista compressa of the Banksian drawing (Pl. 19, fig. 1) is not the plant depicted by Lindley, and Forster's specimens of Lotus arboreus had immature fruits. If, as Brown and Lindley believed, C. australis R. Br. is identical with Forster's Lotus arboreus, then Brown's specific name is illegitimate. However, it has proved impossible certainly to match Brown's description and the illustration with any species growing wild, and in the floras and herbaria “C. australis R. Br.” is a motley assemblage of specimens in which the branchlets vary from 2 to 7 mm. wide. Some are plano-convex and striated, others are flanged to each side of a prominent midstem. The name is therefore abandoned and the definitely recognisable species are segregated in later pages. C. subulata T. Kirk in Students' Flora, 1899, p. 112, was based not on a definite type, but on a mixed parcel of specimens ranging from Whakamarina to mid-Canterbury. Kirk claims that his species is “distinguished from all other species by the slender, strict, almost filiform branchlets and subulate pods.” This combination of characters should certainly be easily recognised in adequate specimens, but when a lectotype is sought in Kirk's herbarium eight imperfect specimens only are found, none with normally subulate pods. The specimens are from Burnham (in flower and leaf), Hawke's Bay (in flower and leaf), Lincoln (two specimens with flowers and some old replums), Blenheim (with replums only), Whakamarina (with replums only) and Lincoln (two specimens with half-mature pods and some flowers). None is complete enough to be taken as a satisfactory type specimen; nor do the diagnostic characters given by Kirk suffice to enable any of the specimens so far examined to be placed without doubt in his C. subulata. A truly subulate pod is unknown in the genus, though occasional misshapen pods might with more or less accuracy be so described. The name is therefore rejected as being both a nomen confusum and based on specimens with immature or partly monstrous pods. Key to the Species. 1. Branchlets 8–10 mm. wide, flowers 2.5 cm. long, pods 2 cm. long williamsii Branchlets, flowers, and pods much smaller 2 2. Plant a prostrate or very low growing shrub not more than 0.5 m. high 3 Plant an erect or spreading shrub or tree 5
3. Pods 1.5 cm. long, branchlets 4 mm. broad arenaria Pods not more than 1 cm. long, branchlets not more than 2 mm. broad 4 4. Branchlets diffuse, 1 mm. diam., pods 5 mm. long, beak stout diffusa Branchlets appressed, 2 mm. diam., pods 8 mm. long, beak slender appressa 5. Ground colour of seeds black, or green, or yellowish, with or without dark spots or mottling 6 Ground colour of seeds red or orange-red, with or without dark spots or mottling 13 6. Seeds completely black; pods black, arcuate, 8 mm. long rivulata Seeds with green or yellow ground colour 7 7. Branchlets not more than 1 mm. wide 8 Branchlets more than 1 mm. diam. 10 8. Pods not more than 6 mm. long, seeds pale yellow-green, black mottled ovata Pods 8 mm. long or more, seeds dark by heavy black mottling 9 9. Pods 1 cm. long, beak long arborea Pods 8 mm. long, beak short hookeri 10. Branchlets 1–2 mm. wide 11 Branchlets 2–3 mm. wide 12 11. Flowers 5 mm. long, ovary glabrous hookeri Flowers smaller, ovary papillose violacea 12. Branchlets glabrous, flowers 4 mm. long solandri Branchlets pilose, pubescent at tips, flowers 5 mm. long robusta 13. Branchlets 5 mm. wide or more, shrubs 8–10 m. high 14 Branchlets not more than 4 mm. wide, shrubs up to 3 m. high 15 14. Pods 1 cm. long, beak short, flower 4 mm. long aligera Pods 1.5 cm. long, beak 3 mm. long, flowers 5 mm. long silvatica 15. Flowers 8 mm. long, pods 1.5 cm. long exsul Flowers not more than 4 mm. long, pods not more than 1 cm. long 16 16. Branchlets 1 mm. wide, pods not more than 6 mm. long 17 Branchlets 2 mm. wide or more, pods 1 cm. long 18 17. Racemes and pedicels glabrous, pods 5 mm. diam flagelliformis Racemes and pedicels pilose, pods 6 mm. long flagelliformis var. corymbosa 18. Branchlets 2 mm. wide, beak of pod 2 mm. long, seeds 4 egmontiana Branchlets 3–4 mm. wide, beak short, seeds 1–2 cunninghamii In the key the species are placed in an artificial sequence adopted as a means in identification only, without regard to the order in which they appear in following pages. They fall into three groups, recognisable during their early dehiscence, before the final separation of the valves (See Plate 17). Group 1. Valves distorting cup-like from the replum at the ends and ventral margin during dehiscence:—1 C. williamsii. 2 C. aligera. 3. C. silvatica. 4. C. cunninghamii. 5 C. arenaria. 6. C. solandri. 7. C. exsul. 8 C. egmontiana. 9 C. arborea. 10 C. flagelliformis. 11 C. flagelliformis var. corymbosa. 12 C. ovata. 13 C. diffusa. 14 C. hookeri.
Group 2. Valves distorting by opening away from the base and the beak simultaneously:—15 C. robusta. 16 C. appressa. 17 C. rivulata. Group 3. Valves distorting by opening widely from the base, remaining attached at the beak:—18 C. violacca. C. williamsii T. Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 12 (1880) 394. loc. cit. Vol. 16, (1883) 380, t. 32; Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 110. Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 112; loc. cit., Ed. 2, (1925) 517. An erect shrub to 3 m. or more high, leafless except when young; branchlets 8–10 mm. broad, thin and much compressed, glabrous, striate, narrowed at the base; midstem central vascular bundles evident or prominent, sinuous, becoming terete and bifariously ribbed; margins irregular by alternating convexities between the notches. Leaves on young plants 1–3 foliate, differing in size and shape, 2–3 cm. long; leaflets sessile on a short petiole, linear obovate to obcordate, sharply emarginate. Racemes 1–2, 3–5 flowered or with a single flower. Flowers 2.5 cm. long, rhachis short, less than 1 cm. long, grooved, green, pubescent; pedicels 8 mm. long, yellow-green, thinly pubescent; calyx 1 cm. long, 5 mm. diam., campanulate, glabrous or glabrate, green, teeth short, triangular, acute, red tipped; standard yellow or pale yellow, purple centred and striped to the upper margins of the lobes; keel equalling the standard, yellowish green with a purplish tip; auricles small, rounded; wings 5 mm. shorter, without purplish colour, greenish at the base, purplish at the tip, sub-acute; auricles narrow and bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods ± 2 cm. long, 6–7 mm. broad, elliptic oblong, or linear obovate, dark brown with paler margins, beak subulate. Seeds 6–12 or more, red with black mottling. Habitat: Coastal stations. Described from flowering plants in cultivation and fruited specimens in herbaria. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Poor Knights Islands, A. T. Pycroft, L. B. Moore and L. M. Cranwell; Opape, near Opotiki, L. M. Cranwell. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 76 to 92. Plant Research Bureau: Nos. 18949, 18950, 18960. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 58, 59, 60, 61. Author's Herb.: Nos. 565, 605. The flowers of this species are the largest of the genus and, as Cockayne (1917–56) has related, descriptions differ as to their colour but, since the purplish markings gradually fade with the deepening of the yellow in a fully developed inflorescence, contradictions must be expected. Individual plants flower at differing seasons, often in winter months. The seed of plants from the Poor Knights and other outlying islands is not mottled with black. The species is apparently rare and localised, found on the mainland in a few places in the Bay of Plenty eastward of Opotiki, and on to Hicks Bay, on the Poor Knights Islands, on Little Barrier Island, and on Ruamahua Island in the Aldermans. In this latter locality
photographs with the specimens at the Canterbury Museum Herbarium show plants growing in considerable amount amongst Phormium. C. aligera sp. nov. Arbor 10 metralis, ramulis 6–7 mm. latis, foliis 5–6 cm. longis, 3 cm. latis, glabris, 5–7 foliolatis; foliolis obovato-cuneatis, 12 mm. longis, 7 mm. latis, parum late emarginatis vel truncatis, lobis rotundatis, mucronatis. Racemi 8–12 flori, rhachidibus 1.5 cm. longis, pubescentibus. Flores, pedicellis 1 mm. longis, glabris, suffulti, 4 mm. longi, calycibus 2 mm. longis, glabris, dentibus brevibus, late triangulatis. Vexillum purpureum, lobis exterioribus striatis; alae alba perexigue striatae, auriculis incrassatis, brevibus; carina alba apice purpurea, auriculis rotundatis. Legumen 1 cm. longum, 5 mm. latum, oblique oblongum, marginibus incrassatis, rostro breve subulato, crasso; seminibus 1–(2)–3, aurantiacis, fusco-notatis. A small tree to 10 m. high with a trunk 15–20 cm. diam., branchlets similar to those of C. williamsii but narrower, 6–7 mm. broad. Leaves seen large, 5–6 cm. long, 3 cm. broad, glabrous 5–7 foliate; leaflets obovate-cuneate, ± 12 mm. long, 7 mm. broad, shallowly broadly emarginate or truncate, with the lobes rounded, mucronate, distant, the terminal one slightly the larger. Racemes one or more at the notches, simple, 8–12 flowered; rhachis 1.5 cm. long, pubescent; pedicels short, 1 mm. long, glabrate; flowers small, 4 mm. long; calyx 2 mm. long, glabrous; teeth short, widely triangular, red tipped; standard purplish from base to upper margins; outer lobes striped; keel white, purplish tipped, auricles rounded; wings white, faintly striped, auricles thickened, short, bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods black, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, obliquely oblong, strongly margined; beak short, stout, subulate. Seeds 1–3 (2), orange red, with black markings. Habitat: Forest openings and margins. Type specimens, No. 360 ex the author's herbarium, from a plant in cultivation, collected by Miss L. B. Moore at Anawhata, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Waitakere Range, Auckland, T. F. Cheeseman. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 98, 113, 135, 143. Author's Herb.: Nos. 303, 337, 360, 465. The distribution of the type form of this species and of C. solandri and C. cunninghamii is not known, tall plants not uncommon in North Auckland have narrower branches than C. aligera but the pods are similar, and such is the case also with plants in cultivation. Some appear to have a shrub habit. The specimens in herbaria not cited above but regarded for the present as C. aligera in a compound species are given below. They include C. australis var. strictissima T. Kirk and his var. alata would probably come here, but his specimens—No. 224/100 in the Dominion Museum Herbarium—are not good. Cheeseman does not refer to var. alata in either edition of the Manual.
