Timbers of New Zealand AND OTHER.

Progress, Volume VII, Issue 9, 1 July 1912, Page 1169

Timbers of New Zealand AND OTHER.

The Timber Resources of New Zealand. By W. E. JOUEDAIN, Department of Lands. '.The publication of this article and the use of the illustrations has kindly been authorised by the Hon. Thomas Mackenzie F. 8.0.5., Minister of Lands and Commissioner of State Forests .] The question of the future supply of timber for commercial purposes is one of the most serious problems presenting itself to the nations of the world, and practically every country is viewing the future with doubt and dismay. The special position of New Zealand in this respect is endeavoured to be set forth in the following article. Before going into this phase of the subject, however, it may be well to point out that the growth and preservation of trees is required by a nation for more . than one purpose. They comprise: 1. The supply of timber to the building and allied trades and for commercial purposes. 2. The maintenance of climatic equilibrium. 3. The protection of the soil, prevention of floods, and the supply of humus. In this paper only the first requirement will be dealt with to any extent, but it may be well to emphasise the necessity of maintaining the equilibrium of climate. Al though trees may not attract rain to any extent, yet they - undoubtedly serve to precipitate rain from passing clouds and condense the moisture from mists and humid weather. In this way, they help to moderate the excessive heat and cold and act as a kind of break upon the extremes of temperature. Their ' chief function, however, is the protection of the soil. When a heavy rainfall occurs on exposed country, its tendency is to sweep the surface soil into gullies and streams, and the rain may not penetrate deeply into the earth. A heavy downpour may swell the volume of water in a neighbouring river many feet, but if the sun shines soon afterwards the earth is little affected as the rain has probably not penetrated sufficiently into it. The loose soil on the surface, however, has been swept into the bed of the adjacent streams, and in this .manner the bed constantly rises, thereby

causing successive floods in the rainy season, whilst the river requires the erection of stop banks, or periodical dredging to keep the channel sufficiently deep to contain the ordinary volume of water, together with the occasional rise after heavy rain. Such flooding through denudation of the soil has caused immense damage in China, and most of the countries of the Old World, and even in New Zealand, the lower reaches of the Wanganui, Manawatu, Oroua, Tutaekuri and Rangitikei, etc., periodically show the disastrous effects that follow when the head waters of the rivers and streams and the land surrounding same, are cleared of

their natural covering to a large extent. Forests act as vast natural sponges, collect the rainfall, conserve it for days and weeks afterwards, and forest streams seldom overflow, seldom require clearing, and yet are always fairly full of water. Consequently, the surrounding country derives advantage from the presence of forests around the head waters of streams as well as along their banks. However, to pass to the subject of this article. Present Timber Supply in New Zealand. The Department of Lands and Survey has from time to time published reports on the timber industry, and from estimates made by its officers at various times, the following information is gathered. . In 1905 it was considered that there was then standing on Crown lands milling timber to the extent of over 20,000,000,000 sup. ft., and a little over 21,000,000,000 on private and native lands, making a total

of forty-one thousand million superficial feet. At that time the total output from the sawmills of the country was a little over four hundred million superficial feet per annum, and it was considered that there might be sufficient timber to last the country (with prudence) seventy years. In 1907 the estimate of timber was 36,000,000,000 sup. ft., a decrease of more than five thousand million super, ft., and the annual output had increased to 432,000,000 sup. ft. In consequence of a more detailed inspection of the forests and the milling timber therein, the official estimate was a future supply of less than 70 years, possibly to a considerable extent. In 1909 a very extensive report, entitled Forestry in New Zealand” was published, giving much valuable information. It was then found that out of the total area of 66,568,876 acres in New Zealand, the area under forest was 17,074,003, of which over two million acres , comprises national parks (such as the West Coast Sounds area, Arthur’s Pass, Egmont, &c.) scenery and cli- . matic reserves, and that there was then growing within the Crown and State forests and on private and native freehold lands, a total of about 33,000,000,000 sup. ft. . that might prove suitable for commercial purposes. The annual output was still well over four hundred million feet, and it was estimated that only one-half of the timber just mentioned was likely to be used for commercial purposes and available for sawmilling, the remaining timber comprising birches, miro, tawa, rata, kowhai, &e. (10,664,382,948 sup. ft.), whilst a large portion of other timber was situated on land difficult of access and unprofitable for working at the present time. The felling and removal of trees for timber purposes is sometimes a very costly process, judging by the remarks made by Mr. J. R. Reed, in a timber transaction case heard at the Supreme Court at Auckland. Mr, Reed stated that when a kauri tree was in an almost inaccessible place—for instance, in a deep gully, it would be necessary to erect plant and hauling gear costing £SO to remove the tree, whereas the timber when cut

