Popular Names of New Zealand Plants. By Johannes C. Andersen, F.N.Z.Inst. [Read at the New Zealand Institute Science Congress, Palmerston North, January, 1921 received by Editor, 22nd August, 1924; issued separately, 10th May, 1926.] The number and diversity of the popular names of our New Zealand plants are made more evident when these popular or common names are gathered together and placed side by side. Their heterogeneous nature is no doubt largely due to the partial isolation of the various early settlements of the Islands in the midst of a new, vigorous flora, and also to the innate independence or obstinacy of thought that will often induce a man to give a new name even where one already exists. The names of a few of the plants were well known from the works of Cook and other explorers; but there was a very great number quite unfamiliar to the settler, and to such of these as brought themselves under his notice, either through their use or the reverse, he set about giving names, or adopting or corrupting such Maori names as he could learn or would tolerate. There are many reasons influencing the choice of a name:— (1.) The name chosen may describe the plant as a whole or characteristic parts of it: broadleaf, whitewood, bluebell. (2.) It may refer to its use medicinally: scurvy-grass, Maori painkiller. (3.) It may refer to its use as food: cabbage-tree, tea-tree, Maori cabbage. (4.) It may refer to its similarity to some other object: lacebark, lemonwood, turpentine-tree. (5.) It may refer to its similarity in a humorous aspect: Captain Cook's ropes, vegetable boa-constrictor. (6.) It may refer to its similarity to some other familiar plant: New Zealand oak, New Zealand ash, New Zealand teak. (7.) It may refer to its habitat: bog-lily. mountain-ribbonwood, sandgunnera. (8.) It may be altogether fantastic: wild-irishman, spaniard or bloody spaniard, bush-lawyer. Curious contradictions occur at times. For instance, Pteris lremula, besides being known as the “trembling fern,” is known as the “scented fern” and the “stinking fern.” Whilst the latter names appear anomalous, both have their justification; for Field remarks, “It…may be at once distinguished by the strong aromatic odour, something like camomile, which its foliage emits when bruised. In the summer-time, surveyors cutting lines through the warm sheltered gullies in which it abounds often find the smell so strong as to be unpleasant, and I have heard it called the ‘stinking fern’ on this account, though many people rather like the scent.” (Field, Ferns of N.Z., p. 90.) Again, it is difficult to understand why the broadleaf was so called. There are plants with leaves much broader, and it is evidence of the persistence of a name, however seemingly inappropriate, that this is now the universally known name for Griselinia littoralis.
The manner in which different people are influenced by different parts of the same plant is well illustrated in the various names given to Coprosma lucida—-broadleaf, orange-leaf, shining coprosma, coffee-tree, yellow-wood The names in the category 2 (medicinal) above were originally the chief of the names given, since the study of plants was wholly from a medicinal point of view. Innumerable names remain as evidence of this—self-heal, wart-weed, fever-few, &c.; and the evil days that have overtaken the herbal science are shown by the very few names now given because of supposed medicinal properties. The name “cabbage-tree” was given by Captain Cook's people. The following remarks appear in the Journal of 10th October, 1774: “These cabbage-trees or palms were not thicker than a man's leg, and from ten to twenty feet high. They are of the same genus with the cocoa-nut tree; like it they have large pinnated leaves, and are the same sort as the second sort found in the northern parts of New South Wales [vide Hawksworth, Voyages, vol. 3]. The cabbage is, properly speaking, the bud of the tree; each tree producing but one cabbage, which is at the crown, where the leaves spring out, and is enclosed in the stem. The cutting off the cabbage effectually destroys the tree; so that no more than one can be had from the same stem. The cocoa-nut tree, and some others of the palm kind, produce cabbage as well as these. The vegetable is not only wholesome, but exceedingly palatable, and proved the most agreeable repast we had had for some time.” (Cook, Voyage to Pacific Ocean, 1777, vol. 2, pp. 148–49.) The remarks that the leaves are pinnate, that each tree produces but one cabbage, and that the cutting of it destroys the tree, lead one to suspect that the tree referred to is not a Cordyline. The entry in the Journal was made at Norfolk Island, not New Zealand, but there is no indication in Cook as to what tree is referred to. Even the botanist Forster gives no help. In speaking of the vegetation of Norfolk Island he says, “The productions of New Zealand were here united to those of New Caledonia and the New Hebrides; for the cypress of the one, and the cabbage palm which we had seen in the latter, flourished here in the greatest perfection. It was chiefly on these two species, that we bestowed our attention; the former supplied the carpenter with several spare brooms, and pieces of timber; and the latter offered us a most welcome and palatable refreshment We cut down several of them, and took on board the central shoot, or heart, which in taste more resembles an almond than a cabbage.” (George Forster, A Voyage round the World, 1772–75, Lond., 1777, vol. 2, pp. 345–46.) In his Plantis esculentis Insularum Oceani Australis, 1786, he includes Cordyline (as Dracaena) and Rhopalostylis (as Areca), and says of Areca sapida (p. 66), “Reperitur spontanea in nova Zeelandia usque ad aestuarium Charlottae reginae, et frequens in Norfolciae insula deserta. Huius praecipue Cor sive Caput in deliciis est apud nautas Europaeos, et cum oleo et aceto parari solet.” There is a more definite clue in Banks (Journal of the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks…during Captain Cook's First Voyage…1768–71, Lond., 1896, p. 227), where he writes of New Zealand plants, “We also once or twice met with a herb like that which the country people in England call ‘lamb's-quarters’ or ‘fat-hen,’ which we boiled instead of greens; and once only a cabbage-tree, the cabbage of which made us one delicious meal…” A footnote identifies the former as Atriplex patula Linn., identical with the English fat-hen, and the latter as Areca sapida Soland., of which Hooker gives the range (Handbook of the
New Zealand Flora, 1867, p. 288)—“Northern and Middle Islands; as far south as Queen Charlotte's Sound, Banks and Solander, &c. Very closely related to the Norfolk Island A. Baueri, which is a larger plant. Young inflorescence eaten.” He says nothing of the eating of the young shoots of the Cordyline. It would appear, then, that primarily the term “cabbage-tree” or “cabbage-palm” was applied to Areca Baueri, but has become transferred exclusively to Cordyline. In one place there is the remark, “We also found one cabbage-tree which we cut down for the cabbages” Cook's First Voyage, 1768–71, in Hawksworth, vol. 2, p. 322). This entry is on 29th October, 1769, when Cook was at Tolaga Bay, and seems to refer to Cordyline; in Cook's own Journal, however, the last word of the quotation is “cabbage,” not “cabbages.” Both Cordyline and Rhopalostylis (Areca) were found by Cook in Norfolk Island; if the hearts of both were not eaten as cabbage there, they apparently were in New Zealand; and it was possibly the much more common occurrence of Cordyline in these islands that caused the name “cabbage-tree” to be transferred exclusively to that species. Colenso (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1, ed. 1, p. 32 of his Essay, “On the Botany…of the New Zealand Group), when writing of the fruits and trees used as vegetables, says: “The young inner blanched leaves and heart of the Ti, or “Cabbage-tree” (Cordyline australis), and of the Nikau, or New Zealand Palm (Areca sapida), were eaten both raw and cooked.” I have seen a long row of Cordyline in a public garden struggling to grow beyond the reach of schoolboys, who persisted in pulling the young central shoots, eating them with relish. One would suppose that Kirk had forgotten the origin of the name when he says, “Settlers and bushmen generally apply the unmeaning name of ‘cabbage-tree.’” (Kirk, Forest Flora of N.Z., p. 295.) Cheeseman, too, says, “Universally known to New Zealand residents by the inappropriate name of ‘cabbage-tree’” (Cheeseman, Manual of N.Z. Flora, p. 707). Thomas explains the name, and errs in doing so: “It receives its name from the arrangement of its leaves in tufts or heads at the ends of the branches” (Clark, A Southern Cross Fairy-tale, p. 53). Butler remarks, “The cabbage-tree or ti-palm is not a true palm, though it looks like one. It has not the least resemblance to a cabbage.” The settlers and bushmen followed Cook in using the young heart as a vegetable, and in their naming of the tree; and when the reason for the name is known its inappropriateness disappears. To one section of the public it will always be the cabbage-tree; to the other section, let it be lily-palm. “Ti-tree” and “ti-palm” should certainly be banned, because of the hopeless confusion with tea-tree. Froude, in Oceana, constantly writes “ti-tree” when he refers to manuka scrub (tea-tree); and Cockayne notes a worse confusion in the naming of a railway-station Ti-tri (Cockayne. N.Z. Plants and their Story). Tea-tree, too, is a name that has come through Cook's people. Manukaleaves were used for tea during his first visit, when the name “tea plant” was given. The plant is described and figured, and Cook writes in May, 1773, “The leaves, as I have already observed, were used by many of us astea, which has a very agreeable bitter, and flavour, when they are recent, but loses some of both when they are dried. When the infusion was made strong, it proved emetic to some in the same manner as green tea.” (Cook, Voyage towards the South Pole, 1779, vol. 1, p. 101; illus., p. 100.)
From the leaves of the rimu Cook brewed “spruce beer,” and the black-pine furnishes a beverage known to bushmen as “pine-beer,” The tree containing beer may usually be known by a black, smutty-looking stain that extends some way up the trunk; and if a hole be bored at the base the tree may be plugged and tapped like a barrel. In the names of categories 4 and 5 (similarity to other objects) observation and imagination play a prominent part, and many pleasing names result. Ribbonwood, lacebark, and thousand-jacket, are most appropriate names, all applied to Gaya, Hoheria, and Plagianthus. Lemonwood is a good name for Pittosporum eugenioides, though the property is more obviously in the leaves than in the wood. The young leaves, when bruised between the fingers, emit a very agreeable fragrance resembling lemon. A scent was in the sap, for it was from this tree, the tarata, that the Maori gathered gum which he used for manufacturing a favourite perfume. He made incisions in the bark, and gathered the congealed drops on their oozing through. The names of category 6 (similarity to other plants) show some observation, though little imagination. A number of these names persist—as “New Zealand holly,” for Olearia ilicifolia; “New Zealand teak,” for Vitex lucens. Many of them have been disused, the similarity proving too superficial for adoption and perpetuation of the name. There is a name of this kind lately given—“New Zealand hawthorn”—to Carpodetus serratus, one of our most graceful and beautiful flowering trees, and a tree New-Zealander, which Dr. Cockayne, in The Cultivation of New Zealand Plants (p. 109), commends as suitable for adoption as the national flower. This tree is not in the least like the hawthorn—in shape, foliage, colour or texture of bark, ramification, or fruit. The sole resemblance is in the flower, and in the appearance of the clustered flower only; scent and colour differ from the hawthorn. Moreover, this very name was given to the English tree to signify the thorn that bears a haw; and Carpodetus has neither haw nor thorn. Carpodetus itself is an attractive name: why should it not be adopted? Or why not adopt the Maori name, putaputaweta, or the recorded shorter form punaweta? Or, seeing that the point of resemblance is in the flower, and that the flower of the hawthorn is known as “may,” why not “Maori may”? Carpodetus much more closely resembles the silver birch, in general shape of the tree, shape and suspension of leaf, ramification, colour and texture of the bark—resemblances visible all the year round. “Maori silver birch” would be a much more appropriate name, were it not for the fact that there is already a name “silver beech,” and that the name “birch” has become anathema. The name “New Zealand hawthorn” might more appropriately be given to the already irrevocably named wildirishman, or scented thorn, or matagowry, whose leafless winter appearance is very like the lifeless appearance of the dry twisted hawthorn as seen in a hedge; and the scented white flower in spring gives one a leap of pleasure as does the hawthorn, with its “white sheet blanching on the hedge.” The word “native” has been prefixed to almost as many names as the words “New Zealand”—native aniseed, native convolvulus, &c. This word may perhaps be descriptive if used within New Zealand and between NewZealanders; but if used outside—say, in Australia—its meaning will be quite changed; for should the New-Zealander speak of the “native teak,” the Australian would think not of a New Zealand but of an Australian tree. The confusion might be avoided were the word “Maori” used instead of “native,” and, indeed, instead of the long doublet “New Zealand.” There
is “Maori cabbage,” “Maori onion”—why not “Maori aniseed,” “Maori convolvulus,” &c.? The names of category 8 (fantastic names) show the imagination running riot; they seem appropriate, though often it is impossible to give any definite reason for the name. No trace has been found of any reason for the name “wild-irishman” as applied to Discaria toumatou. Many old settlers have been questioned without result, or with such barren result as the following: One, being asked, “Why was the wild-irishman called the wild-irishman?” answered, “I suppose because it is like a wild Irishman.” “What characteristics have they in common?” “Well, I—I—I really can't say.” And so it is; it is a name that every one-understands, but no one can explain. Whilst it is often written with a capital, “Irishman,” it is now as often written with a small letter, “irishman”; and when it is the plant that is referred to the small letter should be used, leaving the form “wild Irishman” to signify the Sinn-Feiner. The same remark applies to the name for Aciphylla—“spaniard”—another name of unexplained origin. There seems even less connection between the human Spaniard and the vegetable spaniard than between the human wild Irishman and the vegetable wild-irishman; and the conjectured corruption “spine-yard,” whilst improbable, is no more improbable than the fabled “Bill's-yard” as the origin of “billiard.” The name “missionary-plant,” given by the Maori to the sweet-brier (Boyd, Our Stolen Summer, p. 77), does not come into this category, as the humour of it, more readily perceived, perhaps, by the agriculturist or pastoralist, was not intentional: it was so named as it was brought, for dear association' sake, by the homesick wife of a missionary. Many of the names show considerable gifts of observation, imagination, and ingenuity there are others that show the namers to have been almost destitute of all three. Kirk in 1875 remarked: “…the term ‘birch’ may be regarded as a generic name applied by bushmen to any small-leaved tree, and qualified by the prefixes ‘black,’ ‘white,’ or ‘red,’ at the caprice of the individual, or as may be suggested by the colour of the foliage, bark, or timber.” (Reports on the Durability of N.Z. Timber, 1875, p. 16.) So the term “black birch” was in many districts applied to Pittosporum tenuifolium, and to Weinmannia racemosa in Otago—the latter tree being also known as “brown birch.” and “red birch.” Myrsine Urrillei was known as “red birch,” and Carpodetus serratus and Quintinia serrata as “white birch.” It was principally to trees of the species Nothofagus (then known as Fagus) that the term “birch” was applied, and a distinguishing of the various kinds by the prefixing of a descriptive word was a step in the right direction; but in this instance the step was on a path that led to a quagmire. To take only the instance of Nothofagus Solandri (formerly Fagus Solandri) this was known as “black” birch in the Wellington district; “black,” “white”, “red,” and “brown” birch in Canterbury; “white” birch in Nelson; “white,” “black,” and “black-heart” birch in Otago. “In the Oxford Bush” (Canterbury), says Kirk, “I learned that the tree [N. Solandri] was termed ‘red birch,’ ‘brown birch,’ ‘white birch,’ ‘black birch,’ and ‘yellow birch’ at different stages of its growth, but the application of these terms varied greatly; perhaps ‘black birch’ was most generally applied to the mature condition before decay commenced, and ‘white birch’ to the young state; but there were too many exceptions to allow of the names being other than misleading.”
The confusion created has been endless; it has at times even resulted in commercial loss; yet so strong is habit that confusion was preferred before a change of name. And, indeed, the bushmen might well ask what name they should adopt; for the scientists came and added to the confusion by pointing out that the trees usually called “birch” were not birch at all, but beech—when a fresh crop of names resulted: “black beach,” “red beech,” “dusky beech,” &c. The scientists themselves, however, in calling the species Nothofagus “beech,” took care—that is, usually took care—to make the distinguishing prefix one that would not lead to a repetition of the old confusion. N. Solanderi was accordingly called “entire-leaved beech”; N. cliffortioides, “mountain beech”; N. Menziesii, “round-leaved beech”; N. fusca, “tooth-leaved beech.” It was some time before even these names were agreed upon; and “silver beech” finally took the place of “round-leaved beech” for N. Menziesii. A note may here be made of the fact that, whilst the entire-leaved beech was Fagus Solandri, on Fagus being changed to Nothofagus, Solandri was altered to Solanderi; but this has been altered back again to Solandri, for that was the original and not incorrect spelling of the word. Again, these common, unimaginative names may take a double form—“tree-nettle” and “nettle-tree”; “tree-fuchsia” and “fuchsia-tree”; “tree-grass” and “grass-tree.” The form taken depends upon the name-giver thinking, say, of the fuchsia, “This tree is like a fuchsia”—whence “fuchsia-tree”; or “This fuchsia is like a tree”—whence “tree-fuchsia.” “Fuchsia” and “tree” become the descriptive part of the name according to the thought perceiving the plant as a tree or a fuchsia. Were the names to be retained, therefore, the correct form would be “tree-nettle,” “tree-fuchsia,” seeing that the plants are primarily nettle and fuchsia, and secondarily tree-like. Of the names “tree-grass” and “grass-tree” as applied to Cordyline, however, “grass-tree” would be the correct form, seeing that this plant is tree primarily, and grass-like secondarily. When Dr. Cockayne called Olearia sp. “daisy-tree” he used the correct form. In the second edition of New Zealand Plants and their Story, however, he changed it to “tree-daisy,” bringing it into line with other similar compounds—“tree-coprosma,” “tree-fuchsia,” “tree-heath,” “tree-moss,” “tree-lupin,” &c.—all of which are correct; for in these instances the plants are larger in growth than ordinary—so large that in comparison with related forms they seem tree-like. The Olearia, however, is not a daisy of such giant growth that it is like a tree, but a tree that bears flowers like daisies; it is, in fact, a tree that reminds one of a daisy—not a daisy that reminds one of a tree. He calls the false mountain-holly (O. macrodonta) a “tree-daisy”; but had this plant been like a daisy that had grown as big as a tree it would never have been called a holly: the tree is holly-like in general appearance, daisy-like in the flower; and what is meant when it is said that the false mountain-holly is a daisy-tree is that it is a holly-like tree with a daisy-like flower. “Cabbage-tree” has not been changed to “tree-cabbage,” and rightly; nor should “daisy-tree” have been changed to “tree-daisy.” The name “palm-lily,” again, should be “lily-palm”; for primarily the tree is, in resemblance at least, a palm: it is a palm with lily-like flower. To the casual observer—and that means the usual observer—the tree is more like a palm than the flower is like a lily. One authority is quoted for the form “lily-palm.” These compound names, too, show a curious tendency towards coalescence. This is revealed in writing and printing; their coalescence
there reveals the coalescence in the thought. They start as two words, then the two words are hyphened, and finally the hyphen is dropped, the two being then written and pronounced as one word—broad leaf, broad-leaf, broadleaf. When this takes place there is a subtle change of accent, more or less marked. As two words, each word has its own accent: as a compound the first word retains its accent, but the accent on the second is subdued or suppressed. Many New Zealand names occur in the three forms—blue bell, blue-bell, bluebell; duck weed, duck-weed, duckweed; supple jack, supple-jack, supplejack; lace bark, lace-bark, lacebark; &c. The distinction in the accent is clearly heard if we say aloud, “The bluebell has a white or blue bell; and its blue bell caused it to be called the bluebell.” Occasionally three words are connected, or even four: forget-me-not, love-in-a-mist. I have seen as many as six—“Jack-go-to-sleep-at-noon,” or “Jack-go-to-bed-at-noon,” for Ornithogalum umbellatum and Tragopogon pratensis. The hyphens have not yet been dropped, and tha names probably do not occur in literature as forgetmenot and loveinamist. Forget-me-not is printed as one word in German—vergissmeinnicht. Whilst the hyphening and compounding may be, and probably is, in large measure due to the writers, it is possible that in many instances they are due to the printer, or at least to the publisher's reader. A good reader will decide upon a certain course, consistent as may be maintained, and writers may find a difficulty in throwing him off that course; or they may be indifferent, which furnishes the reader with his justification. There are certain words that have long resisted the hyphening tendency. The words “white pine,” “black pine,” &c., have from the beginning appeared as two words. In writing of, say, the last fifteen years, however, the forms “black-pine,” “white-pine,” “silver-pine,” “silver-beech,” &c., have become common. The hyphening of these seems to date from about 1905, and is now the rule rather than the exception. This remark, however, needs some modification; for a great number of the papers and books from which the hyphened words have been gathered are the work of one writer, Dr. Cockayne. But there is this to be said: When a leading writer, and a writer of authority, uses names in a certain form, his lead is almost sure to be followed; so that his introduction of hyphening will go a long way towards establishing the custom—the more so since his writing covers the whole New Zealand botanical field so thoroughly. As far back as 1889, however, the most unusual forms “blackpine” and “blackmaire” appear; but since these are given as English names in a French work—Fleurs sauvages et bois precieux de la Nouvelle-Zélande, by Mrs. Hetley and M. Raoul—they can hardly be taken as indicating a tendency in the English language, though certainly they do indicate a general linguistic tendency. At first the names look strangely and startlingly unusual; but the strangeness soon wears off; and, as the hyphen is perhaps no more than the indication that two words are in process of becoming a compound word, “blackpine” should naturally follow from “black pine” and “black-pine.” “Black-moor” of “Paradise Regained” (iv, 72) is now “blackamoor.” In the opening of “The Cherrie and the Slae” Montgomery has “with gallant gold-spinks gay”; but Bewick prints the word “goldspink”; and “goldfinch” is now always one word. It cannot be said, however, that it will always be one word; for even the long-familiar name “blackbird” appears occasionally as two unhyphened words, “blackbird.” In My New Zealand Garden, 1902, p. 74, it occurs as two words twice on one page, whilst “goldfinch” occurs on the same page as one word.