Auck. Mus. Herb.: Urenui, Taranaki, B. C. Aston; near Auckland, Manukau Heads, Cuvier Island, T. F. Cheeseman; near Opunake, Waimarino, T. Kirk; Kaitaia, R. H. Matthews; Little Barrier Island, Poor Knights Islands, Cavalli Island, W. R. B. Oliver; Little Barrier Island, — Shakespear; Urenui and White Cliffs, Taranaki, R. H. Matthews; Tango-poiutu, E. Phillips Turner; Mt. Messenger, Birkdale, Auckland, H. B. Matthews; Paremoreno, near Albany, J. E. Attwood; Poor Knights Islands, Hen and Chickens Islands, L. B. Moore and L. M. Cranwell; Cavalli Island, Poor Knights Islands, A. T. Pycroft. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 99, 100, 102, 103, 107, 108, 110, 111, 112, 116, 117, 118, 120, 121, 122, 128, 129, 132, 133, 136, 140, 141, 142, 144, 147, 148, 150, 152, 153, 154. Plant Res. Bureau Herb. Nos. 4359, 11798, 11790, 11832, 18961, 18964, 18965, 22148, 22210, 40579. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. No. 44. Author's Herb.: Nos. 9, 141, 326, 333, 364, 365, 431, 567, 606, 607, 608, 609, 610. C. silvatica sp. nov. Frutex vel arbor, ad 10 m. altus, ramulis 5 mm. latis. Flores 5 mm. longi; vexillum basi purpureum, aliter purpureo-striatum. Legumen 1 5 cm. vel ultra, longum, 5–6 mm. latum, linearo-ovatum, in rostrum, erectum, crassum, abrupte acutum, 3 mm. longum, angustatum; seminibus 4–8, aurantiacis, sparse nigro-punctatis. A shrub or small tree 8–10 m. high, branchlets ± 5 mm. broad. Flowers 5 mm. long; standard with a purple base, elsewhere striped. Pods large, 1.5 cm. or more long, 5–6 mm. broad, linear ovate, narrowed to a strong, straight, suddenly pointed beak 3 mm. long. Seeds 4–8, orange red, sparsely spotted with black. Habitat: Forest openings and margins. Type specimens, No. 130 ex the author's herbarium, from a plant in cultivation, collected by Mr. A. D. McKinnon at the Waipoua River, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. C. cunninghamii Raoul, Choix de Plantes Nouv. Zel., (1846) 29, t. 28 B. C. australis A. Cunn., Ann. Nat. Hist., Vol. 3, (1839) 246; Hook. f., Flor. N.Z. Vol. 1, (1853) 50; Hand. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 50; T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 110; Cheesm., Man. N.Z. Flor. (1906) 113; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 518. An erect or spreading shrub to 3 m. high, leafless or leafy only when young; branchlets 3–4 mm. broad, thin, much compressed, obscurely plano-convex or shallowly rounded, with a central rib, green or yellow-green, glabrous. Leaves seen, 3 cm. long, 1.5 cm. broad, glabrous, 5 foliate, leaflets obcordate, 5 mm. broad, broadly and shallowly emarginate and the lobes rounded, rather distant, the terminal one slightly larger. Racemes 1 or more together, subumbellately 3–7 (5) flowered; rhachis ± 1 cm. long, green, pubescent, pedicels short, 1 mm. long, yellow-green, pubescent. Flowers 4 mm. long; calyx 1 mm., green with red markings, glabrate, teeth short,
triangular, red tipped; standard with purplish bands from base to margin and spreading over the upper part of the lobes; outer lobes white, with purple stripes; keel white, with purplish tip, auricles rounded; wings white or faintly striped, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods compressed, broadly ovate or oblong, 1 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, black; beak short, subulate. Seed 1–2, usually 1, orange-red (in some forms mottled with black). Habitat: Open spaces and forest margins. Described from specimens, No. 452 ex the author's herbarium, from a plant flowering in cultivation, collected at Cape Brett. Bay of Islands, by Mr. Hopi Cross, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, and from a fruiting specimen from Bay of Islands in the Dominion Museum Herbarium. Dr. Burtt's report from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, reads as follows: “In 1846 Raoul described C. cunninghamii. I have ascertained from the Paris Herbarium that the type of the species came from the Bay of Islands.” The present author's knowledge of the fruits is derived from Raoul's description and plate and from a specimen in fruit in the Dominion Museum Herbarium. A plant in cultivation at Dunedin has flowered, but the fruits have aborted. Had Raoul been acquainted with C. australis R. Br. it is unlikely that his species would have been described or his beautiful plate produced, but, following Lindley, he confused C. australis with Lotus arboreus and illustrated Forster's species in a comparison with his own. The species is almost certainly compound and plants of similar growth range widely in the North Island. Meantime, lacking knowledge of the distribution of the type, it is impossible to separate herbarium specimens with accuracy. Some of those cited provisionally under C. aligera may belong here. All the plants of the North Island with wide flattened branchlets need investigation in the field. C. arenaria sp. nov. Suffrutex 50 cm. altus, ramosus, semi-erectus vel decumbens, ramulis 10 cm. longis, 3 mm. latis, glabris, valde compressis. Folia pauca, 3–5 foliolata, tenuia, 1 cm. longa, 6 mm. lata, petiolis perbrevibus, foliolis obcordatis, emarginatis, lobis rotundatis, lateralibus 3 mm. diam., terminalibus aliquantum distantibus, 5 mm. diam., carinatis, costis subtus sparsissime pilosis. Racemi 3–5 flori, floribus subumbellatis, 5 mm., longis, 4 mm. latis. Racemi rhachide 3–5 mm. longa, pilosa, striata, pedicellis, 1 mm. longis, glabris; floribus 5 mm. longis, 4 mm. latis. Calyx flavo-viridis, dentibus brevibus, obtuse triangulatis, apice rubris; vexillum atro-purpureum, marginibus valde purpureo-striatis; alae albescentes, apice perexique striatae, auriculis acutis; carina albescens, apice purpurea, auriculis obtusis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen elliptico-oblongum, basi apiceque angustatum, 1.5 cm. longum, 3 mm. latum, nigrum; rostro erecto, 2 mm. longo, subulato; seminibus 2–4 rubrescentibus, valde nigromaculatis. A much-branched, sparingly leafy, semi-erect or decumbent shrub 50 cm. tall. Branchlets short, 10 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, ascending or spreading, much compressed, glabrous. Leaves 3–5 (3) foliate,
thin ± 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, with petiole shorter than the blade; leaflets obcordate, emarginate between rounded lobes, the lateral pairs 3 mm. diam., the terminal one more or less distant and larger, 5 mm. diam., green or yellow-green or pale brown, mottled and glabrous above, pale green, keeled, and with usually a few small hairs at the midrib below. Racemes 1–3, subumbellately 3–5 flowered. Flowers 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad at the standard; rhachis short, 3–5 mm. long, ribbed, green, pilose; pedicels short, 1 mm.; calyx yellow green, glabrous, teeth short, bluntly triangular, red tipped; standard dark purple at the centre and upper margin, heavily striped on the outer lobes; keel whitish, dull purple at the tip, auricles rounded; wings whitish, faintly striped at the tip, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods elliptic oblong, narrowed at both ends, 1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. broad, compressed, black; beak 2 mm. long, straight, subulate. Seeds 2–4, reddish, heavily marked with black. Habitat: Sandy soils amongst Scirpus nodosus and coastal grasses on limestone rock at Punakaiki, Westland. A low growing species known only from this habitat. Type specimen No. 69 ex the author's herbarium, in Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. In its habitat the branches are decumbent, with the branchlets erect or semi-erect to about 50 cm. high. In cultivation the procumbent habit is less pronounced, and the author's plant is a straggling, much-branched shrub to 1 m. high. C. solandri sp. nov. Frutex patens, 2–3 m. altus, statu maturo afoliatus, ramulis 2 mm. latis, plano-convexis, striatis, glabris. Folia 1.5–2 cm. longa, 3–5-foliolata, foliolis glabris, obcordatis, emarginatis, terminalibus aliquantum distantibus. Racemi 3–(5)–7 flori, floribus 4 mm. longis, subumbellatis, rhachide 6 mm. longa, pilosa, pedicellis 1 mm. longis, sparse pilosis. Calyx 1 mm. longus sparsissime pilosus, dentibus parvis, triangulatis, apice rubris. Vexillum lineis latis, purpureis demum purpureo-caeruleis notatum, alae albae, auriculis apice subobtusis; carina alba apice purpurea, auriculis rotundatis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen elliptico-oblongum, 8 mm. longum, 14 mm. latum, seminibus 1–2, rubris. A spreading shrub 2–3 m. high, leafiless except when young; branchlets 2 mm. broad, plano-convex, striate, glabrous. Leaves 1.5–2 cm. long, 3–5 foliate, glabrous, with the terminal leaflet somewhat distant; leaflets obcordate, emarginate. Racemes 1 or more, subumbellately 3–(5)–7 flowered; rhachis 6 mm. long, pale green, pilose; pedicels 1 mm. long, sparingly pilose; flowers small, 4 mm long; calyx 1 mm. long, pale green, with a few hairs, teeth small, triangular, red tipped; standard with purplish bands from base to centre, elsewhere striped, colour changing to violet; keel white, tipped with purple, auricles rounded; wings white, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods dark brown, elliptic oblong, 8 mm. x 4 mm.; beak short, stoutly subulate. Seeds 1–2, red, sparingly spotted or marked with black. Habitat: Low coastal forest and forest margins.
Type specimens No. 324 ex the author's herbarium, from a plant in cultivation collected at Whakatane by Miss L. B. Moore, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Sandhills near Woodhill, Mt. Manaia, Whangarei, T. F. Cheeseman; Ohiwa, near Opotiki, L. M. Cranwell. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 114, 130, 131, 134, 149, 151. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: 7903, 40675. Author's Herb.: 324, 362, 432, 433, 580, 581. Specimens from scattered localities differ in more or less degree from the type, and the species, by these inclusions, is compound. The type specimens, however, are comparable with the cotypes of Genisla compressa Banks and Sol. in herbaria at the Auckland and Dominion Museums. C. exsul F. Mueller, Tragm. Phylogr. Austr., Vol. 7, (1871) 126. Oliver, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 49, (1917) 139; Hemsley. Ann. Bot., Vol. 10, (1896) 235; Laing and Blackwell, Plants of N.Z., (1906) 206 and subsequent editions. An erect, leafy shrub to 2 m. or more high, branchlets spreading, 2 mm. diam., plano-convex, glabrous. Leaves 3 foliate or sometimes simple near the tips of the branchlets, 2–3 cm. long, 1.5–2 cm. broad, the leaflets about equal or the terminal one rather the larger and a little distant, glabrous and shining, with the petiole rather less than the length of the blade; leaflets 1–1.5 cm. long, 5–8 mm. broad, obovate or linear obcordate, shallowly emarginate between rounded lobes. Racemes single and simple, with 2 opposite and a terminal slightly distant flower at the tip of the rhachis; rhachis 1 cm. long, green, with a few hairs; pedicles 2–4 mm. long, slender, yellow-green, finely pubescent. Flowers 8 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. long, glabrate, yellow-green, teeth short, widely triangular, acute; standard purple at the base with stripes extending to the upper margin, outer lobes white; keel white, purple at the tip, auricles rounded; wings white, tipped with purple, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods obovate, 1.5 cm. long, 8 mm. broad, compressed, dark brown to almost black with paler margin, with a subulate beak 3–4 mm. long. Seed 2–4 or more, red. Habitat: Forest and serub to 600 m. altitude. Specimens. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, No. 123. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 65a, 97. Author's Herb.: Nos. 441, 473. The description is drawn up from dried material and the flower colour may not be quite correctly stated. This plant is a Lord Howe Island endemic and the only species as yet discovered beyond the boundaries of the New Zealand region. The author is indebted to Captain J. C. McComish, who had a plant forwarded from Lord Howe Island and excellent specimens in flower and fruit from the Sydney Botanic Cardens. Captain McComish confirms the habitat record here copied from Oliver (1917–139) and
writes that, in a close search throughout the Island for herbarium material in his honorary capacity as a collector of specimens for large herbaria, he has never seen the plant “putting forth its many tender leaves in the moist shade of the famous palm-forests of picturesque Lord Howe's Island” as described by Laing and Blackwell (1906–206). The author's plants have survived several winters of frost at Dunedin without entirely losing their leaves, but flowers have not appeared. C. egmontiana (Ckn. and Allan) comb. nov. C. austrulis var. gmontiana Ck. and Allan, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 56, (1926) 21. An erect shrub to 2 m. or more high, leafless or leafy only when young; branchlets stiffly erect, 2 mm. broad, glabrous, dark-green, plano-convex, closely and conspicuously notched. Leaves 3–5 foliate, sparsely dotted with short hairs; leaflets 8 mm. long, broadly obovate, cmarginate, sessile. Racemes 2 or more together, subumbellately 3–7 (5) flowered; rhachis 0.5–1 cm. long, dark green or reddish green, glabrous; pedicles 2 mm. long, yellow-green, glabrous. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 1.5 mm. long, glabrous, teeth broadly triangular, acute, red tipped; standard dark purple at the base, the colour extending in paler shade to the mid-lobes, outer lobes white; keel greenish, with a purple tip, auricles rounded; wings whitish, faintly striped, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong, or obliquely oblong, 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, black; beak 2 mm. long, stout, subulate. Seeds 4, orange-red. Habitat: Subalpine scrub association. Upper forest margin and lower subalpine belt. Type specimens No. 1748 in Herb. L. Cockayne in Dom. Mus. Herb. as Nos. 224/145–146. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb., Mt. Egmont, J. W. Davey, L. M. Cranwell. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 101, 104, 105, 108, 145, 146, 439, 451. Plant Research Bureau Herb.: No. 21307. Author's Herb.: No. 25. Known only from Mt. Egmont, and best recognised by its stiffly erect, dark green and roughly notched branchlets. C. arborea (Forst. f.) Druce, Rep. Bot. Club. Brit. Is. (1917) 612. (Pl. 19, fig. 2.) Oliver, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 56, (1926) 5. Lotus arboreus Forst. f., Prodr. Fl. Ins. Aust., (1786) 52. Lotus? arboreus Forster, Prodr. n. 278; Richard, Voy. Astrol. Bol., (1832) 345. C. paludosa Ckn., Trans. N.Z. Inst. 47, (1915) 113. A much-branched shrub or small tree 3–5 m. high, leafless or sparingly leafy when young; branchlets ± 25 cm. long, slender, ± 1 mm. diam., glabrous, strict, compressed. Leaves on young plants simple or 3–5 foliate, with the terminal leaflet larger and frequently distant; glabrous; leaflets obcordate or obcuneate, deeply emarginate between rounded lobes, thin, almost sessile, varying much in size, 3–6 mm. long, 2–4 mm. broad. Racemes 1–3, subumbellately 3–5 flowered, Flowers 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; rhachis 2–3 mm. long, scaly;
pedicels 2 mm., glabrous, stout; calyx cyathiform by narrowing to the pedicel, glabrous or with a few hairs; teeth very short, broadly triangular, with thick red points; standard purple at the centre and upper margins, changing to violet, outer lobes white, heavily striped; keel greenish, coloured at the tip, auricles rounded; wings white, greenish at the base, faintly striped at the tip, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods broadly oblong or elliptic oblong, 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, compressed, black; beak long, rather stout, suddenly pointed. Seeds 2–4, pale green, dark by much black mottling. Habitat: Stream valleys, forest margins and shrub swamp. Described from specimens No. 447 and 514 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Clinton R. and L. Manapouri, J. H. Matthews; Doubtful Sound, B. C. Aston; Karamea and vicinity of Westport, W. Townson; Buller Valley, T. F. Cheeseman; Reefton; J. H. Matthews. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 106, 201, 204, 208, 209, 210, 228, 379, 402, 409, 416, 417, 418, 454, 462, 470, 471, 472, 473, 474, 475, 476, 477, 478, 480, 481, 482, 483, 484, 485, 486, 487, 589. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 2, 3, 4, 20, 22, 39. Plant Res. Bureau: 3748, 3946, 3947, 3948, 3949, 17302, 22395. Author's Herb.: Nos. 31, 52, 60, 138, 217, 239, 256, 259, 262, 265, 266, 267, 282, 283, 284, 285, 286, 287, 288, 289, 293, 328, 405, 416, 447, 451, 457, 464, 489, 512, 514, 568, 571, 573, 575, 591, 597, 604. Habitat: Forest edges, stream valleys, swampy ground and river flats. N.W. Nelson to Stewart Island and over the alpine divide to valleys in Nelson, Canterbury and the heads of the Southern Lakes. Specimens were sent from Stewart Island by Mr. R. Traill. who discovered plants at the head of the Freshwater River. Lindley (1825–912), Raoul (1846–49) and Hooker (1853–50) and (1864–50) all relegated Lotus arboreus to synonymy under C. australis R. Br. Accepting this view of the identity of the species Druce (1917–612) made the new combination. This must stand (Art. 54 of the International Rules) whether Druce was correct in his identifying C. australis R. Br. with Lotus arboreus Forst. f. or not. Kirk (1899–14), Cheeseman (1906–116), (1925–521) and Oliver (1926–5) treated L. arboreus Forst f. as identical with C. flagelli-formis Col. ex Hook f. (1852–51). Oliver on priority grounds, made his new combination, unaware that Druce had already done this. Forster published his species as from “Nova Zeelandia.” Richard published Forster's full manuscript description, and stated “Crescit in Novae-Zeelandiae loco dicto Dusky Bay (Forster).” The plant flowers and fruits at a late season in the south-western Fiords, and the author's specimens in flower and bud were collected at Doubtful Sound at the end of February, 1939. The drawing published by Richard (1832–345) shows quite clearly that the fruits of Forster's specimens were too immature to provide evidence of
generic character, and a pod from the type specimen, kindly sent by Mr. Burtt, is but half developed and green. Forster's hesitant Lotus? arboreus and the inability of later workers to do more than doubt that determination is then explained. Forster's plate cannot be accepted as a true representation of the plant he described, in the fashion of his time differing stages in growth are combined and a leafy juvenile branch displays both flowers and almost matured fruits. The drawing is more like that of C. grandiflora but his “leguminibus quinatis,” the dissected pod drawn to show its separated reniform seed and Richard's “Semina paucissima, cylindracea, adnata” are conclusive. Possibly, too, C. grandiflora was also collected and the description and drawing confused, but the fruits are clearly those of a species in Carmichaeliella, and by the descriptions and epithet a tree-like plant is indicated. Following its description Cockayne states that his C. paludosa is “abundant in lowland swamps” in Westland, and that possibly a plant collected by Petrie in the Clinton Valley, “should be referred to this species.” On a specimen from the Clinton River, now in the Dominion Museum Herbarium (No. 224/486), he has written: “This is probably C. arborea, of which C. paludosa Ckn. is a synonym, 16/12/31.” C. flagelliformis Col. ex Hook. f., Flor. Nov. Zel, 1, (1852) 51. em nobis. A much-branched shrub or small tree 2–3 m. high, leafless, or sparingly leafy when young; young branchlets slender, 1 mm. diam., glabrous, plano-convex. Leaves seen 1–5 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, 3 foliate, with the terminal leaflets the larger and distant and the petiole as long as the blade, glabrous above, sparingly pilose beneath, leaflets 2–3 mm. diam., thin and almost sessile, obcordate-cuneate, notched between rounded lobes. Racemes 2 or more together, subumbellately 3–7 (5) flowered; rhachis 1–2 mm. long, stout, glabrous, green; pedicels 1 mm. long, glabrous, yellow-green. Flowers small, less than 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 1 mm. long, green marked with red, glabrous; teeth reduced to short, red-tipped points; standard purple from base to tip and striped, outer lobes white, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods compressed, obliquely orbicular, 5 mm. diam., dark brown, with lighter margins; beak stout, straight and rounded, suddenly pointed, conspicuously obliquely placed, ± 2 mm. long. Seed 1–2, reniform, red with black markings. Habitat: Stream banks and forest margins. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Maraehara, East Cape, D. Petrie. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 378, 434, 435, 469. Cant. Mus. Herb.: No. C 26. Author's Herb.: Nos. 547, 561, 563. Mr. A. D. Beddie, of Petone, has sent specimens collected at the Waiapu River, which carry fully ripened fruits, and plants forwarded from the same locality by Mr. Geo. McKay, a resident of the district, have flowered. From these the description has been drawn up. No.
