Art. LIV.—Notes on New Zealand Mosses: Genus Orthotrichum.

Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, Volume 27, 1894, Page 422

Art. LIV.—Notes on New Zealand Mosses: Genus Orthotrichum. By Robert Brown. [Read before the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury, 7th November, 1894.] Plates XXXV.–XLII. From the following list of the genus Orthotrichum it will be seen that I have been enabled to collect and describe forty new species, and have still some others which I am at present keeping back by reason of insufficient material, data, & c. There yet remain immense tracts of mountainous country in New Zealand that the foot of man has never trod, and, when systematic research in these localities is undertaken, it may confidently be expected that very many more species of this genus, as well as others, will be discovered. In New Zealand, the species of this interesting genus are found either on trees or rocks, where a humid atmosphere surrounds them, principally in hilly or mountainous districts. They are very constant in their habitats, and particular as regards the conditions required by them. I have only thus far found two species growing on both trees and rocks—viz., Orthotrichum brevisetum and O. latifolium of this paper. A few of them have extended distribution, but by far the greater majority appear to be very local; and, until a more extensive search has taken place, it is not possible with certainty to say how or where they are distributed. Species of this genus are found from near the sea-level to an altitude of upwards of 6,000ft., and may readily be distinguished from other mosses by their tufted habit of growth, their large mitriform calyptra (most commonly pilose), and their more or less pyriform capsules. The outer peristome has either 16 geminate or 8 bigeminate teeth. When the peristome is double the inner row consists of 8 cilia, alternating with the divisions of the outer teeth. The colours of the calyptra and capsules in several of the species vary considerably, increasing in brightness as they approach maturity, and losing their rich red or golden colours as they fade away. Hence colour is of little value in the identification of species of this genus. Excess of moisture is a condition which is very detrimental to the growth of the Orthotrichum. I had a good opportunity of verifying this fact during one of my collecting expeditions at the head of the South Fiord, Lake Te Anau, in December, 1888.

For the first twelve days there was but one dry day. It rained incessantly the whole time, both night as well as day. Dense bush covered the land from the water's edge to the line of scrub, the summit of the hills being the only portions uncovered. The prevailing cryptogamic vegetation was Hepatice, mosses being much less common. All were soaking with water, and growing in great luxuriance, and had been for ages. They had accumulated to a considerable depth, and the foot in walking over them left a track as if walking in snow. I saw no species of Orthotrichum in this locality, although constantly looking for them. They are also very rare between Milford Sound and Lake Te Anau, this also being a wet locality. Bush-clearing has destroyed many of the habitats of this moss; but, on the other hand, where trees have been planted extensively, and allowed to remain for a number of years, new habitats have been created. As an instance of the latter, in November, 1886, I had been examining the trees in the neighbourhood of the River Avon, at Christchurch, for mosses, and on one only did I find two species. Since that period these species have extended to a large number of trees in that locality, and also to trees near the River Wairarapa, Fendalton. Only ten New Zealand species have thus far been described or identified. Five of these are described in the “Handbook of the New Zealand Flora,” viz., O. calvum, O. pumilum, O. ruteum, O. crassifolium, and O. angustifolium, the two last being found in Campbell Island. O. pumilum (from a very imperfect New Zealand specimen) has been identified as the moss of the same name growing in Europe. From the description there given, I know I do not possess specimens of O. crassifolium and O. angustifolium; and from the brief description of the other three I am unable to identify a single plant out of my collection. In the “Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute,” vols. xxv. and xxvi., Mr. Beckett has collected from various sources descriptions and identifications of four of the remaining five species—namely, O. rupestre (Sch.), O. tasmanicum (H. f. and W.), O. lateciliatum (Venturi), and O. hortense (Boswell). The remaining plant he (Mr. Beckett) has collected and described in vol. xxv. of the same publication, which has been named by Dr. Müller O. graphiomitrium. This last one I have been enabled to identify as a plant collected by me at Moa Creek, June, 1884, and since then in the bush near the River Whistler, Puketirake Range, Arthur's Pass, and Clinton Glen, head of Lake Te Anau, with this difference: that in all the specimens I have the leaves are erectopatent and not spreading as there described. This plant has

also the longest upper leaves of any of the New Zealand species I have yet seen. The points of difference between a very great number of species of this genus are of the most minute character, and more details should have been given in describing species of this genus (as well as others) than appears to be the case in a large number of instances. The consequence is that it is impossible to identify a large number of mosses from their meagre printed description alone, owing to the very great similarity in point of detail between one species and another. I have therefore treated the whole of the plants collected by me as new species, with the exception of O. graphiomitrium (Dr. Müller). There is just a possibility of some of these being plants already discovered and described; at the same time, it is more probable that all the mosses described in this paper are new. Section A. Calyptra pilose. Peristome single. 1. Orthotrichum conicorostrum, sp. nov. 2. " pulvinatum, sp. nov. 3. " breve, sp. nov. 4. " ornatum, sp. nov. 5. " gracillimum, sp. nov. 6. " calcareum, sp. nov. 7. " obliquum, sp. nov. 8. " flexifolium, sp. nov. 9. " lancifolium, sp. nov. 10. " clintonii, sp. nov. 11. " inaequale, sp. nov. 12. " benmorense, sp. nov. 13. " fimbriatum, sp. nov. 14. " reflexum, sp. nov. 15. " latorum, sp. nov. Section B. Calyptra pilose. Peristome double. 16. Orthotrichum cylindrothecum, sp. nov. 17. " tortulosum, sp. nov. 18. " longithecum, sp. nov. 19. " anomalum, sp. nov. 20. " brevisetum, sp. nov. 21. " acuminatum, sp. nov. 22. " obesum, sp. nov. 23. " magnothecum, sp. nov.