up and placed on the market, might only realise the sum of £2O. The output in 1909 was expected to gradually increase to 450,000,000 sup. ft. during the next generation, and to 500,000,000 ft. at the end of twenty-five years. The estimated probable duration of the timber supply from the native forests of New Zealand was then reduced to between thirty-five to forty years, but as large supplies may be expected from abroad

during that period, the term may be extended to perhaps fifty years. In 1909 there were thought to be 15.000. sup, ft. of rimu in our forests suitable for sawmilling; 2,500,000,000 kahikatea; 570,000,000 sup. ft; totara 485.000. sup. ft. kauri and 3,423,000,000 sup. ft. matai. The remainder of the timber was birches and miscellaneous. There were then 428 sawmills working in- the Dominion, whose estimated cutting capacity was 755,465,480 sup. ft. per annum.

The latest figures taken from the Census of 1911 arc: Sawmills and Sash and Door Factories. — 534 in number, as against 334 in 1900; hands employed, 6871 male and 6 female; wages paid, £774,402; horse-power 19,484; total cost of materials operated on, £1,253,153; quantity of sawn timber manufactured, 296,033,017 sup. ft., valued at £1,725,827; total value of manufactures, £2,699,888, as against £1,268,689 in 1900.

Characteristics of New Zealand Forests. The New Zealand forests contain an immense variety of trees of all descriptions, but with one or two features common to all. There are estimated by botanists to be no less than 86 different species of trees, although several of them are different varieties of the same tree, -but practically there are at least seventy quite distinct trees. Now their common features are these:—

The timber trees are all evergreens, there not being a single deciduous tree amongst them. No matter at what time of the year you visit a New Zealand forest, it always presents the same appearance, a sombre, dull green relieved at times by the presence of young trees, which present a much lighter shade of green, and diversified by the flowers that appear on certain trees and plants such as the rata, pohutuka wa, clematis, etc. They are all slow-growing, and in this respect compare unfavourably with timber trees of other countries. For instance, it is estimated that the manuka (or tea-tree) takes from 100 to 250 years to attain maturity; the rata from 200 to 450 years; the totara 470 to 800 years; the matai 270 to 400 years; the kahikatea 370 to 600 years; the rimu 400 to 650 years; and so on, whilst the giant kauri, now fast vanishing, is estimated to take from 600 to 3,600 years to reach its full growth. The bulk of the indigenous forests are now to be found in the Waimarino, Nelson, Motu, Westland, and parts of Auckland district. Although forests still grow in other districts they are not very large and except on the mountains of the Tararuas, Ruahines and Kaimanawas, do not cover much area.

Supplies from Abroad.