563 in fruit, ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Res. Bureau, Wellington, must be regarded as the type. Hooker, when publishing C. flagelliformis Col., listed the stations as: “Hab. Northern and Middle Islands. East Coast, Bidwill, Colenso, Sinclair. Akaroa, Raoul.” His var. B. is excluded from the present discussion. Hooker thought Raoul's plate (1846, t. 28 as C. australis) to depict the same species. Later (1864–50) he gave; “Northern and Middle Islands: east coast, Colenso; Milford Sound, Lyall; Nelson, Bidwill; Otago, Lindsay; Akaroa, Raoul. This is possibly the true Lotus (?) arboreus, Forst., but it differs from C. australis, Br. in the narrow grooved branchlets, pubescent racemes, and in the pod.” The name C. flagelliformis was thus early applied not only to Colenso's “east coast” specimens but also to others, differing in character, collected by Lyall, Bidwill and Lindsay from widely separated stations. Later authors have only added to the confused application of the name. The essence of Hooker's description of C. flagelliformis Col. is “legumine (2 lin.) oblique orbiculato longe rostrato,” which Hooker takes from Bentham's MS. description. Hooker describes the pods as “the same shape as in C. pilosa, obliquely orbicular, with a stout sharp rostrum placed obliquely.” Rather than reject the name C. flagelliformis Col. as a nomen confusum, the author restricts the name to those plants that agree with this pod description, and has drawn up the amended description given above. It is true that in the Kew Herbarium, as Mr. Burtt has kindly informed us, Colenso's field notes on his specimens 209 and 1517 read as follows: 209 “Carmichaelia? filiformis, shrub, common in this district (Mataikona, just north of Castle Point, E. Coast), 2–5 and 7 feet high, drooping, leafless. Generally low bushes, much branched at top.” This was despatched by Colenso in 1846, date of collecting not given. 1517 “Carmichaelia flagelliformis, n.sp. W. C., an elegant slender tree, 14 feet high, very long, drooping filiform branches; low woods, banks, sides of river, base of Ruahine Range, W. side.” This was despatched by Colenso, July, 1848, date of collecting not given. But a type must be chosen that agrees with the published description and the cited specimens that most fully agree with that description. As Hooker cites no “type” the lectotype of C. flagelliformis should be chosen as the specimens collected on “east coast” by Colenso. The lectotype cannot be Colenso's No. 1517, which the published description does not fit. Moreover Colenso narrating a journey in the North Island in 1841–42 (1844–28) writes, “then reached the embouchure of the Waiapu and proceeded up the northern bank and river bed; saw a Carmichaelia much different from C. australis found at Bay of Islands, not rigid branches, more filiform and drooping ….” Of another journey, in 1847, we read (1884–7): “On reaching the river Waipaoa … we travelled up its stoney bed … reached the junction of this river with the Maakararoro, and proceeded up the stoney bed of this latter … halted for the
night …. I discovered another species of Carmichaelia (C. flagelliformis) a tall shrub of peculiar growth, with long, pendant, thong-like branches bearing only few flowers.” From the evidence of specimens sent from the near vicinity of the localities mentioned in Colenso's narratives, and from an examination of the specimens in New Zealand herbaria, it is evident that specimens collected at or near the Waiapu River, East Cape, should best satisfy the requirements of the description prepared by Bentham, and, if the name is to survive, a type should be chosen from their number or from a plant of that locality. The pods on the specimens in herbaria are immature and usually larger than Bentham's “2 lin,” and differences in size due to epharmony is to be expected, but their shape and their long and peculiarly placed beaks cannot be mistaken. C. flagelliformis Col. var. corymbosa (Col.) T. Kirk. C. corymbosa Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 21, (1889) 80. C. flagelliformis var. corymbosa T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1889) 114; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flora, (1906) 117; loc. cit., (1925) 522. C. multicaulis Col., loc. cit. Vol. 25, (1893) 329. C. micrantha Col., loc. cit. Vol. 26, (1893) 313. C. acuminata T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 114. C. flagelliformis var. acuminata Cheeseman, Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 117; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 522. Similar in habit to the type. Racemes and pedicels pilose. Calyx glabrous. Pods compressed, brown or dark brown, broadly and obliquely ovate or oblong or obliquely orbicular, 6 mm. long, with a short subulate beak. The description is drawn up from plants in cultivation collected by Mr. A. D. Beddie from the type habitat of Colenso's C. corymbosa—banks of streamlets in woods south of Dannevirke. Specimens No. 162 ex the author's herbarium in the Herbarium Plant Res. Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Ruahine foothills, Aston; Maraeroa, King Country, Attwood; Kaingaroa Plain, Matthews; Lake Rotoaira, Lake Taupo, Cheeseman; Lichfield, Cheeseman; and Colenso's specimens Nos. 2–8. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 195, 198, 345, 377, 382, 383, 384, 385, 389, 392, 398, 402, 411, 423, 424, 442, 443, 444, 445, 453, 466, 467, 502, 506. Plant Res. Bureau: Nos. 3529, 8414, 9092, 11795, 11803, 11808. Cant. Mus. Herb. Generic symbol C. Nos. 27, 79, 80, 81, 82. Author's Herb.: Nos. 13, 137, 140, 144, 145, 147, 162, 169, 176, 185, 210, 292, 327, 345, 351, 369, 392, 507, 510, 538, 545, 569, 594, 598, 599. The variety is a compound of differing forms varying mainly one from the other in the width of their branchlets and in the size of their flowers, and it has a wide range in the North Island. The pods have short, subulate beaks in line with the pedicels, not prolonged,
suddenly pointed and conspicuously obliquely placed as in the species. Kew Herbarium specimen No. 1517, already referred to as repellent to Bentham's description of C. flagelliformis, belongs here. C. ovata sp. nov. Frutex 2 m. altus, statu maturo afoliatus, ramulis gracilibus, 1 mm. diam., leviter compressis, glabris, vel nodibus sparse pilosis. Folia parva, 1–3 foliolata, foliolis linearo-cuneatis, lobis rotundatis. Racemi 3–5 flori, floribus subumbellatis, rhachide 4 mm. longa, pilosa; pedicellis 1 mm. longis, sparsissime pilosis; floribus 5 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis. Calyx 2 mm. longus, 2 mm. diam., aliquantum pilosus, dentibus perbrevibus, obtusis. Vexillum basi versus purpureum, aliter album purpureo-striatum; alae albae, auriculis acutis; carina albescens, auriculis obtusis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen late, aliquanto oblique, ovatum aliquanto fere orbiculatum, 6 mm. longum, 4 mm. latum, compressum, atro-brunneum, rostro breve, subulato; seminibus 2, diam. 2 mm., pallide flavo-viridibus, nigro-maculatis. An erect or spreading shrub to 2 m. high, leafless except when young. Branchlets leafless or sparingly leafy, slender, 1 mm. diam., rounded, compressed, glabrous or with a few hairs at the notches. Leaves 1–3 foliate, small; leaflets linear cuneate, shallow notched between rounded lobes. Flowers 3–5, in one or more subumbellate racemes, 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; rhachis 4 mm. long, pilose; pedicels short, 1 mm. long, yellow-green, sparingly pilose; calyx 2 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., dark green at the base and more or less pilose, lighter green above and glabrate, teeth very short, blunt, reddish; standard purple from base to margin, elsewhere white and purple striped; keel whitish, faintly purplish at the tip, auricles bluntly pointed; wings white, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods broadly and often obliquely ovate, sometimes almost orbicular, ± 6 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, compressed, dark brown, beak short, subulate. Seeds 2, 2 mm. diam., pale yellow-green, mottled with black. Habitat: Open grassland and scrub. Type specimen No. 269 ex the author's herbarium, from the Awatere Valley near Seddon, Marlborough. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Awatere Valley, J. H. McMahon. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 181, 386, 387, 388, 390, 401, 404, 405, 415, 426, 427, 428, 429, 431, 432, 433, 485. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: 21225, 21227. Author's Herb.: Nos. 123, 260, 261, 269, 276, 501, 534, 557. C. ovata is one of the plants usually identified and recorded as C. subulata T. Kirk. It is common in the river valleys, plains and lower hills of Marlborough. Its leafless habit in exposure and its broadly ovate, shortly beaked pods with their pale yellow-green, black mottled seeds are its most distinctive characters. C. diffusa Petrie, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 25, (1893) 272. T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 112; Cheesem. Man. N.Z. Flor. (1906) 114; loc. cit., (1925) 519. Plants of this species have not been found nor are specimens from exactly the type locality preserved in Petrie's or other herbaria. Specimen No. 224/239 in the Dominion Museum Herbarium is
labelled “C. diffusa Petrie. Type of species. Terraces on coast south of Oamaru towards Kakanui Mouth. Habit diffuse and semiprostrate, Waitaki County, D. Petrie.” The branchlets are slender, 1 mm. diam., rounded and compressed. Pods 5 mm. × 3 mm., broadly or obliquely oblong and rounded at the ends, wrinkled by heavy veining, dark brown with heavy pale brown margins, with short, stout, subulate beak. Seeds 1–2 but discoloured. This specimen must be accepted as representing the type of the species pending its rediscovery on the “East Coast of Otago, near the mouth of the Otepopo River.” C. hookeri T. Kirk, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 29, (1896) 506. Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 115. C. flagelliformis var. hookeri Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 116, loc. cit., Ed. 2, (1925) 522. A much-branched, erect or somewhat spreading shrub to 2 m. or more high, sparingly leafy except when young; branchlets 1–2 mm. broad, glabrous, plano-convex. Leaves of adult plants pilose, 1.5 cm. long, 3–5 foliate with the petiole equalling or longer than the blade; leaflets small, sessile, obcordate-cuneate, emarginate, often distant. Racemes 2 or more together, subumbellately 3–7 (5) flowered, 2–3 mm. long, stout, green, pubescent; pedicels 1 mm. long, yellow-green, pubescent. Flowers 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; calyx 1 mm. diam., green or green spotted with red, pilose, or glabrate except at the base, teeth very small, triangular, reddish; standard much coloured, dark purple at the base, lighter purple on the upper margins, outer lobes white with purplish stripes; keel white, with greenish base, purplish tipped, auricles rounded; wings white, striped with purple, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pods compressed, ovate-oblong or broadly elliptic, sometimes arcuate, 8 mm. to 1 cm. long, dark brown to almost black, with the margin lighter and stout, beak short, straight, and suddenly pointed or subulate. Seeds 1–6, pale yellowish, dark by heavy black mottling. Habitat: Coastal or near coastal stations, forest margins and remnants of forest. The description is drawn up from specimens in flower and fruit collected by Mr. A. D. Beddie at Porirua Harbour, No. 18 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Orongorongo Stream, Cheeseman. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 226a, 226, 391, 412, 413, 440, 443, 446, 447, 463, 464. Plant. Res. Bureau Herb.: Nos. 18501, 21629, 23148. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 28. Author's Herb. Nos. 18, 358, 406, 507, 520. For the greater number the pods of the specimens forwarded to or collected by the author are larger than those described as “¼in to 5–16in long” by Kirk, and the species is not easily confused with any form of C. flagelliformis. Specimens collected in fruit at Eastbourne have slightly smaller pods with seeds having only a small amount of dark mottling, a specimen collected at Porirua Harbour by
Mr. A. D. Beddie and others collected at Pukerua Bay, Wellington, by Miss R. Mason have all their pods arcuate. Both arcuate and elliptic pods appear on other specimens, but the seed on Miss Mason's specimens are red and black mottled, and further field investigation is needed. Kirk's specimens Nos. 224/263 and 224/264 Dom. Mus. Herb. bearing his tags No. 647 and 848 respectively and collected by him at South Makara Stream are all that are preserved in his herbarium. These must be chosen as type specimens, but the material is poor. C. robusta T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 111. C. petriei T. Kirk var. robusta (Kirk) Cheeseman, Man. N.Z. Flor. (1906) 113. A stout, erect or spreading shrub to 2 m. high, leafless or sparingly leafy with the flowers. Branchlets 2–3 mm. diam., plano-convex, pilose, pubescent at the tips, striate, spreading or recurved. Leaves 3–5 foliate, or simple and minute on tender shoots, pale green or mottled, rather thick, pilose, 1–2 cm. long, narrow, 3 mm. broad; petiole as long as the blade; leaflets small, the lateral ones sub-opposite, 1–2 mm. diam., terminal one larger, 2–3 mm. diam., broadly obovate or orbicular, conspicuously notched between bluntly pointed lobes. Racemes one or more, subumbellately 3–5 flowered; rhachis ± 1 cm. long, reddish, pubescent; pedicels less than 1 mm. long, reddish, pilose. Flowers 5 mm. × 4 mm.; calyx turbinate, dark green, pubescent, teeth small, reddish, blunt; standard dark purple from base to margin, elsewhere white, heavily striped; keel greenish white, purple tipped, auricles rounded; wings whitish, faintly striped, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods 7–10 mm. long, 4–5 mm. broad, oblong or obovate-oblong, sometimes arcuate, dark brown with lighter margin, beak short, bluntly subulate. Seeds 3–8, yellowish, with more or less black marking. Habitat: Tussock grassland and scrub. The specimens in Kirk's collection bear the Dominion Museum Herbarium Nos. 224/560, 561, 562, 563, 564, with Kirk's tags 741, 742, 743, 744, 745 respectively, and No. 741 and 744 are further numbered as 1140 to Kew. Of the specimens No. 224/560 labelled C. robusta T. Kirk, Broken River Basin 1140 to Kew is chosen as the type. For descriptive purposes the author's specimens in flower from the type locality, and in fruit from a plant propagated from branches of the same shrub have been selected as co-types. Described from specimens No. 151 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Res. Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Cashmere Hills, Mar., 1911, D. Petrie. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 189, 196, 200, 202, 202a, 203, 203a, 207, 213, 217, 219, 220, 227, 243, 560, 561, 562, 563, 564, 566, 570, 571. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: 11802, 11829, 23949, 23951, and specimens from the Limestone Range, Canterbury.