Section C. Calyptra not pilose. Peristome single. 24. Orthotrichum cyathiforme, sp. nov. 25. " acutifolium, sp. nov. 26. " hurunui, sp. nov. 27. " minutum, sp. nov. 28. " brevirostrum, sp. nov. Section D. Calyptra not pilose. Peristome double. 29. Orthotrichum avonense, sp. nov. 30. " nudum, sp. nov. 31. " minimifolium, sp. nov. 32. " obtusatum, sp. nov. Calyptra pilose. Peristome not found. 33. Orthotrichum parvulum, sp. nov. 34. " arctum, sp. nov. Calyptra not found. Peristome single. 35. Orthotrichum parvithecum, sp. nov. 36. " latifolium, sp. nov. 37. " subulatum, sp. nov. 38. " erectum, sp. nov. 39. " robustum, sp. nov. Calyptra not found. Peristome double. 40. Orthotrichum curvatum, sp. nov. Section A. Calyptra pilose. Peristome single. 1. Orthotrichum conicorostrum, sp. nov. Plants moncecious, yellowish-green, growing in small tufts ¼in.—½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, spreading. Leaves imbricating, spreading; lower ones small; middle and upper linear-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point from an ovate erect base, sheathing. Margins plain, entire, very concave. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves suberect when dry. Perichcetial leaves erect, small, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk 3 1/6in. long, capsule subpyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum conic, one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra as long as the capsule, mitriform, plicate, pilose.

Hab. On trees in bush near the Whistler River, Puketirake Range; December, 1888. Collected by R. B. 2. Orthotrichum pulvinatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-brown, growing in small dense tufts ¼in.—⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches very short, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, nearly erect, very similar in outline to the lower ones, small, increasing in size upwards, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves when dry erect and adpressed. Perichcetial leaves erect, longer than the upper branch ones, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect. Capsule immersed, shortly pyriform, slightly tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeeminate, irregular in the outline, perforated on the middle line, and sometimes on the lateral ones. Operculum conico-rostrate, straight, about half the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose. Hab. Limestone rocks, Broken River, near Castle Hill; November, 1889. Mount Self, near the Hurunui River; March, 1893. Collected in both localities by R. B. 3. Orthotrichum breve, sp. nov. Plants monœcious, dark-green at the apex, brown below, growing in very small tufts ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches very short, 1/32in. long, fastigiate. Leaves erectopatent, shortly imbricating, all very similar in outline, lower ones small, middle and upper ones larger, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex. Nerve ending below or disappearing at the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform nearly to the base, lower linear – oblong. Leaves when dry erect. Perichcetial leaves erect, semi-convolute, incurved near the apex, ovate-lanceolate, acute. Fruitstalk very short, erect. Capsule immersed, narrow pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum small, convex, apiculate, one-fourth, the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose, as long as the capsule. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees in bush near Cooper's Nob, Port Lyttelton hills; August, 1884. Collected by R. B. 4. Orthotrichum ornatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, reddish-brown, growing in dense pulvinate tufts ¼in.—½in. high, branched by innovations, very short, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent oblong-

lanceolate, obtuse, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Leaves all very similar in outline, lower ones small, becoming larger upwards. Areola punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry erect, and slightly twisted. Perichcetial leaves large, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect. Capsule small, pyriform, immersed, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, perforated on the middle line towards the base. Operculum convex-rostrate, about one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, covering the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Limestone rocks, Broken River, near Castle Hill; November, 1889. Collected by R. B. Remarks.—The outline of the capsule of this plant closely resembles the figure given of the capsule of O. crassifolium. 5. Orthotrichum gracillimum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-brown below, green at the tips, growing in small patches ½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves small, densely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower ovate, linear-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper ones larger, semi-convolute, flexuous, ovate linear-lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base. Margins entire, scarcely recurved. Nerve slender, keeled, ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower small quadrate. Leaves when dry slightly crisped. Perichcetial leaves erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, very concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, about ¼in. long. Capsule exserted, narrow, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum conico-rostrate, one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Hab. Rocks, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. 6. Orthotrichum calcareum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark brownish-green, growing in small dense tufts, pulvinate, ½in. high, branching by innovations. Branches closely arranged, short, 1 1/6in. long, fastigiate. Leaves small, erecto-patent, closely imbricating, all very similar in outline, upper ones largest, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex, slightly sheathing at the base. Areola upper punctiform to near the base. Leaves when dry erect, and adpressed. Perichcetial leaves larger than the upper ones, erect, oblonglanceolate, obtuse, with a short hyaline apex, concave.

Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect. Capsule subpyriform. Peristome single, 16, geminate, entire. Operculum conic, one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, slightly pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Limestone rocks, near Broken River; November, 1889. Collected by R. B. 7. Orthotrichum obliquum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in loose tufts ½in.—1in. high, branched by innovations. Branches variable in length, subfastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erectopatent; lower ones small, oblong-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper ones linear-lanceolate, from an ovate sheathing base, acuminate, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve continuous, or disappearing below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong near the base. Leaves when dry suberect. Perichcetial leaves erect, shorter than the upper ones, oblonglanceolate, acuminate, concave. Margins entire plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule exserted, pyriform. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose, as long as the capsule. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees near the River Teremakau; June, 1884. Collected by R. B. 8. Orthotrichum. flexifolium, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green, growing in dense pulvinate tufts ½in. to ⅝in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, closely arranged. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading, all very similar in outline, lower ones small, upper ones larger, linear-lanceolate, from an ovate sheathing base, acuminate, flexuous, semi-convolute. Margins entire, plain. Nerve continued to the apex, keeled, slender. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower, linear-oblong. Leaves when dry very crisped. Perichcetial leaves erecto-patent, longer than the upper ones, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, very concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve slender, continuous. Fruitstalle stout, erect, ¼in. long. Capsule pyriform. Peristome single, 8, entire, bigeminate. Operculum conico-rostrate, straight. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees, Clinton Glen, head of Lake Te Anau; January, 1890. Collected by R. B.

9. Orthotrichum lancifolium, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green, growing in small tufts from ¼in. to ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches loosely spreading, short, subfastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading, lower and middle ones very similar in outline, linear-lanceolate, acuminate, base of the leaves clasping the stem. Margins entire, very recurved from the base to above the middle of the leaves, upper ones larger, ovate-oblong or ligulate, acute, twice the breadth of the middle ones, concave. Margins entire, not recurved, or very slightly. Nerve indistinct near the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Perichcetial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Margins entire, plain, concave. Nerve continued to the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule oblong-pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose, as long as the capsule. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees, Port Lyttelton hills, Banks Peninsula; August, 1883. Collected by R. B. 10. Orthotrichum clintonii, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in loose tufts 1in.—1 ½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches spreading, short. Leaves erecto-patent or spreading, imbricating, lower ones linear-lanceolate, acuminate; middle and upper leaves very similar in their outline, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, tapering into an acuminate point, base sheathing. Margins recurved from the base to above the middle leaves; papillose, concave, nerved to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Perichcetial leaves much shorter than the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate-acuminate, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing at the apex. Fruitstalk 3 1/6in. long. Capsule exserted, ovate-oblong. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum mammillate. Calyptra mitri-form, as long as the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence in the axil of a leaf. Hab. Trees near McKinnon's Pass, head of Clinton Glen; January, 1890. Collected by R. B. 11. Orthotrichum inaequale, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green, growing in small tufts ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves imbricating, erecto-patent, lower leaves small, ovate, subulate, middle and upper ones linear-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point from an erect ovate sheathing base, concave, upper leaves largest. Margins plain, entire. Nerve

keeled, disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry suberect. Perichcetial leaves erect, sheathing, half the length of the upper ones, the lower two-thirds of the leaves oblong, the upper one-third subulate, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing below the apex. Fruitstalk ⅓in. long, erect. Capsule exserted, pyriformo, narrowed slightly to the mouth. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, as long as the capsule, plicate, pilose. Hab. Trees, Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. 12. Orthotrichum benmorense, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small tufts ¼in.—¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, erect. Leaves erecto-patent, imbricating, lower ones linear-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper oblong-lanceolate or obtuse, concave, very similar in their outline. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves erect when dry. Perichcetial leaves erect, about the same length as the upper ones, oblong – lanceolate, obtuse, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, slender, erect. Capsule narrow, oblong, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk, immersed. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum conico-rostrate, beak slender. Calyptra mitriform, about as long as the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf. Hab. Twigs of scrub, northern slope of Benmore Range; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. 13. Orthotrichum fimbriatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish – green on the tips of the branches, dark-green below, growing in tufts about ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches stout, erect, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent, middle and upper ones ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate. Margins recurved from the base to near the apex, concave, nerved to the apex, strongly papillose on the upper surface of the leaves, scarious, and hispid on the margins at the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry erect and nearly black. Perichcetial leaves longer than the upper ones, erect, very concave, sheathing the capsule, ovate-lanceolate acute or obtuse. Margins scarious and hispid at the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect or slightly curved. Capsule immersed, ovate; mouth narrow, slightly tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8 bigeminate perforated on the middle line, or 16 geminate connected at the base. Operculum small, convexo-rostrate. Calyptra mitriform, large, plicate, pilose, hairs scabrous. Male

inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Rocks, Mount Torlesse; June, 1884. Mount Herbert, Lyttelton hills, Banks Peninsula; December, 1885. Collected in these localities by R. B. 14. Orthotrichrum reflexum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish – green above, dark-brown below, growing in small irregular patches ¼in.—½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigate. Leaves large, erecto-patent, closely imbricating; lower ones small, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate; middle and upper leaves oblong or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the apex. Margins recurved from the base to near the apex, concave. Nerve keeled, ending below the apex, papillose on the upper surface of the leaves and on the upper portions of the margins. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves when dry erect, and slightly twisted. Perichcetial leaves longer than the upper ones, erect, semi-convolute, sheathing, ovate-lanceolate, subacute. Margins not recurved. Nerve ending below the apex, papillose. Fruitstalk short, about half the length of capsule. Capsule large, pyriform immersed. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, perforated on the middle line, and sometimes on the lateral ones. Operculum convexo-rostrate, one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose, hairs scabrid. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf. Hab. Rocks, Mount Torlesse; June, 1886. Collected by R. B. 15. Orthotrichum latorum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green above, very dark below, growing in tufts about 1in. high, branched by innovations. Branches spreading, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower ones small, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate; middle and upper leaves large, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex, nerved to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, papillose; lower linear-oblong. Leaves erect when dry. Perichcetial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, ovate or oblong-lanceolate, subacute. Margins entire, not recurved, concave. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, stout, erect, shorter than the capsule. Capsule large, broadly pyriform, mouth wide. Peristome single, 16, geminate. Operculum slightly convex, rostrate, beak stoutish. Calyptra longer than the capsule, mitriform, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf. Hab. Rocks, Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B.

Section B Calyptra pilose. Peristome double. 16. Orthotrichum cylindrothecum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small patches, ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches extremely short, fastigiate. Leaves small, closely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower ones ovate-subulate, acute; middle and upper very similar in their outline, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point, slightly falcate, concave. Margins entire. Sometimes a few leaves are recurved from the base to near the apex. Nerve continued to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower small, quadrate. Leaves when dry erect and adpressed. Perichcetial leaves erect, about the same length as the upper ones, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve continued to the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long, stout. Capsule exserted, narrow, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Operculum convex, apiculate, one-fourth the length of the capsule. Peristome double, outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia alternating with the outer, consisting of two rows of cells. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. 17. Orthotrichum tortrulosum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, pale-green, growing in small tufts about ½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, spreading, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading, flexuous; middle and upper leaves nearly similar in their outline, ovate-lanceolate acute, base erect, sheathing, convolute. Margins plain, entire, nerved to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves very crisp when dry, Perichcetial leaves nearly erect, much larger than the upper ones, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an obtuse point, sheathing at the base, semi-convolute. Margins plain, entire, nerved to the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule subpyriform, small. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire or emarginate on the middle line; inner 8 cilia alternating with the outer, consisting of one single row of cells. Operculum stout, conico-rostrate. Calyptra, mitriform, longer than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Hairs scabrid. Male inflorescence, gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium Hab. Scrub at head of River Clinton, Otago; January, 1890. Collected by R. B.

18. Orthotrichum longithecum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green, growing in dense pulvinate tufts, sometimes large, ¼in.-¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches closely aggregated, short, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating; lower spreading; upper nearly erect; lower ones ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, very concave; middle and upper leaves nearly similar in their outline; upper ones largest, oblong-lanceolate obtuse, semi-convolute; apex slightly cucullate. Margins entire, recurved from near the base to above the middle nerve, ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry erect and adpressed. Perichatial leaves about the size of the uppper ones, oblong-lanceolate, acute, erect, semi-convolute. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, 1/32in. Capsule long, narrow oblong, or cylindric. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire, or minutely perforated on the middle line; inner 8 cilia alternating with the outer, consisting of one row of very narrow cells half the length of the outer. Operculum straight, conico-rostrate, about one-quarter the length of the capsule. Calyptra shorter than the capsule, mitriform, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaaetium. Hab. Rocks, Mount Torlesse; January, 1885. Palmer's Pass, at the head of the River Courtney; February, 1894. Collected in both localities by R.B. 19. Orthotrichum anomalum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in loose tufts ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches stout, spreading, 1/16in. -⅛in. long, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower ones ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acuminate point; middle and upper similar in their outline, upper longest, oblong-lanceolate, tapering into an acuminate point sheathing at the base, very concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to about the middle, papillose. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong-quadrate. Leaves when dry slightly twisted, suberect. Perichatial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, ovate-lanceolate, tapering sharply into an acuminate point, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk 3/16in. long. Capsule long, oblong-pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia alternating with the outer, and consisting of two rows of cells, tapering from a broad base to a point. Operculum mammillate, small. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichætium.

