EDUCATION: THIETY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1909 Session II, E-01

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1909. NEW ZEALAND.

EDUCATION: THIETY-SECOND ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION.

[In continuation of E.-l, 1908.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

COOTIE ZtSTTS. Primary Education : Page Special Schools : Page Public Schools- Afflicted and Dependent ChildrenNumber of Schools 2 Deaf... .. .. .. .. *i Roll Number 4 Blind •• •• y ■• ** Attendance of Pupils 4 Feeble-minded Boys . .. 23 Age of Pupils .. .. .. • • 5 Children under State Guardianship .. 23 Sex of Pupils " '.. •■ •• 5 Infant Life Protection .. .. •• 27 Race of Pupils 6 Manual and Technical Instruction .. ..28 Inspection and Examination of Pupils .. 6 Secondary Education .. .. • • " £ Conveyance of Pupils 8 Higher Education .. ~ •■ *i Board of Pupils .. 8 University Endowment Aot, 1868, Account .. 46 Free School books 8 General Analysis of Expenditure, &c 46. School Journal 8 Annual Examinations . .. .. • • SO gfcaffa %; .. .. 10 Teaohers' Superannuation Fund .. .. 50 Salaries of Teachers '.. .: ..11 Puhlio Libraries .. .. •• ..51 Status of Teachers .. .. • • 12 Training of Teachers .. .. ..13 Appendix: c dets ° 14 Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Finances of Education Boards '.'. ..15 for Financial Year ending 31st March, Education Reserves .. .. .. 18 1909 Native Schools .. .. • • .. 18 Chatham Islands Schools .. .. 20

Office of the Department of Education, My Lord — Wellington, 19th August, 1909. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of " The Education Act, 1908," to submit Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1908. l haye > &c -' Geo. Fowlds. His Excellency the Right Hon. Baron Plunket, Governor of New Zealand. I—E. 1.

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REPORT. Contents. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of " The Education Act, 1908," and of " The Education Reserves Act, 1908," the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows : — E.-2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely, — (a.) Reports of Education Boards ; (b.) Reports of the School Commissioners; (c.) Reports of Inspectors ; (d.) Training of Teachers ; (c.) Public-school Cadets ; (/.) List of Schools and Teachers (Table No. 8). E.-3. Native Schools. E.-4. Special Schools and Infant-life Protection. E.-5. Manual and Technical Instruction. E.-6. Secondary Education. E.-7. Higher Education. E.-8. Annual Examinations. E.-9. Teachers' Superannuation. E.-10. Public Libraries. Primary Education. Number of Schools. The number of public schools open at the end of 1908 was 1,998, or 35 more than at the end of 1907. In Table A the schools are classified, as for 1907, according to the yearly average attendance. The classification is in accordance with the grades in Part I of the Fourth Schedule to " The Education Act, 1908." The number of small schools with an average not exceeding fifteen, which in 1907 rose from 440 to 477, shows a further increase for 1908, the number of such schools in operation last year being 504, or more than a quarter of the number of public schools in the Dominion. The increase in the number of schools with an average attendance of sixteen to twenty was 12 (1907—238 schools ; 1908—250 schools). Although the number of schools in the next grade—that is, with an average twenty-one to twenty-five—shows a slight decrease (from 218 to 216), the increase in the total number of schools with an average attendance not over twenty-five was 37. The number of pupils attending these schools has increased by 767 —namely, from 13,633 to 14,400. The total number of schools under the charge of one teacher was 1,269 in 1907 and 1,299 in 1908 ; in other words, sole-teacher schools constitute 65 per cent, of all the schools. The aggregate average attendance at such schools in 1908 was 24,812, or 19*4 per cent, of the total average attendance for the Dominion. In 1907 the number of schools with two or more teachers was 694, in 1908 it was 699. Of these schools there were in the former year 23 schools with an average attendance exceeding 600 ; last year there were 24 schools with such an attendance. These facts seem to show (1) a tendency for the population to spread into new districts ; (2) a tendency against excessively large schools—both tendencies being such as should probably be regarded as healthy signs.

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During the year 1908, 60 schools were closed in the districts named below :— Schools closed — Auckland .. .. .. . . .. .. 5 Taranaki . . .. .. .. .. .. 1 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 Hawke's Bay .. .. . . . . .. .. 6 Marlborough .. . . . . . . . . .. .. 11 Nelson .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 9 Grey .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2 Westland .. .. .. .. . . .. 1 North Canterbury .. . . . . .. .. .. 2 South Canterbury .. .. .. . . .. .. 0 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 4 Southland .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 Total .. . . .. .. . . 60 As in previous years, several of these schools, although reckoned as closed in their original form, were reopened in another ; some were amalgamated, some halftime schools became full-time schools ; and so on. Including such reopened schools, the total number of schools opened during the year was 95, made up as follows :— Auckland .. .. .. .. .. .. 26 Taranaki .. .. . . .. .. .. .. 7 Wanganui .. .. .. .. . . .. ..11 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 Hawke's Bay .. .. .. .. .. .. ..11 Marlborough .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 Nelson .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 8 Grey .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 Westland .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2 North Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. .. 5 South Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. .. 0 Otago .. .. .. •• .. .. ..2 Southland .. .. .. .. .. .. ..2 Total .. .. .. .. ..95 The net increase in the number of schools open at the end of the year is thus 35.

TABLE A.—Number of Public Schools in each Grade, 1907 and 1908.

Number of Schools. Grade. 1907. 1908. 0(1-15) 1 (16-20) 2 (21-25) 3 (26-32) 4 (33-40) 5 (41-50) 6 (51-60) 7 (61-75) 8 (76-90) 9 (91-120) 10 (121-150) 11 (151-200) 12 (201-250) 13 (251-280) 14 (281-330) 15 (331-390) 16 (391-420) 17 (421-480) 18 (481-510) 19 (511-570) 20 (571-600) 21 (601-660) 22 (661-690) 23 (691-750) 24 (751-780) 25 (781-840) 26 (841-870) 27 (871-930) .. • -. 28 (931-960) 29 (961-1,020) 30 (over 1,020) - # 477 238 218 195 141 103 102 72 54 82 39 43 30 Iβ 11 21 8 12 5 11 2 8 3 4 1 2 2 2 504 250 216 190 139 169 82 82 61 75 43 40 33 15 20 17 12 9 7 8 2 10 2 4 4 2 1 i i Totals .. 1,963 1,998

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The number of schools in each grade in the several education districts is given in Table Al in the special paper dealing with primary education (8.-2). Roll Number. For each quarter of the year 1908 the average of the weekly roll-numbers showed an increase over that for the corresponding quarter of 1907. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters was 145,974 for 1908, as against 141,946 for 1907 — an increase of 4,028, making the total roll greater than in any previous year. Although the additions to the roll were most marked in the North Island, every district showed at least some increase. The increase was most marked in the last quarter of the year : this is probably largely due to the fact that for the first time, generally speaking, the annual examinations were held in November or December. The effect has been to check the exodus, especially from the upper classes, which has taken place hitherto in the December quarter. Although the change is not likely to be so marked in future, it is probable that the new arrangement will keep most of the Standard VI class at school until the close of the school year, and to that extent will benefit both the pupils themselves and the efficient working of the schools. The number on the roll at the end of the year was 147,428, as against 141,071 for the previous year, an increase of 6,357. Table B shows the mean average roll-number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1898, and for each of the last ten years ; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll, and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

TABLE B.—Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

For the details of these facts relating to the several districts, Tables 81, 82, 83, in the special report on primary education (E.-2), may be consulted. The roll statistics cannot be considered as complete unless there are included all the children for whose primary education the State is responsible. To the above figures we must add the number of pupils in the Maori village-schools and in the schools of the Chatham Islands, which are under the direct control of the Department; the complete roll for all public primary schools at the 31st December, 1908, then appears as follows :— Public schools .. .. . . .. .. . . .. 145,974 Maori village-schools .. . . .. . . . . .. 4,479 Chatham Island schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 85 Total .. .. .. .. .. 150,538 • Attendance. As was mentioned in last year's report, the total average attendance for the year 1907, owing to epidemics of sickness in almost all parts of the Dominion, was lower than that for 1906. In 1908 this cause did not exist, and, as has been already

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Year. ¥ Average Number ™° Average I Attendance °f wlfwif Attendance, ! as PercentSchools. !,„,, y Whole Year. age of uou, WeeklyRol). Adults. Number of 'eaobers. Pupil-teachers. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. I 1878 .. 1883 .. 1888 .. 1893 .. 1898 .. 1899 .. 1900 .. 1901 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 1908 .. 748 971 1,158 1,375 1,655 1,677 1,707 1,715 1,754 1,786 1,827 1,851 1,921 1,963 1,998 90,859 113,636 125,092 133,782 133,540 132,897 132,868 133,952 134,748 136,282 138,471 140,320 141,946 145,974 *48,773 69,838 190,108 J 100,321 111,636 110,316 111,748 111,797 113,711 113,047 116,506 120,265 121,958 120,026 127,160 76-9 79-3 79-8 83-4 82-6 84-1 84-1 84-9 83-9 85'5 86-9 86-9 84-6 87-1 707 905 1,039 1,107 1,234 1,221 1,216 1,222 1,272 1,270 1,272 1,302 1,314 1,332 1,331 454 656 887 1,096 1,370 1,372 1,415 1,446 1,685 1,726 1,797 1,835 1,887 1,955 2,021 1,161 1,561 1,926 2,203 2,604 2,593 2,631 2,668 2,957 2,996 3,069 3,137 3,201 3,287 3,352 118 159 219 238 229 230 206 184 143 147 144 151 153 172 161 332 571 694 825 831 792 749 771 604 552 505 528 518 478 476 450 730 913 1,063 1,060 1,022 955 955 747 699 649 679 671 650 637 * Ar erage of three quarte: ■s. i Strict average. J Workini ■o-n,; fe.

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pointed out, the roll-numbers were considerably higher than in the previous year ; accordingly, it is not surprising to find that the total average attendance in the public schools for last year shows a very marked increase on that for 1907, the actual figures being—l9o7, 120,026; 1908,127,160; an increase of 7,134. Here, again, an increase is shown in every education district. The high standard of regularity of attendance—B6*9 per cent.—reached in 1905 and 1906 was again reached in 1908, and even slightly surpassed, being 87-1 in the last-named year. Otago (89-2) stands highest in New Zealand, and the Wellington District (88-1) second in New Zealand and highest in the North Island. As a whole the South Island shows a greater degree of regularity of attendance than the North, the respective rates being 87-6 per cent, and 86-7 per cent, of the average weekly roll. In 1907 the figures were 85-6 and 83-7 respectively. There is no reason, however, why the standard should not be higher still. In this connection it is worthy of note that several Education Boards call attention to a practice that seems to be growing up—some parents, relying on the fact that the law inflicts no penalty unless a child is absent without reasonable excuse at least three half-days out of ten, keep their children from school one day a week. It may be expedient, in the interests of the children and the State,.to amend the Act so as to provide that every child must attend school whenever it is open, unless some reasonable ground for exemption can be shown. The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage ol tne average weekly roll-number, for each quarter of the year 1908 was as follows :— Actual Per Cent. Attendance. of Roll. First quarter 125,288 86-9 Second quarter .. . • • • • • • • U0,8»7 8/ I Third quarter 126,581 86-7 Fourth quarter . . .. • • • • • • 1*>,175 87 7 Whole year 127,160 87-1 Age and Sex of Pupils. Table C shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1908, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

TABLE C.—Age and Sex of Pupils, December, 1908.

Age.— Of the children in the public schools, 52-8 per cent, are under ten, and 47-2 are'over that age ; the corresponding percentages for 1907 were 52-6 and 47-4. The proportion of children under ten continues, as in past years, to show a slight increase. This is probably to be accounted for partly by the increase in the population of the Dominion, partly by the larger number entering the secondary schools especially between the ages of thirteen and fourteen. £ ex- The proportion of boys to girls remains about the same as for the previous six year's, 52-33 per cent, to 4767 per cent.—that is, for every 100 boys on the roll there are'9l girls. The proportion is the same if we omit those over fifteen years of

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Ages. Boys. Girls. Total. Percentages for Five Years. 5 and under 6 years . 6 „ „ 7 „ . •• 7- „ „ 8 „ 8 „ , 9 „ 9 ,. „ 10 „ 10 .. „ 11 ,, 11 , 12 „ .. 12 . „ 13 „ 13 „ . 14 . 14 ,. . 15 „ 6,393 8,258 9,014 8,588 8,475 8,581 8,418 7.8U9 6,636 3,376 5,700 7,397 8,285 8,001 7,765 7,921 7,701 7,407 5,751 2,862 12,093 15,655 17,299 16,589 16,240 16,502 16,119 15,306 12,387 6,238 1908. 8-2 10-6 117 113 11-0 11-2 10-9 10-4 8-4 4-2 1907. 80 10-5 11-6 111 11-4 11-3 110 10-5 8-7 40 1906. 8-3 10-6 111 11-5 11-4 11-4 11-1 10-5 8-3 40 1905. 8-1 10-3 11-4 11-5 11-5 113 11-2 10-6 8-3 3-9 1904. 78 10-3 11-5 11-5 11-4 11-5 111 10-7 8-3 40 15 and over 75,638 1.514 68,790 1,486 144,428 3,000 97-9 2-1 98-1 1-9 98-2 1-8 981 1-9 98-1 1-9 Total.-: 77,152 70,276 147,428 100-0 1000 100-0 100-0 1000

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age. Now, according to the census of 1906 there were in New Zealand, between the ages of five and fifteen, 97 girls for every 100 boys. The difference in the proportion on the school rolls is partly accounted for by reference to the number enrolled between the ages of five and seven —for every 100 boys between these limits there are on the rolls of the public schools only 89 girls ; in other words, speaking generally, girls are not sent to school at so early an age as boys. The second important source of leakage is found between the ages of twelve and fifteen, where the ratio of girls to boys on the school rolls is again 89 to 100 : this seems to mean that more girls than boys are taken away from the primary schools at the age-period named. The number of girls to every 100 boys between twelve and fifteen years of age at the secondary schools of the Dominion is only 73 ; so that the leakage is not accounted for in this direction. Apparently there are a certain number of parents who think that it is sufficient for a girl to have little more than half the amount of schooling that a boy receives. Race of Pupils. Besides the children of Maori race who are receiving instruction in the Maori village-schools, there are about Us many more who are attending public schools ; so that the total number of primary pupils of Maori or mixed race is 8,264. These are made up as follows : — Public Native Schools and T o (; a i Schools. Chatham Islandd. Of Maori race 2,814 3,424 6,238 Of mixed race living as Maoris .. .. 277 331 608 Of mixed races living as Europeans .. 1,338 80 1,418 Totals .. .. 4,429 3,835 8,264 The number of Maori children in the public schools as compared with those in Native schools shows an increase, owing principally.to the fact that the policy has been steadily followed of handing over Native schools to the Education Boards as soon as the pupils have become so far, educationally at least, European in character that they can be conveniently taught with European children. This point is reached when the Maori can use English fluently in his ordinary conversation. There are 410 European children—2l7 boys and 193 girls—attending Native schools. Further details as to the race of pupils are given in Tables 84, 85, Cl, and C 2 of the report E.-2. Inspection and Examination. Table D is a summary for the whole Dominion of Table No. 3 in the Appendix to E.-2, which shows the numbers in the several classes for the various districts. The proportion of pupils in the preparatory class, which has for years past been showing a gradual increase, shows a still further and very marked increase for the year from 31-11 to 34-27 percent. Although this is partly accounted for by the increase of young children in the Dominion, it seems also to suggest that pupils are being kept too long in the preparatory classes.

TABLE D.—Classification of Pupils at Public Schools, December, 1908.

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Classes. 1 i Boys. Girls. Total. Percentages for Fi'e Years. Preparatory Standard I Standard II Standard III Standard IV Standard V Standard VI Standard VII 26,802 9,250 8,982 9,229 8,573 7,374. 5,175 1,767 23,731 8,378 8,137 8,431 7,934 6,849 4,953 1,863 i 50,533 17,628 17,119 17,660 16,507 14,223 10,128 3,630 1906. 34-27 11-96 11-61 11-98 11-20 9-65 6-87 2-46 1907. 31-11 12-05 12-10 1204 11-46 10-24 7-79 3-21 1906. 29-36 12-08 12-18 12-17 11-79 10-59 8-24 3-59 1905. 28-28 12-06 11-95 1267 12-03 10-69 8-37 3-95 1904. 27-97 11-55 12-49 12-73 12-38 10-68 8-17 403 Totals.. 77,152 i 70,276 147,428 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

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The following is a summary of the examination statistics for 1908 : — Public schools— Total roll at time of annual examination .. .. .. . . 147,865 Present at examination .. .. .. .. .. .. 139,764 Present in preparatory classes .. .. .. .. .. 50,618 Present in Standard VI classes .. .. .. .. .. 8,771 ~ Standard VII classes .. .. .. .. .. 2,038 Standard VI certificates gained, viz.,— Certificates of proficiency .. .. .. .. 5,435) _ „_„ ~ competency .. .. .. .. 2,218 j Details of these figures for each district are given in Table Dl of E.-2. S6 Certificates. —The percentages of pupils who gained certificates of proficiency and certificates of competency respectively in the two years 1907-8 are shown below :— 1907. 1908. Per Cent. Per Cent. Gained certificates of proficiency .. .. .. 59-00 61-96 competency .. .. . . 23-98 25-29 No certificate .. . . .. . . .. 17-02 12-75 100-00 100-00 The raising of the standard required for a certificate of proficiency, introduced by the regulations of last year, has not, therefore, apparently had the effect of lessening the number of such certificates awarded. But account must be taken of the fact that last year, for the first time generally for the Dominion, the examination for these certificates was held in November or December, so that many of the pupils had received instruction in Standard VI for a longer period than the usual twelve months. Average Age. —The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the two years 1907-8 were as follows :— 1907. 1908. Yrs. Mo. Yrs. Mo. Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..71 72 Class 81 .. .. .. .. ..91 93 ~ S2 .. .. .. .. .. 10 1 10 3 „ S3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 1 11 3 „ S4 .-. .. .. .. .. 12 1 12 3 „ S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 0 13 1 „ S6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 10 14 0 „ S7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 11 14 9 . Mean of average ages .. .. .. ..115 116 Details for the several districts will be found in Table D 2 of E.-2. Taking into account the difference in the date of examination already referred to, there does not seem to be any great difference between the average ages for the two years. The average age for the Dominion of the pupils in Standard VI at the time of the annual visit of the Inspector was fourteen years. It may be worthy of serious consideration whether this age is not too high for the moderate standard of attainment reached by the pupils. The numbers of pupils receiving instruction in the several subjects of the syllabus for each education district is shown in Table D 3 (E.-2). In English, arithmetic, and drawing these numbers are practically identical with the roll-numbers. It may be interesting to note the continued increase of the numbers doing naturestudy, handwork, and elementary agriculture : — , Number of Pupils. , 1906. 1907. 1908. Roll .. .. .. .. .. 139,302 141,071 147,428 Nature-study .. .. .. .. 120,833 122,660 128,716 Handwork . . . . .. . . 98,465 105,514 112,952 Elementary agriculture (included in the above) 4,000 6,000 8,000

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Conveyance of Children. Conveyance by Rail. —Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools ; and at the beginning of the present year, 1909, the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid in railway fares on this account for 1908 was £9,437, made up as follows :— £ Primary pupils .. . . .. . . • • • ■ • • 4,145 Holders of free places in— (a.) Secondary schools . . . . .. . . . • ■ ■ 1,489 (b.) District high schools . . .. .. .. . . 1,043 (c.) Technical schools .. . . . • •. • • • • 2,760 Total .. .'. .. ... £9,437 .Conveyance by Road and Water. —For the last five years grants have been made to Education Boards for the conveyance of children from outlying localities to central public schools as contemplated by section 44 of the Act. The allowance has been made at the rate of 6d. per child per day of attendance at school; and in 1908 the grants to ten Boards for conveyance by road and water amounted to £1,905. The Grey and Westland Boards did not arrange for the conveyance of school-children in this manner. The six districts in which the plan was most used were Auckland, Wellington, North and South Canterbury, Otago, and Southland. The total amount paid for the conveyance of pupils was thus £11,342. Board of School-children. —A similar allowance—namely, 2s. 6d. a week —is made, on the approval of the Minister, in aid of the board of any child who, through the impracticability of conveyance, has to live away from home in order to attend a public school. In 1908 £57 was paid for the board of school-children whilst attending public schools. Further reference to this subject is made in E.-2. Free School-boohs. Last session an item of £3,500 was included in the vote for elementary education to provide free text-books for the pupils of the preparatory classes and the classes of Standards I and II in the public schools. The rate of payment to the Boards, based on the number on the roll at the end of 1908, is 6d. for each child in the preparatory classes, Is. 3d. for each child in Standard I, and Is. 6d. per head in Standard 11. As the grants did not begin until the Ist January, 1909, the matter is not strictly one for the present report; but it may be interesting to note that now (August) all the Boards have accepted the conditions of the grants. The alternative proposed, the adoption of a uniform series of reading-books, was strongly condemned by nearly all the experts consulted, as tending to a cast-iron uniformity of method. If such a series, moreover, were to be published in the Dominion, the expense of publication would be out of all proportion to the benefits sought to be gained, if the quality of the books bore any sort of comparison with that of corresponding books produced by leading firms in Great Britain, and the cost of renewal from time to time, to bring the contents up to date, would be almost prohibitive. The School Journal, &c. The School Journal has now completed its second year of issue, the first number having been published in May, 1907. It is published in three parts—viz., Part I (sixteen pages), for Classes I and II; Part II (sixteen pages), for Classes 111 and IV ; and Part 111 (thirty-two pages), for Classes V and VI. There are no issues for December and January, but the November number is enlarged to provide reading-