Uncensored writing and printing furnish curious evidence of the working of the human mind: some minds seem to need no hyphens in compound words; others seem to require them as cautious alpine climbers require a rope. Moreover, there is change in the habits even of the habitual writer. In the first edition of the well-known New Zealand Plants and their Story the words “bracken fern” are used early in the book: seventy pages on they are hyphened, “bracken fern”; had the book been half as long again we may have had the form “brackenfern.” Again, in the same book the hyphened “candlennt,” proceeds to “candlenut,” and “willow-herb” to “willowherb.” Again, the sea-side brome grass” of Buchanan (? Kirk) becomes the “seaside brome-grass” of Cockayne. Is there any danger of words with two descriptive prefixes becoming one word—for instance, “yellow silver pine”? It already has one hyphen, and there is a form “yellow-pine,” so “yellow-silver-pine” is not impossible: is “yellowsilverpine”? It is almost to be hoped that it is not possible, or we may fall in the rugged way of Teutomic agglutination. The appropriate but little-used “wait-a-bit” is not in this category, as it is a name, not merely a description. The name “paper-mulberry-tree,” of Mueller is in the category, and in it the second hyphen at least seems unnecessary. If the oak be also called “tree” it is not “oak-tree,” but “oak-tree”: the hyphen adds nothing to the meaning, nor does it remove any ambiguity. The name “forget-me-not” as a flower is practically one word, yet it loses nothing of its homogeneity if printed as Armstrong prints it, without hyphens, “forget me not,” for it is the expression of a desire, as well as a flower. The hyphening tendency, and the following agglutination, appear, however, to be natural tendencies, betraying a species of Teutonic outcrop in our flexible, composite language; and their appearance is by no means confined to botanists or scientists. The word “castiron” appeared in the local Dominion newspaper in June, 1919; whilst the Oxford University Press Rules for Compositors and Readers includes “cast iron” in a list of compound words that should be printed without the hyphen. In the first editions of Tennyson's poems the following compounds appear, amongst others: In “The Lady of Shalott, 1833—yellowleavèd, greensheathèd, overtrailed, silken sailed, pearlgarland, barleysheaves, thickjewelled; and in “Mariana,” 1830—casementcurtain and marishmosses. In the Collected Poems of 1851, both “yellowleavèd,” and “greensheathèd, “which appeared in stanza 1, were dropped in the remodelling of that stanza; “overtrailed” and “silkensailed” became “barges trail'd” and “silken-sail'd”; the “pearlgarland” was dropped altogether; “barleysheaves” became two words—“barley sheaves”; “thickjewelled” and others were hyphened—“thick-jewell'd.” The two compounds from “Mariana.” were also hyphened, and so they have remained. Tennyson himself, speaking of the word “tendriltwine” in Poems by. Two Brothers, says, “I had an absurd antipathy to hyphens, and put two words together as one word.” His antipathy had been conquered, apparently, by 1851. In “The Lady of Shalott,” however, appear the compounds “village-churls,” “market-girls,” “bower-eaves,” “saddle-leather”; these remain in 1851, all but “market-girls,” where the hyphen is dropped—“market girls”—and this distinction still remains. Whilst the poet is not quite consistent in his practice, it is evident he perceived and followed a principle; and so with others—there is a percentible drift towards the hyphening or agglutination, especially of words of one syllable. At the same time there is apparent
a resistance to the drift, so that words that look and sound as though they might well coalesce, break again even if they coalesce for a time—as though these were a more or less definite size natural to the idea-crystals, at least in English. The reason for the coalescence appears to be this: The prefixed word, whilst at first merely descriptive, gradually comes to be regarded as part of the word; and as a matter of fact it is part of the word. Take the familiar name “blackbird.” It is evident that the original name-givers recognized this songster simply as a black bird. There were doubtless many other black birds, but this one attracted attention so much, to the exclusion of others, that it became the black bird, the two names joining, with the idea, as one—“blackbird.” So it is with other compound names: once the prefixed word comes to be regarded as actually part of the name—when word and description are one in thought—coalescence takes place. There is no whitebird, though there are white birds; there is a whitethroat, however; a blackcap; a redpoll; and so on. There appears to be no necessity for hyphening the prefixed descriptive word unless the compound word resulting differs in meaning from the unhyphened words. If the descriptive word be a substantive there seems to be more logic in inserting the hyphen, though the example given by the American writer on this subject, F. Horace Teall, does not cover all instances. He points out that “paper-box” means a box made of paper, whereas “paper-box” means a box for holding paper. When Paratrophis was called the “milk-tree,” however, the name merely meant “the tree with milk-like sap,” and that is the meaning that would almost certainly be assumed by any one first seeing the name. Omission of the hyphen would not change the meaning to “the tree made of milk,” and “milk tree” is as clear in meaning as “milk-tree.” Milk is one substance, however, and tree is another; and when both are used as one name there seems to be some natural tendency to join them with a hyphen and make them one word. In the instance “oak tree,” oak is already a tree, and does not need the second word at all, nor would the coalescence of the words change the meaning in any degree. On further descriptive words being prefixed to “milk-tree,” as in “large-leaved milk-tree,” a second hyphen is required to join the two descriptive words. If it were intended to say that the milk-tree was a large tree with leaves, then “large leaved milk-tree” would be sufficient; but in this instance the “large” refers to the leaf and not to the tree. “Silver pine” does not mean a pine made of silver, any more than “milk tree” means “tree made of milk.” The debatable ground appears when the question arises as to whether “silver” is a substantive or an adjective; if an adjective, there is no need for the hyphen between it and the substantive following: that is, adjective is hyphened to adjective, substantive to substantive—“golden-haired,” but “golden hair.” Thus the forms “cranesbill” and “parrotsbill” are better than “crane's bill” and “parrot's bill.” The latter may refer to the actual bill of a crane or a parrot; the former has quite another significance An illustrative example is the name “hanging-tree spleenwort” given by Potts to Asplenium flaccidum. The hyphening is here incorrect. As at present, it means the spleenwort growing on the hanging-tree, whereas it was intended to mean the hanging spleenwort which grows on a tree. The form should therefore be “hanging tree-spleenwort.” All statements must, however, be made with caution, for refutation may be met on every hand. Should the forms be “yellow wood” and
“white wood,” or “yellow-wood” (yellowwood) and “white-wood” (whitewood)? The latter seem preferable, if only for the reason that “yellow wood” and “white wood” may mean wood that is yellow or white. “Yellowwood,” again, seems to offer an objection in the doubled w, and the hyphen is usually present in words like “yellow-wort,” “yellow-weed,” “mallow-wort”; but “chaffinch” had at first to contend with a tripled consonant “chaff-finch”: it simply ignored one of them, and a w might similarly be ignored—“yellowood” if two seem objectionable—“yellowwood.” In passing, two recent names of this kind may receive a moment's attention—“red tea-tree” and “white tea-tree,” given, on account of the colour of their wood, to Leptospermum scoparium and L. ericoides respectively. As however, there are red and white-flowering manuka, and the flowers are far more evident to the ordinary observer than the cut wood, it is inevitable that it will be supposed that the names were given because of the flowers, and confusion must follow. It would be better to nip these names in the bud. The whole argument regarding the hyphening or otherwise of words seems to become unnecessary, and to collapse when it is remembered that in speech there is no indication, or no certain indication, of the presence or absence of a hyphen. The slight difference in accent between “black bird” and “blackbird” is too slight to be relied on; and, moreover, accent varies with individuals, and even with mood. Yet the fact that one compound may appear objectionable when written, and another unobjectionable, shows that there is a linking-up in the thought, even if unconscious; and and it is this mental linking-up that affects the pronunciation. Confusion is less likely to occur in writing than in speaking, and in the written sentence the context will show if the words “black cap” are to be taken as the bird or as the cap that is black. F. Horace Teall, already mentioned, has attempted the formulation of rules for the compounding of English words; but the rules arrived at are altogether too complex, and also appear incapable of application. He gives a long list of phrases or words which should not be joined, and a list of words which should not be separated. In the following, a few of the former are given in the first column, a few of the latter in the second:— Black bryony Blackbird Black currant Blackcap Black pine Blackthorn Blue grass Blueweed Green linnet Greenbird Red birch Redbud Red cedar Redcap Red pine Redwood White ash Whiteear White pine Whitethorn Wild oat Wildcat Yellow pine Yellowweed There appears to be no reason, other than usage, for one form more than the other; and if usage be urged as the reason for the difference then the rule is usage—a rule that cannot possibly be set down. It is true that in one case the second word is more particular, in the other more general; “pine” is a particular class, as “red pine,” but “wood” is a general term, so “redwood.” “Grass” is a particular class, so “blue grass,” whilst “weed” is general, so “blueweed.” Yet we have the form “black-pine”;
and in speaking of “Kentucky blue grass,” does not the decided accent on the “blue” as compared with the light accent on the “grass,” together with the shortening of the pause between the two words, show that in thought the words are coalesced—“blue-grass” if not “bluegrass”? Then if “greenbird” to distinguish it from the general class of green birds, why not “greenlinnet” to distinguish it from other linnets? “Goldfinch” and “chaffinch” might be quoted to illustrate the coalescence; but it might then be pointed out that these are two substantives, not adjective and substantive. Teall complains that the makers of dictionaries apparently make no attempt to use the hyphen according to some definite rule. He is right: no attempt is made, and the reason is given by the editors of the Concise Oxford Dictionary, 1911. “We have also to admit,” they write, “that after trying hard at an early stage to arrive at some principle that should teach us when to separate, when to hyphen, and when to unite the parts of compound words, we had to abandon the attempt as hopeless, and welter in the prevailing chaos.” Not all dictionarymakers are so pessimistic, however; and in the 1923 edition of Funk and Wagnall's New Standard Dictionary F. Horace Teall has made the heroic attempt to maintain a consistent system of hyphening through the two big volumes. In the Oxford University Press Rules for Compositors, 1912, referred to above, an attempt has been made to formulate a few rules that may guide, if they cannot direct and control:— “The hyphen need not, as a rule, be used to join an adverb to the adjective which it qualifies: as in—a beautifully furnished house; a well calculated scheme. When the word might not at once be recognized as an adverb, use the hyphen: as—a well-known statesman; the best-known proverb: a good-sized room; a new-found country. “When an adverb qualifies a predicate, the hyphen should not be used: as—this fact is well known. “Where either (1) a noun and adjective or participle, or (2) an adjective and noun, in combination, are used as a compound adjective, the hyphen should be used: a poverty-stricken family; a blood-red hand; a nineteenth-century invention. “A compound noun which has but one accent, and from familiar use has become one word, requires no hyphen: bla'ckbird; hai'rbrush; ha'nd-book; ma'ntelpiece; scho'olboy; whe'elbarrow. “Compound words of more than one accent, as a'pple-tre'e, che'rry-pie’, gra'vel-wa'lk, as well as others which follow, require hyphens: air-man; arm-chair; death-rate; farm-house; hour-glass; jaw-bone; new-built; race-course.” Thus far the rules may be followed, since they appear formulated on some comprehensible reason, though the words last quoted seem to be in a half-way condition; for surely no hyphen is needed in airman, farmhouse, hourglass, jawbone, racecourse. The last rule, however, appears rather to be an arbitrary instruction; for after saying that “half an inch,” “half a dozen,” &c., require no hyphen, it is added: “Print the following also without hyphens: cast iron; court martial; easy chair; high road; plum pudding; post office.” It has been objected that whilst no hyphen is needed in “jawbone” considered by itself, yet it is found convenient to compound it as one of a large category of similar expressions, some of which would not make good consolidated words, as “arm-bone,” “leg-bone,” thigh-bone,” &c. Yet it is a matter of custom; for “jawbone” and “backbone” do not come amiss, and why should “armbone” and “legbone”?
This paper was written before these Rules for Compositors were seen, and the writer was gratified to find himself so much in accord with the Rules; but this last instruction seems to flout the rules themselves, and it will not be observed. “Highway” is an accepted form—why not “high-road” or even “highroad”? The latter is used, and, as noted above, “castiron” has been used. “Court-martial,” too, follows rule, as do “plum-pudding” and “post-office.” In speech, one can only tell uncertainly from the accent if the speaker conceives of the compound as one word or two. The Maori was a prolific name-giver; and his names show him to have been possessed of a keen sense of discrimination, so that many of those names may be adopted without fear of confusion, and more are being adopted from year to year. In his new edition of New Zealand Plants and their Story, Dr. Cockayne has finally adopted “rimu,” “matai,” “kahikatea,” instead of the English “red,” “black,” and “white” pine. He has adopted “koromiko” in place of “veronica”—an adoption that will help to keep in mind the distinction between the English and New Zealand forms of veronica. Like the bushman, though not to the same extent, the Maori was puzzled by the various species of beech, and Kirk excepts his beech-names when recommending the adoption of Maori names generally. “In the great majority of cases,” says he, “the Maori names are much better adapted for commercial use than those commonly employed” (Kirk, Forest Flora of N.Z., Pref., p. vi). There is now no attempt made to supplant such names as “kauri,” “totara,” “pukatea;” “karaka,” “ngaio,” “tawa”—partly because the distinctiveness of the trees made adoption of the names easier than the invention of others. Unsuccessful attempts were made to supplant “puriri,” “titoki,” “kowhai,” with “New Zealand teak,” “New Zealand ash,” “New Zealand laburnum.” Maori and European names have been used indifferently in “rimu,” “matai,” “kahikatea”—red, black, and white pine; “kotukutuku” and “kohutuhutu” have given way to “fuchsia,” or to the now less common misnomer “konini-tree,” unless used in the sense that “pear-tree” is used; “makomako” has given place to “wineberry,” or “New Zealand currant.” In some instances the Maori name has been adopted but corrupted: “matagowry” for “tumatakuru,” where “wild-irishman” is not used; “biddy-bid” for “piripiri”; “bunger” (now fortunately seldom heard) for “ponga”; “cracker” (also falling into disuse) for “karaka.” “Kowhai” went through many stages—“goa,” “gohi,” &c., before settling to the two forms “kowhai” in the North and “gowhai” or “gowai” in the South. In one instance the Maori name has been adopted in a translated and shortened form—” parrot's-beak,” or “kaka-beak,” for “kowhaingutukaka.” In some instances the varieties of the trees have been distinguished by the prefixing of a European term to a Maori name—“black mapau,” “white mapau”; or the name has, by corruption, been made quite European, and quite wrong, by changing “mapau” to “maple.” The various ratas have been more or less distinguished as “shining rata,” “southern rata,” “white-flowering rata,” &c. At first the Maori names were used with hyphens separating the parts—“kowhai-ngutu-kaka”; and, whilst this may be a convenience, enabling easier analysis of a long word, Archdeacon Williams rejects the hyphens and joins the parts—.“kowhaingutukaka”—as in the good English “cranesbill.” With him the Maori substantive has almost completely shed the hyphen.
Is there any way of arriving at some uniformity of nomenclature, and of avoiding the confusion too often occasioned by the loosely-given common names? “Yes,” answers the scientist, one of the most observant of nature's observers, “by the adoption of a fixed nomenclature based on words derived from Latin or Greek; when the name, once adopted, is recognized throughout the scientific world, and may be recognized by the unscientific world also.” Devoutly-wished consummation! But the “once adopted” is a stumbling-block and an offence. We were taught by the scientists to speak of the nikau always as Areca sapida. That name became quite familiar, when it was discovered that the plant belonged to another genus, and we were bidden to think and write of the nikau no longer as Areca sapida, but as Rhopalostylis sapida, the genus Areca remaining, though the nikau is no longer in its fold, and Areca sapida becoming no more than a synonym. Relief from the birch-cum-beech confusion was found in Fagus: and later we were required to prefix Notho-, referring to our beeches as Nothofagus (the southern fagus), and to remember at the same time that Noto-when prefixed to other of our plants, as Notosparlium and Notothlaspi, was not a misprint but meant something quite different from Notho—“false,” to wit. Even when, in spite of widespread wont, we had accustomed ourselves to thinking and writing of birch as “beech,” we were bidden go one further and think and write of it as “southern beech.” Panax became partly Nothopanax and partly Pseudopanax. From these changes—and the changing of scientific names is by no means a phenomenon of recent date—has arisen a multiplicity of synonyms (see the pages of Cheeseman, whose lists are not exhaustive) almost equalling in number the synonyms of the bushman; and we begin to suspect the supplanter Jacob the scientist to be no better than his brother Esau the bushman. Potts, knowing a certain fern as Hymenophyllum montanum, gave it the common name “the mountain broad-leaved filmy fern.” But H. atrovirens, the original name, must stand, and the common name remains as witness to the defection of its scientific fellow. His rendering of Lomaria duplicata as the double fern was good, but unfortunately did not prevent the original name, L. capensis, being adopted. And now, L. capensis (= Blechnum capensis) being found only at the Cape, the name is to be Blechnum procerum! The changes in the scientific names, however, are not due to any mere casual drift; a goal is in view, and a course has been set out. The Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, adopted by the Vienna Congress in 1905, and published in 1906, were sound and good. In every instance the name first given and placed on record is the name to be recognized and finally adopted. A plant may be given a new name provisionally; but if it is found subsequently that it has been placed in the wrong genus the generic name may be changed, but the specific name stands: thus it was that Areca sapida became Rhopalostylis sapida. By these means a uniformity of nomenclature is certainly a possibility (supposing, of course, that the names are adopted by scientists the world over); and by the complete co-operation of scientists the possibility will speedily become an actuality. The piling of synonyms merely means the shedding of discarded names in favour, not of a new one, but of an earlier and the final one. The synonyms are names that have been given somewhat in the manner that the common names have been given; but whereas it is impossible to say which, if any, of the common names will finally be adopted, in scientific nomenclature there is now a certainty because there is a definite rule, with a definite end in view.