Author's Herb.: 21, 29, 61, 117, 146, 151, 223, 225, 234, 235, 237, 243, 246, 248, 249, 250, 280, 294, 295, 296, 297, 298, 341, 408, 424, 484, 496, 497, 536, 537, 549, 584. The species, accepted by Cockayne in Vegetation of New Zealand (1928), pp. 393, 397, is a compound found in a stout and somewhat straggling form in the Upper Waimakariri River Basin and in a more slender form throughout the Canterbury Plains. C. violacea, with which it is easily confused, has a similar range, and in identification the differing characters of the species must be carefully compared. C. grandiflora var. dumosa T. Kirk is a small form or state of this species. Cheeseman (1906, p. 113; 1925, p. 518) reduced Kirk's robusta to a variety of C. petriei, and placed Kirk's violocea as synonymous with C. petriei. Kirk's three species are here accepted as valid, and the distinctions pointed out. C. appressa sp. nov. Frutex prostratus, ramulis confertis, aestate foliatus, ramulis 2 mm. diam., aliquantum compressis, sparse pilosis. Folia 1–3 (5) foliata, 8–12 mm. longa, 5–6 mm. lata, pilosa, fere sessilia vel petiolis laminis aequantibus, foliolis sessilibus, lateralibus 4 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis, obcordatis vel truncatis, late emarginatis, lobis rotundatis. Racemi 1–3, dense 2–7 flori, rhachide pedicellisque 3–4 mm. longis, gracilibus, pilosis, floribus 5 mm. longis, 5 mm. latis. Calyx 2 mm. longus, viridis, purpureo-maculatus, dentibus brevibus acutis. Vexillum lineis latis purpureis, lobis inferioribus albis, purpureostriatis. Alae albae apice purpurea, auriculis rotundatis. Carina albescens, basi viridiscentibus, auriculis rotundatis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen obovatum vel obovato-oblongum, 8 mm. latum, atro-brunneum, leviter compressum, rostro breve, gracile, subulato, seminibus 2–4, flavo-viridibus, nigro-maculatis. A spreading, closely-branched plant, summer leafy with the flowers, forming more or less circular mats to 2 m. diam., closely appressed to the ground. Branchlets 2 mm. diam., rounded, compressed, thinly pilose, contiguous. Leaves 1–3 foliate, occasionally 5 foliate, 8–12 mm. long, 5–6 mm. broad, soft green, pilose, almost sessile or with the petiole as long as the blade; leaflets sessile, the lateral pairs 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, obcordate, or truncate at the tip, broadly emarginate between rounded lobes. Racemes 1–3 at the notches, densely 2–7 flowered, rhachis and pedicels short, 3–4 mm. long, slender, reddish, pilose; flowers 5 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; calyx 2 mm. long, green, blotched with purple; teeth short, pointed, reddish; standard with purple bands from base to margin and along the upper margins, the lower lobes white, striped with colour; keel whitish, green at the base and the lower rim purplish, auricles rounded; wings white, purplish tipped, green at the base, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod obovate to obovate oblong, 8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, dark brown, slightly compressed, with a short, slender, subulate beak. Seeds 2–4, yellowish or yellow-green, mottled with black. Habitat: Shingle beaches close to the sea.
Type from Ellesmere Spit, No. 278 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Wall (1930–169) was of the opinion that the mat-like plants of the beaches were epharmones with their branches depressed to a perfectly prostrate position as the result of wind pressure. Yet the branches point straight out in all directions as they would do only under a pressure vertically directed. Seedlings, too, in cultivation, spread their earliest branches close to the ground, and they grow to the adult state without any tendency to rise. C. rivulata sp. nov. Frutex erectus vel patens, multiramosus, ad 1 m. altus, statu maturo sparse foliatus, ramulis 2 mm. latis, plano-convexis, marginibus rotundatis, levibus, striatis, glabris vel sparsissime pilosis. Folia 0.5–2 cm. longa, 3–5–(7) foliata, petiolis laminis aequantibus vel longioribus, sparse pilosis, foliolis fere sessilibus, carnosis, cuneatis vel fere orbiculatis, sparse pilosis, lobis subacutis vel obtusis. Racemi 1–3, 4–6 flori, floribus subumbellatis, rhachide 1–1.5 mm. longa; rhachide, pedicellis, calycibusque, pilosis; floribus 4 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis. Calyx 2 mm. longus, 1 mm. diam., rubro-punctatus, dentibus angustis subobtusis, marginibus ciliatis. Vexillum atro-rubrum, lobis albis vel striatis; alae albescentes apice purpurea, carina brevis, 1 mm. lata, apice purpurea, basi viridis, auriculis subobtusis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen 8 mm. longum, 4 mm. latum, nigrum, arcuatum vel falcatum, leviter compressum, rostro breve crassoque, vel stylo incrassato rectangulariter flexo, seminibus 3–4, nigris. An erect or spreading shrub to about 1 m. high, sparingly leafy except when young, much branched from the base. Branchlets yellow-green, frequently amber tipped, spreading, 2 mm. wide, stoutly plano-convex, rounded at the edges, smooth, striate, glabrous or thinly pilose. Leaves very variable in size and shape, 0 5 to 2 cms. long, 3–5 foliate, or sometimes 7 foliate. Petioles equalling or much longer than the blade, thinly pilose. Leaflet pairs almost sessile, the terminal one sometimes distant, soft green, fleshy, cuneate or almost orbicular, sparingly pilose, shallow or deep notched or quite blunt, the lobes pointed or rounded. Racemes 1–3, subumbellately 4–6 flowered. Rhachis, pedicels and calyx pilose. Rhachis 1–1.5 cm. long, slender, dark green. Pedicels slender, 2 mm. long, reddish or yellowish red. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. wide; calyx 2 mm. long, 1 mm. diam. dotted with red; teeth narrow, reddish, bluntly pointed, margin fringed with hairs from the inner surface. Standard dark red—in an inverted wedge from the base to mid-lobes and round the margin, the outer lobes white or striped, conspicuous against the inner colour; keel short, 1 mm. wide, purplish tipped, greenish at the base, auricles bluntly pointed; wings whitish with a purple tip, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods 8 mm. × 4 mm. black, arcuate or falcate, slightly compressed; beak short and stout, or the hardened style turned up at a right angle. Seeds 3–4, black. Habitat: Moraine, old river bed and rocky banks. Type specimen No. 105 ex the author's herbarium, from old river bed of the Dobson River, above L. Ohau, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington.
Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Black Birch Creek, Hooker Valley, Hermitage, L. Tekapo, Cheeseman. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic. No. 224, Nos. 165, 569. Plant Res. Bureau Nos. 11791, 17526, 17528, 22620. Cant. Mus. Herb. Generic symbol C. No. 74. Author's Herb. Nos. 105, 209, 232, 319, 502. The species is easily confused with the vegetatively like C. petriei var. minor of this paper. It occurs on the shores of Lakes Ohau, Pukaki and Tekapo and on the old beds of their contributory rivers, but its further distribution is unknown. C. violacea T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 112. An erect or spreading, closely branching shrub to 1 m. or more high, sparingly leafy with the flowers. Branchlets 1–2 mm. diam. plano-convex, glabrate, striate. Leaves simple, or 3–5 (3) foliate with the terminal leaflet distant and much the larger, rather thick, pilose, 1–2 cm. long, with the petiole as long as or much longer than the blade; lateral leaflets small, 1–4 mm. long, terminal one obcordate, or obovate, or obovate-cuneate, conspicuously notched between rounded or bluntly pointed lobes. Racemes one or more, subumbellately 3–5 flowered; rhachis 5 mm. long, green, pubescent; pedicels less than 1 mm. long, yellow-green, pubescent; calyx 2 mm. long, pubescent at the base, glabrate above; teeth small, reddish, blunt; standard purple from base to margin, elsewhere white, striped with purple; keel white, purplish tipped, auricles rounded; wings whitish, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary papillose. Pod 8–10 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, slightly compressed, thinly pilose when immature, arcuate, brownish black with pale brown margins; beak short, subulate. Seeds 2–6, pale green, dark by heavy black markings. Habitat: Tussock grassland and scrub. Described specimens No. 196 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Cashmere Hills, Christchurch, D. Petrie. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 155, 156, 182, 186, 187, 188, 193, 194, 197, 199, 215, 223, 224, 565, 566. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: No. 21270. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Sumner, Von Haast and C 37, 38, 75. Author's Herb.: Nos. 114, 125, 196, 201, 202, 203, 236, 237, 246, 247, 295, 409. Specimens No. 746 and 747 in Kirk's herbarium (No. 224/565, 224/566 in the Dom. Mus. Herb.) are labelled as “Carmichaelia violacea Lower part of Coleridge Pass, Jan. 1883, No. 1146 to Kew.” No. 746 is a bare branch and No. 747 is a specimen in flower with old replums and discoloured seed, No. 747 (224/566 Dom. Mus. Herb.) is chosen as the type but for descriptive purposes specimens in flower from the type habitat and in fruit from a plant propagated from branches of the same shrub have been selected as co-types. Plants of the Upper Waimakariri River Basin have stouter branchlets than those common throughout the Canterbury Plains.
VI. Subgenus Kirkiella nov. Legumen ellipticum, turgidum, in rostrum subulatum contractum. Valvae ambae inferne dehiscentes sed marginibus superioribus persistentibus. Semina spherica radicula bisulcata. Scrambling semi-lianes. Branchlets long and slender, terete, spreading at right angles, sparsely summer leafy. Notches with 1 or 2 openly branched racemes. Flowers with the standard and keel of equal length and the wings shorter. Pods spreading, elliptic, turgid, with long, stoutly subulate beaks, dehiscent by the valves separating completely without distortion, but remaining attached by the outer tissue to the upper margin. Seed spherical, free in the pod when ripe, released by decomposition of the tissue. Radicle with a double fold. Nomenclatorial type C. kirkii Hook. f. Key to the Species. Branchlets thinly silky, or somewhat pilose, calyx teeth narrowly triangular kirkii Branchlets clothed in white, pointed, strigose hairs, calyx teeth broadly triangular kirkii var. strigosa Carmichaelia kirkii Hook. f., Icon. Plant. (1881) t 1332. T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 113. C. gracilis Armstr., Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 13, (1881) 336; Cheeseman, Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 117; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 519; Ill. N.Z. Flor., Vol. 1, (1914) t 35. A lax, slender, much-branched summer leafy scrambler or semiliane 2–4 m. high. Branchlets green, spreading at right angles, 15–30 cm. or more long, 1 mm. diam., round, thinly silky or somewhat pilose. Leaves 3–5 foliate, 1–2 cm. long, 6–8 mm. broad, much smaller near the tips and often much larger in shade; petioles as long as or shorter than the blade, reddish, sparsely pilose; leaflets obcordate and the lobes rounded, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, the terminal one usually a little distant and larger, ± 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, dull green above and the margins reddish, paler below and sometimes a few hairs near the midrib. Flowers 3–5 on a slender branching rhachis, 1 cm. long, 8 mm. broad across the standard; rhachis 1 cm. long, reddish, thinly pilose or glabrous; pedicels yellow green, 2 mm. long, with few hairs; calyx companulate, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., green, spotted with red, glabrous; teeth linear triangular, red pointed, fringed by inner pubescence, the upper 2 erect, the lower 3 strongly reflexed; standard strongly reflexed in mature flowers, with a dark purple centre tapering towards the margin, elsewhere white or pale cream, striped with purple; keel 3 mm. broad, greenish white, purple tipped, auricles rounded; wings 2 mm. shorter, 4 mm. broad, whitish, faintly striped, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pod elliptical, 1–5 cm. long, 5 mm. broad, dark brown with paler beak and margins, turgid, slightly compressed; beak 4–5 mm. long, stoutly based, sharply subulate. Seed 2–4 (2), 3 mm. long, broadly oblong, slightly compressed, white or bluish white, with heavy black marking. Habitat: Terrace scrub, growing through Coprosma, sometimes in similar association in swamp.
