The limestone and phosphate resources of New Zealand : considered principally in relation to agriculture

Morgan, Percy Gates, Dept. of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, Wellington, N.Z., 1919

NEW ZEALAND GOVERNMENT OFFICE, LONDON.

ACCESSION NUMBER IW ° '

CLASSIFICATION NUMBER 559 HEW

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Title: The limestone and phosphate resources of New Zealand : considered principally in relation to agriculture

Author: Morgan, Percy Gates

Published: Dept, of Mines, Geological Survey Branch, Wellington, N.Z., 1919

NEW ZEALAND.

department

■ fm d of iJTtnos. 01 c/ j

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BRANCH

(P. G. MORGAN, Director.)

BULLETIN No. 22 (New Series)

THE LIMESTONE AND PHOSPHATE RESOURCES OF NEW ZEALAND

(CONSIDEEED PRINCIPALLY IX RELATION TO AGRICULTURE

PART 1.-LIMESTONE

[SSDED DNDBB THE AUTHORITY OF THK HON. W. D. S KioDONALD, MINISTER OF MINE

WELLINGTON

BY AUTHORITY : MARCUS F. MARKS, GOVERNMENT PRINTER

1919.

BY P. G. MORGAN (Assisted by Officers of the Geological Survey: J. Henderson, M. Ongley, G. E. Harris, and F. Fulton-Wood).

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

Geological Survey Offici

Wellington, Ist August, 1919,

Sir

I have the honour to submit herewith Part I of Bulletin No. 22 (New Series) of the Geological Survey Branch of the Mines Department. This bulletin is entitled " The Limestone and Phosphate Resources of New Zealand," and its preparation was undertaken at the request of the Department of Agriculture, which, for-the sake of the agricultural industry, desires a comprehensive report on the limestone deposits of the Dominion.

Part I of the bulletin, now presented, in addition to general information on the subject of limestone gives a full summary of all available information concerning the various known deposits in this Dominion. It contains :i!l6 pages of letterpress, together with fourteen plates, six text-figures, and two maps. Part 11, which will not be so is to consist of a general account of the plant and machinery used in the calcination and the pulverization of limestone, followed by a description of the phosphate deposits of this country. To this information it is hoped to add a supplementary chapter on limestone.

I have the honour to 1m

Sir

Your obedient servant

P. G. MORGAN

Director, New Zealand Geological Surv

The Hon. W. D. S. Mac Donald.

Minister of Minos, Wellington.

PREFACE.

Several years ago the Department of Agriculture asked the Mines Department il the Geological Survey would prepare a detailed account of the limestone deposits of New Zealand. A desire that descriptions of machinery used in pulverizing limestone should be included in the report was also expressed. In consequence I promised to write a bulletin which would contain all available information on the subject of limestone in New Zealand. Had I realized, however, the amount of work involved in the task, and foreseen the difficulties that were to arise owing to the prolongation of the war and the demands caused by other work on the time of my staff and myself, it is safe to say that I would not have made the promise mentioned, and that the bulky report now issued would not have been written for years to come. It was, however, by means of much overtime work, practically completed at the end of July, 1918, but. owing to the shortage of paper and other causes, the manuscript was not forwarded to the printer till early in this year. In consequence of this delay further information has been obtained, and in part has been inserted as the report was passing through the press, but the reader will realize that there are limits to additions of this kind.

In order to obtain data for this report Dr. J. Henderson, Mr. M. Ongley, and myself visited numerous localities where limestone exists. Moreover, in the course of the ordinary surveys and inspections of the Geological Survey, each of us had seen and mapped many outcrops of limestone, the information so gained being, of course, available for the present publication. Special reports on limestone deposits were obtained from Messrs. A. J. Baker and H. H. Sharp. District Engineers, through the courtesy and assistance of Mr. R. W. Holmes, Chief Engineer. Public Works Department. Important sources of information were the reports of the Geological Survey published many years ago while SirJames Hector was Director, and the bulletins published by the Survey after its reorganization early in 1905 with Dr. -I. M. Bell as Director.

.Most of the analyses of limestone found in the literature consulted have been reprinted in full, some are given in part only, and a few are a mentioned. Many of the analyses are of small value, and some objection to their insertion may therefore be made, but their republication will perhaps be of assistance to future investigators of our limestone deposits. Moreover, it emphasizes the fact that more exact and detailed analyses, made upon carefully chosen samples, will be in many, if not all, cases a necessary part of their investigations.

The main object of this report —namely, to describe limestone deposits that may be of use for agricultural purposes —has already been stated. The information given "ill also be helpful to those interested in limestone for other reasons, such as its availability for cement-manufacture or for roadmaking. The insertion of such matter as lists of literature, references to the sources of the various analyses quoted, and brief descriptions of the general geology of many counties, increases the size of the report without materially adding to its value for the general reader, but it is thought that these additions will be appreciated by specialists.

VI

It is hoped thai the this reporl will not be disappointed I e'ghbourl d ~, state how the limestone may be worked bo th- Much , be don. it »'ll '■ :,li or NV» Zealand I stone for ma reports, whether issued bj 3urv. I '" IIV ll "' Department oi Agriculture, will probablj be confined in theii scope to comparatively Bmall A ag a ... 'inty, .....I may be expect* of local int.

,nclusion I have to thank all the > ■ willing 00-operation in the compilation of this bulletu eived from Messrs. B. I \ toi and A. Mi Vgrioultural I " ol the [nspeotore "I Mines and others have a ] . 01 another. Ust, but not least, thai k to the Governmenl Printer and his staff not only foi the excellence oi the typographica] work, bul for the pointing-out ..I several errors the text. Pasl experience, howev. that in spite "I , or. It anj reader should statements requiring correction he is requested to be kind enough to inform mi that a Lis! oi errata and corrigenda may be prepared for Pari II c.i this bulletin. P. <;. Morgan.

CONTENTS.

Page

Letter of Transmittal iii

Preface v

Chapter I.-General Information.

Page

Introduction 1

Advice to Readers 2

Functions of Lime in Agriculture 3

Amount of Lime required by Soils 3

Non-agricultural Uses of Lime and Limestone 4

Military Importance of Limestone and Lime

Problems 5

(1.) Relative Merits of Quicklime, Slaked

Lime, and Ground Limestone 5

(2.) Plant for calcining Limestone 7

(3.) Plant for pulverizing Limestone 7

(4.) Fineness of pulverized Limestone 7

(5.) Transport of Lime and Limestone 8

(6.) Large Central versus small Local Plants 8

Definitions of Limestone, Quicklime, &c 9

Chemistry of Lime and Lime Compounds 9

Interpretation of Chemical Analyses 12

Constituents of Limestone 14

Silica 14

Alumina 14

Iron Oxides 14

Lime 15

Magnesia 15

Carbonic Anhydride 15

Moisture 15

Organic Matter 15

Page

Chemistry Of Lime and Lime Compounds—continued.

Constituents of Limestone continued.

Loss on Ignition 15

Phosphoric Anhydride 15

Other Constituents 16

Nature of a Chemical Analysis 10

Lime-bearing Minerals 16

Lime and Limestone 19

Geology of Limestone 20

Origin of Limestone 22

I. Mechanically formed Limestone 22

II. Chemically formed Limestone 22

III. Organically formed Limestone 23

Altered and Metamorphic Limestones 23

Mode of Occurrence of Limestone 23

Geological Systems and the Geological

Time-scale 24

Definitions of some Geological Terms 26

Sampling Limestone 20

Quartering down 28

Quarry sampling 28

Systematic sampling 28

Literature 30

Additions to Literature 33

Chapter II.—Limestonn in the North Island.

Page

Method of Presentation 35

County Boundaries; Maps used, &c 36

1. Mangonui County 30

2. Whangaroa County 41

3. Hokianga County 43

4. Bay of Islands County 44

5. Whangarei County 48

6. Hobson County 56

7. Otamatea County 58

8. Rodney County and Kawau Island 63

9. Waitemata County 66

10. Eden County 71

11. Manukau County 71

12. Franklin County 73

13 Barrier County, Little Barrier Island, &c, 73

14. Coromandel County 74

15. Thames County 76

16. Ohinemuri County 77

17. Raglan County 79

18. Waikato County 83

19. Piako County 84

20. Tauranga County 85

21. Kawhia County 85

22. Waipa County 87

23. Matamata County 88

24. Rotorua County 89

35. Whakatane County 89

Opotiki County 90

27. Waiapu County 91

28. Waikohu County 93

29. Cook County 96

30. Awakino County 99

Limestone near Mahoenui 99

Limestone near Awakino Village 99

31. Waitomo County 102

32. West Taupo County 107

33. East Tanpo County 108

34. Wairoa County 109

35. Hawke' County 111

Page

36. Clifton County 115

Limestone, Mokau River 115

37. Ohura County 117

38. Kaitieke County 118

39 Taranaki County 119

40. Stratford County 121

41. Whangamomona County 125

42. Waimarino County 126

13. Egmont County 127

44. Eltham County 128

45. Waimate West County 129

46. Hawera County 129

47. Patea County 130

48. Waitotara County 131

49. Wanganui County 134

50. Rangitikei County 135

51. Kiwitea County 137

52. Pohangina County 137

53. Waipawa County 138

54. Waipukurau County 138

55. Patangata County 140

56. Dannevirke County 142

57. Oroua County 143

58. Woodville County 144

59. Weber County 146

60. Manawatu County 146

61. Kairanga County 147

62. Pahiatua County 148

Pahiatua and Makuri Gorge Deposits 149

63. Akitio County 150

64. Horowhenua County 152

65. Eketahuna County 152

66. Mauriceville County 154

67. Castlepoint County 156

68 Masterton County 157

69. Wairarapa South County 158

70 Fatherston County 160

71. Hutt County 162

72. Makara County 162

viii

Chaptter III-Limestone in the South Island.

Page

Page

1. Collingwood County

29 Akaroa County 238

30. Wairewa County 238

2. Takaka County 170

31. Selwyn County 239

3. Waimea County 174

32. Ellesmere County 241

4. Sounds County 181

32. Ashhurton County 241

5. Martborough County 181

Canterbury Plain 243

6. Buller County 184

34. Mackenzie County 2 4 5

7. Murchison County l92

35.Geraldine County 246

8. Amuri County 195

36. Levels County 248

9. Awatere County 197

37. Waimate County 249

10. Kaikoura County 203

38. Waitaki County 251

11. cheviot County 206

39. Lake County 258

12. Inangahua County 208

40. Vincent County 264

13. Grey County 211

11. Maniototo County 266

14. Waipars County 217.

12. Waihemo County 268

Soft-limestone Deposit 219

13. Waikouaiti County 271

15 Westland County 224

14. Taieri County 273

16. Tawera County 232

45. Peninsula County 276

17. Oxford County 233

46. Fiord County 277

18. Ashley County 235

47. Wallace County 279

19. Kowhai County 236

18. Southland County 281

20 Rangiora County 237

19 Tuapeka County 284

21. Eyre County 237

50. Bruce County 285

22. Malvern County 237

51. Clutha County 288

Paparoa County 238

52. Stewart Island County 288

24. Waimairi County 238

53. Chatham Islands County and Outlying

25. Heathcote County 238

Islands 289

26. Halswell County 238

Appendix to Chapter III 291

27. Springs County 238

28. Mount Herbert County 238

Index I.-Localities and General 296

Index I.-Personal Names. etc 313

PLATES.

Facing page

I. A. Limestone Rocks, Waro, near Hikurangi 20

B. Another View of the Waro Rocks 56

II. Limestone Rocks, near Kamo

III. A. Limestone, Coromandel County 76

B. Limestone Cliffs, near Whangarei 100

IV. Limestone Cave, Mahoenui, Awakino County

V. Stalactites and Stalagmites, Waitomo Caves VI. A. Limestone, Mokau. Large Amphistegina with Lithothamnium below B. Limestone, Horahora (Whangarei County) with a nearly round Amphistegina 116 C. Foraminiferal Limestone, Milburn (Bruce County) with Rotalia, &c. D. Hydraulic Limestone Kaiwaka (Otamatea County) with Globigerina

VII. A. Calcareous Strata, Wanganui River 134 B. Limestone, near Rockville, Collingwood County

VIII, Limestone (Hills), in Valley of Aorere Rockville

IX. A. Cliffs of Calcareous Mudstone near Cape Foulwind B. Cobden Limestone: Quarry on South Side of Grey River

X. A. Nodular Layer in Amuri Limestone, South Side of Amuri Bluff, Kaikoura County B. Contacl of Amuri Limestone with Greensand Layer containing Phosphatic Nodules, Port Robinson, Cheviont County

XI. A. View of Trelisaick Basin looking of Castle Hill B. View of Trelissick Basin looking South-west from the Hill between Broken Rivei and 232 Porter River

XII. A. Fluted Limestone at Otaio Gorge B. The Upper Part of Little River Valley viewed from Squire's Farm

XIII. A. Quarry of Oamaru Stone, Teschemaker's Waitaki County 236 B. Gay's Oamaru Stone Quarry, near Weston, Waitaki County

XIV. A. Escarpment of Oamaru Stone runing Seaward from Totara, Waitaki County 262 B. Quarry of Calcareous Ooze, South-east End of Lake Hayes, Lake County

TEXT-FIGURES.

Page

(1.) Nukumaru Limestone, &c 131

(2.) Section near Kaiwaka Quarries 132

(3.) Section from Takapau Railway-station East to Johnston's Woolshed 139

(4.) Section from North Slope, Tararua Range, to Makakahi Bridge, Pahiatua County 148

(5.) Section at Source of Karamea River 184

(6.) Section on Lotiery Creek, near Sherwood Station 196

MAPS.

1. Map of North Island, showing Counties, Limestone Localities, &c. At end.

2. Map of South Island, showing Counties, Limestone Localities, &c. At end.

BULLETIN No. 22 (NEW SERIES'

THE LIMESTONE AND PHOSPHATE RESOURCES OF NEW ZEALAND

(CONSIDERED PRINCIPALLY IX RELATION TO AGRICULTURE),

CHAPTEB I.

GENERAL INFORMATION

PAGE

tntroducl ion .. .. .. 1

Adi ice to Readers . . .. 2

Functions of Lime in Agriculture . . 3

Amount of Lime required by Soils .. 3

Non-agricultural Uses of Lime and Limeatone . . . . . . . . 4

Military [mportance of Limestone and Lime 4

Problems . . .. . . .. 5

: lative Merits of Quicklime, Slaked Lime, and Ground Limestone .. 5

(2.) Plant for calcining Limestone .. 7

13.) riant for pulverizing Limestone .. 7

(4.) Fineness of pulverized Limestone 7

■ osporl of Lime and Limestoi

(6.) Large Central versus small LocaJ Plante ~ .. ..8

Definitions of Limestone, Quicklime, &c.. . 9

rv of Lime and Lime < Compounds.. 9

[nterpretatioD of Chemical Analyses .. 12

Constituents of Limestone .. .. 14

Silica .. .. .. ..14

Alumina . . . . 14

[roil i tzides .. .. .. 14

..15

Magnesia .. .. ..15

Carbonic Anhydride .. ..15

PAGE

Chemistry "f Lime and Lime Compounds—continued.

Constituents of Limest »ne —continued. M' 'i-tare. . . . . . 15

Matter .. .. 16

Loss on Ignition . . .. 15

Phosphoric Anhydride . . 15

Other Constituents -. 10

Nature of a < 'hemical Analysis .. 16'

Lime-bearing Minerals.. .. ..16

Tests for Lime and Limestone I'J

\ of Limestone .. .. 20

Origin of Limestone .. 22

I. Mechanically formed Limestone 22

11. Chemically formed Limestone .. 22

111. Organically formed Limestone .. 23

Altered and Metamorphic Limestones .. 23

Mode of Occurrence of Limestone . . 2'.

>\ Systems and the *ieologioal Time-scale .. .. 24

Definitions of Borne Geological Terms .. 26

Sampling Limestone .. .. .. 26

Quartering down .. .. ..28

Quarry sampling .. .. ..28

Systematic sampling .. 28

Literature .. .. .. 30

Additions to Literature .. ~ 33

[ntroduction.

New Zealand i> blessed with a temperate climate ami soils that are naturally fertile, or be rendered so by the application of scientific methods of [arming. By far the nl its inhabitants gain their living for the mosl part, a comfortable living—directly or indirectly from tin- soil. The exceptions an' those supported by mining and Bshing, lint neither of these industries is altogether independent of agriculture. If the agriculturist and the soil that In- cultivates were removed, few would be the miners and fewer still the fishermen that would venture to the inhospitable shores of the barren land. There is no need to point out that without th. 1 soil there could be little human or other lift- in New Zealand, nor is there need to dwell upon the greal wealth that is actually

■>

produced by the .ml of this country; but there is gome need to emphasize the f.,n that by suitab he natural producl ; l ' :v,,r . v farmer well knows that various substances applied in du ' increase its production, but he does not always know how best to procure thi agents, lame is greatly n : ' iously applied, will imj production of almost all. In New Zea ire abundant supplies of linn agricultural and other purposes, but thr deposits are not evei ind just where wanted. The main objectives of this bulletin are to indicate the localities where limestone is known to occur, and to give all available information as to the quantity In addition, inforn a 'nine the plant and rj used in the calcination and the grinding of limestoj Thei will also be a chapter on the somew! phosphate rv-ourees ~f New Zealand. ipter will contain a general account of the chemistrj mineralogy of lime and limestone. Limestoi 001 only Eoi agricultural purposes, but also for the manufacture ol cement and many chemicals, as a build and as a road making Hence the information given in this bulletin will I to many others besides those interested in the farming industry.

The programme set out is ambitious, and it has not hem found possible to cover it in its entirety. Various importanl localities have either not been visited or have been hut casually examined by members of the Geological Survey. Tl Id ■' and other reports consulted for additional data do not. nor could they be expected to. give all the information required. They are often vague, and in the attempt to summarize and set out clearly their statements minor errors may well have been made. It may be as well here to state clearly that there is no intention of claiming for this publication thai it is intended to embody all the information that could lie obtained complete exploration of the limestone and phosphate-b - of this country. course would have involved many years of work: and in particular the. sampling alone of the limestone deposits would haw required a tremendous amount of labour -real expense. Detailed examination is immediately necessary in ■ cts, but the present generation cannot undertake the whole of the work. This bulletin represents an endeavour to summarize what is now known, and thus to lay a foundation for future work.

AnvicK Tu Readers.

Much of whal is written on the Following pages will be found superfluous by one reader or another, bul it is believed that none of the materia] will be valueless to reader. Tho insult tins publication for a special purpose information concerning the limestone deposits in their own district, will be able fco ascertain what should be read by a judicious use of the table of contents and the index. The trained scientist; of course, knows what to skip in his reading, but the non-technical man may conceive that it is his duty to plod laboriously through matter of which I thr vaguest understanding. The latter is advised that in the first place In- should only what he is interested in or understands. It is hoped, however, that when leisure permits In- will make an attempt to grasp the genera] information given under the headings of "Chemistry," "Geology," "Lime-bearing Minerals." &c. It is especially desirable that the younger readers, who have nor reached the age at which the assimilation of new idea-- becomes difficult, should endeavour to digest the more purely scientific portions of this bulletin. The effort will do no harm, even if it is a failure. Those who have had the good fortune to be t ramed in a good agricultural college will have no great difficulty in the matter, ami will probably find little thai is "inside the scope of the college course.

3

Functions of I.imk m Igricultuke

Lime is ind'spensable as a component id' the bodies of plants and animals, [t accumulates in th. leal I plains, but the roots and seeds, as a rule, contain only small quantities. Certain kinds of algffi inhabiting fresh and salt water have their solid parts composed almost wholly of carbonate of lime. A most important function of lime, either in the form of oxide (quick or slaked lime) or of carbonate, is to correct sourness or acidity of the soil. The presence of lime in the sod promotes nitrification. An excess of lime in the form of oxide may. however, hinder the work of the nitrifying organisms until, by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, it is converted into carbonate

Lime has the property of liberating several classes of plant-food from compounds in soil. It acts upon decaying vegetation, liberating nitrogen in the form of ammonia, which will he partly taken up by the plants growing upon the soil: but there is a likelihood that some will escape, and hence there is dancer of exhausting the soil by the excessive application of lime, especially in the form of quicklime. Again, lime liberates potash from such minerals as feldspar, and makes it available for the use of plants. This is perhaps tin' most important effect of lime mi soil. The heavy application of quicklime may liberate, potash at a greater rate than it can he used by tie' plants growing on the sod : consequently the excess of free potash will probably b.- lost by leaching, and the result will be the premature exhaustion id' the sod. There is every reason to believe that carbonate id' lime acts much more slowly than quick or slaked lime in liberating -:. or nitrogen : nor docs it destroy the humus, as quick and slaked lime do. Hence the following proverbs lose much of their force when carbonate of lime is used as a substitute tor quicklime :

Lime enriches the father, bul impoverishes the son.

Lime and lime without manure

Will make both farm and farmer poor,

Ultimately, however, especially with certain crops, the application of potash manures ti the soil will become necessary. On the other hand, our present knowledge indicates tha a proper system of farming in most eases will avoid the necessity of buying nitrogenom manures.

Finally, linn' ameliorates the texture of many soils. Clay soils, if given a heavy dressing of quick or slaked lime, become much more friable, and will then respond more readily to cultivation and manuring. I se sandy soils are rendered more compact bv the application of any form of lime, and may thus he considerably improved.*

Amount of Lime required by Soils,

sed rules can be given a* to the amount of linn- required by ;i soil. Mosf New Zealand Boils would be benefited by the application of from I to •> tons of quicklime every five years. This is best administered in several dressings, but an acid soil may, of course, require preliminary application. II pulverized Limestone is used instead of quicklime nearly double the weight will be required. hi Southland the soils more lime than in most other parts of New Zealand. Heavy clay land may be much improved, as slated above, by tin- application of several tons of lime per

* For further informal ion the reader oughl to consul) the standard works on agriculture, Buch as "Th S.iil " by A. II- Hall: " Soils, theii Formation, Properties, Composition, ind I: lation to Climate and Plani growth " by E. W fiilgard ; ' Agriculture,' 1 by William Somerville : " Suils. their Properties and Managt ment "by T. 1.. Lyon, E. O. Fippin, and 11. 0. Bucfcman (New sfork : The Maomillan C pany : L 916); (fci 1 in, -I. Brown, A. SlcTaggart, and others will 1 found very helpful.

4

Non-agricultural Use of Lime and Limestone

From the point of view of the agriculturist the most important use of lime is as a soil-dressing, but in fact far more lime is used for other purposes, some of which touch the farmer vcrv nearly. Lime forms from 62 to 53 per cent, of ordinary Portland cement, and is the principal constituent of a good natural cemei ground argillaceous limestone. Puzzolana cement is a mixture of finely ground volcanic Slag cement is the same thing, with furnace slag taking the place ol the volcanic rock. A very large amount of lime the building trad< making mortar. Much lime and limeaton< such as the manufacture of alkalies, carbon dioxide, glass, chloride of lime, paper, Leather, sugar, artificial manure-,, soap, glyce] carbide, calcamide, calcium i Much limesto 6 as a flux, especially for iron-ores. Greal [uai -d as building-stone and as roadmaking materia]. Slaked or hydrated lime is the principal client of eold- and hot-water paints (kalsomine, fcc). It is a constituent of many in the extermination of insects. Chalk merely on. Whiting is Levigated chalk. Lime is used in the cyanide process ol gold-extraction to neutralize ihe acidity of the ores. Similarly, il n steel and tinplate mills to neutralize the acids employed u lolishing, and burni the product. It is also used in purifyii >r boilers ami Eot sanitary pur] in the purification of coal-gas, and in the cleaning of cotton (hut not of wool or silk, its action on them being ton drastic). Many other uses of lime could he mentioned, hut what has been said suffices to show the great importance of good supplies of limestone to any civilized country.

Military Importance of Limestone and Liw

The following quotation from Bulletin b'oo H of the United Stat-'- <;,-.. Survey, 1917. may he made ;

"'All industries, of course, are affected directly or indirectly by the war. but sunn-. owing to the nature of their products, have attracted particular attention. Such, for example, are operations in the iron and steel industry, including the location of armourplants, the manufacture of nitrates and related products, and intensive agriculture. Other industries thai would be affected by cutting off of supplies include glass-manufac-ture (especially for optical work*) and paper-manufacture {for which wood-pulp has been imported). Special problems caused by amues in the field, such as purification of water-supply and of 3ewage, may also be mentioned. In all of these, as well as many more, limestone is used, and most of them require high-calcium -tone of high (containing 95 per cent, or more of carbonate), For example, limestone for optica] glass must he practically free from iron and aluminum [in Eng] duminiuni]: lime for nitrate-manufacture must be as free as possible from silica, alumina, iron, and magnesia.f Although rock of so high a grade forms only a small fraction of the limestone deposits of the country, it is nevertheless sufficiently abundaj to industrial centres."

The bulletin goes on to mention the uses "I dolomite or high-magnesium lime in furnace-linings, in the sulphite process of paper-manufacture, and in certain branches of the tanning industry. For most purposes dolomite or magnesian limestone must be fairly Eree Erom impurities. Available analyses of American Limestone and dolomite in which impurities, especially iron and alumina, are separate!) and accurately determined

•One may mention lenses tor cameras used by airmen and foi f Tbis Btatemenl illustrates the value of complete and careful analyses. The purer the limestoi ■ more worth while such analyses are.

18

arc relatively rare, and ! ~i applies even more forcibly to New Zealai limestones * The bulletin quoted above goes on to say,—

There is, furthermore, a tendency on the part of some producers of building-lime restigate the influence of impurities on the workability of the lime and its strength alter setting. The need of greater accuracy iii limestone-analyses is therefore becoming a matter of general interest to lime-producers, as well as of vital importance to certain industries affected by the present abnormal conditions.

and lime for agriculture need not necessarily be of very high grade. Although insoluble impurities tend to lessen the percentage of lime available lor improving the -oil. they arc not actively injurious to plant-growth, and it may be more economical to use a local lime than to go to the expense ~f purchasing a highergrade lime in a distant market. ... The supply of limestone available lor agriculture is therefore unlimited [this is true for New Zealand also], and its widespread occurrence and low cost are important factors in the intensive cultivation during war-time of land that, in recent years at least, has not been prepared for the growing of crops. From the (act that limestone and lime, by reacting with minerals of the soil, render such aents a- potash ami phosphorus more available, and also aid in the growth of the bacteria that render nitrogen available, it is obvious that lime will not only serve to counteract acidity of soils, but m some soils will serve as a substitute for fertilizers whose price may be expected to rise with a marked increase in demand."

Problems.

In connection with the use of lime in agriculture several problems present themselves lo the farmer and others interested in the matter. Among these are —

(1.) The relative merits of quicklime, of slaked lime, and of ground limestone from an agricultural point of view :

;2.) The best type of plant for calcining limestom

(3.) The best type of plant for pulverizing limestom

1.) The degree of fineness to which limestone should be crushed :

(5.) Transport of lime or crushed limestone from place of preparation to the farm :

(6.) The advisability or otherwise of installing large central lime-burning or limecrushing plants in order to supply large areas, rather than small units serving only small areas.

. Mn,i : . of Quicklime, Slaked Linn. <t,„l Ground Litru

Whether quicklim ■ ground limestone is to be used in a given ease depends upon a number of varying factors. By a consideration of all these a decision can be reached but sometimes that decision will be in favour of quicklime and sometimes in favour of ground limestone. The ground of controversy then is not whether quicklime or ground limestone is the better, but which is the better in a specified set of circumstances. Quicklime has the advantages that it is mure rapid in iis action than ground limestone anil that weight for weight it is much higher in lime content than limestone. As will be shown on a later page, 56 parts of pure quicklime is the equivalent of 100 parts of limestone, or I ton of quicklime is equivalent to 1-786 tons of limestone. If limestone with 90 per cent, of carbonate of lime he taken a- the standard, 1 ton of quicklime produced from it will be equivalent in lime content to 1-656 tons of the limestone itself. As regards cost of transport, quicklime has apparently a great advantage over line

*lt would be all but useless, however, to make a bigh-claaa analysis of a ] rly seleoted or unrepresentaunple.

6

l,Ut tills I- OttSel 1 ' eXICm io HH' - inai 41111 none ~- ,j ...,,,...,, unreduced carbonate of lime, ami that it tend- to become air-slaked, thu- absorbing water and cirhon dioxide from the air. and lie n Quicklime ,re troublesome t" handle than ground i against rain while it is bi kiln t" the faun. Quicklime should not he mixed with farmyard o already indicated, it liberates the nitrogen m the lorn ammonia very rapidly.

Slaked i.r hydrated lime has almost exactly tin- -a: . licklime. If more easily handled, and if it should beci i wet will not generate heat. It contains nearly one-quarter its weight "I water, and therefore is less effective, weight for weight, than quicklime. 1 ton its transport will he more expensivi -it of slaked lime than of quickli being required per acre. Theoretically 56 uieklime ar pnvalenl to 7 1 part- ol slaked lime (see also p. 10).

Ground It stone is [ess rapid hut more lasting in its action than quicklime. It costs much less per ton to produce, at least it made on a large scale : hut the main point to consider is the cost per 1 f contained calcium oxide or lime, and with small plants irregularly operated this may he greater in the case of around limest than in the case of quicklime. It is less troublesome to handle than quicklimi rise to any danger of lire and does not require bag equently as quicklime. Where the cosl of transport to the farm is high, limestone i- under a serious disadvantage, because approximately l| tons of limestone has to he carried for every t if qu lime. Low-grade limest - cannot lie converted into quicklime, hut. if the cost of quarrying, pulverizing, and transport is not too high, are quite suitable lor use as soildressings. Again, -"ft or friable hj stone- that require little or no crushing have a decided advantage over lime in the matter of first

On the whole it may be derided that ground limestone is fully equal to quicklime as a soil-improver. There are eases where one is to he preferred to the other rule the deciding factor will hi' the cost per unit weight of calcium oxide or pure lime landed on the ground. Analyses are. of course, to determine the amount ot lime iii each class of material. If quicklime with 85 per eeiit. of lime costs 30s. per ton delivered on the farm, then ground limestone analysing 51 per cent, of lime will Ik- wi ISs. per ton delivered on the land, for si'i I'i- Some authorities are of opinion pulverized limestone has a greater value than is indicated by it- lime content : so that in tin' ease speeilied ahove the gTOUnd limestone is worth more than I- say 20s. per toii, or even more. Thus A. McTaggarl writes a- follows in vol. I- ot the Journal of Agriculture, No. 5, -May. 1916, page 346:

" For soils within striking distance Erom the railway, and not situated more than a few mill's beyond the 100-mile limit of free railage, the ground limestone could more economically I"- used on all soils, but particularly on the lighter soils, provided the price is inn more than one-half to two-thirds of that charged for burnt lime, hi other wi where 20s. per ton is charged for burnt lime nol more than lis. 3d. per ton should be charged for carbonate of lime.* Bui other factors render carbonate <>f lime worthy of a higher value than that just calculated by comparing the two forms on the basis of calcium content. These factors exhaustive nature of carbonate of lime ai consequent suitability for application in large quantities to all types of soil; it- lj able condition to handle for both man and horse as compared with burnt lime; abse] f danger in haulage or in storage when the materia] gets wel : it- -penal value as a base for nitrate (soluble plant-food) formation; and its action as a carrier of carbon dioxide, whose component parts (carbon and oxygen) are essentia] plant-foods, and in this

•As I 13s. 4d- onghl to have been written instead ol I!-. 3d The Latter pri approximate!} 56 per cent, oi 20s.

20

form add to what arc already enclosed in the soil. Relatively, therefore, anything up ti about 15s. per ton may he considered a legitimate price for first-grade carbonate of linn compared with 2iM. for the burnt, caustic, oxide, or quick form of lime Moreover, whei burnt lime is applied to the land it ultimately returns to the carbonate form by takinj. up carbon dioxide from the soil-air.''

Mr. McTaggart therefore estimates that carbonate of lime has three-fourths the value of quicklime, weight for weight, instead of only tott. the proportion obtained by con sidering the lime (CaO) content only. It will be observed that he definitely considerable value to the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) contained in carbonate of lime. Tin writers have no intention of attempting to settle controversial points, which can better bi decided by Held and Laboratory experiments, hut content themselves with the statement that, on the whole, the value of ground limestone is certainly 56 per cent, of the vahn of quicklime of corresponding purity, and in many eases is more. On the other hand. under certain conditions the use of quicklime is more advantageous than that of ground limestone for example, where the soil is strongly acid. Quicklime also seems preferabli for heavy clay soils. In some cases the so-called impurities of limestone and lime havi an agricultural value that can he taken into account. Thus an impure limestone may contain appreciable amounts of phosphate and of potash, and so be of greater vi a soil-dressing than a nearly pure limestone. Considerations like these indicate tin desirability and necessity of reliable and complete analyses of limestone, a matter furthei emphasized on later pages.

2.) Plant for calcining lAmt

The old-fashioned pot kilns tend nowadays to be replaced by kilns of a different shape, with external furnaces for the fuel, and so arranged as to be operated continuously. These and other improvements have increased the capacity! reduced labour, and improved the product. Modern plants for calcining limestone will be described in Part 11.

(3.) Plant for pulverizing Lima

The choice of machinery for pulverizing limestone will depend very largely upon the scale of operations. In general the plant ought to include (a) means for drying the limestone. (6) a machine for breaking the stone into small lumps, and (c) a machine for reducing the small lumps to a powder. Further discussion of the subject may be usefullv postponed to Part 11, in which descriptions of various types of pulveiizingmachines and drying plants will be found.

Fineness of pulverized Limestone.

Limestone being a sofl rock, easily broken down by weathering, it is fairly obvious that there cannot as a rule be any great advantage in reducing it to an extremely fine powder. The finer the state in which it is applied to the soil, however, the quicker will be its action, and in some cases this will be a decided advantage. A little reflection, especially by those who are familiar with the chemical treatment of gold-bearing quartzose ores, will also make it clear that variation in fineness of grain cannot be a detriment to the agricultural use of pulverized limestone, for years are available for the decomposition of the fragments, which will thus ultimately produce their full effect on the soil. The ordinary methods of pulverizing stone give a product of mixed fineness of grain, and therefore it is most convenient to aim a 1 such a product. Other things being equal, the coarser the average grain of the powdered limestone th< I will be to crush, but only in those cases where a uniformly very fine powder is sought will the cost of crushing be excessively great. Hence not

8

crushing-cost, but experimental work on soils, will ultimately decide the propel fineness of pulverized limestone. The degree of oneness required will vary also with by] i limestone. A hard compact limestone will require finer pulverization a friable easily weathered stone. Until erimental work- has been done, the following remarks of Dr. Cyril G. M well-known writer . considered authoritative ;

"Carbonate of lime does not need to be exceedingly finely ■.. is quite readily soluble in salt [? soft] water, and if too finely ground there is likely io be greal loss by leaching. We do not know vet just the absolutely ideal cond to which 1 lie limestone should be reduced, but I am frank to Bay that from all the information we have thus far secured 1 shall not be surprised if, when the data all in and the final conclusions can be formed, we shall find thai the most economical material is that which passes through a quarter-inch screen, including the total product, ol course, which will vary brora the finest dust up to pieces a quarter of an inch in diameter. Of course, when we make an application of limestone we are thinking of t wo very important effects. One is immediate results, and the fine material produces that. The other is durability of the effect, and the coarser particles produce that."*

remarks, attributed to \)v. Hopkins, appear to In- taken from an uncorrected report of a speech delivered by him. and therefore he should not he held responsible for the English, which leaves much • sense is clear and good. The reader, however, should bear m mind that there are some agriculturists who consider that ground limestone should pass through a liner screen than that advocated by Dr. Hopkins.

(5.) Transport of Lime and Limestone

The most serious difficulty opposing the widespread use of lime is the cost of transport. The problem is such a general one, affecting as it does tic cost of all bulky commodities, that it need not here be discussed in detail. Each district must take local circumstances into ..■■ i solve if- own phase of the problem as best it can. For this reason the means of transport are mentioned under each county heading in Chapters II and 111.

Two special factors affecting relative cost of transport of lime and crushed limestone are protection from the weather and the cost of bagging. The latter is an expensive item, and whenever circumstances permit lime should be transported in bulk, 'lie* cost of transport also has an important bearing on the question of versus local plants.

(6.) Large Central versus small /."nil Plants.

Large plants established in suitable positions can produce fur more economicaliv than small plants, and this statement is especially true of limestone-crushing p] The cosl of distribution to the farms will decide whether in a given area there Bhould be one central plant or a number of minor plants. In New Zealand the railways carry lime and pulverized line's tunc for I'M) miles fn f charge; and this policy, if continued, will greatly favour the establishment of large lime-works at pi ants from 150 i" even 2<H) miles apart. hj is only fair, however, that the actual cost of this carriage should lie charged against tic lime so transported, and taken into account when the construction of hue,, lime-works is contemplated.

Various types of portable machines, i e or lesa suitable for pulverizing limestone on a small Bcale, are on the market, and in districts where limestone is plentiful then'

•From an American publication, Tfa Conner, of 29th November, 1917, quoted bi B. C, Aston in "Two Notes on Limestone, Journal . 20th March, 1918, p, 162.

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IB a tendency to install such plants for the benefit of a single farm or a small group "t farms. How far this policy will prevail against that of constructing large limeworks is ditticult to say. In districts th.it are isolated, or a considerable distance from any locality where huge works can be suitably erected, the small plant may be advocated, especially if it can be shown that a good type of pulverizer is available. In the future, as the ramification of electric-power cables proceeds over New Zealand, there will doubtless be more and more scope for the small or moderate-sized plant.* The fact that this bulletin deals with New Zealand as a whole almost inevitably leads to the advocacy of the large central plant (see Fart II), but this does not necessarily mean that, given favourable conditions, small plants arc not to be recommended.

Definitions of Limestone, Quicklime, etc

For the purpovrs of this bulletin limestone may be defined as a rock, generally, but not always, of a light colour, which on being " burned " (or. more correctly speaking, calcined) loses considerably in weight, and forms the substance known as quicklime. From a chemical point of view limestone may lie defined as carbonate of calcium (or lime) mixed with more or less impurity. Quicklime may lie described as a caustic earth consisting essentially of calcium oxide, which when mixed with a small amount of water evolves considerable heat, and forms the substance known as slaked lime. If mixed with more water and with sand slaked lime forms a cement or mortar. Chemically, quicklime is oxide of calcium mixed with various impurities. Slaked lime is hydrated oxide of calcium.

It is highly important thai the fanner and others should distinguish clearly between quicklime, slaked lime, and limestone, and should not apply the word "lime" indiscriminately to all three substances. in this bulletin the word "lime," if written without a qualifying expression, will he used only in tic sense of pure quicklime or of a chemically prepared substance (calcium oxide) having the composition of pure quicklime, and never in the sense of carbonate of lime (calcium carbonate) or of limestone. In such phrases as " the land needs lime." " lime will have to be imported," &c., the word "lime," however, is used with a wider meaning, and includes compounds of lime as well as lime in the form of quicklime.

Chemistrt of Lime and Lime Compoune

In order that the reader may be able to form exact ideas concerning the nature of the three allied but distinctly different substances—quicklime, slaked, lime, and limestone — a little elementary chemistry must be introduced. In the first place, theoretically pure quicklime or calcium oxide has hern found by the chemist to be a compound substance formed by the union of 40 parts by weight of a metal known as calcium with 16 parts by weight of a gas known as oxygen. Calcium is of a yellow colour, very din-tile and malleable. it is only I*sB times heavier than water, and is thus even lighter than the closely allied metal magnesium. Owing to the cost of preparation, and perhaps to the want of research, al presenl it has no commercial use. * 'xygen, as most people know, forms nearly 21 per cent, by volume, or 23 per cent, by weight, of the air we breathe, and is the substance that supports animal life and most forms of combustion. Both calcium and oxygen are bodies that the chemist cannot (as yet) decompose or split up into simpler substances. He therefore calls them elements, and gives each a symbol —Ca for calcium, and (t for oxygen. He tells us that a "molecule" of pure quick-

•See Parry, E.: "The Economies oi Electric-power Distribution," in the New Zealand Journal oj ScUnee an I L. No. 1. Jan., 1918, p. 56.

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lime or calcium o rmed by the union of one " atom" of calcium, weighing tti times as mucl >m of hydrogen (which is the lightest of all km with nne atom of oxygen, weighing as much as an atom of hydrogen, and symbolically represents the process by an "equation,"* thus: Ca 0 CaO. Tin- equation means a great ileal to the chemist, hut. even so. he is well aware that it by no means represents the whole truth. Still, what the reader should grasp is thai, a- stated above, pure quicklime, or "lime."" or (as the chemist, in order to avoid double meaning, would generally 3ay) "calcium oxide.'" consist* ■■l calcium combined with Hi parts by weighl of oxygen. 11 made by calcining or "burning" limestone is not pure, but mixed with varying am* of sand and other impurities contained in the original limesto

11 v\ ater is added to quicklime chemical act ion takes pi.i the apparent disappearance of the water and the evolution of heat, e union of lime and water is the result. The resulting Blaked lime, if the amount of water has been properly adjuster is dry as the original quicklime. The chemist tells us that water consists of 2 parts by weight of the light elementary gas called hydi combined with Hi parts by weight of tie- gas oxygen. Further, he states that molecule of water (or hydrogen monoxide, as he very occasionally calls it) consists ol two atoms of hydrogen combined with one atom of oxygen, and Liives the following equation as representing in a very symbolical manner the formation of watei : l!_ 0 - H 2 O.

The reader should note the conventional method of expressing the two atoms of hydrogen in the above equation namely, by writing the figure 2 after and a little below the symbol 11. representing the element. A full explanation of the conventions with respect to symbols and equations adopted by the chemist would occupy much >pace. and reference for such information must therefore be made to text-books on chemistry.

The formation of slaked lime is represented in the following way: CaO - H 2 O lalL'i . ('all.i)„ may also be written Ca(HO) u Ca(OH) 2 . All three symbols mean practically the same thing. It should be noted that the above equation indicates that 56 parts by weight of pure quicklime or calcium oxide combine with is parts by weight of water (hydrogen monoxide) to form 71 parts by weight of slaked lime (calcium hydrate)- Hence a pure slaked lime contains almost one-quarter its weight of water, and therefore, other things being equal, the carriage of quicklime is less costly than that of its equivalent in slaked lime. Quicklime absorbs water very readily from air, which always contains a certain amount of moisture or water vapour, and thus, if exposed to air for any length of time, becomes '" air-slaked. It also absorbs carbon dioxide, referred to in the next paragraph, and therefore tends to revert to its original state ot carbonate oi lime.