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matter until the schools close, about the middle of December. For each year there are 168 pages in each of Parts I and 11, and 336 pages in Part 111. Public schools, Native schools, and special schools (such as industrial schools) are supplied with copies free, and an increasing number of private and secondary schools purchase copies at the rate of |d. per copy for Part I, and Id. per copy for each of Parts II and 111. The monthly free distribution to children is—Part I, 37,163 ; Part 11, 36,885 ; Part 111, 29,718. The sales during the year 1909 are at the rate of 16,780 per annum for all parts. The public schools are supplied with sufficient copies to provide for every child on the rolls of the various classes one copy of the appropriate Part of the Journal, Part I, 11, or 111, as the case may be. Although the Journal aims primarily at being instructive rather than recreative, there is ample evidence from the Inspectors and teachers that its appearance each month is welcomed by the children, and that its influence tends to the very desirable end of fostering the habit and the love of reading. It differs from most of the miscellaneous Readers in that, being composed largely of articles belonging to welldefined series of courses, it preserves a continuity absent from ordinary readers. These courses deal with the .history and geography of New Zealand, of the rest of the British Empire, and foreign countries, from the point of view of the human interests involved, so far as these appeal to a child's mind ; with nature-knowledge of various kinds—the object being to extend what the pupils have learnt by their own observation, not to give information as a substitute for actual observation ; with practical matters of hygiene ; with civics and moral instruction ; and with current topics, such as Antarctic exploration, Empire Day, Arbor Day, and so forth. It is believed that these subjects are so presented as to cultivate the imagination as well as to arouse thought. The Journal is regularly illustrated ; but, in addition to the illustrations contained in its pages, pictures and prints illustrating history, geography, and nature-study are being issued separately on cards, as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects. Up to the present—August, 1909—the following series have appeared : Twenty-four pictures illustrating great British battles, thirtytwo illustrations of New Zealand flora, eight of New Zealand geography, and sixteen of the geography of the British Isles; also a coloured wall-sheet illustrating the lives of Lord Nelson and Captain Cook. Further reference to the Journal is made in There are also in preparation similar pictures—namely, sixteen illustrations of glaciers, eight of New Zealand flora, eight of harbours in New Zealand, four depicting incidents in the life of Captain Cook, and four dealing similarly with the life of Nelson. ■. Several publications of educational value were placed at the disposal ol the Department, and so far as the number of copies permitted and the nature of each work warranted these were distributed to Special schools, Native schools, District high schools, Secondary schools, the larger Technical schools, Training colleges, and University colleges. In this way the following publications were distributed: "Animals of New Zealand," Hudson's "Entomology." "New Zealand Neuroptera, Colenso's "Lexicon," Tregear's "Maori Race," and Thomson's "New Zealand Naturalist's Calendar." Among other publications of general interest that have been issued by the Department during the past year may be mentioned the Inspector - General's "Report on Educational Institutions in Europe and America"; the "Manual of Physical Drill"; and the "Outline of a Scheme for Teaching Hygiene and Temperance" (reprint). The following are in preparation, and will appear shortly: "A Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," by H. Suter ; "New Zealand Plants and their Story "by Dr. L. Cockayne ; " Geology of New Zealand," by Dr. P. Marshall; " Industrial Education a Phase of the Problem of Universal Education," by Dr. Davenport (reprint), of Illinois College of Agriculture, Urbana ; New Zealand Flora plates, being published in connection with Cheeseman's " Manual of New Zealand Flora. f\ The departmental library contains a large number of educational books and papers, most of which are;>vailable on loan for Inspectors, primary or secondary teachers, and others interestedjn education. 2-E, 1.

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Staffs of Public Schools. The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools in December, 1907, and December, 1908, respectively, was as follows : — TABLE E. —Number of Teachers employed. Adults,— 1907. 1908. Men .. .. .. . • 1,332 1,331 Decrease 1 Women .. .. .. 1,955 2,021 Increase 66 Total .. .. .. 3,287 3,352 Increase 65 Pupil-teachers, — Male .. .. .. ..172 161 Decrease, 11 Female .. .. .. 478 476 Decrease 2 Total .. .. ..650 637 Decrease 13 All teachers, — Male .. .. .. .. 1,504 1,492 Decrease 12 Female .. -.. .. 2,433 2,497 Increase 64 Total .. .. .. 3,937 3,989 Increase, 52 For the schools above Grade 0 having only one teacher—that is, schools with 16 to 40 children in average attendance —the average number of children per teacher —or, in other words, per school—was 24-80. Taking all schools with two or more teachers, we find that the average number of pupils per adult teacher, if we reckon two pupil-teachers as equivalent to one adult, was 42-51 ; and with the same assumption the average for all schools of Grade 1 and upwards was 38-42. Omitting teachers of schools of Grade 0, the ratio of adult men teachers to adult women teachers in 1908 was 100 to 126 ; in 1907 it was 100 to 124. The rise in the proportion of male pupil-teachers, which had been steady during the previous five years, was arrested in 1908, when the ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers was 1 to 2-96, as against 1 to 2-77 in 1907. It may he interesting to note the corresponding proportions for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools and secondary schools (exclusive of visiting teachers), and for students in training colleges, respectrv ely :— Number oj Women Teachers or Students per Hundred Men Teachers or Students (omitting Teachers of Schools in Grade 0). 1906. 1907. 1908. Adult primary teachers . ... . . 125 '124 126 Pupil-teachers .. .. .. .. 339 277 296 Secondary teachers .. .. 80 77 76 Training-college students .. .. 350 315 286 All teachers and students . . .. 148 142 144 In other words, out of a total of 4,105 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession there were in 1908, 1,683 men and 2,422 women. Remembering that a much larger number of women than of men leaves the profession after a few years of service, we may form some idea of the extent to which New Zealand has been affected by the general tendency all over the world towards the increase of women in the teaching profession. So far as can te gathered from the reports received from England, Scotland, and the United States, the following statement shows the number of women teachers per hundred men teachers : — England.* Scotland.-)- United SUtes.J Adult primary teachers . . .. .. 329 252 | goo Pupil-teachers 386 456 ) Secondary teachers .. .. • • § § 117 Training-college students ' .. ..212 396 321 Full details of the primary staffs of the public schools in the several education districts are given in Table El of the report on primary education (E.-2). * Figures for 1908-7, being last available. | Figures for 1907-8, J From report for 1907- § Not available.

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[The relieving-teachers appointed by several of the Boards are not included in Table El, or in the summary given above, but will be found in Table 1 of the Appendix to E.-2.] The Education Act of last session will, among other things, improve the staffing of the public schools in the following respects : — (1.) It gives an assistant as soon as a school reaches an average attendance of 36, instead of 41 as heretofore : this amendment comes into force at once. The other amendments will operate gradually ; the chief are, — (2.) A second assistant is given at 81, whereas the second increase of staff under the principal Act was a pupil-teacher, given when there were 91 in average attendance. Similarly, the third and fourth assistants also will be adults, and will be employed when a school reaches 121 and 161 respectively. Hence the new staff for schools between 161 and 200 will in the future be a head teacher and four assistants, instead of a head teacher and three assistants (or a head teacher, two assistants, and two pupilteachers), which was the staffing under the former scale. (3.) In the schools with an average attendance above 200 the staff will be further strengthened by providing an adult teacher for every 50 or part of 50 children in average attendance, instead of an adult teacher or two pupilteachers for every 60 children. Thus, in a school of 601 to 660 the old staff was 9 adults and 6 pupil-teachers, equivalent to 12 adults ; the new staff will consist of 14 adult teachers, as pupil-teachers will gradually disappear. The probationers who may be appointed under the Amendment Act are not to be counted on the regular staff of the school to which they are attached. Their appointment will be made simply for the purpose of ascertaining their fitness for the teaching profession, and of giving them some insight into the methods of teaching under actual conditions before they enter the training college ; it is not intended that they should have charge of a class, nor are they to be engaged in teaching — even of small sections and under supervision — for more than fifteen hours a week. Probationer ship will thus form a bridge between the secondary school or district high school and the training college. (4.) Every side school must be staffed as fully as if it were a main school, even if this means the addition of one or more teachers to the number warranted by the combined attendance of the main and side schools. Although the improved staffing may not be quite as liberal as might be imagined in an ideal system, it will more nearly approach in numerical strength the scales which obtain in those countries that are most advanced in matters of education ; for instance, the average number of children per adult teacher is in— Roll Number. Average Attendance. England .. .. .. .. •• •• 49-8 40-8 Wales .. .. .. •• •• •• 45-4 34-8 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. •• 40-2 34-9 Switzerland (including Geneva Canton).. .. . . 44-9 44-0 Canton of Geneva .. .. .. .. •■ 29-9 29-3 United States (city schools) .. .. .. .. 35-4 24-9 New Zealand (under the new scale in schools 201-700) . . 47-9 41-9 Salaries of Teachers. At the rate paid in December, 1908, the total amount of all salaries and allowances paid to teachers and pupil-teachers was £503,362 ; the average rate per teacher (including pupil-teachers) was therefore £126 3s. 9d., as compared with £126 17s. Id. in December, 1907. A fairer idea could be gained by excluding teachers in Grade 0 schools and pupil-teachers, and by deducting the house allowances that are payable to head teachers for whom residences are not provided. We then find that the average net salaries of adult teachers in the last three years (in December of each year) have been as follows: — 1900. 1907. 1908. £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Men .. .. .. 189 18 2 192 9 3 195 I 0 Women . . .. .. 116 7 3 115 0 3 115 13 5 All adults .. .. 149 3 7 -148 17 7 148 8 1

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These salaries will be considerably higher under the new Act, although the large increase of comparatively junior teachers substituted for the pupil-teachers will to a certain extent counteract the tendency to a rise in the general average salary. Under the same Act there is introduced the principle of annual increments to salaries, which operate in each grade until the maximum salary for the grade is reached. Status of Teachers in Regard to Certificates. The numbers of certificated teachers and uncertificated teachers respectively employed in primary work in the several education districts will appear in Table E2 of the special report (E.-2), a summary of which for the whole Dominion is given below, as at 31st December, in each of the years 1905 to 1908 inclusive :—

From the table it will be seen that the teachers employed in primary-school work in the Dominion at the end of 1908 numbered 53 more than in December, 1907. Of the total, 2,453 were fully certificated, while 901, or 26-9 per cent, of the whole, either possessed no recognised examination status or had not yet completed the necessary qualification. The corresponding percentage for 1907 was 26-2. A fairer idea of the proportion of certificated and uncertificated teachers could probably be obtained by omitting teachers in schools of Grade 0, only about a quarter of whom are certificated. If we do this for the years 1905 and 1908 we get the following numbers : — Primary Teachers in Schools of Grade 1 and upwards.

It will be understood that the above figures do not include any of the teachers in secondary schools, secondary departments of district high schools, and technical

1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. I. Certificated teachers, — Adults .. • • • • • • - • • Pupil-teachers 2,460 13 2,412 6 2,422 14 2,451 2 Total 2,473 2,418 2,436 2,453 [1. Uncertiticated teachers, — (a.) Holding partial qualifications, — (i.) Holders of licenses (ii.) Others partially qualified 270 90 227 134 178 142 99 167 Total of (a.) .. 360 361 320 266 (b.) Having no recognised examination status 320 428 545 635 Total number of uncertificated teachers .. Total primary teachers 680 789 865 901 3,153 3,207 3,301 3,354

1905. 1908. I. Certificated II. Uncertificated, — (a.) Partially qualified (b.) Without status 2,460 2,411 329 163 213 294 492 507 Total .. 2,952 2,918 Percentages, — I. Certificated II. (a.) Partially qualified (b.) Without status 111 5-6 83-3 7-2 10-2 82-6 16-7 17-4 Total .. 100 100

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schools, of whom it is safe to say that the number holding certificates is very much larger than at any previous time. The following summary of Table E3 in the special report (E.-2) includes, however, all certificated teachers in the employment of Education Boards, whether engaged in primary work or in the secondary departments of district high schools, arranged according to sex and the class of certificate held.

Holders of Teachers' Certificates in the Service of Education Boards at 31st December, 1908.

The following table gives a comparative view of the number of persons holding certificates who were employed forms of public instruction on the 30th June of the years named. Comparative Table of Certificates held by Persons employed in Public Instruction, as at the 30th June.

Training of Three out of the four training colleges had yearjj|l9oß almost, if not quite, their full complement of students ; it is to be regretted that thef ourth college had less than half the full number it could accommodate. i The supply of trained teachers required to fill the regularly recurring vacancies, to staff new schools, and to improve the staffing of existing schools in accordance with the provisions of the Education can be maintained only if the numbers at the training colleges are maintained£at the highest figures ; otherwise, the vacancies must be filled with untrained or, partially trained teachers—a result it is desirable to avoid. The new regulations gazetted in December last increased the number of students who may be attending a training college at any one time from eighty to a hundred, the increase being called for by the new scale of staffing. The same regulations also increased the inducements to pupils from secondary schools to enter the teaching profession by giving to all students in Division B (non-pupil-teachers) living away from home the additional allowance of £30 a year formerly paid to only four of such students entering in each year ; the scale of payments to the staff was revised, giving salaries that are at once more liberal, and yet graded in accordance with the Amendment Act of last session; in order to increase the opportunities for the child-study that forms so important a part of the training-college course, permission was given to each institution, with the sanction of the Minister, to establish a small kindergarten division for a limited number of children between three and five years of age ; and the course of study and training was further defined, with a view to ensuring that subjects essential to a teacher should not be neglected. It may be necessary

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Class of Certificate. M. P. Total. A B C D E 27 114 289 631 129 7 42 -105 773 417 34 156 394 1,404 546 Total certificate-holders (December, 1908) 1,190 1,344 2,534

Class. Number of Certificate-holders in each Year. 1909. 1908. 1908. 1907. 1906. 1905. 1904. A ■ i 99 266 544 1,442 555 94 232 415 1,479 595 87 208 294 1,593 642 86 201 197 1,650 721 83 198 172 1,499 794 75 190 151 1,251 907 I) E Totals, Classes A, B, C, and D ... 2,351 2,220 2,182 2,134 1,952 1,667 „ A, B, C, D, and E 2,906 2,815 2,824 2,855 2,746 2,574

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to define the courses still'further, so far as that can be done without interfering with the freedom of the' several[colleges to t shape their own programmes, as, unfortunately, there seems to be a tendency at present tot] avoid the study of natural science, without which no teacher can be said to be properly equipped for his work. It is also a question whether some other modification of the regulations may not be desirable to pre\ent some of the students from subordinating their legitimate training as teachers altogether to the object of taking a university degree. The course of training extends over two years, and it does not seem expedient that this period should be shortened, except in the case of those who have already graduated in the University, and who may therefore be considered as requiring only professional training in the colleges ; for them one year would probably be sufficient, l --; The new Training College buildings at Auckland and Dunedin have now been completed, and are in actual occupation. At the close of the year the students in training numbered 274, as follows :— Number of students in training colleges, end of 1908 : — Men. Women. Total. I I Auckland 23 25 48 j Wellington .. .. .. •■ •■ • • 14 64 78 Christchurch .. .. .. .. •■ • • 13 59 72 Dunedin .. .. -. • -.21 55 76 Total 71 203 274 £ s. d. The amount paid in 1908 for the training of teachers was .. .. .. .. 40,968 0 4 made up as follows : — - I. Training College — Salaries of staffs .. .. .. • • • • ■ • • • 5,925 310 Students' allowances .. .. . • • • • • • • 10,666 411 University fees of students .. .. .. .. • • • • 2,276 8 3 Libraries.. .. •• •• ■• •• •• •• 187 18 11 Apparatus .. • • ■ • • • • • • • ■ • 25 13 3 Buildings .. •• •• •• •• •• ■• 13,565 0 0 Total £32,646 9 2 - 11. Other training — Grants for special instruction in handwork, including agriculture, of teachers other than training-college students F [~!«■ ■ ■ • • • • 2,900 0 0 Railway fares of teachers and instructors J. j|.. .. .. .. 5,42111 2 Total £8.321 11 2 Public-school Cadets. The Education Act provides that " in public schools provision shall be made for the instruction in military drill of all boys " ; and it is declared to be the duty of the Board in each district " to cause physical drill to be taught to all boys and girls over the age of eight years attending the public schools in the district." The number of children returned as receiving instruction in drill in the public schools of the Dominion at the end of the year was 143,580. The term " drill " here must be taken to include physical and disciplinary exercises. There were on the 31st March, 1909, 185 cadet companies, 111 detachments, and 14 sections, with a total strength of 14,686 members, equipped with the " model rifles " (dummies) which have been imported by the Department for purposes of drill, and with a percentage of miniature Martini-Henry rifles for target-practice. Details of the number of cadet companies in the several districts are given in Table V of the report of the Officer Commanding. The number of battalions formed was 32. At the end of the year the companies in the North and South Islands respectively, exclusive of those attached to district high schools, competed for two challenge shields presented by the Government. The conditions were that each competing squad should consist of ten cadets, all belonging to the same company or detachment ; each company to have seven shots at 100 yards (kneeling), 150 yards (sitting), and 200 yards (lying), the local range being used in each case. The North Island shield was again won by the* Dannevirke North No. 1 Company (Hawke's Bay), with a score of 798 out of a possible 840 ; the South Island shield was won by the

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North-east Valley (Dunedin) No. 1 Company, with a score of 724. The results of the competitions for the valuable prizes presented by the Weekly Press Company (Christchurch) and the Colonial Ammunition Company (Auckland) are given in the tables of the report of the Officer Commanding. During the summer of 1908-9 five camps were held, seven battalions, with a total strength of all ranks of 1,343, being represented. Each camp was held for a week (six days), and a capitation allowance of 3s. 6d. per head was provided by the Department towards the expenses, together with the loan of necessary equipment. An illustrated manual of physical exercises has been supplied for general use in schools; and a revised edition of the Manual of Infantry Training for the Publicschool Cadets has also been issued for use in schools where there are cadet corps. For the encouragement of rifle practice by the cadet companies forming the No. 3 Wellington Battalion and the No. 2 Wanganui Battalion, Captain J. Kebbell, of Ohau, and Mr. J. Handley, of Wanganui, each very generously presented a silvermounted shield. The expenditure for the year 1908 was £5,613 12s. Id., made up as follows : — £ s. d. £ s. d. Salary of Commanding Officer .. .. .. 317 10 0 Travelling-expenses of Commanding Officer .. .. 263 II 5 Salaries of clerk, and armourer and storeman .. 389 0 0 Rent and expenses of store-room .. .. .. 29 2 6 999 3 11 Capitation .. .. .. .. .. 1,633 19 7 Arms, accoutrements, ammunition, &c. 2,737 9 10 Less recoveries .. .. 847 1 II 1,890 7 11 Rent, &c, of rifle ranges . . . . .. .. 182 17 10 Railway fares of corps .. . . . . .. 267 14 11 Training-camps . . . . .. .. .. 583 19 1 Contribution towards expenses of Cadet Friar, competing at Boys' Bisley, England . . . . 50 0 0 Contingencies .. .. . . .. .. 5 8 10 4,614 8 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. £5,613 12 1 Finances of Education Boards. Table F contains an abstract of the accounts of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards for the year 1908. These are tabulated in detail in an appendix to E.-2, and another appendix contains the annual reports of the several Boards, with their statements of receipts and expenditure in full detail. TABLE F.—Abstract op the Receipts and Expenditure of Education Boards, 1908. Receipts. £ s. d. Expenditure. £ s. d. Balance, Ist January, 1908 .. 50,178 111 Boards' administration .. .. 39,730 9 7 Rents from reserves .. £48,764 19 6 Teachers' and pupil-teachers' salaries, Balance of grants for and pupil-teachers' lodging-allowances 489,041 18 10 salaries of teachers and Incidental expenses of schools (including pupil-teachers ..437,282 10 5 £4,495 16s. 3d. paid over to School CornAllowance, £250, and capi- mittees out of special capitation protation .. .. 76,319 10 8 vided by Government for the purpose).. 38,077 9 1 Other grants .. .. 28,496 4 6 Salaries of relieving-teaohers .. .. 3,778 3 7 Scholarships and secondary education .. 31,892 8 7 Total for maintenance 590,863 11 1 Training of teachers .. .. .. 19,948 13 3 Scholarships and salaries Manual and technical instruction .. 48,212 3 10 of staffs of secondary Buildings, house allowances, sites, &c. .. 157,969 3 8 departments of distriot Refunds and sundries .. .. 9,817 111 high schools .. .. 31,128 14 8 Balance, 31st December, 1908 .. .. 78,144 3 1 Manual and technical instruction .. .. 42,634 15 11 Buildings and teachers' house allowances .. 185,777 10 10 Total from Govern- . ment .. .. .. 850,404 12 6 Local receipts— Pees, donations, &o. .. 9,855 19 4 Interest, rents, &c. .. 3,686 3 .0 13,542 2 4 Refunds, fines, &c. .. .. 2,486 18 8 ' £916,611 15 5 : £916,611 15 5