But whilst New Zealand has been drawing largely on its timber supplies, almost every other country in the world has acted in a similar manner, and the same problem that now confronts us is facing the statesmen of other nations. An article on the “Forest Resources o': tne World,” by Raphael Zon, Chief of Silvios for the United States, gave the following particulars regarding European countries that export timber. Austria-Hungary is the greatest wood-exporting country in the world. The Austrian forests comprise chiefly spruce, pine, and fir, whilst only onesixth of the wooded area is under hardwoods, comprising oak, maple, beech, birch, locust and alder. The Hungarian forests contain oak, beech and other hard woods, pine, spruce, birch, poplar, willow. The annual export of timber between 1895 and 1899 averaged 320,000,000 cubic feet. Sweden is the next great timber exporting country in Europe, nearly one-haif of . its area of land being under forest. The total timber exports (including for wood pulp purposes) averaged 350,000,000 cubic feet per annum. Conifers occupy 80 per cent, of the forest area, being mostly spruce pine. Norwegian forests occupy over sixteen million acres, or 21 per cent, of the whole area. Coniferous forests comprise 75 per cent. About 69,000,000 cubic feet are exported. Finland also has large forests, occupying - 52,500,000 acres, composed almost entirely of pine, spruce, birch, and to some extent, alder. The exports average

140,000,000 cubic ft. per annum. Germany has nearly 35,000,000 acres under forest, of which two-thirds comprise conifers and one-third hardwood. In spite, however, of the increasing growth of the State forests, the empire is unable to supply its own needs for sawn timber. Since 1863 the imports have exceeded the exports and the difference between them has been growing rapidly. The remaining countries of Europe are in the same condition and need not be regarded as being in a position to supply timber save in comparatively limited quantities and at a fairly high price.

Canadian Timber Supplies. The Canadian forests are stocked with a large number of species, among which the three most important are white pine, found in the south-east part of the Dominion; spruce, occurring over large areas; and Douglas fir, found principally in British Columbia. The principal forest areas arc in the eastern and western provinces. . . The Year Book of British Columbia for 1911 states that it is estimated that British Columbia, with a ' total of some 240 billion feet of standing merchantable timber; possesses half the forest wealth of Canada. During 1910 the’'approximate cut of, mills in that province was 1,040,000,000 feet, representing an increase of 300 per cent, since 1903.' The foreign shipments in 1910 included 38,885.206 ft. to Australia; 12,597,770 to Africa; 11,317,003 to South America; 3,213,308 to the United Kingdom; 878,786 to New Zealand, with others making a total of 72,967,761 feet for the year, showing an increase in five years of 21,389,873 feet. The principal trees are the Douglas Fir (or Oregon pine), which is most abundant and is the* most valuable, tree is British Columbia. The largest trees are found near the coast, where trees of 300 feet are not rare, the average height of those felled for lumber, being 150 feet. It is chiefly valuable for structural purposes, being largely employed in ship-build-ing, bridge work, and the construction of wharves. Its durability, when excluded from the air, adds greatly to its value for pile work in the construction of bridges and wharves. The next in importance is the giant arbor vitae. It is seldom found more than 150 ft. in height. It is chiefly used for the manufacture of shingles, for which purpose it is unequalled. The wood of the tree takes a brilliant polish. So great is the variety of shading in the colour of the wood that a large house may be finished in it without any two rooms being alike. It enters largely into the manufacture of doors and cabinet work of all kinds. Like all the cedars, it lasts .well underground. The yellow cypress is valuable for many purposes, but is not extensively used at present, the cost of transportation to the seaboard being too great. It is used for interior finishing and furniture, and commands a higher price' than the foregoing timbers.

The western white pine, the black pine, the Engelman spruce the Menzies spruce, the Sitka spruce, the western hemlock and other varieties of trees are also much used locally. The aspen poplar and, broadleaved maple are widely distributed find much in demand. The western larch, balsam fir, bull (or heavy) pine, are plentiful and used in minor quantities. The natural advantage of British Columbia in many markets is obvious, and

with the rapid development of Pacific commerce it may be assumed that within a short period its manufactured products will find conditions favourable to that profitable exchange of commodities which is the basis of success, and that with the development of pulp and paper, iron and steel shipbuilding and other industries, those markets will respond to the naturally favourable situation geographically, which exists.