There is much to be said, too, for scientific nomenclature. It offers universal intelligibility. It is, moreover, based on the principle adopted by primeval and uncultured man himself, and by his successors, the settler and bushman. It is in the giving of a name that savage, settler, and scientist alike display imagination or the lack of it. As a general rule, though there are many exceptions, and some dreadful exceptions, the characteristic features of the plant are taken and expressed in the tongue adopted, be it Greek or Latin. Brachy-glottis, “broad leaf,” is a name that appeals at once to any one familiar with the characteristic foliage of the rangiora. So, too, does Aci-phylla, the sharp leaf, to any one familiar with the spaniard: and who is not? Pteris aquilina, the “eaglet's wing,” is a beautiful name, of instant appeal; and when esculenta is added, the appeal is there, though it may be of a lower order. Nor does it matter that pteris was the general name in Greek for fern; the poetry of the name-giving is simply more ancient in date—its lineage is proven to be well founded in antiquity. But here we have to remember that in future this form of a name—Pteris aquilina var. esculenta—is a synonym only; the new name is Pteridium esculentum. So pitto-sporum, the “pitchy seed”; hymeno-phyllum, the “membranous leaf”; ptero-stylis, the “winged style”—these are apt names; and, were Greek and Latin vulgar tongues, the names would be adopted at once, and permanently adopted—as pteris was adopted. This adoption might be ensured were the signification of the name added in brackets, at least until the name became familiar. This could well be done in popular books and in text-books; the unlettered are not unresponsive to the appeal of beauty, and many of the scientific names are undoubtedly beautiful in meaning. This translation of the scientific name has been done, in a manner, in The Plants of New Zealand, by Laing and Blackwell—only there appears to be but little use and not much more help in translating Chenopodium triandrum as the “triandrous cheno-podium”; Ixerba brexioides as the “brexia-like ixerbia”; Pennantia corymbosa as the “corymbose pennantia”; and Calystegia Soldanella as the “soldanella-like calystegia.” The adoption of many scientific names is proof that they are not regarded with rooted aversion, or with an aversion so deeply rooted that it cannot be eradicated. Geranium, pelargonium, rhododendron, chrysanthemum, gladiolus, calceolaria—all are apt names, pleasing in sound and poetical in concept. But it must be confessed that it was probably neither the aptness nor the poetry that influenced their adoption, for the adopter was usually ignorant of both. Rather their adoption was an indication of the paucity of imagination; adoption, though difficult, was less difficult than invention. How else could antirrhinum be adopted—and eschscholtzia—and even fuchsia?—names of perpetual bane to unfortunate youth. The pronunciation of the last two, furthermore, by no means agrees with the language from which they are derived; and it is an added hardship that as a rule no explanation of the name is offered to the struggling mind; the name is nothing but an unreasonable aggregation of letters. The names are, moreover, inappropriate, being merely names of botanists,—Fuchs (Fox) and Eschscholtz; nor is the latter much easier when we are told that the t may now be dropped, “eschscholzia.” Without doubt memory is a miraculous gift, and is most patient under abuse. A quotation from Domett may not be out of place:— Life's the green Cone-cap hiding for its hour That golden Californian poppy-bud; Death pulls it off—outbursts the Soul—the flower! —Ranolf and Amohia, Bk. 1, Can. 5, Sec. 14.
He says of the second line, “The circumlocution…necessitated by the infinitely barbarous scientific name given to the beautiful flower ‘Eschscholtzia’ !” Of names of this kind there are many adopted—“lobelia,” “camellia,” “godetia,” “boronia”—names immortalized, and in how fugitive creations! “Kniphofia” has not been adopted, and there is little wonder in that. Gardeners use the alternative name “tritoma”; but the popular names are “torch-lily,” “red-hot poker”; and to which namer must be awarded the palm for imagination? Scientists often have themselves to blame if their names are rejected: what cause other than perversity originated such names as Tmesipteris, Ehrharta, Staehelina, Mniarum, Rhabdothamnus? They do but court rejection, and deserve it. An excellent usage, too, has been too seldom followed: why not use the Maori name as the specific name? This was done in Podocarpus totara, in Beilschmiedia taraire, in Beilschmiedia tawa. It is too late to remedy the omission now, or we might have Alectryon titoki, Aristotelia makomako, Edwardsia kowhai, and the like graceful wedding of the old and the new. Setting aside, too, the difficulties presented by a strange tongue to innocence when it meets an unusual word like pteris, the scientist in his speech often still further disguises and makes repellant the name which otherwise might appeal. As often as not, he pronounces “pit'to-sporum” “pittos'porum”; “a'ci-phylla” “aciph'ylla”; and so on. Mr. G. M. Thomson gives a little sage advice on this point: “I take it,” he says, “that without being pedantic the pronunciation should as far as possible follow the derivation.” The inconsistency of accentuation, too, is a puzzle: if “pittos'porum,” and not “pit'to-sporum,” why not “dracoph'yllum” and “pteros'tylis,” and not “drac'o-phyllum” and “pter'o-stylis”? And, whilst he has not heard it, the writer learns that “pteros'tylis” is not unknown. Field has a paragraph to the point: “As my book is intended chiefly for unlearned readers, to the names of the ferns at the heads of the descriptions and elsewhere I have appended a guide to the pronunciation, to prevent such common mistakes as pronouncing Hymenophyllum (Hymen-o-phyl-lum), which means ‘filmy leaf’; Hymenophilum (Hymenoph-il-um), which would mean ‘film-loving,’ and be nonsense: or calling Gleichenia, in which the ei has the hard sound of i in ‘file,’ the ch is a guttural, and the second e scarcely sounded, as if it were written Glikeenia or Gleekeenia.” In the pronunciation of “Hymenophyllum” he follows Johnson, who in The Gardener's Dictionary gives it as “Hymenophy'llum,” and Wright, who in his Encyclopaedia of Gardening gives it as “Hymen-ophyl-lum.” The name “Alsophila” Field prints “Al-soph-il-a,” and here the accent is correctly placed on the “o,” following Johnson and Wright, who print a word of similar derivation, gypsophila, “gypso'phila” and gypso'ph-ila respectively. The reason for the difference is in the difference of the root:— Hymen, a membrane; phyllon, a leaf. Alsos, a forest; phileo, to love. Gypsos, chalk; phileo, to love. The confusion in accentuation is no doubt partly due to the close resemblance of the words; but the confusion might be avoided were the roots and meaning given with the name in the first place—unless, that is, botany is to be only a written science. It is true, too, that this curious shifting of the accent appears to follow an inexplicable tendency in our language; for whilst we say tel'egraph, arith'metic, ad'vertise, we say teleg'raphy, arithmet'ical, adver'tisement:
the derivation is revealed in one word, concealed in its fellow. In following this apparently instinctive law, we say, not te'tra-ptera, but tetrap'tera, giving a fuller sound to the p than it had, or than we suppose it had, in the original. In ptera the p was so subdued that the pt is ordinarily represented by t; and it is no doubt due to the desire for easier pronunciation of what looks like the representation of a double sound that the p and t have been separated, making two sounds of what should be one. Tetrap'tera has its parallel in another science—entomology—where tetrap'terous is used instead of tetra-pterous (four-winged). Here, too, a whole series of generic names is given an English accent—lepidop'tera, hymenop'tera, neurop'tera, dip'tera, &c., instead of le'pido-ptera (scaly-winged), hy'meno-ptera (membranous-winged), neu'ro-ptera (nervenet-winged), di'-ptera (two-winged), &c.; yet in the parallel words lep'idosau'ria, lep'idosi'ren, and lep'idoden'dron the root accent is given. If this shifting of the accent be in obedience to a linguistic law, we must, will we, nill we, abide by it, contenting ourselves merely with pointing out that the law is inconsistent, and that certain persons do aid and abet it in its inconsistency. But then, our vigorous and felicitous tongue is such an agglomeration of inconsistencies, to our seeming, that a few more or less hardly matter—except to the unfortunate struggling for expression. Parallel formations exert an influence, and the familiar pronunciation of the combination apt would no doubt present itself unconsciously to the thought when a new combination, such as apteryx was met, and hence the common ap'-teryx, instead of a-pte'ryx (without wings). In pte'ro-dactyl the sound of the p has been dropped since the pt begins the word: why not when it begins the syllable within the word? In volume 51 of the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, pp. 409–14, Professor A. Wall expresses himself in a paper, wide in interest, if pessimistic in tone, regarding the pronunciation of scientific terms. He suggests the adoption of certain classical pronunciations, to be decided upon by a proposed committee, and adopted by future scientists. But even if, in the first place, the scientists themselves were able to agree on the pronunciations to be adopted, and would use them consistently when adopted, they form but a small section of the public, and any attempt of theirs to stem the set of popular pronunciation would be, as Professor Wall fears, foredoomed to failure. If certain linguistic laws govern the sound of phonetics when adopted by one language from another, Latin and Greek phonetics cannot escape that law, nor can the change be prevented, however much it may offend the ear: it were perhaps easier to remove the offence by modifying the individual ear. Then, too, pronunciation is not fixed; and the committee, if appointed, were like to prove a perennial—and a struggling perennial. Moreover, botanical treatises are far more often written than spoken, and in writing or reading pronunciation is of no moment; and, as one leading scientist has said, “whichever way the word is pronounced, I know what is meant, and that is the main thing.” It has been noted that in giving the generic name some characteristic of the plant has been seized on, and from this many good names result. There is more difficulty in giving the specific name, though here advantage may be taken of minor distinguishing characteristics. This is well seen in the specific names of the genus Veronica—buxifolia, diosmaefolia, dasyphylla, leiophylla, ligustrifolia, pinguifolia, salicifolia, where the leaf-difference has been taken as the characteristic; acutiflora, parviflora, uniflora, where the flower has been taken; cupressoides, loganioides, lycopodioides, pimeleoides, where its resemblance to some other plant has been taken; and so on. But there is nothing descriptive in such specific names as Balfouriana,
Barkeri, Benthami, Bidwillii, Buchanani, Buxbaumii—to take the Bs only in this variable genus. Sometimes this proper name is the name of the discoverer of the species, and it is then tolerable; sometimes it is the name of a good worker in this or another science, when it is barely tolerable; sometimes it is the name of a friend of the name-giver, when it becomes unreasonable. The aggravation is as acute when the common name is made merely a translation of a name of this kind—Buchanan's veronica; and it is a pleasure to find that in Dr. Cockayne's book, already referred to, this system of common naming has been discarded. There is surely no plant so undistinguished that it has no characteristic of which advantage may be taken in giving a name; it certainly can have no common name unless it have some characteristic, in appearance, or use, or obtrusiveness, upon which the common mind is able to fasten, even if it receive a name like the “innominate” of osteology. Dr. Cockayne has made a considerable beginning in the invention of common names for the lesser known New Zealand plants; and, whilst he shows inconsistency, it is palpably no more than the inconsistency of a mind working towards a definite end in the midst of much difficulty and obscurity. He adopts one name, and later on discards it for one he considers more appropriate. Many of the names given bear their own warrant of adoption, many as sure a warrant of their rejection. In the naming of ferns he has in most instances followed Potts, one of our early and most prolific name-givers; and in the naming of grasses he has followed Buchanan—hyphen in hand. Objection has already been taken to the naming of Carpodetus serratus “New Zealand hawthorn”; and objection must also be made to such names as “common mountain shrubby groundsel,”. “persicaria-leaved pond-weed,” “broad-leaved tussock oat-grass.” This is not name-giving, it is description. And the objection of length may almost as reasonably be urged against these names as against such scientific names as Anthurium Scherzerianum album maximum flavescens, the name given to the white-flowered anthurium (Gardener's Chronicle, 1886, p. 187). “Gentian” is a good name; “New Zealand gentian” is hardly a new name, still less is “common New Zealand gentian”—they simply modify an old name. So the various willowherbs are distinguished by a characterizing adjective; but these are not names. It is not necessary that all willowherbs should have that name with modifying adjective. True, the “bottle-campion” is a variety of the campion, as are the “red campion” and the “white campion”; but so are the “ragged robin,” the spotted catch-fly, and the “German catch-fly.” The mind to which a common name appeals is not concerned whether or no that name reveals the relation of the plants one to another; if the name and the plant are well mated, that is sufficient. “Hart's-tongue” and “maiden-hair” are sufficient without the addition of “fern”; the names catch the imagination. “Oak” and “poplar” need no addition to tell the common mind they are trees. In Dr. Cockayne's book, “three-square” as a name for Scirpus americanus is a true name, and seems good; good names, also, are “starlily,” “coral-shrub,” “bell-vine,” “pen-wiper plant”; and there is little doubt that once our New Zealand plants become thoroughly well known, through such excellent books and papers as Dr. Cockayne's, many of his tentative names will irrevocably be discarded for others, more concise if perhaps less descriptive. And one of the first to accept the new names will be Dr. Cockayne. It is no easy matter to invent a new name; and it is not, perhaps, the scientist to whom we should look for the new names, but his complement, the poet; and he does no more than give expression to feelings that had first to be general before he might win the power of
enduring expression. It is this general feeling that gives the charm to Bridges's poem “The Idle Flowers”:— I have sown upon the fields Eyebright and Pimpernel, And Pansy and Poppy-seed Ripen'd and scatter'd well, And silver Lady-smock, The meads with light to fill, Cowslip and Buttercup, Daisy and Daffodil; King-cup and Fleur-de-lys Upon the marsh to meet With Comfrey, Watermint, Loose-strife and Meadowsweet; And all along the stream My care hath not forgot Crowfoot's white galaxy And love's Forget-me-not: And where high grasses wave Shall great Moon-daisies blink, With Rattle and Sorrel sharp And Robin's ragged pink. Thick on the woodland floor Gay company shall be, Primrose and Hyacinth And frail Anemone, Perennial Strawberry-bloom, Woodsorrel's pencilled veil, Dishevel'd Willow-weed And Orchis purple and pale, Bugle, that blushes blue, And Woodruff's snowy gem, Proud Fox-glove's finger-bells, And Spurge with milky stem. And so for thirteen stanzas more. These are real and enduring names, and many of the wildings gracing them have been acclimatized here. When will the names of our New Zealand wildings be acclimatized in British poetry? The following lists cannot and do not claim to be complete: the net has been cast widely, but it is certain that many names have not been caught. The lists, will, however, serve as a basis, to which other names may be added from time to time as discovered or created. In many instances the authorities quoted do not adopt the name or use it themselves, but simply quote it as being in common use. The list of scientific names is published with this paper; the list of popular names and the list of authorities will be published in the next volume. It is unsafe to make any rule; it is almost unsafe to make any suggestion: language has an individuality of its own, a complex individuality that will not brook interference; its users, too, have an individuality that will brook less: but might it be suggested that the common name marked with a star appears to commend itself for general adoption. There is, of course, always room for a good name, always room for a better; and these need not be regarded as fixed stars. When the starred name is enclosed in brackets it is a name that the author has not met in print, but is suggested as appropriate. It seems hardly necessary to suggest any name at all when the plant is so undistinguished as usually to pass unobserved; a scientist needs only the scientific name; to the layman a suggested name would mean no more than the scientific name: when the plant becomes noticeable, through closer association, its name will come with it. It is probable that popular names come largely through children and unlettered people, and are introduced into literature by poets. A few naturalized plants have been included, some because they have received Maori names, some because they have joined a family well represented in New Zealand. In these cases a dagger † precedes the scientific name. Garden varieties such as Brachyglottis rangiora purpurea (bronze-leaved rangiora), Phormium tenax Williamsii variegata (broad-leaved flax with yellow variegations), have not been included; they might be included could they be identified with Maori varieties, and should be included did they become recognized fixed varieties. A few plants now recognized as hybrids have been marked X.