Hab. Trees, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. 20. Orthotrichum brevisetum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-green, growing in small dense tufts ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches very short, fastigiate. Leaves erecto-patent, closely imbricating; lower ones oblong-lanceolate, shortly acute; middle and upper ones largest, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex. Nerve keeled, ending below the point. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Perichatial leaves smaller than the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk very short, erect. Capsule large, oblong, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk, subimmersed. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 slender cilia alternating with the outer ones, consisting of one row of cells as long as the outer ones. Operculum small, conico-rostrate, straight. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose, Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Rocks, Lyttelton hills; 1884: and on trees in the same locality; August, 1894. Collected by R.B. 21. Orthotrichum acuminatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in loose tufts from 1in. to 1 1/2in. high, branched by innovations.Branches long or short, spreading, fastigiate. Leaves erecto-patent, closely imbricating; lower ones ovate-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper ones similar in their outline, upper largest, broad, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a subapiculate point, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve continued to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves when dry erect and adpressed. Perichaetial leaves longer than the upper ones, erect, narrow, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point, concave, sheathing. Margins plain, entire, nerved to the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect, slender at the base, thickened upwards. Capsule immersed, elliptic, narrowing into the mouth and tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia consisting of two rows of irregular cells shorter than the outer ones and alternate with them. Operculum conico-rostrate, nearly one-third the length of the capsule; beak straight, slender. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, slightly pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Rocks, Moa Creek, a tributary of the River Wilber-

force; May, 1885. Pukiterake Range; December, 1888. Collected by R. B. 22. Orthotrichum obesum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green above, brown below, growing in tufts 1 ½in. high. Stems long, slender, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves nearly erect or erecto-patent, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point, middle and upper leaves larger, upper largest, ovate-lanceolate, tapering into an acute point, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing at the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves erect when dry. Perichatial leaves longer than the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing at the apex. Fruitstalk very short, erect. Capsule immersed, broadly pyriform, narrowed into the mouth. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia consisting of two rows of cells shorter than the outer ones, alternating with them. Operculum stout, conico-rostrate, straight beak, nearly one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf, below the perichaetium. Hab. Rocks, Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. 23. Orthotrichum magnothecum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-green, growing in small tufts, ¼in.-½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, spreading, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading, lower ones ovate-lanceolate, acute or obtuse; middle and upper leaves very similar in their outline, broadly oblonglanceolate, obtuse, concave. Margins entire, recurved from near the base to a little below the point. Nerve disappearing below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower narrow, oblong near the base. Leaves when dry suberect. Perichatial leaves erect, slightly broader than the upper ones, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse. Margins plain, entire, concave. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, very short. Capsule large, broadly pyriform. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia composed of one row of cells as long as the outer, and alternate with them. Operculum large, conico-rostrate, one-third the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, shorter than the capsule, plicate, pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees near the River Avon, and near Fendalton November, 1886. Collected in both localities by R. B.

Section C. Calyptra not pilose. Peristome single. 24. Orthotrichum cyathiforme, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in very small tufts ⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches very short, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading, or erecto-patent; lower small, narrow, lanceolate, rounded at the apex; middle and upper ones similar in their outline, upper largest, ovate – lanceolate, rounded at the apex, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex. Nerve keeled, ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry erect, and adpressed to the branch. Perichatial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the apex. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex, concave. Fruitstalk erect, extremely short, almost sessile. Capsule small, oblong, pyri-form, immersed. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, not pilose, shorter than the capsule. Hab. Trees, Little River; June, 1882. Collected by R. B. 25. Orthotrichum acutifolium, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish – green above, dark – brown below, growing in small tufts ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, numerous, fastigiate. Leaves small, closely imbricating, erecto-patent. All the leaves are similar in their outline, lower ones smallest, subulate, acuminate from a cordate base, sheathing, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves when dry nearly erect. Perichatial leaves about as long as the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule exserted, oblong-pyriform, tapering slightly into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum conico-rostrate, about one-fifth the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, not pilose, plicate. Hab. Trees near the River Teremakau; June, 1884 and Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected in these localities by R. B. 26. Orthotrichum hurunui, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-green, growing in small dense tufts 3/6in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, 1/16in., fastigiate. Leaves spreading from an erect base, closely imbricating; lower ones linear-lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base; middle and upper ones similar in their outline, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, concave, slightly hooded at the apex.

Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves crisp when dry. Perichatial leaves slightly shorter than the upper ones; outer one ligulate, rounded at the apex; inner one ligulate from an ovate sheathing base, rounded at the apex, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk inclined, ⅛in. long. Capsule shortly ovate, exserted, annulate. Peristome single, 16, geminate, perforated on the middle line. Operculum conico-rostrate, beak very long, nearly as long as the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, not pilose, longer than the capsule. Male inflorescence gemmaceous, situated on the perichaetium. Hab. Dry rocks, gorge of the Hurunui River; March, 1893. Collected by R. B. 27. Orthotrichum minutum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in very small dense tufts from 3/16in. to ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves small, erecto-patent or spreading at the top of the branch; lower ones small, linear-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper very similar in their outline, linear-lanceolate, subacute, flexuous; base erect, sheathing, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve continued to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower linear-oblong. Leaves crisp when dry. Perichatial leaves erect; outer one largest, oblong-lanceolate, rounded to an obtuse point, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve continued to the apex. Fruit-stalk short, slender, erect. Capsule small, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, as long as the capsule, plicate, not pilose. Hab. Trees, Lyttelton hills; September, 1888. Collected by R. B. 28. Orthotrichum brevirostrum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, green above, very dark below, growing in small tufts ⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, 3/16in. long, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower and middle ones similar in their outline, becoming larger upwards, broadly ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the apex, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to near the apex, papillose. Nerve keeled, ending below the apex; upper leaves larger than the middle ones, but not recurved on the margin, otherwise similar. Areola: Upper punctiform to near the base, lower linear-oblong. Leaves when dry erect. Perichatial leaves erect, smaller than the upper ones, oblong-lanceolate, rounded at the apex. Margins entire, not recurved, concave. Nerve ending below the top. Fruit-