Principal Australian Timbers. The principal Australian timbers used in New Zealand for building and constructional purposes, may be said to be the jarrah and karri. The following notes thereon may therefore be of interest: As it is always more or less difficult for anyone not constantly dealing with the two timbers (when cut) to surely distinguish one from the other, the following test is a very simple one and is fairly

accurate. A splinter struck from jarrah and placed in a flame, generally burns to a firm black ash; one from karri to a somewhat woolly white ash, also when the flame is blown out, karri tends to glow for some little time, jarrah to go black out quickly. Jarrah weighs about 701bs. per cubic foot when first cut, and about 601bs. when seasoned. The wood is of a reddish colour, very hard and - dense, generally

straight in the grain, with moderately interlocking fibres, and shows very little sapwood, generally under 1 inch. Karri weight about 631bs. per cubic foot when fairly seasoned. Jarrah is most generally employed for railway construction, sleepers, marine and

engineering works, and building construction and is specially suitable, for underground use, and where in contact with wind and water. Piles in river bridges erected 54 years have been withdrawn and found perfect in every respect. It cannot, however, be said that it would with- . stand the attack of the teredo navalis. Karri is largely used for car and waggon frames, bridge timbers, flooring, planking, telegraph pole arms, fruit cases, and street paving blocks, being considered by many equal to jarrah in this respect. Tuart.is used in the framework of railway waggons, buffers, ship beams, bridge supports, deck planks, etc., and especially in wheelwright’s work. Wandoo is deemed equal to jarrah for railway sleepers, also used for short piles, bridge and wharf planking, etc. Full information regarding Australian timbers suitable for commercial requirements may be obtained from Messrs R. Dalrymple Hay, Director of Forests, Sydney; H. McKay, Conservator of Forests, Mel-, bourne; W. Gill, Cons, of Forests,

Adelaide; and N. W. Jolly, Director of Forests, Adelaide. Heartwood and Sapwood. Contrary to general practice in the case of other chief timbers of the world, the heartwood core of the eucalypti is to be avoided. Specifications for cut timber should, therefore, require freedom from heartwood, except in the case of piles, which are better round than squared. Sapwood, on the other hand, rarely measures above an inch in thickness and being often as hard as the inner wood, hardly needs to be particularly excluded except in cases of special importance. It is preferable to season all eucalyptus timber for at least twelve months prior to using. Other Australian Timbers.

The following information has been obtained from the Forest Department, Sydney. Samples of the undermentioned woods are available for inspection at the Public Works Officee in Wellington. Apple-tree ( Angophora inter meda ). — Timber strong, tough, heavy and durable subject to gum veins; used for naves of wheels, etc. Plentiful supply. Blackbutt ( Eucalyptus pilularis). — Timber strong, sound, hard, heavy and highly esteemed for house-carpentry, shipbuilding, bridge planking, street-paving blocks, etc., and is about equal in strength to rough ironbark. Suitable for export for railway sleepers. Plentiful. Brush Box ( Tristiania conferta).-~Tim-ber strong, hard, close-grained and durable ; a much valued timber, and not likely to be attacked by white ants etc. Ribs of vessels constructed of this wood have kept perfectly sound for upwards of 30 years. Paving blocks. Extensively planted as ornamental shade tree. Plentiful. Gum, grey (E.propinqua) —Timber resembles grey ironbark, hard, heavy, tough, strong, inlocked and durable; used for poles and shafts of carriages, spokes of wheels, railway sleepers, posts, felloes, shingles, etc. Plentiful. Gum spotted (E .metadata) ,Timber strong, elastic, and durable (free from sapwood) ; used for ship-building, naves of wheels, cart and buggy shafts, street paving blocks, etc. Timber splits well and the bark is beautifully spotted. Plentiful. Ironbark {E.paniculata). —Timber much valued; hard, tough, strong, interlocked and durable; used for bridges, sleepers, railway carriages, beams, poles, building girders, etc. Fairly plentiful. _ Ironbark, red .siderophloia) . —Timber highly esteemed for strength and durability ; much used for large beams, girders, sleepers, dray poles and other purposes for ■which timber of great strength and durability is required. Plentiful. Mahogany, red (E.rosinifera) .—Timber tough, durable; used for staves of casks, shingles, palings, rough buildings and paving blocks. Fairly plentiful. Mahogany, white.—( E.acmenioides ). — Timber pale, hard, heavy, close-grained and durable; used for posts and rails of fences, house and ship-building, plough beams,