Scientific, Maori, and Common Names of New Zealand Plants. Names suggested for adoption starred *; if in brackets, the name has not appeared in literature, at least in the form suggested. Naturalized plants are marked † hybrids. X. Acaena adscendens: 1 Found only on Macquarie Island, the mainland plant being A. saccaticupula. silver piripiri Acaena inermis: spineless piripiri Acaena microphylla: small-leaved acæna Acaena novae-zelandiae: New Zealand acæna New Zealand burr red biddy-bid red New Zealand burr red piripiri *(red burr) † Acaena ovina: Australian piripiri Acaena Sanguisorbae: huruhuru-o-Hinenuitepo hutiwai kaia kaiarurerure kaikaia kaikaiaruhe kaikaiarure pirikahu *piripiri piriwhetau beta-beta bid-a-bid biddy-bid biddy-biddy *biddybiddy bidi-bidi common burr green biddy-bid native burr New Zealand burr Acaena Sanguisorbae var. minor: antarctic burr antarctic piripiri *(polar burr) Acaena Sanguisorbae var. pilosa: mountain piripiri Aciphylla Ashcroftii:2 No such name now recognized. speargrass Aciphylla Colensoi: kurikuri taramea bayonet grass bayonet-grass bayonet plant bayonette grass bloody Spaniard bloody-Spaniard Colenso's Spaniard Spaniard *spear-grass Aciphylla Colensoi var. maxima:3 Name not now recognized; the same as A. maxima. greater-spaniard Aciphylla Lyallii: bayonet plant Aciphylla Lyallii var. crenulata: saw-leaved Spaniard Aciphylla maxima: giant spaniard Aciphylla Monroi: alpine spear grass little spaniard Monro's Spaniard tiny spear-grass *(pigmy spear-grass) Aciphylla squarrosa: karamea kurikuri papaii (= the young form) *taramea tumatakuru bayonet plant rough Spaniard *spaniard spear grass spear-grass speargrass spur-grass wild Spaniard Aciphylla Traillii: Stewart Island spaniard Stewart Island spear-grass Ackama rosaefolia: makaka *makamaka4 The name Ackama is intended as an anagram of makamaka. Adiantum: *maidenhair Adiantum aethiopicum: African maidenhair creeping maiden hair English maidenhair maidenhair *rock-fern small-leaved maidenhair Adiantum affine: common maidenhair Cunningham's maiden hair fern large-leaved maidenhair maiden hair Adiantum diaphanum: little maidenhair thin-leaved maidenhair Adiantum formosum: giant maiden-hair giant maidenhair *plumed maidenhair plumed maiden hair fern Adiantum fulvum: brown-stemmed maiden-hair Adiantum hispidulum: hairy maidenhair hairy maiden hair fern Aecidium kowhai: — myopori: *witches-broom Agaricus adiposus: harore (also a general term for fungi)
Agathis australis: kapia (= the resin) *kauri caudie coudy cowdy cowrie-pine cowry kaudi kaudi-tree kauri pine king-pine koudi pine kowdie-pine New Zealand fir New Zealand yellow pine olive-leaved cedar yellow pine Ageratum conyzioides: cherry pie cherry-pie *wild heliotrope Agropyron multiflorum: short-awned wheat grass Agropyron scabrum: patiti patiti-taranui blue-grass blue wheat grass Agropyron squarrosum:1 No such name now recognized; perhaps syn. for A. scabrum. blue grass Agropyron Youngii blue grass var. Agrostis Dyeri: brown bent brown bent grass New Zealand bent-grass *(Maori bent) Agrostis Forsteri (Deyeuxia filiformis and D. Forsteri): *perehia repehina toheraoa turikoka toothed bent grass toothed bent-grass *(toothed bent) Agrostis parviflora: slender bent grass small-flowered bent-grass Agrostis pilosa (Deyeuxia filiformis var. pilosa): pilose bent grass Agrostis. subulata: alpine bent grass alpine bent-grass dwarf mountain bent grass Alectryon excelsum: tapitapi *titoki titongi tokitoki tongitongi topitopi lofty alectryon native ash New Zealand ash New Zealand oak pitoko Aleurites moluccana: candle-nut *candlenut Alopecurus geniculatus: knee-jointed fox-tail grass marsh foxtail Alseuosmia Banksii: matukuroimata *pere Alseuosmia linearifolia matukuroimata Alseuosmia macrophylla: horopito *karapapa kokotaika toropapa honeysuckle large-leaved alseuosmia shrubby honeysuckle Alseuosmia quercifolia: *matukuroimata *toropapa oak-leaved alseuosmia Alsophila Colensoi: creeping tree fern golden tree-fern grove fern mountain tree-fern *(grove-fern) Alternanthera sessilis: mahuri nahui Angelica geniculata: climbing-aniseed jointed angelica *(climbing-anise) Angelica Gingidium:2 Name not now recognized; the same as A. montana. naupiro native anise Angelica montana: anis anise aniseed native aniseed New Zealand aniseed *(Maori anise) Angelica rosaefolia: kohepiro *koheriki kumarahou aniseed *rose-leaved anise Angelica trifoliolata: *bog-anise Anisotome: pinakitere native parsley *(Maori parsley) Anisotome aromatica: *kopoti common alpine ligusticum common anisotome Anisotome carnosulum: fleshy ligusticum Anisotome Enysii: rock-anisotome Anisotome latifolium: broad-leaved ligusticum Anisotome Lyallii: *Maori parsnip Anisotome piliferum: bristly ligusticum Apium australe:3 Name not now recognized: the same as A. prostratum. tutaekoau
Apium filiforme: slender celery slender New Zealand celery wild celery Apium prostratum: Australian celery celery native celery New Zealand celery prostrate parsley *(Maori celery) X Aristotelia Colensoi: Colenso's wineberry Aristotelia fruticosa: *mountain-currant mountain wineberry shrubby aristotelia Aristotelia serrata (racemosa): *makomako light-wood lime tree moko-mok moko-moko native currant New Zealand currant New Zealand wineberry racemose aristotelia wine berry wine-berry *wineberry Arthropodium candidum: repehina-papa *star-lily white arthropodium Arthropodium cirratum: maikaika popohui rengarenga curled arthropodium Mabel Island lily New Zealand lily North Island lily renga lily rock lily rock-lily *(renga-lily) Arthropteris tenella: tender polypody Arundo conspicua: *toetoe toetoe-kakaho kakaho (= the culms) kokaho (prob. kakaho) Arundo conspicua—cont. cutting grass erect-plumed tussock-grass flag New Zealand reed pampas grass plumed tussac grass plume grass *plume-grass sword-grass toe-toe grass toetoe grass toetoe-grass tohe-tohe tohi grass toi-grass toi-toi grass Arundo fulvida: erect plumed tussac grass Ascarina lucida: *hutu glossy ascarine Asperella gracilis: slender glumeless grass Asperula perpusilla: dwarf bedstraw *woodroof Asplenium adiantoides: peretao *petako ware drooping spleenwort *lance-leaved spleenwort shining-spleenwort Asplenium bulbiferum: maku manamana mauku moku *mouki mouku carrot-top common spleenwort mother-fern proliferous spleenwort *(cradling fern) Asplenium caudatum: tailed spleenwort Asplenium Colensoi: Colenso's spleenwort Asplenium falcatum: peretao *petako Asplenium flabellifolium: drooping spleenwort drooping-spleenwort necklace fern *necklace-fern rat-tail spleenwort whip-cord Asplenium flaccidum: maireire *makawe pohutukawa raukatauri whiri-o-Raukatauri drooping spleenwort drooping-spleenwort hanging-tree spleenwort pendant spleenwort *pendent spleenwort Asplenium Hookerianum: Hooker's spleenwort *maidenhair spleenwort Asplenium lucidum: *huruhuruwhenua panako paranako parenako paretao *shining spleenwort shining-spleenwort Asplenium Lyallii: Lyall's spleenwort Asplenium obtusatum: panako *paranako parenako paretao blunt leafed spleenwort lime-spleenwort sea spleenwort sea-spleenwort shore spleenwort *shore-spleenwort Asplenium Richardi: carrot fern Richard's spleenwort Richards' spleenwort *(carrot-fern) Asplenium scleroprium: toothed shore spleenwort Asplenium Trichomanes: maidenhair spleenwort rook spleenwort wall spleenwort
Astelia: mauri cotton plant perching-lilies Astelia Banksii: horahora kowharawhara puwharawhara *wharawhara shore-kowharawhara Astelia Cockaynei (montana): alpine astelia alpine bush-flax *mountain-astelia Astelia Cunninghamii: kahakaha *kokaha kowharawhara takahakaha (= when in flower) perching-kowharawhara Astelia linearis: dwarf astelia Astelia montana. See A. Cockaynei. Astelia nervosa: kakaha bush flax bush-flax *bush-lily common astelia giant astelia swamp-astelia swamp-asteliad Astelia Solandri: *kahakaha perching kahakaha perching lily *tree-flax Astelia subulata: sharp-leaved creeping astelia Astelia trinervia: kauri grass *kauri-grass Atriplex crystallina (Billardieri): New Zealand orache † Atriplex patula: spreading-orache Atropis novae-zealandiae: New Zealand atropis Atropis stricta: *salt grass sweet grass Avicennia officinalis: *manawa paetai tuputupu waikure *mangrove white mangrove Azolla rubra: karerarera *retoreto floating water-fern *red azolla Barbarea vulgaris: toi Beilschmiedia taraire: *taraire laurel-tree Beilschmiedia tawa: mariri (=the unripe fruit) pokere (= the fruit) pokerehu (= the fruit) *tawa New Zealand's damson Bidens pilosa: *kamu koheriki *cowage Blechnum (Lomaria): *hard fern hard-fern Blechnum alpinum:1 Now included in B. penna marina. narrow hard-fern Blechnum Banksii: Bank's hard fern Banks' hard fern shore hard-fern Blechnum capense. 2 Name to be changed to B. procerum, which see. See B. procerum. Blechnum discolor: *petipeti piupiu taniwhaniwha common hard fern *crown-fern fishbone-fern New Zealand's bird's nest fern Blechnum durum: coastal hard-fern thick-leaved hard fern thick-leaved hard-fern Blechnum filiforme: panako climbing hard fern climbing hard-fern *thread-fern Blechnum fluviatile: kawakawa *kiwikiwi creek fern *creek-fern Blechnum Fraseri: Frazer's fern mimic tree-fern miniature tree-fern Blechnum lanceolatum: nini *rereti lance-leaved fern lance-leaved hard fern Tasmanian hard fern Blechnum membranaceum: membrane-leaved fern Blechnum nigrum: black hard fern black hard-fern Blechnum Norfolkiana: thin-leaved hard fern Blechnum paleacea: 3 No such name now recognized. bronze-leaved fern Blechnum Patersoni: peretao broad-leaved hard-fern Paterson's fern Blechnum penna marinum: 4 This is now the accepted name also of B. alpinum. alpine hard fern alpine hard-fern little hard fern
Blechnum procerum (Forst. f.) J. C. Andersen = B. capense Schlecht. in Cheeseman, Man. N.Z. Flora, ed. 2, pp. 58–59: horokio *kiokio korokio koropiu piupiu tupari double fern long hard fern long hard-fern palm-leaved fern Blechnum rulcanicum: korokio triangular hard fern triangular hard-fern Bolbophyllum pygmaeum: pygmy bolbophyllum Botrychium: *moonwort Botrychium australe: moonwort Botrychium flabellifolium: 1 No such name now recognized. parsley fern Botrychium lunaria *moonwort Botrychium ternatum: patotara moonwort parsley fern parsley-fern rattle-snake fern *rattlesnake fern Brachycome odorata: *roniu Brachycome Sinclairii: daisy *grassland-daisy native daisy Sinclair's brachycome Brachyglottis rangiora: *rangiora Brachyglottis repanda: pukapuka pukariao rangiora raurakau *wharangi wharangitawhito Brachyglottis repanda—ctd paper leaf wavy-leaved rangiora *(paper-leaf) † Brassica campestris: keha korau nani pohata † Brossica oleracea: paea Captain Cook cabbage Maori cabbage Bromus arenarius: sea-side brome grass *seaside biome-grass Bulbinella Rossii: 2 Now included in Chrysobactron Rossii. Ross's bulbinella Bulbophyllum pygmaeum: piripiri Caladenia Lyallii: Lyall's caladenia Caladenia minor: lesser caladenia Calamagrostis. See Dey-euxia Calceolaria. See Jovellana. Callitriche: *water-starwort Callitriche Muelleri: southern water star-wort Caltha novae-zelandiae: marsh marygold New Zealand caltha New Zealand marsh-mari-gold *(Maori marigold) Calystegia sepium: akapohue nahinahi panahe panahi *panake pohue rauparaha bell climber *bell-vine bind-weed bindweed convolvulus Calystegia Soldanella: bindweed sand bindweed sand-convolvulus shore convolvulus shore-convolvulus soldanella-like calystegia *(sandbine) Calystegia tuguriorum: powhiwhi climbing convolvulus climbing-convolvulus native convolvulus New Zealand convolvulus smaller bindweed *(Maori convolvulus) Cardamine in part. See Radicula Nasturtium. *Cardamine depressa: ladies' smock Cardamine heterophylla: hanea *panapana bitter-cress hairy bitter-cress hairy cardamine New Zealand cress *(Maori cress) Cardamine heterophylla var. uniflora: few-leaved bitter-cress † Cardamine hirsuta: land-cress Carex appressa: tall sedge tupak grass Carex comans: *maurea hair-like sedge Carex Darwini var. uro-lepsis: sedge Carex dissita: flat-leaved sedge. Carex dissita var. monticola: mountain-sedge Carex litorosa: salt-marsh sedge *sea-sedge
Carex longiculmis long-stalked sedge Carex lucida: *mania maurea *shining sedge Carex Oederi var. catarra-tae: *yellow sedge Carex pseudo-cyperus var. fascicularis: cyperus-sedge Carex pumila: creeping-sedge dune sedge *dune-sedge sand-sedge Carex pyrenaica: Pyrenees sedge Carex secta: *purei nigger head nigger-head *niggerhead Carex Solandri: Solander's sedge Carex stellulata var. aus-tralis: *prickly sedge Carex teretiuscula: *makura mata purekireki Carex ternaria: *rautahi toetoe-rautahi cutting-grass Carex testacea: *slender sedge Carex trifida: *great sedge sedge Carex uncifolia: hook-leaved sedge *(hook-sedge) Carex virgata: Maori head nigger-head smaller swamp-sedge small swamp-sedge Carmichaelia australis: *makaka tainoka taunoka austral broom austral-broom New Zealand broom red-seeded broom southern carmichaelia tall native broom *(Maori broom) Carmichaelia Enysii: Enys's native broom Carmichaelia flagelliformis: *maukoro native broom New Zealand broom slender broom slender native broom slender New Zealand broom whip-like carmichaelia *(whip-broom) Carmichaelia gracilis: climbing-broom climbing New Zealand broom Carmichaelia grandiflora: large-flowered broom large-flowered New Zea-land broom Carmichaelia grandiflora var. alba *alpine broom Carmichaelia Monroi stout dwarf broom Carmichaelia nana: common dwarf broom dwarf carmichaelia Carmichaelia odorata: pink broom scented broom *sweet-broom tall New Zealand broom Carmichaelia paludosa: *swamp-broom Carmichaelia subulata: common New Zealand broom leafless common New Zealand broom native broom Carpha alpina: alpine carpha common carpha Carpodetus serratus: kaiweta piripiriwhata *punaweta putaputaweta New Zealand hawthorn oak serrate carpodetus snow-tree weta white birch white mapau white maple white matipo *(Maori may) Cassinia fulvida: *golden cottonwood yellow cassinia yellow shrub Cassinia leptophylla: tauhinu-korokio taihinu-koromiko cottonwood narrow-leaved cassinia *(fragrant cottonwood) Cassinia Vauvilliersii: mountain cassinia *mountain-cottonwood Vauvillier's cassinia yellow-leaved mountain cottonwood Cassytha paniculata: mawhai konene (= the fruit) Celmisia: horse daisy mountain aster New Zealand daisy *(Maori daisy) Celmisia argentea: silver couhion-celmisia silvery celmisia silvery cushion-celmisia silvery mountain-daisy Celmisia bellidioides: green cushion-celmisia Celmisia coriacea: tikumu cotton plant leather plant leathery celmisia mountain daisy silvery cotton-plant white mountain daisy Celmisia discolor: *mountain-musk
Celmisia glandulosa var. latifolia: bog celmisia *bog-celmisia Celmisia gracilenta (longi-folia): *pekepeke common celmisia cotton grass cotton-grass long-leaved celmisia Celmisia holosericea: pekepeke aster Celmisia incana: mountain musk mountain-musk *white mountain-musk Celmisia intermedia: *hoary mountain-musk Celmisia laricifolia: cotton plant *needle-leaved celmisia Celmisia linearis: *narrow-leaved celmisia Celmisia longifolia. See C. gracilenta. Celmisia Lyallii: blunt-leaved spaniard blunt spaniard Celmisia Monroi: rock cotton-plant Celmisia rigida: Stewart Island celmisia Celmisia sessiliflora: short-flowered celmisia white cushion-celmisia Celmisia Sinclairii: mountain-musk Sinclair's celmisia Celmisia spectabilis: *puakaito puhaeretaiko puwharetaiko tikumu common cotton-plant cotton plant cotton-plant leather-plant Celmisia Traversii: brown mountain daisy Travers' celmisia Celmisia vernicosa: varnished celmisia Celmisia viscosa: *snow-celmisia Centella uniflora (Hydro-cotyle asiatica): Asiatic hydrocotyle Asiatic marsh pennywort Asiatic marsh-pennywort Chaetomorpha Darwinii: mermaids beads *(mermaids-beads) Cheilanthes Sieberi: Sieber's fern rock-fern Cheilanthes tenuifolia: thin-leaved cheilanthes † Chenopodium album: huainanga Chenopodium detestans: fish-guts plant Chenopodium glaucum var. ambiguum: oak-leaved goose-foot Chenopodium pusillum: parahia Chenopodium triandrum: *poipapa spinach triandrous chenopodium Chrysobactron Hookeri: Maori onion *swamp-lily Chrysobactron Hookeri var. angustifolium: *bog-lily Chrysobactron Rossii: 1 Includes Bulbinella Rossii, which see. Maori onion orange-coloured swamp-lily Cladium articulatum: jointed twig-rush Cladium Gunnii: Gunn's twig-rush Cladium junceum: swamp twig-rush Cladium Sinclairii: pepepe toetoe-tuhar *tuhara Cladium teretifolium: common twig-rush Cladium Vauthiera: square-stemmed twig-rush Clathrus cibarius (Ileodic-tyon cibarium): kokirikiri-whetu kopura-whetu kopuru-whetu korokoro-whetu paru-whatitiri pukurau tutae-kehua tutae-whatitiri *tutae-whetu wheterau basket fungus devil's purse fairy's closet lattice fungus net fungus shepherd's basket fungus *(basket-fungus) Clematis: virgin's bower Clematis afoliata: leafless clematis yellow-flowered leafless clematis Clematis Colensoi: yellow clematis Clematis hexasepala: pikiarero poananga potaetae puatataua *puataua puatautaua six-sepaled clematis smaller white clematis small white clematis traveller's joy Clematis indivisa: pikiarero puapua *puawananga puawhananga
Clematis indivisa—cont. clematis entire-leaved clematis native clematis New Zealand clematis traveller's joy white clematis Clematis parviflora: akangakaukiore ngakaukiore pokopokonuiahura Clianthus puniceus: kowhai-ngutukaka glory pea kaka beak kaka-bill parrotbill parrot's beak fuchsia parrot's bill parrot's-bill red kowhai red parrot's bill scarlet clianthus *(parrotsbill) Colensoa physaloides: *koru oru physalis-like colensoa thin-leaved oru Colocasia antiquorum: *taro Cultivated varieties— akarewa awanga haukopa kahuorangi kakatarahae kinakina koareare kohuorangi kohurangi makatiti mamaku matatiti ngaue ngongoro paeangaanga pakaue patai pehu pongi potango takatakapo tanae taro-hoia (recently introduced) tautamahei tokotokohau turitaka upokotiketike wairuaarangi Convolvulus erubescens: blushing convolvulus common convolvulus *(blush-convolvulus) Coprosma: coffee-bush New Zealand coffee *(Maori coffee) Coprosma acerosa: tarakupenga tatarahake tataraheke acerose coprosma dune coprosma dune-coprosma *sand-coprosma Coprosma arborea: mamangi tree coprosma tree-coprosma tree karamu Coprosma areolata: areolate coprosma thin-leaved coprosma Coprosma Banksii: Banks's coprosma Coprosma Baueri See C. retusa. Coprosma chathamica: tree-karamu Coprosma ciliata: hairy coprosma Coprosma Colensoi: Colenso's coprosma Coprosma crassifolia: stiff-stemmed coprosma Coprosma cuneata: wedge-leaved coprosma Coprosma depressa: prostrate coprosma Coprosma foetidissima: hupirau-ririki *hupiro karamu naupiro pipiro evil-smelling hupiro evil-smelling karamu foetid coprosma luma-luma sterile wood stinkwood Coprosma grandifolia: *kanono kapukiore karamukueo kawariki kueo (= berries) manono papauma patutiketike raurakau raurekau tapatapauma large-leaved coprosma yellow wood Coprosma linariifolia: mikimik narrow-leaved coprosma yellow karamu yellow wood yellow-wood Coprosma lucida: kakaramu karamu karangu patutiketike broad-leaf coffee tree orange-leaf shining coprosma yellow-wood Coprosma microcarpa: small-fruited coprosma Coprosma parviflora: leafy coprosma small-flowered coprosma small-leaved coprosma Coprosma Petriei: Petrie's coprosma turfy coprosma Coprosma propinqua: mingi common coprosma kindred coprosma Coprosma ramulosa: straggling coprosma Coprosma repens: alpine creeping coprosma Coprosma retusa (Baueri): angiangi mamangi naupata *taupata coastal coprosma retuse coprosma