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If -we exclude the expenditure on buildings and on scholarships and secondary education, which are dealt with below, the chief items of expenditure in 1907 and 1908 were as follows: — 1907. 1908. £ £ Boards' administration .. .. . . . • 37,832 39,730 Incidental expenses of schools .. .. . ■ 38,320 38,077 Teachers' salaries 484,673 489,042 Training of teachers .. .. .. • • 20,086 19,949 Manual and technical instruction .. .. 43,462 48,212 The increase in teachers' salaries is due to the increase in the number of schools ; and to some extent the increase in the cost of the administration may be attributed to the same cause. The increase in the expenditure upon manual and technical instruction is due mainly to the increase in the number of classes for both manual and technical instruction, and in the number of centres at which classes were held. The proportion of the expenditure by Boards for administration to their whole expenditure and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through School Committees) for the last four years have been as follows :— Boards. Committees. Total. 1905 * •• •• 5-0 5-7 10-7 1906 4-5 4-8 9-3 1907 4-7 4-8 9-5 1908 4-7 4-5 9-2 On the whole, therefore, there is a slight tendency for the proportion of expenditure upon administration by the Education Boards and School Committees to decrease, and this is as it should be, for the cost of administration should not increase proportionately with the number of schools. The corresponding percentages for the several Boards are given in E.-2. As might be expected, the percentage is generally higher in the case of the smaller educaFor convenience the funds granted to the Boards for building purposes and those granted for general purposes may be considered separately, as in former years. Table Fl in the special report (E.-2) shows the assets and liabilities of the Boards on the General Account; these may be summarised thus— General Account, all Boards, 31s< December, 1908. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts 677 Cash 26,072 Due to Government .. .. .. 17,499 Due from all sources .. • • 36,197 Other liabilities .. .. •• 14,704 Deficits .. .. •• ..Mil Balances 29,389 £62,269 £62,269 At the end of 1907 the deficits amounted to £939, and the balances to £24,906, leaving a net balance of £23,967, so that, taken altogether, the Boards have still further improved their position, which was already good, by £5,422. Auckland, Taranaki, Hawke's Bay, and South Canterbury showed smaller balances in 1908 than in the preceding year ; all the other Boards either increased their credit balances or converted deficits into balances. The Buildings Account refers to moneys granted for two purposes, which by parliamentary appropriation and by the terms of the grants made by the Department are quite distinct, namely,— (a.) Moneys granted for the general maintenance and replacement of school buildings out of the Consolidated Fund ; (b.) Moneys appropriated by Parliament and granted out of the Public Works Fund specially for the erection of new schools and the extension of existing schools rendered necessary by increased attendance, and for building teachers' residences in certain cases where suitable houses cannot be rented. Table F2 of E.-2 will show the assets and liabilities of the several Boards on this combined Buildings Account. It may be set forth in outline as follows :— ' |4f

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Buildings Account (a) and (b), all Boards, 31st December, 1908. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts 5,789 Cash 58,538 Other liabilities .. .. .. 56,672 Due from all sources .. .. 60,923 Balances 59,875 Deficits 2,875 £122,336 £122,336 Net balances Ist January, 1909 .. £57,000 The net balances at Ist January, 1908, amounted to £54,268, so that it will be seen that the total credit balances increased during the year by £2,732. As will appear, however, from what is stated below, this fact does not necessarily indicate a satisfactory condition of things, although at first sight it might seem to do so. From an examination of the grants made to the Boards for the maintenance _ and replacement of school buildings—see (a), above—and their returns of expenditure under these heads, it has been found that the School Buildings Maintenance Account should stand as shown in Table F3 (E.-2), a summary of which is given below :— School BuildingS Maintenance Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1908. £ £ Liabilities .. .. .. ■■ 7,504 Assets .. .. .. .. 1,117 Net balance 94,954 Balances 101,341 £102,458 ' £102^58 Judging from this statement, we should expect a net balance, available on Ist January, 1909, for the maintenance and rebuilding of school buildings, of £94,954. As the actual cost of maintenance and repairs has already been charged to the fund, it may be said that this net balance should be available for rebuilding worn-out schools and for replacing worn-out furniture, fittings, &c. But the Combined Buildings Account shows a net balance of only £57,000 ; by the conditions of the grants for new buildings and additions, which are made just sufficient to meet the ascertained cost of the works in question, there can be no balance on these grants, and the deficit, if any, should be comparatively small; further, out of the sum of £57,000 just mentioned, over £19,000 forms a trust fund, being made up of the balance of donations and the statutory subsidy thereon intended to provide for the erection of part of the proposed Auckland Technical School; accordingly, the portion of the balance presumably available for the proper purposes of the maintenance and rebuilding of schools cannot be more than £38,000—that is, £57,000 less £19,000. Hence, it would appear that the sum of £56,954 (that is, the difference between £94,954 and £38,000) has been diverted from the Buildings Maintenance Account to the erection of new school buildings. - It might be contended, on the other hand, that from 1905 to 1907, inclusive, the Boards have been allowed to spend sums, amounting in the aggregate to not more than 7 per cent, of the building maintenance grants, on " small alterations and additions " ; also that by a circular of February, 1908, the limitation of the use of this proportion of the grants to small additions and alterations was removed ; but it should be remarked that the last-named circular stated in clear terms the condition upon which any part of the grants could be so used—namely, only after the Boards had " made due provision for the requirements " in respect of maintenance •uid rebuilding ; neither circular gives authority for using the money for or in aid of the cost of new schools. So many are the school buildings that will require to be replaced in a few years that it is doubtful whether many of the Boards could comply with the condition named—a condition that appears reasonable enough on the ground of prudence alone. Even had they all been able to make due provision for the rebuilding expenditure that is imminent, and yet have had 7 per cent, of the grants left for additions and alterations, the deficiency of £56,954 would not have been accounted for, as the total of the maintenance grants for the four years 1905-8 has been £227 794, and 7 per cent, of this, which, on the hypothesis just made, the Boards might'have so spent on additions, &c, is £15,496. Hence, on the most liberal interpretation of the facts, the amount of money diverted from the propei 3—E. 1.

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purpose of the maintenance grants, for which they are voted by Parliament and distributed byjthe Department, is not less than £41,000 ; probably £50,000 would be nearer the jreal amount. rlfi'The actual balance remaining (£38,000) may be sufficient to provide the cost of rebuilding the schools that require to be replaced in the next two or three years, but not to provide the proportion that should now be in hand of the cost of replacing those falling due at a later date. It is clear that the Government cannot reasonably be asked to pay a second time moneys already given for rebuilding. There appears to be only one way in which the Boards concerned can set the matter right—namely, by using the balances in hand on the General Account, which by paragraph (6). of section 52 of " The Education Act, 1908," may be used, inter alia, " for the expense .... of erecting, fitting up, and improving school buildings." It would be only fair to state here that these remarks do not apply equally to all the Boards—in fact, in the case of one or two Boards they do not apply at all. Education Reserves. Tables Gl, la, Ib, in the appendix to E.-2 give a summary of the accounts of the School Commissioners, which are also given in full in the same appendix. These accounts may be presented in outline as follows :— TABLE G. (a.) Incmne and Expenditure of School Commissioners, 1908. Income. £ Expenditure. £ Balances, Ist January, 1908 .. .. 12,599 | Payments during year .. .. .. 05,990 Receipts during year .. .. .. 68,404 ' Balances at 31st December, 1908 .. .. 15,013 Total .. .. .. .. £81,003 £81,003 (b.) Assets and Liabilities of School Commissioners. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Amounts owing .. .. .. .. 7,829 Amounts due .. .. .. .. 7,515 Balance .. .. .. •• 60,692 Balances at bank on mortgage, &c. .. .. 01,006 £68,521 £68,521 Balance brought down £60,092 The payments made to Education Boards for primary education out of proceeds from Education reserves in 1908 amounted to £52,616 9s. 6d., as compared with £47,385 4s. Bd. for the previous year. The revenues of the Boards are not, however, increased thereby, as equal amounts are deducted from the grants otherwise payable by the Government. Table H8 in E.-6 shows the payments for secondary education from reserves under the control of the School Commissioners, which amounted in 1908 to £4,154 4s. 3d., as compared with £4,353 13s. 7d. in 1907. This money is distributed by the Commissioners to the governing bodies of secondary schools in the provincial districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance at these secondary schools, exclusive of those in any lower department. Table G2 in E.-2 shows the total income from Education reserves for the several districts for the ten years 1899-1908, and the cost of administration for the same period. Summarised this appears as below : — Total income for the ten years 1899-1908 .. .. .. .. £585,644 Cost of administration during the same period, 1899-1908 .. .. £38,023 Cost of administration per cent, of income .. .. .. .. 6-49 The cost of administration shows a slight decrease as compared with previous years, but is still very high in one or two districts. Native Schools. The number of Native village schools in operation at the end of 1907 was ninetynine. During the year 1908 seven were opened, five were transferred to the control of the Education Boards of their respective districts, and four were closed, thus

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leaving a total of ninety-seven schools in operation at the end of 1908.j| The number of children on the rolls of these schools at the 31st December, 1908, was 4,217, as against 4,183 at the close of the preceding year. The average attendance for the year was 3,781, the percentage of regularity being 84-4, an increase of about 2 per cent, on that of the previous year. The average weekly roll-number for the year was 4,479, which was the highest yet reached. There were at the 31st December 215 children on the rolls of the various Native mission-schools and 303 others on the rolls of the secondary Native schools, all of which are inspected by officers of the Education Department. This shows that there were at the end of 1908 4,735 children attending Native schools of one kind or another, the gross average weekly roll being 4,986 and (.the gross average attendance being 4,249. The new schools opened during the year —viz., Waiuku, Manukau Harbour ; Wharekawa and Mataora Bay, Thames County ; Kakanui, in Kaipara district; Ngongotaha, near Rotorua ; Motiti Island, Bay of Plenty ; and Taemaro, near Mangonui—have made a very promising beginning, though some are being conducted in temporary buildings at present. The steady increase in the attendance, and the frequent applications received for the establishment of new schools, point to the appreciation by the Maori people of the advantages offered to them, and an increasing desire on their part for education. Information will be found in the Inspector's report with regard to the applications that are now under consideration. Reference to the Inspector's report will show that the standard of efficiency of the schools is satisfactory ; in many cases it is very high indeed. It must be remembered in this connection that there has been a very considerable increase during the past five years in the standard requirements, which are now practically on a level with those of the ordinary country school. The new syllabus provides for some form of manual training in every school. In many schools elementary practical agriculture is taken up, and useful experimental work is being done. There were fifteen workshops in operation during the year, and much useful work continues to be done by them. At the six boarding-schools —St. Stephen's and Te Aute for boys ; Queen Victoria, Hukarere, St. Joseph's, and Turakina, for girls—the Government provides a number of free places tenable for two years to Maori children qualified under the regulations. One hundred and three free places were held at the end of 1908. One University Scholarship was being held at the end of the year by a Maori youth studying medicine at Otago University, and there were five boys apprenticed to suitable trades. There were during 1908 three nurses holding day-pupil scholarships, and four probationers on the staffs of various hospitals. Of these latter, two have passed the examination qualifying them for registration as nurses, and they have since attended for further training at St. Helens Maternity Hospital, where one has gained a certificate in midwifery. The total expenditure on Native schools during the year, including £52 6s. lOd. paid from Native school reserves, was £33,307 2s. 4d. Deducting recoveries, £72 3s. 3d., the result is a net expenditure of £33,234 19s. Id., as against £31,492 4s. 4d. in 1907. Included in this amount is the sum of £4,773 18s. sd. expended on new buildings and additions ; £2,583 14s. Bd. on secondary education including fees for holders of free places in secondary schools, industrial or technical scholarships for boys, nursing scholarships for girls, and University Scholarships. Head teachers of Native schools now receive salary at the same rate as do head teachers of public schools, and the payments are subject to similar conditions. Prior to the revision of the salary scheme the amount paid in salaries for 1906 was £17,519, for 1908 it was £20,292, and under the revised scale coming into force this year a further increase is effected. The average salary paid to head teachers of Native schools for the year 1908 wa's £158 lis. 7d. The staffs of the village schools included seventy-six masters and nineteen mistresses in charge, one hundred and six assistants, and five sewing-teachers.

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At the end of the year the standard classification of the children in the village schools was as follows :— Class P 1,939 StandardJl.. .. .. .. •• •• 465 Standardgll .. .. .. •• •• 524 Standard 111 .. 536 StandardMV .. .. •■ •■ •• 376 Standard V .. .. •■ •• ..246 Standards VI and VII .. .. .. .. 131 Six certificates of proficiency and twenty-four of competency were gained in these schools during the year. The number of European children in Native schools at the end of the year was 410, of whom 376 yj were in the preparatory class and the lower standards, and 34 in Standards VI and VII. Two certificates of proficiency and seven of competency were gained by European children during the year. The classification according to race of the children at the 31st December, 1908, was as follows :— Maori or nearly so .." .. .. .. 80-5 per cent. Half-castes speaking Maori .. .. .. 79 '?„ Half-castesjspeaking English .. .. I*9 „ Europeans .. .. .. • • 9-7 „ There were 4,429 children of Maori or mixed race attending public schools : of these, 63-54 per cent, were Maori, 6-25 per cent, of mixed race living as Maoris, and 30-21 per cent, of mixed race living as Europeans. Twenty-six certificates of proficiency and fifteen of competency Were gained during the year by Maori children in public schools. So far as statistics are available the number of persons in New Zealand of Maori and of mixed race receiving instruction at the end of the year 1908 may be summarised as follows (omitting Maoris attending secondary schools and Maoris at certain schools not under Government inspection, of whom no separate return is made) :—

The Inspector's report and further details regarding the work done in 1908 are contained in E.-3. Chatham Islands. During the year 1908 there were two schools in operation in the Chatham Islands viz., the school at Te One, on the mainland, and that at Pitt Island. Representations made to the Department warranted the removal of the Moreroa building to a more central position at Te Roto, and the school was opened early in January of the present year. The total number of children on the rolls of the Te One and Pitt Island Schools at the end of 1908 was 85, as compared with 65 of the pre year, while J the average attendance for the year was 72. The total expenditure on the schools for the year 1908 was £524 10s. 10d., made up as follows : Salaries and allowances of teachers, £405 lis. Bd. ; repairs and works,

Actual Number. Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 190G (47,731). , . I. Primary schools — (a.) Government Native schools (b.) Mission-schools (c.) Public schools 4,217 215 4,429 4,217 215 4,429 ' 8,86 883-5 45-0 927-9 II. Secondary schools III. Special technical training 30: li 8,861 303 13 1,856-4 63-5 2-7 Totals 9,17' 9,177 1,922-6

E.—l.

requisites, &c, £37 4s. Bd. ; scholarships, £60 ; inspection, £16 os. 6d. ; other expenses, £5 14s. The school at Te One was inspected|and examined in the month of January of the present year, according to for the Inspection and Examination of Public Schools in New Zealand. 'The-, results generally were fair.; Pittl Island was also visited, but time did not permit inspection or examination. Arrangements were made, however, to have the the Sixth|Standard examined, and the work done was of a very satisfactory nature. Three candidates presented themselves for the examination held in connection with the Chatham Islands Scholarship in January of this year, but none of them gained sufficient marks in the examination to entitle him to the scholarship. It has been decided that for the future the examination regulations respecting Junior National Scholarships shall be substituted for the regulations for Chatham Island Scholarships. The ; first'examination under the new arrangement will take place at the end of the current year. Special Schools : Afflicted and Dependent Children. The Education Act requires that deaf, blind, feeble-minded, and epileptic children between the ages of seven and sixteen years shall be under efficient and suitable instruction. The institutions in New Zealand that exist for the purpose of educating children so afflicted >', are the School for the Deaf at Sumner, the Special School for mentally backward boys at Otekaike, North Otago—both of which are maintained by the Government—and the Jubilee the Blind at Auckland, which is administered by a Board of nine Trustees, four of whom are nominated by the Government, and five by the subscribers to the funds of the Institute. The Trustees are required by law to admit children of the compulsory school age who are nominated by the Minister of Education, payment from Government funds being at the rate of £25 per annum for each child. The . also pays for the tuition of certain adults at the rate of £15 for the first year and £10 for the second, but in these cases makes no allowance for their maintenance. At the end of the year the total number under training in these three institutions was 119, and the net sum expended out of Government funds during the year in connection with them was £18,194 7s. 3d. ; but of this amount £12,560 12s. 2d. represents non-recurring expenditure, £9,401 16s. being accounted for in the purchase of land, buildings, equipment, and other inaugural expenses in connection with the Special School for Boysjit Otekaike ; also a grant of £3,000 was made towards new buildings for the Jubilee Institute for the Blind ; and to complete the contract for laying out the grounds of the School for the Deaf at Sumner a sum of £158 16s. 2d. was paid. It is a matter for satisfaction that the training given in these three schools follows closely the lines upon which the most modern systems in European and American schools are being developed. A question for serious consideration is whether it would not be advisable to extend the period of instruction for these afflicted young people, making it begin at six years and continue to twenty-one years, unless satisfactoryj-'evidence were forthcoming either that the pupil was physically or mentally unfit to pursue the course of instruction, or that he had reached such a standard of efficiency in some art, handicraft, or calling as to enable him to maintain himself without further assistance. School for the Deaf. Roll number when work was resumed after the summer vacation .. .. 82 Pupils admitted later in the year .. . . ■ • • • .. 4 Number who left the institution .. ..... .. .. 2 Deaths .. .. • ■ • • • • • • • • .. 2 Thus the number at the close of the year was 82, of whom 23 had entered during the year. The teaching staff, including the Director, numbers 10, there being 4 female teachers. Another male teacher has been 'appointed as from the commencement of the school year now current. This staff, as compared with that of