Mr. Burtt advises that Hooker's plate was published in February, 1881, and his epithet C. kirkii has some two months' priority over C. gracilis Armstg. Hooker's description was drawn up from Kirk's specimens from the Cardrona Valley, Central Otago, and from Petrie's specimens from Otepopo, North Otago. The Cardrona Valley material is selected as the type. Kirk's No. 835 (224/259 Dom. Mus. Herb.) is a co-type specimen. Similar but sparsely pilose specimens from tidal swamp near New Brighton, Christchurch, and quite glabrous specimens from river terrace at Otepopo, North Otago, are referred here. Specimens in Herbaria. Auck. Mus. Herb.: New Brighton, Christchurch, L. Cockayne. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 206, 206a, 206c, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265. Plant Res. Bureau: No. 11826. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C23, C24. Author's Herb.: Nos. 135, 544. C. kirkii var. strigosa var. nov. Typo similis sed ramulis brevioribus, aliquantum rigidis, cortice purpureo, omnino pilis, albis, acutis, strigosis induto, calycis dentibus ovatis, triangulatis, obtusis. Similar to the type but branchlets shorter, somewhat rigid, dark purplish, completely covered by white, pointed, strigose hairs; calyx teeth ovate, triangular, blunted. Type in Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, collected from terraces of the Poulter River, Upper Waimakariri Basin. To this variety less densely strigose forms, with brownish bark, from L. Pukaki and the Rakaia Gorge are referred. Specimens in Herbaria. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Otepopo, North Otago, D. Petrie. Cant. Mus. Herb.: No. C 25. Author's Herb.: Nos. 121, 425, 449, 112 type. C. kirkii is a rare and uncommon plant in the few widely separated localities in which it has been found, it differs in each locality, and the extremes in form are the glabrous plant of the Otepopo River referred to the species and var. strigosa from the Poulter River. VII. Subgenus Enysiella nov. Legumen orbiculare vel oblique orbiculare in rostrum breve contractum demum caducum. Valva una sola dehiscens, margine ventrale. Semina reniformia, radicula sulco unico. Dwarfed prostrate leafless shrubs with short, erect, flattened branchlets; notches with 1–2 short branching racemes. Flowers with the standard exceeding the keel and wings. Pods drooping, orbicular, or obliquely orbicular, or slightly longer than wide, compressed, with short, upturned, subulate beaks, dehiscent by a cup-like distortion with one valve separating along the upper margin only, falling away after dehiscence. Seed reniform, attached as in Carmichaeliella. Radicle short, stout, with a single fold. Nomenclatorial type C. enysii T. Kirk.
Key to the Species. 1. Branchlets 3 mm. wide orbiculata Branchlets not more than 1.5 mm. wide 2 2. Branchlets reddish-green, strict, densely placed, 1 mm. wide; pod broadly oblong enysii Branchlets yellow-green, rather less densely placed, 1.5 mm. wide, pods obliquely orbicular enysii var. ambigua C. orbiculata, Colenso, Trans. N.Z. Inst., (1890) 459. Ckn., Veg. der Erde, (1928) t 65, fig. 81. C. enysii var. orbiculata T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 108; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 111; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 516. A dwarfed, prostrate, leafless, spreading, closely branched shrub 3–6 cm. or more high. Branchlets short, 2–3 cm. long, 2–3 mm. broad, narrowed at the base, erect or sub-erect, rigid, closely striate, rounded and yellowish at the tips, glabrous. Racemes 1 or 2 at the notches, 1–3 flowered; rhachis 5 mm. long, reddish, closely pilose; pedicels very slender, 1 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad across the standard; calyx 1 mm. diam., glabrous, with short, triangular reddish teeth; standard not reflexed, dark purplish at the centre, outer lobes striped; keel greenish, auricles bluntly pointed; wings whitish, faintly striped at the tip, auricles blunt. Ovary glabrous. Pod broadly oblong to almost orbicular, 5 mm. long, black or blackish, with a subulate beak. Seeds 1–2, reniform, olive green, with blackish mottling. Habitat: Bare, arid situations. Described from specimens author's No. 429 collected at the base of Mt. Tongariro by Mr. E. S. West. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Rangipo Plain, near Ruapehu; Mt. Tongariro, M. Hodgkins. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 37. Plant. Res. Herb.: No. 6433. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 59a. Author's Herb.: No. 429. Bentham's description of C. australis var. nana is meagre, but it is significant that his “confertis crassuisculis rigidis” branchlets of Colenso's specimens become simply “much compressed” when Hooker (1864–49) included South Island specimens and described the flowers and fruits of his C. nana. Colenso (1883–320) compared his C. corrugata, described from plants collected by Reader near Renwicktown, Wairau Valley, Marlborough, as resembling C. nana, while differing “widely from that species in its flower and pod” and “not so robust a plant.” Kirk (1899–109) recorded C. nana from “open country, Lake Taupo, Ngauruhoe, Tongariro, Ruapehu, etc.,” and as “abundant Nelson to Central Otago,” and Colenso's C. orbiculata—which he reduced to a variety of C. enysii—from the Rangipo Plain only in the North Island and “Mt. Ida, etc.,” in the South Island. The plant described by Colenso as C. orbiculata is common in the Volcanic Plateau, and no other dwarf species, confirmed by specimens, has been recorded.
After repeated attempts Mr. E. S. West and Mr. Owen Fletcher—the latter with a knowledge of South Island plants and with many opportunities while in the military camp at Waiouru—failed to find plants with the inflorescence or fruits of C. corrugata Col. or plants with the subterranean stems of that species. It is apparent that C. nana was described by Hooker from specimens of the two widely differing plants later described by Colenso as C. orbiculata and C. corrugata. C. nana has therefore been abandoned as a nomen confusum and Colenso's species revived. C. enysii T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 108. Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 111; loc. cit. (1925) 516. A dwarfed, prostrate, leafless, densely branched shrub 5 cm. high. Branchlets short 2 cm. long, 1 mm. broad, narrowed at the base, compressed or flattened and the edges rounded, rather stout, erect, strict, finely striate, reddish green. Racemes 1 or 2 at the notches, 1–3 (2) flowered; rhachis short, 5 mm. long, slender, yellow-green, glabrous or scaly; pedicels very short. Flowers 5 mm. long, 4 mm. wide; calyx 1 mm. diam., green, with short, blunt, reddish teeth; standard 1 mm. longer than the equal keel and wings, dark purple; keel greenish, with purplish tip, auricles rounded; wings greenish, purplish at the tips, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod broadly oblong, 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad, with a short, upturned subulate beak. Seeds reniform, black. Habitat: Dry or arid open situations. Described from specimens collected at the Porter River on loose reddish soil. Author's No. 188 in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Broken River, J. D. Enys. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 3, 4, 5, 9 (type), 16. Author's Herb.: Nos. 188, 245. C. enysii var. ambigua var. nov. Ramulis 3–5 cm. longis, applanatis, 1.5 mm. latis, magis rigidis, flavido-viridibus, floribus 7 mm. longis, pallidioribus. Legumen oblique orbiculatum, 5 mm. diam., seminibus viridibus, nigro-maculatis. Branchlets longer, 3–5 cm. long, flattened, wider, 1.5 mm. broad, more rigid, not so densely placed, yellow green. Flowers larger, 7 mm. long, lighter coloured. Pod obliquely orbicular, 5 mm. diam. Seed light green, mottled with black. Type specimen—author's No. 134—from gravelly ground near Kurow, Waitaki Valley, North Otago, in Herb. Plant Res. Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Eweburn Creek, Naseby and No. 2521. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 1, 2, 11, 12, 13, 15. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 58a. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: No. 21222. Author's Herb.: Nos. 101, 134, 374, 442.
The specimens of the species are from the type locality with one specimen collected by L. W. McCaskill at Flock Hill, Waimakariri River. The variety is extremely plentiful in the Waitaki Valley, also in the vicinity of Naseby and at L. Tekapo. It sends a long tap root down through gravelly soil while still quite small, and in larger plants it may be 1 mm. or more long. Stouter plants which intermingle with the usual form at Naseby and Mt. Ida were mistaken by Kirk (1899–108) for Colenso's C. orbiculata. VIII. Subgenus Petriea. nov. Legumen oblougum turgidum basi apiceque angustatum in rostrum breve contractum, persistens. Valva una inferne dehiscens, apice permanens. Semina maturitate libera radicula bisulcata. Erect and divaricating or spreading, leafless or sparingly leafy shrubs. Branchlets terete, with one or more short subumbellate racemes from the notches. Flowers as in Carmichaeliella. Pods oblong, drooping, turgid and rounded at the ends or slightly compressed and narrowed to the ends, with short, stout, blunted beaks, dehiscent by one or occasionally both valves curling shortly or widely from the base, but persisting. Seed free when ripe. Radicle with a single fold. Nomenclatorial type C. petriei T. Kirk. Key to the Species. 1. Branchlets 3 mm. diam. or more 2 Branchlets 2 mm. diam. or less 3 2. Branchlets 3–4 mm. diam., yellow-green or yellowish; pod 10 mm. long, 4 mm. broad petriei Branchlets 3 mm. diam., dark green, closely divaricating; pods 6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad ramosa 3. Branchlets glabrous, pods 6 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, seeds yellowish, with much dark marking petriei var. minor Branchlets pilose, pods 6–8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, seeds olive green, heavily mottled with black virgata Carmichaelia petriei T. Kirk, Stud. Flor (1899) 111. A more or less erect or spreading somewhat sparingly branched yellow-green shrub to 2 m. high or more, leafiless, or sparingly leafy in shade. Branchlets stout, terete, 3–4 mm. diam., slightly compressed, amber tipped. Leaves pilose, simple or 3 foliate, with the lower pair minute, 0.5 to 1 cm. long, almost sessile or the blade half the length; terminal leaflets 4–5 mm. long, obcordate. Racemes 1–3 at the notches, 5–7 flowered; rhachis short, green, pubescent; pedicels slender, 2 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; calyx 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., puberulous; teeth pointed, short and narrow, reddish; standard banded in purple to the tip, elsewhere paler with darker veining; keel whitish or greenish white, purplish tipped, auricles rounded; wings whitish, purplish tipped, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod broadly oblong, turgid, rounded at the ends, 10 mm. long, 4 mm. broad, dark brown, opening shortly on one valve, beak very short, bluntly subulate, slightly upturned. Seeds 1–2, yellowish, with much dark marking.
Habitat: Open grassland on the higher parts of Central Otago, Dunstan Mts., Naseby, Mt. Ida, Maniototo Plain, Upper Waitaki Valley, Tarras, Lindis Pass, and through to the foot of L. Pukaki and L. Tekapo. Described from specimens collected at the Lindis Downs. Specimen No. 482 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Dunstan Gorge, D. Petrie; St. Bathans, D. Petrie; Lindis Downs, D. Petrie and No. 1940. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 166, 171, 176, 498, 500, 573, 583. Plant Res. Bureau Nos.: 108, 11792, 24118. Cant. Mus. Herb.: No. C 42. Author's Herb.: Nos. 79, 482, 523, 524. The species is confined to the higher valleys, plains and foothills of Central Otago and South Canterbury, and it may be seen at its best on the Lindis Downs, near Tarras. No type specimen is to be found in N.Z. herbaria, but No. 224/583 in the Dom. Mus. Herb. with Kirk's tag No. 748 is labelled C. petriei, and in Petrie's handwriting “Carmichaelia sp. nov. Dunstan Gorge, Nov., 1890, Coll. D. Petrie.” This flowering specimen is certainly that of the stout plant here referred to C. petriei, but Kirk's description may have included also the variety hereunder described. C. petriei var. minor var. nov. Typo similis sed vix 1.5 m. alta, ramulis confertis, 2 mm. diam.; floribus 4 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis, calycibus 1 mm. longis. Legumen 6 mm. longum, vix 3 mm. latum. Similar to the type but smaller in all its parts, 1–1.5 m. high, closely branched and sparingly leafy on young tips. Branchlets 2 mm. diam., green or yellow-green, amber tipped. Leaves simple, sessile or shortly petiolate, pilose, fleshy. Flowers smaller, 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 1 mm. × 1 mm.; standard purplish, with white at the outer lobes; pods 6 mm. long, barely 3 mm. broad, obliquely oblong, turgid but narrower than deep, black, rounded at the ends, dehiscent by a wide separation of one valve from the base; beak short, subulate and sharply upturned. Seeds 2–4, similar to those of the type. Habitat: Shores of L. Wakatipu, L. Wanaka, Matukituki Valley, L. Hawea, Cardrona Valley, Kawarau Gorge above Clyde; common. Type specimen in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, No. 556 ex the author's herbarium from flats at the Matukituki River near the forks to east and west. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Kingston, Lake Wakatipu, Cheeseman; Cromwell, Petrie; L. Hawea, Petrie, and Nos. 312, 314, 315, 316, 336, 513. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 157, 159, 163, 164, 174, 190, 191, 500, 505, 572. Plant Res. Bureau: Nos. 991, 11793, 20948, 21285. Author's Herb.: Nos. 8, 82, 190, 227, 229, 318, 383, 385, 386, 395, 453, 460, 461, 468, 469, 479, 508, 509, 556, 595.