Coprosma rhamnoides: red-fruited coprosma Coprosma robusta: kakaramu kakarangu *karamu karamuramu karangu common karamu glossy coprosma glossy karamu red-berry robust coprosma Coprosma rotundifolia: round-leaved coprosma Coprosma rugosa: heath-like coprosma Coprosma tenuicaulis: *hukihuki slender coprosma swamp-coprosma Coprosma tenuifolia: soft-leaved coprosma Corallospartium crassicaule: *coral-broom sticks (of the shepherds) Corallospartium racemosum: 1 Formely C. crassicaule var. racemosa. coral-broom Cordyline: mahonge (= a cultivated variety) tahanui (= a cultivated variety) lily-wort Cordyline australis: houka (prob. kouka) kauka kouka (= tikouka) kouka tarariki (= a narrow-leaved variety) kouka wharanui (= a broad-leaved variety) ti ti-awe ti-kauka ti-kouka ti-pua ti-rakau ti-whanake whanake asphodel cabbage palm Cordyline australis—cont. cabbage-palm cabbage tree *cabbage-tree dragon-tree grass tree *lily-palm palm lily palm-lily palm tree te tree ti palm ti-ti ti tree ti-tree ti-tri Cordyline Banksii: hauora kapu (= ti-kapu) ti-kapu *ti-ngahere ti-parae ti-torere palm-lily slender cabbage-tree Cordyline indivisa: ti-kapu ti-kupenga ti-matakutai ti-toi *toii broad-leaf cabbage tree *broad-leaved cabbage-tree mountain cabbage-tree mountain palm Cordyline pumilio: mauku ti-awe ti-kapu ti-koraha ti-kupenga ti-papa *ti-rauriki *dwarf cabbage-tree Cordyline terminalis: *ti-pore dwarf cabbage palm Coriaria angustissima annual herbaceous tutu ground tutu Coriaria lurida (thymi-folia): tutuheuheu tutupapa Coriaria lucida (thymi-folia)—cont. alpine tutu ground tutu mountain tutu small ground tutu thyme-leaved tute *(thymy tutu) Coriaria sarmentosa (rusci-folia): huarua (= the seeds) puhou taweku tupakihi *tutu common tute elder-berry ink-berry ruscus-leaved coriaria toot toot plant tree toot tree tutu tua-tutu wine-berry shrub Coriaria thymifolia. See C. lurida. Corokia buddleoides: 2 The name Corokia is from Korokio, originally spelt korokia. korokio *korokio-taranga whakatata buddleia-hke corokia Corokia Cotoneaster cotoneaster-like corokia mountain-korokiu wiry corokia Corokia macrocarpa: hokataka whakatata Corynocarpus laevigata: *karaka kopi kopia (= kernels) cracker kopi-tree kraka laurel New Zealand laurel smooth corynocarpus Coryanthes macrantha: large-flowered corysan-thes large-flowered spider-orchid *silverback
Corysanthes rotundifolia: round-leaved spider-orchid Cotula atrata: *black daisy Cotula coronopifolia: coronopus-leaved cotula swamp cotula swamp-cotula water-buttons *yellow-button Cotula dioica: salt-meadow cotula *shore-cotula Cotula Featherstonii: mutton-bird plant Cotula pyrethrifolia: mountain-cotula Cotula Traillii: Stewart Island cotula Crantzia lineata: common crantzia Craspedia minor: small craspedia Craspedia uniflora: puatea one-flowered craspedia Crassula moschata: shore stonecrop *shore-stonecrop Cuscuta densiflora: dense-flowered cuscuta Cyathea Cunninghamii: ponga punui Cunningham's tree-fern gully fern (gully-fern in MS.) *gully-fern ponja Cyathea dealbata: kaponga katote *ponga bunga-bunga bunger (or bunga) silver king silver-king silver ponga silver tree fern *silver tree-fern silvery tree-fern white tree fern Cyathea kermadecensis: Kermadec tree-fern Cyathea medullaris: korau *mamaku mamuku pitau black-fern black tree fern *black tree-fern Cyathea Milnei: Milne's tree-fern Cyathodes acerosa: hukihukiraho inakaporiro inangaporiro kukuku miki mikimiki mingi mingimingi ngohungohu patotara *taumingi totara tumingi prickly styphelia pungent mingimingi sharp-leaved heath Cyathodes robusta: *rutitira Chatham mingimingi Cyclophorus (Polypodium) serpens: *creeper-fern thick-leaved polypody twining polypody Cystopteris novae-zelandiae (fragilis) bladder fern *bladder-fern brittle bladder fern brittle bladder-fern fragile bladder-fern Dacrydium Bidwillii: bog pine bog-pine mountain pine *mountain-pine tar-wood Dacrydium biforme: tar-wood tarwood *yellow pine yellow-pine Dacrydium Colensoi: manoao bog pine golden pine Hall's totara *silver pine silver-pine tar-wood Westland pine Westland silver-pine white silver pine yellow pine yellow-pine Dacrydium cupressinum: huarangi (= the fruit) mapara (= the heart-wood) ngapara (= the resinous heart-wood) puaka *rimu black pine drooping pine giant rimu New Zealand red pine *red pine red-pine spruce fir spruce tree Dacrydium intermedium: Hall's totara mountain pine yellow-pine *yellow silver pine yellow silver-pine Dacrydium Kirkii: *monoao Kirk's pine Dacrydium laxifolium: rimu dwarf-pine loose-leaved dacrydium mountain rimu *pigmy pine pygmy pine Dacrydium pendulum (nomen nudum)—a variety of D. cupressinum: weeping pine Dactylanthus Taylori: pua-o-te-reinga *puareinga Danthonia australis: carpet-grass *hassock-grass wiry-leaved oat grass Danthonia Buchanani: Buchanan's oat grass *desert-danthonia
Danthonia crassiuscula: alpine oat-grass Danthonia Cunninghamii: hunangamoho toetoe-hunangamoho Cunningham's snow-grass small-flowered oat tussac grass tussock oat-grass Danthonia flavescens: broad-leaved oat tussa grass broad-leaved tussock oat-grass broad-leaved snow-grass snow grass *(broad-leaved snowgrass) Danthonia nuda: naked oat grass Thomson's naked oat grass Danthonia pilosa: hairy oat-grass hard oat grass 1 Three varieties of D. pilosa. purple-awned oat grass 1 *purple-awned oat-grass racemed oat grass 1 Danthonia pungens: bayonet-grass *(needle-leaved oat-grass) Danthonia Raoulii: haumata narrow-leaved oat tussac grass red-tussock snow-grass *snowgrass Danthonia Raoulii var. rubra: red-tussock *(red tussock) Danthonia semiannularis: alpine oat grass 2 Three varieties of D. semiannularis. common oat-grass desert oat-grass dwarf ring grass New Zealand oat grass 2 sheep oat grass 2 Daucus brachiatus: carrot native carrot wild carrot *(Maori carrot) Davallia novae zealandiae. See Leptolepia. Dawsonia superba: *pahau-kakapo *giant moss Dendrobium Cunninghamii: common dendrobe Cunningham's dendrobium Deschampsia caespitosa: tufted hair grass *tufted hair-grass Deschampsia Chapmani: southern hair-grass Deschampsia tenella: alpine whorl grass *(alpine whorl-grass) Desmoschoenus spiralis (Scirpus frondosus): pinao *pingao sand-grass yellow sand-sedge Deyeuxia (Calamagrostis) Deyeuxia avenoides: oat-like bent grass oat-like bent-grass *(oat-bent) Deyeuxia Billardieri: Billardier's bent grass sand bent-grass *(sand-bent) Deyeuxia filiformis. See Agrostis Forsteri. Deyeuxia filiformis var. pilosa. See Agrostis pilosa. Deyeuxia Forsteri. See Agrostis Forsteri. Deyeuxia Petriei: Australian bent grass Deyeuxia quadriseta: spiked bent grass spiked bent-grass spiked reed grass *(spiked bent) Deyeuxia setifolia: alpine bent grass alpine bent-grass bog bent-grass *(bog-bent) Deyeuxia Youngii: *Mount Cook bent Young's bent grass Dianella intermedia: pepepe piopio *rena turutu blue berry *blueberry intermediate dianella Dichelachne crinita long-awned plume grass long-haired plume-grass long-hair plume grass plume-grass *(long-awned plume) Dichelachne sciurea: short-hair plume grass *(short-awned plume) Dichelachne stipoides: wiry dichelachne *(wiry plume) Dichondra repens: common dichondra creeping dichondra Dicksonia antarctica: weki-ponga southern Dicksonia Dicksonia fibrosa: karanuipaka kuranuipaka *kuripaka punui tukirunga weki wheki-kohunga wheki-ponga fibrous-stemmed tree-fern fibrous tree-fern golden punga golden tree fern sturdy tree-fern woolly tree fern *(golden tree-fern)
Dicksonia lanata: stemless tree fern stumpy tree fern woolly Dicksonia woolly tree-fern *(stemless tree-fern) Dicksonia squarrosa: atewheki pakue pehiakura tio tuakura tuokura uruuruwhenua weki *wheki hard tree fern rough tree-fern slender dicksonia *slender tree-fern Discaria toumatou: karo tumatakuri tumatakuru Irishman matagowry native thorn New Zealand thorn prickly thorn scented thorn wild Irishman *wild-irishman Dodonea viscosa: ake *akeake akerautangi black akeake lignum vitæ lignumvitæ New Zealand lignum vitæ viscid dodonea Donatia novae-zelandiae: *alpine donatia common alpine donatia common donatia cushion-plant New Zealand donatia *(alpine cushion) Doodia caudata: mokemoke mokimoki *mukimuki sacred-fern *scented doodia tailed doodia Doodia media: pukupuku *large-leaved doodia Dracophyllum arboreum: *Chatham tree-heath tree-heath Dracophyllum latifolium: emiemi *neinei taritari taritariawha broad-leaved grass-tree grass tree spider-wood *spiderwood Dracophyllum longifolium: inaka *inanga grass tree grass-tree long-leaved grass-tree long-leaved heath native heath needle-leaved heath stunted inaka Dracophyllum paludosum: *bog-heath swamp-heath Dracophyllum Pearsoni: Pearson's needle-leaved heath Dracophyllum politum: cushion-forming heath Dracophyllum recurvum: *red heath Dracophyllum rosmarinifolium: prostrate needle-leaved heath Dracophyllum scoparium: *fern-strangler Dracophyllum strictum: totorowhiti Dracophyllum subulatum: *monoao Dracophyllum Traversii: mountain neinei *mountain-neinei Dracophyllum uniflorum: one-flowered grass-tree turpentine-shrub Dracophyllum Urvilleanum: *wharekohu common needle-leaved heath grass-tree northern needle-leaved heath smaller grass-tree Drapetes Dieffenbachii: common drapetes Drapetes Lyallii: Lyall's drapetes Drimys. See Wintera. Drosera: fly-catcher *sundew Drosera arcturi: alpine sun-dew *alpine sundew forked sundew Drosera auriculata: *climbing sundew ear-shaped drosera field sundew Drosera binata: fern-flower fly-catcher forked-leaved sun-dew old man's eyebrow *scented sundew strap-leaved sundew twin-leaved drosera Drosera pygmaea: pygmy drosera sun-dew *(pigmy sundew) Drosera spathulata: spathulate-leaved drosera spoon-leaved sun-dew *spoon-leaved sundew sun dew Drosera stenopetala: subantarctic sun-dew Dryopteris (Nephrodium and part of Polypodium) Dryopteris cordifolia: ladder fern sword-fern *(ladder-fern) Dryopteris decomposita: common boss fern *(common boss-fern)
Dryopteris dentata (molle): soft boss fern soft buckler-fern *(soft boss-fern) Dryopteris glabella: smooth boss fern *smooth boss-fern Dryopteris hispida: hairy boss fern hairy fern hairy-fern hairy-stemmed fern hardy-stemmed fern *(hairy boss-fern) Dryopteris molle. See D. dentata. Dryopteris pennigera: pakau-roharoha piupiu feather-crowned polypody *feather-fern Dryopteris gongylodes (unitum): rare boss fern swamp fern Dryopteris punctata. See Hypolepis punctata. Dryopteris pustulata. See Polypodium pustulatum Dryopteris Thelypteris var. squamulosa: lady fern marsh buckler-fern marsh fern swamp-fern *(lady-fern) Dryopteris unitum. See D. gongylodes. Dryopteris velutina: dirty fern velvet boss fern velvet fern *(velvet-fern) Durvillaea antarctica (utilis): *rimurapa *bull-kelp kelp Dysoxylum spectabile: kohe *kohekohe kohepi (= the flowers) maota cedar handsome dysoxylum native cedar New Zealand cedar Earina autumnalis: 1 Now includes also E. suaveolens. *raupeka *fragrant earina sweet-scented earina Earina mucronata: *pekaawaka pointed-leaved earina sharp-pointed earina *(sharp-leaved earina) Earina suaveolens. See E. autumnalis. Echinopogon ovatus: rough-bearded grass Edwardsia. See Sophora tetraptera, footnote. Elaeocarpus dentatus: *hinau pokaka whinau black hinau bokako toothed elæocarpus Elaeocarpus Hookerianus: hinau mahimahi *pokaka whinaupuka bocarro bokaka bokako white hinau Elaeocharis acuta: Australian spike-rush Elaeocharis Cunninghamii: Australian spike-rush slender spike-rush spike rush Elaeocharis sphacelata: kutakuta *ngawha paopao great spike-rush tall spike-rush Elatine americana: American water wort Elatine americana var. australiensis: water-wort Elatostema rugosum: *parataniwha native begonia New Zealand begonia wrinkled elatostema *(begonia-fern) Elytranthe (Loranthus) Colensoi: *korukoru (= when in flower) pirita Colenso's mistletoe scarlet-flowered mistletoe *scarlet mistletoe Elytranthe (Loranthus) flavidus: *yellow mistletoe Elytranthe tetrapetala (Loranthus Fieldii and L. tetrapetalis): pikirangi *pirirangi four-petalled mistletoe red mistletoe *scarlet mistletoe Enargea parviflora: *nohi puwatawata forest snowberry *forest-snowberry marginate luzuriaga snowberry Entelea arborescens: hauama houama *whau whauama whauma
Entelea arborescens—cont. cork tree cork-wood corkwood native cork wood native mulberry New Zealand mulberry shrubby entelea *(Maori mulberry) Epacris alpina: *nehenehe alpine epacris Epacris pauciflora: *tamingi *bog-epacris common New Zealand epacris few-flowering epacris native heath Epilobium: willow-herb *(willowherb) Epilobium Billardierianum: red-stemmed willow-herb Epilobium chionanthum: pale-leaved willow-herb Epilobium chloraefolium: mountain willow-herb Epilobium cinereum: 1 Now includes also E. junceum. narrow-leaved willowherb Epilobium crassum: thick-leaved willow-herb Epilobium erectum: tall willowherb Epilobium glabellum: glossy-leaved willow-herb Epilobium insulare: creeping marsh willow-herb Epilobium junceum. See E. cinereum. Epilobium linnaeoides: forest willow-herb Epilobium macropus: mountain water-willow-herb Epilobium microphyllum: papakoura Epilobium neterioides: wrinkled willow-herb Epilobium neterioides var. minimum: short-stemmed willowherb Epilobium novae-zelandiae: pale willow-herb Epilobium nummularifolium: creeping willow-herb Epilobium pallidiflorum: large white willow-herb swamp willow-herb *(swamp-willowherb) Epilobium pedunculare: long-stalked willow-herb long-stemmed willowherb Epilobium pictum: variegated willow-herb Epilobium pubens: soft-leaved willow-herb Epilobium rotundifolium: round-leaved willow-herb Erechtites arguta: *woolly fireweed Erechtites diversifolia: Petrie's fireweed Erechtites glabrescens: Kirk's fireweed Erechtites prenathoides: common fireweed native groundsel prenanthes-like erechtites Erechtites quadridentata: *pekapeka *white fireweed Erechtites scaberula: scabrid fireweed °Erigeron canadensis haka kaingarua porerarua pouhawaiki Canadian flea-bane Eryngium vesiculosum: Australian sea-holly eryngo sea holly *(sea-holly) small sea-holly vesiculate eryngium Eugenia maire: mairetawake *mairetawhake puka tuhuhi whawhakou *black maire red-fruited maire Euphorbia glauca: waiuatua (= spirit-milk) waiu-o-Kahukura (= milk of Kahukura) caper spurge glaucous euphorbia New Zealand spurge spurgewort sun spurge *(Maori spurge) Euphrasia Cockayniana: eyebright *yellow eyebright Euphrasia cuneata: tutaekiore *tutumako eye-bright tall eye-bright Euphrasia Dyeri: Dyer's eye-bright Euphrasia Monroi: *alpine eyebright eyebright Euphrasia repens: shore-eyebright snowy eye-bright *(snowy eyebright) Euphrasia tricolor: North Island eyebright *(three-hued eyebright) Euphrasia zelandica: antarctic eyebright eye-bright New Zealand eyebright small eyebright *(Maori eyebright)
Festuca Coxii: Chatham Island fescue *(Chatham fescue) Festuca littoralis: *hinarepe matiatia matihetihe pouaka *sand-fescue sand fescue-grass sandhill-fescue sandhill fescue-grass sand tussock-grass Festuca ovina var. novae-zelandiae: New Zealand sheep's fescue Festuca multinodis: drooping-fescue *(drooping fescue) Festuca novae-zelandiae: *fescue-tussock hard fescue grass hard tussock hard-tussock tussock-fescue °Festuca rubra: *red fescue Forstera sedifolia: common forstera Forstera sedifolia var. oculata: large-flowered forstera Freycinetia Banksii: *kiekie patangatanga (= the fruit) peia tarapapa (= the flowers) tawhara (= the flowers) teure (= the fruit) tirori (= the fruit) ureure (= the fruit) boa geigei giegie gigi native screw-pine New Zealand screw-pine New Zealand's pine-apple wild pine-apple *(Maori screw-pine) Fuchsia Colensoi: Colenso's fuchsia shrubby fuchsia *shrub-fuchsia slender fuchsia Fuchsia excorticata: hona (= the fruit) kohutuhutu *kotukutuku konini (= the fruit) mati (= the fruit) takawa (= the fruit) bucket-of-water wood fuchsia fuchsia tree fuchsia-tree konini tree native fuchsia New Zealand fuchsia tree fuchsia *tree-fuchsia Fuchsia procumbens: creeping fuchsia prostrate fuchsia *shore-fuchsia Funaria hygrometrica: *warua Fusanus Cunninghamii. See Mida salicifolia. Gahnia: mapere *(cutting grass) Gahnia gahniaefolia: cutting grass Gahnia lacera: *tarangarara toetoe-kiwi toetoe-tarangarara cutting grass Gahnia pauciflora: cutting-grass Gahnia procera: South Island gahnia Gahnia xanthocarpa: cutting grass cutting-grass giant cutting-sedge *giant gahnia sedge Gaimardia ciliata: *bog-cushion bog pincushion bog-pincushion Galium: *bedstraw Galium tenuicaule: bed straw Galium umbrosum: *mawe New Zealand bed-straw *(Maori bedstraw) Gastrodia Cunninghamii: *huperei maukuuku para (= tuber used as food) perei uhiperei Cunningham's gastrodia Gaultheria antipoda: koropuka papapa takapo *taupuku tawiniwini chuckie chucks (= the fruit) erect snowberry native heath snow berry snow-berry *snowberry Gaultheria depressa: *mountain-snowberry Gaultheria oppositifolia: kama *niniwa waiuatua Gaultheria perplexd: narrow-leaved snowberry *wiry snowberry Gaultheria rupestris: snow berry snowberry *(vale-lily snowberry) Gaya Lyallii: 1 Now includes also Plagianthus Lyallii. hohere (prob. houhere) whauwhau whauwhi giant-flowered southern lacebark lace bark lace-bark lacebark large-flowered ribbonwood mountain ribbon-wood mountain ribbonwood *mountain-ribbonwood ribbon tree Gaya ribifolia: hoary mountain-ribbon-wood
Geniostoma ligustrifolium: hangehange * hengahenga pahengahenga papa papahenga whangewhange New Zealand privet privet-leaved geniostoma * (Maori privet) Gentiana bellidifolia: common mountain-gentian common New Zealand gentian * mountain-gentian Gentiana cerina: * waxy gentian Gentiana chathamica: * Chatham gentian gentian Gentiana corymbifera: mountain gentian * snow-gentian stupid gentian (hardly a name) Gentiana Griesbachii: common New Zealand gentian March-flowering gentian small New Zealand gentian Gentiana lineata: *tiny gentian Gentiana montana: gentian Gentiana saxosa: coastal gentian gentian of the rocks *shore-gentian white gentian white shore-gentian Gentiana Townsoni: * bog-gentian white bog-gentian Geranium: crane's bill cranes'-bill * cranesbill Geranium dissectum: * matuakumara pinakitere white carrot Geranium dissectum var. australe. See G. pilo-sum. Geranium microphyllum: native geranium slender cranesbill slender geranium small-leaved crane's-bill *small-leaved cranesbill † Geranium molle: *namunamu Geranium pilosum (dissectum var. australe): * cut-leaved geranium Geranium sessiliflorum var. glabrum: * short-flowered crane's-bill * short-flowered cranesbill Geranium Traversii: * Chatham cranesbill Chatham Island cranes-bill Geum parviflorum: avens Geum uniflorum: * alpine avens Geum urbanum var. strictum (urbanum): kopata kowhai common avens herb bennett Gleichenia alpina: alpine tangle-fern alpine umbrella fern *alpine umbrella-fern mountain umbrella-fern Gleichenia circinata: mataua-rarauke matuku waewaekaka waewaekotuku waewaematuku climbing umbrella-fern curved tangle-fern scrambling umbrella fern scrambling umbrella-fern tangle-fern * (cranesfoot) (= waewae-kotuku) Gleichenia Cunninghamii: rarauheriki tapuwae-kotuku * waekura * bush umbrella-fern umbrella fern umbrella-fern Gleichenia dicarpa: rarauhe bog umbrella fern climbing umbrella-fern woolly tangle-fern swamp fern swamp umbrella fern tangle-fern Gleichenia dichotoma: forked umbrella-fern Gleichenia flabellata: fan fern * fan-fern fan-leaved fern fan-like umbrella fern fan umbrella fern Glossostigma elatinoides: elatine-like glossostigma Gnaphalium: everlasting * (cudweed) Gnaphalium collinum: hill cudweed * (hill-cudweed) Gnaphalium japonicum: Japanese cudweed Gnaphalium keriense: puatea river daisy * (river-daisy) Gnaphalium luteo-album: pukatea common cudweed white cudweed yellowish-white gnaphalium * (flannel-leaf) Gnaphalium Lyallii: * rock-cudweed Gnaphalium paludosum: marsh cudweed * (marsh-cudweed) † Gnaphalium purpureum: purple cudweed