piles, girders and paving blocks, etc. Fairly plentiful. Mountain Ash, or Cugerie (Flindersia australis). —Timber white, hard, tough, close-grained and durable; used for building purposes, etc. Fairly plentiful. Tallow-wood ( E.microcorys ). —Timber strong, hard and durable, and of a greasy nature, as local name implies; used for boat building, flooring boards and general building purposes. Not liable to shrink. Fairly plentiful. Turpentine (Syncarpia laurifolia). — Timber exceedingly hard, heavy, closegrained and durable; used for piles and posts, for which it is said to be almost imperishable, being impervious to the Teredo Navilis. Plentiful. At the present time 16,703,500 acres in Australia are specially reserved for timber, but the total forest area is 102,000,000 acres, although it is estimated that a larger area is more or less wooded. In 1900 the Commonwealth exported over 150,000,000 sup. ft. of timber, of which New Zealand was credited with only 25,423 sup. ft.; the only country, however, that received a larger amount was India, with 55,363 ft. In the same year, New Zealand exported 69,959,470 sup. ft. into Australia, so that the balance of trade is largely in our favour. Weights and Strengths of Timbers used by New Zealand Railway Department. Weight per

Note. The factors of strength represent the weight in pounds which will break a beam 1 foot long x 1 inch x 1 inch section fixed at one end and loaded at the other. The factors assumed are the results of a number of experiments. Strength of Timbers. Tension Compression Shearing Breaking-. Breaking Breaking-weight in weight Timber weight in Pounds per Sq. In. in Pounds Pounds per per Sq. In. Sp, In. End • Across Parallel Grain Grain to grain

table of Strength op Pillars. Ultimate crushing load per square inch = 10,000 lbs. Factor of safety 8. Tabular Nos. in tons. Uengtii Lessee BbEADTH OE Pillar in Inches Pillar _ _

New Zealand Timber. Ultimate crushing load per square inch = 6,000 lbs. Factor of safety 8. Tabular Nos. iri tons. L piiiw Lesser Breadth of Pillar in Inches

Afforestation in New Zealand. The question has frequently been asked, what is being - done to grow timber to replace the vast heritage now being destroyed, either by way of sawmilling for commercial purposes, or for the purposes of settlement. New Zealand was the first of the Australasian States to face the problem. In 1896 a Forestry or Afforestation Branch of the Department of Lands and Survey was established, and year... by year its; operations have grown in importance. Beginning with a nursery at Tapanui, in Otago, a modest commencement was made with the business of tree raising and tree planting. Another nursery was soon started at Eweburn, and a third at Whakarewa near Rotorua, in the North Island. Coincident with these nurseries plantations were begun in localities adjacent to the nurseries. Continued experimenting and watchfulness soon demonstrated what were the best kinds of trees to grow, and the annual report of the Afforestation Branch, presented to Parliament last year, showed the following results:

Besides the above, nurseries were started at Ruatangata (near Whangarei), Starborough (in Marlborough), and Kurow (in Otago), but have been discontinued through various causes. The cost of raising trees in the nurseries until they are ready for planting, has Averaged £2 4s. 9d. per thousand. Plantations.

It must not be overlooked that afforestation work provides a great amount of employment for comparatively unskilled labour, particularly in the winter months, when employment is scarce else where, whilst it is also a profitable commercial undertaking for the State. In raising our future forests, much care and discrimination must necessarily be exercised in selecting suitable trees. Two things have to be taken into account. First, the trees must be relatively quickgrowing, and secondly, they must be suitable for commercial and general requirements. The tree most in favour is the European larch, which takes about 70 years