stalk short, erect. Capsule immersed, large, oblong, pyriform, narrowed slightly to the mouth. Peristome single, 8, bigemi-nate. Operculum small, short, conico-rostrate. Calyptra mitriform, about half the length of the capsule, plicate, not pilose. Hab. Rocks, Lyttelton hills; September, 1888. Collected by R. B. Section D. Calyptra not pilose. Peristome double. 29. Orthotrichum avonense, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, light-green, growing in small tufts about ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves erecto-patent, imbricating, small. Leaves very similar in their outline, the upper being largest, linear-lanceolate from an ovate erect sheathing base, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve keeled, continued to the apex. Areola punctiform to near the base. Leaves erect when dry. Perichatial leaves very small, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve continued to the apex. Fruitstalk nearly erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule small, exserted, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk, mouth wide. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia consisting of one row of slender cells nearly as long as the outer teeth. Operculum large, conic, acute, about one-half the length of the capsule. Calyptra mitriform, as long as the capsule, plicate, not pilose. Hab. Trees near River Avon; November, 1886. Collected by R. B. 30. Orthotrichum nudum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green above, brown below, growing in small loose tufts from ¼in. to ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches spreading, subfastigiate. Leaves imbricating, spreading, oblong-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper ones larger but otherwise similar in their outline, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sheathing at the base, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower small, oblong. Leaves slightly crisped when dry. Perichatial leaves smaller than the upper ones, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Fruitstalk 1/16in. long, erect. Capsule subimmersed, pyriform. Peristome double: outer 16 geminate, entire; inner 16 cilia consisting of one row of cells as long as the outer teeth. Operculum stout, conico-rostrate, beak short. Calyptra as long as the capsule, mitriform, plicate, not pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf.

Hab. Twigs, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. 31. Orthotrichum minimifolium, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small dense tufts ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves spreading, closely imbricating; lower ones small, linear-lanceolate, subacute; middle and upper leaves very similar in their outline, linear-lanceolate, subacute, base erect, sheathing, semi-convolute. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Punctiform upper, lower linear-oblong. Perichatial leaves: Inner ovate-subulate; outer longer, ovate-subulate. Nerve ending below the apex. Margins entire, plain. Fruitstalk erect, short. Capsule small, immersed, ovate-oblong. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire, or perforated in the middle line, and occasionally on the lateral ones; inner 8 cilia consisting of one slender row of cells nearly as long as the outer and alternating with them. Calyptra as long as the capsule, mitriform, plicate, not pilose. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Rocks, Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. 32. Orthotrichum obtusatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small tufts ½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves erecto-patent, imbricating, lower and middle ones small, upper large, all very similar in their outline, broadly ligulate, and round at the apex; base erect, sheathing, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry suberect. Perichatial leaves larger and longer than the upper ones, oblong-lanceolate, acute. Nerved to the apex. Margins entire, plain. Fruitstalk short, erect. Capsule small, ovate, tapering slightly into the fruitstalk, immersed. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia alternate with the outer ones, and consisting of one row of cells, shorter than the outer teeth. Operculum conico – rostrate, one-third as long as the capsule; beak short. Calyptra smaller than the capsule, plicate, not pilose. Hab. Rocks, Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. Calyptra pilose. Peristome not found. 33. Orthotrichum parvulum, sp. nov. Plants brownish-green, growing in very small tufts 3/16in. high, branched by innovations. Branches less than 1/16in. long, subfastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, small, erecto-