Gnaphalium trinerve: * three-nerved cudweed Griselinia littoralis: kapuka maihiihi * papauma paraparauma tapatapauma broad leaf broad-leaf * broadleaf New Zealand laurel Griselinia lucida: * puka broad leaf broadleaf large broadleaf shining broadleaf * (greater broadleaf) Gunnera albocarpa: white-fruited gunnera Gunnera arenaria: * sand-gunnera Gunnera dentata: red-fruited gunnera Gunnera Hamiltonii: Southland gunnera Gunnera monoica: solitary gunnera Gunnera prorepens: crceping gunnera creeping-gunnera Gymnogramme leptophylla: Jersey-fern * Jersey fern Gymnogramme rutaefolia: alpine rue-leaved fern rue-leaved fern * (rue-fern) Haastia pulvinaris: cushion-like haastia vegetable sheep * (giant vegetable-sheep) Halorrhagis alata: toatoa Halorrhagis erecta: toatoa erect haloragis tall haloragis Halorrhagis incana: piripiri heath haloragis. Halorrhagis micrantha: piripiri marsh haloragis Halorrhagis procumbens (tetragyna): piripiri Hebe (Veronica) amabilis var. blanda: large-flowered veronica Hebe (Veronica) annulata: * rock-koromiko Hebe (Veronica) brevirace-mosa: * Kermadec koromiko Hebe (Veronica) buxifolia: box-leaved koromiko New Zealand box * (box-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) buxifolia var. odora: box-leaved veronica New Zealand box * (globe-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) buxifolia var. prostrata: prostrate New Zealand box Hebe (Veronica) cupres-soides: * cypress-koromiko Hebe (Veronica) diosmae-folia: aute heath-veronica shrubby speedwell * (heath-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) elliptica: coastal veronica * shore-koromiko speedwell Hebe (Veronica) epacridea: epacris-like veronica trailing-veronica * (trailing-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) haustraia: * scoop-leaved koromiko Hebe (Veronica) Hulkeana: New Zealand lilac * (lilac-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) Laingii: Laing's whipcord veronica Hebe (Veronica) Lavaudi-and: Lavaud's veronica Hebe (Veronica) leiophylla: smooth-leaved koromiko Hebe (Veronica) linifolia T wet-rock koromiko: Hebe (Veronica) lycopodioides: common whipcord koromiko lycopodium-like veronica-whipcord veronica * (whipcord-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) monticola: mountain-loving veronica * (mountain-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) parviflora: kokomuka-taranga koromiko-taranga Hebe (Veronica) salicifolia: kokomuka kokoromiko kokoromuka koromiko koromuka common koromiko common veronica New Zealand willow willow-leaved veronica * (willow-koromiko) Hebe (Veronica) salicifolia var. Atkinsonii: Cook Strait koromiko Hebe (Veronica) speciosa: * napuka titirangi handsome veronica Hebe (Veronica) subalpina: subalpine koromiko Hebe (Veronica) tetragona: pumice whipcord koromiko square-stemmed veronica whipcord koromiko
Hebe (Veronica) tetrasticha: semi-whipcord koromiko Hebe (Veronica) Traversii: Travers's veronica Hectorella caespitosa: tufted hectorella Hedycarya arborea: kaiwhiria poporokaiwhiri * porokaiwhiria pigeon-wood * pigeonwood tree-like hedycarya Helichrysum bellidioides: false edelweiss mountain daisy mountain-daisy native everlasting Helichrysum coralloides: coral-shrub Helichrysum filicaule: slender everlasting Helichrysum glomeratum: niniao Helichrysum Selago: selago-like everlasting Hemitelia Smithii: katote neineikura *whe green tree-fern pale-leaved tree-fern Smith's tree-fern soft-leaved tree-fern soft tree fern * soft tree-fern Herpolirion novae-zelandiae: * grass-lily ground-lily New Zealand herpolirion pale-blue grass-lily Hibiscus trionum: New Zealand hibiscus *starry hibiscus Hierochloe Fraseri: alpine holy grass *alpine holy-grass holy grass Hierochloe redolens: *karetu broad-leaved cattle grass cutting grass holy grass holy-grass scented grass sweet-scented holy grass sweet-scented sacred grass sweet-scented swamp grass sweet-scented vernal grass sweet vernal grass *(sweet vernal) Hirneola auricula-Judae: Jew's-ear fungus *(ear-fungus) Hirneola polytricha: hakeka hakekakeka hakeke hakekeke hokeke keka kekeke paheke tarawhata taringakuri tarumga-o-Tiakiwai Histiopteris (Pteris in part) incisa: matata cut-leaved bracken green fern toothed-leaf bracken water fern *water-fern Hoheria angustifolia: houhipuruhi lacebark *narrow-leaved lacebark Hoheria populnea: 1 Popularly these names are given indifferently to all the species of Hoheria, not only to N. populnea, which is the rarest of them all. hoherie (prob. houhere) hoihere *houhere houhi houi hungere (= small-leafed variety) whauwhi lace-bark lace-bark *lacebark Hoheria populnea—cont. lace wood New Zealand orange-blossom poplar-like ribbon-wood ribbon wood ribbon-wood ribbonwood thousand-jacket thousand jackets Hoheria sexstylosa: *long-leaved lacebark Hydrocotyle americana: American marsh-pennywort Hydrocotyle asiatica: See Centleta uniflora. Hydrocotyle dissecta: cut-leaved marsh pennywort Hydrocotyle elongata: long-stemmed marsh-pennywort Hydrocotyle microphylla: small-leaved marsh-pennywort Hydrocotyle moschata: sharp-toothed marsh-pennywort Hydrocotyle novae zelandiae: New Zealand hydrocotyle New Zealand marsh pennywort New Zealand marsh-pennywort *(Maori marsh-pennywort) Hymenanthera chathamica: mahoe *Chatham mahoe Hymenanthera crassifolia: thick-leaved hymenan-thera Hymenophyllum: mauku filmy-ferns *(filmy fern) Hymenophyllum Arm-strongii: 2 Now includes H. Cheesemanir. Armstrong's fern
Hymenophyllum atrovirens: mountain broad-leaved filmy fern Hymenophyllum australe: crisped filmy fern. Java fern Hymenophyllum bivalve: two-valved filmy fern Hymenophyllum Cheese-manii: 1 Name not now recognized; included in H. Armstrongii. Cheeseman's fern Cheeseman's filmy fern Hymenophyllum ciliatum: fringed filmy fern Hymenophyllum demissum: *irirangi piripiri carpet fern *carpet-fern drooping filmy fern Hymenophyllum dilatatum: irirangi *matuamauku broad-leaved filmy fern Hymenophyllum ferrugin-eum: rusty filmy fern Hymenophyllum flabella turn: fan-leaved filmy fern Hymenophyllum Malingii: Maling's fern silver filmy fern silvery filmy fern Hymenophyllum minimum: little filmy fern Hymenophyllum mulitifidum: sharp-toothed filmy fern Hymenophyllum peltatum: one-sided fern Hymenophyllum polyan-thos. See H. sanguino-lentum. Hymenophyllum pulcherrimum: beautiful filmy fern tufted filmy fern Hymenophyllum rarum: thin-leaved filmy fern Hymenophyllum rufescens: Field's fern reddish filmy fern Hymenophyllum sanguino-lentum:2 Includes H. polyanthos. piripiri scented filmy fern Hymenophyllum scabrum: rough-stalked filmy fern Hymenophyllum tunbridg-ense: *Tunbridge fern Tunbridge-fern Tunbridge filmy fern Hymenophyllum villosum: alpine filmy fern Colenso's filmy fern Hypericum gramineum: St. John's wort Hypericum japonicum: Japanese St. John's wort Hypnum clandestinum: *wheuwheu Hypolaena lateriflora: *wire-rush Hypolepis distans: brown hypolepis Hypolepis Millefolium: thousand leaves *thousand-leaves Hypolepis (Dryopteris) punctata: hairy polypody sticky-fern Hypolepis tenuifolia: thin-leaved hypolepis Ileodictyon cibarium. See Clathrus cibarius. Ipomoea batatas: *kumara Cultivated varieties—anurangi hamo Ipomoea batatas—cont. Cultivated varieties—ctd. hawere hitara huiupoko hutihuti ihupuku kaikaka kairorowhare kakatarahae kanawa katoto kauto kautowhau kawakawa kawakawa-tawhiti kawau kengo kiokiorangi kirikaraka kokorangi konehu kongungu (= small tubers) koreherehe kurarangi makakauri makururangi makutu maomao mapua maramawhiti marere (used in Maori “pure” ceremony) matakauri matawaiwai mengirangi moii monenehu ngakaukuri ngakomoa paea panahi pane papahaoa parakaraka paretaua patea pauaatahu pehu pipiko-kauhangaroa pohutukawa pokerekahu poranga puatahoe punuiarata purata raumataki tanehurangi taputini taratamata taurap tetereia
Ipomoea batatas—cont. Cultivated varietie—ctd. toikahikatea toitoi toroamahoe torowhenua tukou tutaetara tutanga tutuhanga ururangi waiha waina waniwani weni whakakumu Ipomoea palmata: panahi powhiwhi Isachne australis: equal-glumed millet Isotes alpinus: alpine quillwort Isotes Kirkii: *quillwort Ixerba brexioides: *tawari whakou (= the flowers) brexia-like ixerba teddywood Jovellana repens: creeping New Zealand calceolaria Jovellana Sinclairii: New Zealand calceolaria Sinclair's calceolaria upright calceolaria wild calceolaria *(Maori calceolaria) Juncus antarcticus: *antarctic rush † Juncus effusus: wi wiwi Juncus bufonius: *toad-rush Juncus lampocarpus: *jointed rush Juncus maritimus var. australiensis: wiwi Australian sea-rush rush *sea-rush Juncus novae-zelandiae: *alpine rush rush Juncus pallidus: *giant rush Juncus pauciflorus: *slender rush Juncus planifolius: *flat-leaved rush Juncus polyanthemos: wi wiwi common rush rush Juncus scfieiuerioidea: rush Knightia excelsa: *rewarewa honey-suckle native honey-suckle New Zealand honeysuckle river river ruva-ruva *(Maori honeysuckle) Koeleria Kurtzii: crested hair grass *(crested hair-grass) Lagenaria vulgaris: *hue pahau (= cultivated variety) paretarakihi (= cultivated variety) wenewene (= cultivated variety) whangai-rangatira (= cultivated variety) calabash *gourd Lagenophora Forsteri: 1 Name not now recognized; included in L. pumila. native daisy Lagenophora lanata: hairy native daisy Lagenophora petiolata: *parani native daisy New Zealand daisy slender New Zealand daisy Lagenophora pumila: *papataniwhaniwha Forster's lagenophora native daisy New Zealand daisy slender New Zealand daisy *(Maori daisy) Lagenophora Thomsoni: Thomson's daisy Laurelia novae-zelandiae: *pukatea buckerteer bukitea Lemna minor: karearea duck weed duck-weed duckweed floating duckweed Lepidium oleraceum var. acutidentatum: eketara *nau *Cook's scurvy-grass scurvy weed Lepidium sisymbrioides: *pepperwort Lepidium tenuicaule: *shore-cress Leptocarpus simplex: *oioi coastal jomted rush jointed rush red rush yellow rush *(gold-rush) Leptolepia novae-zealand-iae: 2 Formerly Davallia. common davallia Leptopteris (Todea)
Leptopteris hymenophyl-loides: heruheru mauku rarauhe filmy todea *single Prince of Wales feather single crape fern single crape-fern single crepe fern Leptopteris superba: heruheru huruhuru-o-nga-waewae-o-Paoa ngutukakariki ngutungutu ngutungutukiwi punui tete chenille fern crape fern crape-fern double crape fern double crape-fern double velvet fern glory of the west hot-water fern king's fern moss fern *Prince of Wales feather Prince of Wales' feather Prince of Wales's feather royal fern velvet fern Leptospermum Chapmanii: pink-flowered manuka red-flowered manuka Leptospermum ericoides: *kanuka kopuka manuka-rauriki maru rauwiri bush manuka heath-like manuka red-manuka scrub manuka small-leaved manuka tea tree tea-tree teatree ti tree tree manuka *tree-manuka white manuka white tea-tree Leptospermum Nichollsii: 1 This is purely a garden plant. The one wild plant discovered with crimson flowers was transplanted but died. From it seed were saved; when sown one crimson-flowered plant was produced, and cuttings from it have given rise to the plants known as L. Nichollsii. crimson-flowered manuka *crimson manuka Leptospermum scoparium: kahikatoa kaitatoa katoa *manuka pata piamanuka (=mannalike exudation) rauwiri gadoa heath manuka broom red manuka red tea-tree tea plant tea tree ti tree ti-tree titree tree manuka Leucogenes (Helichrysum) grandiceps: edelweiss New Zealand edelweiss South Island edelweiss Leucogenes Leontopodium: New Zealand edelweiss North Island edelweiss *(Maori edelweiss) Leucopogon fasciculatus: hukihukiraho kaikaiatua mingi mingimingi ngohungohu tumingi bundle-flowered leucopogon tall bearded heath tall mingimingi Leucopogon Fraseri: patotara totara totarapapa totaraparae totaratahuna dwarf bearded heath *dwarf heath Frazer's leucopogon Leucopogon Fraseri—cont-heath native heath prickly heath pungent heath sharp-leaved heath small sharp-leaved heath Libertia grandifolia: turntu large-flowered libertia Libertia ixioides: mangahuripapa *milkoikoi tukauki turutu common libertia ixix-like libertia native iris *(ixia-libertia) Libertia pulchella: forest libertia *(forest-libertia) Libocedrus Biduillii *pahautea Bidwill's libocedrus cedar incense cedar kawaka cedar mountain cedar mountain cedar native cedar native cypress New Zealand cypress silver pine Libocedrus Doniana: kahikawaka kaikawaka *kawaka mokopiko totara-kiri-kotukutuku bastard totara cedar cypress New Zealand arbor vitae New Zealand arbor-vitae New Zealand cedar New Zealand cypress Ligusticum. See Anisotome. Lindsaya cuneata (L. micro-phylla and L. trichomanoides): broad-leaved lindsaya small-leaved lindsaya
Lindsaya linearis: narrow-leaved lindsaya narrow lindsaya Lindsaya microphylla. See L. cuneata. Lindsaya trichomanoides. See L. cuneata. Lindsaya viridis: green lindsaya Linum monogynum: kaho matamatahuia nao *rauhuia flax native flax perennial flax true New Zealand flax white flax white-flowered flax *(tinker-bell) Litsaea calicaris: *mangeao punui tangeao tangeo Lobelia anceps: common New Zealand lobelia doubtful lobelia *shore-lobelia Lobelia Roughii: fleshy-leaved lobelia Lomaria. See Blechnum. Loranthus: native mistletoe *(Maori mistletoe) Loranthus Colensoi. See Elytranthe Colensoi. Loranthus flavidus. See Elytranthe flavidus. Loranthus micranthus: common mistletoe common New Zealand mistletoe loranth mistletoe small-flowered mistletoe Loranthus tetrapetalis. See Elytranthe tetrapetala. Loxsoma Cunninghamii: loxsoma fern *silver-green fern Luzula campestris: *wood-rush Luzula Traversii (racemosa): wood-rush Luzuriaga. See Enargea. Lycopodium: *club-mosses Lycopodium Billardieri: *iwituna whiri-o-Raukatauri hanging club-moss pendulous club-moss pendulous lycopodium Lycopodium cernuum: creeping club-moss Lycopodium densum: puakarimu waewaekoukou tree club-moss Lycopodium Drummondii: Australian club-moss Lycopodium fastigiatum: alpine club-moss small mountain club-moss Lycopodium laterale: bog club-moss Lycopodium ramulosum: club-moss matted club-moss Lycopodium scariosum: creeping club-moss mountain club-moss Lycopodium Selago: fir club-moss Lycopodium varium: nodding club-moss Lycopodium volubile: waekahu waewaekoukou antler fern climbing club-moss giant lycopodium *(antler-fern) Lygodium articulatum: makaka *mangemange mangi mangi mounga tarikupenga climbing fern climbing-fern climbing flowering fern *flowering fern twining string fern Macropiper excelsum: kawa *kawakawa takawa (= the fruit) lofty pepper native pepper pepper tree tall pepper-tree true pepper Marattia fraxinea: mouku *para parareka paratawhiti uwhipara ash-leaf fern horseshoe fern horse-shoe fern king fern king-fern *(horseshoe-fern) Mariscus ustulatus: toetoe toetoe-upokotangata toetoe-whatumanu upokotangata cutting-grass cutting toe-toe mariscus-sedge Mazus pumilio: dwarf false musk dwarf mazus Melicope simplex: *poataniwha simple-leaved melicope Melicope ternata: houkumara koheriki tataka *wharangi wharangipiro lemon-wood ternate-leaved melicope
Melicytus lanceolatus: kaiweta *mahoewao taranga lance-leaved whitewood narrow-leaved hinehine Melicytus macrophyllus: large-leaved whitewood Melicytus micranthus: *manakura twiggy whitewood Melicytus ramiflorus: hinahina inihina (prob. inaina) *mahoe moeahu branch-flowered melicytus cowleaf cow-tree white-wood *whitewood whiteywood Mentha Cunninghamii: hioi mokimoki mint native mint New Zealand mint *(Maori mint) Meryta Sinclairii: puka cabbage-tree *(paddle-leaf) Mesembryanthemum: pig-face Mesembryanthemum australe: *horokaka ngarangara ruerueke fig marigold fig-marigold fig-marygold ice-plant native ice-plant New Zealand ice-plant pig-face pig's face pig's-face pigs-face pigsface pigs' faces Mesembryanthemum australe—cont. pink-flowered mesembry-anthemum southern mesembryan-themum *(Maori ice-plant) † Mesembryanthemum edule: *Hottentot fig Metrosideros: rata-vine Metrosideros albiflora: *akatea white climbing rata white climbing-rata white-flowered rata white-flowering rata white rata Metrosideros Colensoi: hairy climbing-rata Metrosideros diffusa: *akakura crimson climbing-rata Metrosideros florida. See M. scandens (florida). Metrosideros hypericifolia: common climbing-rata hypericum-leaved rata iron wood slender climbing white rata slender climbing white rata white climing rata white rata Metrosideros lucida: rata ironbark iron wood iron-wood ironwood mountain rata mountain-rata native teak northern rata shining rata shrub rata southern ironbark Southern Island rata southern rata stunted southern rata Metrosideros perforata (scandens): aka *aka-torotoro koro torotoro whakapiopio box rata climbing rata climbing white rata clinging climbing-rata myrtle round-leaved climbing rata small-leaved climbing rata white rata Metrosideros robusta: rata female pohutukawa inland pohutukawa ironwood New Zealand oak-elm northern rata North Island rata parasite-myrtle rattar red tree rata Metrosideros scandens.1 The original M. scandens is now M. perforata, and the contemporary M. florida is now M. scandens. This change has inextricably confused the application of the popular names—an application hitherto so lucid. See M. perforata. Metrosideros scandens (florida): aka aka-kura *aka-tawhiwhi amaru kahikahika pua-tawhiwhi rata rata-piki whakatangitangi climbing red rata florid rata flowery rata giant rata large-leaved climbing rata rata vine red climbing-rata scarlet climbing-rata vegetable boa-constrictor Metrosideros scandens (florida) var. aurata: golden rata
Metrosideros tomentosa: hutukawa *pohutukawa Christmas flower *Christmas tree Christmas-tree downy ironheart downy rata New Zealand ash New Zealand Christmas tree Metrosideros villosa: Kermadec pohutukawa small-leaved pohutukawa Microlaena avenacea: bush oat-grass bush rice grass *bush rice-grass forest rice-grass Microlaena polynoda: knot-jointed rice grass *knotted rice-grass native bamboo Microlaena stipoides: patiti meadow rice grass *meadow rice-grass Microtis porrifolia: onion-leaved microtis *onion-leaved orchid Microtis unifolia: maikaika onion-leaved orchid Mida salicifolia (Fusanus Cunninghamii): maire maire taiki *taiko Cunningham's sandal-wood native sandalwood New Zealand sandal-wood New Zealand sandalwood sandal-wood *(Maori sandalwood) Mimulus repens: large monkey-flower musk New Zealand musk *(Maori musk) Montia fontana: water blink water chickweed *water-chickweed Muehlenbeckia: *wiggybush Muehlenbeckia adpressa:1 Name not now recognized; includeed in M. australis. black vine climbing lignum close-fitting muehlen-beckia Muehlenbeckia Astoni: shrubby pohuehue Muehlenbeckia australis:2 Now includes M. adpressa. puka broad-leaved puhepuhe large-leaved pohuehue Maori-vine willow plant Muehlenbeckia axillaris: axillary-flowered mühlen-beckia creeping-pohuehue Muehlenbeckia complexa: *pohuehue tororaro waekahu clasping mühlenbeckia slender muehlenbeckia Myoporum laetum: *ngaio gnaio gnais native laurel wild mangrove Myosotidium hortensia (nobile): kopukapuka kopakopa Chatham Island lily Chatham Islands lily Chatham-Islands lily giant forget-me-not Macquarie cabbage *(Chatham forget-me-not) Myosotis albida: coast forget-me-not shore forget-me-not white forget-me-not Myosotis australis: *yellow forget-me-not Myosotis capitata: capitate forget-me-not Myosotis Forsteri: forget-me-not Forster's forget-me-not Myosotis macrantha: bronze forget-me-not Myosotis pygmaea var. Traillii: forget-me-not small-flowered forget-me-not Myosotis saxatilis: rock forget-me-not Myosotis spathulata: forget-me-not spathulate-leaved myosotis spoon-leaved forget-me-not Myosotis Traversii: mountain forget-me-not Myosurus novae-zealandiae (aristatus): *bearded mousetail Myriophyllum: *water-milfoil Myriophyllum elatinoides: common water-milfoil elatine-like myriophyllum native water milfoil water milfoil water-milfoil Myriophyllum robustum: stout water-milfoil Myriophyllum Votschii: small water-milfoil Myrsine Urvillei. See Suttonia australis.