It is well known to mosl people that there exists in nature a Bomewhat heaw known variously as carbonic-acid gas Lioxide, or carbonic anhydride. ' M bl names the first, though often used, cannol be recommended, especially when it is incorrectly reduced to the term "carbonic acid." The Lasl may perhaps be considered too technical for everyday use, and therefore the form "carbon dioxide' 1 will here be used. Carbon dioxide, as the name indicates, is found by the chemist to consist of a combination of the elemenl known as carbon (the essential constituent of charcoal) with a double measure of oxygen. The molecule therefore consists of one atom of carbon combined with two atoms of oxygen. The equation for the union is therefore C+ 0, id i much heal |.

* For definitions of the tenna "atom," "molecule," and "equation" the n onsull any standard dictionary. It is fell that to introduce explanations here would render this section of the bulletin oumbrouß, without adding materially to its lucidity.

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itomic weight of carbon being 12, the abov [uation shows thai 12 part by weight of carbon combine, with twice l(i (or :',2) parts by weight of oxygen, ti form -I! parts by weight of carbon dioxide. The non-technical reader may compai the svinbol for carbon dioxide. CO., with that for water. H,O (or Ull 2 ).

Quicklime, as previously mentioned, and slaked lime also have the property of absorbing and combining with carbon dioxide, even when this gas is present only in very small amount, as in ordinary air. for the sake of simplicity, only the equation in which quicklime is concerned will here he given: CaO C0 a CaC0 3 [-- heal]. 'l'his equation is open to technical objections; but the conclusion to he drawn from it ■ 56 pari- by weight of pure quicklime can combine with II parts by weight of carbon dioxide to form K»i parts of a third substance represented by the symbol This substance is called by the chemist " carbonate of lime," or. more exactly. "calcium carbonate." and represents what would be the compositi I a perfectly pure limestone, if such wet,, found in nature. As a matter of fact, limest - containing over 98 per cent, of carbonate of lime do exist, and under certain conditions almost perfectly pure carbonate may be formed.

If carbonate of li ■ any form of limestone is strongly heated or calcined* it is decomposed or broken up. The heavy gas. carbon dioxide, is given off, and quicklime remains. The action is represented by reversing the last equation, thus: CaCO a [-fheat] = CaO + C 0„.

From this equation we learn that 100 parts of pure limestone or carbonate of lime on being strongly heated give off It parts by weight of the gas carbon dioxide, which disappears into the atmosphere, and that 56 parts of quicklime remain behind in the kiln or other apparatus in which the calcination is performed. A simple calculation (| ton '-,",") shows that it takes 1-786 tons, or over l| tons, of pure limestone to produce 1 ton of pure quicklime. Since also I X I!, = 1-321 it is apparent that 1 ton of pure quicklime will produce 1-321 tons of slaked lime. So far as lime, or calcium oxide, is concerned, I ton of pure quicklime is therefore the equivalent of 1-321 ton- oi pure slaked lin rof 1-786 tons of pure limestone. If it he assumed that we are dealing with a limestone containing 90 per cent, of carbonate of lime and 1(1 per cent, of impurity unaffected by heat, we shall get the following sets of figures:—

A. One ton of quicklime containing 16-56 per cent, of impurities is equivalent in lime content to 1-268 tons of slaked lime containing 13-05 per cent, of solid impurities, together with 21-15 per cent, of water, or 1-656 tons of limestone containing 10 per cent, of impurities.

li. With impurities as in A. 1-198 tons of impure quicklime will contain I ton of pure calcium oxide, and will be equivalent to 1-019 tons of slaked lime or 1-984 tons of linn

F r it will be seen thai transport is expensive the advantage is likely to lie with quicklime as against slaked lime, and still more so as against ground limestone. The purer the original limestone the greater the apparent advantage in of quicklime : but nevertheless it may not follow that in any given case a limestone ought to be calcined before its.- for agricultural purposes. The question of ground limeatone versus quicklime has already I n discussed (see pp. 5 7). Transport is only one of several weighty factors to 1- considered.

deration of the nature of the change involved will show that the term "burning" as applied to the operation of converting limestone into quicklime is tech-

* Under ordinary conditions dissociation or breaking up begins al a temperature of aboul si m i c. or I 47:2 I-'-. but is rery alow and imperfecl at thai temperature. Under lime-kiln conditions the temperature required is about 1,040 I oi I 904 1 IV I Pari II I.

25

meallv incorrect. In ordinary burning or ■■■«■■ I ' "' wood " ; the oxygen of the air combim ace burnt, and heat is produced; wl in the case of lie. ■ re is I osumptior, t,on of liem, but, on the eon,rare, heat ha- to !,.■ applied, and is absorbed durir, process of splittin tone nit- lime and carl lioxide. Hence in a later part of tin- bulletin the term- "calcining," "call ilcined will ally he used instead of the more familiar - burnt." Aiei it ma i to explain that the chief usi ' «act,i expression and to prevent confusion of meaning. Anothei ih oi brevity to be attained. The preceding paragraphs may be u illustrate tl I wholly in " scientifii they could easily be compressed into one-quarter the space. I hose who use scientific words in sucl ■ to hide their i- 1 A there are others who n order to impo.se upon the ignorant, or those who. though far from ignorant in gei are unacquainted with the branch of learning profi objects, it need hardly not sought by the writers oi this bulletin. If any statement.- in the following pi obscure through the use of technical ten will find that his difficulties ran be resolved by the intelligent use of a standard dictionary, or, better still, by consulting the pages of a recognized text-1 k in chemistry, geology, or whatever may be the branch of science concerned.

Interpretation of ' 'i

Probably the non-technical reader of this bulletin will find difficulty in understanding the meaning of the numerous analyses quoted, and therefore in this place Bome explanation of a typical limestone-analys given. Take the following analyses (1) of s rather poor limestone from Awaroa, near Huntly, given in the 50th Annual Report oi the Dominion Laboratory, 1917, page 20; and (2) of a good or "fat" lime-: Cape Fouhvind, given in the 48th Annual Report, 1915, page 19:—

The numbers in the above analyses represent the percentages of the different BubBtances isolated by the ohemisl by means of long and complicated operations, of which the details cannot be given here. The sum of the constituents in analysis No. 1 is instead of 100, which theoretically should be the result of the summation. The discrepancy is due partly to the small unavoidable errors "1 the various determinations, but mainly to the analysis not being qui e, in that it dors not include the alkalies, soda and potash, as well as several other substances which are probably present in very small quantity. The summation ot No. 2 analysis is exceptionally good. An eminent ohemist* Btates that the Bummation of a chemical analysis should be between 99-71 100 - 5 per cent. Since most of the unavoidable errors are plus, an analysis thai sums slightly over 100 per nun. is generally preferable to one that sums under 100. • Chemical analyses are usually reported to two places of decimals per ■ that is. the various constituents are supposed to be determined to one-ten-thousandth

• \V. F. Hillebrand in U.S. QaoL Surv. Bull. No. US. IS9T. p. 152.

26

I l '"'' 0" ll " 1 original substance. \- will be understood from the remarks made above, ,llls degree of accuracy is not, as a rule, quite attained. Many limestone - analyses are incomplete, and made by mi lick time-saving methods, which are in general met so accural,' as longer methods. These analyses are usually reported tt one place ~i decimals only. Occasionally a result may be reported to the , 1 per cent. only. In such cases, according to a well-known mathematical convention, - >h.,uld not he placed after the last sienilicant figure, since, if that were done, the analyses would seem to hav a greater degree of accuracy than they really possess. In some ~( the analyses printed on later pages the rule just given has met been followed in the original publications from which they ha\c been quoted, and it may also happen that the rule ha- been unintentionally broken by tin- authors of the present bulletin. This matter- very little, since it is usually an easy matter to perceive whether the cipher- in an analysis posse-.- any significance or not. Examples ol significant ciphers after the decimal point will he observed in analysis No. -1. above.

It will he noticed that the analyses are reported in percentages of various compound substances, and not in terms of the elements. The compounds mentioned, with the exception of "organic matter." are oxides that is. they are formed by the union of oxygen with the various other elements. The reason for reporting analyses in this form is twofold firstly, the various elements, almost without exception, are actually oxidized; and, secondly, the Bubstances separated and weighed by the chemist are generally oxides, onstitution of an ordinary rock, however, is far more complicated than is shown by its analysis as usually reported. The various oxide, are combined more or less intricately with one another, forming a number of minerals, and the rock is composed of a mixture of these minerals. When a thin section of the rock is made and examined with the aid of a petrologies! microscope fragments or crystals of the varum n be distin guished, each, as a ruli : iracteristic appearance. With many rocks the process of arriving at their true constitutioi heated matter, hut in I a limeall that is necessary for most practical pur] - can !„■ deduced from its chemical analysis. The "lime" (calcium oxide) of a limestone is combined, for tic with the carbonic anhydride or carbon dioxide to form carbonate of lime, or the a known a- calcite. A little of the lime will lie combined with the silica, alumina, iron oxides, fcc., thus helping to form one or more mineral- iii which silica is the leading constituent. Such minerals are collectively known as silicates. A tittle lime may also be assumed to he combined with the phosphoric- anhydride present, thus forming phosphate of lime. The magnesia of the analysis may usually he assumed as all .• bined with carbon dioxide, forming carbonate of magnesia. Mosi of the silica in i or an arenaceous (i.e., sandy) limestone will probably he uncombined, and will app a cptartz sand.

In the two analyses quoted moisture and organic matter* are given togethi ibseni f specific information as to its nature the organic matter may he negl in most limestones the amount is V erv small. Tart of the '■moisture" of No. 1 analysis is no doubt free uncombined water, and part is more - ly combined with clayey matter silicate of alumina. &c. The limestone represented by tl ■ ould not 1,,- readily dry-crushed until it was dried. In No. 2 analysis the moisture is almost negligible.

To go further into a discussion of the analyses quoted above is perhaps inad' Tln.se with a fair knowledge of chemistry will grasp all the essentia,] points without explanation; those without will pi ed personal explanations adapted to each individual ease before clear ideas on the subject call he attained. Tt may, however.

• The term" r" as used by ohemiste includes animal and vegetable matter, and such ,r. bitumen, fcc, but doee not include mi] i by or througl beUa, tin- hard pp. 1.",, 23,

11

be as well to point out that in order tl „ rock-analyse know-led f logy as well as of chemistry is requn —r »«« information should a-. 'P erficlal l.ltnest,„,ete), and „ s, case- the chemist .'.-ports the p. - min eral. II - may easily be calculated. 1,-. ,t sufl that tin- limes! i- c ■>»-,] of about 62 lime', with a good deal ..I clayey matter, a mod,-rat,- amount oi ~„,,,, of other substances. The limestone of No. 2 carbonat ' lime (97 per cent.), with a little carboi and .mall amounts of silicates. &C. Tl ulte simple methods by which the amount of carbonate of Inn.- can will he given in an appendix to tin- report.

Constitm nis •,[ him

In order to help those who arc without technical knowledge, and are in ..l.i,un the assistance of a competent instructor, yet wish to ..la,on soi the meaning of a rock-analysis, descriptions of each of aces ordinarily mentioned as constituents in analyses of limestones will now he given. Silica. -Silica is formed by the union ..: th a -..lid i known as silicon. This is indicated by its Bymbol SiO, and its alternate "silicon dioxide." Next to oxygen silicon is the most abundant of all elements, but is never found in an uncombined or elementary state in nature. It invariabl in its oxidized form namely, silica. Silica may be pp b either in state-that is. uncombined with other Bubstances oi combined with water combined with various metallic oxides in a more or less complicated manner, forming then what are known as silicates. As formed in the laboratory silica is a white powder, fusible on the application of intense heat. In nature it occurs abundantly as the mineral quartz, of which there are mini.this varieties. Much more rarely it forms other minerals, which have the same composition as quartz, buf a different crystalline structure. Combined with a little water, silica forms opal and its varieties. The most abundant substances in nature are th bove. With the exception ~[ carbonates, all the chief rock-forming minerals arc silicates.

Alumina. Alumina is tl xide (trioxide) of the metal aluminium or aluminum. The name "aluminum" is the more logical on.', ami is used in tin- United S "Aluminium" is the usual British and European form. Axtificiallj iniina is obtained in the form of a white powder oi of gum-like ma . which can be fused by the application of intense heat Buch as that of the oxy-hydrogen flame. In nature uncombined alumina occurs as intensely hard corundum, coloured tonus ~t which are known as ruby, sapphire, oriental emerald, &c. Combined with more ..r less alumina forms several other minerals, known as gibbaite, diaspore, ami bauxite, the last-named of which contains also iron oxide, and is the chief son metal aluminium. Alumina, however, occurs most abundantly n in with silica and various metallic oxides, thus forming an essential constituent of a great variety of silicates, important among which arc the various species ~i feldspar. Clay is essentially a silicate of alumina combined with some water.

Iron Oxides. Iron Forms tin. binations with oxygen, one of which, fen oxide or iron monoxide, with the symbol FeO, is never Found free in nature, but always combined with other oxides. A second oxide is ferric oxide, oi .xide, This ...riiis in nature as heematite, a valuable ore of iron, and is the

28

.position as ordinary iron-rust.* The third oxide is magnetic oxide of iron. Fe,o 4 , which l- simply a combination of the other two oxides: FeO f- Fo In nature it occurs as the mineral magnetite, which is a not unimportant iron-ore. Ferric oxide combined with more or less water forms various minerals, such as limonite, gothite, and bog iron-ore, all important as sources (l f iron. Iron ochre is hydrous ferric oxide mixed with more or less claw &C. Iron occurs, however, most abundantly in silicate minerals. In nearly all cases both ferrous and ferric oxidi found in a rock in one or other of the silicates present. In many rock-analyses the iron is all transformed to and weighed as ferric oxide, hut in this case the convention is to report the result ostensibly as an undifferentiated mixture of ferrous and ferric oxides. This means that both oxides arc present in the rock, but a separation has not been made. Jn limestone-analvses the discrepancy is not important, hut it leads to a small error in the summation. Very often, also, where iron oxides and alumina are low. they are weighed together, and no separation is attempted. A case of this kind is represented by analysis No. 2 on pagfe 12.

Lime. —It has already been explained that " lime " means calcium oxide, CaO. Calcium oxide never occurs free in nature. bul always in combination, either as a carbonate (CaCO 3 ) or even more commonly as a silicate. Further information about lime compounds appears under the heading of "Lime-bearing .Minerals."

Magnesia. Magnesia is the oxide of the light while metal magnesium, which is closely allied to calcium in many ways. A hydrated oxide of magnesia, known as brucite, occurs as a mineral, but is very rare. Magnesia usually appears in nature as a silicate carbonate, or sulphate.

Carbonic Anhydride, or Carbon Dioxide. The nature of carbon dioxide has already been explained. Besides being abundant in nature as carbonate, it is a small but important tient of the atmosphere. Free carbon dioxide is given off by most or all volcanoes, and occurs in portions of the earth's crust, where it may be tapped by mining operations or by boring.

Moisture. The moisture reported in rock-analyses generally means the water expelled by heating the powdered rock to 100° or 105° C. (212° or 221° F.). In the case where " moisture " and "organic matter" are reported together, water expelled at a higher temperature is included, as explained also below.

Organic Matter. Limestone, being in most cases a rock of organic origin, may contain a little animal or vegetable matter which has not been wholly decomposed in the course of time. Sometimes mineral oil or bitumen in considerable quantity is present. As a rule the true organic matter in most New Zealand limestones is negligible, and the term " water and organic matter" used in reporting the analysis means the loss of weight when the limestone is strongly heated, carbon dioxide excluded.

Loss an Ignition, Loss on ignition includes all volatile or combustible substances driven off or hum' tie powdered rock or other substance is Btrongly heated in air. In the case of a limestone it includes water (if not separately reported), organic matter, and carbon dioxide.

Phosphoric Anhydride. The highly inflammable elemenl phosphorus when burnl m air or oxygen forms a white powder phosphoric anhydride or phosphorus pentoxide, P 2 0 6 . In nature this oxide, combined with metallic oxides to form phosphates, has a wide distribution. When tt occurs in limestone it may be assumed to form the mineral phosphorite or collophane, which is calcium phosphate combined with a small proportion of calcium carbonate. More will be said about this very important though imperfectly known mineral in the chapter on phosphates (Pari TT).

* Except thai iron-rust contains more or lesa water.

L 6

F.vet, the put besides . . Tim more nd » ul P hur '

hj, or potassium monoxide, K,O odium monoxide, Na 0 ombined in whatever Bilicatea are present, parte ularly in feldspar and mica. Sulpi a sulphate for exat !* ide - '" ' ase it will probably he i„ the form of pyrite oi Iron bisulphide,

I

A fairly o plete chemioal analysis of ~ limesfc tents besides carbon dioxide ami calcium oxide or Hme. The mak t an analysis requires from the ohemist a high degn al knowledge ami of skill in manipulating the a] d. It is certain that some people are undei impression that th.' analysis even of a complex substam pie opera tmn i„ rations, perfor '1 by tin- chemist in an hou would loiil.t 1,,'. heightened by seeing the rapidity with applv tests in order to determine the nature of a mini one of ■qualitative analj 'imes applied to such teste, which are generally quickly performed with simple substances, but may involve a complies! when tlm constituent* of a complex compound or mix ordinary rock have to !„■ determined. The word "anal „„, r ,. than qi B it implies that the analysis i- quantitat that is, the various components of a substance, however complex, are separated from exactly weighed* portions of the substance, and themselves exactlj weighed. \ on a former pane, the results are then reduced to percent

"" " "" t i Tin- analysis of a Limestone, which i- not so complicated a piece of work as that of most other rocks, occupies many hours, ami cannot well In- made in leas days. It is only by skilful organization, and by "running" a number of simultaneously, that tin- chemist ia able to obtain I out a prohibitive expenditure of time. The fart that in tins country an immense amount of unps il work has I n performed by chemists attached to & to Universit to Schools of Mini's, ami even by chi biaing privately, lias helped to prevent the public as a whole from learning the debt it oweB to th,- chemist, tot to value unpaid work at cost, price. In tin- Long-run it would undoubted!; ter for f all gratuitous scientific work should i de for rvices rendered. Such a Bystem would reduce tin' unnecessary work (em free laboratories) to a minimum, ami leave the scientist more lesiure Eo while time providing him with a fair recompense for all work done on behalf of others.

LIME-EKARING MINERAI

Carbonate of lime occurs in two diatinct mineral forms, alike in chen tion but physically different. These two forma are known to th aragonite. There may alao 1 ther forma of calciun

Aragonite Forms hard parte oi r& irals, the sheila of gasteropoda, and the inner pearly layers of bivalve shells, bul is otherwise L uncommon minerai <>f .1 Bource "f lime.j

• Undei certaii utiona liquids admit oi measurement instead tneaaured bj means oi elaborate and complicated

1 Authoritative information concerning aragonite m organic struct and it ia lewhat doubtful h,,w tar it does or it

30

Calcite, on the other hand, is a very abundant mineral, widely distributed through the eartli s crust. There are numerous varieties, differing considerably in general appearance. All tin' varieties are characteristically of ;i light colour, hut the presence i.f impurities may cause variations in tint from white or transparent to black. For the purposes of the present publication the chief forms in which carbonate of lime occurs may he enumerated and described as follows:

(1.) Pure or nearly pure calcite, occurring in more or Less perfect crystals, and then known as dog-tooth spar, nailhead spar, &c. Iceland spar is a perfectly transparent form.

(2.) Carbonate of lime, occurring in the form of calcareous concretions, which are usually very fine-grained and tough, but as a rule are not of great purity. Concretions are small - of mineral substances which have collected round a nucleus. The nucleus may be a grain of some mineral other than that forming the mass of the concretion, a piece of vegetable matter, or it may be merely the point at winch the concretion has begun to form. The late Alexander McKay's felicitous definition of a concretion may here be quoted : " A concretion is something that has gathered itself round about something else ; sometimes there is nothing for it to gather about, but that does not prevent its being a ■ non all the same, only there is no foreign substance in its heart."* Calcareous concretions occur in many forms—globular, ovoid, kidnev-shaped, cylindrical, disk-like, dumb-bell shaped, or wholly irregular. They are common in claystone and the allied rocks, which in New Zealand are often called " papa." Calcareous concretionary bands or layers, usually very tough and impure, are not uncommon also in the calcareous claystones of this country.

(3.) Mi <'one, occurring in beds or layers. Such material forms the principal subject of this bulletin. Argillaceous or hydraulic limestone is an impure sub-variety, containing a considerable amount of clayey matter. As the clay increases, the rock grades into calcareous claystone. Arenaceous limestone is a limestone containing a considerable proportion of sandy matter. With an increase of the sand to, say, 50 per cent, arenaceous limestones become calcareous sandstones. Shelly limestone is a limestone composed very largely of visible fragments of shells. Some of the so-called shelly limestones of this country contain numerous pebbles, and are rather to be called shelly or calcareous conglomerates.

ill Marble is a highly crystallized altered limestone, suitable for ornamental use. The coarser-grained marbles are sometimes called crystalline limestones.

(5.) Chalk is a soft easily disintegrated variety of limestone, formed chiefly from the remains of the minute organisms known as Foraminifera.

(6.) Coral-rock is formed principally of the remains of corals.

(7.) Calcareous marl is a soft earthy deposit, formed chiefly in fresh-water lakes by the accumulation of the remains of calcareous algse, fresh-water shells, &c. It grades into ordinary marl, which is simply a notably calcareous claystone.

(8.) Stalactite and stalagmite are materials formed in caves or under overhanging rocks by tin- deposition of carbonate of lime from water that has percolated through limestone or other calcareous ruck. .Moisture excluded, they are usually practically pun' carbonate of lime.

(9.) Calc-sinter, calcareous tufa or tuff, and travertine are names applied to one and the same thing—namely, carbonate of lime deposited by springs or, more rarely, by streams.

(10.) In New Zealand shells form a somewhat important source of carbonate of lime. As a rule, they consist of almost pure calcium carbonate, either in the form of calcite or

* "On the Prospects of Ending Coal on Rowley'a Farm, near Shag Point Railway-station." Rep. of GeoL Explor. during 1890-91, No. 21. 1892, p. 48. 2- -OeoL Bui. No. 22. /5*30

18

agonite. A few shells are highly phosphatic than thost shell-fish Bryoioa, Foraminifera, and somi '' , '"' lr remains, together with those of Molluscs (shell-fish), form .corld's limestones.

limn. " of 1 ■ i enumerated above. If the percentage ol carl me falls below 86 the already explained, may !«■ called or " argill sand or clay is the chief imp! are very common in .New Zealand. The rock, or r.c 1, popularly called iridespread distribution in both North and South I . lately calcai argillaceous limestone. There are • which, as lir • n lime only in the form of silicate, luit by alteratr ■ nt. of carbonate of lime. In I ate of lime in the form ol calcite is an original constituent "I igneous rocks.

Dolomite is a mineral composed ■ of lime and carl etc ol with possibly othei dolomite, if pure. carbonate of lime am! 15*66 per cent, of carbonate of magni two substances s probably analogous to that ■ ds in an .ill' ly such an alloy as Muntz metal) rather than to ;i strict chemic,ti combination, Buch calcium, carbon, and o\ bonate of lime. It is no linary mixture, ryßtalline form and defil of its own. Dolomite forms the main constituent of extensive rock-masses in va parts of the world. I. stones with ■> moderate percentage of ma mon, and are termed dolomitic or i rocks on micros* ition are found to he mixtures of dolomite, calcite, and other mini

Various other minerals containing more oi tioned here. There are, how. . minerals which contain a proportion of In the form not of carbonate, hut of Bilicate. The chief of tl feldspar, angite, ami garnet. In addition there arc tw tportant mineral sul which lime is one of the principal constituents. These -te of lime.

hydrated sulphate of lin i .1 CaSi l t .2H ,l I. Varieties of it are known us satin-spar, alabaster, mul s.

d phosphates of lime, differing somewhat in chemical composrl having its own name, are known to the chemist. In ordinary usage the name " p of lime" is applied to tricalcic calcium phosphate, with the symbol Ca 3 P,0 8 . This substance does not occur pure in nature, but tonus the essentia] constituent of the minerals apatite, phosphorite or collophane, and ordinarj rock. It if most important constituent "I green I -. and may !><■ considered to form the whole ol bone-ash, impuril tes excepted.

There are two varieties of apatite fluor-apatite, with the composition represented by Uy by 3Ca,PjO s • CaCl,. "Phosphorite" and various other names have been applied I form of phosphate of lin bulk of ordinary phosphate rock. Undoul the mineral here present is an ai phous substance which has combined with it a small amount of carbonate of lime. Austin ]•' Rogers* proposes that the old name of "collophane" Bhould be applied and restricted < A Mori information about

*"A Review of the Amorpl i Minerals." , ~,! pp. 530

32

this highly important substance (cellophane) and other phosphate minerals will be found in Bart II of this bulletin.

i "!i Lime and Limestone

The simplest test for limestone or any oiher form of carbonate of lime consists in the application of any of the ordinary acids (in liquid form). If carbonate of lime is I numerous bubbles of gas will form. Tins gas is no other than the carbon dioxide (CO,) already mentioned as the substance driven oil' from limestone by heating strongly.

The most satisfactory acids for general use are nitric acid (spirits of hartshorn) or hydrochloric acid (spirits of salt) diluted with one or two parts of water. Good vinegar will answer quite well. It not generally known that various solid acids, such as tartaric and citric, can be used by placing a tiny pinch of the powdered material upon the stone bher with a drop or two of water.

Ordinary limestone gives off gas quite freely when cold acid is applied, but finegrained hard calcareous concretions, especially if magnesian, may effervesce very slowly unless powdered and gently heated. Dolomite is hardly affected by cold acids, but if it is powdered and gentlv heated brisk effervescence soon begins.

It will be observed that the acid test is for carbon dioxide rather than lime, but in practice this test, combined with the general appearance of the stone being tried, is quite sufficient. For full information regarding tests for lime and its various compounds the reader must be referred to works on chemistry and mineralogy, or to teachers of those subjects.

If a small piece of fairly pure limestone is placed in a glass or porcelain dish (say. an ordinary saucer) and covered with some acid in liquid form (preferably dilute nitric or hydrochloric) it will be seen that the fragment of stone as it effervesces diminishes in size, and after a short time breaks up and practically disappears, except that a little sand will be left in the dish or other vessel used. The effervescence ceases, the carbon dioxide of the limestone having now escaped, while the calcium oxide or lime formerly combined with it has united with the acid to form a new substance (calcium nitrate 01 chloride, according to the acid used), into the exact nature of which it is not necessary here to enter. A stone which, though it effervesces freely, does not break up when treated with acid is of poor quality, and is useless for the manufacture of quicklime.

The object of describing the above experiment is to show the reader how he may roughly ascertain tin- quality of a sample of limestone namely, by comparing the residue icid treatment with the original material. For this purpose the following directions may be given :

Reduce what is considered an average sample of the limestone to a fine powder in any convenient way. The Lumps may be broken into small pieces with a hammer on an anvil or on a hard flat stone, and then crushed to powder l>v placing them between two folds of brown paper and striking with the hammer. An iron pestle and mortar, if available, will, of course, be found much better than the brown paper and hammer, A very small sample may be powdered by pressure between two large coins. Take as much of the powdered limestone as will lie on a sixpence, place it in a saucer, dampen it with water, and then add a few drops of semi-dilute nitric or hydrochloric acid (one part of water by measure to one part of acid as bought from the chemist or driiL'-manufacturer). When effervescence ceases add two or three more drops of acid to make sure that all the carbonate of lime lias dissolved, then gently pour of? the acid or most of it : and compare the bulk of the sandy residue with that of the powdered limestone that may be conveniently placed on a sixpence. If there is clayey matter in the limestone the comparison will not be very salisfactory, because it will be 2*

20

impossible t.. decani the acid off tic residue left after treatmenl with.ni> Should the residue, however, be sandy, and dearly less than on.■-tenth the bulk of the liiii.-~i.uc' taken for the test, then the limestone is of good qu

If the powdered limestone taken for the test is weighed on a chemical balance, and the residue after acid treatment with aid of heat is transferred to a filter paper, washed with pure water, dried, collected (preferably after igniting that is, strongly heating the material and burning the filter paper to an ash), and weighed, the difference of the two weights, due allowance being made for tie- ash of the filter paper when this has 1 " ignited with a moderate degree of accuracy the amount of carbonate of lime m the stone, plus any other carbonate, such as that of magnesia or iron, that may be present. The result thus obtained, however, is usually too high, because some of the silicates present will almost certainly have gone partly int.. solution. The weigh) of the residue hit after acid treatment, reduced to a percentage of the weight of limestone taken, is the ■■insoluble" of some analyses (see p. 38).

leolooy of Limestone.

Limestone is a rock that during some bygone period of the earth's history :l " ■< rule, formed in beds or layers under a sheet of water, m most cases salt, bin in some fresh. With the exception., to this general statement the reader n. present trouble himself. As originally formed most deposits of limestone extend o large and perhaps immense areas, but all, of course, must have had lie quenl happenings have in nearly all cases reduced those limits, and not infrequently tic reduction, especially for practical purposes, has been enormous.

In order thai the reader may clearly understand what the original limits of a bed of limestone were he must ascertain the conditions accompanying the formation of the deposit that is. its mode of origin; and if he would know what the pra are he must imt only explore the outcrops, but must study the changes that have taken place since the deposit was formd that is. lie must dip rather deeply int., the science of geology.

By proper field studies it will be found that some calcareous deposits- for example. those of concretionary origin, those formed by precipitation from springs (travertine). and those formed in fresh-water lakes have comparatively small extent. Again, many limestone beds vary enormously in thickness and in quality from place to place. an originally large deposit, owing to the action of wind and weather, running water. ice, &c, becomes reduced to a small body. Especially is this the case when the limestone has been raised to an elevated position by forces working within the earth's "rust, so that the eroding and dissolving agents mentioned above have free for action.

One of the most important facts in connection with carbonate of lime is that under (-Ham conditions it is soluble in water, whilst under other conditions water containing carbonate of lime in solution deposits it as a solid substance (stalactite, stalagmite, travertine, &c). Water is capable not only of dissolving many solids, but a ■ dissolving or absorbing appreciable quantities of all gases. Cold water in contact with carbon dioxide can dissolve its own bulk or more .if the gas, a.el then becomes what mav , " 1 '■' ll '" l carbonated water. The solution is really a weak acid (the true carbonic acid), and. as such, slowly dissolves carbonate of lime and various other substances. If boded it parts with its carbon dioxide, and the same thins; happens to a considerable extent whm the carbonated water is exposed to air. It is not the function of this bulletin to explain the physical laws regulating the solution ..f gases In- liquids, and therefore the solution of earl.on dioxide by water, hut it is as well to say that scientdfic-

B. Anoi her View of the Waro R< icks, i ■ i' Oeol. 8 [Tofaa p. 29,

PLATE I

A. Limestone, Waro, sear Hikurangi, Whangarei County. Note fluting or grooving of rocks in foreground caused bj i . .' by .1. //. V. Moi

21

ally exaet statements cannot easily be made without diving into the science of physics. lias to be said here is that rain-water contains a little carbon dioxide derived from the atmosphere, and by means of this contained carbon dioxide it becomes capable of acting much more energetically upon limestone than perfectly pure water (which, it should be. remembered, does dissolve limestone to a small extent). In its passage through the soil rain-water may absorb more carbon dioxide, produced by da vegetation, and fchu -till more capable of dissolving carbonate of lime and many other minerals. Such comparatively highly carbonated water may percolate through limestone, slowly dissolving the rock in its journey. In the course of time great 1 passages and caverns are thus formed in the limestone. Later the conditions are changed hat. and water dripping through the roofs of the caverns deposits part ol its dissolved carbonate of lime in the form ol stalactites pendent from the roofs, and the greater part of the remainder on the floors in the form of stalagmite. In this manner are formed the beautiful limestone caves found in many parts of the world. The explanation of stalactites and stalagmites generally given is twofold. In the first place, tie- lime-charged water holds more carbon dioxide in solution than it can normally take up from air. Coming into contact with air it gives up the excess of carbon dioxide, and then is compelled to deposit a corresponding amount of carbonate of lime hitherto held in solution as the double carbonate CaC0 3 .H 2 C0 3 , otherwise represented asCaH 2 22C 2 0 6 . Secondly, some of the water evaporates, and with it some of the carbon dioxide goes. This causes precipitation of part of the dissolved carbonate ol lime, ft is possible that in some cases bacteria play a part in the formation of stalactites and stalagmites.

Large as may be the amount of carbonate of lime dissolved by carbonated water from limestone, a still larger amount is dissolved by percolating water from other classes of roek. Ultimately the greater pari of this dissolved lime is carried by rivers to the sea, which is ind 1 the great storehouse from which nearly all limestone deposits are derived. From sea-water countless organisms, of which the most familiar are shell-fish and corals, abstract carbonate of lime in order to form their hard parts.* When Dies,. organisms die, their calcareous remains may be partly redissolved by tie' sea water, but for the most part they collect on sea-beaches and on the sea-bottom, forming calciumcarbonate deposits of varying degrees of purity, which in time consolidate to hard limestone. As time goes on the calcareous deposits may be covered by beds ol sand, mud, or other material. Then may come far-reaching geological changes: great earthmovements take plan-, the bed of the ocean is upheaved and becomes dry land. 'The originally horizontal or nearly horizontal strata may remain horizontal, but in many are tilted, broken by faults, and bent or crumpled into folds. In places the land may be so greatly elevated as to form mountain-ranges, on the top of which may be found rocks containing shells and other fossils, indicating that the strata once formed part of the ocean-bed. Unless the climatic conditions arc altogether inhospitable vegetation quickly appear-, forming a green protective coat on the newly bom land. Running water and other erosive agents at once gef to work, doing their besi to destroy the work of the elevatory forces, and in course of time carve deep valleys. The limestone beds, which at first were probably hidden by overlying deposits, are exposed and dissected by the streams, which if small will follow underground channels in the limestone, but if large will soon out valleys through it. An important practical point is the manner in which surface water and small streams disappear underground in limestone country owing to the formation of sinkholes and subterranean watercourse-.

* This Btatemenl haa been dig] uted. Some authorities oousider thai diaaolred calcium sulphate is the source of the lime u,sed liy sea-animals in building their solid parts. See A. Geikie' Text-booh of Geology," «lied., vol. 1, 1903, p. 613.

22

Emphasis must be given to the facts that all important lime-tone deposits ha l formed in the sea as horizontal sheet-like \s tnd that subsequently they have been elevated, and in many cases contorted anil broken. Denuding agencies have exposed beds of limestone originally hidden under other deposits, in places over wide areas, in places to a small extent only. In many districts the whole or the, greater part of a limestone deposil has been removed by denudation.

Origin of Limestone.

Most limestone is oi organic origin that is, derived Eroni the remains oi calcareous animals or plants : some, however, is ol chemical origin that is, precipitated solution: and some may he regarded as mechanically Eormed that is, it is derived from the waste of a pre-existing calcai is deposit. Considered with respect to their origin or mode of formation, limestone deposits may therefore he divided into three classes, which will be described in the order of increasing importance.

I. Mechanically Jormed Limestone. No limestone can lie correctly ally formed rock except with regard to its mode of accumulation. Thus limestone d may collect at '.he toot ol a cliff; .shell-hanks may he formed on a beach by the action of the waves; [in<l\ broken shell-, coral-. &c., may he blown inland by tie form e, tndhills and ridges. Some, of the so-called soft-limestone deposit New Zealand belong to this class. They seem to he weathered accumulations of limestone debris.

11. Chemically formed [Arm storu . Carbonate of lime may possibly he precipitated from solution in shallow parts of the sea. owing to the heating or partial evaporation of the sea-water. Such deposits, however, if they occur, are of little importance. Even in the eases where arms of the sea have been totally cut off from it. and evaporated to dryness, no great bed of limestone can result. It is thought, however, that some lar»e deposits of chalky limestone are partly of chemical origin. The theory is that in the deeper parts of a sea cut off from the general oceanic circulation chemical changes (assisted \)\- bacteria) would cause the precipitation of carbonate of lime from sea-water.

The deposits of travertine, calcareous tufa, or calcareous sinter formed by precipitation of carbonate of lime from the water of some springs and a lew rivers have already been mentioned. Calcareous sinter must he distinguished from the siliceous .-inter deposited by most hot springs, a material which is valueless for agricultural purposes. Then to believe that much travertine lias been formed through the action of fresh-water algse, and thus is of organic and not chemical formation.

Oolitic limestone, or oolite that is, limestone Eormed of small spherical grains of carbonate of lime with a concentric structure is generally classed as of chemical origin, hut it is now known that minute algse [day an important pari in abstracting the carbonate of lime rrom 9ea-water, and therefore oolitic limestone is more correctly considered I of organic origin. Pisolitic limestone, composed of large grains approaching peas in size, is otherwise similar to oolite.

At Kotuku. near Greymouth, several bores drilled in search of oil discharge in geyserlike fashion salt water highly charged with carbon dioxide and dissolved carbonate of lime. The greater part of the carbon dioxide al once escapes, and abundant carboi of lime is in consequence deposited wherever the water touches any Bolid object. As the water flows away it Eonns uumerous little balls of carbonate of lime, in size and appearance resembling marbles. Here, al least, we have chemically formed ''pisolite."

Under the bead of chemically formed limestone are to be included Btalactite, stalagmite, and calcareous concretions of all kinds. Veins of calcite such as on in the rocks of many districts for example, the Waihi goldfield- may be classed here.

■-M

Marble, or limestone that has been more or lllized and ot.lierwi.se altered, is sometimes classed as a chemically hk. For most purposes it is better to go farther back in its history and consider the mode of formation of the original limestone.

111. Organically formed Limestone.- This, the most important class of limestone, includes all limestones formed by the action of plants or animals, The chief of these are: Ordinary limestone, formed by the accumulation of calcareous material secreted by living organisms of many kinds ; coral limestone, in which the main part of the material i- composed of the hard parts of corals: polyzoarj limestone, similar to coral limestone, but composed mainly of the remains of Polyzoa (Bryozoa) : chalk, composed mainly of" the remains of the minute organisms known as Foraminil'era : alga limestone, formed mainly o! the remains of calcareous algse; and lake-marl, formed in lakes by the accumulation of the remains of fresh-water alga?, shells, and other organisms.

The following part analysis* of a calcareous seaweed or alga [lonia novce-zdandice) is oi interest, and is therefore quoted here: Water and organic matter, 31-8 per cent, (containing nitrogen 0*35 per cent.); calcium carbonate, DO per cent,; potash and phosphoric acid. tra< es.

and Metamorphic Limeston* s,

Very often, owing to solution and re-precipitation of carbonate of lime by percolating water, the appearance of a limestone is so changed that its original character may be a matter of doubt. Such altered limestones usually exhibit what is known as a crystalline .structure. Many limestones, especially those m the older rock formations, have been converted into the highly crystalline form known as marble by the combined action of water, heat, and pressure.

Si.in'- limestones, especially those that originally were somewhat impure, are found to contain great numbers of siliceous concretions. The flint nodules of chalk deposits are of this character. Again, a limestone, by the infiltration of water containing silica in solution, may be almost wholly changed to chert, a flinty Eorm of silica or quartz. In this ease must of the carbonate ol lime has been removed in solution, and silica broughl by tl 2 waters has taken its place.

When igneous rocks such as granite or diorite are intruded into limestone greal changes may take place near the intrusive rock. The carbon dioxide of the limesl is largely expelled; and highly heated siliceous waters escaping from or associated with the igneous rock convert the lime into various silicate minerals, the chief of which are garnet, woflastonite, vesuvianite, diopside, and epidote.

Mode of Ocoumena iff him*

iode of occurrence of limestone has been more or less indicated on the preceding 1 n recapitulation it may be said that limestone occurs t ypically in widespread beds or sheets of variable thickness, enclosed in other sedimentary strata. Subsequently to their formation these strata have been upheaved, tilted, folded, broken, and subjected to denudation. Hence the limestone, once a continuous horizontal sheet, may be- found in all kinds of positions, even in that of vertdcality. In some places largo amounts of Limestone may If exposed ; in others either the amount of limestone is actually small, or the greater part is deeply buried beneath superincumbent strata. In such a cam*, if the structure and thickness of tin; enclosing strata are observed, it is possible to ascertain th'' depth of the limestone stratum at any given point. The mode of occurrence of non-stratified deposits of limestone, such as stalagmite, Btalactite, travertine, slope debris (talus), calcite veins, &c., is sufficiently explained by their mode of formation.

* Astoa, B. (J. : 10th Ann. Rep. Dent. Agrio., Chemical Division, 1902, p. 119,

24

and the Geological I mt

Tim study of the sedimentary strata covering the earth's surface shows that m the gate they are of great thickness, and that their deposition has occupied a long period of time, probably quite 100,000,000 years.* The non-geological reader may perhaps need to be reminded that once none of the rocks he sees around him v. existence. This applies to the igneous rocks now exposed on the earth's surface, as "ell as to the sedimentary rocks; but this bulletin is concerned only with the latter. except in the case of the so-called marble of Milford Sound, and possibly one or two other localities in western Otago, when have ben formed by some unexplained process in connection with igneous rocks.

The older sedimentary rooks are. m course, overlain by the younger, except where great earth-movemente causing compression of the strata or complicated faulting have caused overturning, an occurrence that is only local, and is usually easily detected. Although, owing to elevation above sea-level alternating with depression, and owing to erosion during periods when the land emerged from the sea. the succession of strata is in no locality c plete, nor can a complete record lie obtained oven by piecing together the data obtained in different localities, yet geologists, largely through the aid of fo have obtained a good, though imperfect, understanding of the past history of the earth. The sedimentary rooks have been placed according to age in several great divisions, known as the Palaeozoic (at one time called Primary), Mesozoic (Secondary). Cainozoic (or Tertiary) eras. The rocks formed during and since tin' time known as Ihe glacial epoch, a time when ice invaded the lowlands "f much of Europe and of the northern part ol North America, arc placed m the Quaternary era ,„■ age, Tip. rocks of each era arc class,lied, according to principles explained in works on geology, into systems each corresponding to a period of time, ami these tire subdr formations and stages, the last-named subdivision representing what arc called epochs ~r timet Tim breaks in deposition caused by recurring elevation ~f the seabottom, or rather of portions of it. above sea-level are considered In' all stratigraphical geologists of prune importance in delimiting the geological systems.! During times of depression the loss of material caused by erosion during elevation was made good by : leposition of new strata. A little reflection will show that these man importance io the inhabitants of the earth. To take an illustration that directly concern; ihe subject of this bulletin: during periods of depression limestone dep were formed, whilst elevation brought them withm reach of man and has also led to their part loss through erosion.