21

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an r ordinary school, seems very large ; but it must be remembered that it is only by the'elosest individual attention that deaf pupils can receive efficient tuition— in fact, there should, if possible, be not more than six or eight pupils allotted to each teacher. The school work of the latter part of the year was interfered with by a widespread epidemic of measles, and in two cases pneumonia supervened, one of these terminating in the death of a boy. The other death was that of a little Maori girl from the far North, who was not in good health when admitted, and who died very soon after from a tumour on the brain. The school course has followed on the lines of previous years, the articulation method being used solely. Besides the strictly scholastic work, the boys have had regular training in elementary woodwork and gardening ; and the older boys have learned to milk. The girls who were old enough received regular practical domestic training, including cooking, laundry-work, dressmaking, and sewing. For the younger children kindergarten methods are employed. The Department cordially acknowledges the enthusiasm of the Director and his staff, professional and domestic, in their exacting task of training and caring for the children ; their success is apparent when it is known that the number of former pupils who are not occupying honourable and useful positions in the community is very small. Had such an education not been given them nearly all these former pupils who are now useful members of society would have been dependent either upon their friends or upon charitable funds for their subsistence. Undoubtedly the expense incurred by the country in the education of the deaf results in a material gain. In connection with the subject of providing suitable occupations for the deaf, the following extract from the report of the Inspector-General of Schools upon his investigation of schemes of education in Europe and America is valuable : — " In Ontario, Canada, through the sympathetic co-operation of the PostmasterGeneral, a new sphere of employment has been found for the deaf. A certain number of deaf persons, trained in oral speech, have been during the last two or three years engaged as sorters or otherwise in the General Post Office, and they have given such satisfaction to the authorities that the latter have asked for more persons so trained. Perhaps something might be done in this way in New Zealand, especially for deaf persons not suited for farm life." The gross cost of the school for the year was £4,908 Bs. 3d., made up as follows :— £ s. d. Salaries of Director and teachers .. .. .. ■ • 1,858 8 8 ~ Matron and servants . . ... .. .- •• 953 14 0 Housekeeping .. .. • .. •• •• •• •• 1,101 19 1 Travelling-expenses (including transit of pupils) .. .. .. 190 9 0 School material .. .. . • • • • • • • 4 118 Clothing .. • • • • • • • • • • .. 40 11 1 Medical attendance and medicines .. .. .. • ■ 100 12 9 _ Water-supply .. • • , • ■ • • • • • • • • 63 , 5 0 Boarding-out of pupils .. .. .. .. • • • • 23 0 0 General maintenance of buildings and furniture .. .. .. 291 11 10 Laying-out of grounds . . .. . . • ■ • • • • 158 16 2 Sundries .. ■ ■ • ■ - - • • ''.."' Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions 694 9 8 Sundry other recoveries .. .. • • • • • ■ 24 810 Net expenditure on the institution .. .. ■ • • • 4,189 9 9 During the year a careful review was made of these parental contributions, and the result was an increase of 30 per cent, in the rates of payment, as against an increase of 13 per cent, in the number of pupils. The Department availed itself of the assistance of several Stipendiary Magistrates in determining what rates should be fixed, and it is felt that, while the cost of the institution is thus reduced, no undue hardship has been laid upon the children's relatives. The Department acknowledges its obligation to the Magistrates for the trouble taken by them in this respect. The annual report of the Director of the school appears in the paper on Special Schools, E.-4. Jubilee Institute for the Blind. Although this is not a Government institution, it yet forms an integral section of the educational system of New Zealand, and it is therefore fitting that some

22

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account of its work should be given annually in the general report on the state of education in the Dominion. The new buildings and outdoor equipment are' now complete, and they are excellently adapted to the training of the blind according to modern methods. There is every indication that the school is pursuing a course that will lead to most satisfactory results. At the end of 1907 the Government was paying for 18 pupils between the ages of seven and sixteen years, 7 „ sixteen and twenty-one years, and also for the tuition of 3 adults. At the close of last year the numbers were — 21 pupils between the ages of seven and sixteen years, 8 „ sixteen and twenty-one years, and for the tuition of 4 adults. Total paid for, 33. The expenditure by the Government in way of fees for pupils at the school amounted to £648 ss. 9d for the year 1907. For 1908 it was £705 ss. sd. The amount of parental contributions was £154 17s. 3d., an increase of £10 17s. In addition to this expenditure by the Education Department it is to be noted that a sum of £1,388 12s. sd. was paid during the year by the Department of Charitable Aid as subsidies at the rate of 245. in the pound on voluntary contributions towards the funds of the Institute. Details of the administration of the Jubilee Institute are given in the annual report of the Trustees for the year ending 31st March, 1909. Illustrations of the new buildings, and of the course of literary, technical, and manual training, appear in E.-4, the paper dealing with special schools. Special School for Boys, Otekaike. This school has now been established. Its mission is to educate and train boys who, while unable, owing to mental feebleness, to derive due benefit from the ordinary school course, are yet capable of improvement by special education— sufficient in some cases to enable them to earn their living independently ; in others, with assistance, to maintain themselves by following some occupation in the outside world in circumstances where due allowance will be made for their infirmity, or at the school in work that will be reproductive enough to cover, or partly cover, the cost of their maintenance. The Principal, Mr. George Benstead, was selected in London for the position by the High Commissioner for the Dominion, the Inspector-General of Schools, who was then at Home, and Dr. Shuttleworth, a distinguished specialist in mental diseases. Mr. Benstead took up his residence at Otekaike in April, 1908, and immediately entered upon the work of organizing the institution. For several reasons it was thought advisable, however, not to admit any pupils until spring was well advanced; and then, following the example of other countries, to take only a very few to begin with. Thus, at the end of the year there were only four boys in residence. The present arrangements will not permit of the accommodation of more than about twenty-two ; but the completion of the cottage home for special cases and other buildings now in course of construction will provide for nearly seventy. It is evident that the number of cases where training of this kind is necessary is large, for, although no systematic canvass has yet been made, there are many applications for admission. For the time being it has been decided to give preference to applicants of the compulsory school age—between seven and sixteen years. The Principal's first annual report, which deals generally with the subject of the education of feeble-minded children, and outlines the scheme of training that he recommends for adoption at Otekaike, will be found in E.-4. Children under State Guardianship. In accordance with a recent decision, the schools which, under the provisions of the Industrial Schools ■■ -Act, deal with neglected and delinquent children, are regarded as " special schools."

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24

The system dealing with this class of children is divided into two sections, " Government schools," which are wholly maintained by funds appropriated* by Parliament, and " private schools," which are supported partly" by private funds and partly by capitation paid either by the Government, or by 1 Charitable Aid Boards in the case of those children who are admitted by reason of destitution. These latter are Roman Catholic institutions. It is the policy, as far as children under the control of the Government schools are concerned, to avoid congregating them in institutions; and therefore, whenever the age, temperament, and other conditions will allow, all children are placed in foster-homes. This system, which is the best attainable substitute for a child's true home and natural parents, is coming more and more into favour. An evidence of this is to be found in the "Letter to the President of the United States embodying the Conclusions of the Conference on the Care of Dependent Children held by Invitation of the President in Washington " in January of the present year. In this report the principle of boarding out is stated thus : — "As to the children who, for sufficient reasons, must be removed from their own homes, or who have no homes, it is desirable that, if normal in mind and body, and not requiring special training, they should be cared for in families'whenever practicable. The carefully selected foster-home is for the normal childTthe best substitute for the natural home. Such homes should be selected by a most careful process of investigation, carried on by skilled agents, through personal investigation, and with due regard to the religious faith of the child. After children are placed in homes, adequate visitation, with careful consideration of the physical, mental, moral, and spiritual training and development of each-child, on of the responsible home-finding agency, is essential." This " letter," as far as it touches the operations of the New Zealand system, expresses very exactly the principles which guide the Education Department in its administration. It has therefore been thought advisable to reprint it for general information. It'will be found in the parliamentary paper E.-4 —Special Schools. The boarding-out system has its limitations, however, and unless these are clearly recognised, and provision made otherwise for young people who need special handling, much harm may be done not only to the children themselves through lack of the expert care and training suited to their needs, but also to those with whom they associate at the ordinary elementary schools or elsewhere.' Therefore, the selection of the child, as well as the selection of'the foster-home, is a matter of the utmost importance. In consequence of an adverse representation made by a society for the promotion of the welfare of children, the Department invited its officers, who are or who have been concerned with the boarding-out of children, to give candid-fexpression to their views as to whether this system is right in principle, and, if so, : in what directions its administration can be improved on. Their views, which are printed in_E.-4, constitute a weighty argument in favour both of the principle and of its operation. The private industrial schools, except for infants belonging to one school, have not yet seen their way to adopt the boarding-out system'; and, though the Department is convinced that the " institution plan " does not give opportunities for the natural development of children to the same extent as boarding out, yet there is very strong evidence of the tender and efficient care given to the children by the Sisters who administer these schools. Of the three Government schools which have in residence children who, although not of vicious tendencies, yet need control of a kind that the foster-home does not as a rule afford, two are for girls, and have on the average about 30 in residence, and one, the Boys' Training Farm, has about 160 boys, of whom about 80 of those who are suitable are* provided for in a group of four cottage homes. At both the girls' and boys' reformatories —Burnham and Te Oranga Home— the classification is being further extended by the erection of buildings specially designed for the training of older inmates, whose characteristics are such as to make it necessary to segregate them completely from those of better disposition. Here these special cases will receive the individual treatment that their abnormal tendencies call for ; and it is hoped gradually to evolve methods which, while kindly, and recognising moral infirmities, will go in the direction of making the inmates regard them-

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25

selves as clearly responsible for their actions, and of teaching them that upon their efforts to improve themselves their opportunities of promotion to a higher grade will depend. Any course that would lead to their regarding themselves as " patients " whose sickness was beyond their own power to heal would be fatal to reform. As the law stands at present, control of industrial-school inmates may be retained until they arrive at twenty-one years of age. In the great majority of cases it is found unnecessary to exercise supervision for so long, but Unfortunately there are a few who even at that age are quite unfit to take their place in society with any reasonable hope of their succeeding in life or, in some cases, of their refraining from committing crime. The problem of providing effectively and humanely for such cases is one of great difficulty ; but. in view of the far-reaching consequences of their going into the world without restraint, as at present, it is necessary to attempt to find some practical means of dealing with them. Therefore it is suggested that a Magistrate, on the application of the Manager of the school in which such an inmate is detained, should be empowered, after the appointment of counsel for the inmate at the expense of the Crown, to hear evidence, and, on being satisfied that the case is not one to which the ordinary provisions as to termination of control at twentyone years should apply, to make an order extending the period of detention to twentyfive years of age; and, if necessary at the termination of that period, a further extension could be obtained by similar procedure. The power of the Governor to discharge an inmate at any time, and of the Minister to place him out from the school on probation, should apply in the same way as in the case of an ordinary inmate of an industrial school who is under twenty-one years. During 1908 the numbers under the control of all the industrial schools rose from 2,151 to 2,263. Of the latter number, 420 were in residence at Government schools, and 372 in the private (Roman Catholic) schools. The remaining 1,471 were nonresident, 731 being boarded out with foster-parents, and 740 being at service, with friends on probation, &c.

TABLE H.—Inmates, 1907 and 1908.

Number of children on the books at the end of the year whose maintenance was a charge against the public funds .. .. .. .. 1,557 Increase on the total for the preceding year .. .. .. . . 116 Boarded out from Government schools .. .. .. . ■ 718 Boarded out from private schools .. . . .. . •. 7 Number resident at schools .. .. • • • • • • 792 The balance of the number maintained was accounted for as follows :— Girls in various corrective institutions.. .. .. .. . ■ 9 In orphanages (1 boy and 3 girls) .. .. . • • • • • 4In Costley Training Institution, Auckland (boys) .. .. .. 11 4—B. 1.

ioarded out. In Kes: idence. Servii :e, &i To; als. s Q ! I O m Q t> o Q Q i n o a a> a r o QJ a o Q O o 2 P O Government SchoolsAuckland (Mount Albert) Boys' Training Farm, Woraroa Receiving Home, Wellington Te Oranga Home, Christchuroh Receiving Home, Cbrist- ■ church Burnham Caversham Private Schools — St. Mary's, Auckland St. Joseph's, Wellington.. St. Mary's, Nelson St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin 74 15 247 174 8 23 Iβ 6 82 9 275 189 29 148 11 55 14 4 11 5 1 6 33 159 6 54 8 124 36 55 ' 124 j I 56 31 91 114 83 9 7 2 11 6 8 9 64 US 63 28 82 116 94 158 287 314 86 279 226 282 21 30 17 14 1 4 179 286 344 82 279 243 296 5 171 2 5 3 166 107 28 17 8 1 8 'i 1 106 23 158 42 19 14 8 2 125 37 166 44 41 26 103 11 8 6 11 49 20 92 14 147 49 262 61 27 8 4 174 57 258 65 i 3 4 Totals 695 51 15 731 721 83 792 735 40 35 740 2,151 2,263 12 121 I 9

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In hospital (2 boys and 1 girl) .. .. • • • • • • * In mental hospitals (2 girls and 9 boys) .. . • • • • - * j At the School for the Deaf At the Special School for Feeble-minded Boys, Otekaike .. . ■ 1 Amount of parental contributions .. . . • • • • £5,604 6 7 Rate per head of parental contributions for the 1,557 maintained (approximate) .. .. • - • • • • • • "* This rate is very satisfactory when it is compared with the results attained in other countries. The total net expenditure by the Government in connection with all schools for the year was . . . • • • • • £33,655 810 Increase on the cost for 1907 '■ •• •- •• 1,103 1 1 Amount paid for new buildings and works .. . • • • 6,328 2 2 Net outlay for maintenance of Government establishments, including cost of boarding out . . . . • ■ • • • • 24,534 14 0 Government expenditure on account of private schools . . .. 2,516 8 1 For special cases provided for at institutions not under the Industrial Schools Act .. .. * 2 J 6 4 ] Total recoveries from all sources amounted to .. .. 14,737 19 4 Payments by Charitable Aid Boards for maintenance of children who came into schools owing to indigence (included in the total sum recovered) .. .. 8,376 7 8 Number of children at the end of the year belonging to Government schools who were so paid for .. • • • • • • . • - 542 The number maintained at the expense of Charitable Aid Boards at private industrial schools was .. .. • • • ■ • • • • 152 The amount paid by the Charitable Aid Boards on account of children sent to the private schools as indigent is not stated here, as the managers of' these schools make their claims upon the Boards without reference to the Education Department.

TABLE H1.—Expenditure on Government Schools, 1908.

TABLE H2— Government Expenditure on Private (Roman Catholic) Schools, 1908.

Cost of School, including Kuildings and other Works. Boarding out. (Included in first column.) Salaries. (Included in first column.) New Buildings and other Works. (Included in first column.) Recoveries. Net Cost. Government Schools. Auckland 2,831 19 1 1,418 13 d Boys'Training Farm, Weraroa 8,671 12 10 216 4 11 Receiving Home, Wellington 6,742 3 7 4,659 2 5 Tβ Oranga Home .. .. 5,883 4 1 Receiving Home, Christchureh 5,059 1 6 3,448 18 11 Burnham 8,088 17 11 100 19 3 Cavershain .. •• 5,579 17 10 3,157 13 7 £ s. d. 2,831 19 1 8,671 12 10 6,742 3 7 5,883 4 1 5,059 1 6 8,083 17 11 5,579 17 10 £ a. d. 1,418 13 3 216 4 11 4,659 2 5 £ s. d. 486 18 3 2,072 5 5 621 12 6 818 11 8 553 2 5 2,287 11 2 772 17 1 £ s. d. 810 1 3 145 4 0 4,100 12 10 £ s. d. 1,128 9 0 1,926 0 6 3,919 5 11 298 14 2 2,237 12 6 874 9 3 3,572 9 4 £ s. d. 1,703 10 1 6,745 6 i 2,822 17 8 5,584 9 11 2,821 9 0 7,214 8 8 2,007 8 6 3,448 18 11 100 19 3 3,157 13 7 1,272 4 1 Totals .. •■ 42,856 16 10 13,001 12 4 42,856 16 10 13,001 12 4 7,612 18 6 6,328 2 2 13,957 6 8 1,545 1 5 44 12 6 278 4 0 50 0 0 45 8 1 Salaries, travelling-allowances, and expenses of departmental Payments to inmates of their earnings held in trust Commission expenses, inquiry held at Te Oranga Home .. Grant to Postal Department in connection with payments f< Contingencies officers (Inspe >r children boa actors, visiting c arded out .. officers, &c.) .. Total net cost 30,862 16 2

Name of School. Gross Cost. Recoveries. Net Cost. It. Mary's, Auckland.. It. Joseph's, Wellington St. Mary's, Nelson It. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,850 13 0 431 14 4 212 18 9 59 11 2 1,097 0 0 253 18 10 136 9 0 35 8 4 3,297 0 9 780 12 8 £ s. d. 1,418 18 8 153 7 7 843 1 2 101 0 8 Totals 2,516 8 1

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TABLE H3.—Summary of Expenditure on Special Cases at Other Institutions, 1908.

Moneys earned by young people under the control of industrial schools are by law payable to the managers of the several schools, who deposit them in the PostOfhce Savings-Bank in the individual names of the earners. Withdrawals from the accounts may be made on the authority of the Minister of Education, who may according to his own absolute discretion direct that payment be made either to the young person concerned or into the Consolidated Fund of the Dominion. In practice only a very small proportion of the aggregate sum so deposited is paid to the Consolidated Fund ; as a rule the earner receives the amount with interest on producing satisfactory evidence of his good character after termination of the State control, and also that the use for which the money is applied is one that seems likely to be for his lasting benefit. On the other hand, if a former inmate shows by his conduct after the control of the school has ceased that he is unworthy of the privilege of receiving the amount standing in his name, it may be forfeited, and paid into the Public Account. This system has been in operation for over twenty-five years, and it is found to work thoroughly well. The uses to which the money is put are, of course, very \aried, but each case is carefully inquired into and decided on its merits, and to a large extent many a former inmate owes his present comfortable position in life to the beginning made by means of these savings ; while to him who is inclined to fall into bad habits the fear of forfeiture of his bank-money— often a substantial sum —acts as a strong deterrent. The total amount in the Post-Ofhce Savings-Bank to the credit of the earnings accounts of young people now under the control of industrial schools, or who formerly belonged to them (at 31st December, 1908) was .. . . £23,723 9 1 Amount held on account of Government schools .. .. 18,368 13 9 „ ~ private schools . . . . .. 5,354 15 4 Sum withdrawn during the year —Government schools . . .. 2,827 14 10 „ „ private schools . . .. 355 211 Infant Life Protection. In the session of 1907 the Infant Life Protection Act was remodelled, and its administration transferred from the Police to the Education Department. The purpose of this Act is to provide supervision and protection for infants boarded out by their parents or guardians in circumstances that might lead to their neglect or ill treatment. It enacts that, unless licensed to act as a foster-parent, no person, in consideration of any payment or reward, may receive or take charge of an infant for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians for a longer period than seven consecutive days. " Infant " means a child under the age of six years, officers appointed under the Act may enter foster-homes at any time. Payment of a premium on the adoption of an infant brings the case within the provisions of the Act. The number of infants dealt with during the year was 1,017. A report from the Secretary for Education with respect to the administration of the system during 1908 is printed in E.-4, " Special Schools and Infant Life Protection."

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Government Schools. Total. Auckland. Te Oranga. Caversham. Auckland— Costloy Training Institution " Door of Hope " Institution Salvation Army Maternity Home Jhristchurch— Mount Magdala .. Junedin— Salvation Army Maternity Home £ s. d. 173 8 0 3 18 0 5 2 0 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 173 8 0 3 18 0 5 2 0 84 17 10 84 17 10 8 18 9 8 18 9 Totals 182 8 0 84 17 10 8 18 9 276 4 7

a.—i.