Myrtus bullata: *ramarama blistered-leaved myrtle bush myrtle embossed myrtle ironwood myrtle native myrtle New Zealand myrtle rum-a-rum Myrtus obcordata: *rohutu tuhuhi ironwood mouse ear myrtle native myrtle obcordate-leaved myrtle Myrtus pedunculata: rohutu pedunculate myrtle small-leaved myrtle x Myrtus Ralphii: small-leaved ramarama Myxomycetes: *slime-fungi Nasturtium. See Radicula. Nephrodium. See Dryopteris. Nertera depressa: fruiting duckweed oblate-berried nertera Nertera dichondraefolia: dichondra-leaved nertera Nothochlaena distans: hairy cloak fern woolly cloak fern woolly cloak-fern Nothofagus: beech southern-beech *(Maori beech) Nothofagus apiculata: pointed-leaved beech x Nothofagus Blairii: Blair's beech Nothofagus cliffortioides: tawhai-rauriki black birch black-birch cliffortia-like beech mountain beech *mountain-beech mountain birch mountain southern-beech white birch white-birch Nothofagus fusca: hutu hututawai tawai tawhai tawhai-raunui black beech black birch blackpine bull birch dusky beech large leaved birch red beech *red-beech red birch red-birch red kamai red southern-beech tall red southern-beech tooth-leaved beech Nothofagus Menziesii: tawai tawhai beech brown birch clinker birch Menzie's beech native beech red birch round-leaved beech silver beech *silver-beech silver birch silver southern-beech white birch white-birch white kamai Nothofagus Solandri: tawai-rauriki tawhai tawhai-rauriki black beech *black-beech black birch black-heart birch black southern-beech brown birch entire-leaved beech red birch Nothofagus Solandri—cont. silver-birch Solander's beech white beech white birch yellow birch Nothofagus truncata: *clinker-beech Nothopanax anomalum: wawaupaku anomalous nothopanax shrubby panax supra-divaricating whau-whaupaku Nothopanax arboreum: houhou parapara *puahou whauwhau whaupaku whauwhaupaku black ash common ivy-tree five-finger five-fingered Jack *ivy-tree shittimwood Nothopanax Colensoi: *orihou Colenso's nothopanax gum tree ivy tree ivy-tree *mountain ivy-tree mountain panax New Zealand gum tree Nothopanax Edgerleyi: haumangoroa houmangaroa homanoroa (prob. houmanoroa) koare koareare *raukawa rauraua Edgerley's nothopanax Edgerley's panax lemon-wood orange wood *orange-wood Nothopanax lineare: narrow-leaved nothopanax x Nothopanax parvum: small-leaved panax
Nothopanax simplex: *haumakoroa haumangoroa kaiwiria simple-leaved nothopanax simple-leaved panax Nothopanax Sinclairii: mountain panax Sinclair's panax Notospartium Carmichaeliae: pink broom Notospartium torulosum: New Zealand pink broom Notothlaspi rosulatum: pen-wiper plant penwiper plant *penwiper-plant rosette-like notothlaspi rosette plant Olea: New Zealand olive *(Maori olive) Olea apetala: black maire *broad-leaved maire ironwood New Zealand olive Olea Cunninghamii: *maire maire-raunui black maire black-maire cedar marie New Zealand sandal-wood white maire Olea lanceolata maire maire raunui black maire *white maire white-maire Olea montana maire kotae maire roro maire rauriki *rororo narrow leaved maire narrow-leaved maire Olearia: daisy tree *daisy-tree tree-daisy Olearia albida: Auckland tree-daisy Olearia angustifolia: *teteaweka daisy-tree purple-flowered daisytree Olearia arborcscens (nitida): daisy-tree glossy-leaved daisy-tree glossy tree-daisy shining olearia Olearia avicenniaefolia akeake avicennia-leaved olearia *mountain-akeake Olearia chathamica: *keketerehe Chatham tree-daisy *(Chatham daisy-tree) Olearia Colensoi: kumarahou *tupare Colenso's daisy-tree common mountain treedaisy large-leaved tree-daisy mountain tree-daisy musk-tree mutton bird scrub mutton-bird scrub mutton-bird-wood *mutton-wood Olearia Cunninghamii. See O. rani. Olearia cymbifolia: boat-leaved tree-daisy Olearia divaricata: divaricate tree-daisy stiff-branched daisy-tree Olearia excorticata: fuchsia-barked olearia Olearia Forsteri. See O. paniculata. Olearia fragrantissima: fragrant tree-daisy Olearia furfuracea: *akepiro kumara-kai-torouka tanguru wharangipiro bran-like olearia daisy-tree Olearia Hectori: thin-leaved tree-daisy Olearia ilicifolia: hakeke holly-leaved olearia *Maori holly mountain-holly native holly New Zealand holly Olearia insignis. See Pachystegia insignis. Olearia lineata:1 Now includes O. virgata var. lineata. twiggy tree-daisy Olearia Lyallii: tupari antarctic tree-daisy subantarctic tree-daisy Olearia, macrodonta: *arorangi wharangikuria false mountain-holly false New Zealand holly large-toothed olearia native holly Olearia moschata: musky olearia musky tree-daisy *(musky daisy-tree) Olearia nummularifolia: hard-leaved tree-daisy small-leaved tree-daisy Olearia odorata: odorous tree-daisy Olearia operina: tupari Olearia paniculata (Forsteri): akepirau *akiraho
Olearia paniculata (Forsteri)—cont. Forster's daisy-tree Forster's olearia golden akeake golden-akeake rock-akeake yellow akeake Olearia rani (Cunninghamii): akewharangi *heketara ngungu taraheke wharangipiro forest daisy-tree Olearia semidentata: hangatare *makora Chatham Island aster purple-flowered tree-daisy purple tree-daisy toothed olearia Olearia Solandri: coastal daisy-tree x Olearia Traillii: Traill's daisy-tree Olearia Traversii: akeake bastard sandal-wood tree bastard sandalwood tree *Chatham akeake Chatham Island akeake sandalwood silver akeake Olearia virgata: swamp tree-daisy twiggy daisy-tree twiggy olearia *(swamp daisy-tree) Olearia virgata var. lineata:1 Name not now recognized; included in O. lineata. slender daisy-tree Ophioglossum: adder's-tongue Ophioglossum coriaceum: adder's-tongue Ophioglossum lusitanicum: large adder's tongue little adder's tongue little adder's-tongue narrow adder's tongue narrow-leaved adder's tongue Ophioglsosum vulgatum: adders' tongue adder's tongue fern adder's-tongue fern common adder's tongue *(adders-tongue) Oplismenus undulatifolius: slender panic-grass slender panick grass Oreobolus pectinatus: common oreobolus Oreobolus strictus: narrow-leaved oreobolus Orthoceras Solandri: *ikaika Solander's orthoceras Orthoceras strictum: maikaika *mamaika para (=tuber used as food) paratawhiti Ourisia caespitosa: creeping mountain-foxglove creeping ourisia tufted ourisia Ourisia Colensoi: Colenso's ourisia Ourisia glandulosa: glandular ourisia Ourisia macrocarpa: snowy mountain-foxglove Ourisia macrophylla: hue-o-Raukatauri alpine foxglove large-leaved ourisia *mountain-foxglove mountain primula Mount Egmont primula Ourisia modesta: tiny ourisia Ourisia prorepens: Petrie's ourisia Ourisia sessilifolia: hairy ourisia Oxalis corniculata: creeping yellow wood-sorrel horned oxalis wood-sorrel *yellow oxalis Oxalis lactea (magellanica): tutaekaahu Magellan's oxalis sorrelwood *white oxalis white sorrel wood-sorrel Pachycladon novae-zelandiae: New Zealand pachycladon Pachystegia (Olearia) insignis: mountain daisy remarkable olearia rock tree-daisy *(rock daisy-tree) Paesia (Pteris) scaberula: matata carpet fern hard fern lace fern lace-fern *rough bracken scented fern slender bracken Paratrophis Banksi:2 Name not now recognized; included in P. opaca. coast milk-tree Paratrophis heterophylla: ewekuri pukariao towai *turepo Paratrophis microphylla: milk tree *milk-tree milk-wood milkwood Paratrophis opaca:3 Now includes P. Banksi. *large-leaved, milk-tree
Paratrophis Smithii: *Three Kings milk-tree Parietaria debilis: pellitory weak-stemmed parietaria Parsonsia capsularis: akakaikiore *akakiore kaiku kaiwhiria totoroene capsulate parsonsia rosy New Zealand jasmine small-flowered New Zealand jasmine Parsonsia capsularis var. rosea: pink New Zealand jasmine *(pink akakiore) Parsonsia heterophylla: akakaikiore *kaihua kaiku kaiwhiria tawhiwhi New Zealand jasmine varied-leaved parsonsia *(Maori jasmine) Paspalum distichum: *sea-side millet Paspalum scrobitulatum: tarakoi *taranui tuhui ditch millet *(ditch-millet) Passiflora. See Tetra-pathaea. Pelargonium australe: kopata pukupuku Pellaea falcata: hook-leaved black fern Pellaea rotundifolia: tarawera round-leaved fern Pennantia corymbosa: hine-kaikomako kahikomako *kaikomako bridal tree corymbose pennantia *maori fire ribbon-wood ribbonwood smutwood Pentachondra pumila: little mountain-heath Peperomia Urvilleana: D'Urville's peperomia Persoonia toru: mihimihi toro *toru Phebalium nudum: *mairehau maireire aromatic-leaved maireire naked phebalium Phormium Colensoi (Cookianum):1P. Cookianum is now included in P. tenax. korari-tuauru *wharariki hill flax *hill-flax mountain flax mountain flax New Zealand flax Phormium tenax: *harakeke harapere harareke kauhangaroa korari (=flower-stalk) kurawaka (=seed-capsule) Varieties— aoanga (variegated) aohanga (variegated) aorangi (striped) atemango ateraukawa atewheke awanga (variegated) hurahura-hika maomao oue parekoritawa (variegated) paritaniwha pikoko potango rataroa Phormium tenax—cont. Varieties—cont. rerehape rongotainui rukutia taiore takirikau (strong-fibred varieties) taneawai (bronzy foliage) tapoto (strong-fibred varieties) taroa tihore (very strong fibre) tika (ordinary varieties) wharanui flag *flax flax lily flax-lily hemp koradi native flax native hemp New Zealand flax New-Zealand flax New Zealand flax-plant *(Maori flax) Phyllachne clavigera: club-leaved phyllachne Phyllachne Colensoi: Colenso's phyllachne common phyllachne Phyllocladus alpinus: alpine celery pine alpine celery-pine celery-leaved pine celery pine celery topped pine celery-topped pine mountain celery pine mountain celery-pine mountain toatoa mountain-toatoa mountain totoa New Zealand hickory pitch pine *(alpine toatoa) Phyllocladus glaucus: *toatoa celery-pine Phyllocladus trichomanoides: ahotea niko *tanekaha tawaiwai toatoa
Phyllocladus trichomanoides—cont. celery-leaved pine celery-pine celery-topped pine celery top pine New Zealand pitch pine pitch pine Pimelea arenaria: aute-taranga *aute-tauranga toroheke *sand-pimelea Pimelea buxifolia: box-leaved pimelea Pimelea laevigata. See P. prostrata. Pimelea longifolia: koromiko-taranga *taranga long-leaved pimelea New Zealand daphne *(Maori daphne) Pimelea Lyallii: Lyall's pimelea Pimelea prostrata (laevigata): *pinatoro wharengarara common pimelea creeping pimelea native thyme smooth pimelea Strathmore weed (?) Pimelea virgata: twiggy pimelea Piper excelsum. See Macro piper). Pisonia Brunoniana: *parapara puhaureroa puwhaureroa bird-catcher bird-catcher plant bird catching plant *bird-catching-plant Pittosporum Colensoi: rautawhiri black mapau Colenso's pittosporum maple Pittosporum cornifolium: karo *tawhirikaro wharewhareatua cornel-leaved pittosporum perching-kohuhu straggling pittosporum Pittosporum crassifolium: kaikaro *karo kihihi thick-leaved pittosporum turpentine tree Pittosporum eugenioides: kihihi *tarata black mapau citron eugenia-like pittosporum lemon matipo lemon-tree lemon wood lemon-wood *lemonwood maple mapu New Zealand oak turpentine turpentine tree white mapau white maple Pittosporum Fairchildii: *Three Kings karo Pittosporum Kirkii: Kirk's pittosporum thick-leaved kohuhu Pittosporum obcordatum: cohou-cohou obcordate-leaved pittosporum small-leaved kohuhu Pittosporum Ralphii: Ralph's pittosporum Pittosporum rigidum: shrubby pittosporum weeping-matipo Pittosporum tenuifolium: kaikaro *kohuhu kohukohu koihu kowhiwhi mapauriki powhiri rautawhiri Pittosporum tenuifolium—cont. tawhiri tawhiwhi black birch black mapau black maple black mapou bucket-of-water-wood maple silver birch small-leaved tarata thin-leaved pittosporum turpentine tree Pittosporum tenuifolium var. variegata: silver matipo *(silvery kohuhu) Pittosporum umbellatum: *haekaro Plagianthus betulinus: houi *manatu whauwhi birch-like ribbon-wood lace-bark tree lacebark lowland ribbonwood ribbon tree ribbon-tree ribbon wood ribbon-wood ribbonwood South Island ribbon wood *(lowland-ribbonwood) Plagianthus chathamicus: *Chatham ribbonwood X Plagianthus cymosus: hybrid ribbonwood Plagianthus divaricatus: makaka runa salt-marsh ribbonwood shrubby ribbonwood wide-branched ribbonwood Plagianthus Lyallii:1 Name not now recognized; included in Gaya. Lyallii. alpine ribbonwood lace bark lace-bark lace bark tree mountain ribbonwood ribbon-scrub ribbon wood West Coast ribbonwood wild cherry
Plantago: parerarera Plantago Brownii: Brown's plantain Plantago Hamiltonii: glossy plantain Plantago lanigera: plantain Plantago Raoulii: kopakopa common New Zealand plantain New Zealand plantain Raoul's plantain *(Maori plantain) Plantago spathulata: kauparerarera Pleurophyllum criniferum: hairy pleurophyllum Pleurophyllum speciosum: handsome pleurophyllum *(goblet-aster) Poa acicularifolia: needle-leaved poa Poa anceps: broad-leaved poa nodding plumed poa Poa anceps var. breviculmis: hard short-stemmed poa Poa anceps var. debilis: slender poa Poa anceps var. densiflora: dense-flowered poa Poa anceps var. elata: nodding plumed poa Poa Astoni: seashore poa Poa breviglumis: short-glumed poa Poa caespitosa: wi common tussock-grass silver-tussock tussac poa tussock tussock grass yellow tussock *(silver tussock) Poa chathamica: *bog-poa Poa Colensoi: *blue tussock blue-tussock blue tussock-grass Colenso's poa Poa exigua: little poa Poa foliosa: Auckland Islands poa1 Given as three varieties in Buchanan's Indigenous Grasses of New Zealand. large-flowered poa1 minute poa1 short-flowered meadow grass southern islands poa *tussock-grass Poa imbecilla: weak poa weak-stemmed poa Poa intermedia (Colensoi var. intermedia.): mountain tussock grass small tussac poa Poa Kirkii: Kirk's poa Poa Kirkii var. Mackayi: brown mountain poa Poa Lindsayi: brown-flowered poa Poa litorosa: poa-like fescue Poa novae-zealandiae: large flowered poa large-flowered poa Poa pusilla: minute creeping poa slender poa Poa pygmaea: dwarf poa Poa sclerophylla: white-flowered poa Poa uniflora: one-flowered poa Podocarpus acutifolius: acute-leaved totara sharp-leaved totara Podocarpus dacrydioides: kahika *kahikatea kaikatea (prob. kahikatea) kapara (= the resin) katea koroi (= the fruit) mapara (= the heartwood) dacrydium-like podocarpus swamp pine white pine white-pine yellow pine Podocarpus ferrugineus: *miro toromiro black pine black-pine rusty podocarpus Podocarpus Hallii: alpine totara *fuchsia-barked totara large-leaved totara thin-bark totara mountain-totara thin-barked totara Podocarpus nivalis: tauhinu alpine totara creeping totara mountain totara *mountain-totara Podocarpus spicatus: kai kakai (= the young form) mai *matai black pine black-pine black rue black rue pine red pine spiked podocarpus Podocarpus totara: amoka mauri (= dark-coloured timber) *totara tuanui (= a variety)
Podocarpus totara—cont. fir mahogany pine mahogany-pine New Zealand mahogany pine New Zealand yew red pine totara pine totarro †Polygonum aviculare: makakaka Polygonum serrulatum: *tutunawai water persicaria Polypodium Billardieri1 Name not now recognized; included in P. diversifolium. hound's tongue narrow-leaved polypody *hounds-tongue Polypodium dictyopteris (Cunninghamii): Cunningham's polypody Polypodium diversifolium:2 Now includes also P. Billardieri. kowaowao *maratata paraharaha raumanga Billardier's polypody *climbing polypody climbing-polypody common climbing polypody common climbing-polypody common polypody narrow-leaved polypody Polypodium grammitidis: saw-edged polypody Polypodium novae-zealandiae: giant polypody Polypodium pumilum: dwarf polypody Polypodium pustulatum: (Dryopteris pustulata): mokimoki scented polypody fragrant-fern Polypodium. See also Dryopteris. Polystichum: shield fern *(shield-fern) Polystichum aculeatum:3 Name not now recognized; included in P. vestitum. puniu Polystichum adiantiforme: climbing shield fern thick-leaved shield fern thick-leaved shield-fern Polystichum aristatum:4 Name not now recognized; included in P. Richardi. awned shield fern Polystichum cystostegium: alpine fern alpine shield fern alpine shield-fern Egmont fern snow shield fern Polystichum oculatum:5 Name not now recognized; included in P. Richardi. long-stalked shield fern spotted shield fern *(argus shield-fern) Polystichum Richardi:6 Now includes also P. aristatum and P. oculatum. pikopiko *pipiko tutoke black shield fern black shield-fern hard shield-fern Richards' shield fern Polystichum vestitum:7 Now includes also P. aculaetum. prickly shield fern prickly shield-fern Polytrichum dendroides: tree-moss Pomaderris apetala: nonokia *tainui ti mi Pomaderris Edgerleyi: kumarahou Pomaderris elliptica: kumarahou papapa dwarf tainui elliptical-leaved pomaderris yellow tainui Pomaderris phylicaefolia: taihinu *tauhinu cotton wood heath-like pomaderris heath-like tainui phylica-leaved pomaderris Potamogeton: pond-weed *pondweed Potamogeton Cheesemanii: *manihi rerewai Cheeseman's pond-weed common New Zealand pondweed common pond-weed *(Maori pondweed) Potamogeton natans: manihi *rerewai pond weed pond-weed Potamogeton polygonifolius: persicaria-leaved pond-weed Potentilla anserina: silver-weed Potentilla anserina var. anserinoides: *kowhaikura *silverweed Pratia angulata: *panakenake common pratia creeping pratia creeping-pratia Pratia arenaria: big-fruited pratia Pseudopanax chathamicum: hoho (prob. houhou) *Chatham lancewood Pseudopanax crassifolium: hohoeka *horoeka koeka kokoeka