The variety has been confused in herbaria and in recordings with the much larger type of arid districts. Kirk and Petrie labelled specimens of both plants C. petriei. C. ramosa sp. nov. Frutex multiramosus ad 2.5 m. altus, ramulis 2 mm. latis, leviter compressis, glabris, foliis 1–3 foliolatis, pilosis; foliolis 3 mm. longis 2 mm. latis, sessilibus, obcordatis, lobis subobtusis. Racemi 3–5 flori, floribus subumbellatis, 5 mm. longis, 4 mm. latis, rhachidibus vix 3 mm. longis, pubescentibus, pedicellis 2 mm. longis, pubescentibus. Calyx 2 mm. longus, 1 mm. diam., pubescens, dentibus triangulatis; vexillum purpureum, lobis exterioribus albis, lineis purpureis; alae albae, leviter striatae, auriculis acutis; carina albescens, apice purpurea, auriculis rotundatis. Ovarium pilosum. Legumen 8 mm. longum, 3 mm. latus, elliptico-oblongum, leviter compressum, atrobrunneum, seminibus 2–3, pallide flavo viridibus, nigro-maculatis. A stout, dark green, erect or spreading, densely branched, closely divaricating shrub to 2.5 m. high, leafless or sparingly leafy with the flowers. Branchlets 2 mm. diam., slightly compressed, glabrous. Leaves simple or 3 foliate, pilose; leaflets 3 mm. × 2 mm. or the terminal one slightly larger, obcordate, sessile, notched between bluntly pointed lobes. Flowers 3–5, in one or more subumbellate racemes, small, 5 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; rhachis short, 3 mm. long or almost wanting, reddish, pubescent; pedicels 2 mm. long, pubescent; calyx 2 mm. long, 1 mm. diam., green marked with red, finely pubescent; teeth triangular, reddish pointed; standard purple from the base to midlobes, outer lobes white, with purple stripes; keel whitish, with a purplish tip, auricles rounded; wings white, faintly striped, auricles pointed. Ovary pilose. Pod 8 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, elliptic oblong or slightly wider at the tip, slightly compressed, dark brown; beak stoutly subulate. Seeds 2–3 (2), pale yellow-green, mottled with black. Habitat: Open situations in grassland and scrub. Type specimen No. 474 from the northern slopes of Dansy's Pass, North Otago, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, No. 167. Author's Herb: Nos. 55, 78, 172, 474, 477, 481, 566 type. The species is common in the lower part of the Waitaki Valley and through the intervening ranges to Pigroot Creek, Kyeburn, and to Naseby and Ranfurly where it meets with C. petriei. Its stout, dark green, closely divaricating branches form a dense mass. C. virgata T. Kirk, Stud. Flor., (1899–112). Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 114; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 519. A much-branched, erect or spreading, divaricating shrub 1–2 m. high or more. Branchlets terete, slightly compressed, pilose and sparingly leafy. Leaves at the tips of the branchlets, small or minute, 1–3 foliate, fleshy, sparingly pilose. Racemes 1–3 at the notches, 2–5 flowered. Rhachis 8 mm. long, pilose; pedicels 1–2 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers 4 mm. long, 4 mm. broad; calyx 2 mm. × 2 mm., glabrous or with a few hairs at the base; teeth very short, reddish,
bluntly pointed; standard white with heavy purple stripes from the base; keel white, dull purple at the tip, green at the base, auricles rounded; wings white, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod oblong, more or less narrowed at the ends, 6–8 mm. long, 3 mm. diam., turgid, light brown, opening shortly on one valve; beak short, bluntly subulate. Seeds 2–4, pale green, heavily mottled with black. Habitat: Stream edges and open grassland. Described from plants and specimens collected at Makarewa, Southland. Specimens No. 450 ex the author's herbarium, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Otago, D. Petrie ex T. Kirk. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 160, 162, 184, 185, 205, 214, 229, 230, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 414, 575. Herb. Plant Res. Bureau: 20583, 20886, 23950, 23952. Author's Herb.: Nos. 5, 11, 15, 16, 27, 71, 77, 106, 115, 171, 174, 181, 183, 214, 228, 240, 241, 306, 307, 308, 310, 311, 343, 404, 417, 450, 475, 476, 513, 522, 528, 529, 530, 531, 532, 539, 568. This is the common species on the eastern side of Otago and the east and south of Southland from near the coast to Lake Manapouri, L. Te Anau, Garvie Mts., to the edge of the plains of Central Otago, Shag Valley, Otepopo River. Plants in shade are slender, tall and few flowered, and the pods are longer. Epharmones of shade, leafy and few flowered, with their pods compressed and narrow to the ends have been recorded as C. flagelliformis. Those of open stations as C. subulata. IX. Subgenus Suterella nov. Legumen ellipticum vel elliptico-oblongum, basi apiceque angustatum in rostrum breve contractum, demum caducum. Valvae ut in Petriea. Semina reniformia radicula sulco unico. Dwarfed leafless plants spreading by subterranean stems. Branchlets short and erect, or filiform and almost flaccid, flattened or terete; notches with openly branched racemes. Flowers with the standard, keel, and wings of reducing length. Pods drooping, large for the size of the plant, elliptic or elliptic oblong, narrowed to the ends, compressed, with short, upturned, subulate beaks, with dehiscence of Petriea, falling away after dehiscence. Seed reniform, free when ripe. Radicle short, stout, with a single fold. Nomenclatorial type C. uniflorum T. Kirk. Key to the Species. 1. Branchlets 3 mm. broad, much flattened, thin corrugata Branchlets 1 mm. broad or less 2 2. Branchlets erect, compressed uniflora Branchlets spreading, filiform, terete uniflora var. suteri Carmichaelia corrugata Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 15, (1883) 320. In part C. nana Hook, f., Handb. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 49; T. Kirk, Stud. Flor., N.Z., (1899) 109; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 111; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 516. A much-branched dwarfed shrub spreading widely by underground stems. Branchlets erect, 5–7 cm. long, 2.5 mm. broad, thin
and flattened, slightly flexuous, obtuse, glabrous, yellow-green. Flowers 1–3 on a single branching raceme, 8 mm. long, 4 mm. broad: rhachis 1.5 cm. long, slender, scaly; pedicels 5 mm. long; calyx 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., glabrous, with small, triangular, reddish teeth; standard dark purple at the base, with stripes out to the white outer lobes, often yellow-green above; keel dull purple, equalling the standard, auricles pointed; wings shorter, whitish, striped with purple, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pod 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, elliptic oblong, narrowed to an upturned subulate beak. Seeds 4–6, black or blue-black. Habitat: Grassland. Nelson to South Otago, sea level to 4,000 feet. Described from plants in cultivation, collected by Mr. H. F. Hursthouse from flats at the Delta Station, near Renwicktown, Wairau Valley, Marlborough. Specimen No. 124 in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Colenso specimen, no data; Waitaki Valley; Clarence River; Awatere Valley. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 39, 40, 41, 42. Plant Res. Herb.: Nos. 11800, 11824, 11825. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 63, 64, 65, 66. Author's Herb.: Nos. 20, 32, 48, 54, 57, 87, 91, 99, 100, 124, 126, 268, 300, 388, 480. C. corrugata is widely distributed in the South Island and identified and recorded as C. nana, but C. nana is a confusion of this species with the quite distinct and somewhat distantly related C. orbiculata. Kirk and Cheeseman mistakenly discarded the name as synonomous with C. monroi. In its type habitat the branchlets are rather narrower than the more widely distributed form, but in all other respects the plants are alike. C. uniflora T. Kirk, Gard. Chron. 1, (1884) 512. Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 16, (1884) 379, t 31; Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 109; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 111; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 516. A much-branched slender dwarfed shrub 5–6 cm. high, spreading by underground stems. Branchlets erect, 4 cm. long, 1 mm. broad, compressed, glabrous, tapered at the tip, yellow-green, with 2–3 distant notches. Flowers 1 cm. long, 7 mm. broad, 1 or more, usually 2, on a slender rhachis, rhachis 1.5 cm. long, sparingly pilose; pedicels 4–5 mm. long, glabrous; calyx small, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., glabrous; teeth acute, reddish tipped, ciliolate at the margins; standard keeled and sometimes greenish above, the inner surface purple at the base and elsewhere white, striped with purple, claw short and narrow, green; keel slightly shorter, greenish purple, 3 mm. deep, auricles rounded; wings slightly shorter, white, with fine purplish stripes, auricles deep, green, pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pod elliptic-oblong, ± 1 cm. long, 4 mm. broad, compressed, black,
with dull white inner tissue, narrowed to an upturned, subulate beak. Seeds 2–4, blue-black. Habitat: Dry grassland at the Poulter River, Cass, and other stations in the Upper Waimakariri River Basin. Described from plants in cultivation collected on terraces at the Poulter River, Upper Waimakariri River Basin, Canterbury. Specimens No. 197 ex the author's herbarium in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: (No data). Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 60a. Author's Herb.: Nos. 93, 197. C. uniflora var. suteri (Col.) comb. nov. = C. suteri Col., Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 23 (1891) 383. C. uniflora Buch., loc. cit., (1891) 394; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 111; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 516. Branchlets filiform 6–8 cm. long, terete or very slightly compressed, dark green, with the notches conspicuous. Flowers 1–2 (1) smaller than in the species, 8 mm. long. Pods similar but narrower, 3 mm. broad, with dark-brown inner tissue enclosing the seeds. Seeds 2–4, black or blue-black. Habitat: Moist, well-drained grassland near streams; Hooker Valley; Upper Lake Hawea; Otira River; Arthur's Pass; Dart River, Paradise, L. Wakatipu, etc. Described from plants in cultivation collected by R. and M. A. Scott at Daisy Flat, near Arthur's Pass. Specimen No. 198 ex the author's herbarium in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Hermitage, Hooker Valley, Cheeseman; and No. 1935; Upper Hawea River; Otira Gorge. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 18, 19, 21, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29 and No. 587 collected by Suter at the Hooker River Valley, type locality, also Nos. 20, 22, 26, appear to belong here. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 61a, 62a, 63a, 64a, 67. Otago University Mus.: (Buchanan's Herb.) Waitaki Valley. Author's Herb.: Nos. 89, 92, 198. X. Subgenus Monroella nov. Legumen oblongum vel late oblongum, turgidum, in rostrum breve contractum, indehiscens, valvulis persistentibus, demum caducum. Semina reniforme, radicula sulco unico. Replum perfectum. Dwarfed prostrate shrubs, or sometimes weakly erect in one state of C. hollowayii, leafless or with occasional leaves. Branchlets erect or sub-erect or ascendant, stout, flattened or slightly compressed. Flowers with the parts of differing length, the keel usually large. Pods drooping, oblong or broadly oblong, rounded or narrowed at
the ends, turgid or compressed, with short, upturned, subulate beaks, indehiscent, falling away when ripe. Seed reniform, free in the pod when ripe. Radicle short, stout, with a single fold. Nomenclatorial type C. monroi Hook f. Key to the Species. 1. Shrubs stout, erect or procumbent, 0.5 m. high of long 2 Shrubs dwarfed, not more than 10 cm. high 3 2. Branchlets 5 mm. wide, flattened; flowers 1 cm. long, pods dark brown, with pale brown margins astoni Branchlets 3–5 mm. wide, plano-convex; flowers 6 mm. long, pods black hollowayii 3. Branchlets 3 mm. diam., subterete monroi Branchlets 4 mm. broad, flattened monroi var. longecarinata C. astoni sp. nov. Frutex prostratus, ramis 50–60 cm. longis, ramulis valde compressis, 10–12 cm. longis, 5–8 mm. latis, erectis vel ascendentibus, rigidis, pilosis, canaliculatis, foliis simplicibus sessilibus, 4 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis, obcordatis, pilosis. Racemi 3–7 flori, dense pubescentes, rhachide 1–2 cm. longa, gracile, pedicellis C. 5 mm. longis, floribus 1 cm. longis, 1 cm. latis. Calyx 5 mm. longus, 2 mm. diam., pilosus, dentibus 2–3 mm. longis, anguste triangulatis, acutis; vexillum basi atro-purpureum aliter purpureo striatum; alae auriculis, angustis, longis, acutis; carina vexillo subaequans, 4 mm. diam., auriculis parvis, rotundatis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen dependens, brunneum vel obscurum, 1.5 cm. longum, 5–7 mm. latum, oblongum, compressum, rostro breve subulato, seminibus 4–8 pallide viridibus vel flave-scentibus, nigro-maculatis. A stout, much-branched prostrate shrub to 50–60 cm. long, branchlets much flattened, 10–12 cm. long, 5–8 mm. broad, erect or ascending, narrowest at the base, rigid, grooved, dull green with the tips rounded and yellowish, everywhere pilose, with occasional leaves on young plants. Leaves simple, sessile, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. wide, obcordate, pilose. Racemes openly branched, 3–7 flowered, densely pubescent; rhachis 1–2 cm. long, slender; pedicels 5 mm. long. Flowers 1 cm. long, 1 cm. broad; calyx 5 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., pilose; teeth long, 2–3 mm., narrow triangular, acute, reddish tipped; standard dark purple at the base, purple striped to the margins, elsewhere white; keel about equalling the standard, 4 mm. diam., purplish, striped with darker veins, auricles small, rounded; wings 2 mm. shorter, 3 mm. wide, coloured as the keel, auricles long, narrow, pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pod drooping, brown or dull black, 1.5 cm. long, 5–7 mm. broad, oblong or obliquely oblong, compressed, with a short, upturned, subulate beak. Seeds 4–8, pale green to yellowish, with black mottling. Habitat: Limestone in the Ure and Inner Clarence Valleys and their tributaries, and at Weld Cone, Marlborough. Type specimens—No. 103 ex the author's herbarium—in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Nos. 317, 318, 319, 320.
Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 43, 44, 47, 48, 56, 58, 62, 70, 71, 72, 124, 249. Plant Res. Bureau: 17619. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 62. Author's Herb.: 103 (type) from Isolated Hill, Ure R. Valley, Marlborough; 149, from Chalk Range, Inner Clarence. Specimens of this striking plant, first collected from limestone rock in the Inner Clarence Basin by Mr. B. C. Aston, were discussed by Cockayne (1918–167). In places accessible to sheep the plants are closely grazed, and they are then exactly like bitten plants of C. monroi. C. hollowayii sp. nov. Frutex robustus, ramosus, 50–60 cm. altus, ramulis, 3–5 mm. latis, plano-convexis, marginibus rotundatis, juventute puberulis, paucis foliis, senectute afoliatis, supra glabris, subtus pilosis. Folia 1–3 foliata, 0.5–1 cm. longa, 3–6 mm. lata, foliolis obcordatis vel obcordato-cuneatis vel obpyriformis, pilosis, emarginatis, petiolis brevibus. Racemi dense 4–6 flori, rhachide 1 mm. longa, floribus 6 mm. longis, 5 mm. latis. Calyx 2 mm. longus, 1 mm. diam., dentibus triangulatis, acutis; vexillum basi purpureum, aliter albescens, purpureo-striatum, alae basi virides, aliter albae auriculis subobtusis; carina viridescens, apice purpurea, auriculis latis, rotundatis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen 1.5 cm. longum, 3 mm. diam., linearo-oblongum, cylindricum, nigrum, rostro breve, subulato, seminibus c. 6, flavescentibus nigro-notatis. A low, stoutly branched shrub, at first erect to 50–60 cm. high, later procumbent and the branchlets ascending. Branchlets 3–5 mm. broad, thickly plano-convex, with the edges rounded, sparsely leafy, green and puberulent when young, yellow-green, glabrous, leafless and deeply grooved on both surfaces when older, pilose on the under flattened surface, rounded and yellowish at the tips. Leaves 1–3 foliate, 0.5–1 cm. long, 3–6 mm. broad; leaflets obcordate or obcordate-cuneate or obpyriform, pilose, emarginate; petioles short. Racemes 1–3, densely 4–6 flowered; rhachis 1 mm. long. Flowers 6 mm. long, 5 mm. broad; calyx 2 mm. long, 1 mm. diam.; teeth triangular, reddish pointed; standard purple at the base, elsewhere whitish, purple striped; keel greenish, purple tipped, auricles wide, shallow, rounded; wings dull white, green at the base, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods 1.5 cm. long, 3 mm. diam., linear-oblong, cylindrical, black, with a short, upturned subulate beak. Seeds 6, yellowish, with black spots. Habitat: Sandstone in the Waitaki Valley, North Otago. Type specimen from the foothills of Mt. St. Mary—No. 88 ex the author's herbarium—in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. A peculiar plant, first collected as a prostrate shrub from sandstone at Mt. St. Mary, Kurow, Waitaki Valley, by the Rev. J. E. Holloway, but young plants erect when propogated in his experimental garden at the Otago University Museum. Young erect plants are quite unlike the procumbent, leafless adult. Specimens. Author's Herb.: Nos. 53, 88.