It is known that the geological history of till parts of tl arth's surface has not boon the sa Local elevation and depression on a small settle Ims often happened without other parts of the earth, so far as known, being affected. Unu n the other hand it is believed that the major movements have been world-wide, and have produced results thai can lie traced on all parts of the earth's surface In- one tins ~, ~>. . Hence geological systems established by study mi one par of the earth's surface are thought to be applicable to other parts: hut m many .uses it is impracticable to trace the subdivisions of the systems made in Europe through the rooks 0 i atinent

•Estimates "f the period m question vary from a few million years to 700,000,000 years or more Th lower estimates cannot possibly be acoe] 1. Hie higher are more than doubtful. The earth itself howevei was formed long before the oldest known sedimentary rooks. From a geo i i view it would I. reasonable to suppose its total age to he roughly 200,000,1 m.

tSorne am e use "age" as the time-term corresponding to "stage." Geological Lisa ,f these an.l similar terms is by no means uniform. See Arch. Geikae \ text-book of Geology," vol" 2,

{This statement will not be fully endorsed by all geologfato, Kill the exceptions mil be found main among those who pay groat attention to theoretical considerations, or who have not had mnoh to rlo u-i strabigraphical geology. " wl

40

or far-distant islands like those ol .New Zealand. Iml 1. were it not for fossils, little could W done in correlating the rocks of one country with thos another, and almost the whole science oi stratigraphical geology would be undone. Parenthetically it may be said that fossils are of tremendous importance not only to the science of geology, but also to that of evolutionary biology.

On account of the difficulty of correlation, local names are frequently used for jical formations and even systems, and the proposal has been made that in New Zealand tic attempt to use the European time-scale should he practically abandoned, 'though the use of a local set of system-names as an alternative to the European names is convenient and commendable, the European time-scale ought never to be lost sight of. Opinion, however, is bound to differ as to what amount of prominence should be given to it.*

The following table illustrates the various geological systems represented in New Zealand:—

By consulting the classifications given by Parkf and Marshall! the reader will ascertain that unfortunately there are still great divergences of opinion among New ' concerning the classification of the sedimentary strata. A tabic of geological systems like that given above is a time-scale as well as a rock--: The periods represented arc, however, of very unequal lengths. Though in general geologists avoid stating ages in years, for the excellent reason that they are unable definitely to fix the length of any given geological period, yet estimates on assumptions of one kind or another have been made. Various authorities consider thai the Pateozoic periods were from 40,000,000 or 50,000,000 to 100,000,000 I ile- Hesozoic periods from. say. s. 000,000 to perhaps 40,000,000 whilst the Tertiary periods reach back less than 7,000,000 years. The Eocene may have begun 5,000,000 oi 6,000,000 years ago. the Miocene 3,000,000 years ■ less. Pleistocene time is comprised within the last 200,000 years, and \' thin the lasl 30,000 or 10,000

• A good statement of the case, but summing up against the European time-scale, will be found in P. Marshall's “ Geology of New Zealand,” 1912, pp. 173-74. t Park, James: "The Geology of New Zealand.” 1910, p. 25, * Marshall, Patrick : “ Geology of New Zealand,” 1912, p. 173.

41

Af one hme physicists wished to restrict the age ot the earth, as reckoned from the beginning of life on its surface, to 25,000,000 or 30,000,<«i years. The chief reason given was that the sun could not have poured out heat for a longer period. The discovery of radium has changed all thai ; and now easts, as the result of studies on the radio-activity id' rocks, assign most extravi to them, such as 1,000,000,000 years and more. Some biologists and palaeontologists, on evolutionary grounds, demand at least 400,000,000 years for the development of hie on the earth to its present stage, but most geologists are satislied with the 100,000,000 years mentioned above.

In New Zealand probably more limestone is of Miocene age than any other, bui Pliocene, Cretaceous, and Ordovician limestones are also abundant.

Definitions of some Geological Terms.

On many pages ol this book geological terms are necessarily Used, and lor venience oi non-technical readers who have no standard dictionary or text-book at band a lew definitions of Ihe more important are here given.

Sedimentary Rocks. Those rocks which consist of accumulations of material derived from previously existing rocks or of organic remains. Most sedimentary rocks have been formed by the action of moving water, and in general have accumulated in the sea or in lakes, but some lor example, river-gravels have been formed on a land mi: .Kolian or wind-formed rocks, such as the sand of sandhills, constitute another cl.. sedimentary rocks that has also been formed on the surface of the land.

Igneous Rocks are those rocks which have once been in a molten condition, and have either consolidated m the crust of the earth (plutonic rocks) or on the surface (lavas or volcanic rocks).

Stratification or Bedding. -Sedimentary rocks generally show distinctly that they are formed of a number of layers, one superimposed on another, like the leaves of a book. Each distinct layer forms a bed or stratum (plural, -strata"). The terms "bed" and "stratum" arc very often extended in meaning to include the whole mass of one kind of rock, particularly when the parting-planes between the various layers are not very distinct. "Stratification" and "bedding" are abstract nouns referring to the arrangement of rocks in strata. We speak of "horizontal stratification" when the beds lie level "inclined stratification" when the beds are tilted or folded, and so on.

Strike. —Strike is a horizontal line drawn in an inclined bed or on a fault-plane, or it may be defined as the line of outcrop on a perfectly level surface. In practice the word "strike" generally means the direction of the horizontal line as defined above, as measured at some particular point, but it is no doubt more exact to speak of the direction of the strike.

Dip. -Dip is the inclination of a bed or fault-surface, &c., from the horizontal. The term is generally used so as to mean direction of inclination from the horizontal. The direction of dip of a stratum is always af right angles to the strike-direction.

Al ti nd of Part II of this bulletin will be found a glossary of all technical terms used in it.

Sampling Limestone.

The operation of sampling a substance with a view to king an analysis is must important, for if the sample is not properly taken the analyst's skill and time will be wholly or largely wasted. The complete analysis of a rock takes days of the chemist's time ; it is therefore irrational, in most cases at least, to spend only minutea in taking the sample. The sampling of an agricultural limestone need not be so elaborate as when the stone is to be used in the manufacture of glass or in certain other chemical indu

42

hut it will he admitted that the more carefully the work is done the better. Hitherto in New Zealand the samples of limestone and of many other substances collected m the Held have consisted of single lumps (winch may be called fortuitous or "grab" samples), or .■. pieces ol stone broken here and there from the deposit, so as to form as representative a sample as the collector knew how to obtain under the particular circlllii-l :es. Such samples may be termed " empirical " samples, and represent most of the samples d by the Geological Survey m the cmirM' of its ordinary work.

rning the types of samples termed above "grab" and ■■empirical," Orton and Peppel write: ■'Experiment has shown that it is difficult, if not impossible, for any person tn select a sample without bias, even where nut interested in the result, il he is acquainted with I i his aein.ii- in putting in or rejecting portions."* This statement is somewhat unhappily worded, for it may lie construed to imply that the less a person knows, the more likely he is to select a true sample; nor does it differentiate between the grab sample and the empirical. The meaning, however, is this: An interested person—for example, a prospector—is hardly able to resist the temptation of putting a large proportion of the best-looking material in his sample, instead of selecting average looking material. Some men. perhaps with the best intentions, select nothing Inn the best material, and then persuade themselves that they have collected average samples. On the other hand, a person with a judicial temperament, if possessed of the requisite technical knowledge, and keenly interested in obtaining a true average sample for example, a mine-manager or a battery-superintendent—may be trusted to select samples that on the whole will yield an average result, with possibly a slight error one way or the other, due to the personal collation.

-.milling of limestone and other nearly hj geneous substances does nol the same difficulty as the sampling of variable material such as auriferous quartz. In the case of limestone to be used for agricultural purposes only, the method ol collecting empirical samples by chipping off average-looking fragments with hammer and chisel will good results in the hands of an experienced person: and even an inexperienced person, by taking pains, employing common-sense, and resisting the temptation to select the best material, ought to obtain fairly representative samples. In this method of sampling the following points have to be observed:—

il.i hj, the case of an unworked limestone deposit the places to be sampled ought to be selected with a view to access and convenience of working.

(2.) The limestone outcrop ought to be carefully observed, with a view to determining whether it is fairly uniform in quality from top to bottom.

(3.) If the limestone stratum is thick, and especially if the different layers show want of uniformity, it must be divided into sections of measured thickness.

(4.) The material to form the sample ought to be selected along lines at right angles tu the plain' of the deposit - that is, along lines that measure the thickness. Such lines will be at right angles both to strike and dip. It is true the latter condition need not be exactly fulfilled, but the nearer one ran approach to it the better.

(5.1 In sampling the various sections care must be taken to select a proper proportion of each kind of material, as nearly as can be judged by the eye. Thus if the stone ~ hard and partly soft a due proportion of hard rock must be selected. If there are argillaceous, arenaceous, or greensandy layers present, a fair amount of the impure materia] must be taken. The inexperienced or non-judicial sampler is very apt to neglect this point.

(6.) If the outcrop is large, samples Bhould be selected alongseveral lines, duly divided llr | l jeotioi iry, and spaced at equal distances from one another.

* Orton Edward, and Peppel, 8. V. "The Limestone Re ou Lime industry in Ohi< jurv. ol Ohio, Hi. Series, Bull. No. i, 1906, p. 28.

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(7.) Careful notes concerning th'' locality of each sample, and the thickness and i ot atone it i

(s.) Each sample should be i ibelled, and placed with its label iii canvas bag, which also .-hoiild be labelled or numbered.

(9.) Tin' analyst should be given full particulars concerning tin- locality of the deposit, and such other information m desirable 1 for. Do not send him single lumps of stone or carelessly selected samples. Do not be so foolish as to attempt to mislead him locality or nature of the deposit. Those who misinform or ive th-' analyst are bound to be the loser.-- in the long-run.

Quartering down. In general a ample of Limestone if properly taken will be to* large to send by parcel-post to the analyst. It can Bafely be reduced in sia method of quartering down. This con iking all Largi ■ . that of hazel-nutfl or smaller mixing r ; .-11. and piling it on a flat smooth Burface in a somewhat Low conical heap, which is then carefully spread out in s circle. The material is then divided mto four quarters by drawing two narrow channels al right angles through tie- centre of the material. Two opposite quarters are then !. and the operations of mixing, piling, spreading out. and quartering repeated i ; .dl sample is desued the lumps must be broken still smaller before (pi.)' procedure of all is to reduce the whole aample to a coarse powdei before quartering down, bm in the field this is not practicable.

Quartering down may also be employed where duplicate samples are required. I method oi obtaining supposed duplicates by breaking a single lump in half, or of dividing a rough sample in two by picking out a few lumps, need only be mentioned to be condemned : yet there are frequent cases win this method, and ; been surprised when the analyses of the two samples did not agree. Quite commonly the analyst is blamed lor his lack of skill. If two analysts have been employed, the one who geis the lower results will get the credit of being unskilful or ignorant. As a matter ot Eact, an inexperienced sampler will obtain concordant duplicate samples only by accident.

Quarry sampling.- Where a quarry has been opened the facilities for sampling arc ian m the case of ordinary outcrops. If only one or two general sample* broken rock may be sampled, bur usually it is better to sample the rock-faces in sections, as described above. When a rock-breaker is at work it is feasible to obtain a good average sample from the material passing through the ma< care being taken to select proper proportion- tnd Hue. The sample, which should be Large and selected at intervals, may then be broken and quartered down as described. If a fine-grinding machine forms part ot the equipment, as in a Limestonepulverizing plani or cement-mill, no difficulty n I be experienced in getting good average samples.

Systematic sampling. The ideal method ol aecuxing tame samples oi a hard deposi is bo bore il from top to bottom with a diamond drill, and save all the core. If th deposit is sofl il may be bored in some other way, and all the drillings analysis. Alternating haul and soft layers will prevent thoroughly representative sample df the whole being obtained by drilling-methods. The usual method of sampling a: of rock or mineral is to cur a uniform groove from top to bottom, an< save all the cuttings. The face, it' high, and especially if heterogeneous in compoeitior is divided into sections. An experienced sampler will alter his methods according t circumstances; bul the following details, mainly quoted or paraphrased from Orton am Peppel,* illustrate the general methods of systematically sampling an outcrop or quarrv

* OrUm, Edward, and Peppel, 8. V. : toe. oiL, pp. 27-28.

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(1.) The sample should be cut from the strata in pine rather than taken from the pile ..f the quarry. The latter i- liable to fluctuate from hour to hour, as the product ol one stratum or horizon happens t.. form its surface layer, as case after a large shot is Bred. Very often it i- nol possible to tell whether the pile of debris at the foot of the face 1- representative of the whole face or not.

(2.) The part to be cut should he first well .leaned from top to bottom by sweeping with a broom or brush.

i large eanva- sheet (one it ft. square was used by Orton and Peppel) should be spread .lose under the place -elected. SO that the cuttings will fall and be collected on the sheet.

(-!.) A groove, uniform in width (2 in. or 3 in.) and in depth (1 in.. 2 in., or 3 in.), should be cut from top to bottom of the face to he sampled. The tools used may consist ~f a blacksmith's hammer of about lib. weight, one or two cold-i mounted on handles, and a few heavy -i cutter-, ".ids. Jbc. It i- desirable that the groove should he cut in a straight line from to], to bottom of the section sampled ; but if this is impracticable, then by following th Iges of bedding-planes, and collecting from different strata in on.- small area, a lull cross-section of the limestone may !>.■ obtained. When ... nature of the rock being sampled, or ii- location at great height requiring climbing and working with scant footing, a groove cannot be cut. the canvas may be removed from the foot of tl i large lumps of rock broken out of the various layers. From each of these a section..I the proper size may be dressed.

Where narrow strips of shale, greensand, or other impurity occur, these should be carefully cut t" the proper section, and all the cut material allowed to drop on the sampling-sheet. If the impure hands are wide it is better in some cases to sample separately. The width, of course, must he carefully measured.

(.-,.) AH tie red on the sheet, but pieces of stone, known t be accidentally dislodged from points adjacent to the groove should he rejected.

(6.) The total weight of the sample may range from 51b. to 1601b. In specia ;ases it may be greater. Apparently Orton and Peppel, as a rule, took only om sample of a high quarry-face. It would be Letter in many ease- to divide the fact ons and take, several samples.

(7.) Every sample should be labelled plainly and legibly with a number and other ilars inside and outside of the sack in which it is placed. The inside number may be written or cut on a piece of soft wood and thru wrapped in cloth. Whatever the method, care should be taken that the marking cannot 1"- obliterated or the label ;

the sample is taken from a stock pile, bins, rock-breaker, or- any unusual e, all the circumstances should be i

(9.) Every detail of the sampling and every observati I the mat.-vial sampled should I).' not.si at the time the ' iken. The entries in the notebook used should be clearly worded and legibly written. Abbreviations should be sparingly used.

Orton and Peppel give further details, which i '1 not I"' quoted, of how the main sample, by crushing and quartering, is reduced to the small sample ol about 1 11>. weight used by the analyst f..r his work.

As previously stated, for agricultural purposes limestone need not be sampled in quite so elaborate a manner as thai jus! described, bul Eoi Bome industries sampling ol thai kind i sary. In reconnaissance work and in general geological survey it is usually impracticable to take samples by the method of cutting a continuous groove. Provided the gi other explorer has experience, skill, and a km. of the general principles of sampling, he can without much difficulty select empirical samples that are representative ol the locality sampled : but during the preliminary

30

examinations it is generally not feasible to take all tlm samples that may be required for a thorough knowledge of tlm deposit, the expense and time involved in such work being usually prohibitive. It may be added that where a deposit I- being worked 01 scale, and small variations in quality do not matter, numerous empirical -ample- may safely take the place of a smaller number of systematic samples.

1.1 I ll: vTURK.

The literature, consulted in the preparation of this bulletin ma led into two sections: (1) New Zealand publications read in order to obtain information concerning outcrops or analyses of limestone, and (2) publications, mostlj foreign, re to obtain general information and hints as to treatment of the subject. Phi chief New /.calami publications consulted for information the Reports of Geological Explorations, Nos. I to 22. issued by the New Zealand ecological Survey under Sir James Hector: geological reports by Alex. McKay and others, contained as parliamentary papers in the Mine, Reports from 1892 to 1901; the bulletins (Nos. I to 20) and annual reports of the Geological Survey from onwards; the ■■Transactions of the New Zealand Institute" since 1869 (vols, I to 50); Hochstetter's "New Zealand" (English translation. 1867); Mutton and Olrich's "Geology of tltago" (1875): von Haast's "Geology of Canterbury and Westland," &e. In Chapters 111 and IV under each county heading abbreviated lists of literature are Generally given, which it is hoped will enable those interested to consult the chief publications having reference to 'one or geology of the county. The methodof citation and reference employed are not quite uniform throughout, but it is thought that no difficulty will arise from any variation in tins respect. As a rule, though for one reason and another trivial references may be given, no attempt to make the list of publications complete tor each county has been made. This course would have wearied the ordinary reader to no purpose, and would have invo much overlapping and repetition, for one and the same report may deal with hall a dozen or more counties. In some cases the List of publications is cut short and th" reader referred to a geological bulletin for further information.

reader referred to a geologicat iiuuetin lor luriner in uion. Aii attempt lias been made to compile, ami in most cases to quote, .ill official published analyses of limestone. The annual the Colonial .Museum ami Laboratory, later of the Colonial Laboratory, ami still later of the Dominion Laboratory, lot-in a continuous series from No. I (1869) to No. 5(1 (1917), ami have been found a rich nunc of information. Tim other chiel sources of information he annual reports of the Chiel Chemist of the Agricultural Department (Mr. li. C. Aston), but ma all of these were available at the time the various sections were written, am! on this account references are generallj made only to Mr. Aston's lists in the September ami October numbers of the Journal of Agriculture, vol. 11. 1915.

Various unpublished analyses made in the Dominion Laboratory for t ; Survey have been cited, and a *es by the late Dr. J. G. Black and others ; been included. It is a matter for regrel that " Reports and Awards of the Jurors" (with Appendices), "New Zealand Exhibition, 1865," published in 1866, was nut available until the writing of this bulletin had I n nearly finished. This contains forty-two analyses of limestones anil other calcareous rocks, winch arc quoted or mentioned in an appendix to Chapter 111, but. with a few exceptions, have not been interpolated under the county headings. The publication mentioned contains some very valuable matter, which ought noi io be lost sight of by those interested in tic geology ami mineralogy of New Zealand. The general literature consulted in writing Chapters I to I V of this bulletin is listed below. The publications read in connection with the phosphs of the Dominion

31

are mentioned at the end of Chapter V.* A list of references to limestone, lime, Ac. found in the ,/,„:,■,.al of Agriculture from vol. 1, June Dec, 1910, to the end of vol. 16, •lan.-June, 1918, follows the list of general literature.

1900. Shcrzer, \V. II.: "Geological Report on Monroe County, Michigan." Geol Surv. of Michigan, vol. 7, part 1. Pages 175-83 deal with lime, limestone, &c.

1906. Orton, Edward, and Peppel, S. V. : " The Limestone Resources and the Lime Industry in Ohio." Geol. Surv. of Ohio, 4th Series, Hull. No. 4.

1907. Bain, H. Foster, and Others : " Year-book for 1906." Illinois State Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 4. Pages 177-83 (by F. B. van Horn) deal with "Limestones available for Fertilizers."

1907 (date of letter of transmittal). Buehler, H. A.: "The Lime and Cement Resources of Missouri." Missouri Bureau of Geology and Mines, vol. ti, 2nd Series.

1909. Maryland Geological Survey, vol. S. Pages 138-44 (by William Bullock Clark and Edward B. Matthews) deal with " Lime and Cement."

912. Bleininger, A. V. ; Lines. E. F. ; and Layman, F. E. : " Portland-cement Resources of Illinois." 111. State Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 17.

1917. Loughlin, G. F. : "Limestone and Lime." U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 666 R, part of Bull. No. 666 (" Our Mineral Supplies ").

The following volumes of The Mineral Industry, the well-known compilation published in New York yearly since 1893, have been consulted :

1894. Vol. 2 (for 1893), pp. 443-52 (" Limestone, Marble, and Lime ").

1902. Vol. 7 (for 1899), pp. 477-96 (" Limestone, Lime, and Lime-burning ").

1906. Vol. 14 (for 1905), pp. 428-29 ("Limestone ").

1907. Vol. 15 (for 1906), pp. 551-52 ("Limestone").

1908. Vol. 16 (for 1907), pp. 694-96 (" Limestone ").

The articles on " Cement " have also been consulted.

In connection with pulverizing machinery, described in Chapter IV (Part II), the chief sources of information have been various works on the metallurgy of goldores, &c. supplemented by manuscript notes made by P. C. .Morgan many years ago, maker's catalogues, &c.

Some well-known works on agriculture have been consulted to a small extent, but these need hardly be listed here. The only articles in the "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute " that deal with lime or limestone from an agricultural point of view are the following :

Hay, D. : "Lime as a Manure: Its Beneficial Effects when applied to the Cultiva tion of the Soil." Vol. 9, 1877, pp. 206-9.

Wild. 1,. .1.. and Anderson, J. 0. : "On the Absorption of Lime by Soils An Investigation of the Hutchinson-MeLennan Method of determining tie Lime Requirements of Soils." Vol. 50, 1918, pp. 166 75.

The Transactions, however, contain many references to limestone, tin' more important of which are given in Chapters II and Til us occasion arises.

The following references to lime, limestone, &c, occur in the New Zealand .hiurmit of Agriculture: —

Vol. 1 (June-December, 1910). p. 17 : Lime recommended for Mackenzie Plain. pp. 22 el seq. : Linn- recommended fur pakihi soils (Westport district, &c.) ; pot experiments (Aston). p. 100: Lime-salt-sulphur wash. pp. 122-24: Lime, &c,

* Chapters IV and V form Part II of this bulletin, which will be published separately

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for Pahiatua pasture-land. pp. 197 98: Experiments with ground lime and limestone at Ruakura. pp. 2<>o, 201, 202: Experiments with linn-. A'. : a 1 Moumahaki. p. 307: Lime, Ac., for pumice land. p. 353: Ground limestone for lucerne crop, Moumahaki also vol. 2. pp. IDI 93). pp. 110, IN. &c. : Experiments with lime lor turnips.

Vol. 2 (January-June, 1911). pp. 16. 17: Calcareous sand, Enderby Island, Auckland Group (B. C. Aston). p. 162: Liming pakihi land near Westport. pp. 19! el seq. : Ground limestone lor lucerne crop, MoumahakL p. 361 : Liming reclainu-d swamp land, Ruakura.

Vol. 3 (July-December, 1911), -p. 162: Lime for wheat land. p. 163: Besl fori in which to apply lime to land. &c. ; value of lime p. 261 : Lime for pe crop. p. 17! : Lime. &c., for pea crop on "gum " land (Kumeu North). \\. 527 Application of '" shell " lime

Vol. 4 (January June. 1912). —p. 11 : Carbonate of linn- used at Marton. pp. 323-24 Advice re usin<> "burnt" lime and carbonate of lime. p. 518: Limeston used experimentally at Kumeu. p. 536: Advice re liming rushy land.

Vol. 5 (July-December, 1912). p. 15 : Line in milk. pp. 71 71 : Treatment of refractory soils near Onekaka, Nelson, &c. ; lime, ground limestone. Arc used experimentallv (G. de S. Baylis) (see also p. 116). p. 90: Question re stored "lime" answered: note that the word '"lime" is not denned by the correspondent, and he gets a non-committal answer, which probably leaves him no wiser than he was before, p. 340: Liming Southland land. p. 504: Effect of mixing lime with superphosphate (see also vol. 6, p. 355). p. 567 : " Burnt " lime recommended for clay soils. p. 687 : Recipe for " lighthouse " limewash.

Vol. 6 (January-June, 1913). —pp. 75, 408 : Lime-sulphur solution as a summer spray (see also vol. 9, pp. 274-77, preparation of solution). p. 121 : Lime in lucerne cultivation (see also vol. 7. p. 101). p. 256: Effect of mixing linn; with basic slag (no loss) and bonedust (ammonia lost). p. 289: Lime as an insecticide, p. 305 : Effect of lime and sulphur as a manure, p. 355 : Effect of mixing lime with superphosphate. p. 560 : Lime is said to assist in destroving sorrel (see also vol. 7, pp. 317 is. 591-94; vol. 9, p. 66 ; &».). p. 564: Lime should not be used with liquid or solid manure.

Vol. 7 (July-December, 1913). —p. 3 : Nitrate of lime. p. 101 : Lime in lucernecultivation, p. 105: Agricultural lime, Te Kuiti. pp. 116-18: Influence of line-; cheaper lime wanted (B. C. Aston). p. 170: Apply lime and phosphate to Canterbury scrub land. pp. 295-300: Lime, phosphate, &c., for pakihi lands ■(Aston) (see also p. 391). pp. Liming sorrel-infested land. p. 391: Liming pakihi land. pp. 591-94: Liming sorrel-infested land. &c. (Aston) (see also pp. 347-48).

Vol. 8 (.January-June, 1914). —pp. 47-48: Lime experiments at Ruakura (Primrose McConnell). pp. 388-91 : Ground limestone, its value on New Zealand soils (B. C. Aston). pp. 391-93: Machinery for grinding Limestone (illustrated) pp. 566, 572: Lime in and lime for Hauraki Plains soil (Aston). p, 615: A spreader for lime (illustrated) (see also vol. 9, p. 34).

Vol. 9 (July-December, 1914). — p. 34: Machine for sowing lime and fertilizers (illustrated), p. 66: Lime and gas-lime for eradicating sorrel, p. 118: Lime from acetylene generators, p. 179: Lime used at Ruakura for soil-dressing, p. 220 : Pakihi land should be drained, limed, and ploughed. pp. 274-77 : Preparation and storing of lime-sulphur wash. p. 328: Cheap limestone Eron Mauriceville {see also vol. 8, p. 390).

48

Vol. 10 (January .lune. 1916). pp. 86 87 : Giraffe brand lime-sulphur spray p. 577 : Application of " burnt " lime and carbonate of lime with oats, turnipseed. &c.

Vol. 11 (July-December, 1915). pp. 11l 16: Phosphates and limestone (B. C. Iston); ground limestone in hulk (pp. 11l 15). pp. Analyses of North Island 1 ilso p. 410). pp. 243-47: Lime-sulphur spray (see also previous volumes), pp. 328 32 : Analyses of South Island limestones (Aston). pp. 393 91 : Limestone development in Canterbury (Aston). pp. 394 100: Soil survey operations and limestone finds in Canterbury IA. McTaggart). pp. 403 Hi: Limestone in Wairarapa and Manawatu (huge districts (Aston) (describes deposits at or near Manawatu. Ngawapurua (south of Woodville), Pahiatua and Makuri Gorge, Mauricevule, Pirinoa, 1v..-. : twentyone analyses are quoted). p. 528: Use ground "burnt" lime for - soils.

Vol. 12 (January .lime. 1916).- pp. 10 12: Soft limestone on "gum" lands (B. ('. Uton) (see also p. 329). pp. 47-54 : Lime and magnesia in New Zealand soils (Aston). pp. 77 7* : Do not give precipitated chalk to pigs. pp. 303-4: Papa rock as a soil-dressing (G. de S. Baylis). p. 329: Application of lime or ground limestone to ."gum" land. pp. 339-.W : Principles and practice of liming (A. McTaggart) (illustrations show limestone-grinder, lime-distributors, pp. 11l 12: How to burn limestone, p. 495: How to apply lime.

Vol. 13 (July December, 1916). pp. 3-4: Lime-supply for New Zealand soils (J. Brown). pp. 36-41 : Notes on soils analysed (B. ('. Aston) (several soils from limestone areas are discussed Kaipara and Ward districts), pp. 87 -96 : Lime and liming in Southland, ke. (\V. D. Hunt). p. 275: Lime and superphosphate for combating hush sickness lime alo to do harm.

Vol. 14 (January-June, 1917).—p. 75: Limestone reports considered by the Board of Agriculture, pp. 125-32: Lime for cstuarial lands, &c. (D. M. Ross). pp. 221-22: Report on liming-tests in Canterbury (A. McTaggart). pp. 222 23: Lime, &c., on pakibi land, Westport. p. 211 : Shells at Kerikeri, Bay of Islands; use of "Jeffrey Pulver" for grinding advised. p. 246: Carriage of lime by Bea and rail. pp. 271. 272: Calcareous claystones, greensands, kc. p. 4]r>: R f limestone submitted to Board of Agriculture; 'lime from Hauturu, near Kawhia.

Vol. 15 (July December, 1917). p. 14: Liming peaty soils (Waikato). p. 2:': Lime treatment for potato-Wight, p. 29: Pulverizing shells at Awanui, fco. p. 30 el seq. : Use of lime-sulphur spray, p. 37 : Burnt lime used near mouth, p. 190: Test of patent "Lightning" crusher at Otira (Aston). pp. |'..<;. 201, 303: Beneficial effect of limestone, &c., on North bland pumice soils, &c. (Aston). p. 340: Lime compounds in brown-coal ashes, p. 343: Report (bulletin) on limestone-deposit* mentioned.

Vol. 16 (January lune, 1918). pp. 162 64 : Two notes <>u limestone (B. ('. Aston). pp. 183, 184, 195: Lime for lucerne crop. pp. 22-'! el jeg.: Lime-sulphur spray, ke. p. 211 : Lime for fowls.

Addition* to I

'l'lj,. following additions to the literature on limestone and lime are inserted while this bulletii ; through the press, but it has not been Found possible to make full us.- oi the information given in the publications mentioned. This statement applies particularly to the analyses of limestone given by Mr. B. C. Aston in the Journal of Agriculture (or August, 1918.

Ball. No. 22.

34

1918. Wybergh, W., and Du Toit, A. 1..: "The Limestone Ri oi "f tin Onion," vol. I. Union of South Africa, Geol. Surv. Me ir No. 11.

1919. Came, .1. I. . and .1 s, 1.. .1.: "The Limestone Deposits of New South Wales." N". 25 oi Mineral Resources Series, N.S.W. .Mum- Department. (Not seen.)

1919. Wild, L. .1.: 'Soil- and Manures." Published by Whitcombe an.l Tombs, Wellington and Christchurch.

1919. Wild, L. J., and Speight, II.: "The Limestones of Canterbury considered as a possible Sourcn of Phosphate." N.Z. Jour, ol Science ami Technology, vol. 2. No. .",. May, pp. ISO 92. On p. 191 references to several papers not by the presenl writers are given.

Additional references from the New Zealand ■/■,'i?,"il of AgricuUun follow:

Vol. 17 (July December, 1918). pp. I 5: Liming al Motuihi, &c. p. IT: Preparation of self-boiled lime-sulphui mixture. pp. 60 61 : Making concrete posts. pp. 98 lu-2 : Limestones "I New Zealand: Further analyses (B. C. Aston). pp. 196-200: Some Poverty Bay soils (Aston). pp. 257-62: Liming pumice soils (Aston).

Vol. 18 (January-June, 1919). pp. 15-26: Improvement of | r pasture (Aston). pp. 79-82: Economizing phosphates: The use of lime (Aston). pp. 140 IT: Increasing agricultural production by liming, &c. (A. McTaggart). p. 242: Liming a clay soil.

50

CHAPTER 11.

LIMESTONE IN THE NORTH ISLAND.

I' U3I

of Presentation .. .. ;i5

County Boundaries ; .Maps us<-<i. &c. . . :i<i

:iui County . , .. .. 30

2. Whangaroa County .. ..41

:>. ll.>ki tug . < lounty .. .. .. 4:1

4. Bay of Islands County .. 44

5. Whangarei County .. .. 4S

Sobson (lounty .. .. .. 56

J. Otamatea County .. .. 58

K. Rodney County and Kawau bland 63

9. Waitemata County .. 06

in. Eden County .. .. .. 71

I I. Mamikau <lounty . . . . 71

12. Franklin County .. .. .. 7lt

L 3. Barrier County, Little Barrier ]-l ind, &c. .. .. .. ..73

14. i ioromandel County .. .. ,4

15. Thames County . . .. .. 76

]ii. Ohinemuri County.. .. ..77

'i County " . . . . ..79

18. Waikato County .. .. ..83

10. Piako County .. .. 84

20. Tauranga County .. .. .. 85

21. Kawhia County . . .. 85

22. Waipa County .. .. 87

23. Hatamata County.. .. .. 88

_'4. Rotorua (lounty .. .. 89

25. W unty .. .. 89

26. Opotdki County .. .. .. 00

_'.. Waiapu (lounty .. .. 91

28, Waikohu County . . .. 93

29. Cook County .. .. 96

30. Awakino Cnunty .. . . W

31. Waitonio County . . . . .. 102

32. West Taupo County .. .. mi,

33. I. intv .. ..108

34. Wairoa County '.. . . . . 109

35. Hawke*a Bay < lounty .. ..11l

PAOB

36. Clifton County .. .. . . 115

(7. Ohura County .. .. .. 117

38. Kaitieke County .. .. ..lis

Ki County .. .. . , 11!)

4n. Stratford County . . .. ..121

41. Whangamomona County .. .. 125

42. Waimarino County .. .. 120

43. Egmonl County '. . . . ..127

44. Eltham County .. 128

i.v Waimate West County .. .. 129

46. Hawera County .. ' .. .. 129

■IT. Patea County " . . ..130

is. Waitotara County.. .. i:tl

49. Wanganui < lounty, , .. . . 134

50. Etangitikei County.. .. .. 135

51. Kiwitea County .. .. . . 137

52. Pohangina County ~ . . 137

53. Waipawa County .. .. 138

54. Waipukurau County .. .. 138

55. Patangata County.. .. no

fiii. Dannevirke County .. .. 142

57. Oroua County . . .. ..143

/>v Woodville County .. .. .. 144

s<i. Weber County .. .. I4h'

60. Manawatu County.. .. Mo'

i] . Kairanga County .. .. .. 147

02. Pahiatua County . . . . . . 148

63- Akitio County .. .. ..150

tv4. Borowhenua County .. .. 15S

65 Eketahuna County' .. ..152

»6. Mauriceville County .. .. 164

fi7. Castlepoint County . . . . 156

rton County .. .. 157

69. Wairarapa South County .. 168

70. Featherston County .. [6O

71. Hutt County '. . . . 162

72. Makara County .. .. .. |<i2

Method of Presentation,

Although counties, with their generally artificial boundaries, are arbitrary divisions from a geological point of view, yet they are probably the most convenient areal units fo;everyday purposes. In this bulletin the limestone deposits of the Dominion will therefore be described for each county, taken roughly in order from north to south and from west to east. The general plan is to give a brief summary of the general geology of each county, followed by a fairly detailed description of its limestone resources. As a rule, all available analyses are quoted with full references to locality, sender, and the analytical report from which they have been derived. They are grouped in what seems the most convenient manner, and the original method of statement is adhered to as far as possible. Summaries of the limestone resources (if any) and of the means of transport are given for each county, and will probably be found of more general interest than the somewhat technical matter that usually precedes. Owing to their insertion being an afterthought some of the earlier summaries are briefer than is perhaps desirable. Each section concludes with abbreviated references to the geological literature dealing with the county under description.

36

County Boundaries, Maps qsbd, etc.

In some eases difficulty has been experienced in deciding the county to which a poorly-known locality belongs, and occasional errors may i > the first institution of countii there have hern many changes in hound.. :ilv in the direction of Forming new counties ent that has not yet The chief maps used in deciding county boundaries were the coloured county maps of the North and South Islands, on the Bcale of ten miles to the inch (drawn \>y W. Deverell), issued during 1918 by the Lands and Survey Department. The county maps on the scale of one inch to the mile were also used, hut the G irvey ■ iocs not possess a lull set of tl . nor has it sufficient office accommodation for the spreading-out and handling of a Large number of maps at one I "ally all important Localities are indicated on the maps accomps unimpo] names mentioned in the bulletin are omitted from the maps, hut as a rule the text will he found to indicate their position with sufficient detail for 0 purposes. In a few eases it has not been possible to osition of Bome of the obscure localities mentioned in old reports.

1. Mangonui County.

IT" spelling of the name "Mangonui" varies, the form " Mongonui" being nsed in most old reports, bul that adopted is believed to be the more correct. In the Counties Act it is "Mongonui," but the Postal Guide baa ' Mangonui. As the most northerly county of New Zealand, Mangonui is the firsl county to be considered under the plan outlined in the opening paragraph of this chat

In the far north of New /''aland, west of Spirits Bay, are some highly calcareous rocks, probably of Mesozoic age, containing what arc described by .McKay as " hanks of fossiliferous Limestone" ("Reports of Geological Explorations," No. 22. 1894, p. 90). At the east end of the bay is an impure Limestone crowded with the remains oi barnacles or cirri pedes, probably belonging to the genus /. The Limea only 3 ft. or 1 ft. thick, and apparently does not extend over any Though considered by Hector and by McKay (doubtfully) to be of Pliocene probably of Miocene age, Near the south side, of the North Cape bluff, and southn of Tom Bowline (Bowling) Bay, a Limestone Layer composed of small corals. Bryozoa, and Foraminifera outcrop- on the shores of a little hay. McKay, who discovered limestone, gives no particulars of the quantity or quality of the rock. From Ids description and map, however, it is clear that the outcrop is not extensive. The age is probably the same as thai of the cirripede Limestone mentioned above.

Eydraulic (impure clayey) Limestoi on the coasl north-east of Parengarenga, and the same rock is also found on the south side of the western arm of Parengan Harbour near Yat< id. In this latter locality the shales and distance below the Limestone contain numerous calcareous concretions, many of which covered by a layer of cone-in-cone Limestone."} -

South and south-west of Doubtless Bay, in the Oruru Valley, and on the n of the Maui Range, is a belt of limestone which, though described by Hector as "often remarkably pure and compact," is apparently on the whole nor of very good quality (see analyses quoted below). In Victoria Valley and elsewhere the n.ck is quarried for roadmaking purposes. Near Awauui and at the Herekino River, south of Ahipara, similar limestone is Found. Although the reports available do not

* Sec also p. fi9. t Fur definition of cone-in-cone limestone I end of bulletin, or a paper by A. Hamilton in Trans. NX. [nat., vol. 34, 1902, pp. H7 51 : 'On the Beptarian Boulders ol Moeraki, Otago," and riv and [ht.

52

enable the limestone-be to I xa.tlv defined, the rock is evidently found at many point- in the southern part of Mangonui County. It is generally called by McKay the "hydraulic limestone." a name implying that it is ad probably of Cretaceous

In 'I rtreme east of Mangonui County, dear Whangaroa Harbour, there is as area ol ttesozoii or older rocks, which possibly contains small bands of marble similar to those occurring I and Kairauwaru bays, in Whangaroa County.

The blown (dime) and beach sands of Mangonui County arc in places observed by McKay in 1894, and in 1910 Bell and Clarki wrote: the sands near Cape Maria van Diemen and in Spirits Bay consist enlii ■"* It is evident that the dune-sands, il fixed, would form a pi soil, and the re calcareous portions may actually be worth transporting to districts where the land needs lime.

At Awanui. and probably elsewhere, there are Large deposits of shells on beaches or in banks. Samples from these have analysed as high as 93 per cent, of carbonate of limcr During 1917 shells from a bank near Awanui Heads were being collected and ground for agricultural purposes by Mr. Dunlop Smith at his works. Awanui.

9 -railed Lithographic limestone, said to be from Parengarenga, hut probably from Oruru Valley. Col. Mus. and Lab. 27th Ann. Rep., 1893, p. 27. Lab. 17 I.

ius 1 stone, said to be from Parengarenga, hut perhaps from son . -Mns. and Lab. 27th Ann. Hep.. 1893, p. 27. Lab. No. 6067/2.

Col. Mas. and Lab. 20th Ann. Rep., LBB5, p. 11. Lab. No. 3948. it the rock is " not rich enough to burn into lime, but would prove i" elleni building-stone if tried. 11

ill Kaitaia. B. t'. Aston} in the Journal of Agriculture, vol. 11. No. 3, Sept., 1915, p. 236. Analyst's number, G L 56 ; date, 1906. Two other samples (G !■">! and G 155) with : cent, of calcium carbonate are also mentioned. (See also sth Ann. Rep. Dept. Agri., Chem in, 1906, p. 112.)

(5) (6) (7) Victoria Valley. Dom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., Hill. p. 22. "Undetermined is included with magnesium carbonate Lab. Nos. D 421/1, 2, 3.

(8) Hud compact grey Limestone, reined with calcite, forwarded by Thomas Ball, Mangonui, to New Zealand Exhibition, 1865. Hector, J., and Skey, W. : " Reports and furors, N.Z. Exhibition, 1865," Dunedin, 1866. App. A. pp. 392, IK .her, 9. (See also appendix to Chapter 111 of this bulletin.)

The ! oted by these analyses probably all belong to what McKay called tli- 1 hydraulic limestone, and if so are probably of Cretac - age. The analyses, so Ear as can In' judged, show that most of the Mangonui Limestones air Biliceous or arenaceous irgillac b (clayey), ami if so they diSer considerably fr the typioal hydraulic Limestone of the Whangarei ami other districts farther south. Other

•J. M. Bell and E. de G. Clarke : “ A Geological Reconnaissance of Northernmost New Zealand." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 42, 1910, p. (521. The italics are those of the present writers, f B. C. Aston in the Journal of Agriculture, vol. 15, No. 1, July, 1917, p. 29. X Many of Mr. Aston’s analyses are quoted from the Journal of Agriculture, vol. II, 1915, and not from the original sources (his annual reports), most of which were not available until this bulletin was nearly completed.

53

in ton nation nfirms tin- interpretation. At Whangarei and Wark worth ■ called hydraulic limestone is argillaceous and is used for making cement, but a limestone with 20 per cent, or so of sand instead of clay would not be suit aent-manufacture. It might, however, be valuable for agricultural purposes, and could probably be successfully used for tie- production of quicklin ■ argillaceous limestone would most likely form a el inker in the kiln, which would require to be finely ground before application to the soil.

In the eighl analyses quoted it happens that in the matter insoluble in .oid was determined, and that there was no exact determination of sili Hi e the insoluble " repoi bed other matter besides silica, and doubtless included a little iron oxide and alumina, or in possibly a good d< a number :lyses is tabulated it is generally not convenient to give all the d< in order to ascertain the method of analysis reference t<> the original is usuall} In many cases valuable remarks are appended fir the analyst to the analysis. For this reason lull references to all analyses quoted in this bulletin

I afortunately uone of the limestones represented by the analyses, excepl No. 8 (a picked sample <i! doubtful locality), is of really good quality. Nos. I. I. and I"'-! of the others, and. if no better stone is obtainable, may In- considered suitable for tie' production of pulverized limestone. it calcined, No. I would produce a quicklime theoretically containing about 68-7 per cent, of calcium oxide, a little -mm oxide, and about 31-2 per cent, of sand. &c. Nos. I and 5 ar< to he worth burning, and very probably neither could lie successfully calcined in any case.