Manual and Technical Instruction. Manual Instruction in Schools. Instruction in various branches of elementary handwork, such as modelling, brush-drawing, free-arm and blackboard drawing, paper and cardboard work, treated sometimes as separate subjects, but more often correlated with other subjects of the syllabus, as well as in the more specialised forms of handwork, such as woodwork, cookery, and elementary agriculture, was given in about 60 per :cent. of the public schools during the year. Some particulars are given below :— TABLE I. — Subjects of and Number of Classes for Manual Instruction in Public Schools, 1908. Subjects of Instruction. Number of Classes. Elementary handwork .. .. .. • ■ • • • • 2,198 Drawing and design .. .. .. .. • • • • • • 682 Woodwork .. .. .. .. • • • • • • • • 270 Agriculture .. .. .. .. .•■ • • • • • • 460 Dairy-work .. .. .. • • • • • • • • • ■ 38 Elementary science .. .. .. • ■ • • • • • • 57 Physical measurements *.. .. .. • • • ■ • ■ 91 Cookery .. .. .. • • •••• • • ■ • 330 Dressmaking .. .. . • • • • • ••• • 72 Swimming and life-saving .. .. .. • • •• • • 103 Physiology and first aid .. .. • • • • • • • • 51 If] Totals 4,355 The number of public schools in which handwork was taught was. . .. 1,200 The number of pupils under instruction was .. .. .. 112,952 The percentage of total roll-number under instruction was .. .. 76*6 The payments by way of capitation, grants, and subsidies in aid of classes was .. .. .. .. .. £20,191 14s. sd. The average cost per pupil was .. . . .. .. .. 3s. 6-9 d. The instruction in cookery and woodwork in most districts was given at specially equipped centres, of which there are now nearly fifty. Increasing attention continues to be given to instruction in elementary agriculture. School gardens, experimental and observation plots, and, in many cases, suitable laboratory practice, form special features of the instruction, which in several districts is supervised by special itinerant instructors. The number of classes in operation during the year was 460, an increase of 63. In addition, dairy-work was taught in three education districts, the number of classes being 38. In not a few of the schools attempts are being made to bring the curricula into closer touch with local conditions, by giving greater prominence to subjects bearing on rural life and pursuits. Practical instruction in various branches of elementary science was given to 57 recognised classes. In this connection it may be noted that there are now about twenty well-equipped laboratories available for instruction in science in connection with primary and district high schools. In the case of several of the latter schools laboratory-work forms an important part of the course of agricultural instruction. In schools where laboratories are not yet available, courses in elementary physical measurements such as may conveniently be carried out in ordinary class-rooms are found to afford excellent opportunities for individual practical work. Such courses were taken by about 90 classes. As in previous years, several classes received assistance in the way of voluntary contributions in money and in kind from local bodies, agricultural associations, members of the farming community,'and others. Such contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. Recognised classes for manual instruction were also held during the year at about twenty secondary schools. The subjects of instruction included woodwork, cookery, and various branches of science. Some particulars relating to the classes are as follows : —

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The number of recognised classes for manual instruction in secondary schools was .. .. .. .. .. .. 159 The capitation on classes amounted to .. .. .. .. £861 18s. sd. The average cost per class was .. .. .. .. £5 Bs. sd. Technical Instruction. A review of the year's work indicates that satisfactory progress continues to be made by controlling authorities and managers of classes in the various education districts in providing and improving facilities for technical instruction. The organization of the technical schools, in the larger centres especially, is improving year by year, graded courses are becoming an essential feature of the curriculum, while every effort is being made to provide, as far as possible, courses of instruction adapted to local requirements. Considerable interest continues to be taken in the schools by local bodies and by industrial, trade, and other organizations, augmented in most cases by assistance of a practical nature in the way of monetary contributions, which, with the Government subsidy of £1 for £1 thereon, form an important source of revenue to the classes concerned. During the year over £6,000 was so contributed, indicating very clearly the attitude, generally, of local bodies and others with regard to technical education. The Government has, so far as available funds and other circumstances have permitted, favourably considered applications by controlling authorities for grants for new buildings or additions, and for necessary equipment. During the year grants for these purposes amounting to over £21,000 were distributed. New buildings have been erected at Feilding, Marton, Patea, Petone, Masterton, Napier, and Wakefield; necessary additions have been made to the technical schools at New Plymouth, Dannevirke, Nelson, Timaru, and Dunedin, and to the Christchurch Technical College ; while considerable additions have been made to the equipment of the technical schools at Wanganui, Wellington, Napier, and Dunedin, and the School of Engineering attached to the Canterbury College, Christchurch. Speaking generally, it may be said that good and useful work is, within the limits imposed by existing conditions, being done in the technical schools. Most of the instruction continues to be given by means of evening classes, and necessarily so, until it is found practicable to effect some change in the conditions under which the schools are at present working. That what is known as the evening technical class is not an altogether adequate means of training is now being recognised by an increasing number of employers in those countries in which the value to the community of technical education is acknowledged. The means adopted by employers to induce their workpeople to attend technical schools are many and various. Not a few, for example, find it in their interests to give their employees " time off," often without loss of pay, to enable them to attend day classes at technical schools. Other means adopted are—payment of fees ; refund of fees on condition of satisfactory attendance ; increase of wages and special privileges ; payment for, or loan of, books and apparatus ; scholarships, bursaries, and prizes ; increased prospects of promotion ; acceptance of time spent at the technical school as part of apprenticeship. If employers elsewhere find that it pays to place as few obstacles as possible in the way of the educational advancement of their employees, it should not be too much to hope that employers in New Zealand will be moved to follow their lead when and so far as local conditions permit. Some of them, it is pleasing to record, are already doing something in one or other of the directions indicated. It is to be hoped that their example will speedily be followed by others, for it is beyond question that the advancement of technical education in New Zealand depends to no small extent on the enlightened attitude of the employer towards the technical schools. That the schools would respond to the best of their ability to reasonable requirements of employers in the matter of providing suitable courses of instruction goes without saying. The question of the continuation of the education of young people after they have left the primary school—a question which is receiving an increasing amount of,attention in other parts of the^jworld — must also be regarded as an important factor in the solution of the problem of how best to provide for

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30

the technical education of those destined to follow industrial pursuits. The establishment of continuation schools for those who ! have completed their primary education, together with the raising of the age of compulsory attendance, may be cited as the chief means by which the solution of the problem is being attempted elsewhere with what seems to be a good deal of success. As to how far it is desirable to go in this direction in New Zealand is a matter for serious consideration, remembering the differences in the conditions that obtain here and in the countries in which compulsory attendance, whether obligatory or optional, has been or is proposed to be adopted. The establishment of the following classes, leading up to classes of university rank, appears to be necessary to place technical education in New Zealand on a satisfactory basis : — (1.) Day preparatory classes for junior pupils. (2.) Day classes in continuation of these, providing full special courses for those who have not yet gone to work, and part-time courses for those who have. (3.) Evening classes providing such instruction as a workman does not or cannot get in the ordinary practice of his trade or craft. The establishment in a complete form of such a scheme (parts of it are already in operation) implies among other things an agreement between the employers, the workmen, and the technical schools on many points, and possibly some alteration in the existing law. Apart from special centres for manual instruction there are now about 45 technical schools in operation, while recognised classes were held at 122 places. Classes in places where special buildings were not available were held as usual in the local schools, or in suitable rented buildings. In several districts, but more particularly in Auckland and Wanganui, classes, in charge chiefly of itinerant instructors, were carried on in rural sub-centres with satisfactory results. This system has much to commend it, and it is hoped that it will become more general as circumstances and opportunities offer. In Auckland classes were held at 16 and in Wanganui at 28 such sub-centres. The number of recognised technical and continuation classes in operation during the year was 1,505, as against 1,392 last year. The classes were divided as follows : —

It will be noticed that " special" classes— i.e., classes under an Education Board or the Board of Governors of a secondary school as controlling authority—were the most numerous and the most widely distributed. " Associated" classes— i.e., classes conducted by managers representing the controlling authority, local and other contributing bodies—though held at a much smaller number of centres, had an average attendance of 17-3 per class, as against 14 in the case of " special" classes. The number of " associated " classes continues to increase, indicating the interest that is being taken in technical education by local bodies, industrial associations, and other similar organizations. " College " classes were carried on in connection with one only of the University colleges—namely, Canterbury College, Christchurch. The following are some particulars relating to technical classes in operation during 1908 : — The number of places at which recognised technical classes were held was . . .. • • • • ■ • • • 122 The number of recognised classes was .. . . . . .. .. 1,505 The average attendance at all classes was . . .. . . .. 21,518 The capitation on attendances was .. . . . . .. £17,601 2s. 7d. The rate of capitation per unit of average attendance was . . . . 16s. 4d.

Classes. " Special" classes... "Associated" classes " College " classes Number o£ Centres. 1907. 1908. 88 98 17 23 1 1 Number of Clusaes. Average Attendance. 1907. 1908. 1907. 1908. 791 487 114 854 520 131 10,917 8,674 1,276 11,016 9,002 1,500

B.—l.

TABLE I1.—Average Attendance at and Capitation on Classes for certain Subjects.

Considerable attention is being given to mechanical and electrical engineering, and to lead- and wood-working— i.e., to subjects related to important industries and trades. It is gratifying to *iote that the schools are doing a good deal to provide opportunities for instruction for those engaged in these pursuits. Satisfactory progress is being made in connection with instruction in pure and applied art. In most of the larger centres special attention is being given to the application of art to industries. Specially qualified instructors have in some cases been imported, and, although the classes for applied art are generally speaking at present somewhat small, there is little doubt that the instruction in art has been considerably strengthened by the increased attention now being given to art crafts. There appears to be no diminution in the demand for commercial instruction. Classes for such instruction were held at 41 centres, while the total average attendance was higher than for any other group of classes. Classes for such subjects as cookery, dressmaking, and millinery were also widely attended. The number of centres at which such classes were field was 86, the total average attendance being 3,278. It is a matter for regret that but little progress has been made in connection with technical instruction in subjects relating to agriculture. With the exception of classes for wool sorting and classing, and training classes for teachers, very few technical classes for agriculture have been held during the year. The efforts that have been made in certain districts to establish such classes do not, generally speaking, appear to have met with the encouragement they deserve at the hands of the farming community so far as attendance at the classes is concerned. This is somewhat surprising in view of the repeated requests made by various bodies representing agricultural interests for facilities for such instruction. It is to be hoped that the interest, now becoming widespread, that is being taken in some districts in classes for instruction in wool sorting and classing may be the means of arousing farmers to the fact that there are also advantages to be derived from systematic instruction in other branches of agriculture. Provided students were forthcoming, there is little doubt that controlling authorities would, so far as was practicable, provide the necessary facilities for instruction. About two thousand students were admitted during the year to technical schools as holders of junior or senior free places—an increase of about two hundred. Nineteen per cent, of these students held senior free places, a considerable improvement on the previous year, when the percentage was only 7. The courses of instruction taken by free pupils were as follows :— „ „ T . Number of Courses of Instruction. Freo pupils _ Science and technology .. .. .. .. .. 516 Pure and applied art .. .. .. .. .. .. 137 Domestic economy .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 277 Agriculture .. .. ' .. .. . . .. ~ .. 7 Commercial instruction .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,063 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,000

31

Subjects of Instruction. Average Attendance. Capitation. Engineering . . iead- and wood-working 'ure and applied art Experimental and natural science )ressmaking, cookery, &c. Commercial subjects Subjects of general education .. Vool-classing * 4 1,658 1,897 4,355 2,079 3,278 5,549 2,601 101 £ ; s. d. 1,425 8 9 1,810 9 7 4,494 15 7 1,174 3 4 2,563 13 8 4,198 5 6 1,844 11 2 89 15 0 Totals 21,518 17,601 2 7

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Capitation payments on account of free places amounted for 1908 to £6,908 os. 6d. being'at the rate £3 9s. per free place. It will be seen that, as in former years, courses of commercial instruction were attended by more free pupils than any of the other courses mentioned in the table. Last T year about 60 per cent, of the free pupils attended commercial courses ; this year there is a slight drop, the percentage being about 53. On the other hand, there is a decided increase in the number taking courses in science and technology. It is anticipated that in the near future there will be a considerable increase in the proportion of free pupils taking courses other than commercial courses. It is a matter for regret that the number of free pupils taking courses in agriculture still remains insignificant. The day technical schools in the larger centres continue to be well attended, chiefly by free pupils. There seems little doubt that under existing conditions the establishment of these schools has met a distinct want so far as the larger centres are concerned. Though their curriculum is mainly secondary in character, they do not appear on that account to have adversely affected the attendance at the secondary schools in their vicinity. The opinion is expressed that a not inconsiderable number of pupils qualified to hold free places would on leaving the primary schools, have gone to work had they not been able to attend a day technical school. So far as the smaller centres are concerned it is a question whether the establishment of day technical schools would not result in undesirable overlapping. In the case of such centres the better plan to pursue would appear to be the adaptation of the courses of instruction at the secondary schools and district high schools so as to meet, as far as practicable, the needs of pupils for whom an education more or less literary in character would not afford the best preparation for their life-work. The special grants to Education Boards for the training of teachers have been continued this year. A special feature in the arrangements made for the instruction of public-school teachers in subjects of manual instruction prescribed for school classes has been the organization of special courses in the shape of winter and summer sessions. Several such courses have been held during the year, with results that seem to suggest the expediency of adopting this method where practicable in preference to the more usual Saturday classes, especially as the training colleges, which are now in full operation in the four centres should as time goes on render Saturday classes less necessary than heretofore. At the examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute 39 teachers passed the examination in cookery, and 15 that in woodwork. The Science and Art Examinations of the English Board of Education, and the Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute, were held as usual, the former at 16, the latter at 15 centres. The number of candidates at the Science and Art Examinations was 626, of whom 403 passed ; while at the Technological Examinations 330 candidates presented themselves, of whom 233 passed. Although the time, May to July, at which these examinations require to be held is not altogether convenient from the point of view of the schools, the number of schools making use of these examinations is increasing every year. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government during the year on manual and technical instruction : — Capitation,— £ s. d. £ s. d. School classes .. .. .. .. 17,402 4 6 Technical classes.. .. .. .. 17,601 2 7 Free places .. .. .. .. 6,908 0 6 41,911 7 7 Subsidies on voluntary contributions, — School classes .. .. .. .. 225 4 8 Technical classes.. .. .. .. 6,156 17 6 6,382 2 2 Grants for buildings, equipment, and rent, — School classes .. .. .. .. 3,633 10 0 Technical classes.. .. .. .. 21,961 10 8 Grants for material for technical classes .. 1,535 17 3 27,130 17 11 Railway fares of instructors and students .. .. .. 2,973 0 0 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 580 1 0 Inspection and other expenses.. .. .. .. .. 1,096 5 1 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £80,073 13 9

E—l.

The total expenditure by the Government in the way of capitation, subsidies, and grants was —for school classes, £21,260 19s. 2d. ; and for technical classes, £54,163 Bs. 6d. Full information regarding manual and technical instruction will be found in a separate paper (E.-5). Secondary Education. Number of Schools. The schools usually included in the list of secondary schools in this report which were open in 1908 were thirty in number, namely,— / (a.) " Endowed secondary schools " within the meaning of section 89 of the Education Act and included in the Eighth Schedule to the Act .. 25 (b.) Secondary schools within the meaning of the same section (89), but established by the Minister under section 94 .. .. .. 3 (c.) Other endowed secondary schools not coming within the definition of section 89 . . . . .. .. . . .. . . 2 TStal .. .. .. .. ... .. 30 Five of the endowed secondary schools named in the Schedule to the Act had not been established at the end of the year, although there were district high schools in the same places which were to some extent assisted by funds derived from the endowments of the secondary schools. In one of the cases referred to (the Gisborne High School) a secondary school proper was opened in February, 1909. A list of the schools is given in Table J2 of the special Report on Secondary Education (E.--6). The number of district high schools in operation during the year was sixty-six. Roll and Staff. The total number of pupils attending the thirty secondary schools in the last terms of 1907 and 1908 respectively were as follows : — , 1907. , 1908. , Boy.-!. Girls. Total. Beys. Girls. Total. Roll (exclusive of lower departments) 2,441 1,610 4,051 2,502 1,678 4,180 Number in lower departments .. 87 58 145 88 59 147 Total.. .. .. 2,528 1,668 4,196 2,590 1,737 4,327 Number of boarders (included above) 485 124 609 557 136 693 In the same years these schools were staffed as follows : — , 1907. . , 1908. , M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Regular staff . . . . .. 118 86 204 125 91 216 Part-time teachers . . .. .. 38 22 60 43 25 68 The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers) is thus seen to have been 20-6 in 1907, and 20 in 1908. The total number of pupils attending the secondary departments of the sixtysix district high schools in the two years, 1907, 1908, respectively, were — 1907. 1908. Boys 1,243 1,017 Girls 1,209 1,125 Total 2,452 2,142 Besides the head teachers, who generally take some part in the secondary instruction, there were employed in 1907 in the secondary departments of district high schools 101 special assistants—s3 men and 48 women —and last year 102 special assistants —namely, 55 men- and 47 women. The average number of pupils per teacher was 24-3 in 1907 and 21 in 1908. In addition to those in secondary schools and in the secondary departments of district high schools there should properly be included in the number of pupils under 5—E. I,

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secondary instruction in the Dominion (a) the pupils attending certain day classes in connection with technical schools who are receiving a special form of secondary instruction, and (b) the pupils in various institutions for the secondary education of Maori boys and girls. Including these, but excluding the pupils in the lower departments of secondary schools, we find the total number of pupils receiving secondary instruction at the end of 1908 to be as follows :— Boys. Girls. Total. Secondary schools .. .. .. 2,502 1,678 4,180 District high schools .. .. .. 1,017 1,125 2,142 Technical day-schools .. .. .. 1,096 904 2,000 Maori secondary schools .. . . .. 136 167 303* Total .. ' .. .. 4,751 3,874 8,625 * All these pupils aro boarders. Salaries of Secondary Teachers. The total amount of the salaries paid to the regular staffs of secondary schools as at the rates paid at the end-of the year was £47,788. As might be expected, the salaries paid in the different secondary schools varied considerably ; the average for principals and assistants, and that for men and women respectively, are shown below to the nearest pound : — Salaries in Secondary Schools. , December, 1908. . M. F. All. £ £ £ Principals . . . . .. .. 464 341 422 Assistants .. .. .. ..224 147 190 Whole staff .. .. .. .. £261 £168 £222 Note.—The salaries of part-time teachers are excluded from the above comparison. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are uniform, in accordance with the Schedule to the Act. The average salaries actually paid to the assistants, in addition to the sums paid by way of extra salary to the head teachers, were, in December, 1908, — £ s. d. Men .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 193 17 7 Women .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 145 4 3 All secondary assistants .. .. .. .. .. ..17191 (The scale of salaries is the same for men and women.) The total amount paid in salaries for the secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £20,501 ; in 1907 it was £20,388. The professional qualifications of the secondary teachers of the Dominion are shown below :— Status of Secondary Teachers (Regular Staff only), December, 1908. District Secondary High Schools Schools. (Secondary Principals,— Departments). Graduates .. .. .. .. ..29 24 Holding certificates or other qualifications (excluding graduates) .. .. .. .. .. 1 42 Assistants, — Graduates . . .. .. .. . . 142 58 Certificated (excluding graduates) .. .. .ill 37 Uncertificated .. .. .. .. 34 7 Total .. .. .. .. ..217 168 Further information in regard to the roll, and staff, and salaries of secondary schools is given in Tables Jl and J2 of E.-6 ; and further information of the same kind for district high schools is contained in Tables Xl and K2 of the same report.

B.—l.

Free Secondary Education. At the end of 1908 the secondary schools giving free tuition to duly qualified pupils, and receiving grants therefor under the Act, were twenty-seven, as against twenty-six for the preceding year. The total number of pupils on the roll of these schools, exclusive of pupils in the lower departments of the schools, was 4,180, and out of this total, 2,747, or 66 per cent., were given free places under the regulations. The total annual payment at the rate paid for the last term of the year would be approximately £24,824 ; the approximate average cost to the Treasury was therefore £9 os. 9d. per pupil. In addition, free tuition was given to 145 others who were holders of scholarships or of exhibitions granted by these schools, or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, making the total number of free places held at secondary schools 2,892, or 69 per cent, of the net roll above referred to. Further information in regard to the free places and scholarships held at secondary schools will be found in Table J3 of E.-6. Moreover, in reckoning the amount of free secondary education in the Dominion must be included the pupils in attendance at the secondary classes of district high schools, 2,142 in number, all but a comparatively small number of whpm were free pupils, receiving free tuition at an average cost to the Government of £9 lis. sd. per pupil. There should be added also those receiving free|education in Maori schools, 108 in number, and the holders of certain free places in|teclinical| schools, numbering 2,000. There is thus an approximate total of 7,l42|pupils receiving free secondary education, exclusive of those holders of free places;in technical schools who were art sttidents, or were taking courses which may be more approximately described as technical rather than as secondary. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places referred to:— Free Places as in December, 1908. (i.) Secondary Schools, — Boys. Girls. Total. (a.) Junior free pupils .. .. 1,083 839 1,922 (b.) Senior free pupils .. .. 479 346 825 Total .. .. .. 1,562 1,185 2,747 (ii.) District high schools .. .. .. 1,017 1,125 2,142 (iii.) Maori secondary schools.. .. .. 43 65 108 (iv.) Technical day-schools .. .. .. 1,096 904 2,000 Grand total .. .. 3,718 3,279 6,997 The following paragraph from last year's report is inserted here, with the necessary modifications, as an explanation of the conditions upon which Junior and Senior Free Places are obtained : — " Under the Eegulations for Free Places in secondary schools and district high sohools boys and girls who qualify for Junior Scholarships, whether they obtain scholarships or not, or pass a special examination for free places, or who obtain certificates or proficiency at the completion of their primary course, become eligible generally for a Junior Free Place, which gives the privilege of two years' free tuition, with a possible extension to a third year without further examination. " At the end of the period a Senior Free Place is obtainable to the age of nineteen by all who succeed in passing the Civil Service Junior Examination, either in its competitive form or, as slightly modified for the purpose in question, in the form of a qualifying examination only. The Matriculation Examination of the University may also be used for this purpose, and those qualifying for Senior Board Scholarships, whether by means of the Department's examination or not, are also eligible. As, however, various reasons exist in the interests both of the pupil and of the school for dispensing with an external examination whenever this can be done with convenience and safety, the new regulations, gazetted 2nd April, 1908, encourage the use, as a qualification for Senior Free Places, of a shghtly modified form of the ' accrediting ' system, which has for some time been growing in favour with educational authorities elsewhere, and which forms commonly a characteristic feature of Continental and American schools. Hereafter, on the joint recommendation of the principal of the school attended (or, in the case of district high schools, of an