ohoeka tara-a-Maui (= trifoliate variety) fish-bone tree grass tree grass-tree ivy tree lance-wood *lancewood thick-leaved lancewood umbrella tree Pseudopanax discolor: bronze panax Pseudopanax ferox: savage lancewood *toothed lancewood toothed-leaved lancewood Pseudopanax Lessonii: houmapara *houpara houparapara oho parapara whauwhau northern lancewood shore panax Pseudopanax lineare: mountain lancewood true lancewood Pleridium esculentum (Pteris aquilina var. esculenta): aruhe (= the rhizome) kakaka (= the stem) koeata (= the young shoots) komeke (= the rhizome prepared for eating) mahunu (= the young shoots) manehu meke (= the rhizome) mohani (= the rhizome) moheke (= the rhizome) monehu (= the young shoots) motuhanga (= the rhizome) pakakohi (= the rhizome) parara (= the rhizome) rahurahu *rauaruhe rarahu rarauhe renga (= the rhizome) roi (= the rhizome) takaka bracken bracken fern *bracken-fern brake brown fern common bracken common English bracken common fern fern Pteris comans: scarce bracken Pteris incisa. See Histio-pteris. Pteris macilenta: thin bracken Pteris scaberula. See Paesia. Pteris tremula: tarawera turawera scented fern scented-fern stinking fern stinking-fern *trembling bracken Pterostylis Banksii: *tutukiwi Banks' pterostylis common hooded orchid hooded orchid *(elfs-hood) Pterostylis graminea: grass-like hooded orchid narrow-leaved hooded orchid Quintinia acutifolia: mountain-tawheowheo *(mountain-lilac) Quintinia serrata: kumarahou *tawhewheo native lilac New Zealand lilac white birch serrated quintinia *(Maori lilac) †Radicula Nasturtium aquaticum (N. officinale): kowhitiwhiti water-cress Radicula Nasturtium palustre: *hanea panapana poniu marsh cress small-leafed cress Radicula Nasturtium (Cardamine) stylosum: *matangoa Ranunculus: crowfoot Ranuculus acaulis: *shore-buttercup Ranunculus Buchanani: cut-leaved alpine butter-cup white cut-leaved alpine buttercup Ranunculus crithmifolius: samphire-leaved ranun-culus *(shingle-slip buttercup) Ranunculus Godleyanus: Godley's buttercup yellow alpine buttercup yellow mountain lily *(yellow mountain-lily) Ranunculus gracilipes: slender alpine buttercup Ranunculus Haastii: fleshy-leaved buttercup Haast's ranunculus Ranunculus hirtus: kopukapuka *maruru common New Zealand buttercup Ranunculus insignis: *korikori hairy alpine buttercup mountain-buttercup Ranunculus Kirkii: Stewart Island buttercup *(Stewart buttercup)
Ranunculus lappaceus: butter cup buttercup Ranunculus lobulatus: New Zealand Kaikoura buttercup *(Kaikoura buttercup) Ranunculus Lyallii: giant white buttercup Lyall's ranunculus mountain lily *mountain-lily Mount Cook lily rockwood lily shepherd's lily water lily white buttercup Ranunculus macropus: *raoriki *swamp-buttercup Ranunculus multiscapus: grassland buttercup *grassland-buttercup Ranunculus nivicola: *Egmont buttercup Mount Egmont buttercup golden-yellow Mount Egmont buttercup mountain yellow butter-cup Ranunculus rivularis: raoriki waoriki swamp-buttercup *water-buttercup Ranunculus sericophyllus: silky alpine buttercup Raoulia australis: common raoulia patch-plant silvery raoulia Raoulia bryoides: small vegetable-sheep Raoulia eximia: common vegetable-sheep extraordinary raoulia vegetable sheep vegetable-sheep Raoulia glabra: glabrous raoulia Raoulia Goyeni: Stewart Island vegetable-sheep Raoulia grandiflora: large-flowered raoulia Raoulia Haastii: green raoulia Haast's raoulia Raoulia lutescens: native scabweed scabweed Raoulia mammillaris: breasted raoulia New Zealand pincushion vegetable sheep Raoulia rubra: green vegetable-sheep Raoulia subsericea: turfy raoulia Raoulia tenuicaulis: tutahuna mat-raoulia Rapanea. See Suttonia. Rhabdothamnus Solandri: kaikaiatua matata *taurepo waiuatua native arbutilon native bignonia Solander's rhabdothamnus * (Maori arbutilon) Rhipogonum scandens: akapirita akapita kakareao kakarewao *kareao karewao kekereao kotau (= young shoot) pirita taiore black vine bush sarsaparilla climbing lily climbing rhipogonum hartwhan karewan native sarsaparilla supple jack supple-jack *supplejack supple jack vine yam-creeper Rhopalostylis Cheesemanii: Kermadec nikau Rhopalostylis (Areca) sapida: kaihuia miko muka munga *nikau cabbage palm cabbage tree cabbage-tree fern-palm New Zealand palm nika-palm nikau palm nikau-palm palm savory palm-tree Rubus australis: tarakeke taramoa *tataramoa tataramoa-turuhunga bramble briar bush lawyer *bush-lawyer bushlawyer Captain Cook's ropes lawyer native bramble New Zealand bramble southern bramble wait-a-bit wild Irishman Rubus cissoides: bush-lawyer ivy-like bramble leafless lawyer yellow-prickled lawyer *(yellow-prickle) Rubus parvus: creeping-lawyer small bramble Rubus schmidelioides: bush-lawyer rose-leaved lawyer schmidelia-like bramble *swamp-lawyer Rubus schmidelioides var. coloratus: white-leaved lawyer Rubus subpauperatus: narrow-leaved lawyer semi leafless lawyer
Rumex flexuosus: *runa New Zealand dock tortuous dock *(Maori dock) Rumex neglectus: sea-shore dock *shore-dock Ruppia maritima: tassel pondweed *(tassel-pondweed) Salicornia australis: Australian glaaswort glasswort Indian salicornia marsh-samphire samphire southern glasswort *(austral glasswort) Salsola australis: southern salsola *(austral saltwort) Salsola Kali: *prickly saltwort Samolus repens: *maakoako Samolus repens var. procumbens: New Zealand water-pimpernel primrose wild thyme southern water-pimpernel *(Maori water-pimpernel) Samolus littoralis: sea-side samolus Schefflera digitata: kohi kotete patate *pate patete *five-finger five fingers native fig New Zealand fig pipewood snotty gob white wood Schizaea australis: dwarf comb fern *(dwarf comb-fern) Schizaea bifida: forked comb fern *(forked comb-fern) Schizaea dichotoma: broad comb fern kauri fern *(kauri-fern) Schizaea fistulosa: rush fern *rush-fern slender comb fern slender comb-fern Schoenus pauciflorus: bog rush false snow-grass Scirpus americanus: *three-square Scirpus antarcticus: antarctic club-rush Scirpus aucklandicus: Auckland Island club-rush Scirpus cernuus: drooping club-rush nodding club-rush Scirpus frondosus. See Desmoschoenus spiralis. Scirpus inundatus: swamp club-rush water club-rush Scirpus lacustris: kapungawha *kopupu kopupungawha kuwawa papao wawa great bulrush Scirpus maritimus:1 Name not now recognized; included in S. robustus. kukuraho *ririwaka club rush purua-grass Scirpus nodosus: wiwi common club-rush stiff bulrush stiff club-rush Scirpus robustus:2 Now includes also S. maritimus. salt-marsh bulrush *sea club-rush Scirpus sulcatus Thouars var. distigmatosa: proliferous club-rush Scleranthus biflorus: kohukohu *naereere common scleranth cushion plant Selliera radicans: raumangu rekoreko *remuremu creeping selliera creeping-selliera rooting selliera Senecio: alpine marigold shrub-groundsel Senecio Banksii: East Cape groundsel Senecio bellidioides: common mountain-groundsel common New Zealand groundsel *(Maori groundsel) Senecio Bidwillii: Bidwell's shrubby groundsel Senecio elaeagnifolius: brown backs common mountain shrubby groundsel *(brown-backs) Senecio Hectori: deciduous tree-groundsel Senecio Huntii: *rautini
Senecio Kirkii: kohurangi kokohurangi komingiroa orooro *tapairu daisy shrub forest-groundsel forest tree-groundsel Kirk's groundsel shrubby forest-groundsel Senecio latifolius: puhaureroa *puwhaureroa Senecio lautus: coast groundsel coast-groundsel elegant senecio *shore-groundsel Senecio Lyallii: Lyall's groundsel *white marigold Senecio Monroi: rock shrub-groundsel Senecio perdicioides: *raukumara puarangitoto shrubby groundsel Senecio rotundifolius: *puheretaiko puwharetaiko *leather-leaf leathern leaf mutton bird scrub mutton-bird scrub mutton-bird shrub round-leaved shrubby groundsel Senecio saxifragoides: Port Hills groundsel *yellow rock-daisy Senecio sciadophilus: climbing daisy climbing-groundsel mutton-bird scrub Senecio scorzoneroides: great white groundsel mountain marguerite *snow-groundsel Senecio Stewartiae: Stewart Island shrubby groundsel Stewart Island tree-groundsel *(Stewart tree-groundsel) Sicyos angulalus. See S. australis, footnote. Sicyos australis:1 Now includes also S. angulatus. mawhai Australian gourd climbing-gourd southern sicyos *(climbing gourd) Sideroxylon costatum. See S. novo-zealandicum, footnote. Sideroxylon novo-zelandicum: 2 Now includes also S. costatum. orewa pou *tawapou New Zealand olive Siegesbeckia aculeatum: puniu Siegesbeckia orientalis: *punawaru Siphonidium longiflorum: slender-flowered eyebright Solanum aviculare: horeto (= ripe fruit) kahoho (= the fruit) kohoho peoi popopo poporo *poroporo poroporotanguru borra borra bul-a-bul bul-bul bulli-bull bulli-bulli bulli-bulli bullibulli bullybull common solanum cut-leaved nightshade potato plant Solanum aviculare var. albiflora: white poroporo Solanum nigrum: poroporo-raupeti *raupeti remuroa black nightshade dwarf New Zealand nightshade nightshade †Solanum tuberosum: *hiwai kapana maketau parareka parete riwai tiawa Cultivated varieties— hingongi huamango kotipo papaka pau piho raparaparuru rape rokeroke ropi taeaka taewa tatairongo uwhi waeruru †Sonchus asper: kautara rauroroa taweke wekeweke *sow-thistle Sonchus grandifolius: Chatham Island sowthistle great sowthistle great sowthistle Sonchus littoralis: coastal sow-thistle coastal sowthistle fleshy-leaved sow-thistle rock sow-thistle † Sonchus oleraceus: pororua puwha *rauriki sow-thistle Sophora chathamica: *Chatham kowhai
Sophora grandiflora: kowhai large-flowered kowhai New Zealand acacia New Zealand laburnum Sophora microphylla: kowhai common kowhai goi New Zealand laburnum small-leaved kowhai yellow clianthus Sophora prostrata: dwarf kowhai prostrate kowhai Sophora tetraptera 1 Sophora tetraptera should perhaps be divided into three species of Edwardsia, but is left here to save confusion. Dr. L. Cockayne puts the whole of Sophora into Edwardsia, but admits it is a matter of opinion. (part = Edwardsia) houma *kowhai kowhai-taepa (= drooping variety) kowhai-tauiti (a variety) ghoa ghoai goa goai gohi goi gowai gowhai kohai kowai kowhia locust tree locust-tree native laburnum native mimosa New Zealand laburnum yellow kowhai yellow parrot's bill Sparganium antipodum: *maru Sparganium subglobosum: creeping New Zealand burr-reed New Zealand burr-reed simple bur-reed *(Maori burr-reed) Spergularia media: salt-marsh sand-spurrey Sphagnum: *bog-moss swamß moss sphagnum moss Spinifex hirsutus: kowhangatara *puarere raumoa turikakoa wawatai *rolling-grass silvery sand-grass spiny rolling grass spiny rolling-grass Stellaria decipiens var. angustata: *Antipodes chickweed Stellaria gracilenta: New Zealand chickweed *(Maori chickweed) Stellaria media: kohukohu Stellaria parviflora: small-flowered chickweed stitchwort Stellaria Roughii: Rough's chick weed Stilbocarpa Lyallii: punui Lyall's stilbocarpa Stewart Island stilbocarpa Stilhocarpa polaris: puniu punui polar stilbocarpa sacrie *(Dundonald-herb) Stipa arundinacea: hunangamoho New Zealand wind grass Styphelia. See Cyathodes. Suaeda maritima: *sea-blite Suttonia australis (Rapanea (Myrsine) Urvillei): *mapau mapou mataira matipou tapau takapou tipau black mapou D'Urville's rapanea maple mappo red birch red-birch red mapau red maple red-maple red matipo Suttonia chathamica: Chatham Island matipo *(Chatham matipo) Suttonia Coxii: *swamp-matipo Suttonia divaricata: divaricate suttonia *weeping matipo weeping-matipo wiry matipo Suttonia (Rapanea) montana: weeping tree Suttonia nummularia. *creeping matipo creeping-matipo Suttonia (Rapanea) salicina: *toro long leaf matipou long-leaved matipo willow-leaved rapanea Taraxacum magellanicum: New Zealand dandelion *(Maori dandelion) Tetragonia expansa: kokihi ? panamata ? paraihia *rengamutu rengarenga tutaeikamoana native ice-plant New Zealand spinach spinach summer spinach *(Maori spinach)
Tetragonia trigyna: kokihi beach spinach climbing New Zealand spinach ice-plant *(beach-spinach) Tetrapathaea tetrandra (australis) (Passiflora tetrandra): aka akakaiku akàkaikuku akakaimanu akakohia akakuku 1 Abbreviation of akakaikuku (“food-vine of the pigeon”). kahia kaimanu kohe *kohia kupapa pohuehue popohue powhiwhi native passion-flower native passion-vine New Zealand passion-flower New Zealand passionflower orange berry passion flower passion-flower tetrandrous passion flower *(Maori passion-flower) * Theymitra longifolia: *maikuku common thelymitra long-leaved thelymitra Thelymitra pulchella: *maikaika Thelymitra uniflora: blue thelymitra *(blue maikuku) Todea barbara: hard todea king fern Todea superba. See Leptoptens superba. Trichomanes: bristle ferns Trichomanes Colensoi: Colenso's bristle fern Trichomanes elongatum: black bristle fern bristle-fern stiff bristle fern Trichomanes humile: drooping bristle fern humble-fern Trichomane Lyallii: Lyall's bristle fern Lyall's bristle-fern Trichomanes reniforme: konehu kopakopa *raurenga kidney fern *kidney-fern kidney-leaf bristle fern Trichomanes strictum: stiff bristle fern Trichomanes venosum: veined filmy-fern veined bristle fern veined bristle-fern Triglochin striatum var. filifolium: southern arrow-grass *three-ribbed arrow-grass Triglochin triandrum: arrow grass Triodia exigua: few-flowered oat grass *mountain-twitch Trisetum antarcticum: native oat grass shining oat grass shining oat-grass Trisetum subspicatum: spiked oat grass Trisetum Youngii: Young's oat-grass Tupeia antarctica: kokuorangi pirinoa *pirita tapia antarctic mistletoe antarctic tupeia *green mistletoe Tyndaridea anomala: kohuwai Typha angustifolia: hune (= feathery seeds) karito koare koareare (= rhizome) konehu-raupo (= pollen) kopupungawha koreirei (= rhizome) korito (= young shoots) kouka (= rhizome) ngawha pungapunga (= pollen) *raupo bulrush bullrush cat's tail flag large bulrush marsh reed reedmace rushes (ra-poo) Uncinia: matau *hooked sedge Uncinia australis See U. uncinata: Uncinia caespitosa: narrow-leaved uncinia Uncinia comparta: mountain uncinia Uncinia filiformis: slender uncinia Uncinia leptostachya: matauririki tall uncinia Uncinia pedicellata: Stewart Island uncinia *(Stewart uncinia) Uncinia rigida: stiff uncinia Uncinia riparia: matauririki leafy uncinia Uncinia rubra: red uncinia Uncinia uncinata: 2 Now includes also U. australis. *kamu matau-a-Maui broad-leaved uncinia
Urtica australis: *taraonga taraongaonga subantarctic nettle *(Antipodes nettle) Urtica ferox: *ongaonga taraonga taraongaonga bush-nettle fierce nettle nettle nettle tree shrubby nettle tree nettle *tree-nettle true nettle Urtica incisa: ongaonga *dwarf nettle forest-nettle ground nettle nettle Usnea barbata; *angiangi Utricularia monanthos: bladder-wort bladderwort common bladder-wort *(purple bladderwort) Utricularia protrusa: bladderwort *(floating bladderwort) Veronica. See Hebe for all except the three following. Veronica catarractae: waterfall veronica *(waterfall-koromiko) Veronica Hookeriana: Hooker's veronica Veronica spathulata: *scoria-koromiko snowy veronica Viola Cunninghamii: common New Zealand violet Cunningham's violet native violet New Zealand violet violet *(Maori violet) Viola filicaulis: native violet *slender violet thread-like violet violet Viola filicaulis var. hydrocotyloides: *water-penny violet Viola Lyallii: haka white violet Viscum Lindsayi: Lindsay's mistletoe Viscum salicornioides: salicornia-like mistletoe Vitex lucens: kauere *puriri boradi iron wood New Zealand oak New Zealand teak puredi puridi teak Vittadinia australis: southern vittadmia Wahlenbergia albomarginata: blue bell blue-bell bluebell native blue bell New Zealand blue bell New Zealand blue-bell New Zealand bluebell *(Maori bluebell) Wahlenbergia cartilaginea: *rock-bluebell Wahlenbergia gracilis: *rimuroa bell-flower blue bell blue-bell bluebell graceful blue-bell hare bell native harebell New Zealand bluebell slender blue-bell slender bluebell Wahlenbergia Matthewsii: bell-flower Weinmannia racemosa: *kamahi tawhero towai black birch brown birch karmai racemose weinmannia red birch red-birch white birch Weinmannia silvicola: *tawhero towai forest-loving weinmannis Wintera (Drimys) axillaris: *horopito matou (= the fruit) puhikawa axil-flowered drimys Maori pain-killer nutmeg tree pepper tree *pepper-tree peppertree pepper-wood Wintera (Drimys) colorata: *oramarama ramarama blotched-leaved pepper-tree false native pepper pepper tree pepper-tree red-blotched horopito *red horopito †Zea Mays: kanga kopakipaki parate maize Zostera: *sea-wrack Zostera nana *rimurehia eel-grass *grass-wrack sea-grass Zostera tasmanica *sea-grass
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https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1926-56.2.7.1.58
Bibliographic details
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 56, 1926, Page 659
Word Count
21,090Popular Names of New Zealand Plants. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 56, 1926, Page 659
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