There are at least two important defects in connection with the analyses quoted: exact locality of the sample analysed is in no ease given, and the nthei' is that m no ease can even the roughesl estimate of the quantity 'if limestone <il' the quality represented by the analyses lie made. A third defect is that in all probability Hie samples, or some of them, were not taken m such a way as to lie entative of a mass of limestone (see remarks mi sampling, Chapter I. pp. 26 Similar lack ot importanl data attends most <if the analyses quoted later mi. It is. of course, no part of the duty of the chemist who analyses a sample sent to him from a distance to ascertain its lull history, hut the -ruder should always supply sueh particulars as he can for record by the analyst.

in the early part of 1917 Mr. M. Ongley, Assistanl Geologist, visited Victoria Valley, Kaitaia. and Awanui in order to examine the limestone deposits of that pari of Mangouui County. Samples collected by him were analysed in the Dominion Laboratory with the following results:—

39

The following particulars have been compiled from Mr. Ongley's notes:

(1) The outcrops of limestone on Mr. Charles White'- land (Sections til, 62, and (il. Block VII. Takahue Survey District) extend over a large area. 150 ft. to 500 ft. above sea-level, hut the quality of the stone is poor. No bedding-planes, and therefore no strike, .an be distinguished. The rock is >U-n>r. fine-grained, and of greyish colour. It appears to have been shattered, and is traversed by vein., of calcite up to 2 in. thick. Mr. White has burned some of tic limestone lor making cement for chimneys, &c. His experience, however, has led him to think that tic rock is more suited for use as a building-stone than for making lime. lie sample analysed was obtained from a 62.

(2) Merlon's Quarry is situated about three miles east of Kaitaia. on Section 2346, Block VI. Takahue Survey District, and is on a branch road. 6 chains from the KaitaiaMangonui Road. The barometric height of tic quarry above sea-level is 105 ft. The rock here is being worked for roadmaking. and is a dense argillaceous limestone, coarsergrained and darker in colour than that at White's. It is exposed in tic road-cuttings for a total distance of 3 chains. Tic largest face is 20 ft. lone and 15 ft. high. The limestone strikes 85 east of north on a true bearing, anil dips steeply at tin to tic east of south. The stone is not badly crushed, but the presence of calcite veins and of slickensides (polished or scratched surfaces) shows that it has been subjected to movement. Similar stone to that of Merton's Quarry is said to occur on the hill half a mile to tic east, and to have been worked in order to obtain roadroalring material.

(3) At Elmsly's, north-cast of Kaitaia (Sections N. 4 and S. 4, Block VI. Takahu Survey District), the hills consist chiefly of calcareous mudstone, striking Bouth-easl I 16 and dipping at IS- to the south-west. Argillaceous greyish-white limestone similar t and weathering to a brown colour, also occurs. The sample analysed cone from Section N. 4.

(-1) The first quarry north of Kaitaia is on Section 242, Block V. Takahue Survey District, at the head of the south branch of a small gully, but has been badly worked, and is now disused. It is half a mile east of the Kaitaia Awanui Road, Tun. above tic Kaitaia Plain, and 155 ft. above sea-level. The rock here, like that of all the other quarries in tic district, has been quarried for roadmaking purposes. |t i- ;t fine-grained grey argillaceous Limestone, striking south-south-eastward 155°, and dipping at 25 to the south-west. It is easy to quarry, but not of good quality. A 15ft. face, covered by Bft. "i -oil. is exposed.

(5) In the middle branch of the same gully as that in which the last-described quarry occurs is another disused quarry, where stone similar to that in the first quarry lias been worked. Twelve feet of limestone is visible at the face, which, however, is now almost hidden by a slip. In the north branch of the gully is another disused working. The fa' 35ft. of limestone, similar to that in the quarries to the .south. It strike- south-eastward 145°, and dips at 25 to the south-west. Sample X... 5 (63 per cent CaCO was taken from this quarry.

(6) A quarter of a mile north of the last-mentioned quarry is another disuse* working, showing a 15 ft. face of grey argillaceous limestone with numerous smal calcite veins.

(7) The Mangonui County Quarry is about two miles north of Kaitaia and a mill oast of the Kaitaia Awanui Road. It is situated or Section 24, Block 11. Takahu< gurvey I' ometric height <>f 120 ft. above sea-level. The face is 10 yardi long and 50 ft. high, capped by 1 ft. <>f soil. The rock quarried is argillaceous lime milar to thai in tl Id quarries I" tin' south. It is slickensided, and contain: calcite veins. The strike is to tin' south-eastward II"). and the dip * to tin- south east. More limestone outcrops on higher ground to the Bouth.

40

(8) Simson's Quarry is on Section 11 S.lv, Block I, Takahue Sunn District, about a mile north of the County Quarry, and three-quarters of a >j the Ivutaia Awanui Road. Its height above sea level is approximately 150 ft. The limestone here appears more argillaceous, and is darker than that of the County Quarry. Its strike is north-easterly 45°, and its dip 15° to the north-west. The bottom 8 ft. of the face appears the best; above there are poorer bands. The qu now being worked.

(9) The Kareponia Quarry is about a mile and a half north of Sanson's. It wa: not visited, the quarry, it is said, being worked out Judged by material on tin road, the rock of this quarry is a calcareous grit.

(10) Mrs. Mary Longon's Quarry is on the Kauri-gum Reserve (Pairatahi) in the north-west part of Block XI, Rangaunu Survey District, two or ih miles north-east "I Awanui Township. The rock here is a calcareous arenaceous dark-grey mudst which forms a number of hills in the neighbourhood. Barges easily reach the quan way of the Pairatahi Stream.

(11) In Awanui Harbour (Rangaunu Bay) there are several shell-banks, material from which is being taken by Mr. Dunlop Smith, and pulverized at Awanui in a " Devil " disintegrator. Much the greater part of the material forming these banks is shell, and it is an easy matter to separate the sand and obtain pure shell.

(12) At Blakeney Point, north-east of Rangaunu Bay, there is a beach of almost pure shell, a quarter of a mile long, 15 to 30 yards wide, and in places over 5 ft. deep. The shells are much broken, and in places are so comminuted as to form a fine pure white sand. The shell deposit can easily be loaded into scows or barges.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means oj Transport.

The limestones of Mangonui County so far as known are, on the whole, low grade, and not suitable for calcination. They must therefore be used by the agriculturist m the powdered state. The shell deposit* of the bays and harbours appear to be of considerable value, and may be used, if desired, for making quicklime. The shells may also be spread direct on the land, with or without preliminary crushing. In places shell sands, both on the beaches and in sand-dunes, occur. The eastern coast of the county, with its numerous harbours, has good external communications, but roads are generally poor or in places non-existent, and therefore means of internal communication and transport are poor.

Literature.

The principal references to the geology of Mangonui County are contained in the following publications :

Reports of Geological Explorations, No. 7, 1872, pp. 155-58; No. 21, 1892 pp. lxxxi-lxxxii, Ixxxiii- Ixxxiv, 73-76; No. 22, 1894, pp. xvi-xxi. 70-9o! Only in the last of these are there important references to limestone.

Mines Report, 1899, C.-9, pp. 14, 15. Lithographic limestone of Oruru Valley described.

Transactions of the New Zealand Institute," vol. 42, 1910, pp. 613-24

New Zealand Geological Survey Bulletin No. 8, 1910. A small area in the extrem east of Mangonui County is described and geologically mapped in detail. X limestone is knowu to occur in this ana.

Note.—On future pages "Reports of Geologioal Explorations " w il) be abbreviated to "Rep. of Gfeol. Bxplor.," "N.Z. Geological Survey Bulletin" to "NZ Geol. Surv. Bull.," and "Transactions of the N.Z. Institute" to "Trans NZ Inst."

56

2. Whangaroa County

The greater part of Whangaroa County has been geologioally surveyed in detail ami the results are embodied in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, published in 1908: "The Geology of the Whangaroa Subdivision, Hokianga Division."

Throughout a considerable extent of country south, south-east, and east of Whangaroa Harbour there are numerous outcrops of impure shaly limestone, probably of Cre The rock, however, perhaps owing to its soft character, is not prominently developed. North-east of Kaeo, on the Kaeo-Mangonui Road at. the turnoff to Whangaroa, and again half a mile to the west, soft marly limestone nun be seen. In the lower part of Pupuko River and in many other places shales, claystones, and sandstones with calcareous concretions occur. The concretions are described by E. de C. Clarke as consisting of quartz sand cemented by about an equal amount of carbonate of lime (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, p. 51). McKay mentions also the occurrence of masses .if cone-in-cone limestone (Rep, of Geol. Explor. No. 9. pp. 56, 57).

In Towai Creek, about half a mile above Towai Settlement, a siliceous limestone of Cretaceous or later age having the following composition occurs :

Inferences. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, 1909, p. 55; Dom. Lab. 12nd Ann. Re] 1909, p. 21 (locality wrongly recorded as Hokianga). Lab. No. 1842/3.

The 35-61 per cent, of calcium oxide or lime of the above table would require 27-98 per cent, of carbon dioxide to convert it wholly into calcium carbonate, whereas the am only 26-70 per cent, of carbon dioxide as present. If we suppose, as is usual, that the magnesia is combined as carbonate, then the 0-15 per cent, of magnesia or magnesium oxide present will be combined with 0-165 per cent, of carbon dioxide to form 0-315 per cent, of magnesium carbonate. This leaves 26-535 per cent, of carbon dioxide free to combine with calcium oxide to form calcium or lime carbonate. On this basis the approximate amount of calcium carbonate present will be 60-31 per cent., and not 63-59 per cent., as would be calculated on the supposition that all the lime was in the form of carbonate. The mineral composition of the Towai rock as inferred from the analysis will be. approximately—

Part of the water, probably the greater par!, is combined with silicate mineral?

South of Towai Creek the siliceous limestone, of which an analysis is given above, seems to pass into a poorly calcareous sandstone. A sample, probably representing a calcareous concretion, was collected by the Geological Survey in Tangitu Creek (near or

42

possibly within Bay of Islands County boundary) and analysed by tie D Laboratory in 1908 (Lab. No. 1847 2). The analysis us

The sample therefore contained about 91-3 per cent, of carbonate of lime

Reference. Dom. I.ah. 12nd Ann. Hep.. 1909, p. tB. (Ana: iron-on

On the coast two or three miles east of the entrance to Whangaroa Harbour, betwi Tauranga and Kairauwaru hays, several la. limestone, or rather marl ol a white or greyish-white colour outcrop in various place-. This rock- occurs in Clarke's Waipapa Series, which is believed to be of Late Palaeozoic or Early Mesozoic beds, which are apparently never more than tilt, thick, .ire much shattered, and with the associated volcanic and sedimentary rocks. This marble is apparently ol greal purity, as is shown by the following analysis of a sample from the neighbourhood oi Shag or Kairauwaru Bay :

References. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, L 909, y. 15. and Dom. Lab. 12nd Ann. Rep., 1. -Jii (locality wrongly recorded as (.imp Bay, Hokianga). Lab. No. L 835 I. The calcined stone will contain approximately 95 per cent, of quicklime (CaO).

After allowance for the magnesia present has been made the carbon dioxide of the aalysis is reduced to 41*88 per cent., and may lie considered as combined with 53-30 per cent, of the lime to form 95-18 per cent, of carbonate of lime. Tinsurplus of 0-70 per cent, of lime, only part ol which can in this case he considered as combined to form silicar ! g therefor.- a remainder unaccounted for, indicating small errors in the analysis (these are unavoidable, as explained on page 12), and possibly that only part of the magnesia 1.- combined as carbonate.

Of Mf'tits oj

The available information shows that Whangaroa County is not rich in limestone deposits. The scanty marble of good quality, hut. 30 far as has yet been are uol thick or well situated fur quarrying. Future discoveries may improve the situation, especially if marble deposits lit for building and ornamental purposes arc found. The waste from the quarries wilt then be available for agricultural purposes at a low price. The line harbour of Whangaroa affords good means of communication with Auckland and other parts of New Zealand, hut there are no railways, and many oJ the roads are poor, so that internal communications at the present time arc imperfecl.

58

Literature.

The principal references to the geology ot \\ bangaroa County ale contained ill the following publications :

Ccol. Explor., No. 7, 1872, pp. 153-54; No. 9, 1577. pp. 55-58; No. 21 1892, pp. Ixxx lxxxiii. 65-72, 155 ; and No. 22, pp. 70-90.

llines Rep., 1898, C. 9, pp. -1 5. Deals with copper only. VZ. (ieol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, 1909. This describes a great part of tin' count

and small portions of adjoining counties. Other publications are listed in N.Z. Ccol. Surv. Hull. No. 8, pp. 12-11.

3. Hokianga Countv

Hokianga County has been hut little explored by the geologist, although a small portion, forming part of the Whangaroa Subdivision, was surveyed in detail by E. de C. Clarke ten or eleven years ago (see Ccol. Surv. Bull. No. 8), and several visits to the county were made hv McKay and Hector. The massive hut somewhat impure limestones which outcrop in Bay of Islands County west and south-west of Lake Omapere extend into Hokianga County, and are seen at the head of Te Karu Creek. According to .McKay (see Rep. of C.eol. Explor. during 1883-84, No. 16, 1884, p. 131) the country in the neighbourhood of the upper part of Hokianga Harbour is largely formed of hydraulic (argillaceous) limestone, of probable Cretaceous age. Similar rock occurs to the math-west, in the valleys of the streams draining into Whangape Harbour, ami in the Herekino River valley.

The point to the north of the entrance to the Waihou River (Hokianga Harbour) opposite Horoeke is formed of hydraulic limestone, and some distance up the river flaggy limestone outcrops at a supposed lower horizon. Sonic distance up the Mangamuku Riv< is a limestone gorge. At The Narrows, near Kohokohu, is a bed of shelly limestone, composed mainly of a small oyster. In a higher horizon are shaly days, containing concretions and thin bands of limestone. The iossil contents of these rocks indicate a Cretaceous age. Near Kohukohu (probably) there is a deposit of calcareous sinter rtine), analyses of which are quoted below, hut no information regarding the size of the deposit has been obtained.

At the base of Miocene conglomerates outcropping from the mouth of the Waimamaku River to Hokianga South Head and for some distance inland is a bed, 12ft. to 15 ft. thick. of calcareous sand, or Limestone. This possibly is represented by analyses (3) and (4) quoted below.

The Bouthem and south-eastern parts of Hokianga County are geologically almost tnknown.

The following analyses of limestones from Hokianga County are available :

References. (1) (2) Calcareous Binter, Kohukohu, forwarded by Mr. Bacon through the Secretary for Agriculture. Col.Mus.and Lab. 33rd Ann. Rep., 1900, p. 9. Lab.N05.8346 1,2. The analyst (W. Skey) remarks thai the material " would burn into fairly good lime, and also crush very easily to a line powder " which could la- applied direct to the land.

59

(3) (I) From Waimamaku, forwarded by Mr. A. V. Pettman. Don,. Lab. 18th "Ann '"'l''', ''"•'- P- -'■ ] ■ Nos. E897 1, 2. The "magnesium carbonate" of these analyses "' undetermined."

(5) From Kohukohu, forwarded by G. 11. Neill in 1916. Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep mrL' P ' X °- G;J ' 3 - Pllos P h '""' anhydride (P 2 0 B ) present in very small amount (0-06 per cent.).

Summary of Limestom Resources and oj Means of Transport.

Too little is known about the limestone deposits oi Eokiai opinion as to their availability, quantity, and quality to be expressed. B rbour can be entered by fairly large vessels, and has deep water inside the bar.* It therefore gives the main part of the county good sea communications, and its nun afford a certain amount of internal communication. The county is poorly supplied with i and at the present time has practically no railways, though the Dargaville-Kaihu Railway has been extended three miles past Kaihu to Tarawhati, which U m the south-west cornel of the county. The Kawakawa Kaikohe Railway comes dose to the eastern bound and will ultimately be extended to Horoeke, on Hokianga Harbour, thus giving railway communication with Bay of Islands, Whangarci, &c.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Hokianga County are the following :-

Rep. of Geol. Explor, No. 16, 1884, parts oi pp. 110 M : No. It. 1888 pp 18 53 55-57 ; No. 21, 1892, p. 155 ; No. 22, 1894, pp. 70-90.

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8, 1909. Describes only a small area in the northeast of Hokianga County.

4. Bay os Islands County

Many war, ago at the head of Waikari (or Waikare) Inlet Sir James Hector discovered limestones associated with slate., sandstones, and other rocks of Mesozoic or older ae, (Sep. of Geol. Explor. No. 22, 1894, p. 88). In the gorge of the Waipapa River in the north-west part of Omapere Survey District, an impure crystalline limestone or marble occurs. Il„s occurs in Clarke's Waipapa Series, and may probably be roughly correlated With the so-called limestone just mentioned as discovered by Hector.

Skey's analysis of a sample of the crystalline limestone from Waikari Inlet, collected b 3 Sir James Hector, is as follows :

Carbonate of lime (CaC0 3 ) . . .. M . 59 Carbonate of magnesia (MgC0 3 ) 2-96 Siliceous matter .. n»i Water (11,(1) .. ' " "™ ton oxides (FeO and Fe,o 3 ) " Trace Alumina (Al 2 0 3 ) .. , ~ 100-00 Reference. Col. .Mas. and Lab. 27th Ann. Rep, 1893, p. 36. Lab. No. 6046.

According to Clarke massive limestones of probable Cretaceous age occur to the eas of the Waipapa Gorge mentioned above, in the middle part of Pirau or Waiohai watershed, whence they strike south-east into the valleys of the Waikaraka Stream and it tributaries the Arotoro and Poro-te-Koihamo. In this neighbourhood they are fairly we] developed, and oi better quality than is usual elsewhere in the district. I imesto]

lP ubu 9 i;::. £ p ßri&>rid«, fm! " """ • - ,s ii;,l : " The x - ™

60

Ome miles to the east in the \\ i its tributaries, the Awahei and Waikuku creeks. South-west of Lake Omapere isolated outcrops of arenaceous limestone appeal in the Waiharakeke and Waihoangs " far above their junctions with tura (the outlet stream from Lake Omapere).

McKay states that hydraulic Limestone occurs in the billy country west of Lake Omapere and the Okaihau tableland. 'The following statement probably refers to the upper valley of the Whakanekeneke Stream : "Just to the north of Mr. Nicholson's homethe hydraulic limestone crops out from underneath the volcanic rocks, and has there burned, and rdinary mortar-lime."* The latter part of McKay's remarks lits in with Skey'- reference to burni] irom Okaihau, quoted below.

lyses shuw that the limestones of Omapere Survev Di ■ of moderate quality :

References. (1) (2) (3) Calcareous rocks from Okaihau, Forwarded by Mr. R. Blundell. Col. Mil-, ainl Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., LBB2, p. 32. Lab. Nos. 3178 I. 2, 3. The analyst remarks that " No. 1 is a fairly good Limestone, am! would do for burning into lime, but owing to the rather Large quantity of Bilica present care would have to be taken at the kiln For a building-stone it is somewhat too shady. No. 2 and X<>. ."> ndstones, and well adapted for buildii

. about 30 chains north-west of W. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 8. 1909, p. 53: Dom. Lab. 42ml Ami. Rep., 20. Lab. Nil L 835/3.

(5) White Limestone from the Lower pari -if Waikaraka Stream, aboul a mile above its junction with the Whakanekeneke Stream. Same references as No. 1. bul p. 21 of Dom Lab. Rep. Lab. No. 1842 1.

(6) Arenaceous limestone from the Pukehemoa or Waikuku Stream, aboul half a mile north of the road from Waimate North to Okaihau Road. Same ref< No. ">. Lab. No. 2026 3. Wrongly recorded in the I Survey bulletin as from Waikaraka Sto

(7) Arena '"in- from Awahei Creek, about a quari le above its junrtion with tin- W.i tangi \<>. 2026 2.

limestone, or perhaps o ilcareous sandstone, from the Waitan i bout a quarter of a mile below the poinl where il is joined by the Awahei 5. Lab. Nil 2026 1.

South I Kawakawa there is a moderate development of a hard 'like is roug] i d south, the ogles tn the west. 1 >rill ititz in the neighbourhood of the now abandoned Kawakawa Coal-mine slum's thai the Limestone lias a thickness <>f from 208 ft. to 249 ft. In tins locality the Limestone i~ not overed by surface deposits. Farther south.

during issT 88, No. 19, 1888

I - Lcolated Croin data "f original analyses, which give carbonates of linn and of n

.

11l

in the valli aumen i ■

■ mble the lii

ipipito and R

From Towai northward to near Pokapu, at thirty to forty-three miles on the Onerahi-Whangarei-Opua Railway, the cuttings show many outcrops of bluish calcareous claystone. Near Motatau. and again near Pokapu. what appears to be impure limestone is exposed.

i '-I ! ' ■ ngricull lufficiently rich in lime to maki

J. J. Craig I. ■-. -. ■ ith Ann. Re p. 16. Lab, No. B 127

In an unpublished rej Mr, J, ' . N of the I 9urvey, write of the R . I [ikurangi cob of the Ramarama Valley, the R - im ruts thro J fold on th-' ii'■ of lit ■ i ■ rved. '>n ' he valley n< uo linn been denud ■■■ three mil< northern part

The exact locality of the linn unknown. Ii was forwarded to the Colonial i 111 \V Ful descril ompacl Limestone from Russell." I

I Explor. during 1883 M. N

47

from the Waiornio limestone near Kawakawa. An analysis ol earthy limestoni from Turntable Hill (No. 2) is also given. Turntable Hill is near Pakaraka.

References. (1) Col. Mus. and Lab. 23rd Ann. Pep.. 1889, pp. 53, 59. Lab. No. 464 (or 4645 12).

(2) Col. Mus. and Lab. 27th Ann. Rep., 1893, p. 29. Lab. X". 6045. Sample collected by Sir .lames Hector.

About 1890 a vesicular limestone or travertine' collected from the neighbourh I of Pakaraka by Mr. Alex. McKaj was found in the Colonial Laboratory to contain 91-24 per of carbonate of lime. ((dl. Mus. and Lab. 25th Ann. H.-p.. pp. 58, 90. Lab. No. 5550.) Page 58 gives the locality as Parihaka, but on the whole it is probable that the locality was Pakaraka. as slated on pace 90.

shells arc said to exist in considerable quantity on the beaches near ECerikeri (.ban-. Aerie., vol. 11. No. 3. March, L 917, p. 211.) Probably similar beaches exist elsewhere en the coast of Bay of Islands County.

Summary of Lin,:- . - and of Means of Transport.

Portions of Bay of Islands County are well supplied with poor limestone, suitable for pulverization but not for calcination. What amount of high-grade limestone occurs is uncertain. Tin' Bay of Islands is a splendid harbour, and with the other harbours south ol Cape Brett affords good sea communications. The far-reaching arms of the Bay of Islands give a certain amount of internal communication also. To what extent these arms and those of many similar inlets on the North Auckland coast are navigable, and for what (lass and size of vessels, are important matters in connection with the iort of lime and other goods, but it is impossible to deal with them in a publication like the present. Tin- railway from Whangarei enters the county at Hukerenui, and ends at Opua, close to deep water. A branch line runs from Otiria to Kaikohe. These railways enable lime from Whangarei County to be distributed to considerable portions of Bay of Islands County.

Literature

The principal references to the geology of the Bay of [shoals County will be found in ollowing publications:—

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, pp. 135-38 (deals with Kawakawa Coal-mine); No. 11. 1882, pp. 92-94; No. 1(1. 1884, pp. 95-99, 110-34; No. 17. 1886, pp. '.i U): No. 19, 1888, pp. 12 1:1. Is 50, &e.; No. '2l. 1892, pp. xxx xxxi and parts of pp. Ixxii to Ixxxii, pp. 55 59 (Puhipuhi), 59-62, 148; No. 22. 1894, parts of pp. ix to xvi, pp. xxii xxv, 50-55 (Puhipuhi).

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 23, 1891, pp. 375-79: vol. 25, 1893, pp. 375-77. Thes< two papers by Alex. McKay ileal principally with a deposit of diaton earth at Pakaraka.

Rep., 1898, C. '.'. pp. 5 6 (Alex. McKay, on Kawakawa Coalfield). Reports by 11. A. Gordon on the Puhipuhi Silverfield appeal in the Mines Reports for the years 1890 >" 1894, and also in the yean 1896, IM'7. and 1898.

63

Cinnabar deposits at Ohaeawai are described by Gordon in the Mines Rep. for 1895, pp. 267-69, and by A. I' Griffiths in -The (ih ksilver Deposits'' Tran-. N.Z. Inst. Mm. Bng., vol. ■>. 1898, pp. 1-

N.Z. Cool. Surv. Bull. No. 8, 1909. As already mentioned, tin.- deals in detail with the geology of p., anty.

5. Whangarei Coimn

I" u >unty two distinct kinds of limestone are well developed. Both ai represented in other parts of North Auckland one, ;1 .oft argillacei mg th. hydraulic limestone already mentioned, wlul.t the other, a hard compact crystallii nerallv referred to a- the Whangarei limestone. The Whan. of high grade, and suitable for tin- manufacture of quicklime, whilst the hydraulii limestone is of bttlc use as a source of quicklime, but is extremely valuable for makm. cement.

The geological relation of the two limes* sto each other is uncertain. [] md m 1910 Park, considered that the argillaceous lime-tone was the older. In 'ox again thought that the crystalline limestone in the Kaipars district .-.., much younger than the hydraulic limestone, though he declared himself uncertain as to the position "i 'he similar rocks in the Whangarei district. On the other hand McKay in 1881 and ISSS. Park in 1887. and Marshall* in 1916 agreed that the crystalline or Whangarei limestone underlay the argillaceous or hydraulic b I The known held evidence, though scanty, is in favour of this latter view, beperfectly clear section proving it has vet been observed.

All observers previous to Marshall consider the hydraulic limestone to ous ace. but that geol it to the Tertiary, on the ground that the supposed underlying Whangarei or crystalline limestone contains Forarninifera of Eocene ige.

The hydraulic limestone itself oonsists largely of Globigerina remains, but otherwise, bo far as known, is practically Qon-fossiliferous, and therefore contains no decided internal evidence of its age. Marshall's pahsontological data seem to prove that the crystalline limestone is not older than the Eocene, and if the hydraulii really overlies, it also must he of Tertiary age. It is, however, in several places closely associated with rocks containing Cretaceous fossils. This and other circumstai a ( ' lv,i " "~ ■'-'• 1 - ■' conclusion supported by Cox, McKay, and Park. Hence it must '"' considered possible that the hydraulic limestone underlies the supposed younger crystalline limestone. To support this view it is necessary to assume either thai apparently superior position of the hydraulic limestone near Pahi B elsewhere, is due to faulting which is md 1 very likelj or that errors in correlation have been made by some or all of the geologists who have visited the North Auckland region. The relative positions and ages of the hydraulic and crystalline limest - are not matters of moment so far as the purposes of this bulletin is concerned. For other reasons, however, the problem is one of importance and will have to he solved before a systematic search for coal in North Auckland by boring can he reasonably under! Though it is difficult, detailed geological survey will undoubtedly provide a solution. Brief casual examinations, on the other hand, are more likely to add to the present confusion than to remove it.

The crystalline oi Whangarei limestone occurs at War,, near Hiturangi, al Kamo, Whauwhau Valley, and elsewhere, near the town of Whangarei, some miles weal of

* Marshall, I'. : "The Younger Limestones of Now Zealand." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol 48 1016 do si M ol the other writer mentioned above are siren.

64

Whangarei, at 41 I " irei, at Whareora, near Wbangare Heads (north side .if harbour), at llorahora. south of lluakaka River, and south of tin mouth of Waipu River. The hydraulic limestone is well developed on Limestone Island pai (on the Bouth-west shore of Whangarei Harbour) Inland it seems to occupy considerable areas towards the Wairua River. lie- country surrounding Whangarei Harbour, and the district to the north as far as Waro, U exceptionally well supplied with limestone suitable for all purposes, and outcropping in accessible positions close to railway or to water carriage.

At Waro. fourteen miles from Whangarei, crystalline Limestone forms an isolated hill just to the west of the railway-line. The fantastically weathered surface of the limi only partly hidden by vegetation, gives the hill a picturesque and beautiful appearance. It has therefore been "Hen photographed, and is well known throughout New Zealand owing to the circulation of the views by means of post-cards ami illustrations in the weekly papers. Plata I shows the character of the limestone fairly well.

. or brownish in colour. It strikes norjh anil smith and has a dip of 5 to the wee 10ft. In-low the has,- is the coal-seam being mined by the Bikurangi Coal Compai away. Probably some millions of tons of firstclass limestone are available here. and. though it may be considered vandalism to destroy so beautiful a hill, the begun. Foi -en.- years past Mr. Reyburn has been quarrying stone fror, ' and calcining it in kilns. Within the last two or tl e kas also installed a pulverizing plain. Act ording to M, M. 0 Geologist, win, has furnished-a brief report, the three kilns are each 20ft. deep, witli a diameter of lift., and together turn out about 15 tons of In day. For this output 26 or 27 ton- of Limestone must be quarried. The pulverizing plant is driven by a traction-engine of about 10 horse-power, and consists of a rock-breaker made \. and Q. Price (Thames), which reduces the Large lumps of stone to about 1 in. cinder which can pulverize aboul I ton pet hour.

The Dominion Cement Company about 1 - at the north end of the hill where it has opened several faces. The stone is railed to Whangarei, whena it is taken by water to the company's works at Mangapai. It is there used for the purposi of raisin" the lime content of the hydraulic limestone to the right tenor for cementmanufacture.

A ~; to Limestone taken by Mr. Ongley in January, 1917, from a far,- ol brownish -ton.- with thin layers of tufaceous matter 1 in. apart, was found on analysil to contain 95-5 per cent "f carbonate "I 1'

following analysis of limestone aaid to come from Bikurangi probably n a sample obtained at Waro :

Carl • ■ •• •• •• -'■"' c oxide (Fe,o,) ■■ ■■ ■■ •■ •■ J™ Siliceo and, fcc) .. • • • • ■ ■ ■ ■ 2 ' 6 ' Water °^° 100-00 Quicklime in calcined stone (per cent.) (Aston) .. ■■ ..88 ]{,!,,,,„■ Mottled-red comp ■ tone forwarded by Mr. B. Hobbs, M.H.R. Col. Mns. and Lab. 23rd Aim. Rep., LBB9, p. 56. Lab. So. 1924. According to B. II Cox,* &1 or near Kaurihorehore (Kaurihohore) and not Ear from K;uiin i to tin- Wan. limestone, and, Like

• Rep. of <;.,.!. Explor. during 1876 77. No. I". L 877, p. 101. 4—CJeul. Bull. No. -'-'

50

it, weathered into fantastic shapes. Tiie name of " Abbey Rocks. 1 ' frequently used in old Geological Survey reports for this outcrop, seems properly to belong to the limestone outcrops near Awaroa Creek below). At the tin I Cox's visit (1*77) a lime-kiln had been erected here, buf apparently was only spasmodically u

The following analyses show that the Kamo limestone varies in qua samples were forwarded as likely material for cement, and may not be altogether representative.

Reference. Forwarded by .Mr. Decimus Atkinson. Col. Mus. and Lab. 17th Ann. Hep.. 1882, p. .'in. Lab. Nos. :;l II 1.2. .'!. The analys! remarks : " The siliceous matters are. in the ease of No. 2 and No. ."., mainly sand, generally coarse (some of which is m

In 1914 Mr. 11. Lilley forwarded two samples of calcareous rock from Kamo to the Dominion Laboratory. One of these was a rather poor limestone, analysing M insoluble in acid. 20-2.J per cent.: alumina anil iron oxides. 1-60 per rent.: calcium oarbonate, 77-17 per cent.; magnesium carbonate and undetermined, 0-68 per cent. The other sample was a siliceous rock with 10-88 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (See 18th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 21. Lab. Nos. 919 1. 2.)

The Abbey Hocks, about three miles east of Whangarei as the crow flics, cm crystalline (Whangarei) limestone. The outcrops are in or on the side of a valley, but stand well above the surrounding "round, and erosion along joint-plane,. &c, has carvel them into massive buttresses ami pinnacles, whence the name of "Abbey Rocks." Numerous - caves, and underground passages have also been formed in the limestone. The rock is mostly white or greyish-white in colour, and for the most part is : onate of lime. In places it contains thin bands of siliceous material. Outcrops of limestone cover many acres, and probably several millions of tons can he quarried here without difficulty. From the south end of the limestone area to tide-water in Awaroa Creek is about a mile, on an easy grade, so that transport facilities arc food.

Samples of limestone taken by P. G. Morgan in January, 1915, were analysed ai lie Dominion Laboratory with the followinc result:—

Insoluble in acid .. .. _ .. 7-07 1 -7 I Calcium carbonate .. .. .. 88*79 92-54 Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. 0.20 on ■res.—(l) Greyish limestone. (2) White limestone. Lab. Nos., F 122 and F 123.

The EoUowing statement by Cox is understood to refer to the Abbey Rocks Bmestone : •' Overlying the brown and green sandstones to the east of Mr. Dent's house the limestones before described are again seen, and they occur here over a somewhat larger area case with most of these outliers. They extend from the point where first seen on the slopes ol Mount Parihaki to the Whareora caves overlooking the Whareora Valley, when occurs. These caves are, I understand, very one . . . The dip of the lirneston. is W.S.W., at an angle of 25 ."* Whareora is 8 locality some distance to the north-east of the Abbey Rocks, where coal used to be mined.

* Loc. tit., p. 102.

66

ago one or more bores was drilled south of the Abbey Rocks, in search ol eoal. i 'he logs of four bores put down somewhere ill this neighbourhood, and N,,. :; . red 11 ft. of " limestone conglomerate " at a depth of 49 ft. 7 in., below which was 21ft. of white and blue limestone.* Cox interpret- this resull as indicating a second limestone below the upper oryßtalline limestone, and on it he relies in part for his opinion that the hvdraulic limestone underlies the crystalline limestone. It is. however, probable that faulting i- present, as suggested by the presence of " ironstone conglomerate and '■limestone conglomerate" in the bore, ami that whether Cox's conclusion be right or open to suspicion.

Limestone, regarded by Corf as the lower or hydraulic limestone, occurs over a small area on the Bouth-easl Bide of tlcLeod'e Bay, and is there overlain by green sandstone. The accompanying strata, according t" Cox, dip at an angle of 5 to the north-east. The hydraulic limestone, he also states, is seen , north-wesl at the very head oi Parua Bay, where it is overlain by calcareous sandstone and black "marl. His map also shows a small patch of the lower limestone in Limekiln or Tauri Kura Hay. south-east of Whangarei 1 bads.

Mr. J. C. Neill, in an unpublished report on the cement industry of New Zealand written 19, stairs that the argillaceous limestone or oemenl rock at Tauri Knra Hay is similar to that on Limestone Island (described later), Ii occupies an area of 19 acres (or more), surrounded by lava-flows, and partly covered by clays derived from weathered volcanic tuffs. In 1909 it was being quarried by J. J. Craig and Co. at a point close to deep water. The rock was burnt on the -pot in ordinary brick-lined vertical kilns, the output of burnt ro.k being about 100 tons per week. This would require, of course, the quarrying of a much one. The kiln-product was shipped to Auckland, where it was crushed to a line powder and sold under the naif " hvdraulic lime.'' Mr. Neill records that shells were also being burnt at Tauri Kura Bay in order to make pure hydrated (or lime, which was bagged and shipped to Auckland.

Sample No. 1 conl ornately 77-43 per cent, of calcium carbonate, and No. i 76-43 i" ■

(1) Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. No C3lB. Contributor J. Han, .

(2) Horn. Lab. 49th Ann. Rep., L 916, p. 19. Lab. No. F 600. Contributor, J. J. Craig ed).

tple of limestone, forwarded from Parua Bay to the Dominion Laboratory bj Mr. T. Blood in 191 rnd to contain GO per cent, of calcium carbonate (80th Ann Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. Q 1396.)

illj in his paper of 1916 n impleof limestone from Horahora Whangarei, which is very similar to the Waiomio limestone, but contains less glauconite. Horahora is

B. Denniaton, pp. 129-30 of urna pal

pp. 103, 104.

I plate ix, fig. i tarn).

67

a district uear the coast, south of the Ngunguru River, and this presumably is the locality from which Dr. Marshall obtained his sample.

.Mr. .1. C. Xeill in his unpublished report on the cement industry mention- a small area (I acres) of 'white" or Whangarei limestone at Hewlett's Point, on the mainland south o! Limestone Island. Analyses of this limestone made by the New Zealand Portland Cement Company are—

No. :; is quoted from I". N. Rhodes, Trans. Au.-t. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. Hi. 1912, p. '-'77

Whangarei limestone at Te Mata Point, Mangapai River. The crystalline limestone poorly exposed in Whauwhau Creek at a point about a mile and a half north of Whangarei. I that it is a banded limestone, from which a few specimens of .orals, echinoderms, and fossilized fish have been obtained. A specimen of fossil fish from this locality is now in the Auckland Museum. At the time of Cox limes* Whauwhau Creek was being burnt in kilns ere, ted by the side of the harbour, but these have loll" since disappeared. A mile or two west oi Whangarei, on the Bouth 'side of the road in that direction, crystalline limestone forms a low ridge foi distance. No analyses of stone from this locality or f i Whauwhau have been recorded.

Limestone Island, in Whangarei Harbour, is , posed almost wholly of the argillaceous or hydraulic limestone. It is of such quality as to be almost perfect for the manufacture of cement, but for this purpose requires tic admixture of a -mall amount of purer limestone. The situation close to deep water is also ideal. As is well known, the rock i- extensively mined by the New Zealand Portland Cement Company, which has its works on the island.

The rock-outcrops on Limestone Island arc described by Cox as follows: "At the northern end of the island the beds, which are here dipping to the north-east at somewhat various angles, averaging about 30°, consist of marly limestones much laminated in character: and as we pas* to the southward we find a bed of greensand interstratified with them, while on the extreme southern end of the island : ones occur, with a dip slightly less than that given above, but representing lowest member of tic calcareous beds, which, as a body, dip below the sandstone. 4c, on the mainland to the north of the harbour.'

Mr. .1. ('. Neill, in th.' unpublished report on the cement industry of New Zealand already mentioned, describes the rocks of Limestone Island and other localities where argillaceous lii rs. His remarks, slightly summarized, are as follow: -

"The principal rock of Limestone Island is a fine-grained argillaceous limestone. It is overlain by a green calcareous Bandstone grading into green sandy limestone. <m the shore of the mainland to the wesl the cement rock may be situ overlain conformably by a considerable thickness of green calcareous Bandstone contain- 30 per cent, "f calcium carbonate. Here also the lower exposure of the cement rock maj seen grading mi" green calcar is sandstone, which in turn passes into a subcrystalline one containing glauconitic layers. These latter beds at Tokitoki Point arc in contact with crystalline shelly and pebbly limestone, in apparent unconformity.

68

'■The main mass of Tikorangi Hill to the west appears to be composed of cemenl io,k. overlain by green calcareous sandstone. The cemenl rock disappears belom sandstones to the north and west, and no further outcrops of it are known in tht locality. At Grahamtown or Onerahi, half a mile easl ol Limestone Island, thi rock out.Tops on the beach, but no ereat thickness can be -ecu above high-water mark It is overlain by green calcareous sand-tone and by lava-Hows.

"The cement rock wherever exposed is much broken and contorted. It is irregularly penetrated by nearly vertical stringers of calcite varying in thickness from a thread to several inches. There are also several thin vertical - en calcareous -and carrying about Id per cent, ot calcium carbonate.

"Limestone Island has an area of 93 acres, and rises to -12 ft. above sea-level. It is estimated to contain 30,000,000 tons of workable cement rock above high-water mark. Tikorangi shows an mormons amount of cement rook which could be quarried very cheaply, but is rather far from deep water.

" The argillaceous limestone of Limestone Island is a fine-grained fairly hard rock, rarying in colour from nearly white to a dark bluish-grey. It is entirely free from and or grit. The white parte of the rock are those subjected to weathering, which, iiriously enough, extracts the argillaceous elements in preference to the lime, so that he nearer the outcrop the higher is the percentage of 1,

ted bj Mr. Decimus Atkinson. Col. Mus. ami Lab. 17th Ann. 1 1882, p. 28. Lab. Nos. 3063/1-6.

The following five analyses were supplied by the New Zealand Portland Cemenl my in 1909, and an- quoted bj Mr. Neill in his report of that year. Nos. 1 and 2 are typical control analyses made at the works; No. •'! represents the poorer grade of rock, and Xos. i and 5 the ordinary grade.

F. X. Rhodes, in Trans. Aust. Inst. Hin. Eng., vol. 10, 1912, p. 277, quotes No. B above, and three other analyses of cement rock showing 67-6 per cent., 72-9 per cent., and Tii-i per cent, of calcium carbonaf ' tinted).

Lamest ■ occurs is the Otaika district, a fen miles south of Whangaiei, although apparently only to a small extent. Irgillaceous limestone has been found by boring

• Preaomably the word "Brae" in thii sentence is intended to mean carbonate o( lime. A sin raising ~( tl i" seems to take plaoe miti friable limestone deposits in South Island. See lots Ann. Rep. H.Z. QeoL Burv., Pari. Paper C. 2b, 1916, p. 17.

••-j i

i„ the Wl Sri I endowment between Ki roa B on and the tidal part of the Otaika R.i' . ' The following

References. (I) li. C. Aston in the Journal of Agriculture, vol. 11. No. •'). Sept., 1915, p. 236. Approximate amount of lime (CaO) in calcined limestone, 81 pel cent. An number, F 168. Date, 1 Ann. He,,. Dept. Agri., Chemical Dii o. SI.) Forwarded by E. Sands (p. 88).

(2) Cement-stone from No. 2 borehole, Kioreroa (not Hioreora) Syndicate's property. 1),, m. Lab. loth Aim. Rep., 1912, i>. H. Lab. No. 8181. Calcined rock would era r cent, of lime (I

South of Otaika, on the road toward- Tikorangi Hill, is an old li • airy that has beet worked for roadmaking material. No analysis of the rock has been mad... O n the road lominion Company's works is a quarry where a hard glauconitic sandstone with almost horizontal bedding-planes has been worked for a similar purpose. Argillaceous limestone conformably underlies.

According to a geological map by Cox* an area over four miles long with an extreme breadth of over two miles, south of liuakaka River and north-west of Waipu, ed "i Whangarei limestone. No other information concerning tin- area ha- I n obtained.

South of the mouth of Waipu River, at and near The Cove, is a small area w limestone, said to rest unconformably mi greensands, occurs. There an- caves about eight miles from Waipu. known as Morrison's. According to Cox they contain some splendid stalactites ami stalagmites. Analyses of limestone from Waipu are as 1011..