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Inspector of the district) and of the Inspector-General of Schools, it will be possible for a free pupil who has gone through a satisfactory course of work of sufficient scope to secure, without the restrictions of an intermediate public examination, free secondary education throughout the whole course of his attendance at a secondary school up to the age of nineteen years." Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. The scholarships at secondary schools and district high schools are of four kinds, — (i.) Junior National Scholarships ; (ii.) Education Board Scholarships ; (iii.) Foundation or Governor's Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools ; (iv.) Private scholarships, endowed by private donors. (i.) Junior National Scholarships. —These scholarships, which were established by " The National Scholarships Act, 1903," the provisions of which, with its amendments, are incorporated in " The Education Act, 1908," are allotted to the several education districts practically on the basis of population, as in each district there is offered annually one scholarship for each 4,000 or part of 4,000 children in average yearly attendance. The scholarships are open, with certain limitations, to children under fourteen years of age who have been attending a public school or schools in New Zealand for the three preceding years, and are awarded on an examination in the subjects prescribed for the Sixth Standard of the Public School Syllabus ; they are tenable for three years at a secondary school or its equivalent, but the tenure may on evidence of merit be extended for a fourth, or even for a fifth year, provided the holder is not over eighteen. The value of each scholarship, in addition to free tuition, is £10 a year, to which £30 a year is added if the scholar has to live away from home, or actual travellingexpenses up to £10 a year if he has to travel more than four miles each way daily. The scholarships are awarded by the Education Boards on the results of an examination conducted by the Education Department, and the Boards exercise a certain control over the holders, and pay over to them from time to time the amounts falling due. With the Junior National Scholarships are now incorporated the Junior Queen's Scholarships, which were established by " The Victoria College Act, 1897," to enable pupils of public schools in the Victoria College University District to attend a secondary school as a stepping-stone to a course at Victoria College. Twenty-one Junior Queen's Scholarships, of a total annual value of £463 10s., were held during 1908, but the last of them will come to an end in 1910. The number and value of the Junior National Scholarships current in December, 1908, in the several education districts are shown in table Ll of E.-6 ; the list may be summarised for the whole Dominion as follows :— Number of scholarships, — Boys .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 Girls .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..32 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..89 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) .. .. 40 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. .. .. 0 Number held at secondary schools .. .. . . .. 75 Number held at district high schools .. .. .. .. 14 Total annual rate of payment as in December, 1908 .. .. £2,130 (ii.) Education Board Scholarships. —The scholarship funds of the Boards are provided by grants which, although not statutory, are of old standing, and amount to Is. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The conditions of the scholarships are determined by regulations approved in the case of each Board by the Minister of Education. For the award of the Junior Scholarships all the Boards now use the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their Senior Scholarships nearly

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E.—l

all use the Civil Service Junior Examination ; but the awards themselves and the subsequent control of the holders are entirely in the hands of the Boards. The number and value of the Board Scholarships in the various districts are shown in Table L 2 of E.-6, the totals of which are for the whole of New Zealand :— Number of scholarships,— Boys .. . . .. .. .. .. . . .. 286 Girls .. .. :. .. .. .. .. ..198 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..484 Total expenditure of Boards on scholarships in 1908 .. .. £8,283 The most common period of tenure is two years, but in one district the scholarships are tenable for three years, and in three districts scholarships may be in deserving cases extended for a third year, if the funds of the Board admit. By the terms of the Act every Education Board scholarship is tenable at a secondary school or its equivalent, approved by the Board. With very few exceptions Education Board scholars hold secondary free places. The value of the scholarships varies considerably, apparently according to the view taken by each Board, as the circumstances of the different districts hardly seem to explain the great variation. Taking the whole of the districts we find that there are, — At £40 per annum .. .. .. . . 87 scholarships. At £35 „ .. .. .. .. 5 At £30 „ .. .. .. .. 49 At £25 „ .. .. .. .. 14 Under £25 and not under £20 per annum .. .. .. 9 ~ At £15 per annum .. .. .. .. .. 1 ~ Under £15 and not under £10 per annum . . .. .. 154 ~ Under £10 and not under £5 per annum .. .. 99 ~ Under £5 per annum .. .. . . .. 66 ~ Total .. .. .. .. ..484 Finances of Secondary Schools. The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources : — (i.) Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute ; (ii.) Statutory grants, given in lieu of special reserves ; (hi.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the School Commissioners, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils, exclusive of lower departments ; (iv.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves, and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act; (v.) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (vi.) Capitation on pupils in classes recognised under the Manual and Technical Instruction Regulations ; (vii.) Special grants from Government for buildings and apparatus ; (viii.) Statutory subsidies on voluntary contributions ; (ix.) Tuition fees of pupils ; (x.) Boarding fees of pupils ; (xi.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys other than those obtained by the sale of reserves, donations and special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, &c. The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the " net annual income derived from endowments " is the average for the three preceding years of this revenue, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges. Table J gives a summary of the receipts under the several heads named above, and of the various items of expenditure for the year.

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Table J.—Summary op the Accounts of Income and Expenditure for 1908 furnished by the Governing Bodies of Secondary Schools. Receipts. jg s d Expenditure. £ s Credit balances on Ist January, 1908 .. 27,729 4 4 Liabilities on Ist January, 1908.. .. 5,781 711 Endowment reserves sold and mortgage Expenses of management .. .. 3,412 8 9 moneys repaid .. .. .. 4,517 14 11 School salaries .. .. .. 52,340 3 1 Bents of reserves .. .. .. 28,788 9 1 Boarding-school accounts .. .. 15,390 11 9 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 3,781 610 Scholarships and prizes .. .. 2,031 14 6 Reserves Commissioners'payments .. 4,204 9 3 Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. .. 3,949 11 2 Government payments— Buildings, furniture, insuranoe, rent, and For manual instruction .. .. 881 18 6 rates .. .. .. .. 40,102 11 4 For free places .. .. ..24,538 15 10 On endowments .. .. .. 3,883 13 10 Subsidy on voluntary contributions .. 1,080 0 6 On manual instruction .. .. 754 12 7 Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, 16,164 2 3 Interest .. .. .. .. 1,895 2 5 Statutory grant (Marlborough High Examination expenses.. .. .. 207 16 8 School) i> .. .. 400 0 0 Sundries not classified.. .. .. 5,934 9 8 Teohnical instruction — On technical instruction .. .. 4,043 15 3 Government payments .. .. 2,207 10 4 Credit balances, 31st December, 1908 .. 25,937 17 9 From other sources .. .. .. 1,534 8 2 School fees (tuition) .. .. .. 19,159 12 6 Boarding-sohool fees .. .. .. 16,892 16 5 Books, &c, sold, and refunds .. .. 368 0 9 Sundries not classified.. .. .. 6,789 7 1 Debit balances, 31st December, 1908 .. 6,627 14 6 £165,665 11 3 £165,665 11 3 M —~ — This table shows that, generally speaking, the finances of the secondary schools are in a sound condition, notwithstanding the large expenditure under the head of buildings. It may be as well to compare the chief items of income and expenditure in 1907 and 1908. gj 1907. 1908. »:;i £ £ Income from reserves and endowments.. .. .. 33,636 36,774 Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants) .. 24.948 29,108 Building grants .. .. .. .. .. 9,473 16,164 Tuition fees .. .. .. .. .. .. 20,128 19,160 Salaries of staff .. .. .. .. .. 50,038 52,340 Expenses of management .. .. .. .. 3,421 3,412 Buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 38,153 40,103 As the free-place system is extended, the amount received in tuition fees will naturally diminish, and the capitation grants from Government will increase. The Education Amendment Act of last session will, by the introduction of a higher scale of capitation on free pupils, benefit not only those secondary schools which have few if any endowments, but also the more numerous class of schools whose income from endowments is small in proportion to the number of pupils ; further, it will relieve from anxiety those schools where a necessity arises for a large building expenditure in any year, as the effect of the new sliding scale is that in any year the total of the net annual income from endowments and the capitation—that is, of the moneys available for the payment of staff salaries and working-expenses— cannot, with due safeguards, fall below £12 10s. per pupil—a sum which past experience shows to be just sufficient. The new scale does not, like the former scale, proceed by jumps, but is a true sliding scale, increasing the rate of capitation for even the smallest decrease of the net annual income per pupil. The words of the schedule are, for this and other reasons, at first sight somewhat complicated, but their meaning may be clearly seen by the following statement of their effect at certain stages of the net annual income per head, which is found by dividing the net annual income from endowments, defined above, by the total number of pupils excluding the lower department, the latter being required to be self-supporting. Rate of Capitation payable on Free Pupils for certain Stages of the Net Annual Income per Head. Net Annual Capitation Total Income Income per Head. per Free Pupil. per Pupil. £17 and over .. £4 (or £6) . . £21 and over. £15 .. .. £4/10 (or £6) .. £19/10 at least, £13 .. £5 (or £6) .. £18 £11 .. .. £5/10 (or £6) .. £16/10 * £9 .. .. £6 .. £15 £7 .. .. £7 .. £14 £5 .. .. £8 .. £13 £4 .. .. £8/18 .. £12/18

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Rate of Capitation payable on Free Pupils, &c. —continued. Net Annual Capitation Total Income Income per Head. per Free Pupil. per Pupil. £3 .. .. £9/16 .. £12/16 £2 .. .. £10/14 .. £12/14 £1 .. .. £11/12 .. £12/12 Nil .. .. £12/10 .. £12/10 There is the further proviso that in no case shall the capitation be less than £6 for every free place given in excess of the number of scholarships which a secondary school would be bound to give if it did not provide free places. Table J4 in E.-6 shows the operation of the former scale, in which the maximum rate of capitation was £10 155., upon the finances of the secondary schools : it will be seen at once that, allowing the same rate of expenditure, the'amended scale will place the poorly endowed schools in a far more favourable position —it will enable them to increase their efficiency by adding to their staffs, and, what is at least equally important, by raising the salaries paid to assistants, which are now in many cases far too low. For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find from Table ,14 (E.-6) the following state of things : — Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments . . .. 3,614 Total net income from endowments (average of three years) .. .. £11,105 Net income from endowments per head .. .. .. .. £3-07 Approximate annual rate of capitation .. .. .. .. £9-16 Total available net income per head for salaries and management .. £12-23 Total expenditure on salaries of staff .. .. . . .. £42,929 ~ management.. .. .. .. .. £2,798 ~ staff salaries, and management.. .. .. £45,727 Expenditure per head on staff salaries .. .. .. . . £11-88 ~ on management .. .. . . .. .. £0-77 Total expenditure per head on staff salaries, and management.. . . £12-65 The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in lower departments. If we include all the secondary schools this average becomes £13*43 per head. Further details of the income and expenditure of the secondary schools will be found in Tables J5 and ,16 of E.-6, and H7 shows the several lower departments in operation at the close of the year, with the number of pupils, the proportionate expenditure on salaries, and the fees received for the pupils therein. General Remarks. Length of Time spent at Secondary Schools. —The average time spent at a New Zealand secondary school by each pupil who enters is about two and a half years. This is greater than the average duration of a pupil's stay at a high school in New York (2 - 04 years) or in Chicago (2 - 09 years) ; but less than the corresponding period in England (about 3| years), Scotland (about 3 years), or Germany (about 4j years). On the other hand the proportion of the population receiving secondary education at any one time in New Zealand is considerably larger than in Great Britain, although less than it is in Germany, Switzerland, and some other European countries. Economic reasons are, no doubt, to some extent at the root of the difference ; indeed, for a young country, the average length of a pupil's course in our secondary schools may be considered fair. It is not, however, long enough to secure the greatest benefit to the community from the secondary-school system, and every effort should be made to extend it. Among other things, the raising of the standard of the University Matriculation Examination, and still more the acceptance of a certificate of four years' satisfactory work in a secondary school as a qualification for admission to the University, would tend to increase the duration of secondary-school life, and to raise the standard of work both in the secondary schools and in the University colleges. Allotment of Time to Subjects.—h\ the thirty schools of which account is taken the allotment of time to the several main subjects on the average is as follows :— English .. .. ~ .. .. .. 4-8 hours per week. French .. .. .. .. .. ..3-4 Latin (generally non-compulsory) . . .. .. 4-4 Arithmetic .. .. .. .. .. .. 2-6 ~ Mathematics (exclusive of arithmetic) .. .. .. 4-7 ~ Science .. .. ~ .. .. .. 3-0 ~

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These subjects are common to all. Other subjects treated more or less commonly are commercial work, history, geography, drawing in various forms, woodwork for boys, and cookery or dressmaking for girls. In seven of the schools German is taught to small classes of pupils, and in three Greek is reported as a subject of instruction. Advantage is taken in most cases to provide a commercial course, in which bookkeeping and commercial correspondence and geography, or book-keeping and shorthand, supply the alternative. In general all but a few pupils take French ; in Latin the proportion pursuing the study varies very greatly in different schools, but probably not less than 60 per cent, of the aggregate enrolment are Latin pupils. In science the branches commonly observed are, for boys, physics (elementary physical measurements, electricity and magnetism, heat) and chemistry, with physiology in some cases ; for girls, botany or physiology and elementary physics. In nearly all the schools adequate attention is bestowed on physical instruction, and the usual games are entered into with zest. Except in the substitution of needlework, cookery, or dressmaking for some other form of manual instruction (or, in some instances, in lieu of a second language), in the less frequent provision of an alternative course for commercial work, and the selection made of science subjects, the curriculum in girls' schools cannot be said to differ in a marked degree from that found in schools for boys only. In conformity, however, with the trend of public opinion, indications of a wider differentiation in the future are not wanting, and encouragement is given to the tendency by the inclusion of a course in domestic science, with its various practical applications, among the subjects serving to fulfil the conditions under which free places may be held. In mixed schools, where of necessity the staff is numerically small, the problem of the differentiation of courses must always retain a special difficulty ; where girls alone are to be considered the problem is simpler. Marked differences in vocational aims notwithstanding, for which provision must always be made, there should be no very serious obstacle in such circumstances to the adoption of full alternative courses of instruction, in which a training in the domestic arts should take the foremost place, in conjunction with a good scheme of general education. As regards the science of boys' schools, in one or two cases only does it appear that the science is chosen with a definite view to its bearing on agricultural or horticultural study. It would be well if there were more. In schools with suitable environment there seems to be no study that could be more profitably pursued or that could more worthily occupy the attention or enlist the enthusiasm of teachers with benefit to both boys and girls alike. District High Schools. —The course of instruction usually followed in the secondary departments of the district high schools of the Dominion is drawn up largely with a view to prepare pupils for the Civil Service Junior, Matriculation, and Education Board Scholarship Examinations, and in a few schools the curriculum reaches up to the Civil Service Senior and Junior University Scholarship standard. The course includes English, Latin or French (generally the former), mathematics, geography, commercial work, science, and one or more branches of manual training. Optional courses, one on the old grammar-school lines, and the other a modern programme, are now open to most of the pupils in our district high schools. The line of demarcation between these courses depends chiefly on the inclusion or exclusion of Latin or a modern language by the pupils, and, as a total of from four to five hours a week —roughly, a fifth of the time—may be regarded as a reasonable amount of time to be given to this subject, it will be seen that the inclusion or exclusion of a language apart from the mother-tongue is of great importance in arranging any course of instruction. In too many cases the curriculum itself and the methods of teaching are dominated by examination results. The true aim of education is lost sight of, and everything is subordinated to securing high marks in competitive examinations, and a large percentage of passes in non-competitive ones. In some cases, however, an earnest effort is being made to solve the problem which confronts the various district high schools—namely, to arrange the programme in such a way that each school shall confer the maximum benefit on the majority of its pupils. As these schools have been established mainly in agricultural districts, it is obvious that in these cases the course of instruction should include subjects dealing directly or indirectly with the products of the soil. When these schools are established in mining districts the subjects chosen should have a bias towards mining

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pursuits. Tt is not intended that such technical education should be given as would fit pupils to carry on the work of a farmer, horticulturist, orchardist, miner, &c, but that the broad scientific principles upon which the practice of these various occupations rest should be carefully laid down as a basis for future practical work. To compel all pupils, as is sometimes done, to take a course of instruction whether that course has a definite bearing on the work of their subsequent career or not, is indefensible ; but, when it is borne in mind that few pupils remain at school more than two years, and a considerable proportion leave at the end of the first year, the urgent need of optional courses is beyond dispute. There are obvious limits to the introduction of optional courses—limits imposed by the number of rooms and by the numerical strength and qualifications of the staff. At the same time reasonable consideration must be shown to those pupils who have obtained a certificate of proficiency or a scholarship, and will receive the whole of their secondary education in the district high schools. While the claims of a small minority of these boys and girls to an education which will prepare them for admission to the Civil Service, one of the professions, or a business career are indisputable, the rights of the great majority of the pupils should not be subordinated to the " craze for results," which unfortunately has still too much influence in our system of education. Indeed, it may be contended with much reason that the former class would be much better educated for their future callings if, while taking the subjects essential for their examinations, they received instruction in a science, such as elementary agriculture, closely connected with their immediate surroundings. When the rural course for boys and the domestic course for girls, suggestive programmes for which were recently issued by the Department, are taken up with an earnest desire to carry them to a successful issue, our district high schools will be of far greater benefit than they are now to those districts in which they have been established. Higher Education. The body having general control of higher education in the Dominion is the University of New Zealand, which was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, 1875, and recognised by the Royal Charter of 1876 as entitled to grant degrees in arts, law, medicine, and music having currency throughout the Empire. The Amendment Act of 1883 and the supplementary charter of the same year give authority in addition to confer the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. Further, the University Degrees Act of 1904 has given the Senate statutory authority to confer certain other degrees—Doctor of Literature, Master of Laws, of Surgery, of Science ; and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of certain branches of applied science—veterinary science, dental surgery, engineering, agriculture, public health, and commerce. For these no further charter has been given, so that nominally these degrees have currency only within New Zealand ; some of them, at least, might be held to be already included within the powers of the supplementary charter. The four chief functions of a university may be said to be— (i.) To provide higher education for those who have passed beyond the standard of the secondary schools ; (ii.) To train its students for their professional work ; (iii.) To be the home of sound learning, where knowledge is increased, and research is encouraged—and so to be an active agent in aiding the progress and in raising the standard of culture of the community ; (iv.) To confer degrees as evidence of the completion of a course of higher education, or of professional courses, or in recognition of researchwork or of definite contribution to human knowledge or thought. In New Zealand the actual task of providing higher and professional education (i) and (ii), is undertaken mainly by the University colleges and other institutions named below ; but the University exercises most important functions in regard to these matters inasmuch as the recognition of the institutions themselves, the conditions as to study, the keeping of terms, and so forth, the requirements of the degree examinations, the appointment of examiners, the conferring of degrees, the awarding of scholarships and prizes, and many similar matters are dealt with by the University itself, acting through the Senate, or through the Chancellor as the representative of the Senate. At the outset, the University found it necessary to 6—E. 1.

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employ outside examiners for its degree examinations, and in the main this policy is still continued, with the consequence that the colleges, which are the actual teaching bodies—having the programme of work determined very strictly by the statutes of the University, and the examination-tests of the bulk of their work conducted by examiners in Great Britain—possess very little real freedom in teaching, and very little power to direct or modify the character of the work of their students. The beginning of research-work is provided for in the conditions attached to certain of the higher degrees; but so far not much has been done to encourage advanced research ; probably the conditions have not been altogether favourable to it. In two of the University colleges, the lectures are delivered mainly, but not entirely, in the evening ; in the other two most of this work is done during the day ; so that 'in the former institutions the students are at liberty to follow other occupations, and a large proportion of them actually do so. While this fact no doubt increases the number of students, its tendency is to bring down the standard of the work accomplished ; as far as the holders of University scholarships are concerned, a recent decision of the Senate will render .this impossible in future. The raising of the standard of matriculation, and the acceptance of evidence of the satisfactory completion of a four-years secondary course as a qualification for admission to the University would also make it easier for the colleges to raise their standard of work. At the present time proposals in reference to the modification of the course for the ordinary degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science are under consideration, having been referred to the University colleges for report and suggestions. In regard to the preparation of students for professions, the University and the several colleges have done valuable work, and through their means many of the lawyers, doctors, and teachers of the Dominion have received the greater part of their training. The affairs of the University are controlled by the Senate, which under " The New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1902," consists of twenty-four members or Fellows —four elected by the Governor in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, elected by the Professorial Boards; and eight, two each, elected by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The revenue of the University is derived mainly from the statutory grant of £3,000 per annum, examination and diploma fees, and from interest upon sums invested —the savings of past years. By the decision of the Senate, half the amount of the statutory grant is allocated each year to the Scholarship Fund, and, as the income of that fund is never fully expended in any year, the result has been the buildingup of a reserve putting the scholarship scheme of the University on a sound basis. The chief items of income and expenditure of the University of New Zealand for 1908 are shown below: — Income. Expenditure. Balances— . & „,..,. i mn (General Account 3,230 Scholarships .. .. .. •• 1,970 Scholarship Account .. .. .. 21,729 Examinations .. .. .. ■ ■ 4.08U Statutory grant 3,000 Office salaries .. _ 1,054 Fees _; .. .. .. .. 5,880 Expenses of Senate meetings .. .. 370 Interest .. • • ■ • • ■ 954: Miscellaneous . . .. • • • • 774 Miscellaneous '.'. 93 Balances • ■ 26,038 ~£3438H £34,886 The special scholarship and prize funds due to private donors are not included above. It will be seen that, apart from the Scholarship Fund the balance available for general purposes was £3,852, against which the chief liabilities were £1,318, the estimated amount due to the English examiners for the degree examinations of November, 1908, and the expenses of administration. Further details are given in the special report on higher education, E.-7. The institutions for higher education in the Dominion consist of the four affiliated institutions (or University colleges), and six professional schools. The four affiliated institutions are the University of Otago, Canterbury College, Auckland University College, and Victoria College ; the professional schools are the Medical and Dental Schools of the University of Otago ; the Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, recognised as a school of agriculture ; the School of Engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) at Canterbury College ; the Schools of Mining and Metallurgical Eno-inee-ing at the Otago University and at the Auckland University College.