C. monroi Hook. f., Handb. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 49. T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 109; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 112; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 517. C. corrugata (syn.) T. Kirk loc. cit. 109. Cheesem., loc. cit., (1906) 109 and (1925) 517. A dwarfed, closely branched prostrate, leafless shrub 5–10 cm. high, forming dense patches 10–40 cm. or more in diameter. Branchlets erect or ascending, 3 mm. diam., compressed, rounded on the edges, strict, rigid, glabrous, green or yellow-green, yellowish tipped. Flowers 1 cm. long, 6 mm. broad, 2–4 on 1 or 2 slender racemes: rhachis 5–7 mm. long, pilose; pedicels 5 mm. long, slender, pale yellow-green, pilose; calyx 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., yellow-green, finely pubescent or more or less pilose; teeth triangular, reddish pointed, ciliate by inner pubescence; standard dark purple at the base, upper margin and lobes white, heavily striped, claw greenish; keel large, 3 mm. broad, about as long as the standard, greenish, dull, purplish at the tip, auricles rounded; wings 1 mm. shorter than the keel, narrow, 1 mm. broad, green at the base, elsewhere white, faintly striped at the tip, auricles rather long, rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pod thickened, cellular in fibrous tissue, 1.5 cm. long, 4 cm. diam., black, cylindrical, more or less falcate, with a short, stout, slightly upturned beak. Seeds 8–12, 2 mm. diam. pale yellow, dotted with black or blue-black. Habitat: Dry terraces and mountain ridges in dry stations, Marlborough to Central Otago. Described from material now in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington, No. 579 ex the author's herbarium, collected by Mr. Murray Greensill on the Scoone's Range, Awatere Valley, at 4,000 feet altitude. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Naseby, Mt. St. Bathans, Otago, D. Petrie; and No. 323. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 45, 49, 55, 59, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 73, 75. Plant Res. Bureau: 11819. Author's Herb.: Nos. 27, 37, 86, 98, 102, 164, 378, 437, 527, 579. The species, as represented by the specimens here included, is a composite with a considerable number of near alike forms, which differ from one another mainly in the inflorescence being glabrous or pubescent, the calyx teeth short or long, blunt pointed or acute, and in the flowers bearing more or less purplish colouring. Differing forms may be found at quite short distances apart and in both the Awatere Valley, Marlborough and the Waitaki Valley, North Otago, forms of river terraces and slopes not much elevated above sea level have a glabrous inflorescence, and those of the immediate mountains a pilose or pubescent one. The author has to thank Dr. H. H. Allan for the following note: “The type specimen is in flower and the label reads (Xmas, 1853. From Macrae's run, more than half way up. Carmichaelis? This plant on the highest part of the run was not in flower).” Macrae's run of that day occupied much of the northern side of the Awatere
Valley from the Blairich homestead to near the Jordan River, and Monro's half way up may be in altitude or in distance towards the upper and more mountainous part of the run. C. monroi var. longecarinata var. nov. Ramulis typo latioribus, 4 mm. latis, compressis; rhachide, pedicellis, calycibusque dense lanuginoso-pubescentibus; calycis dentibus late rotundatis, vexillo breve, aliis aequante, carina vexillo 2 mm. longiora. Branchlets wider than those of the type, 4 mm. broad, flattened; rhachis, pedicels and calyx densely woolly pubescent; calyx teeth very stout, broadly rounded at the tips; standard short, about equalling the wings, colour brighter than the type; keel 2 mm. longer than the standard and wings. Habitat: Grassland and low herbfield. Type specimen No. 94 ex the author's herbarium, from terraces above the Poulter River, Upper Waimakariri River Basin, Canterbury, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Castle Hill and Mt. Torlesse and Nos. 322, 324. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 52, 53, 54, 67. Plant Res. Bureau: No. 9360, 10044, 11801. Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 66a, 67a. Author's Herb.: Nos. 94, 104, 132, 189, 423. The variety is a composite of forms all peculiar by the keel extending its length during the normal development of the flower from the budded stage. Plants from the type habitat and at Mt. Torlesse have flattened branchlets, but those of the Porter River and the Castle Hill Basin have the rounded, compressed branchlets of the species. XI. Subgenus Huttonella (Kirk) nobis. Legumen oblongum vel fere sphericum, turgidum, in rostrum breve contractum, indehiscens, valvulis persistentibus. Replum imperfectum. Prostrate or decumbent shrubs, stiffly erect in the typical form of C. compacta, leafless or sparingly leafy and the leaves pubescent or mottled. Branchlets terete or slightly compressed, with one or more racemes at the notches. Flowers as in Carmichaeliella, usually a single raceme at the notches. Pods drooping, or drooping and spreading, oblong, or almost spherical, or narrowed at the base, turgid, broader than deep, or rounded, or slightly compressed, with short, stout, blunted, upturned beaks, or the hardened style persistent and recurved, indehiscent, replum not always fully developed. Seed reniform or spherical, free in the pod when ripe. Radicle with a single fold. With the exception of C. compacta all the species flower over a more or less long period, the buds developing as the branchlets ex-
tend. Buds, flowers, and well developed fruits may often be found on a single branch. Nomenclatorial type Huttonella compacta T. Kirk. Key to the Species. 1. Pods more or less rounded or almost spherical 2 Pods not rounded or spherical 3 2. Branchlets 0.5 m. long, rather leafy, leaves mottled; pods 3 mm. long, dark brown, rounded prona Branchlets 1 mm. long, pods almost globose, black fieldii 3. Pods laterally compressed 4 Pods dorsally compressed, broader than deep. (Pl. 2, fig. 8) 5 4. Plant procumbent, branchlets slender, numerous, sparingly leafy, pods 4 mm. long, completely black nigrans Plant prostrate, sparingly branched, otherwise as the type nigrans var. tenuis 5. Pods 4 mm. long or more 6 Pods 3 mm. long or less 8 6. Pods 4 mm. long, brown, with stout margins lacustris Pods 5 mm. long, black, turning to light straw colour 7 7. Shrub erect, diffuse to 1 m. high, branchlets slender compacta Shrub procumbent, to 1 m. long, branchlets stouter, flowers mostly pink compacta var. procumbens 8. Pods very strongly margined, beak very stout, untapered, blunt floribunda Pods not strongly margined, beak subulate or slender 9 9. Flowers 3 mm. long, pods 2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad, beak slender juncea Flowers 4 mm. long, pods 3–4 mm. long, 2–3 mm. broad, beak short, stout 10 10. Ovary and young pods pilose curta Ovary and young pods glabrous curta var. glabra C. compacta Petrie, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 17, (1885) 272. Cheeseman, Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 115; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 523. Huttonella compacta T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 115. An erect, much-branched shrub, leafless except in the seedling stage; branchlets yellow-green, slender, 2 mm. diam., tapering, terete or slightly compressed, striate, glabrous. Racemes usually one, 5–10 flowered; rhachis 1 cm. long, glabrous, yellow-green; pedicels 4 mm. long, glabrous. Flowers 5 mm. long, 5 mm. across the standard; calyx 2 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., glabrous, green, with reddish marking; teeth short, acute, reddish; standard broader than high when reflexed, dark purple at the base, elsewhere pink, with darker veining; keel white, with a dark purple tip, auricles bluntly pointed; wings spreading, white, with purple stripes, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous, Pods 5 mm. long, 3 mm. broad, light straw coloured when ripened, broader than deep, beak short, upturned, bluntly subulate. Seeds 2, yellowish, with black spots. Habitat: Rocky ground at Cromwell and Kawarau Gorges and valleys of the Dunstan Range, Central Otago. Also in a somewhat glaucous form, with black pods, on rock near Omakau. Petrie's specimen from the entrance to the Dunstan Gorge, near Clyde, No 224/490a in the Dom. Mus. Herb., is marked “type.”
Fig. 1.—Thomsoniella. FIG. 2a.—Carmichaeliella Group 1. FIG. 2b.—Carmichaeliella Group 2. FIG. 2c.—Carmichaeliella Group 3. FIG. 3.—Kirkiella. FIG. 4.—Enysiella. FIG. 5.—Suterella. FIG. 6.—Petriea. FIG. 7.—Monroella. FIG. 8.—Huttonella. [To face Page 280.]
P, Pith Cells; S, Selerenchyma; SP, Schlerenchyma Plate; VB, Vascular Tissue.
Fig. 1.—Genisla compressa Sol. Fig. 2.—Lotus? arboreus Forst. f. The illustration Fig. 2. Pl. 19 is from a reproduction of the prignal plate in the British Museum, prepared for Solander's unpublished Primitiac florae Novae-zealandiae.
Carmichaclia juncea Col Specimen collected by W. Colenso. Dominion Museum.
Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: D. Petrie (cult.). Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 490a, 491, 493, 494, 495, 496, 497, 499, 501, 503, 504. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: Nos. 11804, 17290, 20945, 21031. Cant. Mus. Herb.: C 5. Author's Herb.: Nos. 80, 81, 389, 487. C. compacta var. procumbens var. nov. Ramulis crassioribus, fuscescentibus, apice adscendentibus, nodis evidentis, vexillo roseo-puniceo. Branchlets stouter, brownish, procumbent, with the tips ascending; notches prominent. Flowers with a rosy pink standard. Pods black. Habitat: Rock and sandstone faces near Alexandra, Central Otago. Type specimen No. 456 ex author's herbarium in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. C. curta Petrie, Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 25, (1893) 271. Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 118; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 523. Huttonella curta T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z. (1899) 116. A semi-erect or decumbent shrub to 1 m. in length, leafless except when young. Branchlets 2 mm. diam., terete, slightly compressed, yellow-green, striate, pilose when young, pilose above the notches of older branchlets. Leaves of young plants 1–3 foliate, 5 mm. long, lateral leaflets small, simple, leaves and terminal leaflets linear and pilose. Racemes one or more at the notches, 8–12 flowered. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; rhachis erect or semi-erect, 1 cm. long, reddish, pubescent; pedicels short, 1 mm. long, pilose, reddish; calyx reddish, glabrous, 1 mm. long, 1 mm. diam.; teeth triangular, reddish pointed, ciliate at the margins; standard 3 mm. broad, purple in 2 bands from base to tip, elsewhere white striped with purple; keel narrow, greenish, tipped with purple; auricles short, bluntly pointed; wings white, purple tipped, with bluntly pointed auricles. Ovary pilose or silky at the base of the stigma. Pods light brown, turgid, 3–4 mm. long, 2–3 mm. broad, broader than deep, pilose when green, with a short, stout, subulate, upturned beak. Seeds 1–2, yellow-green, with black spots. Habitat: The form described is common in gravelly soils in the Waitaki Valley. Other forms from near Oamaru and from Central Otago are included in specimens cited. Petrie gives the type locality as “Waitaki River, Queenstown, and Kurow,” but his herbarium contains no specimen marked as the type. Specimen No. 34 ex the author's herbarium in the Herb. Plant Res. Bureau, Wellington, is described. No. 224/510 in the Dom. Mus. Herb. from Kirk's herbarium, ex Herbarium D. Petrie, is chosen as the type.