* Rep. of Geol Explor. during 1879 80, No. 13, LBBl, opposite p. 2a

65

(1) Aston, B. C, in the Journal of Agriculture, vol. 11, No. 3, Sept., 1915 p. 236. Analyst's number, F227. Date, 1905. Quicklime (CaO) in calcined stone ii approximately 86 per cent. (See also loth Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric Chemical Division. [905 e sample was forwarded by Gus McKay (p. 85). Four other samples (E 170 73 date 1904) are quoted as containing the following percentages of calcium earl ate : 85-72 89-30, 79-29, and 76-97. (See also 12th Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, Chemical Division, 1904 p. 143.) The samples were forwarded bv tlie Secretary for Agriculture (p. 150). (2) Forwarded by R. R. McKay. ' Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 20. Lab No. E513. Quicklime (CaO) in calcined stone approximately 83 per rem.

Limestone occurs in the western part of Whangarei County, but little is known as to its extent and quality.

The following analyses of samples from Parakao. -Mangakahia, and Maungakaramea are available :

References. —(1) Forwarded by W. Ruddell from Parakao. Dom. Lab. -15 th Ann. Ri 1912, p. 20. Lab. No. B 508.

(2) (3) Forwarded by H. E. Euddell from Parakao. Dom. Lab. 50th Inn Rep., 1917 p. 20. Lab. Nos. G 352/1 and G 352/2.

(4) Soft grey sandy limestone from Mangakahia district, per Major G. Clark-Walker knn. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Appendix Cof Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, p. 88. Analyse made in Dominion Laboratory. Lab. No. F 115.

(5) Forwarded from Maungakaramea by .Mr. C. E. Hayward. Col. Mas. and Lai 26th Ann. Hep., 1892, p. 29. Lab. No. 5741. The analyst (W. Skey) remark, thai th sample is a close coherent light-coloured limestone, well adapted for building purposes it can be obtained in fair-sized blocks, and is also suitable for burning into lime if careful] selected.

The following analyses ascribed to Whangarei, but perhaps representing samp taken some distance from thai town, may be given here :

(1) " Limestone " with 10-8 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and (2) limestone with er cent., from Whangarei, forwarded by Mr. Kelly, J1.11.1t. Col. Mus. and Lab. 14th Ann. Rep., 1879, p. 25. Lab. Nos. 2377/1, 2.

draulic lime near Whangarei, forwarded by Georgi White. Dom. Lab. loth Ann. Rep., 1912, p. Hi. Lab. Xos. B 1027 1 2. (5) From near Whangarei, forwarded by J. Harrison. Same publication as Nos 3 and 4 p. 20. Lab. No. B 107.

56

Summary oj Vim R d of Means of Transport.

Whangarei County has great limestone resources, and in tin- respect is one of the most fortunate districts in New Zealand. Not only has ii uumerous deposits of highgrade stone suitable for calcination, but it has immense quantities of argillao limestone suitable for application to the soil after pulverization, and eminently adapted for the manufacture of cement. Many of the deposits are e1,,..- to a railway or to deep water, and. if necessary, lime for agricultural purposi reniently be railed (after tin- completion of the North Auckland Railway) or shipped to other counties. lie harbour of Whangan munications, and at the same time reaches lar into the land. North of Bream Head there are other harbours, usable by small stea is. A railway runs from Onerahi, the port of Whangarei. through the town of Whangarei to Opua, in Bay of Islands County. A railway from \\ Dargaville is projected, and will ultimately connect with the North Auckland Railway. Thus Whangarei County will some day be connected by rail with Hokianga. Auckland, and the southern parts of the North Island. Until the county is better roaded the distribution of lime and other heavy goods will be impeded : but the roads, as in parts of New Zealand, are bring continuously improved, and in a few- years all important highways will be macadamized. The volcanic rocks and hard limestones of the county are good roadmaking materials.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology and limestone of Whangarei County are the following:—

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877. pp. xii-xv, 95-106, 128-35: No. Hi, 1884, pp. 110-22 (Whangarei limestone p. 115, Limestone Island p. 117); No. 21, 1892, pp. 177-78: Xo. 22, 1894, pp. 55-69.

Thome, C. jun. : "Notes on the Discovery of Moa and Moa-hunters' Remains at Pataua River, near Whangarei." Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. 8. 1876, pp. 83-94. Describes the sandhills along the coast from Bream Head to Horahora River. On the smith bank of the Pataua River " pipi-shells form a perpendicular little cliff . . . fifteen feet hieh."

Park, Ja s: "The Geology of New Zealand," 1910. See pages indexed under heading of " Whangarei."

Rhodes, P. X.: "Plant ami Method of Manufacture of Portland Cement at Limestone Island." Trans. Aust. Inst. Min. Eng., vol. 16, 1912, pp. 197 209.

Morgan, P. G. : 9th Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Stirv.. App. C of C.-2, 1915. pp. 87-88.

Marshall. P.: "The Younger Limestones of New Zealand." Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. 48, 1916, pp. 87 99 (see especially 87-89, 91, 92, 93-94, &c).

Marshall, I'.: "Geology .if the Central Kaipara." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. lit. 1917, pp. 433-50. Tins paper, inter alia, discusses the age of the Whangarei Ii stone (see p. 13-1. &c).

Cotton, C. A.: "New Zealand's Niagara." N.Z. Journal oj - Technology, vol. 1, No. 1. January, 1918, pp. 9-11. Describes Wairua Falls.

6. Hobson County

Hobson County consists of a compact area having Dargaville as it- centre, togethei with the peninsula on the western side of the northern pari of Kaipara Harbour. Much of the county has excellent water carriage, provided by the Wairoa River and it- tributaries. Limestone outcrops tit or neat' Mangawhare (a suburb of Dargaville), Mititai, Arapohue, and Avoca. In general tt occurs as somewhat poorlj exposed bands with steep dip in the district east of the Wairoa River from Tokatoka to Tangowahine. Little 01 nothine

PIAI E II

Limestone Rocks sear Kamo, W'iianqarei County Photo by Tonri I Department.] [To foe* p. 56.

74

however, is known about limestone in the northern and eastern parts of the county. According to Cox's report of 1881 limestone occurs north of Dargaville, at Tutamoe heai Dargaville. north of Tokatoka Hill, from the Hanks of Mangarahu Hill to Arapohue, &c. :U, 3D, 36).

Mr. Ongley, Assistanl Geologist, visited some of the limestone outcrops of Hobson County in January. 1917, At Avoca. six miles from Tangowahine, he reports that limestone was being quarried for roadmaking purposes at a point roughly 95ft. above sea-level. The stone was compact, of brownish colour, and contained layers and scattered grains oi and. The Avoca Quarry showed a 40ft. face of Btone, capped by thin soil. The strike was south-south-eastward (105). and the dip 24 c to the south of west. The rock was easily quarried. A sample of crystalline appearance, and probably of better quality than the average, taken by -Mr. Ongley was found in the Dominion Laboratory to contain 92 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Lab. No. II 322 23.)

Blake's Quarry is on the Tangowahine Avoca Road, four miles from Tangowahine, and about 45ft. above sea-level. The face is 2<) yards long, and shows 25 ft. of shattered argillaceous limestone, capped by about 1 ft. of soil. No strike or dip could be obtained, the bedding-planes being indistinguishable. The rock is quarried lor roadmaking. A sample of the stone tested in the Dominion Laboratory yielded 78 per cent, of carbonate of lime (Lab. No. H 322/24).

Between Avoca and Blake's Quarry there are numerous road-cuttings in limestom bo that evidently large supplies of easily quarried limestone may be obtained in the distrid Analyses of representative samples are required in order to ascertain the quality.

The hills near the Mititai Arapohue Road are of argillaceous limestone, ami Mr. Ongley states that quarries have been opened in five places at heights of 250 ft. to 300 ft. above sea-level. Limestone with a thin covering of .soil extends for two miles along the road. It is a fine-grained, chalky, shattered, sliekensided rock with numerous calcite veins, and the bedding-planes are either indistinguishable or stand nearly vertical. The stone, which is easily quarried, is used for making roads. Three samples taken by -Mr. Ongley from different quarries are very similar in composition. The Dominion Analyst (Dr. J. S. Bfaclaurin) reports one as containing 77 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and the other two as each yielding 7G per cent. (Lab. Nos. H 322/21-23.)

The limestone on the road from Arapohue to Tokatoka is similar to that on the Mititaj Road. A sample taken by Mr. Ongley on this road was argillaceous limestone of light colour. It yielded on analysis 7-1 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Lab. No. H 322/19.)

"oes.—(l) Hydraulic limestone from Mangawhare, near Dargaville. Col Mus and Lab. 22nd Ann. Rep., 1887. p. 11. Lab. No. 4397.

(2) From Mitiai {'. Mititai), forwarded by A. <-. Thompson, per Secretary of Agricultun Dom. Lab. 15th Ann. Rep., p. 20. I..id. No. 8532. Phosphoric anhydride, o*l3 pej cent.

(3) From Arapohue, forwarded by A. J. Gelston. Dom. Lab. 17th Ann Rep 1914 p. -1-2. Lab. No. D 1176.

58

si;,-y. in their report of 1866 quoted on page 37, mention a lin from -Wanna. Auckland," which contained 95-47 per cent, of calciun also appendix to Chapter 111 of this bulletin.)

All II aulic limestone ..I Whangarei and other ' land counties. If this - ect, and if I of the two !. :l - I '' crop at a lower horizon than the hydrauli. <■■■'•■ ■'■ n ,1 "' opposing view maintained md Park in 1910 is ict, then the crystalline ii nt. but, if present, will than the hydraulic or argill lm ,, ]„. Ithough not with - at if on the west side of North Auckland Peninsula n will lality.

Summa I ami oj M

Apparently Hobson County is lerately well suppbed with table lor use riculturists after it has been pulverized. High-grade lii 'l'ln River and it- tributaries affi.nl good means of transport into n I tincounty. A railway from Dargaville to Kailm has been in existence for many ythe North Auckland Railway D and the projected line to Whangai made the county will have gi munication. By that time various now in the making will, no dm leted.

Literature.

The literature dealing with the geology of Hobson County is scanty. The following arc the chief referem . _ , ,- ,~ ,«„. . f ~, 0.. IC ,1 ,

Rep. .if Geol. Explor., No. 13, ! 39 (S. H. Cox), especially pp. 15, 22 '■ ' the count or less incidentally mentioned in Nos. 9 (1888), and '2l (1892). A brief account i ven in No. 21, p. 154.

account of the Wairoa River: Mulgan, E. K.: rans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 31 On p. 459 calcareous marl below alluvial de] ' mty) is mentioned. On p. U Mangawhare, Arapohue, and Okahu.

i. Otamatj 1

Much has been written about the .„„! ln;im points have yet to be settled. The chief n cited on a foili n,i i :__i t : . ;., .. i,;.a, t1... I.\J rnili.' iii'i-iirs w verv wrll reore-

The geological formation in which the hydraulic limestone occurs is verj wen repreM , 11t1 .,l i I laid that ii : that limesfc erJ par) 0 f the county. Hani limestone of good grade similar to ~. occurs in one or two localities, notablj bi and Fan

According to Cox, chalk marls and hydraulic limestones extend -is miles from Tokatoka Hill in the direction ol Matakohe (1881 report, p. 35) In 1915 ■ Union sent two samples of limestone from Ruawai (east bank of Northern River, a few miles south of Tokatoka) to the Dominion Laboratory. The . quoted belo* shov. that somewhere in this locality tiigh grade limestone suitable

il that it Avoca, deai ri»>cd on previous page

76

lor " binning occurs. The samples analysed may possibly have come from bands of purer limestone [in the hydraulic limestone, similar to those mentioned later as occurring south of Captain Colbeck's, l'ahi Estuary.

Some of the cuttings on the railway-line near Maungaturoto, beyond Bickerstaffe Railway-station, pass through bands of argillaceous limestone, but on the whole a calcareous claystone predominates. This rock is very liable to slump, and gives rise to a subdued type of topography, with few steep slopes and few rock outcrops, except those produced by artificial means. The following analyses may here fie quoted :

(1) Aston, B. C. : Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. 3, Sept., 1915, p. 237. Analyst's number, E 310. Date. 1901. Prom Bickerstaffe, Whakapirau.

(2) (3) (4) Same locality and reference as (1). Analyst's numbers. V 186, F 187, F 188. 1905.

(5) .Morgan, P. G. : 9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. A,,p. ('. of Pari. Paper 0.-2, 191 Impure (argillaceous) limestone from railway-cuttings south-west of Maui, >nd tunnel. Phosphoric anhydride, 0-10 per cent. Lab. No. F 112.

During a visit to the Manngaturoto district in January, 1915, one of the writers P. G. Morgan) saw no limestone approaching the grade of analyses Nos. 2 and 3 above, izcept thin calcite veins in the argillaceous limestone. It would be interesting to know jxactly where these samples were obtained. If the locality were a new one, and the imestone occurred in quantity, the information would be valuable. It may be as well :<> remark that the stones represented by analyses Nos. 1, 4, and 5 probably could not k satisfactorily calcined. They would most likely form hard clinkers that would •equire to be pulverized before they could be used for agricultural purposes. Near the •airway-line north of the road between Maungaturoto and Paparoa is a quarry where mpure limestone was being quarried in 1915 for railway purposes. The rock i- nearly vhite in colour, and somewhat arenaceous-looking. The following part-analysis of a ample collected in January, 1915, by P. G. Morgan does not reveal its composition very ilearly, one-third of the constituents not being determined:—

Reference. Same reference as No. 5 from Maungaturoto (see above). Lab. No. V 113.

60

rell-known Gibraltar R< distance abi They are bluffs of mora or less glauconitic crystalline lime ently grading into limestone or calcareous sandstone. Tl i to tin- north-west, and tin- dip probably about 85 to the Bouth-wi - n the river or estuary, along -ion shore southward from the landing former] ' beck, an- four similar limestone, interbedded and in ono case argillaceous or hydraulic limestone. I rom lnft. to 20ft. thick. '["hi-ir strike and dip are erratic, but in general the - 'ln- north-west, and the dip is to tin- south-west at angles - dfi are apparently aid by tin- main body of tin- hydraulii It is clear that importa ire present, complicating icture, and outcrops are anything but contanuou opinion am-- ■- concerning raphy of tin- Pahi district is not to be wot

i L, which is nut marked mi the maps consulted, Inn appears to !"■ somewhere mi Pahi Peninsula to the north ol Captain Colb di nee. Similar Limestone occurs also in other hills between Pain Estuary and Paparoa. (Cox, 1882, p. 23.)

The followini imples collected by I'. G. Morj - r, 1915, ■ Gibraltar Rocks and of thi nth of Coll Landing are of good quality:— ...

.... ... ._...... juiun . .jj Insoluble in .. .. 3-13 7-05 Alumina and iron os ... .. 1-75 1-25 Lime (CaO) .. .. .. .. 51-92 50-14 i (MgO) . . .. .. n-77 1-16 nhydride (P,0 5 ) . . .. . . 0-12 027 inhydride (CO s ).. .. .. .. 41-20 inic matter .. .. .. 1-29 1-42 100-37 Calciun .. 91-71 85-92 Approximate yield of calcium oxide or quicklime (CaO) in calcined limestone (per cent.) .. .. 90'0 83-7 ill \ .aI. nvisl.-n-Pit-.. 1:,....-a..„,. tv..... i :;i.r.iit..T. T3,..a \i D i <

I) Yellowish-white limestone from Gibraltar Rocks. Morgan, P. G.: loth Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv, 19 2b, p. 12; and Dom. Lab. rath \m 1916, p. 19. Lab. No. F I 121.

(2) Hard light-coloured limestone from band in beds on east side of Pahi Estuary below Colbeck's. Same references as (l). Lab. No. F 1122.

Owing to the importance of the p I with the geology of the Pain and neighbouring districts, the following special references will hi a :

3 II.: "Geology of the Rodney and Maraden Counties." Rep. of Geol. Explor. during 1879 80, No. 13, 1881, pp. 13 39 (see pp. 17. 18, 19, 33, 35, te p. 28).

Cox, S. II.: "North Auckland District . . ." Rep. of Geol. Explor. dxu 1881, No. I I. 1882, pp. 17 II ■:; 24). Park, James: "On the Kaipara District." Rep. ol I

No. 17. 1886, pp. lUI 70. James: " Kaipara and Wade Districts." Rep. of Geol. Explor. dm

-7. No. 18, 1887, pp. 219 33 (see especially pp. 220 '.'' J. 228, 229). M ' K:iV - : "On the Geology of the Northern District of Auckland." 1:

Geol. Explor. during 1886 87, No. I l .'. 1888, pp. .",7 57 (see especially pp. 53-64). I'. G. : Publication quoted above, pp. 11. 12, 13. I'.: "The lounger Limestones of New Zealand." Trans. N.Z. Inst..

vol. 48, 1916, pp. 87 99 | - 89, 91, ic.)

78

Marshall. P. : " Geology of the Central Kaipara." Trans. X.Z. Inst,, vol. 19, PUT pp. 433 50.

Marshall. P.: "The Tertiary .Molluscan Fauna of Pakaurangi Poiid. Kaipa Harbour." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 50, 1918, pp. 263-78.

At Pakaurangi Point, which forms the south-east corner of Komiti Peninsula, is a be< composed almost wholly of foraminiferal remains. It is called by Park the " Orbitolib Limestone" (1886 report, p. 166). hut according to Marshall the chief organism p is Miogypsina (paper of 1917, p. 437). Park also mentions a bed of shelly limestoni 12 ft. thick, which occurs at Strawberry Bay, on the west side of Komiti Peninsuli (1886 report, p. 167).

The argillaceous or hydraulic limestone so often mentioned on the preceding pages is developed on a most important scale on the shores of Kaipara Harbour from Matakohe southeastward. Lccording to the available descriptions and maps it covers a considerable area on Komiti Peninsula near Matakohe, and continues down the east side of the peninsula to near Pakaurangi Point. Hydraulic limestone occupies part of Pahi Peninsula, and is tin' prevailing rock on the east Bide of the Pahi and Arapaoa arms from some distance north of .lack-man's to near the Otamatea Arm. where claystones appear. It forms a small bluff near Batley Wharf, and appears to form portions of the peninsula between the Otamatea and Oruawhero arms, whence it extends southward and eastward into Rod v. In many places the hydraulic limestone is highly siliceous, and therefore not suitable eitl agricultural purposes or for the manufacture of cement. Marshall draws special attention to this feature (1917 paper, pp. 440-41), but perhaps over-emphasizes it. There can In' no doubt, however, that the western and southern parts of Otamatea County contain immense quantities of argillaceous limestone, more or less suitable for use in the manufacture of cement and (after being pulverized) as soil-dressings. Geological exploration and mapping in order to define the boundaries of the limestone areas an- necessary. Hand-in-hand with this work should go extensive and careful sampling, so that a Beries of reliable analyses may be obtained. The following analyses probably all represent the hydraulic limestone in the western and southern parts of Otamatea Countv :

References. —(1) Forwarded by Captain Colbeck from Kaipara district. Co] Mns and Lab. 19th Ann. Rep., 1885. p. 28. Lab. No. 3727. (2) From Pukekaroro, near Kaiwaka : forwarded by H. B. Cooke in 19] I Dom Ilb 48th Ann. Rep.. 1915, p. 19. Lab. No. E 534 I.

Reference. Cement-stones from Kaipara, forwarded in I'.ill by Hon. Minister of Mines on account of Heathcote Jackman, Dom. Lab. 15th Ann- Hep 1912 pp II 15 lib Nos. B 282/1, 2.

62

tilt' ].■ will I. No. 3 bined with other oxides.

..

1917, : .117.

oft impure Limestone fo ■[ I, by ith of Marahemu. Dom. Lab. 18th Ann p. I-. Nn. K717. 11/ TT T 1 .T/T-r

Inn. Rep., I I

i ni 191 I I K G. II Walker, i 10.

(Park. 1886 report, p. 169.) 'I I but this ten only to t] . it is similarly (1917 pa

nj point on I 7s. per cubic yard.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

tion. The tidal an give fail access tor oil-launches t» and thus their use for <• at. The North Auckland Railway now runs thi of the county, and may i. with r I' 1"!'"" of this railway and the improvement of the roads, whicl Otamates County will be well supplied witl where, but on the whole .the a Here and the! rock which might well be more than they are at present for example, the dacite of Pukekai Kaiwaka.

Literature.

Papers listed on pa m the man, part ol the Uterature relating to Otamatea County.

68

8. IoH'M I I iU\ J i ami KaW.U I -I.Wt

1 '" 'l' l, south Bide of the (Iruawhero Arm of the Kaipara Harbour, for sonic miles southwesl "l Port Albert, tic hydraulic bmestone is stated to be burly well developed. Hands of • occur near Well-lord Railway-station. Prom these two localities Port Albert ami Wellsford a broad but gradually narrowing area containing many outcrops of hydraulic limestone extends to the mouth of the Hoteo Bivei Other rocks, however, especially calcareous or "chalky " claystones, occupy great parts of the area thus defined, in places calcite veins occur, but these are of no importance. Near Port Albert ooncretionary masses with the curious structure known as "cone-in-cone " arc common. At Kaipara Mats there are various outcrops of argillaceous limestone associated with chalky claystono and flinty hands. An outcrop a few chains south-west of Mr. Thompson's house is said to ielded -tone from which good lime was made. In general the district surrounding I t lienor westward and eastward to both coasts, is covered by a series of rocks younger than and unconformable to the series containing the hydraulic limestone. rocks are calcareous, but not highly so. Shelly rock is reported to occur on Mr. Breese's land north of Kaipara Flats and east of the railway-line. The following analysis of limestone represents a sample of argillaceous limestone collected by P. G. Morgan in January, 1915, from a band in the railway-cutting 20 chains north of Kaipara Flats Railway-station. This yielded Per Cent. -Matter insoluble in acid .. .. . . 17-62 Calcium carbonate .. .. . 75-95 Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. . _ q.q3 Reference.— 9th Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv., Appendix Cto Pari. Paper C.-2 (Mines Rep.), 1915, p. 88. Lab. No. F129.

tly B. C. Aston (Jour. Agric, vol. 17, No. 2, Aug., 1918, p. 99) ha published nine analyses of calcareous rocks from Rodney County, most of which ma My he referred to the hydraulic limestone. The p. i calcium carbonat 72-7, 78-8, 6-9, 79-9, 78-5, 71-6, 68-2. 46-4 (all from Wellsford); 71-0 (fron H 'cock's). He also gives an analysis of high-grade stone, with 90-8 per cent, o rem tie' indefinite locality " Kaipara " (same publication, p. 100).

Warkworth, or Mahurangi as the locality is called in old reports, bands of marly oitic and blue limestone, associated with sandstones, shales, &c., outcrop in the bed er's Creek. The glauconitic limestone was ~t one time quarried for burning. AccordX' ill. in his unpubUshed report on the cement industry, a Mr. John Southgate a to make lime from the argillaceous limestone east of Warkworth, re. In 1865 the plant was shifted to the north bank of the Mill " |r opposite Warkworth, and lime was then mad- from boulders of limestone f " uml : m-bed. Cox* in 1882 mentions Palmer's'old lime-kiln below Mahurangi F; ' lls - and ,! kiln erected in 1865. In 1870 Mr. Nathaniel Wilson began the " : "■' agricultural lime from the argillaceous limestoi ast of Warkworth. but the product was soon found to be a superior hydraulic cement, and the present extensive works ~1 Wilson's Portland Cement Company lone gradually come into existence owing to that I. \r,. v..;n ~+ „*.— .!.„. *i . i ■,,

Mr - v thai the cement rock or argillaceous limestone near Warkworth formi twodistincl areas separated • • Mahurangi River and by hills of overlying gTeen sandstone In the great quarry close to the cement-works the argillaceous li stone is seen to resembl ,l,; " " f Lil: ,[ v, ' rv closely. I. is, however, somewhat softer, and is almost frei f, '" ,l, '' ;llrit ' ! "! reins. In quality it is very uniform. The mass of the

* Rep. of Geol. Explor. during 1881, No. I 1. 1882, p, 2]

81

3 and slicker, ;i ljV ""'" : ' everal hundi ' &"•* thon « l1 "'"l'"'-""'"- 1 v million _ ... .. 1 /i ra 11 I If' tlTNl'

land Cement - make agricultural lime he - burning " shells obtained from large shell-beds a. Wairoa South. ~,.,„ ,- don- in circular concrete brick-lined kali the fuel. Utcrnat,- 3 '" charged it -a,nous. ~,d shells Peine added on top as line- is withdi om. The li is slaked with water so as to form an all.not pun- hydl

(1) Subcrystalline limestone from Mahurangi. Col. Mus. and Rep., 1872, pp. 18 Pa. Lab. No. 1203. The analyst <U - Lressed block, and :i, l''- f' " reported to be procurable in large bio ir a g 1s ! , it would ' -ne for burning into quicklime." . ~ . i i ~ iii...._.. i: f M

(2) Light yellow-coloured moderately hard but porous limeston.- from Mahurangi, forwarded by Mr. -I. E. Evans. Col. Mus. and Lain I3th Ann. Rep., 1878, p. 23 No. :•

(3) Siliceous limestone from Mahurangi, forwarded by Mr. Decimus Atkn Mus. and Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 1882, pp. 3m 3d. Lab

(1) Limeston ed, and {">) ground limestone from Mahui ded 1011,.. ll,.. Public Works Department. Col. Mus. and Lab. 25th Ann. Rep., 1891, p. 58. Lab. X..s. .-,337 1. 2.

nux. ■>■>■> i i. -. (6) (7) Analyses of Warkworth cement rock, by Mr. -I. A. Pond. Qui Mr. .1. C. Xeill.

...1 clayey marl " from Warkworth. Col. Mus. and Lab. 17th Ami. Rep., 1882, p. 31. Lab. No-. 311' 1 I. 2. I lear why No a " silicified limestone " by Skey. It re e ordinary argillaceous or hydraulic nil Auckland in composition. Skey remarks. ""The limesti adapted for building purposes than for the manufacture of lime. The marl is a valuable manurial ag<

About 8 chains from Mr. .1. G. Parry's wharf at Pukapuka, south of Warkworth, rgillaceons limestone outcrops for 3i chains in a road-cutting. From 3 ft. to 6 ft. of Btone is visible. A Bample collected by -Mr. M. Ongley in February, 1917, was found to contain 77 per cent, of calcium carbonaf II 322 13.

'

The geological map of Kawau Island mad.' by Hectoi report) shows that t Tertiary rocks, consisting principally of Ban< nsiderabli portions of the island. T i the north-east pari of the islam], am overlies much older rocks with an unconformity beautifully shown in the - Morgan, MS.). In the south pan of the island are three patches of the Tertiary rocks, whicl in order of size are one north of the old copper-mine, our extending Limestom Point, and one east i !m the two last-named localities the principal rock are calcareous grits and Bandstone, which in | into conglomeratic limestone. A Limestone Poinl there arc low broken i li with hands of all

82

Limestone. Analysis No. ] below represents a block consisting "of water-worn fragments of clay slate (argillite) cemented by tolerablv pure carbonate of lime, having a subcrystalline structure." Cox (in L 882) states that the conglomerates or pebble beds between tin' "Id copper-mine and Afomona in their higher h>-<\< become calcareous, and pass into a sort of Impure limestone, above which is a marl. Marly beds and concretionary sandstone occur on tin' north-east side of the island.

In places the old slaty rocks of Kawau Island arc calcareous, and arc traversed by thin wins of calcite.

The following analyses of calcareous rocks are ascribed to Kawau Island, but Nos. '1 and 3 are probably from tin 1 mainland (see below):

References, —(1) Rep. of Geol. Explor. dining 1868-69, No. 5, 1869. p. 17. (2) (3) "Calcareous mudstones from the Island of Kawau. collected by Mr. McKay." Col. Mus. and Lab. 19th Ann. Rep., p. 26. Lab. 3674/1, 2. These samples arc almost certainlv not from Kawau. <>n p. I'i of the report quoted they are listed as Erom Kawakawa. On }». 58 of the 20th Ann. Rep. (1891) they are ascribed to Mahurangi. There is no evidence extant that Mr. McKay ever visited Kawau.

Summary of Idmestom Resources and of Means <>f Transport.

Rodney County has abundant supplies of low-grade argillaceous limestone suitable, after being pulverized, for use as a soil-dressing, but is not known to have any large deposit of high-grade stone. With the open sea and several harbours on its east coast, and with Kaipara Harbour rn boundary, the county has good sea communications. ' It is traversed by the North Auckland Railway, but, as in most oilier parts of North Auckland, the roads are not good. Though in many places stone suitable for roadmaking is not close at hand, vet the county as a whole is better provided with rocks suitable for macadamizing than might be supposed, and the sea and railway communications allow roadmaking material to be obtained from outside areas. It may lien- he pointed out that the proper reading of North Auckland, the so-called " roadless North." depends on the completion of the North Auckland Railway, together with the making of a detailed investigation of the roadmaking materials and of the means of transport from localities with good stone to those less Fortunate in that respect. The compilation of data of this kind will enable road engineers to prepare comprehensive schemes for highway communications. North Auckland is not the only part of New Zealand where the investigation of materials suitable for road-construction ought to ■ maticallv undertaken.

/.>>' raiun

Tin' chief references to the geology of Rodney County and Kawau Island are the

Rep. of Geol. Explor. No. 5, 1869, pp. 45-48, and map (Kawau Island) ; No. 13, 1881, [.arts of pp. xiii xv. and 13 39 No. 11. 1882, pari- of pp. 17 32 (Kawau Island, pp. 28-32) ; No. 10, 1884, pp. 104-6 ; No. 19, 1888, parts of pp. 37-57 : No. 21, 1892, p. 1616 Geo! Bull- No. 22.

83

'ill Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., p :■ 19] 1 (2nd ed., 1915), pp. 157 58 (Warkwort Rep. N.Z Pari Rep. N.Z ■ ■ ~f ~,, 11

9. \\ ■

u unty may be roughly divided into thi insula wes< "' ll '" southern pari ..I Waitemats Harl i to I, mainly blown sand and red incoherent cross-bedded sandston, to Manukau Harbour is the hilly country containii ■ wholly of • of Middle ■ formed veri thai . olle. tively are termed the Waitemata Series or beds. 1 ".I .ii 'l"' head of Auckland Harbour i ,1 no more tl mention. There i- much volcanic material in the rocks ~f the \\ a it predominates distincl volcanic ioi ■ even Rei enl age. Mount Rangitoto, i.• been in eruption within the last few '1 In the \\ are probable Cretaceous rocks, consisting of chalky or argillaceous Inn.-,, and concreti. i ones an,l shal i weal and n Dairy Flat towards Helensville, an,l may als cur southward towards Redvale ami All 11 "ay be ni I ~,1 all this area a- ~f 1.,.. w :. . ■,,.-■... . .

' iii high-g] where calcareous rocks containin Tli,.>,' are generally soft, and, though not suitable for burning into lime, may b, - extent the lack of firsl is counterbalanced by Bhell deposits in Auckland Harbour and elsewhere.

''"' '' impure Inn.-si,,n,. may even appear; but the limestone beds of Kaukapal Übany probably belong '"' u .uinal.lv ~!' Cretac, The confusion*thai exists in the lit, dealing with the geology of North Auckland will, as previously stated, n, by systematic geological survey, bul would probably never have arisen if tin- hydraulic ' ones and associated roc] moderately fossiliferous in a f, where they have been examined. I : , ...

>tone in unknown amoun ir Kaukapakapa, north i iple forwarded from there by Mr. F. Dyi in [9lO contained 73-75 p calcium car] ate. (Dom. Lab. Ihl, Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15; 1.,!, \. i. 1074 analysis of another sample forwarded by the same gentleman in 1916 No. 2 . table below

■ l»' kl ""I H „■ elsewhere in this bu Ete ,1 nl.it,-,l from ,u,

84

(1) Uton, B. C. in the J '■ vol. 1 1. No. 3, Sept., 1915, number, L7Ol. Date, 1910. (See also Dom. Lab. 13rd Ann. Rep., -

(2) |),.m. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. 51397. ! other analyses have lately been published by B i Uton (Lair. Agnc, vol. n No. 2. Lug., I

In the Silverdal Wad.- district numerous outcrop what poor limestone occur. In the early part of 1917 Mr. M. Ongley, Assists t, visited outcrops Bridson, west of Silverdale, and of Messrs. Mappin, Birl Carter, to tl. 3 Iverdale, and Bouth of Weiti B

Hn Mr. Bridson's property, Sections 12. Block X. and 11. Block XI. Waiwera Survey District, argillai us limestone of somen outcrops in slips on the h,|K„i, ; creek. Mr. B ' the rock is about 3ft. under the surface of the greater part of Ins farm, and that it ha i by a bore t lepth The lull with the principal outcrops rises to a height of 110 ft. above sea-level, and the locality hj suitable for quarrying. Boring or other form ot prospecting is advisable in order to ascertain the amount and quality of th \ Bample ..I ~ found to contain 56-5 per cent. ..I calcium carbonate (Lab. No. H322 27).

On Mr. Mappin's farm. Section 81, Block XI. Waiwera Survey District, shattered ous limestone, fine-grained and light-coloured, I for 20ft. at tide-level Creek. The stone is slickensided and broken into small flakes, most of which are recemented by calcite. At low watei it is Been to extend t ha n half-ws m. A bore drilled for water near Mr. Mappin's house rated 15ft. into liinr-i.ui... There are several small outcrops ..I shattered limestone ■ an Creek, and others are stated to occur in the neighbourhood. if limestone fr Fisherman Creek contained 78-5 pet i dcium carl. No. II 322 20).

.1 il Birks's property, part of Section 2. Block XL Waiwera Survey District, of Mr. Mappin's, I ft. of shattered and slickensided limestone outcrops 30ft. Abo Bmall stream and 15 chains from tide-water. Vt the stream-level is another outcrop of similar stone resting on shattered mudst The limestone readilj crumbles on exposure I has been used by Mr. Birks as a Boil-dressing with good results. It somewhat lighter-coloured than that on Mr. Mappin's land. A sample yielded 41 per cent, of calcium carbonate (Lab. No. 11-'122 2).

On Mr. Carter's land, part ..f Section 2. Block XI. Waiwera Survej District, and , ,„, 0 j \| ( Birkß's, small outcrops .if shattered argillaceous lnii.-i.uir appear at tide-level on Duck Creek. A sample yielded -13 per i ium carbonate (Lab. No. H322 I). nought that the limestone extends under ..11 ... i part of this and the ueighbo iderable am.mm of prospectin

Ob the banks of the Weiti Stream, near the branch road that gives access to \l r l. 6. Sainsbui rgillaceous limestone outer, mce, forming cliffs ~, 20ft. big] colour and of somewhat harsh grain. Ii ble, and in places much reined by calcite. Eight samples were taken by Mr. Sainsbury, and five of these were analysed with the following results: X". I. 75-95 . of CB l c ium carbonate; No. 2. 75-55 per cent. ; No. 3, 65-45 per cent. : No. 5, at.; No. 8, 75-24.per cent. (D Lab No. H2343 I B.) Mr. Sainsbury's \ (l | specimen consisted oi calcite veins, and ore almost pure carbonate of X,,. i; and 7 were similar to those analysed. The numbering ..I the samples begins from the point nearest tl ad of the road mentioned above. 5*

85

A previous -ample, sent in duly. 1917, from some part of Mr. Sainsbury's farm, was analysed with the following result , , I . nt. Mai ter Insoluble in acid .. .. .. 19-42 * lalcium carbonate .. .. .. .. 71 ■& i Phosphoric anhyd .. .. 0-13

Another lime.tola- ana visited by Mr. Ongley is south of Wade, on land rising 300 ft. or more above sea-level. \ 29, Blocks XI and XV, Waiwera Survey District (owned by Mr. Matthews), shattered argillaceous limestone outcrops, or can be exposed by trenching the ground. On the road thn .com at 270 ft. above sea level, shattered lin •■ i outcropping in tin- water-table for rds. Il could he easily quarried at this place. A sample taken her. contained 63-5 pie' cent, of calcium carbonate (Lab. No. II 322 .">). 801 toad, at a point 120 ft. above sea-level, is an outcrop of more solid appears to dip westward at an ai . hut the beddil A sample tak led 75-5 per cent, of calcium carbonate (I.ah. No. IF

lii addition to the analyses quoted above, which have tl ping the locality in which the samples analysed were obtained, the foil —of limestone from Silverdale and its neighbourl .1 may be given:

Matter insoluble in .. .. 20-21 21-31 Alumina and oxides of iron .. .. 2-'ll 3-17 Calcium carbonate .. 70-19 74-05 36-55 Magnesium carbonate .. .. 1-17 eel organic matter .. .. 1-98 Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. .. 0-32 10000 100-00

nces. [li Argillaceous limestone from Wade, collected In- Mr Uexa Col \lus, and Lab. 20th Ann. Rep., 1886, p. In. Lab. No. 3845.

(2) From Silverdale, forwarded by Mr. G. 11. Carter in 1913. Mom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 191 I. p. 22. I.ah. No. II 1204. The " magnesium carbonate " includes " undetermin

(3) From Silverdale, forwarded by .1. I!. Curley, per Mines Departmi 50th Ann. Hep.. 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. G529.

At B the valley of the Okura - few mile. Silverdales i. slickensided, argillaceous limestone similar t,, that farther north outcrops in several places, iin Mr. Chappie's land. Section 53, Block XV, Waiwera Surve] a quarry lias been opened at a point about lull, above sea-level and half a mile from tide-water. T; rs 15ft. oi limestone, covered by 3 ft. of soil. The limestoni as broken in the quarry is sold for :!s. per ion. and used [-dressing. and that the lumps, owing to their friability, readily disintegrate in The results of experimental work at Albany with this limestone are stated in the Journal of Agriculture for January, 1916, pages 10 12. Mi I the has traced tone for half a mile on his properly, and thai it els,, occupies a considerabli area of neighbouring land. A sample taken by Mr. Ongley from the quarry ci 80 per cent, of calcium carbonate (Lab. No, H322 3).

On Section 60, east south-easi of Chappie's, owned by Redgate Bros., a shaft was sunk main years ago in limestone under the impression that it was gold-bearing quartz. Ten chains upstream from the public wharf -I ft. of crushed ! ows on the stream-bank at tide-level. Some lumps of greyish coarse crystalline limestoi also lying about. The Messrs. Redgate state that the limestone is traceabli chains, and think il is continuous with thai on Mr. Chappie's land. A sample of the crystalline limestone found loose on their property was found in contain 92 per cent, oi calcium carbonate (I,ah. X... H322 7).

86

Somewhat numerous analyses of limestone from Redvale or its neighbourhood have been made during the past few years. Those available at the time of writing are given in the following tabulation:—

References. (1) (2) (3) (4) From Redvale, forwarded by Director, Fields Division. i„ 1913 -. "'" [*b. 47th Ann Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. Nos. D 947/1, 2, 3, 4. The additional cryptic information that Xo. 3 is from the same locality as Xo. I is given.

(•")) From Redvali i by .Mr. Foley in 1913. Same reference as above Lab. No. 1)970.

(6) (7) From Okura, forwarded bvS. R. Smith in 1914. Dom. Lab. 18th inn Rep 1915 p. 2(i. Lab. No. E 245/1, 2.

Rom Redvale. Forwarded by Secretary tor Agriculture in lull. Dom Lab 45t Ann. Rep., 1912, p. 20. Lab. Xo. 8162.

Bj consulting the literature cited below references to calcareous rocks in othi ol Waitemata County may be found—for example, the polyzoan breccia on the coast somi distance north of Lake Takapuna. On Motutapu Island, east of Rangitoto, is a gritty shell-bed, 3ft. thick, which contains many fossils, especially the gigantic cirripede PoUimcUandicm (Hector) Benham,* which was later renamed Hexelasma auckta; Hei tor sp. by Withers.t A similar bed is perhaps to be found on the east Bide of Rangitoto island. A freestone with 78-86 per cent, of calcium carbonate lias been reported from Big Muddy I ntering Manukau Harbour north-east of Puponga Point. On the shores ol tin' county and in Auckland Harbour are various shell deposits, some ol which have yielded considerable amounts of materia) used for making lime and cement. The following miscellaneous analyses may here lie introduced:—

/' from Big Muddy Creek, forwarded by .!. J. Symonds. Col. Mus. and Lab. 9th Ann. Rep., 1874, pp. 18, 32. Lab. No. 1595. The analyst remarks that this " i- .i fine-grained coherent homogeneous stone, only feebly absorbent oi wata is a valuable Btone for building purposes." \ i' :. . i'...... r i.i i fi i* i . __

From Waitemata County, forwarded bi Sandford and Earwaker Dom Lab 48th Ann. Elep., 1915, p. 20. Lab. No. E 3

Gr ! oyster-shells, Auckland, forwarded by G. Rhodes and Sons Dom Lab 18th Ann. Elep., [915, p. 20. Lab. No. E 677.

"> ' ' ! 'oi I a : 1910 p. 52. Lab. No. 1,191.

* Benham, W. B. : “ Remains of a Gigantic Fossil Cirripede from the Tertiary Rocks of New Zealand ” Geological Magazine, n.s., dec. iv, vol. 10, pp. 110-19, March, 1903. t Withers, T. H. : “ Some Miocene Cirripedes of the Genera Uexekuma and Scalpellum from New Zealand.” Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1913, pt. iii, pp. 840-54.

in

In the 12th Annual Reporl of the I >■ : Agriculture, Chemical Divisioi page 1 13, eighi more analyses of limestom re given. Th< from 64-62 to 90-02 per cent. and are numbered E3ll, -112. 313, 314,316 -".17. :'d 3, .i in I 111 Other analyses ol limestones from Waitemata County and from " Auckland " have lately been published by Aston (Join. A. ously cited, pp. 99, LOO).

Hector and Skey, in nd Awards of the Jurors, N.Z. Exl (Dunedin, 1866), mention (pp. |nl. 151) two calcareous sandstont e from " Motupipi, Auckland," and one from " Auckland " which contain 30*27 and 37-60 per cent. respectively of calcium carbonate. (See also appendix to Chapter 111 of tin- hull'

Summary of lAmestom Resource* and •>( Means of Transport.

In the Wade (Silverdale) and Okura (Redvale) districts, and perhaps also thence towards Kaukapakapa. there appear to be large amount- oi a rather poor argillj limestone, which is unfit for making quicklime, hut after being coarsely pulverized is suitable for spreading on the land. The rock is easily quarried, hut in difficulty in working it may be caused by its being below t] surrounding country. A considerable amount of exploration and prospecting is nec< m order to obtain exacl information as to the distribution of the timesl

The Bhelly beaches and banks on or near tin- coast-line may probably be relied furnish considerable amounts oi carbonate oi lime suitable for the manufacture of quit ; slaked lime.