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The four training colleges for teachers, although not affiliated with the University, and having only a slight and indirect connection with it, may also.be considered as professional schools ; a condition of entrance is the passing of the Matriculation Examination,' and attendance at some at least of the courses at the University colleges is compulsory, even for those students who do not take the full course for a degree. Further, on each Board of Advice of a training college one member is a representative of the Professorial Board of the University College, and the Principal of the Training College is, in every case, the professor or lecturer in education at the University college. Including the training colleges, and counting the professional schools as distinct from the affiliated institutions, we may say that there are in New Zealand fourteen public institutions for higher or professional education. [In addition, there are certain other institutions for professional education which are endowed privately or otherwise, and are chiefly concerned with the training of theological students, many of whom also appear on the books of the affiliated institutions.] At the four colleges of the University there were in all 1,493 students attending lectures during the year 1908 —namely, 888 men and 605 women ; of these, 1,162 (698 men and 464 women)* were matriculated students, graduates or undergraduates, and the rest were unmatriculated. The full numbers at the several colleges are given in Table M, which also shows the number of exempted students—that is, students who are prevented by the necessity of earning their living or by distance from a college from attending lectures, and are allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination.

TABLE M.—Students on the Books of the Affiliated Institutions.

Number of Students, 1908. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury College. Otago University. I. Attending lectures (whether terms were kept or not), — (1.) Matriculated students, — (a.) Graduates, — Men Women 9 4 15 14 19 0 18 5 Total graduates attending lectures 13 29 25 23 (t>.) Undergraduates,— Men Women 122 78 195 131 137 131 183 95 Total undergraduates attending lectures 200 I 320 i 268 278 (c) All matriculated students, (a) and (b), — Men Women 131 82 210 145 150 137 201 100 Total matriculated students attending lectures 213 355 293 301 (2.) Non-matriculated students, — Men Women 50 77 50 22 49 39 35 3 Total non- matriculated students attending lectures 127 78 88 38 (3.) All students attending lectures (1) and (2), — Men Women : 181 159 200 107 205 170 236 103 Total all students attending lectures 340 433 381 339 II. Exempt students not attending lectures, not included above,— ■ Men Women 12 3 1,4 (i0 32 t93 5 1 20 2 Total exempt students 15 " 92 0 28 [II. Total all students I and II,— Men Women 141 193 102 320 210 199 177 525 387 202 105 Grand total all students 355 367 1,034

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Table Ml shows the degree courses being taken in 1908 by students attending lectures at the several colleges, including the professional schools attached thereto.

TABLE M1—Courses taken by Students attending Lectures at University Colleges in 1908.

* Exclusive of Victoria College, tho return from which does not show the classification of the students according to courses. The total staff of the four colleges consists of 37 professors and 40 lecturers ; in many cases, from want of funds the Councils of the colleges have been compelled to put two or more subjects under the charge of one professor ; but with increased "•rants from Government this difficulty has recently been to some extent overcome. The staff of the several institutions are as follows : — Professors and Lecturers (1908). Lecturers, Professors. Demonstrators, and Assistants. Auckland University College . . .. . . .. 7 6 Victoria University College .. .. . . .. .. 10 8 Canterbury University College ~ . . .. .. 9 7 Otago University .. .. .. .. .. .. 11* 19| Total .. .. .. .. ..37 40 Scholarships, Bursaries, dec. The following University Entrance Scholarships are awarded each year on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination held in December : Junior University, Senior National, Taranaki, and Queen's Scholarships. Certain local and privately endowed scholarships (about thirty-seven in number) are also awarded on the same examination ; and all who gain " credit " are entitled to hold bursaries which meet the cost of college fees up to £20 a year—that is, generally speaking, the whole of the fees. Scholarships awarded during the degree course are the Senior University, Tinline, Sir George Grey, and various local scholarships and exhibitions. The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University courses are the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Cecil Rhodes Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship—these three being all travelling scholarships —that is, tenable abroad. There are also four New Zealand Research Scholarships of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses, one at each of the affiliated institutions, which are offered by the Government for research likely to be of benefit to the industries of the Dominion. * Also 1 Emeritus Professor. f Also, the honorary staff of the Dunedin Hospital act as Lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery.

(Note. —No Student is included in more than one co .rse in this list, Number. Course. Men. Women. Total. Arts (as for B.A., M.A., &c.) ... Science (as for B.Sc, M.Sc.) Law (as for LL.B.).. .. . . ■ . t •. Commerce (as for B.Com.) .. .. • ■ Music (as for B.Mus.) Medicine (as for M.B., &c.) Dentistry (as for B.D.S.) . . . . Engineering (Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical) Mining Engineering Agriculture (exclusive of students at Lincoln Agricultural College during 1908) 168 19 54 4 1 77 14 32 19 185 7 5 353 26 5-1 4 1 82 14 32 19 Totals 388 197 585

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Degrees Conferred, &c. At the beginning of the present year the Senate conferred degrees and made awards of scholarships and prizes on the results of the academic year 1908, as under:—

TABLE M2.—Degrees conferred by the New Zealand University at the Beginning of 1909.

The total number of graduates (exclusive of ad eundem graduates) admitted up to the 31st December, 1908, was 1,275. The Cecil Rhodes Scholarship was awarded by the special committee of selection to A. MacDougall, Victoria College. The degree of Doctor was not granted this year in any branch, and there were no Bachelors of Agriculture, Music, Dentistry, or Commerce ; nor was the Tinline Scholarship awarded. The degree of Doctor of Music, and the degrees of Bachelor of Agriculture, Bachelor of Dentistry, and Bachelor of Veterinary Science have not yet been granted at all by the University ; in regard to the last two, it may be mentioned that the School of Dentistry has not been in operation long enough to allow this to be done, and the proposed Veterinary School at Dunedin has not yet been opened. The necessary grants for buildings and maintenance (£3,000 and £1,200 a year respectively) have, however, been promised by the Government, and before long, no doubt, the Veterinary School will be in operation. The following scholarships, &c, were held during 1908 :—

TABLE M3.-Scholarships, Bursaries, Exhibitions, and Studentships held at the Affiliated Institutions in 1908.

The proportion of male and female students who have won the chief entrance scholarships in the last three years may be seen from the following table :—■

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Auckk] id. Victoria College. Canterbury College. (ptago University. Total. Degrees. M. i Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. M. V. I Totel. M. F. Total. Honours in Arts Honours in Science Honours in Law Doctor of Medicine Master of Arts Master of Science Master of Laws Bachelor of Arts ,, Science ,, Engineering ,, Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery „ Laws Senior University Scholarships Medical Travelling Scholarships Macmillan Brown Prize 1 .. 9 6 15 3 1 3 6 1 6 3 9 18 2 1 1 25 4 1 27 5 7 9 12 30 2 1 1 38 5 1 54 7 7 9 l 1 .. 1 1 3 9 1 2 •• •• 1 ! •• 1 .. i i i2 6 1 .. ! '6 6 1 I is 6 2 4 10 2 9 21 1 2 7 1 6 1 1 I i ii i 12 2 12 1 7 5 3 5 10 27 2 9 '.'. 9 2l .. 3 1 2 4 3 .. 2 2 3 4 1 2 1 2 1 1 1 :: ! '.'. l l l 7 8 1 3 'i 7 11 1 1 • * • • Total 116 59 175

Scholarships, &c. Auckland University College. Victoria College. Canterbury Otago T , College. University. olaL Junior University Scholarships Senior National Scholarships Tarauaki Scholarships QueenV Scholarships Senior University Scholarships Bursaries Scholarships Sir George Grey Scholarships Other Scholarships and Exhibitions Training college Studentships II) 7 1 2 1 2 18 8 7 16 1 1 1 5 78 8 7 16 1 1 1 5 78 10 11 39 6 11 31 [1 •• 1 16 4 2 8 1 4 8 1 1 4 22 4 33 72 76 274 10 6 Ei 4 1 1 22 72 11 11 2 4 1 4 76 Totals 71 117 117 109 414

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Junior University, Senior National, Taranaki, and Queen's Scholarships. M. F. Total. 1906 . . . . . . . . .. 20 16 36 1907 . . . . . . . . .. 18 12 30 1908 . . . . . . . . .. 24 -Ji 30 Totals .. .. ..62 34 96 Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1908. The detailed accounts of the four University colleges will be found in E.-7 ; the following summary will give a general view of their finances, as in it are massed all the accounts, except the special trust accounts and the accounts of non-university institutions under the same control:—

TABLE M4.— Summary of Accounts.

" The University Endowment Act, 1868." The income accrued under this Act, and applicable to purposes of higher education yet to be determined by Parliament, amounted, on the 3kt March, 1909, to £292 2s. 6d., received from reserves in Westland. General. Expenditure out of Public Funds on Education. An attempt is made in Tables N and Nl, 2, 3, 4, to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of the schools, colleges, &c.; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. Tables N and Nl give an analysis of the expenditure for the years 1907-8 and 1908-9 respectively.

Expenditure, (i Deficits, M07. University College. General. Special. exclusive of Special Trusts). £ £ Sites, Buildings, Adminis- „.,-_,,,. and tration, Interest, Salaries. Bquip . Scholar . &c . mont En- ships, Ac. dowment. £ £ £ £ 5,192 3,093 1,193 6,322 1,295 ! 2,358 14,662 7,046 ! 2,749 590 9,893 3,634 I 1,646 498 36,069 15,068 ! 7,946 1,088 £ 4,634 5,079 Balances, December, 1908. General. Special. £ ■ £ * 14,112 ! 15,054 ? : 60,345 J 28,780 118,291 Total. Auckland Victoria (to 31st March, 1909) Canterbury . . . . .. 1,346 637 Otago .. . . .. .. 433 137 ! 33,315 12,539 Total of four University col- 1,346; 1,070 leges 9,850 45,854 1,489 871 4,894 624 7,878 Canterbury AgriculturaHJollege B< '.ceipts (exclusive of Sped ial Trusts). Balances, 1907. From University Colleges. -g j .S Statu- § I tor yi , i Government. Special Buildand ings, other. &u. i ! I _l a I I J Deflcil cembei 1 5 to, De- :, 1908. i 1 CO Total. I . £ £ £ Auckland .. .. 5,181 1,877; 4,000; Victoria 4,944 .. 4,000 Canterbury .. 26,400 . .| Otago University .. .. 483 12,249 . .jj Total of four University 10,608 40,526, 8,000 colleges Uanterbury Agricultural College; 292; £ £ 2,075 .. 3,363! 200' 3,771 471 2,000 2,793 £ £ 502 66, 54 126 15,582 985: 8,238 814 £ 99! 1,950 4,296 i 1,740 £ < 114! i 417 - 1,393 26! £ 6,497 £ 198 950 437 14,112 15,054 60,345 28.780 ' 11,209 3,464 24,376J 1,991 \ 8,085 1,950 0,497^ 1,585 118,291 2,642 .. 1,739 3,205 ; 7,878

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TABLE N.—(1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1907-8.

♦Teachers' salaries and allowances, £536,000; repairs and rebuilding, £66,000; now buildings, &c, £51,000; all other expenses, £158,000 : total, £811,000.

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'lgures given m every riase to tl sarest £ ,0(li Oui ids. Branch of Education. of Public Fui Total. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Maintenance. New Buildings and Additions. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ 682,000 £ £ 54,000 736,000 £ 47,000 £ *783,000 64,000 12,000 76,000 34,000 110,000 37,000 22,000 27,000 64,000 2,000 24,000 21,000 64,000 45,000 Totals A (1-4) .. 805,000 95,000 900,000 i 3,000 32,000 2,000 7,000 102,000 1,002,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. 29,000 5,000 32,000 7,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 Totals A, B, C, D i 847,000 i s\ rt r\s\ >-* /"fc a n* t\ s\ »~k ; 102,000 1,049,000 loiais a, r>, o, ij 100,000 947,000 * Teachers' - salaries and allowances. £519,000 ; repairs a: expenses, £148,000 : total, £783,000. nd rebuilding, £62,000; new buildings, £54,000 ; all other (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (977,215, inci Islands) on Edvj jUding Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific catton, 1907-8. (Figures given in every Caj se to the nearest Penny.) Out of Public Funds. Branch of Education. New Buildings and Additions. Total. Out of Income from Reserves. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Maintenance. i i A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondai y departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) .. s. d. II 0 s. d. s. d. 1 1 16 1 s. d. 1 0 s. d. 10 1* 1 4 0 3 17 0 8 2 3 0 10 0 5 0 (i 1 4 0 1 Oβ 1 11 18 6 0 1 0 7 0 2 o r> 1 4 0 11 Totals A .. 16 7 2 1 20 7 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Homo for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 6 0 2 0 7 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 Totals A, B, C, D 17 5 : I 2 0 19 5 I 2 1 ; 21 6 * Teachers' salaries, 10s. 8d. ; repairs and rebuilding, 1 total, 16s. Id. s. 3d. ; ne^ buildings, Is. Id. ; all other expei is(!s. 3s. Id. : TABLE Nl.—(1.) Analysis of Expenditiiru on Ei DUCATION I] New Zealand for the Year If 08-9. (Figures given in every Case to the Neai »t £1,000.) Branch of Education. Ou( Maintenance. of Public Fui New Buildings and Additions. ids. Total. Out of Income from Reserves. Total for all Items from ' all Public ' Sources. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) i (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ £ 707,000 ' 51,000 £ £ 758,000 53,000 74,000 36,000 £ *811,000 64,000 12,000 110,000 59,000 53,000 42.0(10 17,000 23,00(1 3,000 59,000 26,000 27,000 Totals A (]-♦) .. mm 834,000 j 83,000 917,000 ! 116,000 1,033,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 31,000 8,000 [ (i.OOO 11,000 39,000 17,000 39,000 17,000 7,000 7,000 980,000 116,000 7,000 Totals A, B, C, D 878,000 i 102,000 1,096,000

B.—l.

TABLE N1.— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,008,373, including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education for 1908-9.

* Teachers' salaries and allowances, 10s. Bd. ; repairs and rebuildings, Is. 4d. ; new buildings, Is. ; all other expenses, 3s. Id. : total, 16s. Id. It may be of interest to give the expenditure per head of population in some otherplaces and countries : For primary education, public funds (general and local) contribute per head of the population in England and Wales, 12s. 3d. ; London, 17s. ; Wales alone, 15s. sd. ; Scotland, 12s. 4d. ; Ireland, 6s. 7d. In New York, the cost to the public purse of primary and secondary education (excluding the cost of new buildings) is £1 Is. 7d. per head of the population, as against 15s. 3d. (or 17s. Id. including the income from reserves) in New Zealand. Table N2 gives, for the years 1898, 1903, and 1906-8, an analysis of the total expenditure from public funds alone (exclusive of the income from reserves), in two forms—the actual total amounts to the nearest thousand pounds, and the expenditure per head of the population to the nearest penny.

TABLE N2.—(1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99. 1903-4, 1906-7, 1907-8, and 1908-9 out of Public Revenue (exclusive of Income from Reserves).

48

(Figures given in every Case to the Ne sarest Penny.) Out Branch of Education. Maintenance. of Public Funds. Out of Income New Build- ; from ings and Total. Reserves. Additions. Total lor all Items from all Public Sources. 8. 11. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training : 14 0 colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 1 3 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. j 0 10 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) 0 5 Totals A .. .. .. .. ! 16 0 B. Industrial schools .. .. .. Q 7 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind and Home for Backward 0 2 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. e .. .. 0 2 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 17 5 s. d. 1 0 s. d. 15 0 s. d. 1 1 s. d. Iβ 1* 0 2 1 /> 0 !» 2 2 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 (i Oβ 1 2 1 0 1 7 18 1 2 4 20 5 0 2 0 2 0 9 0 4 0 9 0 4 0 2 0 2 1 11 19 4 2 4 21 8

(I 'igures given in every ,'ase laresi 1898-99. 1903-4. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. Population (including Maoris, but excluding Took and other Pacific Islands) 783,317 875,648 956,457 977,215 1,008,373 Total. Total. I I Total. Total. Branch of Education. Total. I I £ 482,000 £ 565,000 *£ 717,000 £ 736,000 £ 758,000 A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) 5,000 12,000 26,000 23,000 12,000 88,000 r>4.000 41.000 76,000 84,000 24,000 74,000 59,000 26,000 Totals A (1-4) .. 499,000 I 626,000 880,000 900,000 917,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 15,000 3,000 2,000 37,000 13,000 3,000 36,000 o.OOO 5,000 32,000 7,000 8,000 39,000 17,000 7,000 i I i I 1 Totals A, B, C, D 519,000 679,000 926,000 947,000 ! 980,000

E.—l

49

TABLE N2— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand for the Years 1898-99, 1903-4, 1906-7, 1907-8, and 1908-9, out of Public Revenue.

This table shows that, while there was a great increase in the expenditure per head of the population between 1898 and 1906, the amount per head last year was slightly lower than in the two preceding years. In Table N3 is shown the cost to the State per individual pupil or student.

TABLE N3.—Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Several Schools, Colleges, and other Institutions (excluding Cost of New Buildings).

Table N4 shows that the chief progress made in New Zealand since 1898 has been in the direction of increasing the number under instruction higher than primary.

TABLE N4.—Progress in Education: A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, and 1908 respectively.

Note.—For comparison it may be noted that in Switzerland there are, per 10,000 of population, 1,571 under primary instruction, and 576 under instruction higher than primary; in Wuerttemberg, 1,486 and 569 respectively. 7-E. 1.

(Figures given in every !ase to tl learesi 'enny. 1898-99. 1903-4. 1906-7. 1907-8. . 1908-9. 4. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. ■ ■ (4.) Higher education (including university and higher technical) Totals A (1-4) .. s. d. 12 4 0 2 0 4 s. d. 12 11 0 7 0 6 0 3 «. d. 15 0 1 5 1 2 0 10 s. d. s. d. 15 1 15 0 fcsv 17 [15 14 12 0 6 0 6 18 6 18 1 0 7 0 9 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 2 12 10 14 3 18 5 B. Industrial schools 3. Special schools (Deaf and Blind) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous i 0 5 0 1 0 10 0 4 0 1 0 9 0 1 0 1 Totals A, B, C, D ... 13 4 I 15 6 i 19 4 19 5 19 4

Branch of Education. 1898. 1903. 1908. I. Primary, &o. II. Secondary, &c. III. Continuation and technical .. IV. Higher All branches except primary £ s. d. £ s. d. 3 6 3 3 17 3 4 2 0 0 12 8 2 11 9 11 3 5 7 7 5 2 0 3 17 1 £ s. d. 4 15 4 9 11 8 2 2 0 11 10 0 7 14 7

Actual Numbers. Number per 10,000 of 'opulation. 1898. 1903. 1908. 1898. 1903. 1908. Population 783,317 875,648 1,008,373 T. Primary: including public and Native schools (all receiving free tuition) II. Secondary— (a.) Secondary schools (6.) Secondary departments of district high schools Total 136,652 138,553 150,200 1,744 1,582 1,489 2,784 262 3,722 2,096 4,420 2,057 3,046 5,818 6,477 39 66 04 III. Continuation and technical (excluding school classes) 1,750 (estimated) 6,533 21,518 22 75 214 IV. University, higher technical and training colleges Private schools (not included above, principally primary) Total under instruction 708 1,194 1,997 9 14 20 14,857 15,609 17,217 190 178 171 157,013 167,707 197,409 2,004 1,915 1,958 V. Total under instruction higher than primary (II, III, and IV above) 13,545 29,992 70 155 298 5,504 Number of latter (V) receiving free tuition 1,178 4,260 (approx.) 7,948 15 1!) 7!)