Specimens. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 506, 507, 508, 509, 510, 511, 512, 513, 515, 516, 518, 519, 520, 521, 522, 524, 525, 526, 527, 528, 530, 531, 532, 533, 534, 535, 536, 537, 538, 539, 540, 541, 557. Plant Res. Bureau Herb.: Nos. 11827, 18626, 18627. Author's Herb.: Nos. 34, 127. C. curta var. glabra var. nov. Gracilis, 0 5 m. altus, ramulis confertiortibus, pergracilibus, omnino glabris, floribus 3 mm. longis, seminibus majoribus, pallide viridibus, valde nigro-maculatis. Slender, 0.5 m. high or a little longer and decumbent, more closely branched than the type. Branchlets very slender, green or reddish-brown, everywhere glabrous. Flowers smaller, 3 mm. long. Ovary glabrous. Pods as the species. Seeds slightly larger, pale green, heavily marked with black. Habitat: Gravelly soils, Waitaki Valley, North Otago. Type specimen from near Waitaki Dam—No. 97 ex the author's herbarium—in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Maniototo Plain, Matthews. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, No. 546. Author's Herb.: No. 97. The species and the variety are much alike and difficult to separately identify without a knowledge of both plants. They have been identified and recorded as C. juncea, which is a very different plant with smaller pods. C. lacustris sp. nov. Frutex parvus multiramosus, ramulis strictis, erectis ad 30 cm. altis, vel decumbentibus, 1–1.5 mm. diam., juventute dense strigosis, teretibus, foliis 5 mm. longis, foliolis lateralibus minutis, terminalibus anguste linearibus, crassis, pilosis. Racemi 3–6 flori, rhachide C. 3 mm. longa, pilosa; pedicellis brevibus, floribus 3 mm. longis, 3 mm. latis. Calyx 1 mm. longus, 1 mm. diam., sparse pilosus, dentibus obtusis, perbrevibus. Vexillum album apice ianthinum; alae albae, auriculis subobtusis, carina albescens basi viridis, auriculis subobtusis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen 4 mm. longum, 2 mm. latum, rostro breve, subulato, seminibus 2, pallide brunneis. A small shrub, much-branched from a stout prostrate root stock. Branches leafless or with a few leaves when young, strict and erect to about 30 cm. high, or longer and decumbent with the tips ascending, 1–1.5 mm. diam., green or pale brown, densely strigose when young, striate, terete or slightly compressed. Leaves simple or 3 foliate, small, 5 mm. long; lateral leaflets minute, simple leaves and terminal leaflets narrow linear, thick and pilose. Racemes 1–2 at the notches, 3–6 flowered; rhachis green, 3 mm. long. pilose; pedicels short, almost lacking, reddish. Flowers 3 mm. long, 3 mm. broad across the standard; calyx 1 mm. by 1 mm., sparingly pilose, green, dotted with red; teeth very short, blunt, reddish; standard white with a dark violet tip; keel whitish, green at the base, auricles bluntly pointed;
wings white, auricles as the keel; ovary glabrous. Pods brown, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, with a short, upturned subulate beak. Seeds 2, pale brown. Habitat: Grassy edges and stoney shores of Lake Te Anau and Lake Manapouri. Type specimens from shores below the Accommodation House, L. Manapouri, No. 445 from the author's collection, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Lake Manapouri, Matthews, Cockayne. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 523, 547, 552, 553, 554, Lake Manapouri, J. H. Matthews, 1909. Author's Herb.: Nos. 384, 445. In the type habitat the branches are short and stiffly erect, and no doubt they suffer by submergence during flood periods. In cultivation they are often longer and procumbent, with the tips only ascending. C. floribunda sp. nov. Frutex ramosus, prostratus vel decumbens, ramis 1 m. longis, ramulis 1–2 mm. diam., 10–20 cm. longis vel ultra, compressis, bicarinatis, striatis, sparse pilosis. Racemi multi, 4–8 flori, rhachide C. 8 mm. longa, canaliculata, pilosa; pedicellis gracilibus 1 mm. longis, pilosis, flexis. Calyx haud 1 mm. longus latusque, glabrus, dentibus minutis, obtusis. Legumen C. 3 mm. longum, 1 mm. latum, fuscum, marginibus incrassatis, rostro crasso, obtuso, semine 1, pallide brunneo. A much branched light brown, prostrate or decumbent shrub with stems 1 m. long. Branchlets 1–2 mm. diam., 10–20 cms, long or more, compressed, 2-edged, striate, with scattered hairs. Leaves and flowers not seen. Racemes many, 4–8 flowered; rhachis ± 8 mm. long, ribbed and pilose; pedicels slender, fully 1 mm. long, pilose, bent or twisted; calyx less than 1 mm. long and broad, glabrous; teeth blunt, minute. Pods ± 3 mm. long, 1 mm. diam., brown; margins heavy; beak thick, without taper, blunt, sharply upturned. Seed 1, pale brown. Habitat: Known only from herbarium specimens. Type specimens Nos. 224/246, 224/248 in the Dominion Museum Herbarium labelled as “Carmichaelia diffusa Petrie, Upcot Saddle, 1906.” Upcot Saddle is in the Upper Awatere Valley, Marlborough. The specimens are in an excellent state, and the unusually strong margins and stout beaks of the small pods are quite unlike those of other species. C. juncea Col. ex. Hook. f., in Flor. N.Z., 1, (1853) 51 (Plate 20). Hook f., Handb. N.Z. Flor., (1864) 50; Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 50; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 523. Huttonella juncea T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 116. A procumbent (?), apparently leafless, shrub. Branchlets slender, ± 2 mm. diam., tapered, terete or slightly compressed, striate, ascending, glabrous. Racemes short, 2–3 at the notches, 4–5 flowered; rhachis, pedicels and calyx with rough hairs or scaly; pedicels short. Flowers
small, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; calyx small, less than 1 mm. long; teeth short, acute; flower colour not known, ovary glabrous. Pods 2.5 mm. long, 1 5 mm. broad, broader than deep, turgid, broadly ovate, dark straw colour; beak slender, subulate, upturned or spirally recurved. Seeds 2, pale brown, 1 mm. diam. The description is drawn up from flowering and fruited specimens in the Colenso collection at the Auckland Museum Herbarium, and the habitat is not recorded. A similar flowering specimen in Petrie's collection at the Dominion Museum (No. 224/517) is labelled in Petrie's handwriting “Carmichaelia juncea, Hawke's Bay, ex Herb. W. Colenso, D. P. No. 1132.” In Bentham's MS. descriptions two varieties were also separated—var. B. “legumine 2 lin. longo” and var. parviflora “floribus minimis,” but the species and its varieties were included by Hooker in the general record of “East Cape, Hawke's Bay and Taupo,” and in his later publication (1864–50) all are apparently included under the specific name. Kirk (1879–326) recorded the species at Ohinemutu, but no specimen is preserved in his herbarium nor has the species been found since it was discovered by Sinclair and by Colenso prior to the publication of Hooker's work in 1853. C. prona T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 116. Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1906) 119; loc. cit. Ed. 2, (1925) 524. Huttonella prona T. Kirk, Stud. Flor. N.Z., (1899) 116. A small, slender prostrate and divaricating sparingly leafy shrub with branches to 30 cms. or more long. Branchlets green or reddish brown, 5–15 cm. long, tapering, 1 mm. diam., flattened on both sides, striate, pilose. Leaves simple or 3–5 foliate with the lateral pairs much smaller; 0.5–1 cm. long, larger leaflets 4–6 mm. long, linear-cuneate, pubescent, green or bronze-green to reddish brown, mottled. Racemes usually 3–7 flowered; rhachis slender, reddish, pubescent, ribbed; pedicels less than 1 mm. long, pubescent. Flowers 4 mm. long, 5 mm. broad across the standard; calyx 1 mm. diam., green, dotted with red, glabrous; teeth short, triangular, bluntly reddish, pointed; standard purple changing to violet, with the outer lobes only white or striped; keel purplish at tip, yellow-green at the base, auricles wide, obliquely pointed; wings whitish, purple tipped, auricles pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods dark brown, 3 mm. long, 2 mm. diam., turgid and rounded, beak subulate, upturned or recurved. Seeds usually 2, pale brown with much black mottling. Habitat: Specimens from Lake Lyndon—the type habitat—Nos. 224/555, 224/558 in the Dom. Mus. Herb., are located by Cockayne as “where the tussock grassland merges into the mud of the lake.” At Lake Mary Mere, where it was afterwards discovered by Wall, it fills openings amongst stones submerged in times of flood. Specimens. Auck. Mus. Herb.: Lake Lyndon. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 548, 549, 550, 551, 555, 558. (Apparently some of these are Kirk's co-types with his tags numbered 831, 829, 828, 827, but specimens sent to Kew would have other numbers.)
Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 13, 14, 15. Author's Herb.: Nos. 199, 199a. Cockayne (1907–310) records it from near the mouth of the Rakaia River, but no specimens are preserved to confirm his identification. C. fieldii Ckn., Trans. N.Z. Inst., Vol. 50, (1918) 163. Cheesem., Man. N.Z. Flor., (1925) 522. A small, prostrate, much-branched shrub 60–80 cm. long; branchlets green, 1 mm. diam., compressed, striate, dotted with appressed hairs, sparingly leafy when young. Leaves small, shortly petiolate, simple or 3 foliate, glabrous or with a few hairs; leaflets 5 mm. long, narrow, linear. Racemes 1–3 at the notches, 2–3 flowered; rhachis short, 3 mm. long, green, pilose; pedicels pilose, short, 1 mm. long. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad across the standard; calyx 2 mm. long, 1 mm. diam., glabrous, dark green, with ciliolate margins and short, blunt, reddish teeth. Standard purplish at the base and the outer lobes white; keel greenish white, faintly purplish at the tip; auricles pointed; wings white, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods oblong, 4 mm. long, 2 mm. broad, brown, turgid, broader than deep, with a short, upturned subulate beak. Seeds 1–3 (2), yellow brown, with much black mottling. Habitat: Ledges on small sandstone island, West Wanganui Inlet, N. W. Nelson. No doubt it will occur also in similar positions on the mainland. Specimens. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic Nos. 224, Nos. 488, 489, 490, 588 (type). Cant. Mus. Herb.: Generic symbol C. Nos. 16, 17, 18, 19. Author's Herb.: No. 108. To Cockayne (1918–163) the plant appeared to come nearest in affinity to C. juncea Col., and in discussing the species he described, he writes: “The description is drawn up from insufficient material. In many cases the capsules were much damaged,” and “Except for the dehiscence of the pod, the species under consideration would come into the subgenus Huttonella.” But the pod is not dehiscent, the seed is not attached but free in the pod when ripe, and the replums, which Cockayne found persistent but “much damaged,” are broken in decomposition. C. nigrans sp. nov. Frutex parvus, multi ramosus, decumbens, ramis ad 1 m. longis, ramulis adscendentibus, gracilibus, 8–20 cm. longis, 2 mm. diam., sparse, pilosis, compressis, juventute apice foliatis, foliis breviter petiolatis, foliolis lateralibus minutis vel obsoletis, terminalibus 3–5 mm. longis, anguste linearibus, pilosis. Racemi 5–12 flori, rhachide 6 mm. longa, striata, pilosa; pedicellis 1 mm. longis, pilosis, floribus 3 mm. longis, 2 mm. latis. Calyx viridis rubro maculatus, dentibus brevibus, obtusis, apice rubescentibus; vexillum purpureum lobis albis; alae albescentes basi viridiscentibus; carina apice valde purpureo-striate, auriculis subobtusis. Ovarium glabrum. Legumen nigrum, oblique oblongum, breviter compressum, 4 mm. longum, 1–5 mm. diam., rostro breve, subulato, seminibus, pallide brunneis.
A small, decumbent, much-branched shrub with branches to 1 m. long. Branchlets ascendent, reddish brown, slender, 8–20 cm. long, 2 mm. diam., tapering, striate, sparingly pilose, compressed, leafy at the tips and when young. Leaves shortly petiolate, simple or 3 foliate, lateral leaflets minute, single leaves or terminal leaflets 3–5 mm. long, narrow linear, shallowly emarginate or truncate, pilose, brownish-green or mottled. Racemes 1–3 at the notches, 5–12 flowered; rhachis 6 mm. long, ribbed, reddish, pilose; pedicels 1 mm. long, pilose. Flowers 3 mm. long, 2 mm. broad; calyx green, dotted with red and with a few hairs; teeth short, blunt, with reddish points; standard purplish from base to midlobes, outer lobes white; keel greenish white with heavy purplish stripes, green at the base, auricles bluntly pointed. Ovary glabrous. Pods conspicuously black, obliquely oblong, slightly compressed, 4 mm. long, 1–5 mm. diam., with a short, upturned, subulate beak. Seeds 4, pale brown. Habitat: Flood bed margins at the Makarora R., L. Wanaka. Type specimen No. 244 from the author's herbarium, collected by L. W. McCaskill, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. The shrub flowers in profusion, and in fruit its many black pods are very conspicuous. A similar plant occurs on the upper flats of the Haast River, but specimens are needed for its identification. C. nigrans var. tenuis var. nov. Frutex prostratus, ramis c. 1 mm. longis, gracilibus, ramulis 30 cm. longis, 2 mm. latis, compressis, filiformibus, apice foliis paucis, floribus 4–6 mm. longis. Along, trailing, prostrate shrub spreading to about 1 m. length. Stems slender, ± 3 mm. diam., yellow-green or brownish-green, branchlets spreading, ± 30 cm. long, 2 mm. diam., compressed, filiform and sparingly leafy at the tips, with a few scattered hairs. Leaves almost or quite sessile, simple or 3 foliate with the lateral pair minute, 4–6 mm. long, leaflets narrow linear, shallow notched, often folded, dark green, mottled with grey or brown. Racemes 1–3, 4–8 flowered, rhachis short, 3–4 mm. long, stout, dark green, pilose; pedicels less than 1 mm. long, yellow, stout, pilose. Flowers 4 mm. long, 3 mm. broad; calyx 1 mm. long, sparingly pilose, light green, darker at the base; teeth short, reddish, rounded; standard with much purple, whitish at the outer lobes; keel greenish, dark purple at the tip, auricles rounded: wings greenish white, purple striped at the tip, auricles rounded. Ovary glabrous. Pods and seed as the species. Habitat: Old flood beds at the Waiho and Cook Rivers, Westland. Type specimen No. 155 ex the author's herbarium, from the Waiho River, in the Herbarium Plant Research Bureau, Wellington. Specimens. Dom. Mus. Herb.: Generic No. 224, Nos. 192, 242, 543, 544, 545. Cant. Mus. Herb.: No. C. 9 Waiho R., A. Wall. The long, trailing, prostrate habit and the stout racemes and pedicels best separate var. tenuis from the species.
References. Cheeseman, T. F., 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. Wellington. — 1925. Manual of the New Zealand Flora, Ed. 2. Wellington. Cockayne, L., 1907. Some Hitherto Unrecorded Plant Habitats. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40. — 1917. Notes on New Zealand Floristic Botany. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49. — 1918. Notes on New Zealand Floristic Botany. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50. — and Allan, 1934. An Annotated List of Groups of Wild Hybrids in the New Zealand Flora. Annals of Botany, vol. 48, Great Britain. Colenso, W., 1844. Excursion in the Northern Island of New Zealand in the Summer of 1841–42. Launceston — 1883. Descriptions of a Few New Indigenous Plants, Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 15. — 1884. Memorandum of My First Journey to the Ruahine Mountain Range, etc., with Additional and Copious Notes. Napier. Druce, G. C., 1917. Supplement to the Botanical Exchange Club Report for 1916. Arbioath. Forster, G., 1786. Florulac Insularum Australium prodromus. Gottingen. Hooker, J. D., 1853. Flora Novae-Zelandiae, vol. 1, London. — 1864. Handbook of the New Zealand Flora, Part 1. London. Kirk, T., 1873. Notes on the Flora of the Lake District of the North Island. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 5. — 1899. The Students Flora of New Zealand. Govt. Printer. Laing, R. M. and Blackwell, E. W., 1906. Plants of New Zealand. Christchurch. Lindley, J., 1925. Botanical Register, London. Oliver, W. R. B., 1917. Vegetation and Flora of Lord Howe Island. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49. — 1926. New Zealand Angiosperms. Trans N.Z. Inst., vol. 56. Richard, A., 1832. Essai d'une Flore de la Nouvelle Zélande. Paris. Raoul, E., 1844. Choix de Plantes de la Nouvelle Zélande. Paris. Simpson, G. and Thomson, J. S., 1940. Notes on Some New Zealand Plants and Descriptions of New Species. Trans. Roy. Soc. N.Z., vol. 70. Wall, A., 1930. Appendix on the Plant Covering of the Spit (Lake Elicsmere). Trans.N.Z. Inst., vol. 61. Willdenow, C. L., 1803. in Species Plantarum. Editio quarto.
Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Vol. 75, Part 2, pp. 288–318. Plate 21. 10 Figs.
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Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 75, 1945-46, Page 231
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26,145Cockayne Memorial Paper, No. I. A Revision of the genus Carmichaelia. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 75, 1945-46, Page 231
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