to attain maturity and it is estimated that in fifty years’ time an acre planted with larch would contain 30,000 sup. ft., whilst in seventy years’ time there would be about 40,000 sup. ft. of good, sound timber. The ordinary pine yields an equal amount, but the Douglas Fir is expected to produce nearly 50,000 sup. ft. in fifty years’ time. Eucalypti have in many instances produced 100,000 sup. ft. per acre on exceptionally favourable soils, but the average yield is from 10,000 to 40,000 ft. per acre. To show the difference in rates of growth between New Zealand and foreign trees, the following comparisons of. plants raised in this Dominion, will be of interest: — The matai (or black pine), at 7 years of age was only 19in. high, and when 24 years old had reached 14 feet. The yellow pine was 42 inches high at 7 years. The kauri was 8 inches high when 7 years old, and 38ft. high when 24 years old. The rimu was 27 inches high at 7 years, and 35ft. at 27 years. Foreign trees, on the contrary, were above expectation: — The English sycamore at 7 years had reached 13 ft., and the English ash 12 ft. The European larch at 7 years had reached 20 feet, and 36 feet at 10 years. The Austrian pine at 7 years had reached 9 feet, and 22 feet at 10 years. ~ Finns radiata, or insignis, was 35 feet bight at 6 years of age. Eucalyptus was over 30 feet, high when 13 qears old, and the Douglas fir 10ft. high at 7 years of age. the Douglas fir 10 feet high at 7 years of age. In addition to being so much quicker growing, some of the foreign trees, being deciduous, yearly shed their leaves, which combine with, the soil to form a magnificent humus, and when an artificial forest is, finally cut out, the ground below will be immensely enriched by the addition of such valuable covering to the original soil, which in our plantations, is frequently of a light or poor nature. Consequently, the plantations do good in more ways than one.

The present rate of afforestation provides an annual crop of from nine to

fifteen million trees in the State nurseries, most of which are subsequently available for planting out in the State plantations. The area annually planted averages from two to three thousand acres. The kinds of trees chiefly grown in the State nurseries and plantations, are as follow: — European larch {lmix europaea), of which 13,097,915 are in plantations in the North Island, and 4,773,361 in South Island plantations. "When matured, it can be used for fencing, pit-props, gates, etc., and is a splendid timber for general farming purposes. Corsican pine ( pinus laricio), there being 4,039,785 planted in the North Island, and 2,343,609 in the South. Like all the pines in our plantations, the timber can be used for building construction, poles, scaffolding, joinery, etc. It is said to produce valuable timber ae 40 years of age. Heavy pine (pinus ponder - osa ), of which 1,352,850 are in North Island plantations and 602,986 in the South.

Oregon pine or Douglas Fir (pseudotsuga taxifoha), are also planted, there Austrian pine (pmus austnaca), to the ■?? m i e Ti 1,368 630 are planted m the Worth Island, and 1,634,524 m the South, being 238470 m the North and 207,205 in the boutn. Its use is well-known m the .Dominion as building material. It may also be used for ship s masts, etc. Norway spruce or fir (picea excelsa), is grown to the extent of 195,025 in the North and 1,18,,225 m the South. It may be used as moulding-poles, flooring, paper pulp, etc. . Eucalyptus has been planted to the number ol 3,039,642 m the North Island, and 4,250 m the South. _ Bentham s pine {pmus Benthamwma), to the extent ot 257,875 are m North Island plantations, and 140,400 in the South. English oak (quercus pedimculata) , are m South Island plantations only, there being 376,550 planted there. _ English ash (fraxmus excelsior), is P J a !tQ?Un the SUth Island to the extent of 432,560 . Other well-known timber trees, planted in smaller quantities than the above, inelude blackwood, silver birch, pinus radiata

or remarkable pine (known here as pmus insignis) : Weymouth pine, redwood of California, black locust, sycamore, and ni wt r ° US e J s ' • + i t. When considering the number of trees Planted in our State plantations, it is well to remember that they do not represent by any means the final crop. Trees are planted very close to one another, there Demg about 2,/UU larch or 2,500 pme to the acre Repeated thinnings will eventually reduce the crop to about 800 in the case of larch and from 600 to 800 in the case ot pines at the end of fifty or sixty years, and it is only this final numDer that attain tali maturity. Consequently, when dealing with the results of me Aitorestation -Branch it is better to take the acreage planted as the basis of reckoning, and wo* the number of trees. Present Position. t« »™ i • -. t. ' .', MtSTL m ? te * pointed out inSnJ*£ £ iSt P °- rSf Zl^ y Jr ST Zealad ' ls + . thls ' The Sffta tSi J™! h natlV o K f ? reS S tZI ? laSt from , 35 t 0 40 \T«Lr £ tt °'la "S f ay d ? T, Australia, the United States,-and Canada tor many years yet and possibly from