B—l.

Annual Examinations. The annual examinations were conducted by the Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior National Scholarships; Education Board Scholarships; Junior Free Places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools; Senior Free Places in secondary schools and district high schools; for pupil-teachers; for admission to or promotion in the public service; and for teachers' certificates. The examinations were held in December, 1908, and January, 1909, at forty-seven centres. The total number of candidates entering for the December and January tests jointly was 6,117, or 573 more than in the preceding year. Of this total the number actually present at examination was 5,519, the difference (598) being accounted for partly on the usual grounds, and partly by the operation of a new clause in the Regulations for Senior Free Places, under which a number of candidates recommended on an accrediting principle therein embodied were exempted from examination, and accordingly did not present themselves. In the several examinations the following were the numbers present: For the Junior National Scholarship and Junior Free Place Examination, 1,765 ; for the Civil Service Junior and allied examinations, 2,158 ; for the Civil Service Senior Examination, 373 ; for Certificate Examinations, 1,223. It may further be noted that thirty-eight of the candidates so recorded were candidates for both Senior and Junior Civil Service Examinations, and that one of the candidates for a teacher's certificate was also a candidate for the Civil Service Senior. The Department's examination for Junior National Scholarships is now used_ by all the Education Boards of the Dominion for the award of their Junior Scholarships, superseding thus without exception any examination locally conducted in earlier years for this purpose. For the award of their Senior Scholarships the Boards commonly, but not exclusively, use the Civil Service Junior Examination. Apart from this extension of its functions, the Civil Service Junior Examination is employed for a variety of purposes. Either in its proper competitive form, or with certain modifications in selected subjects to meet the needs of a non-competitive qualification, it is thus used not only as an entrance examination for the Civil Service of the Dominion, but as a scholarship examination, an examination for the Senior Free Place qualification in secondary schools and district high schools, an examination for pupil-teachers of the second or third years, and a qualifying examination for the probationer appointments recently instituted under an amendment of the Education Act. The following table gives a comparative statement of the number of candidates examined under the principal groupings during the past four years : — Junior National and- Education Board 1905-6. 1906-7. 1907-8. 1908-9. Scholarships and Junior Free Places .. 790 1,458 1,475 1,765 Civil Service Junior, Senior Free Places, Education Board Senior Scholarships, First Pupil-teachers 1,305 2,123 2,173 2,158 Teachers D and C 749 1,051 1,184 1,223 Civil Service Senior 141 183 231 373 2,985 4,815 5,063 5,519 Further particulars are given in E.-8. Teachers' Superannuation Fund. The Teachers' Superannuation Act, which was passed by Parliament on the 31st October, 1905, and came into force on the Ist January, 1906, was amended by a supplementary Act on the 29th October, 1906. Every person who at the date of the coming into operation of the principal Act was permanently employed for not less than twenty hours a week in the Education service had the option of becoming a contributor to the fund. Such contributors are " original members," and, as such, are entitled to special benefits. Every person so employed subsequently had the option of electing within six months to become a contributor ; but all teachers in public schools and in Native and other schools under the control of the Education Department who were subsequently

50

51

E.—l

permanently employed become contributors as from date of appointment; other persons in the Education service have a similar option to that possessed by the original members. On the 10th October, 1908, the former Acts were repealed by " The Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908," Part I; but under the provisions of this Act former contributors were allowed six months in which to elect to remain subject to the provisions of the former Acts if they so desired. At the end of 1908, 164 contributors had so elected. At the same time the number of contributors under the provisions of the Act of 1908 was 2,767. ' The chief difference between the Act of 1908 and the former"'Acts affects the basis of calculation of the retiring-allowance of a contributor. The retiring-allowance is now one-sixtieth of the average rate of salary received during the three years next preceding retirement, for each year of service, provided that in no case may the allowance exceed two-thirds of that salary : under the former Acts the basis was one-sixtieth of the total salary received by the contributor during the period of contributing to the fund (or, in other words, one-sixtieth of his average salary during the whole period of contribution for each year of service). In both cases " original " members, in addition to the period during which they have contributed to the fund, are also entitled to count service prior to the Ist January, 1906, but not prior to the Ist January, 1878. At the end of 1908,— The number of contributors was .. . . .. . . .. 2,931 of whom original members number .. .. .. .. .. 2,416 The annual rate of contribution paid as at the end of the year was over £33,000. The number of retiring-allowances in force was 168, representing an annual charge of over £7,000. Of these,— Ordinary allowances were . . .. .. .. 100, representing £5,516 Allowances in medically unfit cases .. . . 17, „ 907 Allowances to widows .. .. .. 26, „ 473 Allowances to children .. .. . . 25, „ 325 The balance at the credit of the fund and invested by the Public Trustee at the end of the year was .. .. . . .. . . £82,933 The average rate of interest earned by the investments at the end of the year was 4-66 per cent. The report of the Superannuation Board is printed as a separate paper (E.-9) Public Libraries By a vote of last session a sum of £3,000 was again granted for subsidies to public libraries. Notice thereof was inserted in the Gazette of the Bth October, 1908, and forms of application were sent to all libraries known to the Department. The method of distribution of the vote was the same as that adopted in previous years —viz., a nominal addition of £25 was made to the amount of the income of each library derived from subscriptions, donations, and rates, provided that the receipts for the year were not less than £2, and the vote was divided according to the amount thus augmented ; but no library received credit for a larger income than £75 —that is, in no case did the augmented amount on which distribution was based exceed £100. In accordance with the Gazette notice, the day appointed for the distribution of the subsidy was the 4th February, 1909, and the amount of the vote was divided among the 437 libraries from which applications, each accompanied by a statutory declaration on the proper form, had been received at that date. The vote, as thus dealt with, afforded a subsidy of 3s. 3-sd. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies ranged from £4 Bs. lOd. to £16 9s. 2d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows an increase of twenty as compared with the number aided in the previous year. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the .vote may be attained, it is made a condition for participation that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library in the previous year shall have been expended in the purchase of books. Further particulars are given in E.-10.

E.—l.

APPENDIX.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries in respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ending 31st March, 1909.

52

Head Office (Vote No. 75). £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Inspector-General of Schools Secretary Assistant Inspector-General, £540 ; Inspector, £415 .. Clerks and clerical assistance Travelling-expenses .. .. Telephone subscriptions Publications, books of reference, &c. Office requisites Contingencies 750 0 0 600 0 0 955 0 0 6,083 15 0 501 14 5 77 6 8 48 2 1 95 17 6 7 5 11 9,119 1 7 Elementary Education (Votes Nos. 75, 76, 87, and 88, Consolidated Fund ; and 104, Public'Works Fund). Grants to Education Boards for— Teachers' salaries (including lodging-allowances of pupilteachera) Less revenue from reserves 502,744 9 6 52,616 9 6 Teaciiirs' house allowances (Vote No. 87) General administrative purposes: Capitation at 11s. 3d. on average attendance Grant of £250 per annum to each Board Special grants for School Committees: Capitation at 9d. on average attendance Kelieving teachers : Capitation at 6d. on average attendance Inspection of private schools 450,128 0 0 12,342 15 0 71,095 0 9 3,250 0 0 4,776 6 9 3,159 17 6 186 11 0 School buildings— General maintenance, &c. (Vote No. 88) Less amount received for sale of old buildings 62,418 13 9 135 7 9 62,283 6 0 2,375 7 2 Rebuilding schools destroyed by fire (Vote No. 88) .. Rent of temporary premises during the rebuilding of schools destroyed by fire (Vote No. 88) New buildings, additions, and teachers' residences (Vote No. 104).. 272 1 8 42,924 9 5 Miscellaneous Expenditure— Schools at Chatham Islands Grants in aid of free kindergartens (Vote No. 87) Conveyance and board of school-children £6,107 17s. 7d.; conveyance of teachers, £119 15s. Preparation of standard test questions in English and arithmetic .. .. .. Illustrations: Natural history, &o. School Journal—Editor (Vote No. 75) .. Contributions, fees, printing, &c. (Vote No. 76) .. 566 10 5 199 0 0 6,227 12 7 32 12 4 311 8 8 415 0 0 1,934 8 11 Less amount received for sales 2,349 8 11 23 17 11 2,325 11 0 13 11 10 Contingencies 662,470 2 1 Secondary Education (Votes Nos. 77, Consolidated Fund, and 104, Public Works Fund; and statutory payments). Grants to Education Boards for— Scholarships : Not exceeding capitation allowance at Is. 6d. on average attendance District high schools : Salaries of secondary teachers Subsidies (" Education Act, 1908 ") National Scholarships, Junior ("Education Act, 1908").. Secondary schools and colleges : Capitation Seoondary schools and colleges: Subsidies ("Eduoation Act, 1908") Conveyance of holders of free places at secondary and district high schools.. Scholarship for H. F. Parker (at Nelson College) 7,752 11 0 18,819 4 11 1,806 6 6 1,979 13 9 24,372 1 8 1,101 7 0 2,531 11 0 40 0 0 Carried forward 58,402 15 10 ■ 671,589 3 8

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries— continued.

53

Brought forward S. b. d. £ a. d. 58,402 15 10 £ s. d 671,589 3 8 - Secondary Education— continued. 99 6 9 Scholarships for Maoris formerly attending public schools Marlborough High School : Statutory payment (" Marlborough High School Act, 1899 ") Grants to secondary schools for building purposes (Vote No. 104)— Auckland Girls' Palmerston North Dannevirke Wellington Boys' Ashburt&n .. Waitaki Contingencies 400 0 0 2,000 0 0 200 0 0 550 0 0 6,750 0 0 200 0 0 2,050 0 0 9 16 70,661 4 Manual and Technical Instruction (Votes Nos. 78 and 88, Consolidated Fund; 104, Public Works Fund ; and "The Education Aot, 1908"). 800 0 0 Salaries of Inspectors (two) Examinations — . Science and Art, Board of Education, South Kensington, London .. City and Guilds of London Institute 259 6 1 496 5 5 755 11 6 Capitation— School classes Special associated and college olasses Free places .. 22,023 4 3 17,385 8 8 6,710 0 0 22,023 4 3 17,385 8 8 6,710 0 0 46,118 12 11 1,507 7 2 17,058 11 7 799 9 2 907 8 8 103 10 0 2,657 0 0 228 3 5 6,269 6 3 44 4 0 2 18 6 Material and apparatus for classes Buildings and permanent apparatus (Vote No. 104) Rents (Vote No. 88) Railway fares of instructors Railway fares of students attending registered classes Railway fares of holders of free places Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Subsidies on contributions (" The Education Act, 1908 ") Specimens of students' works Sundries Less recoveries (examination fees) 77,252 3 2 171 3 0 77,081 0 2 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers (Votes Nos. 79, Consolidated Fund, and 104, Publio Works Fund). Training Colleges— Salaries of staff Allowances to students, &c. Libraries and apparatus Buildings (Vote No. 104) Classes at sub-oentres — Grants to Eduoation Boards Fares of teachers 5,939 5 11 12,942 13 2 279 10 1 4,764 13 3 2,805 0 0 4,837 5 7 Higher Education (Votes Nos. 77, Consolidated Fund, and 104 Public Works Fund ; and statutory payments). 31,568 8 0 Statutory grants— University of New Zealand ("New Zealand University Act, 1908") Auckland University College (" Auckland University College Act, 1882 ") .. Victoria College, Wellington (" Victoria College Act, 1905") Addition to statutory grants (Vote No. 77)— Auokland University College (three months) Viotoria College, Wellington „ Specialisation grants (Vote No. 77) — Auckland University College Victoria College, Wellington Canterbury College University of Otago Building grants (Vote No. 104) — Victoria College, Wellington, additional accommodation University of Otago : Mining School Sir George Grey Scholarships (Vote No. 77) Queen's Scholarships, Victoria College, Wellington, (" Queen's Scholarships Act, 1906 ") National Scholarships, Senior (" Education Aot, 1908 ") Research scholarships (Vote No. 77) -Burearies (Vote No. 77) .. 3,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 300 0 0 375 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0 200 0 0 2,792 13 4 125 0 0 898 10 0 2,066 11 9 111 3 6 165 18 6 26,034 17 1 I Carried forward 876,934 13 0

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries— continued.

54

B s. £ s. d. £ s. d. 876,934 13 0 Brought forward Public School Cadets (Vote No. 80). Commanding Officer (salary, £320 ; travelling-expenses, £271 9s. 5d.) Clerk, £200 ; storeman and armourer, £193 rares of corps attending parades, &c. Expenses of training-camps trms and accoutrements Capitation Jrant towards expenses of Cadet Priar competing at Boys' Bisley, England ■tine ranges: Rent, &c. .. Store: Rent and expenses Contingencies 591 9 5 393 0 0 308 18 6 545 13 8 2,568 9 11 1,484 13 4 Less recoveries (sale of ammunition, &c.) 6,164 6 3 672 10 9 50 0 0 169 13 11 42 7 6 10 0 0 5,491 15 6 Sative Schools (Votes Nos. 81 and 88, Consolidated Fund ; 104, Public Works Fund). Salaries of Inspectors (two) Salaries and allowances of teachers Jigher education and apprenticeship Books, school requisites, sewing material, &c. 5xpenses of removals of teachers .. ?ravelling-expenses of Inspectors and others 3uildings: New schools, additional class-rooms, &c. (Vote No. 104) General maintenance of buildings: Repairs, painting, &c. (Vote No. 88) .. .. .. Manual and Technical Instruction: Payment of instructors ; material for olasses Warming of schoolrooms .. berrying and conveyance of children Compensation to ex-teacher for loss of office Contingencies 800 0 0 21,034 7 0 2,657 19 9 570 12 3 449 16 8 504 10 2 3,493 12 5 1,561 17 11 460 13 11 99 13 1 50 10 9 508 12 9 89 14 8 Less recoveries 32,282 1 4 35 6 0 32,246 15 4 SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Industrial Schools (Votes Nos. 82 and 88, Consolidated Fund ; and 104, Public Works Fund). 700 0 0 Salaries of Assistant Inspector and Visiting Officers.. travelling-expenses, &c, of Assistant Inspectors and Visiting Offioeis travelling-expenses of Managers 805 10 11 340 4 7 Sohools, — Auckland— Salaries General maintenance "Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 88) Children boarded out 1,845 15 6 564 7 4 847 3 4 85 9 8 1,489 7 4 Less recoveries 2,986 7 8 1,111 5 6 Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa — Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, clearing, &c. (Vote No. 104) .. Small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 88) .. .. Children boarded out 1,875 2 2 2,084 6 1 5,381 4 1 747 8 1 531 16 5 178 19 4 Less recoveries 8,923 14 0 2,061 7 6 6,862 6 6 Reoeiving Home, Wellington— Salaries General maintenance Repairs, &c, to buildings, furniture (Votes Nos. 88 and 104) Children boarded out .. ... 704 3 1 1,007 2 3 40 3 8 4,764 1 1 Less recoveries 6,515 10 1 4,022 6 1 2,493 4 0 Carried forward 13,076 8 2 914,673 8 10

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries — continued.

55

£ s. d. £ s. d. 13,076 8 2 £ s. d. 914,673 3 10 Brought forward Special Schools : Industrial Schools — continued. Receiving Home, Christohuroh — Salaries General maintenance Eent .. Repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 88) Children boarded out 591 9 1 872 17 11 141 11 10 115 8 8 3,464 17 6 Less recoveries 5,186 5 0 2,192 9 1 Tβ Oranga Home, Christchurch — Salaries.. General maintenance Rent Repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 88) Additional buildings, land, and fencing (Vote No. 104) 2,993 15 11 891 8 4 631 3 5 122 13 5 233 18 3 6,306 5 3 Less recoveries 8,185 8 8 284 6 4 Burnham — - Salaries General maintenance Small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 88) .. Additional buildings (Vote No. 104) ■ Children boarded out 7,901 2 4 2,420 15 10 4,006 17 3 555 1 6 1,457 8 1 67 14 0 Less recoveries 8,507 16 8 1,076 11 3 Caversham — Salaries.. General maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 88) Children boarded out 7,431 5 5 829 19 8 1,037 18 8 148 7 11 3,150 7 10 Less recoveries 5,166 14 1 3,509 18 10 Private Schools— St. Mary's, Auckland — Maintenance Less recoveries 1,656 15 3 1,879 4 0 420 12 2 1,458 11 10 St. Joseph's, Wellington— Maintenance .. .. Passages 201 1 0 15 0 Less recoveries 202 6 0 71 8 8 130 17 4 St. Mary's, Nelson— Maintenance Passages, clothing, and board of inmates 921 8 0 67 6 2 Less recoveries 988 14 2 231 4 7 757 9 7 St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin— Maintenance Lees recoveries 127 19 0 41 6 2 Inmates maintained at other institutions Earnings refunded to ex-inmates Compensation for theft of private property by inmates Inquiry at Te Oranga Home Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boardingout orders Compensation to foster-parent for illness contracted from inmate Sundries 86 12 10 282 10 9 21 4 5 11 13 9 278 4 0 100 0 0 25 0 0 13 6 0 Infant Life Protection (Vote No. 83). Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives .. Travelling-expenses, &o. .. Maintenance of infants in foster-homes Rent of offices (Auckland and Dunedin) Sundries, including office requisites, legal expenses, advertising, &o. 36,224 17 7 590 4 3 235 15 7 84 3 6 38 9 7 97 10 g Lees recoveries 1,046 8 4 23 9 6 1,022 13 10 Carried forward 951,920 15 3

E.—l.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries— continued.

Approximate cost of paper. —Preparation, not given ; printing (1,700 copies), £;>! 10s.

By Authority : John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington.—l9o9.

Is. 3d.]

56

£ I. d. £ B. d. £ 8. d. 951,920 15 3 Brought forward .. .. School for the Deaf (Votes Nos. 84 and 88, Consolidated Fund ; and 104, Public Works Fund). Salaries — Director Assistants 415 0 0 1,473 10 3 Matron and servants Medical Offioer 1,888 10 3 943 10 6 20 0 0 General maintenance Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils Pupils boarded out Alterations and repairs to buildings (Votes Nos. 88, Consolidated Fund ; and 104, Public Works Fund) 963 10 6 1,470 17 11 168 7 1 37 15 0 350 5 7 Less recoveries 4,879 6 4 691 1 0 Education of the Blind (Votes Nos. 85, Consolidated Fund, and 104, Public Works Fund). 4,188 5 4 Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland Grant for new buildings, Jubilee Institute, Auckland (Vote No. 104) Passages 760 7 9 2,000 0 0 2 2 6 Less recoveries ... 2,762 10 3 158 11 1 2,603 19 2 Home for Backward Children (Votes Nos. 86 and 88, Consolidated Fund, and 104, Public Works Fund). Salaries — Principal and Matron Attendants and servants ■230 0 0 493 16 4 Travelling-expenses General maintenance Purchase of land and buildings; cost of alterations, furniture, &o. (Consolidated Fund, Vote No. 88, £234 2s. Id.; Public Works Fund, Vote No. 104, £8,737 19s. 10d.) 723 16 4 82 6 11 862 4 11 8,972 1 11 Less recoveries 10,640 10 1 32 0 10 10,608 9 3 Miscellaneous (Votes Nos. 76, 87, and 88). "Milne " seismograph No. 20: maintenance of (Vote No. 87) Postage and telegrams (Vote No. 87) Subsidies to public libraries, on basis of voluntary contributions (Voie No. 87) Teacher's Superannuation Board : travelling-expenses of members, and medical examination of applicants for retirement (Vote No. 87) .. Examination expenses (Vote No. 87) : Teachers' and Civil Servioe Less recoveries (examination fees) 31 10 9 1,900 14 7 3,000 0 0 67 4 6 4,516 1 4 3,349 16 0 1,166 6 4 Grant to Educational Institute for travelling-expenses of members (Vote No. 76) Illustrations, photographs, &c, for parliamentary reports (Vote No. 87) .. .. .. .. .. New Zealand Geology, Text-book of (Vote No. 87) .. " Schoolmates " : Grant to cover cost of postage (Vote No. 87) Parnell Orphan Home : Grant towards cost of building (Vote No. 88) .. • • 100 0 0 83 8 0 150 0 0 25 0 0 250 0 0 6,774 5 2 Total .. £976,095 14 2