Means of communication and transport in Waitemata County are good. I' I several harbours on its sheltered east coast, Auckland and Manukau harbours on the south, and Kaipara Harbour in the north-west. The county is traversed by the North Auckland Railway. The roads in many parts, however, are not very good. ature. The chief references to the geology of Waitemata County are, Hochstetter, F. von : " New Zealand " (English translation, 1867). Chapters xi xii. pari ol xiii deal largely with the area now included in Waitemata t '< lunty. of Geol. Explor., No. 1:'... 1881, parte of pp. 13-39 and geological map opposite p. 28; No. hi. 1884, pp. 99 101, LOl 6; No. 17. 1886, parts of pp. xxxvii xl and 117 til: No. L 8: 1887, pari of pp. 219 29; V I--, pp 39 I", te 55; No. 21. L 892, p. 171 (Summary of I I'aik. James K On the I onformable Relations of the different Members of the Waitemata Series." Trans. N.Z. hist., vol. 22. 1890, pp. 39 Shrewsbury, Hugh; "The Auckland Volcanoes." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 21. 1892, pp. 366 80. Park. James : "On the Prospects of finding Workable Coal on tin' Shores of the Waitemata." Trans. N.Z. In.-t.. vol. 24, 1892, pp. 380 84. Mulgan, E. K. : "(In the Volcanic Grits and Ash-beds in the Waitemata Series." Trans. N.Z. [nst., vol. 34, 1902, pp, 111 35. Fox, C. E. : "The Volcanic Beds of the Waitemata Series." Trans. N.Z. 1 vol. 34, L 902, pp. I.VJ 93. Clarke, E. de ('. : "'The Fossils of the Waitemata and Paj : I N.Z, [nst., vol. 37, 1905, pp. U3 21. Other papers and reports dealing with the Waitemata Series will be cited under Manukau County.

88

10 Edi 8 County. Eden i- a small county extending from the narrow neck or peninsula kn. the Whau to T.u.iak. I, raphicaUy it includes Auckland < ity, though politically this, as well as the outlying ' Newmarket, Mount Eden, Mount Albert, and Onehunga, . >e distinct.

• n „. ~i„,.f g, . the sedimentary rocks of the Waitemata Series deposited by Pleistocene and possiblj evei Recent Vpart from the calcareous layers and concretions ..I the Waitemata Series there are no carbonate-of-lime deposits in the county, and for lime it must n or the shell beaches and banks of Auckland Harbour, &c. At ~-„ side of Hobson's Bay, and also on the western side of the bay, tl l,„- foramir which in places maj be moderately calcareous. Th. liferous than oth. of the Waitemat ccupy a prominej the literature. Much controversy has taken place concerning the age, stratigraphy, and subdivision of the Waitemata Series, and the nature ot its tela the underlying rocks. , .:.:.. .1. . I> ,

the sake of completeness th. Icareous concretions in the Recent muds of Auckland Harbour may be mentioned.

Analyses 3 and 1 on the lower part of page 69, under th. heading of " Wa Count; bed to Auckland samples, and ought perhaps to be quoted her. the mat oment. . . . . , i , e -. .1 ... 1 ..'...(■ , .-

. the large city ol Auckland and most of its suburbs, Eden County provided with means of transport.

lure.

_\|,,., oi the literature cited above under Waitemata County, and thai on a later lei Manukau County, has a bearing on Eden County. calcareous • ' Auckland Harbour are described by J. A. Bartrum in a paper entitled "Concretions in the Receni Sediments of the Auckland Harbour, ppearing in the "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute," vol. 49, L 917, pp 125 28. Another paper thai may si conveniently be cited here . F w Hutton, On tl \»e . ' ; • ' '■ : i B i Bedf i eai Auckland," in the N.Z. Inst., vol. IT. is.-:,, pp. 307 13. (See al B Geo! Explor., No. 11. 1882 pp. 27 and No. 21, 1892, p. 152.)

II Manukau County.

n part of Manukau County is mainly formed of Early Mesozoic greywacke outlying islai i Ponui, Pakihi, &c.) are composed „■]„,!]. Wesl ol these rocks ai coal-bearing strata, andst -. clays, and lii .' no coal is known to ■ m t he county as I denned. In the northern pari of Manukau the is fairly well developed, especially along the coast-line westward from watershed southward and westward the Waitemata and re n idden by vol. (both Bows and fragments! material) and ca lly young clays and sands. Apart from the calcareous bands me thai can be expeated I anir in Manukau : |,„ m the bell ol countrj south "I the large bay into which Waikopua and Ti discharge. This belt, passu P extends into Franklin County. In i' is developed, bul soi known Papakura limestone. Tl with the Waikato and

72

perhaps also with the Raglan and Kawhia limestones, &c., but whether it is to be correlated with the Whangarei limestone is another matter that will be keenly disputed.* What is no doubt the Papakura limestone is exposed in both branches of the Waikopua Creek, a stream that drains part of the Maraetai Hills. Park describes the occurrence as follows: “ About two miles from its mouth the Waikohu (Waikopua) divides, and in both branches, a short distance above the junction, occurs a coarse slate-breccia cemented by lime, and lying on the denuded edges of the slates. This breccia passes into a limestone, which is more or less impure throughout.” (Rep. Geol. Explor. during 1885, No. 17, 1886, p. 152.) The Papakura limestone is seen again in Hay or Slippery Creek, eastward of Papakura, but at a point in Franklin County. Here also it is impure. Apparently it has not been traced through the intervening country. The two analyses given below probably represent limestone from the Waikopua Creek watershed :— „ . . (H (2) Matter insoluble in acid .. .. .. 28-31 39-67 Alumina and iron oxides .. .. .. 2-38 4-94 Calcium carbonate .. .. .. .. 69-13 53-56 Magnesium carbonate and undetermined .. .. 0-18 1-83 100-00 100-00

-". Limestone from Whitford, forwarded by C. Ray. Dom. Lab. 48th tun Rep 1915, i>. 2n. Lab. Nos. E 637 1. 2 In the Journal of Agt 17, No. 2. Vug., 1918, p. 99, I: i Aston mentio le of st from Clevedon with 12-1 per cent, of carbonate ol lime. On page H»i mx analyses of limestone from the same locality are tal.nl percentages of calcium carbonate given are: 83-7, 81-2, 78-6, s 7-:;. 86-7, and 98-2

/.' ... and of Meant of Trai

It will he seen that .Manukau County has poor li stone resources. It is, however, traversed by a railway, and has an extensive coast-line, so that the problem of transporting lime to most pans of the county is not serious. Along tl and some of these may I xlensive. Shells from the southern Wairoa, as mentioned on 64, have 1 n shipped to the Wilson's Portland Cement Company's works neBJ Warkworth for the purpose of making lime.

Literature.

Most of the publications cited under Waitemata County, especially those in "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute."' refer also to Manukau County. The the chief references in the old Geological Survey reports:— D t 1' I I/...1 .. V 1, loon _-_* t nn r,„ , .

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 11. 1882, pari of pp. 33-36, and map No. 17. 1886, parts of pp. xxxvii xl and 117 (11: No. 19, 1888 of pp. xxxiv xxxv. 16 IS. and In 12: No. 21. 1892, p. 157.

In addition the Following papers should be consulted: Hutton, F. \V. : "On the Relative Ages of the Waitemata Series and the Bn Coal Series of Drury and Waikato." Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 3, 1871, pp. 214—i9.

Clarke. B. de ('.. in Marshall, Speight, and Cotton: ' Thi Youngi d." Tnuis. N.Z. Inst., vol. 13, 1911, Clarke's contribution is on pp. 396 99.

♦ Recent surveys by Dr. J. Henderson in south-west Anckland and north Taranaki indieate that two Lmestonee, of hlii.li the Kawhia is the older, are present in that region. This throws doubt meats made in the text, and tends to confirm button's earh woi , Rep. nf Oeol. Bxplor.. N<>. _'. 1867).

90

12. Franklin County

Franklin County extends from the west coast of the North Island, south of Manukau Heads and north of the Waikato River, to the Firth of Thames. North and south if may be denned as extending from Papakura to a little beyond Mercer, both well-known stations on the Auckland Wellington or Main Trunk line. lis geology is very similar to .a .Manukau I iio that undoubted Waitemata beds are not visible. In the west and 'cut in the middle of the county is volcanic material, in the east a Mesozoic rock series. Coal measures arc better developed than in Manukau, and in past years have been worked at Drury. A calcareous claystone called I the ■• l.eda " marl, which resemble, some oi the Waitemata beds, but is probably older, ids near Mercer.

inly limestone deposit known in Franklin County is that previously mentioned i in Hay or Slip:. south-east of Papakura. Geologists win. have .. 1. state thai it i- decidedly impure IS. ('. Aston. however, in the publication cited al 1918) lists two samples of limestone from Papakura. one with 880 and the other with 88-2 per cent, of calcium carbonate. The county of origin is given in error as Manukau. In addition the coast-line of the county may yield small supplies of shelly material, but it is dear that much of the lime required by agriculturists will have to be obtained from outside sources.

!

lin County has fairly good transport facilities. The central part is traversed by the Main Trunk Railway. Arms of Manukau Harbour p.: ply into the rn part of tin' county, which also has the navigable Waikato Rivi luthern boundarv. A railway-line from Paerata to Waiuku is under construction, and probably will shortly be completed. The extreme cast of the county has a sheltered coast-line, where lime could easily be landed from small vessels.

!

'Ph.. chief I ry of Franklin County "ill be found in the following publications :

Hochstetter, F. von.: "New Zealand" (English translation, ls<>7). St pp. 78-81, 258-81, 289-94, &c.

Rep. "1 Geol Explor., No. 7. 1872, p. 117: No. 10, 1-77. pp. 12. 11l 21 No. 11. 1882, pp. 33-36; No. 17. 1886, pp. 153-54; No. 19, 1888 ; pp. x.xxiv xxxv. 16-18, 41-42: No. 20, IS9U. pp. lv Im.

Bth Am,. Rep. N.Z. 1. Surv., part of Tail. Paper C.-2, 1914 (2nd od., 1915), P- II

iaper by Button in vol. 3 of Trans. N.Z. Inst. (pp. 211 19) and those by Clarke in vols. 37 (pp. 113 '2l) and 43 (pp. 396 99), previously cited under the headings "I Waitemata and Manukau counties, Bhould also be consulted.

13. Babkiee County, Little Baerieb Island, etc

Great Barriei 01 Aotea Island is aow constituted as a county, and therefore obtains a separate heading. The island has I of Mesozoic sedimentary rocks rackes and argillites) In great part covered by Tertiary volcanics. With the ag the volcanic rocks, and of shell depo the coast, the island lias uo known depi rbonate of lime. Little Barrier or Hauturu Island is represented on Hector's geological maps of 1869 and 181

71

composed of volcanic rocks, bul in I I map "I I R Geological Explorations durin Island, which are here regarded as i P nv "' ''"' I

Literature.

The followin to the geol i Island n

Hutton, K. W. : " Report mi the Geologj ol tl (with Geol. Explor. during 186 1869, pp. 1 7. I veins, 01. 1. -I,A. rd.. 1875 (Ist id.. 1869). In tin-. ~ . i i , i.l I 17 111 I 1 ~i . 1 'I" V\

|i,l 12, are various papers by I'. W. Hutton and I. w. i\in> : Greal Barrier, Little B Sob ,m]l also be Eound. Trans. N.Z. In pp. 193 '.'l (moa-remains) : vol. 22, 1890, pp. 7'.' 84.

p ar k, .1 ogj and Veins ol the Hauraki G A I ii. Eng., vol I. 1897 I deal with Greal Barrier Island.

McKay, Alex.: " Report oi Blind Barriei Island." Pari. Paper C. 9, 1897, pp 75 80

14. COKOMANDEL COUNTY.

The whole of Coromandel County has I a geologically surveyed in detail C. Frasei and J. 11. Adams. I Mas-Jura nicks* (fin greywackes, argillites, and interbedded igneous rocks) which in most par iunty are smothered by Tertiary volcanic rocks. There are, however, various . sedimentary rocks (older than the volcanics) scattered over the northern half of and consist of conglomerate, sandy shales with coal, marl ]j st..in'. Sk. Near Torehine, a few miles north ol Coromandel, the limesl ■as exp on the thick, and dips ai 15 to the i biard, compact, semi-crystalline, brownish-grey rock, composed largely "I Poly! Adamst state, "There is no great area of this limi Bed on the st-line, . I]H | i! i- doubtful how far it may extend inland. The fad that it is the only limestone exposed i I line within the limits of the Ilauraki Gulf rei n 0 f economic importance as a flux for metallurgical purposes. This Inn, -i outcrops in the valley of Anthony Creek about half a mil coast-line.

In B ; ;. a tributary of ['man similar to thai ;il Torehine occuts a 1 an elevation of 700 ft. or more. The locality is ■ ,!,„■ east of Porehine, and less than two miles from the but a ridge intervenes, and the shortest practicable outlet is down the valley "I the to Cabbagi Bay, i distance of about four miles. Mi. D. V. Allen, ton Director ol the Coromandel Scl I of Mines, states thai "the limesl forms, al one p om t ,„, the nil fullv 100 ft. in height."f The beds of the

• Some of the rockfl maj : N.Z. Gi >l. Surv. BulL No. I

92

Torehini ■ ■ vresi of aorth, and dip to the east-north-easl at angles approaching 3fi .

■five chains east of Cape of shelly conglomerate from 1 ft. to 20 ft, thick, and iuterbedded with marly sandstone, mudstone, &c, are exposed on the Line. The strata strike north 6 ad dip to the north-north-easl at ai L 5 .

In the valley ol 0 and thai of its southern branch the Mangakotukutuku (near K small patches tstones occur. The Lowesl op in the main creek contains a Lo.ft. band of very dark-coloured Limestone, below which !- 11s Layer crowded with oyster-shells.

il] Limestone from Torehine, collected by Geological Survey, N.Z. Geol, Bull. No. 1- L 907, p. 56, and Dom. Lab. Ust Ann. Rep., L9OB, p. LB. Lab. No. 973. (-2) Lu B 1 reek, collected by Geological Survey. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1. p. 56, and Dom. Lab. List Ann. Rep., p. 20. Lab No. L 358. 1 stont will contain approximately ill per cent, of Limi 18. ' . Iston, 1915).

iple of hard compacl Limestone from Amodeo Bay, Coromandel, forwarded in 0 the Dominion Laboratory by Mr. A. K. 11. Swindley, through the Hon. the M is found to contain 91*3 per cent, ol Dom. Lab. 41st Ann. Rep., L9OB, p. LB. Lab. No. ; - sample no doubl came trom the Torehine outsouth.

In the Journal of Agriculture, vol. IT. No. 2, Aug., L9lB, p. 99, B, C. Aston gives the foUowii Point, 98*5 pei cent. Ci : 31 per *

Calcifc i carbonates occur in many of th< i og quartz lodes of tndel County, and also occur as veins in the volcani a rule are sufficiently described in the Geological Survey bulletins, and need no further on here. Aragonite, winch has the same chemical composition .1- ■ p, 16), ira (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1. p. 102).

i Transport.

Although the Linn mall, yet probably Large amounts of good limestone could be in • aine and al Anthony and Branch creeks. There would be no difficulty in shipping the stone al Torehini d al Cabbage Bay there is a wharf, from •■■ d runs several mil< '■■ CJi Galley. The county as a whole bul poor roads. There are inexhaustible Bupplies oi rock suitable for roadmakinj difficulty in roading the county, aside from the Lack oi money, is its hilly nature.

76

Literatwt

eologica] hi- I iromandel t out For the pur of this bulletin the following arc the most important :

Uox. : ■■ lh-pen on the Geology oi the tap. Colvil Auckland." Pari. Papei C 'a. 1897 (bound in Mines Rep.). Pages 17 19 deal with the limestone and associated rocks at Torehine- and elsewhere.

Park, James: " Phe Geologj and Veins of the Hauraki Goldfields, New Zealand." Trans, (also Mm. I'roc.) N.Z. Inst. Mm. Km'., vol. 1, 1897, pp. I 137. Considerable space is devoted to districts lei County.

laren, J. M. : " Geology of the Coromandel Goldfields." Pari (bound in 7 deal with the limestone am rocks at Torehine

olin, and Adams, J. H. : "The Geology of the Coromandel Subdivision, Hauraki, Auckland." N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. t(N.S.), 1907. Anexha "'port on I of the northern two-thirds (measured by length) of Coromandel County. Special attention may I™ logical maps, which also show the topography.

Colin: "The Geology of the Thames Subdivision, Hauraki, Auckland." N.Z Geol. Sum-. Bull. No. 10 (N.S.), 1910. Deals with that i andel County whii I is in II istings Survey District, and parts of Thames and lllltri counties.

Bell, J. M., and Fraser, Colin: "Tim Geology of the Waihi-Tairua Subdivision." N.Z. tool. Surv. Hull. No. ].. H2. Deals with thi that part of Whitianga Survey District i Coromandel County (thus compl d survey), and the eastern part of Thames and Ohinemuri com

The remaining literature dealing with Coromandel County will be found listed, with few exceptions, in the three Geological Survey bulletins mentioned abovi . The full list is far too long to gn [1 a few may he briefly indicated. The earliest literature com of two papers by Charles Heaphy in vols. I" and I Society, 1854 ami 1855. Hochstetter's "New Zealand" appeared in German in 1864, and in English translation in iromandel see pp. HI 98). The chief references in the a of Geological Explorations (ie die direction of sir James lh No. 6, 1871, pp. 2 5 and 88 99; No. I !. 1882, pp. In II : No. 15, 1883, pp. xi xv, i and No. 17, 1886, pp. [92 -.'iil' (Torehine limestone, &c, described bj McKay), following references to the " Transactions of the New Zealand Institute " may also he given : Vol. 2, 1870, pp. 3(i7 68; vol. 26. 1894, pp. Still (11 : vol. 31, 1899, pp. 19 ip. 213 15; and vol. 33, 1901, pp. 339 41. An important though in some reap disappointing publication is " Rocks of the Cape Colville Peninsula " (vol. 1, 1905; vol. 2. 1906), by Professor W. J. Sollas .md Mr. Alexander McKay. This contains descriptiom many rocks from Coromandel County.

15. Thames County.

The Mesozoic, or possibly in pari Palaeozoic, rucks that form thi of Coromandel County extend into Thames, and are seen near Tapu and at Rocky Point, >wn of Thames. With the exception of a few small areas of Tertiary taries and the alluvial Hats of the Piako, Waihou, Kaueranga, and other . the remaining parts of Thames County are covered bj po . which in contain richly auriferous quartz lodes. Near Thames, Waiomo, and probably elsewhere, these rocks contain a number of calcific veins, some of which reach s I

B. !.i 3, M. \l: U HAN< <■■ /■. 76

PLATE II!

A. Limestone, etc., Torehine, Coromandel County Vo. r\

96

or two in thickness. Some of the quartz veins contain a good deal of calcite and othei carbonates, such as dolomite.

i Eraser, in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 10, p. 54, describes a calcite vein occurring m a small branch of Whalebone Creek, entering 22 chains below the junction of the Waipukapuka. Strange to sav. the calcific veins seen on the foreshore at \ points between Rocky Point and the town of Thames are nut mentioned. Park* in his paper of ls'.if states thai Large veins and segregated masses of calcite are plentiful in the tttffs exposed on the beach near Waiohanga Creek.

malysis of calcitic ore from the Day Dawn anil Norfolk Mine, Tararu, will lie found on page 72 of N.Z. Geol. Survr Bull. No. 10. It indicates about 27 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 1" per cent, or more of other carbonates.

When decomposed the volcanic rocks of the Hauraki Goldfield invariably contain more or less carbonate of lime. It should be remembered that these rocks, if in a unaltered state, contain cent, of lime, not as carbonate, but combined with other metallic oxides and with silica to form various complex silicates. It is noteworthy that the andesitic rocks in the south-east part of the goldfield contain much me than those in the Thames and Coromandel districts (N.Z, Geol. Surv. Bull. No. L 5, 1912, p. 53). Calcite in the gold-bearing veins, however, is apparently much more abundant in the former district.

■ • '//"/ of Mt ■ / iport.

The only known carbonate-of-lime resource of the county, apart from the calcite veins mentioned above, consists of the shell beaches and hanks of the coast-line. The shell-banks off the mouth of the Piako River are reported to be Large, and promise tc be of great value in supplying the farms on the Piako or Hauraki Plain with muchneeded lime.

The mon- settled portions of Thames County have good railway, road, sea, and river communications, so that there need he uo greal difficulty in introducing lime From other parts of the Auckland District.

I.iii ratttn.

With 'he exception of a small area of plain west of the Piako River, the whole of Thames ('(unity lias been geologically surveyed in detail. The results are embodied in N.Z. Geol. Surv. bulletin- Nos. 1" and 15, the titles of which were quoted in full under Hide! County. The voluminous literature dealing with the geology ol the county i '1 need not be relisted In

16. Ohinemuri County

The geology oi Ohinemuri County is similar to that <if Thames. The eastern pari ■ ost wholly i rocks containing auriferous ipiartz Lodes, which have been worked at Waihi. Waitekauri, ECarangahake, and many other places. The middle and western par'- are occupied almost wholly by the Hauxaki Plain, but in the extreme Mesozoic rocks (greywackes and argillites), together with some volcanic rocks of Tertiary age, appear.

The gold-bearing veins o\ Waitekauri, Waihi, and other places contain a great deal ftlcite. As a rule this is not seen at the outcrops, hut at some depth. At Golden i ■ Upper Waitekauri, an adil level driven <> n the west side of Waitekauri Creek ed through a lode that consisted largely of calcite. A crosscut at No. 1 level from

* Park, James : " Tin- Geology and Veins of the Elauraki Goldfields, New Zealand." Trans. N.Z. In-i Min, Eng., vol. 1. 1897, \>. 57 (also published as " Minutes of pro« eedin

78

No. 1 shafl passed through two Buch lod [ eve ] l: i m the mam lode. Below No. 5 level the lode, so far as explored, was smaller, Inn In the neighbouring Waitekauri Extended was encountered in the main crc

Waihi port wholly, of calcite, and there are -mall veins of abrn It is possible that the nil Waihi could supplj a few I uitable for spreading on the cultivated land near the town.

(1) From Komata Reefs Mine, according to X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 15, 1912, p. 106. Analyst, R. J. Morgan. A pencil note made by Mr. C. Fraser on a copy of the analysis attai imple to Walki r'a Maratoto M

! ate from Maratoto Claim, Maratoto. Dal No B 206.

irbonate from Golden Cross Mine, Waitekauri. Dab 1911. Lab. 8208.

111 From No. 5 [evel, Waihi 191 L. Lab. No. \ 1015.

ir,) Empire i evel, Waihi Grand Junction Mini

i irtha lode, No. 9 L Mine.

(7) Martha lode, No. 5 level, Waihi Grand Junction Mine.

(8) Maria lode, intermediate level, 81ft. below No. II level, Talisman Mine. N.Z Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 16, 1913, p. 105, and Dom. Lab. 16th Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. No ' 779.

Nos. 5, 6, ami i . from N'.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. X". 15, 1912, p. 133. Lab. Nos. \ '

.'

Other than thf calcitic lodes of the gold-mi] f sheila may be mi tin' coast-line or in Mauri middens, Ohinemuri has no limi pend ~,, other pan- of New Zealand for sii].|ili,-<. Tl areas may be consid 1. In tl asl the porta - W B wentown (Katikati Heads) are a little to the north and south respectively of thi i,l the county; ami a branch railway, now being continued I es Waihi. The middle pari of tin' county is traversed bj ami the iu■. t1,,. Thames River. A loop-line Eroi P west-north-west to the Mam Trunk line ; ii or near Pokeno is contemplated, ami will undoubtedly be constructed within a few rears. In many places the roads need improving, bul the eastern part of tin' county, ni any rate, has inexhaustible supplies of good roadmaking mat.'rial.

Literature.

tically the whole <>f Ohinemuri County has 1 n geologically surveyed in del The results, together with excellenl topographical ami geological maps, are embodied in Geological Survey bulletins N"s. In and 1"> (previously mentioned by title , x,,. in. "The Geology o{ the Aroha Subdivision, Hauraki, Auckland," 1913,

98

written by J. Henderson, assisted by J. A. Bartrum. These three bulletins gr lists of previous pubUcations dealing with the geology and mineral resources ol the areai desc, pubUcations that have since appeared need not be enumerated here.

17. Raolah I

Th , [an Countj is fairly simple, bul lias nol been worked out in detail i I nly roughly indicated. A belt of Early Mesozoic and perhaps in part older rocks (greywacke and argillite) extends from Taupin in the on of Kawhia. and sends off an arm into the central pari ol tl unty. South kato Beads are Neocomiar, I rl Cretaceous) sandstones and shales, perhaps underlain by older rocks. A great part of the county is covered bj a series ol Ti with valuable brown-coal seai in some places, above which come „,|s ,„• sandstones, and beds of limestone or highly calcareous sandb3 thick calcare. ol the character commonly 'papa" throughout the North Island. These may be correlated with the Waitemata beds of the counties to the north. At Onewhero, and thenc ;lll(1 ~ , the Waikato. the Tertiary marine strata are for the most part covered by a tolerably thick layer of decomposed volcanic tuff. There are also flows of volcanic root ,„ the district. Mount Karioi in tl"' south-west, between Whaingaroa and Aotea harbours, Mount Pirongia in the south-east (partly in Kawhia County), and perhaps hills m the south are of volcanic origin. '1 ains are believed to be much older than the Auckland volcanic rones, and ' ■"""■ "">'' u, the Middle Tertiary. In the south-eastern part i '- are the Waipa River Bate . | near the W Rivei a plain covered by pumi us the ■■ plasti, Hochstetter, Hutto Here are several shallow lakes \\ B .to Ngaro, and Wahi. This plain, or at it near Iluntlv. is underlain by coal-seams, and these appear on the at Pukemiro and many miles southward at Te Akatea. That ; inland of • v '- " Harbour is very little known from a geological point of view.

The Tertiary limestone mentioned above contains inexhaustible supplies ol carbonate of lime, bul the grade eatly. On the north si,!,' of Aotea Harbour, near II P at, the quality is beUeved to 1 xcellent. Wegt ~[ t |„. vi 'i and Waingaro, much of the limestone i- arenaceous ly, whilst the great bell extending northward from the Pukemiro districl to ule, of low grade, and in places is alt reous sandst< The along the coast north from Te Hara Point to Waikato Heads are thin and impure. It is. in fact, somewhal doubtful if this limestone belongs horizon as that of Whaingaroa Harbour. (See Hutton, 1867 report, and in vol. 3 of Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1871; Cox, 1877 reports; and p. 99 of this bulletin, for to the existence of two lin i s limestone and s i 01. areous sandst

Cox's ap of 1*77 shows a considerable area of limestone th of the ngaroa Hail i iranaki Point, and to the north-east a i less ~,„„,, is band on the north side of the harbour. The thickness of this In gi ven i„ the geological reports consulted, bul it is probably 150 ft. or perhaps v |, ii,,,,, Point, some miles to the north, the limestone lias a thickness of L2oft., but to the north is said to thin out. It is here, according to Hutton, posed largely of rolled fragments ol Bhells and corals rajs, bul Bryozoa). No analyses of the limestone from the Aotea diatrii I 01 Te Hara Point nave been found,

80

(3) to (9) Calcium carbonate (per cent.) 41-00(1 ' 88-14 61-35. 69-80.

(10) Calcium carbonate, L 2-50 per cent.; phosphoric anhydride, 6*21 )>■■■ equivalent to tricalcic phosphate, 13-57 per cent.

PI) Compact Raglan limestone. Col. Mus. and Lai S. Lab. No. 5613. The stone represented by this sample and No. 2 were al om Fot main no limp

(2) Same reference as X,,. I. Lab. No. 572S (hut see also p. 29). Described "calcareous mudstone," whereas it is evidently argillaceous limestone, (in page 2!' it is called a calcareous sandstone. Tin' pre-..nee of :;-2i> per cent, of iron-pyriti ded by Mr. Norman If. (ling. (See pp. 29, 51.)

(3) to (9) From Raglan. Aston, B. ('.. in Jour. Agric, vol. 11. No. 3, Sept., 1915, I'. 237. numbers, II:!'.'. 11.-in. H 251, H252, H 253, H 254, K 2178. Date, 1907. ■ens limestone from Te Akau (north of entrance to Whaingaroa Harbour), forwarded by -I. .1. Craig (Limited). Horn. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep.. 1917, p. 22. No. G 137 2. (See also Chapter V. Part II.)

The variable results of the analyses given above indicate that the Raglan lie need to be carefully and systematically sampled, in conjunction with a more detailed geological survey.

Limestone, thin and apparently of poor quality, outcrops at several points along the north of Te Hara Point. The Idealities mentioned by Hutton and Cox at. I or Otahe Poinf and Waikawau. Near Waikato South Head the limestone if only 6 it. thick, and of pour quality.

The following analyses of the limestone in the bell weal of the Waipa River valley are available:—

100

ll (2) Prom Waingaro district, forwarded by Dr. Makgill. Dom. Lab. 44th Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15. Lab floe. \ [l/1, 4.

!■...in Waingaro, forwarded by C. A. Snowies. Dom. Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 21. Lab. Nos. 1544 I. 2, 3, I. The report quoted gives the locality as " Wail u tto," but there is m. post-office of that name in Waikato County, and uo limesb ur there. Reference to the New Zealand Post Office Directory for 1918 does not help to clear up the matter, for there is no one with the name of C. A. Knowles in the Waingaro district, and two farmers in the alphabetical list with that name both live in North Auckland. This apparently trivia] matter is discussed here because it illustrates the difficulty that may arise in tracing the locality of a sample with an imperfect record, and because analysis No. 6 represent- a high-grade valuable limestone, the exact whereabouts of which it is most desirable to kni

The limestone outcropping some miles west of Huntly. near Pukemiro. and thence ling north and south, forms a bold scarp facing east that is visible from many miles away. In general it appears to be of poor quality, and in places is almost a calcareous sandstone. Hand-specimens show that it is a yellowish, arenaceous, but not very hard stone.

distance south of Onewhero, a township near the lower reaches of the Waikato, rather poor Limestone of greyish-white colour outcrops in the gullies. It is overlain by soft . e. The same class oi stone is fairly well exposed at various points on or near the road up the Opuatia Valley, south-west of Onewhero. The following analyses of samples of limestone and calcareous claystones from the Pukemiro and Opuatia districts arc available:—

Huntly," forwarded by J. Furniss. per Director of Fields Division. Agricultural Department. Dom. Lab. 15th Ann. Rep., 1912. p. 20. Lab. No. B 974.

(2 From " Huntly," forwarded by E. Sefton. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. No. P1035. This and No. 1 sample are no doubt from the district west of Huntly. Huntlv itself is in Waikato County, but there is no limestone near it on the east side of the Waikato River.

'hosphatic Impure limestone from Onewhero Pariah, forwarded by Messrs. J. J. Horn. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., L9lO, p. 13. Lab. No. 2233. The phosphoric anhydride in this sample is equivalent t" 10-60 per cent, of trioalcic phosphate. If found in quantity the atone would be locally valuable as a fertilizer. The sample was roll.-nisi Bome distance south of Onewhero by Mr. A. Thompson, now of LCaipara Flats.

(4) From Onewhero, forwarded by Mr. 11. W. Parsons. Dom. Lab. 45th Ann. Rep [912 p. 20. Lab. No. 8604.

From Onewhero, forwarded by Mr. 11. W. Parsons. Dom. Lab. 40th Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. No. ('984.

(6) From Opuatia, forwarded by li. Murray. Uom. Lab. litli Ann. Hep., 1914, p. 27 Lib. No. D 686. The - perhaps a bigbiy oalcareous claystone, Dot a limestone

• Include* moisture 628 per cent., Mid and t F.quiTnlcnt to triculclc phoiphate 1090 per cent. G - Ocol. Ball. No. 22.

101

This is indicated by the amount of insoluble matter and of water present. Compare with No. 10, and also with No. 2 below.

(7) (8) Impure an rgillaeeoue limestone from gully on west side of road bou! ■ • 12; mile peg on road from Tuakau. Lab. Nos. KI2I and Fl2 Samples collected bj P. G. Morgan in January, 1915.

(9) Similar rock to Nos. 7 and 8, collected by P. G. Morgan in January, 1915, from road up Opuatia Valley (locality north-west of that of samples (7) and (8)). Lain No. F126.

(10) Calcareous claystone on road to Onewhero, south of Waikato River bridge, collected by I'. G. Morgan in January, 1915. Laic No. F 127.

(11) Shelly limestone from the bank of the Waikato River, forwarded bj R. R. Hunt Col. Mus, and Lab. Bth Ann. Rep., 1ST:!, pp. IB 16, and 9th Ann. Rep., 1874, p. 17. Lab No. I 105. Pale buff to red colour, hard, coherent. Hygroscopic water. 1-8 per cent.

(12) Same locality and collector as No. 11. Col. Mus. and Lab. 9th Ann Rep 1874 p. 17. Lab. No. 1451.

(13) Calcareous freestone from Waikato district, forwarded by Mr. S. Baker. Finegrained and ((impact. Same reference as No. 12. Lab. No. 1553.

The localities given for Nos. 11, 12, and 13 are indefinite, but the) d to Raglan as the most likely county.

The following fairly complete analyses of two impure limestones (arenaceous and argillaceous) from Awaroa, west of Huntly, are quoted separately, so thai may not be tangled by tabulating them with less detailed analyses. I were forwarded to the Geological Survey in January, 1916, by Mr. \V. J. Ralph:-

Further analyses oi li stones from Te Mata, Raglan, Waingaro, and Karamu are given by li. C. Iston in the Journal of Agriculture, August, 1918 (as previously cited) pages 99. 100.

Summary of TAmeslont Resou ces and of Means of Transnor

As previously stated, RaglaD County appears to contain large quantities oi In but the quality varies Tl astern part, Banked by the Waikato River and Trunk Railway, with short branch lines to Pukeniiro and Te Akatea, has (rood transport

102

facilities. Only a s,i l:l ll areB „, the north could conveniently he served with lime by wa\' ..f the Waikato River and Port Waikato. In the south-west of the county arc Whaingaroa and Aotea. both land-locked harbours of the same type as Kawhia, Manukau. and lvaipara harbours, hut much smaller than the last two. and. so far as known, not accessible to large vessels. Raglan, however, is visited regularly by small steamers. The entrance to Aotea Harbour is impeded by sandbanks, and. according to Hoc hstetter. is not navigable for vessels of any great size.*

The greater part of Raglan County from the Waikato and Waipa Hats to the sea consists of hilly country, and at the present time is poorly roaded. Interior transport facilities arc therefore for the most part somewhat bad.

Literatim

The chief references to Raglan County in the geological literature are— Horhstctter's "New Zealand.'' English translation. 1867, pp. 273-79, 319-24, &c. Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 2, 1867, parts of pp. 1 8 ("On the Lower Waikato District," F. W. Hutton) : No. 51. 1877, parts of pp. 9-16 ; No. 10, 1877, parts of pp. vii viii. xv. 11-26, 123-25: No. 17, 1886, pp. 141-47; No. 21. 1892, pp. 160-61.

Trans. N.Z. Inst,, vol. 2, 1870, pp. 169-73; vol. 3, 1871, parts of pp. 244-49 vol. 26, 1894, a small part of pp. 398-407 (Waikato River).

9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. part of Pari. Paper C.--2, 1915, parts of pp. 86-89; 10th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C-2b, 1916. p. 31 (Huntly district).

LB. Waikato County.

A very large portion of Waikato County is low-lying, and is covered by the alluvial deposits of the Waikato River, ancient and modern. These form the central Waikato Plains. &c. and consist largely of pumice. There are numerous lakes, the largest of which is Waikare, and several large swampy areas which are gradually being reclaimed. From Taupiri Gorge a ridge of Early Mesozoic rocks trends north east, and junctions with the similar area west of Ohinemuri County. At Huntly brown-coal seams overlain by claystones, calcareous in their upper layers, occur, and these rocks continue northward towards the Mercer district. No limestone is known to outcrop in the county, and analyses of stone recorded as from Huntly or Taupiii probably all refer to material from Raglan County.

Means of Transj)

Waikato County lias rather good means of communication. The Main Trunk Railway and the Waikato River skirt its western side. The southern part of the county is traversed by the Frankton-Morrinsville-Rotorua Railway, and by a branch line from Ruakura to Cambridge. When the loop-line from Paeroa (Ohinemuri County) to Pokeno is made, and the roads are improved, needful supplies of lime will he readily transported to all parts of the county. So far as ran he seen, ties.' will come mainly from Waitomo County. From Te Kuiti to Frankton Junction by rail is forty-one miles, to ('ami.ridge is fifty-seven miles, and to Mercer (in Franklin County) is eighty-three miles. Thus all parts of Waikato County are within the 100-mile railway radius from Te Kuiti. which is at present the chief limo-produeing locality in the central part of the North Island.

* "The New Zealand Pilot," lsr.fi, states that tin- bast depth of water on the bar at the entrance to iroa Harbour i- lift., low-water, spring tides; and at the entrance to Aotea Harbour, lift., low water. Range of tides, I- ft. Whaingaroa Harbour i- now usually < tiled Raglan Harbour.

103

Literature.

No part of Waikato Countj excepl the Huntly district has been examined m detai by the Geological Survey. The following publical geology of the county. Special attention is drawn to th< excellenl b. Cussei in Trans, X.X. Inst., rols 21, 26 These papers, although not invarial I in theory embody a large amount of careful observation bearing on the ancient history Waikato River.

Hochstetter's "New Zealand," English translation. 1867, pp. 62, 63, 2% 314, &

Rep. of Geol. Exploi V 2 1867, pp. 1 8; No. 7, 1872, p. 116; No. 9, 1877 part of pp. 9-16; No. 10. 1871 I pp. xiv-xv, 11-26, 114-28 No. 21, 1892, p. 167.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 3. 1871, part of pp. 244 t9 ; vol. 21, 1889, pp. 406-16 I. 26, 1894, pp. 398 107 ; vol. 47, 1915, pp. 613 14.

loth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. Pari. Paper C.-28, 1916, p. 31 (with c Huntlv district i.

19. Piako COUNTY

In general the geology of Piako County is similar to that of Waikato. It conlargely of the southern part of the Piako or Hauraki Plain, drained by the Piako and Waihou rivers. There are probably areas of volcanic rock in the southern part of the county, and in the north-west are one or two patches of andesitic rocks. In it the county volcanic ro< ge are found forming thi bakeTe Aroha Range, which is b continuation of the Coromandel or Cape Colville Range. A low range of E i rocka forms the Bangawera Hills in the north-west. The county has no limestone, and must depend upon outside sources for lime, which, like Waikato, n probably needs in great quantil

/

Means of communication ma tered good. The county --d by tin.' Morrinsville- Te Aroha -Thames Railway and by the Frankton Rotorua line, while there is water carri Waihou or Thames River to Te Aroha. Owing to the general flatness of the county there is little difficulty, other than thai caused ps, in making roads. The volcanic rocks on the eastern boundary of the county can supply unlimited quantities of good roadmaking material. Lime-supplies will probably ■ Erom ffaitomo County. From Te Kuiti to Morrinsville by rail is fifty-nine miles, to Te • Aroha. <in the north-eastern boundary, Beventy-on< baroa, on the southern boundary, seventy-four miles.

I.ih raturt.

The northern and eastern parte of Piako County have been surveyed in detail, and the results will be found in N.Z. Geol, Surv. Bull. No. 16. 1913. previous!) under the heading of " Ohinemuri County." The bulletin contains a list of publicati many of which deal with tin' Te Aroha ff ai mining district. Tin- following references may be given :-

Hochstetter's "New Zealand," English translation, L 867, pp. 446 47, &c. Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 11. 1882, pp. 96-97 ; No. L 5, 1883, parte of pp. xi xv.

4-51 ; No. 21, 1892, p. 160. Cussen's paper in vol. 26 of Trans. N.Z. Inst, should also be consulted.

104

20. T.u kanoa Cointv

The hilly parte of Tauranga County consist of volcanic rocks—andesites, rhyolites, and breccias' of somewhat varying age. The lowlands, mostly near the coast, are covered •- Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Recent deposits largely formed of volcanic debris. On the coast-line are sandhills covering in all aboul twenty-two square mile-. These are beg! i ■ Matakana island, which forms the outer boundary of Tauranga Harbour. In places the Pliocene beds contain lignite seams. Tauranga County lias uo limestone, and therefore must depend on outside sources for its supplies of lime except for what may he furnished by shelly deposits in Tauranga Harbour and along the coast-line. There is'deep water at both entrances to Tauranga Harbour, especially the south-eastern one, and when the railways now under construction m the county are completed the chief agricultural districts will possess good means of communication. The hilly volcanic countrv may be expected to furnish abundant supplies of fairly good stone for roadmaking.

Lit*mtuii .

The northern part of Tauranga County and a considerable area near Te Puke have 1 n geologically surveyed in detail. The rc-ults of tin' survey- are contained in N.Z. Geol. Surv. bulletins Nos. 15 (only a very small area is dealt with) and 16, and in " The Geology of the Te Puke District." by J. A. Bartrum. m 7th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1913, pp. 133-42.

Other publications having reference to the geology of the county ax

Hochstetter's " New Zealand,'' English translation, 1867, pp. 436-47. fcc

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, p. 108 (Tauranga Brown Sands) ; No. 18, 1887, p. 252 (Dust from Tarawera Eruption) ; No. 21, 1892, p. 166 (brief outline of geology). The references in the reports cited are of the scantiest.

McKay, Alex. : " Report on the Seology of the Cape Colville Peninsula, Auckland." Pari Paper C.-9, 1897 (bound with Mines Rep.). See pp. 68, 70, 73, and one or two other places. The northern part of Tauranga County is geologically mapped.

McKay, Alex. : "Report on the Te Puke Goldfield, Tauranga County." Part of Pari. Paper C.-9, 1898 (bound with Mines Rep.), pp. 6-7.

McKay, Alex.: -'Report on Auriferous Cements at Te Puke. Tauranga County, land.' Part of Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899 (bound with Mines Rep.), pp. 26 28

Other literature relating to Tauranga County is cited in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 16, and in J. A. Bartrum's report of 1913, mentioned above.