Siberia and Manchuria, although importations from these countries so far have been small* and not as satisfactory as was anticipated. As a last resource, the timber from our artificial forests will in another fifty years' time considerably swell the available supply, and if the present planting. operations are extended in the future, they will undoubtedly to a large extent solve the difficulty of procuring timber for commercial requirements in this Dominion, = _

Timber Cubic Foot Strength Lb. Lb, Australian Ironbark... ... 72 ... 260 Spotted (Jum ... 64 ... 220 Blue Guiu Bine Gum 64 ... 64 ... 210 210 Karri 200 J i.vrah 61 170 „ J vrrah ... 61 170 Tasmanian St; ing Bark 210 New Zealand ... Maire !!! 72 "! 240 Black-birch 49 160 Bed-birch 40 ... 150 Tawa 150 Matai !'.! 47 140 Kauri ... 30 ... 130 Totara ... 36 120 Bed-pine ... ... 38 ... 120 Silver-pine 120 White-pine 29 100 American Oregon 36 130

Australian— Ironbark 14,000 10,000 4,592 2,150 Spotted Gum... 10,300 6,700 1,000 Blue Gum ... ; Karri ... 7,000 7,000 2,563 Jarrah 12,000 1,835 Tasmanian— Stringy Bark... New Zealand— Maire Black-birch ... Tawa Matai 8,000 8,000 2,486 Kauri 10,000 7,000 2,240 Totara ... 6,000 6,000 2,210 Red-pine 11,000 7,500 2,867 Silver-pine ... White-pine ... io'.ooo i, 000 1,658 American— 11,001 6,000 GOO

Feet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 la 12 14 16 13 i 167 2 23 2 79 8 85 3 91 4 46 5 02 6 58 6 70 7 81 8 93 10 04 2 2 49 210 2 72 8 86 3 91 4 66 6 02 6 58 6 70 7 61 8 93 10 04 n 1 SO 1 93 2 54 316 3 78 4 46 5 02 6 68 6 70 7 81 8 93 10 04 4 1 11 111 1 73 1 73 2 83 2 83 2 95 2 95 3 60 3 60 4 21 4 21 4 84 4 84 5 58 6 58 6 70 6 70 7 31 7 81 8 94 8 94 10 04 10 04 5 0 93 154 217 2 79 8 40 4 02 4 64 5 26 6 51 7 81 8 63 10 04 6 0 78 135 1 97 2 60 3 22 3 84 4 45 5 09 6 82 7 67 8 93 10 04 7 0C6 1 19 178 2 40 3C3 3 66 4 28 4 89 6 13 7 37 8 61 10 04 8 0 45 1 C3 161 2 21 2 84 8 47 4 18 471 5 94 7 19 842 9 67 9 0 89 0 91 144 2 03 2 65 8 27 3 90 4 62 5 76 699 8 23 9 47 in 0 33 0 SO ISO 1 SC 2 47 3 08 3 71 i S3 5 69 6 60 SGI 9 29 ll 0 29 0 60 117 170 229 289 8 61 4 14 6 89 6 63 7 86 810 12 0 29 0 53 1 05 165 2 11 2 71 3 82 8 94 5 20 6 44 7 67 8 90 13 0 21 0 47 0 87 1 42 196 2 55 814 8 76 5 00 0 26 7 50 8 72 14 0 19 0 41 0 73 180 101 2 87 2 96 8 67 4 81 6 06 7 31 8 56 15 017 0 37 0 66 113 1 66 2 22 2 79 8 89 4 62 89 712 8 27 16 015 0 33 60 0 94 156 2 07 2 62 3 21 4 48 668 6 93 817 17 0 54 0 64 0 66 1 42 194 2 48 8 05 4 25 5 48 6 83 8 00 18 0 27 0 49 0 79 1 26 1 82 2 83 289 406 5 80 6 54 780 19 0 24 0 45 0 73 1 07 180 2 20 2 74 389 6 10 6 85 7 69 20 0 22 0 41 0 67 1 00 59 2 07 2 59 3 72 4 93 616 7 42