patent; lower ones ovate, tapering into a subulate apex; middle leaves larger, lower half of leaves ovate, upper portion narrow-lanceolate, acute; upper ones cordate, then narrow lanceolate acute; base of the leaves broad, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve keeled, ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower small, oblong. Leaves erect when dry. Perichatial leaves longer than the upper ones, erect, oblong-lanceolate, subacute, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, about 1/16in. long. Capsule exserted, small, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome and operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose, monoecious. Male inflorescence in the axil of a leaf below the perichætium. Hab. Trees at Moa Creek; May, 1885. Collected by R. B. 34. Orthotrichum arctum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small tufts ½in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent; lower ones oblong-lanceolate, obtuse; middle and upper nearly similar in outline, broadly lanceolate, rounded at the apex, concave. Nerve keeled, ending below the apex. Margins entire, plain. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower quadrate. Leaves when dry erect and adpressed. Perichatial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, broadly ovate-lanceolate, rounded at the apex, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk short, erect, 1/16in. long. Capsule pyriform, immersed. Peristome very imperfect, single (?), 8, bigeminate. Operculum not found. Calyptra mitriform, plicate, pilose, as long as the capsule. Hab. On trees, Little River, Banks Peninsula; June, 1882. Collected by R. B. 35. Orthotrichum parvithecum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellowish-green, growing in loose tufts 1in. high, branched by innovations. Branches unequal in height. Leaves spreading, imbricating, linear-lanceolate from an ovate sheathing base, acute, concave. Nerve keeled, disappearing in the apex. Margins entire, plain; all the branch leaves are very similar in outline, the lower being slightly smaller than the upper ones. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower small, narrow, oblong. Leaves finely crisped when dry. Perichatial leaves smaller than the upper ones, the innermost being the smallest, erect, ovate or oblong-lanceo-late, acute. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule exserted, small, ovate, tapering slightly into the fruitstalk. Peristome single,

8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum and calyptra not found. Male inflorescence on separate branches. Hob. Trees, Clinton Glen, head of Lake Te Anau; January, 1889. Collected by R. B. 36. Orthotrichum latifolium, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green or dark-green, growing in small dense tufts ¼in.—⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches very short. Leaves erecto-patent, closely imbricating; middle leaves large, oblong-lanceolate, rounded to a subapiculate point; upper larger, very broadly ovate-lanceolate, rounded to a subapiculate point, base erect, sheathing, concave. Margins recurved from the base to above the middle. Nerve continued to the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong. Leaves when dry erect. Perichatial shorter and narrower than the upper leaves, erect, oblong-lanceolate, acute, concave. Margins plain, entire. Nerve continued to the apex. Fruitstalk very short. Capsule ovate-oblong, immersed. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum and calyptra not found. Hab. Trees and rocks, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. 37. Orthotrichum subulatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, yellow – green at the top of the branches, dark-brown below, growing in loose tufts 1in. to 1 ¼in. high, branched by innovations. Branches spreading, unequal, long or short. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto-patent, all very similar in outline, the upper ones being largest, cordate, subulate, acute, base sheathing. Margins plain, entire, and concave. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower quadrate. Leaves when dry spreading from a sheathing base. Perichatial leaves much larger than the upper ones, erect, ovate-lanceolate, obtuse, concave. Margins entire, plain. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, ¼in. long. Capsule exserted, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate, entire. Operculum and calyptra not found. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. Trees in bush, near the River Teremakau; June, 1884. Collected by R. B. 38. Orthotrichum erectum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, brownish-green, growing in small tufts ⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches loose, spreading, fastigiate. Leaves closely imbricating, erecto – patent; lower ones narrow, linear – lanceolate, acuminate from an

ovate sheathing base; middle and upper linear – lanceolate, acuminate, base ovate, sheathing, concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to a little above the middle. Nerve keeled, disappearing in the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower small, linear-oblong. Leaves crisp, when dry. Perichatial leaves erect, longer than the upper ones, linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, acuminate, concave. Margins not recurved, entire. Nerve disappearing in the apex. Fruitstalk straight. Capsule large, pyriform, tapering into the fruitstalk. Peristome single, 8, bigeminate. Operculum and calyptra not found. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf below the perichaetium. Hab. On trees near Castle Hill; November, 1889. Collected by R. B. 39. Orthotrichum robusttum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, dark-green, growing in small tufts, ¼in.—⅜in. high, branched by innovations. Branches short, fasti-giate. Leaves closely imbricating, spreading; lower ones oblong-lanceolate, acute; middle and upper ones very similar in their outline, upper largest, ovate, lanceolate, acute, very concave. Margins entire, recurved from the base to above the middle. Nerve ending below the apex. Areola: Upper punctiform, lower oblong-quadrate. Leaves erect and adpressed to the branch when dry. Perichatial leaves erect, as long as the upper ones, nearly convolute, oblong-lanceolate, acute, sheathing. Margins plain, entire. Nerve ending below the apex. Fruitstalk erect, short. Capsule large, subimmersed, ovate, oblong. Peristome imperfect, only the base of the outer remaining, 8, bigeminate. Operculum and calyptra not found. Hab. Rocks, West Coast Road; June, 1884. Collected by R. B. 40. Orthotrichum curvatum, sp. nov. Plants monoecious, light-green above, dark-brown below, growing in small tufts ¾in. high, branched by innovations. Branches loose, spreading, slender, fastigiate. Leaves imbricating, erecto-patent or spreading; lower ones small, linear-lanceolate from an ovate base, acute; middle and upper leaves very similar in their outline, linear-lanceolate, obtuse; base erect, sheathing, semi-convolute. Nerve keeled, disappearing below the apex. Margins plain, minute, papillose. Areola: Upper punctiform; lower narrow, oblong. Leaves when dry suberect. Perichatial leaves shorter than the upper ones, erect, sheathing; outer ligulate from the middle, and rounded at the apex, lower half ovate; inner one much broader and shorter than the outer one, ovate, rounded at the apex, semi-convolute. Nerve ending below the apex.