21. Kawhia County.

geology of Kawhia County is similar to that of Raglan County. The irregular upland country forming the watershed between the Waipa and Upper Mokau rivers and IMt is [argel I of Early Mesozoio (Trias-Jura) rocks, more or less capped by the Tertiary rocks mentioned below. In places, especially on the south Bide of the entrance to Kawhia Harbour, Late Jurassic or Early Cretaceous rocks appear. These are moderately fossiliferous, and contain numerous calcareous concretions. Lying unconformably on the Mesozoic rocks is the Tertiary formation in which the Waikato brown coals are found. In the Awaroa watershed near Kawhia, near Te Rau-a-moa, in the Hauturu district, which is partly m Walton.o County, and perhaps elsewhere, coal bnt apparently in a somewhat patchy way. Above the coal horizon claystone, and limestone overlain by calcareous sandstone and more claystone (calcareous), appear. These rocks are well developed in the Kawhia Harbour district. Blown sands occur

105

along the coast-line north and south oi Kawhia Harbour. Volcanic rock andesite) form- Orangiwhao (Bangiohau of McKay's report) ami other hills nea: Albatross Point, and a bell ~1 volcanic tufa, agglomerate, &c., extends from th.' andesitit mass ..I Mount Pirongia down th.- Oparau Valley to the shore oi Kawhia (Hochstetter and McKay).

Great bodies of hard subcrystalline limestone hundreds of feet thick exist on both the north and south sides of Kawhia Harbour. The,-,, are many caves, on- of which, Tt hohonu (th , was visited by Hochstetter. Othei ■ burialplaces. McKay* states that on the south-east side of the harbour lime-10t,.. ~..,. both sides of the Rakanui Stream, and on the Awaroa River extend H pu Hill east and south-,...5, to the Watershed oil ill.' e,,-t bound The available " v does not make it clear whethei or not this limestone belt actually jtu with that in which the Wuitomo eaves occur. According to McKay] there are two small outliers of limestone on the south side of Kawhia Harbour, west oi Point, and the other on the narrow neck of land Joining Te Mika Peninsula I mainland. On the north side ~l Kawhia Harbour limestone i. ~■,.,, ~: Te Wham l; Motutara Point, and thence .extends north-north-east towards the southern and shores ~l A..tea Harbour, where it may possibly pa- int.. th.' calcareous saudstone -"en by Hochstetter at Orotangi and Puketoa cliffs.}

Calcar is breccia grit with oolitic concretions similar to those seen in the Wh. limestone near Kane, occurs at I'nti Point, east oi the mouth oi Mangsra Creek.f M. I states that on the coast, towards Albatross Point, thin irregular beds of compact darkgrey or dark-blue limestone occur in a rock-series oi

In the above description of the geology and limestone occun some erroi may well be present. The Bame remark applies to what has been said about Raglan County. The literature upon which the descript is very confusing in its references to the calcareous rocks termed by the various writers the Kawhia limestone l '"' A "''' sandstone. Much exploration is ded in order to define the limes areas of Kawhia County, and at the same ti to ascertain its coal possibilities. The following analyses of limestone from Kawhia County have I n published:—

* Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 16, 1884, p. 142. t Report just cited, p. 147. + “ New Zealand,” English translation, 1867, p. 324. m : 5 e P ort cited ’ P' U1 - See also P- 120 of volume (rather than p. 119, as oiled bv McKavl II McKay: Report cited, p. 147. J

106

References. (1) From Kawhia. Aston. B. ('., .lour. Agric, vol. 11. No. :;. Sept 1915, p. 238. Analyst's number and date. ,1 150. 1908.

(2) (3) From Kawhia, forwarded by C. S. McLean. Horn. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917. p. 21. Lab. Nos. (1 Mill 1. 2. U 1404,2 was a finely crystalline compact limestone, lightgrey itt colour, apparently suited for use as a building-stone.

(4) From Oparau. Same reference as (1). Analyst's number and date. 6228, 1915. (5) From Hauturu (near mouth of Awaroa Stream), forwarded by W. H. Armstrong. Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 21. Lab. No. E 1216.

(6) (7) (8) (9) From Te Rau-a-moa. Same reference as Nos. 1 and I. Analyst's numbers and date. G 233. 1. 2.•">. I. 1915. Three of these samples are very poor, and if they bad been roughly tested by the collector with hydrochloric acid, as described on page 19, the analyses, so far as they were required to determine the value of the stone for agricultural purposes, would have been unnecessary. No. 9is a good limestone, and information as to the exact locality and the quantity of the material it represents is desirable.

(10) From Kawhia Harbour (probably quarry at lime-works. Hauturu). Sample collected by Mr. Frank Reed at New Plymouth. Lab. No. H 2550/4. The proper statement of the analysis is as follows: Srlica. 4-38; alumina, 1-57; lime, 51-70; magnesia, 0-45; loss on ignition, 41-90; total, 10000. Dom. Lab. 51sl Ann. Hep.. 1918, p. 36.

A simple of rock forwarded in 1914 from Koropupu (probably near Te Kau-a-moa) by Mr. C. J. Honore contained 30-72 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 0-24 per cent, of phosphoric anhydride. (Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. No. C 998). Tin- sample, although classed by the analyst under limestones, probably represented a highly calcareous claystone, and in any case cannot be called a limestone. (See his remarks on its fertilizing-value.)

, of Limestone Resources ami of Mian* vf Transport

Kawhia County appears to have abundant supplies of excellent limestone, together with a great deal of poorer material, which is perhaps to be described as calcareous sandstone. Exploration ami geological mapping, as previously stated, are badly iteeded. Except for such facilities as are offered by Aotea and Kawhia harbours, with the tidal creeks connected with them, means of transport for heavy goods are poor. A railway has been surveyed from the Main Trunk line to Kawhia, and when made will open up the northern part of the county. The county is hilly, and as vet has poor roads, but is well supplied with roadmaking material.

A plant for pulverizing limestone was erected at Hauturu, near Kawhia, a year or two ago, but at the time of writing no information concerning it has been obtained. A reference to the plant (which apparently includes a lime-kiln) appears on page 416 of vol. 14 of the Journal of Agriculture (May number). 1917.

Literatim

Among the chief references to the geology of Kawhia County are the following:— Hochstetter's " New Zealand," English translation, 1867, pp. 324-32. The lime stone near Kawhia Barbour is described and illustrated on pp. 328-29.

Hutton, F. W.. in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 3, 1871, pp. 244-49.

Rep. of Geol. Explor.. No. 2. 1867. part of pp. 1-8; No. 9, 1877, part of

pp. 9-16; No. 10, 1877, part of pp. 10-26 (see especially p. 25); No. 16 1884, pp. xxxiv-xxxviii. 140—48 (see especially map and pp. 141, 142, 147) No. 17, 1886, part of pp. 136-40; No. 21, 1892, pp. 156-57.

22. Waipa County

Waipa County lies between the Waikato and Waipa rivers, and is almost wholly included in the middle Waikato Plain. Its geology is similar to that of Waikato County, and nerd not be further described. There are no limestone deposits, and the county must depend

88

on outside sources for its lime.* p \| ;im Trunk Railway, at,.l then supplies ol lim n conveniently he introduced Kuiti, which has lime-making and limestone-crushing plants, to Te Awamutu, just inside boundary oi county, is twenty-six miles, and to Frankton Junction, on the ~. another fifteen miles. A branch railway reaches Cambridge on the north-east boundary; and from Ngaruawahia, in tl rtremi the county, a branch railway runs to (den Massey (Waipa Collieries), in Raglan County, a locality not far from the limestone bell west of Waipa River. Hence, when its road- have been macadamized throughout, Waipa County will have no difficulty in obtaining and distributing limesupplies.

LUeratun.

Some of the leading references to the geology of Waipa Count} ire Hochstetter's "New Zealand," English edition. [867, pp. 305 I'.e 153 56, dtc. Re P- oH I. Explor., No. 2. is,;;, pp. 2, 7. 8; No. 9, 1877, No. 10, 1877, part of pp. || 26; No. IT. 1886, part of pp. 136 10; No. 21 1892, p. 170.

The paper, of Cussen in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vols. 21. 1889. pp. lor, 16, and 2t HiT. should also be consulted.

23. Matamata County.

A considerable aof Hat or nearly Hat country occurs round Matamata Township and farther south, in the upper watersheds of the Waihou ami Piako river. If the volcanic origin of the material of widespread pumiceous deposits sorted by the action of the Waikato and other streams be taken into account, almost the whole surface of the county a considered as formed of volcanic rocks. Earl} Mi eywackeare ex P (i a < lh " eastern end of the Maungatautari gor* \ ~u \ a patcn of the same rocks is said to outcrop some miles west of Putaruru Railwaylimestone has Deer i found in the county.

Means of Transport.

The Frankton-Rotorua Railway passes through Matamata County, and at Futaruru a privately-owned branch ha. been made through the southern part of the county to near Lake Taupo. There are therefore good facilities for tin- introduction of lime to the more settled parts .if Matamata County, but the railwaj haulages will Putaruru is about a hundred miles from Te Kuiti by rail, ami the extrem. :al southeastern parts of the countv are eighteen to twentv-five miles farther ... ~

■'

\ small area in the extreme north of Matamata County, included in Wairere Survey District, has I a geologically surveyed in detail. The results are embodied in NZ Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 16, 1913. Other refere sto the geology of Mat lt a County are—

Hochstetter's "New Zealand," 1867, pp. 148-62, &

McKay, Uex.: "Report on the Pumice-stone Deposit* of the Middle 1' ""■ N °rtl Wand." Pari. Paper C 9, 1899 (bound with Mines E PP. 16 25. Portions oi this report have reference to Matamata Countv

l 8 ;£A B A^r ""

108

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 21, 1889, pp. 106 16. and vol. 26, 1894, pp. 398-407 (Cussen's papers cited on former pages).

11th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. Pari. Paper C.-28, 1917, p. 7 and map at end

-on. .1.: "Notes on the Geology of the Waikato Valley near Maunga tautari." N.Z. .lour. Soi. and 'lech., vol. 1. No. 1. Jan. 1918, pp. 56-60.

24. Rotorua County

With the exception of superficial deposits, the rocks of Rotorua County appear to be wholly of volcanic origin, and therefore no limestone need be expected to occur within its boundaries. The only railway that enters the county is that from Frankton Junction to Rotorua. Hence at present only the Mamaku-Rotorua district can receive lime by rail, and even for this area the railway haulage from limestone districts is long. From Te Kuiti to Mamaku is 118 miles, and to Rotorua another twelve or thirteen miles. How far railways to be constructed in the future will shorten the railway haulage can only be conjectured.

Literature

. ihe chief references to the geology of Rotorua County are the following

Hochstetter's " New Zealand." pp. 403-35.

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, pp. 240-53 (Tarawera eruption).

McKay, Alex. : C.-9, 1889, as cited under " Matamata

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 19, 1887, pp. 342-74 (papers on Tarawera eruptionsee also pp. 382-84) ; vol. 20, 1888, pp. 274-82 (Tarawera eruption) ( ussen's papers in vols. 21 and 26 already cited.

Hutton, F. W. : " Report on the Tarawera Volcanic District," 1887.

Thomas. A. P. W. : ''Report on lie Eruption of Tarawera and Rotomahana N.Z.," 1888.

No attempt is made to give a complete list of the literature relating to the eruption of Mount Tarawera on the 10th .June. JBB6. There are numerous publications dealing with the hot springs, geysers, and scenery of the Rotorua district. Some of these refer also to the genera] geology of the surrounding country.

25. Whakatane County

Very little' geological exploration lias been done in Whakatane County, which includes a large area of country extending from the Bay of Plenty far inland to Lake Waikaremoana. According to McKay's mapping (see 1887 and 1895 references given below), behind the sand-dunes of the coast-line are fertile alluvial flats and terraces reaching far up the Rangitaiki and Whakatane valleys. Volcanic rocks occupy the whole of the county west of the Rangitaiki River, and another large area of similar rocks occurs between the Rangitaiki and Whakatane rivers. A mass of Early Mesozoic rocks is represented by .McKay as occupying a great part of the Urewera country in the interior, and this sends off a narrow strip to the coast at Whakatane. In the far south of the county, according to McKay, beds of white compact limestone occur; and boulders of this rock were observed by him in the bed of Okahu Stream, live miles east of Ahikereru, an old mission station south of Te Whaiti (1887 report, p. 217). A few miles south-east of Ruatahuna a large area of Tertiary rocks (considered by McKay to he Cretaceous) is entered. This extends far to the north-east and south-west, and is in fact continuous with the Tertiary rocks of the Gisborne and Hawke's Bay districts. A limestone belt begins a few miles south-west of Maungapohatu .Mountain, and extends many miles to the north-east. According to .McKay the limestone is of a coralline

109

character, and apparenl I ! I not allowed by the Mi the sacred mountain Maungapohatu, whej a great fissure or cave, "the otable dead of th< ountry are deposited '" (report of 1895, p. 164).

No Other limestone is known to occur m Whak. it there ma' possibly be calcareous hands in the Mesozoic rocks, and pro ha lily 11 workable shell deposits on the coast or at the river-mouths.

References. (1) L a Kuaotunu, Urewera County, I Seddon. Col. I Inn. Rep., 1894, p. 11. ts the limestone from Maungapohatu Mountain or its near neighbourhood. (2) From U ed by P. Pederson in 1914. Dom. L p., lit 15. p. 20. I.ale No. EBO6. This analysis - at a limestone. The exact nature of the stone analysed is nol stated.

Summa ■ ■ and oj Means "I Transport.

Whakatane County has poor lime resources, and is in a had position for obtaining supplies fnmi other pari- oi New Zealand. The river ports of Matata and Whakatane admit only small vessels. The Tauranga Te Puke Railway will tilth continued a lon- through Whakatane County to Opotiki. This, however, will not tap any limestone deposits, but will merely enable imported lime to be conveniently distributed from the various Bay of Plenty ports througho belt.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Whakatane County are — Hep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, part oi pp. 193 219. See also geological map opposite p. 192. Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C. 3, 1895, pp. 157 65, with map (Urewera country). Mines Rep., contained in Pari. Paper ('. <t. 1899, part of pp. 16 25. 2nd Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper I I Iog pp. 9-10.

26. Opotiki County.

The geology of I inty is not at all well known, but in a general way is similar to that ol Whakatane County, There is a coastal plain from the hi) Ohiwa Harbour to - easl of Opotiki. South of this is a belt i rooks, ending a few miles east of Opotiki. Old Mesozoic rocks, in continuation of those of Whakatane, form almost the whole interior and north-eastern pari oi the county (a rugged semi-mountainous area), but the Tertiary iceous) rocks oi the Maungapohatu district extend into the southern part, and these contain the chief limestone strata known to occur in the county. At Te Kaha. about half-way between Opotiki and Cape Runaway, the Mesozo bly Palaeozoic) rocks contain 'nodules of blue Limestone and thin veins of oalo-spar " (MoKay, 1887 report, p. 217).

110

These, and similar occurrences in the Mesozoic rocks elsewhere, air probably <>f litth value as sources of lime.

In the extreme north-east of Opotiki County a small patch of fossiliferous limeBtone of Middle or Upper Tertiary age occurs on the coast between Te Keru Creek and Kotiki or Otcki Point. According to McKay, Tertiary limestone covers a considerable area in the Waikura Valley, and is developed towards the base of the Tertiary Beries between the Waikura and Raukokore River north of Kaikoura Peak, at the cast end of Kaikoura Range (see 1887 report, p. 209).

only published analyses of limestone from Opotiki County are two that are reported as from Opouae, but are no doubt from Oponae. a remote settlement in the south of the county near the Maungapohatu limestone belt. These analyses are as follow :

Referena . From " Opouae "(?Oponae), forwarded by \V. McLean. Doni. Lab. 15th Ann. Rep., 1912, p. 20. Lab. No. 867 1. 2. No description of the samples is given. No. 2is highly siliceous, hut No. 1 is almost pure carbonate of lime, ami perhaps represents a vein of calcite. No such name as "Opouae" can he found on the map of Opotiki County, or in reference lists, but there is an " Oponae," and the fact that the name of W. McLean, a farmer, l- given by the New Zealand Post Office Directory as that of a resident practically proves that I tponae is the address of the sender of the Bamples. The samples may have come from tie Maungapohatu limestone belt, or may have come from calcareous bands in the Mesozoic rocks of southern Opotiki.

Summary oj Limestone Resources and of Means oj Transport.

From the above paragraphs it will be seen that Opotiki County is very poorly supplied with limestone deposits, and those that do exist are in remote, little - known localities. The agricultural parts of the county on or near the eo;ist will therefore either have to import lime or depend upon such supplies as may be obtained from shell deposits. As regards means of communication, Opotiki County is in much the same position as Whakatane. The East Coast or Bay of Plenty Railway is to be made to Opotiki. as mentioned under " Whakatane County." and ultimately may be continued through the rough inland country to connect with the Gisborne-Motuhora Railway.

Literature.

The principal references in the scanty literature to the geology of Opotiki County ire—

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 5, 1869, pp. 7, 8, and map opposite p. 8; No. 10, 1877, pp. 107-13; No. 18, 1887, part of pp. 193 219. Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-3, 1895, part of pp. 157 65, and map therewith.

27. Waiaptj ( mi \] 5

A patch of Trias-Jura rocks occurs at Te Koau or Iron Point, near Hicks Bay; and rock- of .the same age perhaps form more of the Raukumara Range on the western boundary of Waiapu County than is shown by McKay in bis map of the " Nbrth-easl District of the North Island " (1887 report, opposite p. 192). The greater part of Waiapu County, however, is covered by rocks of probable Cretaceous age. Some of

111

these .11 .-tone limestone, 4c., and occur over a wide inland belt, which reaches thi m the i ith of the Waiapu liner to south oi occupy the East Cape district from Te Araroa to tic- mouth of the Waiapu i and are -ecu again on the coast north and south I and inland from Tokomaru to the Mata River valley. The lower part of the Waiapu River Hows through Le valley covered by alluvial deposits, ami there are or two rive such as that of the Awatere. West of Te \waroa is 8 ital plain. From Cape Runaway to Matakaoa Point is ,i narrow belt of volcanic rocks 01. agglomerate, 4c.). South of this is a strip of Upper Tertiary rocks which, near Whangaparaoa, according to Cox. contain some limestone.

'lie Cretaceous and Miocene n.cks mentioned above are calcareous throughout, but t known to contain any well-defined i tratum utile- chalky limestone in the Cretaceous group, believed to correspond with the Amui of the South Island. McKay, in his report of LBB7, mentions chalky Limestone or chalk marl en (It between Rocky Point and Awatere (soutl and Roporu (Be] la), (-">) at Takoratea Hill, and (4) south of Akuaku. Hitui limestone was seen (1) underlying tic- chalk marls between Awatere and Reporua, (-J) between Akuaku and Reporua, (3) between Akuaku and thi Whareponga, and (I) inland from Tuparoa. In his report ot ls~7 \] that limestone corresponding physically, chemically, and geologically to the Amun Limestone is seen (I) on the Mata River, twelve miles south of Hikuraro_»i ; (2) a little - of Watpiro; ami (•'!) between Whareponga and Tuparoa. In his report of 190 states that thin beds of yellow limestone, full of fossils, occur a little inland of Waipiro or Open Bay.

.his rocks almost everywhere contain calcareous concretions, and McKay in his various reports mentions many Localities where cone-in-cone limestoi

The .Miocene rocks of Waiapu County, though everywhere calcareous, and usually concretionary, contain hardly any layers that can he called limestone. McKay states that highly calcareous rocks occur at Akuaku and thence north to Whareponga, and on the south-west side of Tokomaru Hay. but nowhere else between Poverty Bay and the East

The bold headland or peninsula known as Te Koau Point, on the south side of Hicks Bay, has a somewhat complicated geological structure, and quite a number of different rocks are present.* Among these is an impure, shelly, pebbly limestone, which is best seen on the track leading over the headland from Te Araroa (Kawakawa) to Hicks Bay. Marshall states that it is interbedded with tuff and scoriaceous material (1914 paper, p. 284). Limestone may occur in the strip of Tertiary rocks south of the Matakaoa Runaway volcanic belt, but reliable oral information is to the effect that the rocks of this Locality arc mainly sandstone. As previously mentioned, a Little limestone occurs near Whangaparaoa. The I'luc sandy marls or calcareous claystones m this district, like similar rocks elsewhere in the North Island, an died "papa" or "papa rock." king of this Cox prophetically remarks. " I would call attention to I it this term is not applied to the l.eda marls alone, hut also to any greasy beds which at all resemble them, so that much confusion may arise from the name " (1 S7T report, p. 109).

No analyses of limeston of any highl; calcareous rock occurring in Waiapu Count) have been found in the literature. The county is badly supplied with high-grade limeatoni tit for " burning," but in many i ire Boft marly rocks that may be used as Boildressings where lime is required. It has no good port, but there are numerous landing-

' Marshall s aocounl ill toL 4U >f Trans. N.Z East., p. JS4. Is inoompleti

112

places along the coast, of which Tokomaru, Waipiro, and Te Araroa are the most important. Internal communications are somewhat poor, and there are as yet no roads suitable for the transport of heavy goods throughout the year. Owing to the hilly nature of the country railway-construction will be difficult.

Literature

The chief references to the geology of Waiapu County are the following : Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 5. 1869, pp. 7. 8, and map ; No. 8, 1877, part of pp. xvi-xx, and greater part of pp. 121 52 : No. 10, 1877, part of pp. 107 13 ; No. 18, 1887, parte of pp. xxviii-xxxix, 193-219; No. 21, 1892, part of pp. 151-52 (under the heading of " Conk County." which in former years included Waikohu and Waiapu counties).

Bth Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv., App. C. to Pari. Paper C.-2, 1914, part oi pp. 124-28. (Second edition, 1915.) Col. Mus. and Lab. 2nd Ann. Rep., 1867, pp. 25-28 (see also pp. 20-25). Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901 (bound with Mines Rep.), part of pp. 21-25. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 39, 1907, part of pp. 509-20; vol. 46. 1914, pp. 283-85.

28. Waikohu County

The geology oi Waikohu County is similar to that of Waiapu. Jurassic or Trias-Jura rocks are seen at Motuhora Mountain, a few miles south of Motu. Cretaceous clavstones, sandstones, and limestones continuous with the Cretaceous rocks of Waiapu form a fairly wide belt on the north-western side of the county, and an outlying patch appears mar the Whatatutu oil-springs. The eastern portions of the county are almost wholly covered by Tertiary sandstones, clayßtones, and limestones. Pleistocene material forms a fewpatches on some of the flatter ridges, and Recent alluvium forms a thin coat over the various river-flats.

The Cretaceous limestone is a dense, hard, light-coloured rock, usually much shattered. which generally has a somewhat chalky appearance. For the most part, veinlets of calcite with thicknesses varying from that of a sheet of paper to 3 in., fill the joints. It is a prominent rock in the basins of. the Mangatu and Upper Waipaoa rivers, where it forms a large part of the eastern flank of the Raukumara Range. In the hilly country east of the mountains it appears in the Waipaoa River less than two miles above Whatatutu, and outcrops irregularly along the valley of the Mangataikapua Stream. Large boulders entangled in a great fault-zone occur still farther eastward in the Makahakaha-Ngarara Stream. In places a rock that was originally limestone has been wholly or partly silicified, and is now valueless as a source of lime (see N.Z. £eol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, 1910, p. It). The following analyses show the composition of the Cretaceous limestones ;

113

References.—(l) From Makahakaha Ngai above confluence with Meliss, N.Z Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, 1910, p. 11. and Dom, Lab. 13rd Ann. I: Lab, No. 2599.

(2) From Slip Stream, a small tributary of the Waipaoa. entering two miles a Whatatutu. Same references as (1), but p. 11 of Lab. Rep. Lab, No. 2317 3.

(3) From Waipaoa River, between first and second road-cro i taikapua homestead (or about one mile and a half above Whatatutu). N Z Surv. Bull. No. 9, p. 44, and Dom. Lab. 42nd Ann. Hep.. 1909, p. 20. Lab. No. 1816.

A sample of limestone sent by Mr. H. E. Burgess from Matawai in 11)08 to Dominion Laboratory was found to contain 54-94 per cent, ol lime and 1316 per cent, carbon dioxide, making by addition 98-10 per cent, ol calcium carbonate. No limesb is known to occur near .Matawai, and the specimen, which is unusually pure, no dm cither came from some other disf n. (Dom. Lab. 42nd A: Rep., 1909, p. 21 ; Lab. No. 2075.)

Tertiary limestone of good quality forms the summit of Saxby Hill, a -mall hill northwest ot Whatatutu on the east side of the Waipaoa River. Various oiler outcrops of Tertiary limestone are in places difficult of access, such as the summit of Wheturau Hill, six miles and a half north of Whatatutu. where limestone loft, in thickness extends along the ridge from trig, station 138 westward for a few chains. In the Led of the Waipaoa River, opposite Waipaoa homestead, a band of limestone 3 in. or fin. thick is interbedded with argillaceous sandstone and claystone. Similar bands about In ft. in thickni on the crest of the ridge separating the Waipaoa River and the U slightly south of east from the mouth of the Weraroa Stream, and also on tie 1 ere same ridge about a mile farther eastward. South of Mangatu Survey District In exposed on the hill between the Waikohu and Waihuka rivers. The Tertiary li of .Mangatu Survey District arc described by Adams as fairly crystalline in character, with a greenish tint. They contain numerous shell-fragments and a very small amount (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, 1910, p. 17).

inie Limestone from trie, station A (Saxby Hill). X.Z. Qeol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, 1910. p. 11. and Doni. Lab. lord Ann. Pop., L9lO, p. 11. Lab. No. 2.517 -2.

"Shelly conglomerate l>ands occur in the beds of tin' Waipaoa River, and in the Mangatuamaru, Torekepokda, Mangatawa, and Omega streams. These bands are of a loosely coherent nature, and consist mainly id shells and shell-fragments, with some small pebbles of sandstone anil a very small proportion of sandy clay. The average thickness of the bands is about 6 in. and the maximum attained is about 9 in." (.1. H. Adams in N.Z. Gcol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, p. IT.)

Adams also describes (Bull. No. 9, p. 17) numerous indurated fine-grained bands in the eastern part of Mangatu Survey District and throughont Waingaromia Survey District. These bands are of a concretionary nature, and generally contain a considerable amount of magnesium as well as of calcium carbonate. Concretions of similar composition to I

114

bands arc very common in the same areas, but according to Adams are not in the same set of beds as the indurated bands (Bull. No. 9, pp. IB 16).

Phe calcareous olaystones and Bandstones of Waikohu County in places contain 20 or ''mi per cent, of calcium carbonate. The following analyses are quoted as representative ■I tic concretionary band- and the highly calcareous claystones and Bandstones:

References. —(1) Concretionary bands from Hangatawa River. Waingaromia Survey District. Sample collected by .1. H. Adams in February, 1908. Lab. No. 248.

(2) Calcareous claystone, or rock intermediate m character between clay-shale and chalky limestone, from \l imi below liinesi gorge. .N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9. 1910, p. 18. and Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910. p. 11. Lab. No. 2318/2.

sen (glauconitic) sandstone from Otoko, forwarded through ecological Survey by .Mr. John Tombleson. Dom. Lab. 19th Aim. Hep.. 1916, p. 20. Lab. No. F 451.

Other analyses of calcareous rocks will be found in N.Z. Geol Sun-, bulletins Nos. 9 and 21.

of Limestone Resources ami oj Meant of /

Waikohu County appears to have considerable limestone deposits, mostly of medium "i ow-grade quality, and in districts far from a railway or other convenient means of transport. The south-west part (if the county contains Bome limestone, but has not been geologically explored, and no account ..f any deposits in that district has been found in the literature consulted. The railway from Gisborne now crosses the county, and at present ends at Motuhora, on the north-west boundary. By means of this railway, lime from some of the localities in Conk County, presently to be described, or IV Iluwkc's Bay can aveniently brought into the Te Kanaka district, where most of the arable land ol the county is found. Waikohu County is very hilly, and at present most of the mads an- poor or are represented by bridle-tracks.

Literature

Part <if Waikohu County has been geologically surveyed in detail. The results .if the survey- ued in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, 1910, and in Bull. No. 21. not published at the time of writing.

Other references t<< the geology of the county are

Rep. of Geol. Bxplor., No. 8, parte of pp. -tvi-xx, 159-62; No. 18, 1887. oi pp. xxxviii, 193 219.

posed of—Potash, I*9B per cent. ; Bodu, O'Bfi per oent. ; [oh od ignition, 15*90 per oent.

115

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. part of Pari. Paper C.-2, Oil, part of pp. l-21 31. (Second edition. 1915.)

Pari. Paper C. 10, I'.i'd (bound in Mines Rep.), pp. 21 26.

Iran... N.Z. I PP- 293 306; vol. 21, 18f I of pp 320 26 : vol. 39, 1907, pan I 20

NX. Geol. Surv. bulletins Nos. 9 and 21 contain fuller lists of Litei

29. Cook Count

The rocks of Cook County consist in great part of Cn I Tertiary m and clayey sandstones, all of which on analysis have been found to contain a small percentage o of lime, 'hi some of the ridges i silt, probable of aerial origin, Is found, and alluvial material of no great tl Povi rty Bay and Tolaga Bay Bats. 1.. ounty, but does not cover e large area. There are two limesl formations, the older of which is probably Late Cretaceous m age, and the younger Late Tertiary.

The older limestone, which Is usually a hard 11.iky rock of a Light-yellowish exposed in the north-west comer of the county near the head of tie- Mata River. The same rock occupies greater areas in the adjoining counties of Waiapu and Waikohu. This Limestone, as it occurs in Cook Count regarded a- agricultural lime.

The younger limestone covers small irregular areas in the viciniti Hats. I pieallj at Waihirere near Ormond, and therefoi i termed by eeoloeisis the (Irnioitd limestone. It is a moderately soft shell largely of Bhell-rragments, which are generally mixed with a considerable prep also o,cur. and where these are numerous the rock is harder and of better grade. Such hj stone Is tie- best road making material so far used m the Gisborne district, the softer stone, however, being suitable only for spalls. The superimposed beds often show decided changes in composition, and the mat. rial may vary considerably in a few chains. Evidently the limestone "a- fenced in water close to an ancient shore. In Cook County Limestone of this type i- ei several points, and the deposits as far as known are briefly described below.

Ai Gray's Hill Quarry, four miles south-east of Ormond, a thicl one Btriking east-north-east and dipping south-south-east at about 3<i is qua for the purpose of making roads. The rock is friable, and probably contains than 60 per cent, of calcium carbonate. The depot is less than three miles from the Poverty Bay Hats, but material from the quarry would have to be carted to this principal area of arable land in the district, by way of reads ~f heavy gradients.

The limestone near the Native settlement <>. Waihirere is better situated, to the hmt of the cliffs which overlook the Waihirere Stream. It hes almost hori and in places I Et. thick. It. does not. however, consist of high-grade material, and the best of it is situated some distance up the stream-valley. Waihirere Railway-station is about three miles by road from the nearest part of the deposit, winch extends at two mile, alone the main branch of the Waihirere.

Tin.' Public Works Department has opened a quarry in Limestone a tew mill south-west from Patutahi, at a point about a mile and a quarter from the Gisborne Napier Railway, with which it is connected hv a branch lint'. The limestone stratum, wl probably 100 ft. thick, strikes north-north-east and dips westward at angle of 45°. It is underlain by fine-grained sandstone containing irregular | i halky limestone, and overlain by more sand-tone, above which is claystone. Very little burden has to be removed, and railway-ballast is oheaply produced.

The Cook County Council's quarry is about a mile to the westward of the Publ. quarry described above. It is situated in the valley of a small stream draining northward

116

Waikakariki, and is approached by a branch from the main road about 50 chains in Length. The Limestone band is 50ft. or more in thickness, and dips westward at Er L 5 It !- underlain by blue claystone ("papa") The rock being quarried is ■ shelly Limestone of a blue colour, and is the best roadmaking material in the district. ■ to 20ft. of clay, add- considerably to the working-costs. verv large.

The Gentle Annie Quarry is situated in the valley of Te Aroha Stream, close to the Wairoa Road, aboul five miles Bouth-weal of Patutahi. The rock quarried is an exl ittered rubbly Limestone, which varies greatly in composition ranee. Although the hard fragments consist of fairly pure limestone, an pie including the nibble would probably be of very poor quality. The quarry has been worked by the Gisborne Borough Council in order to obtain roadmaking material, but is now abandoned.

Limestone similar to that obtained from the Cook County quarry near Patutahi is broken Eron the Gisborne Tiniroto Road rather less than two miles west of Waerenga-o-kuri. The limestone, which is at leasl 20ft. thick, strikes north-east and dips south-eastward at about 40°.

Limestone of poor quality occurs on top of a hill in the Te Arai watershed, three miles and a half south-east of the Gentle Annie Quarry. There is limestone near the head of the Mangapoike, but tin- has not 1 n examined.

Public \V<»rk l ounty Council qua and one m on).

(3) Onok County Council quarry (over four miles weal I of Patutahi), Fairly complel

igh quarry at Gentle Annie (nearly two miles Bouth of Public Works quarry). Tl are published in Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. part of Pari I edition, 1915), and in Dom, Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1915, ; Nos. E 101 1. 2, 3, I (Noa. 1 and 2 wrongly attributed to County Council quarry). I by i*. < '•. Mi

n, B. C, in -lour. Agric, vol. 11, Sept., 1915, p. 240.

Id the 21b1 Ann. Rep. of the Col. Hub. and Lab., 1886, p. 38, Sk< sample of shelly Limestone from Pi B containing 23*42 per cent, of lime (CaO), and a sample of nearly pun- travertine from the same Locality containing aboul 64 per cent, of lime (CaO) thai is to rbonate oi Lime, The samples were forwarded by Mr. Lockie. Lab. Nos. U69 I. 3.

7—GeoL BulL No 22

98

hj, |),,m. Lab. loth Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 20, a -ample of lime-- Gisborne by ][ rp ravi , I of calcium carl No [in - known in Conk County. The sample was perhaps taken from a calcite vein, or i i a travertine depo '"•<■■ B 662.)

Analyses recently publi ton include: Whakapun t aCO, ; Wairakaia, 69-1 per cent. CaC0 8 . (.lour. Agri.,

nsport.

Agricultural lime fur use on the Poverty Bay flal est obtained from the limesto 'he Waikakariki Valley west-south-'.-. There the (j i, mentioned above have been opened out. Not only i- most of the limestone of fair quality suitable either tor calcination or pulverization, hut it is conveniently Th.' known deposits are not large, but similar stone probably exist- at other points in the locality. The limestone near Waihirere is also worthy of attention, and probably p< rl will he found of as high grade as the limestone in the Waikakariki Valley.

In the neighbourhood of Tolaga B ms Bhelly -■ roadmaking at points about two miles we miles north of the township. The rock probably contains less than 50 per cent, of calcium carbonate, value for agricultural purposes.

Means of communication in Cook Countv an' still far from perfect, affords good vessels, except in also a fairly good roadstead. Only small vessels ran at present reach the wh at I risborne. A railway runs north-west from Gisbome to Motuhora in the w< - Waikohu County, and from this a railway intended ultimately to at Makaraka. The Napier Railway, though made for only a few miles, has already rendered the limestone deposits at Patutahi more accessible, ami as it pr< i rard will probably tap other limestom Owing to the scarcity of good macadamizing n in the district served by the quarry west of Patutahi.

/.'/' rai

A considerable part of Cook County has been geologically Burveyed in detail. A very in the north is described in X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 9, L9lO. Most o northern and middle portions of the county are mapped and o Bulk-tin No. 21, which has not yet been published.

The Eollowing publicatio - containing ■■■ the geology of Cook Countv :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 5, 1869, part of pp. ; B; No. B, 1877, pp. xvi-xx, 116-20, L 52-59, 162-64; No. 9, 1877, part of pp. 96-105; No. IS. 1887, p. xxxix, pari of pp. 193 219; No. 21. dd. 151 52.

Bth Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv. C.-2, 1914, part of on l">l .".I (Srrniid Prlit.inn IQlfi \

farl. Taper < . in. I*h JI (hound m Mines Rep.), pan o1 pp. 21 25, with i and sections opposite p

3, X.Z. Inst., vol. 2(i. 1888, pan of pp. 293-306; vol. 21, pp. 318-25; vol. 29, 1897, pp. 567 71; vol. 39, 1907, pan of pp. 509 20. Thes ■ all by 11. Hill.

As a rule only parts of the above reports ami papers refeT to Cook County. Puller and more complete lists of literature are given in X.Z. Geol. Surv. Hull. No. 9 and ecially in Hull. No. 21,

118

80. Awakino Coontv

\.,,,kiim County is similar to that of Kawhia County. Old Mesozoii lp y portions of the county, especially in the western part Herangi Range. Late Jurassic and I retaceous rocks also occur. which an important member is tin This has a wide distrib north-eastern portion of th« outhward fur many miles down the valley ol the Wahin. River. Tins limestone, which in places attain- a thickness of 200 ft., is usuallj om the M soic rocks by inconsiderable layers of conglomerab localities it is underlain also bj beds ol is shale and ~,. thick beds of claystone which contain, in bi ■ places ,ne Massive sandstone layers succeed, interbedded with w hich seams of brown coal, usually of no great thickness. These form tin jjokau them are well-bedded greenish and bluish tufl 0 f sub* ■■• overlie unconformably. Thi rywhen ... pass into limestone. The last-named rock occurs at Tiros l i.au River, and in the Mohakatino Valley. The twi liowever, in Clifton County. Moeatoa and Whareorino, twi andesitic mountains ... in the north-western portion of the county, wen ! from which the ash and lapilli of the tuff-beds were distributed. Th, nearly everywhere ai ither wholly or in part of excellent qual Awakino ( ounty appears to be well supplied with stone in for the production of lime Part of Awakino County has recently I n geological!} examined by Dr. J. Henderson Mining Geologist, who lias furnished the following preliminary reports on limestom Mahoenui and Awakino :

.

.. ln . ultural purposes i cliffs Bhowing along the Awakino River, one mile and a half up I ... three miles fron ilace, along the Awakino I„ both I. rock could be cheaply broken, and power fur crushing and ■ ring could be obtained from the si tpense. Both localities ell-giaded road, and both could yield very large quantities of stone aalyses quoted below. At Stony Creek the cliffs are at least high, and tl iparently all of a quality similar to that of the sample taken. Icium carbonate and only 1-12 per cent, of matter inaolul Awakino River I i higher, but the limestone as ,le is of lower grade. I ' -" ft. thick, and con greyish-white linn-tun- apparently ol better quality than the lower layers. \ repreound t m.mi '.i.'rl per cent, of calcium carbonate itter insoluble in acid.

" \ sample from the mi underlying portion of the limestone outcropping a few chains farther up-stream, and continuing fur hali ontained 76 I calcium carbonate and 22-5* of matter insoluble in aoid.

I

~,, ink of the Awakino, about two miles up-strt from the rillage and half a mile from the mail road, there is ai tcrop of limest a 1 ~ ihe de] ' ft. in thickness, would require little Btripping, and is appi :hed I erywhere numerous pebbles of greywacke up to Sin. ii institute fully one-

119

third of the rock. A ind was found to co ■ 19 per cent, "f matter insoluble stripping

" Beside the mi ised, and the bed overlain by yellow

Mr. 11. 11. Sharp, Public Works Ei ne in the North ct. He obtained in or near Awakii ith a copy by examination ol

No. 1 : Yellowish-white flaggy Limestone, tde. On Mangapol I nine

d .". : Yellowish-white hard shelly lime '2. i>n M ile and three mil isi of No. I. ■ tin- other. Stripping, Many thousands of sight. No. 2 is near Waitomo County boundary. No. ■ inty.

No. 1:1! pact calcari I light-brownish-white colour. Residue aft itment, brown Band, mainly quartz, a little white mica. On Marakops Mai nui II ■ frcnn Marakopa River, fr i cliff fully one mile in length and id varyii Tin' i" cording to Mr. Sharp, is a < one, like tin- sample. There is little ping, and the rock fan nt. of

n-stained In good quality.

on-stamed am than No. ">. About four and live miles pping, and

No. 7: Nearly white compact limestone, of g 1 quality i - b. I. 5 and ii. six miles south oi No. I. Ro. ,nd 3, but (this is not evident in sample). ppine.

No. 8 : Light-coloured . with numi of greywacke or similar rock. Near Awakino School. Good -oi aaily quarried Lo« ...m the pebl treatment, light brown.

No. 9 i ined iiivviv, Lower no Road. 11 atment wit 1 - that tne quality loured quart I a few dark grains. Viewed as eenish-grey colour.

No. 10: Close-grained light-coloured limes lality. On Taumatataire Hill, Awakino Te Kuiti Road. G I After treatment with acid eyisfa sand is left.

Limkstone Cave Mahoenui, Awakino County [Photo by Tourist Department.]

122

\,, ii : Bluish or, when slightly weathered, greyish rock with white calcareoui spots. Contains many small pebble, of sandstone and other rocks. From Stony Creek akino-Te Kuiti Load G I acess. Easily quarried. Low grade. This sat •Iv from the lower part of the limestone horizon (see Dr. Henderson's n from acid treatment consists of small pebbles and dark-coloured

No. 12: I. Ed .shelly limestone, similar to Nos. 2 and 3. Good quality Valley Road, near junction with Te Kuiti Koa, Accessible position; stone easily quarried.

No. 13: Bluish-grey calcareous sandstone. From or close to Mangaotaki Strean on Awakino Te Kuiti Load. Accessible position; stone easily quarried. Low Load. flue, alter the rock is pulverized and treated with acid, is bulky, and consist* l dark-coloured sand. The solution contains a flood deal of iron.

1,, each of the six localities Xos. S to 13 there are large quantities of limestone. There is uo stripping, and the rock cam I asily quarried. The cost of quarrying will perhaps be about 2s. lid. per eubie yard (rock broken to 9 in. cubes). Sample No. 13, however, represents rock thai is too low in calcium carbonate to be worth quarrying for agricultural purposes. Samples Nos. 8 and 11 are poor limestones, of little value if better stone can be procured in the neighbourhood.

Nearly all the thirteen samples resemble the Te Kuiti limestone mo : less closely. This is true even of the shelly and the arenaceous samples. No. 13 resembles the lowei part of the Te Kuiti limestone as see,, in the Public Works quarry, but is much lower in calcium carbonate.

Analyses Nos. 1 and 2 of the following table represent limestones from Awakino ty (see also analyses quoted by Dr. Henderson on a previous page). In addition there are seven analyses of limestone from the Mokau River, some of which, however, are probably from the Clifton County side of the river (see p. 115).

(1) Calcareous conglomerate, having matrix of white subcrystalline calcium carbonate from Mr. John Elliott's property, Mahoenui. Forwarded by Eon. R. J. Seddon. Col Lab. 33rd Ann. Bep., 1900, p. 12. Lab. No. 8558. Theanalysl remarks that the pebbles are very unevenly dispersed, so that the analysis is only approximately correct. The rock takes a good polish.

(2) Hard granular light-grey crystalline limestone from Awakino, forwarded by Mr B M. Smith, M.H.B. Col. Lab. 35th Ann.. Bep., 1902, p. 9. Lab. No. 9027. Alumina 0-51, iron'oxide 0-30 per cent. "It should prove a good building-stone, and ar excellent rock for lime-burning."