Feet 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 18 1 .. 1 00 1 34 1 64 2 01 2 84 2 68 3 01 3 35 4 02 .4 69 5 36 6C3 2 .. OtO 120 160 2 01 2 34 2 69 3 01 3 35 402 4 69 5 36 6C3 8 0 64 101 1 40 180 2 21 2 69 2 01 8 86 4 02 4 69 5 36 6 04 4 .. 0 50 065 i 22 160 2 01 2 40 2 81 3 35 102 4 69 5 86 6C3 5 .. 0 39 0 70 1 06 1 43 1 fl 2 20 2 60 3 01 3 81 4 69 5 86 6.03 6 .. 0 80 0 58 0 92 1 27 165 2 02 2 40 260 8 61 4 42 5 86 6 03 7 .. 0 24 0 48 0 79 1 12 1 49 166 2 24 2 61 8 40 4 21 5 03 6C3 8 .. 0 24 0 40 0 69 099 134 1 70 2 07 2 45 8 20 4 02 4 81 563 9 .. 0 23 0 34 0 58 0 87 220 155 191 228 803 8 60 4 62 5 41 10 .. 0 20 0 82 0 51 0 77 108 141 177 212 2 87 Z 62 4 40 5 20 11 .. 017 0 32 0 44 0 68 0 97 129 162 1 97 2 71 % 346 4 21' 5 b 12 .. 0 15 0 31 0 40 V 61 0 87 1 17 149 1 68 2 55 4 04 4 tO 13 .. 013 0 28 0 40 0 54 0 78 106 137 170 2 40 3i4 888 4 63 14 .. Oil 0 25 0 40 0 48 0 71 0 97 126 157 225 2 97 8 72 4 42 15 .. 010 0 22 0 39 0 48 0 64 0 69 16 1 46 212 282 3 56 4 80 16 .. 009 0 20 0 36 0 48 0 59 0 31 107 185 198 2 68 8 40 4 14 17 018 0 82 0 47 0 56 0 74 0 99 126 1 87 2 53 8 25 899 18 016 0 80 0 47 0 66 0 69 0 91 117 175 2 41 10 8 82 19 015 0 27 0 44 0 56 0 65 0 85 109 1 65 2 27 2 96 3 67 20 013 025 0 40 0 55 0 64 0 78 101 164 216 2 82 3 53 To ascertain the safe load in tons for safe load in tons for a pillar, a pillar, take out the tabular No. for length and lesser breadth. and .multiply by the greater breadth in inches

Nurseries. Output of Trees Trees in Nursery since 1896 March 31st, 1911 Rotorua . .28,399,075 .. 8,937,630 Tapanui 9,174,036 6,350,545 Eweburn 1,986,107 1,750,265 Hanmer Springs 4,867,705 4,722,200

Whakarewarewa Area Planted Acres. ■ ... 4,634. Trees in-Plantation 9,640,636 Waiotapu ... ... 6,423 ... 13,926,254 Pubipuhi ... ... 1,250 1,000,000 Dusky Hill ... 845 2,180,837 Conical Hills ... 1,895 5,164,862 Gimmerburn 173 152,896 Naseby . 260, 682,204 Harimer Springs ... 1,452 ..: 3,951,951 Rainclifi 205 50,000 Dumgrco 209 569,640 Waitahuna ... 11 30,525 Totals ... 16,811 37,349,805