Fruitstalk erect, ⅛in. long. Capsule ovate-oblong, exserted. Peristome double: outer 8 bigeminate, entire; inner 8 cilia consisting of two rows of cells, alternating with the outer teeth. Operculum and calyptra not found. Male inflorescence gemmaceous in the axil of a leaf. Hab. Rocks, Mount Torlesse; January, 1886. Collected by R. B. Explanation of Plates XXXV.–XLII. Plate XXXV. Fig. 1.—Orthotrichum conicorostrum. 1. Capsule and operculum. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 2.—Orthotrichum pulvinatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Peristome. 4. Calyptra from immature plant. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. Fig. 3.—Orthotrichum breve. 1. Capsule and operculum. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner periehaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Stem leaf (upper). Fig. 4.—Orthotrichum ornatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 5.—Orthotrichum gracillimum. 1. Capsule (scarcely matured). 2. Calyptra. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Outer perichaetial leaf. 5. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. 8. Peristome. Plate XXXVI. Fig. 6.—Orthotrichum calcareum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 7.—Orthotrichum obliquum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Outer perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 8.—Orthotrichum flexifolium. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. 8. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 9.—Orthotrichum lancifolium. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Outer perichaetial leaf. 5. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 10.—Orthotrichum clintonii. 1. Capsule. 2. Immature operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Male inflorescence. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Upper stem leaf.

Plate XXXVII. Fig. 11.—Orthotrichum inaquale. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 12.—Orthotrichum benmorense. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome.5. Perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. 8. Leaf from inflorescence. Fig. 13.—Orthotricum fimbriatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 14.—Orthotricum reflexum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 15.—Orthotricum latorum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. Plate XXXVIII. Fig. 16.—Orthotricum cylindro-thecum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 17.—Orthotrichum tortulosum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 1. 7, 8. Stem leaves. Fig. 18.—Orthotrichum longi-thecum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Operculum. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 19.—Orthotrichum anomalum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7, 8. Upper stem leaves. Fig. 20.—Orthotrichum brevisetum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Lower stem leaf. Plate XXXIX. Fig. 21.—Orthotrichum acuminatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. Fig. 22.—Orthotrichum obesum. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf.

Fig. 23.—Orthotrichum magnothecum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 24.—Orthotrichum cyathiforme. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 25.—Orthotrichum acutifolium. 1. Capsule. 2. Capsule and operculum (immature). 3. Calyptra (immature). 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 8. Middle stem leaf. 9. Lower stem leaf. Plate XL. Fig. 26.—Orthotrichum hurunui. 1. Capsule. 2. Capsule with operculum scarcely mature. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inflorescence. 6. Inner perichaetial leaf. 7. Outer perichaetial leaf. 8. Upper stem leaf. Fig. 27.—Orthotrichum minutum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 28.—Orthotrichum brevirostrum. 1. Capsule and operculum. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 29.—Orthotrichum avonense. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. 8. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 30.—Orthotrichum nudum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Peristome. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf in situ. 5. Outer perichaetial leaf in situ. 6. Upper stem leaf. 7. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 31.—Orthotrichum minimifolium. 1. Capsule. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5. Inner perichaetial leaf. 6. Outer perichaetial leaf. 7. Upper stem leaf. 1. 8, 9. Middle stem leaves. Plate XLI. Fig. 32.—Orthotrichum obtusatum. 1. Capsule, with inner perichaetial leaf in situ. 2. Operculum. 3. Calyptra. 4. Peristome. 5, 6. Upper stem leaves. 7. Middle stem leaf. 8. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 33.—Orthotrichum parvulum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Outer perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf.

Fig. 34.—Orthotrichum arctum. 1. Capsule. 2. Calyptra. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Upper stem leaf. 5. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 35.—Orthotrichum parvithecum. 1. Capsule. 2. Peristome. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Outer perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 36.—Orthotrichum latifolium. 1. Capsule. 2. Inner perichaetial leaf. 3. Outer perichaetial leaf. 4. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. Plate XLII. Fig. 37.—Orthotrichum subulatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Peristome. 3. Inner perichaetial leaf. 4. Inner perichaetial leaf. 5. Upper stem leaf. 6. Middle stem leaf. 7. Lower stem leaf. Fig. 38.—Orthotrichum erectum. 1. Capsule. 2. Inner perichaetial leaf. 3. Outer perichaetial leaf. 4. Upper stem leaf. 5. Middle stem leaf. Fig. 39.—Orthotrichum robustum. 1. Capsule. 2. Inner perichaetial leaf. 3. Outside the perichaetial leaf. 4. Upper stem leaf. Fig. 40.—Orthotrichum curvatum. 1. Capsule. 2. Inner perichaetial leaf. 3. Outer perichaetial leaf. 4. Upper stem leaf. 5. Middle stem leaf.