(3) Semi-crystalline limestone from the vicinity of the Mokau River, forwarded by Mr J Bees. Col. Mus. and Lab. 16th Ann. Bep., 1882, pp. 30-31. Lab, No. 2912. Iron ox ides fce over alumina. "It is an excellent -t lii both for building and ornamental purposes, while the waste or impure parts could be utilized for the preparation of lime." . . . ~ , . , . .

(I) Compact limestone, and (5) calcareous sandstone, Erom Mokau, forwarded by Mr. Kennedy Maedonald. Col. Mus. and Lab. 26th Aim. Rep., 1891, pp. 57-58. Lab. Nos. 539! 'a, b. . __ . . .. . _

(6) Light-coloured fine-grained limestone from "Mokan and Mount Smart," forwarded by Mr. E. M. Smith, M.H.E. Col. Lab. 30th Ann. Bep., 1897, p. 10. Lab. Nos. 7020/1, 2.

102

(7) B ""■ 6 ' Ui No. 70! . . _ . ,

:. Lab.

from Mokau, forwarded ith, M.H.E '902, p. 9. Lab. No ! ' '"'"■ e also quoted in Pari. Papei I 2* L9ll, p. 153, the latter two mco

1

Much damized. Though n has a coast-line of some length, the mouths oi the ino and Mo '"'' •""' rs for about thi moutl ithern boundary of the by 31 fn ri hpr.

Lit* ra

A detailed geological survey of the southern pari of S a made, but s i ibliahed. I follow i!

Explor., No. 12. 1879, pp. 20 22: No. 18, 1887, pp. xlii, 11 IT 68, IT7. and

Ith Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper ('. 9, 1910, part of pp. I The literature dealing with Clifton County should also be consulted.

81. Waitomo County.

irell developed in many part- of the North Island outci Waitomo Inn is nowhere prominent. Early I n ar in the on the hanks of Mangaotaki Stream. The older rocks an 0 f Terl Istones with more or less coal, greensands, limestone, and calcareou 3- Volcanii partly masks the Tertiai Te Evuiti re in the middle ;. county, and probably i surface in the Bouth county except where the old rocks forming tl appear. Limestone covers a large area in the neighbourhood of Waitomo < of Hangatiki, and thence extends westward into Kawlna County, and intermittently southward to Wairere Falls and the Aria district. It is found along the Kawhia and Awakmn County boundaj ding to Henderson, n forms a wide bell side of thi ' i v vera] patches near Te Kuiti. nortji. south, and east. In the northern \ County, some miles south ol .Mount Pirongia, in the upper valley of the Moakuroroa (or Moakurarua) Stream (a tributary of the Waipa), a coj ol Limestone en mapped by Park (1886 report, map opposite p. 13 ['■■ Rau-a-moa it extends into Kawhia County. No this limeston of samples from Ti pplicable. farther smith is the important ana of limestone drained by the Waitomo and other tributaries of the Waipa, which contains the famous Waitomo caves. The

124

limestone, according to Hochstetter, is al teasl 200 ft. thick, and of high quality ; but the only published analysis* is oi i a ferriferous magnesian limestone, forwarded Dominion Laboratory in 1914 by A. 1!. Sennett. This is as follows: —■

The patches of limestone near Te Kuiti are relatively small; but some of them, on account of their high quality and proximity to the railway, are of great importance, and are being quarried for roadmaking, for railway-ballast, and for the manufacture of lime and of ground limestone.

A mile or perhaps more north-north-west of Te Kuiti Railway-station the Borough Council has a quarry in a limestone patch on the west side of the railway and the road. Hard yellowish-white flaggy limestone striking north-west, and dipping at 3|° to the north-east, here forms a face 60 ft. to 70 ft. high. It is of remarkably good quality, as shown by analysis No. 10 in the table below.

To the east and north of the Borough Council quarry similar limestone has been quarried at several places. The most extensive quarries are those worked by Messrs. Wilson (of Wilson's Portland Cement Company) for the manufacture of lime and ground limestone at the neighbouring works. A red-clay loam forms a heavy overburden at the quarries, and fills erosion cavities. The amount of limestone that can be conveniently quarried has been greatly diminished by erosion, and the dip of the limestone to the east also lessens the height of the quarry-faces in that direction. The limestone is hard, yellowish-white, and sparingly fossiliferous so far as large organisms are concerned. A few shells, several species of "shark" teeth, and some mamc bones (1 whale) have been found. No analyses of the stone, as far as known, have been published, but the quality is undoubtedly exceedingly good.

The limestone as broken at the quarries is conveyed to the works by means of a tram-line and an endless chain which drags the trucks along. On reaching the works the stone is broken it) a Large Gates rock-breaker, and screened into several sizes. The largest size is conveyed to two brick-kilns, which may be, but are not always, operated continuously for the production of quicklime. A disintegrator is used to break up the lumps of quicklime after their discharge from the kiln, and the lime is then bagged for the use of farmers. Some of the quicklime is slaked and sent to the goldfields, where it is used in cyanide plants to neutralize the acidity of the ore or tailings treated therein. A small rock-breaker of the Blake type may be used to reduce medium-size lumps to a smaller size. All small lumps go to pulverizers, which reduce them to powder. This is screened, and the oversize returned to the pulverizer. The final product is a fine white powder with a little grit, which is weighed into fairly small bags holding perhaps \\ cwt. (weight not ascertained). Steam-power is used for driving the machinery.

The works are very compact ; but there is more screening, and especially more elevating, than would be necessary in a perfectly designed plant. The Gates rockbreaker is not worked to anything like its full capacity. A disadvantage is thai there is no drying-apparatus, and consequently work is liable to be interrupted by spells

•Since ihis was written B. ('. Aston bae published ■■ im the Hangatiki district (Jour, of Agri,, vol. 1". No. 2, Aug., 1918, p. 99). The Bample contained 70 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

104

of wet weather, when b of broken lime-tone under < <■■ exhausted.

Some 'nail Native settlement of M i northward i ■ tttliers of In of good quality ~ Oft. to 7<hmi level. The limestone may be 100 fi '■ dip at 8° to the southIn this part of the Te Kuiti di llite and greywacke are not far below the linn more than 15ft. or 2" ft. of claystone or shale intervenes. On the roads Erom Te Kuiti to the localities mentioned d deal of limestone can In- seen. In some plao nd of good quality, in oi : ■ i.ility. In ■_■ d bluish call clay Much-altered rhyolitic tuff unconformably overlie* one.

South oi 'I e Kuiti light-coloured, I limestone o ility outcrops on both sides oi the Mangaokewa Stream for some distance. About a mile south of Te Kuiti on the west side of the Mangaokewa .nth, and di] ■ the westward. Strike and dip. however, vary considerably and erratically in not unusual in many parts of New Zealand both ■ and older rocks. "\t *-', ;....- .: .. l m ... wi .. . i i . tnitf _i__j. *__

the outcrop just mentioned Messrs. Wilson erected during 1916 pulverizing limestone. As seen by P. G. Morgan it was incomplt iron building containing a boiler, steam-engine, pulverizing-machinery, ele l The limestone was to be delivered to a la] reaker, from ise the broken rock to a revolving rial into dust, a small size, a larger Bize, ■J', in. size, and ov ill rock-breaker of the Blake-Marsden ty] small sizes to a remodelled "Devil" disintegrator. The description of the plant here is incomplete, and □ incorrect.

ort distance south of Wilson's No. 2 plant is a large quarry in li which has been worked for many years. It is owned by the Government and coi I by the Public Works Department. Its function is to supply railway-ballast, and for tliis purpose a rock-breaking plant has been installed. The face of limestone is probably 200 ft. high, and there is certainly more than that thickness of lin ■ Fhe upper portion is flaggy, light - coloured, and probably of good quality. The lower portion is arenaceous and in general of a bluish-grey colour. Its quality is shown by analysis No. 11 of the table below. Some is rather coarse-grained, of hj colour, and contains a good deal of glauconite.

Near the railway-line south of 'J'.' Kuiti limestone may be seen at intervals for a distance of Beveral miles. Analysis No. 3 of the table below representa limestone from a railway-cutting in this Ideality.

126

References.— (1) Dark granular limestone from "cutting at 25 miles, Te Kuiti contract,'' forwarded by Public Weeks Department. Col. Mus. and Lab. 22nd Ann. Rep., 1887, pp. 41-42. Lab. No. 1503 1.

(2) Buff-coloured granular limestone from same locality as No. 1. Same reference. Lab. No. 1553 2.

(3) Similar stone to No. 2. from cutting at " 27J miles. Waititi contract." Same reference as Nos. 1 and 2. Lab. No. 4553/3.

(4) Compact limestone from Te Kuiti, forwarded by J. P. Maxwell. General .Manager of Government Railways. Col. Mus. and Lab. 21th Ann.' Rep., 1890, p. 27. Lab. No. 5035. A " remarkably pure" limestone.

(5) Subcrystalline close-grained limestone, interior of slate colour, exterior very pale-red, from Ti Kuiti, forwarded bv the Public Works Department. Col Lab. 29th Ann. Rep., 1895, pp. 11-12. Lab. No. 6846/1.

(6) Similar to No. 5. bet of pale-red colour throughout. Same reference as No. 5. Lab. No. 6846/2.

(7) Compact brown subcrystalline limestone from Te Kuiti, forwarded bv B. M. Wilson. Col. Lab. 30th Ann. Rep., 1897, p. 10. Lab. No. 6988. See also Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-lOa, 1895, p. 3.

(8) Compact limestone from Te Kuiti, forwarded by the Public Wotks Department. Col. Lab. 30th Ann Hep.. 1897, p. 12. Lab. No. 7302.

(9) Aston, B. C, in Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. 3, Sept., 1915, p. 238. (10) Yellowish-white limestone from Te Kuiti Borough quarry, collected bv P. 6. Morgan, Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep . 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. 1434/1.

(11) Greenish-grey limestone from Public Works quarrv, Te Kuiti. Same reference as No. 10. Lab. No. 1434/2.

The first geologist to visit what is now Waitomo County was the well-known Hochr, who was in the district for over a week during April, 1859, and lias given a fuller account of its limestone than any subsequent writer. It is therefore worth while to summarize his remarks. The limestone is similar to that of the Kawhia, Aotea, and igaroa districts. From Hangatiki Hochstetter visited a cave four miles to the south-west, situated at the northern foot of a hill formed of tabular limestone at hast 200 ft. thick ("Ne /. i I," p. 337). At the point where the Mangapu River divides into its three main branches (three miles and a half west of Te Kuiti) there is a basin surrounded by towering limestone rocks. Two of the streams, the Mangawhitikau (western branch) and the Mangapu itself (middle branch), issue from caves. The exit of the latter stream from its underground course, said to be four miles long (but as a matter of fact almost exactly two miles), is well named Tenga-nui (long throat). Before passing underground the stream is said to run through a romantic narrow gully in the limestone range Mahihinui, by the pa Pehiop (sic). '! whitikau has a similar course. It runs past the pa Nikau through the narrow rocky ravine Huruhuru, and then disappears underground for a distance of one to two miles. The limestone in this district is from 300 ft. to 400 ft. thick (p. 340). Between the west coast and the upper Waipa and Mokau districts it "forms a plateau, risin» to a height of I,oooft. above the level of tie ! ,1,1,. f or subterraneous watercourses, and deep funnel-shaped ho,es, called by the Natives tomo." South of the divide

106

■ o the Waipa and th. Mokau, Hochstett. about a mile wide, on which ' : fern. On tie south side of this locality is probably a h-u miles north of Piopio. In the .Mokauiti River valley the Park (1887 report, y. IT'. 'hick.

The b'mestoi ccurrences in various parts <>f Wait described b\ om a report add* ■ \. ■'. Bak< r, B En( neer, Works Department, Taumarunui. to tie- Engineer-in-Chief, Wellington, a copy «»f wh pplied to ; .<l Survey. Mr substantially ■-■■■

"" In the Taumarunui Public Works district the limestone d confined to a except within a radius of three miles of Aria Township in the Mokauiti and Rangikohua valleys. Ft follows that there is no limestone in the 01 valleys. The limestone bell extends to KLawhia Harbour, but I cai i it runs south along tie- coast. In general the [inn which could I ! with little or uo stripping. 'Die cost of qu i on a reasonable Bcale would be 3s. to 3s. fid. per cubic yard, at, and in mosl could be run right into the working-face. All the limestone in the district is in horizontal or nearly horizontal .rally from 3m. to The thickness of the limestone horizoi to 200 ft."

tit samples : obtained by Mr. Baker were forwarded b Survey. The following particulars are given by li i d by examii of the samples :

No. 1. Light-greyish-white, very compact, flaggy, high-grade limestone from Totoro Road (north-west of Aria). Distance from railway, twenty-s ding blocks from fin. to Gin. thick and measuring 1 sq. ft. to 6 sq. ft. can be obtained. Deposit alongside metalled road ; no stripping required.

Xo. 2. Greyish-white, s . • iy compact, ■■ from Wairere Falls, 21.\ miles from the railway. G 1 outstanding blocks from ! 6 in. thick, and measuring I [ sq. ft., obtainable. Deposit adj metalled road ; 1 ft. stripping required. This -tune has ted and found to ' lime. According to Park the Wairere Falls is 150 it. thick (1887 reDort. d

Xo. 3. Light-greyish-white, glistening, very compact, flagg from big bluff at Mangaotaki Bridge, near Awakino County boundary, on the Te Kuiti to Mokaa Road. Distance from railway, twenty-four miles. Blocks 4 in. to Gin. thick, measuring I sq. ft. to 2 linable. Adjacent to metalled road: practically no stripping required.

;. Light-bluish-grey, very ;rade limestone from the quarr from Te Kuiti on road to Awakino, &c. Layers, 2in. I thick. Slabs 1 sq. ft. to 4sq.ft. obtainable. Average stripping required, 2 ft. The residue after acid treatment consists of dark-grey line sand and silt, with a few almost black pan

No. •">. Light-coloured compact limestone, with browi ron ami iron-stained joint-planes, from the eleven-mile quarry. Distance to railway, II 57 chains. I.avers. I'm. to 6 in. thick. Slabs of Lsq ft. u> 1 well situated for quarrying; average stripping required, 4 ft.

No. ii. Almost white, very ~,. f roll Borough Council quarry, Te Kuiti. Distance to railway-station, one mile and a half

128

(only a few chains to railway-line). Stone well bedded; layers, 1 in. to I ft. thick Slabs of L sq. ft. to 4 sq.ft. obtainable. Average stripping required, 3 ft. Sec alsj former paragraphs, and analysis No. 10 on page 105.

No. 7. Consists mainly of a portion of a targe oyster or other fossil, to which a little light-coloured, compact, glistening limestone adheres. From Waitomo, seven miles Erom railway. The deposit yields good outstanding blocks, from 2 in. to Ift. thick, measuring I sq. ft. to 6 sq. ft. On good metalled road; no stripping required.

No. 8, Nearly white, very compact, glistening, high-grade limestone from Mangapohue Road (near Kawhia County boundary), eighteen miles from railway. Good outstanding blocks, measuring 1 sip ft. to 6 sq. ft., 4 in. to 6 in. thick, obtainable. On metalled road ; no stripping required.

All the deposits represented by the samples are in accessible positions, and. with the except inn of No. 5, are well situated for quarrying. In every case the stone is oi high grade, and of such a character as to be suitable for calcination if broken to pass, say. a 2J in. ring. Being hard, the limestone, if pulverized instead of calcined, will probably require to be somewhat finely ground. Most of the deposits will supply stone suitable for ordinary building purposes, provided thick slabs are not required.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

Waitomo County is well provided with limestone of the highest grade. Except at Te Kuiti, this has so far been quarried only for making roads. The Main Trunk Railway runs through the county, existing roads are being improved, and new roads are being made. Ultimately Waitomo County will be able to supply very large areas in neighbouring districts with much-needed lime in the form either of quicklime, slaked lime, or carbonate of lime (ground limestone).

Literature

The chief references to the geology of Waitomo County are— Hochstetter's " New Zealand," pp. 332-49.

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 17, 1886, part of pp. 136-40, and map ; No. 18, 1887, pp. xl, xli, 46, 47, 68, 73, 175-77, 182, &c.

Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-3, 1892, pp. 106-8 (Park). Trans. N.Z. Inst,, vol. 20, 1888, part of pp. 316-88 (Cussen) : vol. 25, 1894 pp. 353-62 (Park); vol. 48, 1916, p. 93 (Te Kuiti limestone).

4th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Papei C.-9, L9lO, part of pp. 5-9 11th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Gcol. Surv., Pari Paper C.-2b, 1917, p. 7.

N.Z. Journ. Sci. and Tech., vol. 1, No. 2, March, 1918, pp. 112-15 (Henderson). Gives the best available general account of the geology and topography ol the Te Kuiti district.

etter mentions an early paper by Dr. A. Thomson (author of "Tin Story of New Zealand") dealing with moa-bones found in the Waitomi caves, which were visited by Thomson in October, 1852. The referenci given is Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, vol. 56, pp. 268-95.

32. West Taupo Count*

Old Mesozoic rocks occur in and probably form a considerable pari of the Tuhua or Hauhangaroa Range, weal of Lake Taupo, and its continuation or offshoot to the north-north-west, the Rangitoto Range. It is not definitely known whether any outcrops of the Tertiary sedimentaries with Limestone that are so prominent in Waitomo County occur, except in the Ongarue Valley, north of Taumarunui, where calcareous mudstones

108

almost lined, volcal

awarded ill I'.ill from Talllnaruiilll by .Mr. .1. 10. found in the 1 i ' iun ' b. ir.th Ann. Rep., 1912, p. 20.; Lab. No. li IS. In inquiry, Mr. 8 hill within the boundaries of the Borough of Taumarunui.

Means of Transport.

i'. < I'ltV. m.lary from H'aimiha to south of Tauinanmui. The adjoining portio itli lime fro ~f tie without inhabitants, ami con ..ads.

lAteralure.

Taupo Cou] I in the

llo.li-i tter's "New Zealand." pp. 354 59, 152 (wesl oi Maungatautari).

Rep. of i 1887, pp. xl xlii. pp. •!.'.'. 175, 180 -J: No. 21. 1892. p. 177.

Mines I P '. 1899, pp

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 20, If 6-32; vol. 21. 1106 16; M.l. 26, 1894, pp. 398 107 ; vol. pp. 681 - 1899, pp. 498 51": vol :;:. 1905, pp. I I

33. K

upo, one of the Largest counties in New Zealand, is ; In- volcanic rocki ial (chiefly pumice) of volcanic origin. In the south argillit. form the Eposed in t] near m the Napier Taupo Road. High] Haroto district, six miles or more south of Tarawera (Hill er, p. 125; It'll J.. 290), It aje a belt of Pliocene rocks conl stretches up the Rangitikei Valley, and forms part of The country between the and Buahin. 1871, p. 161). Thi mainly in Rangitikei Co iter pages). More and Whakatane counties. Miocene or older sedimentary r resent, definitely reported from that part of the country, hut probably does occur.

.1/''

A privately owned light railway beginning at Putaruru enters the north-east cornei .if Bast Taupo, but otherwi nty is without railway- almost unsettled by Europeans, the county has pour road communications, almost the only tlie. A railway from R v ill ultimately, n.i doubt, he nia.le t., the Kaingaroa Plains, and may he continued t. Lake Taupo, thus opening tip a considerable extent of country that needs fertilizers very hadly. Lake Taupo n■■ ins of communication and transport

Stalactites and Stalagmites, Waitomo Caves. \ Photo by Tourist Deportment.] Oeol. Bull. 22.] [To fact p. 108.

PLATE V

132

Literature

The chief geological references to Fast Taupo County will be found in the following publications :

tter's " New Zealand," pp. 360-402.

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 5, pp. i, ii; No. 6, part of pp. 158-64 ; No. 18, pp. 69-73, and casual references ; No. 21, 1892, p. 152.

Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-3, 1895. The geological map opposite p. 162 includes a small part of East Taupo County. Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899, pp. 11-13, 16-25. Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901, pp. 12-21.

Trans. N.Z. Inst. : All the references given for West Taupo, together with vol. 22, 1890, part of pp. 422-29 (H. Hill), and vol. 43, 1911, pp. 288-96 (Hill). Ist Ann. Eep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-9, 1907, p. 6.

Most of the innumerable publications dealing with the Hot Lakes district have more or less reference to East Taupo County. Among the earliest of these are—

Bidwill, J. C. : " Rambles in New Zealand." London, 1841

Dieffenba.li. Ernest : " Travels in New Zealand,'' vol. 1, 1843, pp. 320-81 Bidwill is quoted on pp. 347-55.

Thomson, Dr. A. S. (author of " The Story of New Zealand," to.) : Article in the New Zealander about 1851. Narrates Mr. Dyson's ascent of Ngaurdhoe in March, 1851. Quoted by Hochstetter, pp. 373-74.

34. Wairoa County

In the extreme west of Wairoa County the Huiarau Range is probably partly composed of Trias-Jura argillites and greywackes, and partly of Cretaceous or younger rocks. A patch of supposed Cretaceous rocks appears in the Morere district, near Mahia Peninsula. Elsewhere, with the exception of a more or less superficial coating of windborne pumice and volcanic dust found in many places, and of the alluvial beds near Wairoa; &c., the only rocks seen in the county are of Tertiary age, and, so far as known, include all its limestone. This rock is exposed at many points. Pliocene limestone outcrops at Long Point (Mahia Peninsula), and forms bluffs on the coast-line four miles west of the mouth of the Nuhaka River. Moumoukai Mountain, eastward of the upper Nuhaka Valley, is composed in great part of limestone. Westward of this locality the hilly country drained by the Mangapoike and Makaretu rivers contains massive layers of the same rock. Limestone forms the cliffs in the scenic reserve at Te Reinga. Thence it extends southward towards Wairoa (Clyde), and outcrops three miles west of Frasertown. In 1913 four samples of Wairoa County limestones were forwarded to the Dominion Laboratory by the Fields Division of the Department of Agriculture. Analyses were made and published, but no specific statement as to locality was given. This information, however, together with other valuable particulars given below, was fortunately elicited during 1917 in correspondence between the Mines Department and the Wairoa County Council. The analyses were made by Mr. B. C. Aston, and are as follow : -

Reference. Dom. Lab. ITtii Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. Nos. 1)1216/1-4.

110

In the course of the correspondence mentioned above a copy of a report by Mr. T. F. Mullaly, Inspector for tic Agricultural D forwarded to the Mines Department. .Mr, Mullaly in el

No. 1 sample was taken from an outcrop al Te Reinga Falls, twenty-five miles from Wairoa. close to tic Gisborne-Tiniroto-Wairoa coach-road, and within a short distance of the project,al route of th,. Kast Co.. I The outcrop i- in the Te Scenic Reserve. lecess easy. Unlimited quantities of limestone, apparently of good quality.

Xo. 2 sample was taken from an outcrop in tic Mahaurangi Native Block, near Te Reinga and close to the road. Access is easy. Unlimited quantity of line-

No. 3 sample was taken from an outcrop on sonc* Native land at Tahaenui, eighteen mil".-, lion, Wairoa. and near tic Wairoa-Nuhaka Road. Tic locality i- in the centre of a large farming district. Access easy. Large quantities of -torn-.

No. 4 sample is from the sane locality, but a mile farther inland. Ace,-, is easy, and the quantity unlimited.

Mr. Mullaly also writes, "The outcrops from which these samples were talon the most suited for the purpose intended that I am acquainted with in this dist and, if ol the desired quality, can be economically worked." Without the information obtained ln.ni Mr. .Mullaly the analyses quoted above would be valueless for till practical purposes. It may be mentioned that analyses are quoted in tins bulletin in many similar where necessary data arc lacking, in the hope that the exact locality may be known to some leader, and thus additional information of value may ultimately be obtained.

Reference.- -Col. Mus. and Lab. 22nd Ann. Rep., 1887, p. 42. Lab. Xo. 4464.

aurces and of Means of T

With the information to hand it is difficult to say what the limestone resources of Wairoa County are. Good limestone, however, occurs in places; and when the NapierGisborne Railway is made the distribution of lime through the countv will become a fairly simple matter, for the railway will tap not only the limestone near Te Reinga Falls, but also limestone to the south of the county. The sea carriage of lime to or from Wairoa, and perhaps other points on the coast, is also a possibility. Many of the roads are bad, especially in winter-time, and many prospective roads are not made, but the coming of the railway and the growth of settlement will mend that state of affairs.

LiU rature.

The chief references to the geology of Wairoa County are to be found in the following publications :

Rep. of Geol. Ezplor., Xo. 9, 1877. pp. 96 105; No. LB, 1887. parts of pp. xxxvii xxxix. and of pp. 193 219.

Mines Rep., Pari. Paper I 9, 1899 part of pp. 16 25 (McKay).

Trans. X.Z, Ins!., vol. 9, 1877. part of pp. 565 76 (S. P. Smith); vol. 20, 1888 pari oi pp. 293-306 (H. Hill); vol. 27, 1895. part .if pp. 451-66 (Hill) ■l7B-79 (Hill).

134

36. Hawke's Bay County

In the west of Hawke's Hay County Trias-Jura argillites a: tea torn the main part of the Ruahine Range. Cretaceous rocks apparently occur at a lev places m the oenti ~f the county, but Late Miocene and Pliocene imerates, sandstones, limestones, and claystones are the prevailing surface rocki the base of the Ruahine Range to the coast, except where the rivers have forma flood-plains. In that part of the county draining to tie' Rangitikei River, and in the broken mountainous country north-north-west of the Ruahine Range proper drained I,\ the Ngaururoro and other rivers, there are many patches of Tertian rocks, but how la these would appear connected on a geological map is impossible to say. Pleistocene gravels occur in places, and pumiceous sands or silts (wind-borne in the first place) similar to those of Wairoa County, &c, are of c ccurrence. The geologica ire relating to Hawke's Bay is fairly voluminous, but difficult to follow, to the laek of adequate maps. In order to present all the information relating ti limestone, a very careful perusal of the literature and much study of maps is required in the following summary some lissioi i idental or intentionally made for the sake of brevity, and possibly some errors, may be found by those having tie advantage of local knowledge.

Abundant limestone is found in Hawke's Bay, though in all probability it does nol i -tali large areas as would he inferred from the available maps and the very numerous occurrences mentioned in the literature. All the limestone is of Late ne or of Pliocene age, and is known as the Maungaharuru, Te Waka, Pohui, Puketapu, Petane, Scinde Island (Napier), or Te Ante limestone, according to the place of occurrence. The last name is also used as a general term to indicate limestone in other parts ol the North Maud believed to he of ti, It is not to he understood. however, that all the limestones just mentioned are necessarily of exactly the same ;l1 age- The Scinde Island or .Napier limestone, for example, is believed by McKay to be younger than the Te Ante limestone. Usually the limestone is shelly and somewhal sandy, but in places it is of great purity.

Limestone forms the top and part of the slopes of tin- Maungaharuru Range in the north of the county. A I iouth it forms the summit of Te Waka or Tikiokura Ri and south of Pohui. According t.. McKay the limestone near Pohui is in two hands, with 150 ft. of sandy or argillaceous beds between (1886 report, p. 185). 'lda- upper limestone is exposed on both Bides of the Pohui branch of the Mangaone Stream for more than a mile to the south-west of the Taupo Road. It outcrops on the hills east of Pohui Lake, where ,t lias a dip of 20' o. the east.

ith, between Pukrtitiri and Hawkeston, the limestone in places is full of tli.' shells of a very la- V ■ Patoka is a laminated In with very few fossils, resting upon a blue sandy or marly limestone.

Wore to the south, near the road from Kuripapanga to Moawhango (Rangitikei *ks of linn the top of the Taruarau Spur, or ( Hill, at a height of about 2,600 ft. Between tin- place and the Rangitikei scarps of limestone, and the same rock is again seen on the left bank • mini (twenty-seven miles by road north-west of Napier) towards ipanga there are numerous outliers of limestone forming ills on known as the Matapiro and Aorangi Plain (11. Hid. 1890 paper, p. 423). i of limestone, interbedded with blm sandstones, mi Creek, not far fron I tead. Near Mounl Blowhard more limestone i- seen. Near a Baddle this is fluted in a remarkable manner, like immense organ-pipes.

Limestone in patches appears about tali a mile north of the Ngaururoro River, and to the north forms a continuous range, where it is also seen in the valley of Otamauri

112

Creek. South of the Nganruioio, limestone Kerem (in Waipawa County) and forms part of the Whakarara .Mountains to the west.

:-t of the scattered limestone areas in the hilly or. mountainous country in the weal of Hawke's Bay County there appears to be a belt of country withoul any -He to speak of. The eastern pari of the county, however, is rich in that rock. Several bands of shelly limestone varying in thickness from 20 ft. upward are developed throughout the hilly country near the coast, from the northern boundary of fie- county at Waikare River to Napier, Limestone forms part of the \ ■■i\\ cliff of Tipahanui, and some steep escarpments to the west. lain est one is well developed in the Waipatiki Valley, and to the north and south, at Moeangiangi and Tangoio. Tn the valley of the Esk River there are two limestone bands, K)ft. thick, and these are especially well exposed near Petane. At Napier. Bluff Hill or .Scinde Island (not an island) is almost entirely composed of calcareous rocks with two distincl limestone horizon-. Wesl of Napier limestone is seen at hj --for example, at Puketapu, Wharerangi, and near Woodthorpe (fifteen miles from Napier).

Limestone is exposed on the cliffs about a mile and a half Kidnappers, and thence extends south-south-west with little interruption for many miles. It is seen on both sides of the Tutaekuri River at Te Mata. Pakipaki. &<■■ N Aute (Opapa) the limestone belt crosses to the west of the railway-line, and continues southward into Waipawa County. McKay's geological map of 1877 (opp< of report) shows a great extent of limestone, but much of the area ostensibly mapped as limestone is occupied by the associated beds.

About four miles south of Waimarama (Waimirima in old reports) Tertiary In caps the coast range, and continues southward into Patangata County. To the north detached masses of the same kind of limestone lie on the surface of supposed Cretaceous rocks. These latter contain calcareous concretions and masses of cone-in-cone limestone.

Analyses.

Many analyses of Hawke's Bay limestones have been published. One or two of the localities from which the samples came have not been certainly identified, but apparently all are in the eastern half of the county, so that the western part . represented.

Five samples of limestone from Tutira Block, Mangaharuru Survey District, v. forwarded to the Dominion Laboratory in 1908 by Mr. W. H. Cooper. The percentage results obtained on analysis were—

The following analyses represent samples supposed to come from Bluff Hill (Scinde Island), Napier * —

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<-<-. (1) Shelly coherent limestone from Middle Road.

(•_') Calcareous sandstone from Pandora Point

rse-grained limestone from Bluff,

These analyses are given in Col. Mus. and Lab. 9th Ann. Rep., 1874, p. 16. Lab. Nos. 1418/8, 9, 10. On page 31 the locality of all the samples is given as Potlkaua Valley, Napier." an address that dues not appear to suit any of them. The samples were forwarded by the Superintendent of the Hawke's Bay Province (Hon. J. D. Ormond).

Hector and Skey, in "Reports and Awards of the Jurors, N.Z. Exhibition, 1865," Dunedin, 1866, on pages 393, 448, give analyses and other particulars of two samples of shelly limestones from Napier. One of these contained 91-80 per cent, of calcium carbonate, and the other 81-10 per cent. The full analyses, &c, are quoted in the appendix to Chapter Ilf of this bulletin.

ices. (1) Massive but soft limestone from quarry at Pakipak

38ive but soft limestone from Pakipaki.

(3) Shelly coarse-grained limestone from quarry twenty miles distant (? from Napier)

(4) Rubbly white limestone with hard nodules from quarry. 24-mile post (? from Napier).

(5 Uassive but friable buff-coloured limestone from Te Aute.

(6) Very loose buff-coloured limestone from Te Ante. T : abovi six analyses are given in Col. Mus. and Lab. 9th Ann. Rep.. ISTf. p. 16. Lab. Nos. 1418 1. 2. 3, 7, 4, 5. Forwarded by the Superintendent. Hawke's Bay Province (see p. 31 of Lab. report).

(7) Shelly conglomerate from Te Mata, near Havelock North, forwarded by Director, Fields Division, Department of Agriculture. Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 21. Lab. No. E943

(8) From Te Mata. Aston, B. C, in Jour. Agri., vol. 11. No. 3, Sept., 1915, 240. Analyst's number, E124. Date, 1904.

(9) Shelly conglomerate, Hastings. Aston, B. C, same publication as (8). Analyst's number, K 1418. Date, 1909.

The following three analyses represent highly arenaceous limestone or calcareous sandstone from Cape Kidnappers. They were forwarded to the Colonial Laboratory about 1894 by Mr. S. Carvell, M.H.R., per Mr. J. Aspinall :

* Includes undetermined.

8 GeoL Bull. No. 22.

137

References. —(1) Soft argillaceous pale-yellow limestone from Pukekura, Hawke’s Bay, forwarded by H. Hartree. Col. Mus. and Lab. 24th Ann. Rep., 1890, p. 27. Lab. No. 5099. (2) (3) Marl from Pukekura, forwarded by H. Hartree. Same report as above, pp. 27-28. Lab. Nos. 5150/1, 2. The residue after acid treatment consists of fine sand and clay.

(4) (5) From Newstead, Napier, forwarded by Land Purchase Commissioners in 1912. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. Nos. C 644/1, 2. “ Well suited for agriculture or building purposes.”

(6) From Dunmore, Napier, forwarded by J. S. Dunn. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann Rep., 1914, p. 21. Lab. No. D204. “When ground to a powder would certainly be valuable to soils requiring lime.”

Analyses Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are repeated on a later page, under the heading of “ Patangata County,” for the reason there given.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

Though in places they may be thin or somewhat impure, the limestones of Hawke’s Bay County can easily supply all its needs. A railway runs through the county from the port of Napier southwards, and another is in course of construction north to Wairoa and Gisborne. The northern and inland parts of the county are not yet well roaded, but no doubt will be in course of time. At Napier Messrs. Amner and Sons own a plant for the manufacture of quicklime and pulverized limestone, with quarry at the corner of Faraday and Carlyle streets.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Hawke’s Bay will be found in the following publications : —

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 6, 1871, pp. 158-64 ; No. 9, 1877, parts of pp. 43-53, 96-105; No. 10, 1877, parts of pp. 67-94 (chiefly pp. 77, 78, 82-85, 88-89, 93-94) ; No. 12, 1879, pp. 64-75; No. 17, 1886, pp. 185-92 ; No. 18, 1887, pp. xxxv-xxxviii, 190-208, 211, 217, 218, &c. ; No. 21, 1892, p. 154.

Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899, part of pp. 16-25 (McKay). Mines Rep., Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901, part of pp. 12-21 (McKay).

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 9, 1877, pp. 565-76 (S. P. Smith) ; vol. 18, 1886, pp. 327-32, 340-42, 343, 367-74, &c. (papers by Hutton) ; vol. 19, 1887, pp. 441-48 (Hill) ; vol. 20, 1888, pp. 282-93, 293-306 (papers by Hill) ;

♦Recalculated from— CaO, 42'19 per cent.; MgO, o*7B per cent.; CO*, 3415 per eent Kxee" of COj, 0-U9 per cent.

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vol. 21. 1889, pp. 311 IS (A. Hamilton): vol. 22, 1890, pp. 422-38 (Hill); vol. 27. 1896, pp. 131 76 (Hill); vol. 30, 1898, pp. 515 31 (Hill); vol. 32, 1900, pp. I-;'. -- (Hill); vol. 37. 1905, pp. 131 II (Hill); vol. 41, 1909, pp. 429-37 (Hill). The numerous papers by H. Hill, though discursive, contain much useful information. Unfortunately in only two papers are maps given by way of illustration, and neither paper happens to deal with limestone deposits in any way except incidentally.

36. Clifton County

The chief rocks exposed in Clifton Canity are sedimentary rocks of Tertiary age, varying in age from Miocene or earlier to Late Pliocene. They may be arranged in roups, which may or may not be separated by an unconformity. The older group, well seen in the Mokau-Mohakatino Block, is to he correlated with the Tertiary sedimentaries of Awakino and Waitomo counties, &c. It consists of sandstones, greensands, claystones, and limestone-, with coal-seams in a horizon well above tlie base of the series, bul about 1,000 ft. below the limes! The younger set of .sedimentary rocks its of pebbly beils. thin shelly conglomerates, sandstones, and claystones. It has u wide distribution in the southern part of the county. Volcanic tuff of andcsitic composition thinly covers the surface in the south-west of the county. Rhyolitic tuff similarly occurs in the north-east.

aost promising source of lime in Clifton County is the li stone of the Mokau district, which is a continuation of that in Awakino County. According to Park, limestone about 60 ft. thick is exposed at water level at or near Fatokatoka four or five miles from the mouth of the Mokau River (two miles in a straight line), and is again seen at Mangatawa, seventeen or eighteen miles up the river (eight from the sea in a straight line), 200 ft. above the river.* The limestone hereabouts is of flaggy character, 40 ft. thick, and composed of Foraminifera and echinoderm remains (l'ark, 1887, p. 178). The following report, written by l)r .1. Henderson early in 1917, apparently refers to almost the same locality:—

Limestone, Mokau /i'o:< r

. years ago a lime-kiln was built on the south bank of the Mokau River about nineteen miles from its mouth. Work ceased more than a dozen years ago, and kiln and quarry tire now concealed by a dense growth of vegetation. As exposed in a small creek near the kiln, the limestone lies flatly and rests on soft sandstone. The top of the layer was no! observed, but tit least 40 ft. of massive yellowish limestone i- exposed. A sample from this contained 96-6 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 1-83 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid, while a second sample, from a large loose block of harder and denser limestone, gave 95-0 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 3-27 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid. The thickness and extent of this deposit are unknown.

limestone occurs on the top of a Bteep ridge, about 800 ft. above the river, and transport to the kiln will not be difficult. The only means of approach, however. is by the river. Until two fears ago small steamers carried coal to New Plymouth f ronl „ mjjj, iles up-stream from the kiln. Now it is possible to reach the limestone in a launch only at high water. At low water, owing to the presence of snags and the silting of the channel, the river is navigable for only seventeen miles."

* The heicht ib probably mui !i r. itt p

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The Mokau limestone is a hard yellowish-white stone, composed chiefly of the remains of Foraminifera (Amphistegina), calcareous algae (Lithothamnium), Polyzoa, &c. The calcium-carbonate content is high, as is shown by the analyses below. Some of the analyses in the table on page 101 (Awakino County) probably also belong here.

References.—(l) (2) Highly crystalline limestones, " forwarded by the Hon. the Minister of Mines (Mr. James McQowan) from Waitara." Col. Lab. 33rd Ann. Rep., 1900, p. 11. Lab. Nos. 8473/1, 2. " Both are very pure, and fit for lime-making and building purposes." The locality of these samples is uncertain. They an- here assigned to Mokau River as the nearest likely locality.

(3) Shelly limestone from near old lime-kiln, Mokau River, forwarded In- Mr. Charles X. Taylor to the Geological Survey earlv in 1914. Dom. Lab. -18 th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 19. Lab. No. K 117.

Between six and seven miles in a direct line from the sea limestone occurs in the valley of the Mohakatino River, and thence inland forms thick beds, through which the Mohakatino and its tributary, the Waipapa, have cut deep narrow gorges for miles. The limestone in places is 100 ft. thick, and is in general of excellent quality, but access to every part of the deposit is difficult.

In the southern part of Clifton County bands of shelly limestone, which an- usually very arenaceous, and generally pebbly, occur. Wherever accessible they have been quarried in order to obtain roadmaking material. Mr. H. H. Sharp, in his report mentioned on page 100, describes a deposit in the Purangi district close to Mangaoapa Road, near the Waitara River, and four miles north from Kiore Railway-station, or less than three miles as the crow flies. Tie- present face is about 20 ft. high (1916). The stripping is considerable, and will increase as the face is earned int.. tie- hill. The stone is harder than that from Waiwiri Road (Stratford County, see p. 122), and contains flinty seams (probably highly arenaceous bands). The sample forwarded by Mr. Sharp is a hard, harsh textured, bluish-grey, arenaceous rock consisting of shell casts filled with calcareous and sandy matter rather than shells. A part was analysed, with the following result: —

Silica .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 24-66

Alumina and iron oxides .. .. .. .. 5.74

Lime .. .. ,. .. 36-99

Magnesia .. .. . . .. .. .. .. J.J2 T'hnsnhnnr* nnlu-rlrirla n 10

.Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. .. 0-13

Carbonic anhydride, moisture, and organic matter .. 29-73

Alkalies and undetermined .. .. .. .. 1-63

100-00

I'h.' lime is equivalent to 66-05 per cent, of calcium carbonate, but probably the true percentage of calcium carbonate is little, if any, over (ill per cent.

•Calculated from—Lime (CaO), 51-44 per cent.; magnesia (MgO), 119 per cent.; carboni anhyride (CO 2 ), 40-70 per cent.

PLATE VI

A. Limestone. Mokau. Large An with Lilhothi ow. Magnified 20 diameters. B. Limestone, Horahora (VVhanqaeei County), with a nearly round Amphistegina. Magnified 2< i dia meters. C. Foraminii eral Limestone, Milburn (Brui i: County), with Rolalia, & c . Magnified 20 diameters. I). Hydraulic Limestone, Kaiwaka (Otamatea County) with GlobigeriM Magi ■ ■'' -'--l . lie.

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Reference.— Dom Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. 1151 2. (Locality described only as m Ngatunaru Survey District.)

Park mentions that the pebbly shell-beds seen on the coast at Onairo and Urenui are well developed inland in the valleys of the Makara and Taramokau (Taramoukou) streams, and on the ridge at the source of the Makatui (1887 report, p. 179). The position of the last locality is uncertain. lie also speaks of hard argillaceous limestone bands at Onairo, and of numerous concretionary nodules m thin-bedded days at Whitecliffs (1887 report, p. 65).

Summary of Limestone Resources ami of Mean* of Transport.

The best source of lime for Clifton County appears to be the limestone on both banks of the Mokau River. That at Patokatoka is near navigable water, but the amount of high-grade or even moderate-grade rock is small. If limestone from Mokau s not available, lime could be imported from Awakino, Kawhia, or Golden Bay. The county has the porta of Waitara and Mokau (at present accessible only for small vessels) on its southern and northern boundaries respectively. The Tongaporutu River can also be entered by small vessels. A short branch railway from the New Plymouth-Wellington line reaches Waitara. The Stratford-Okahukura line, now in -■ours.- of construction, passes near its eastern boundary, and at one point (Tangarakau district) will enter the county for a mile or two. At present the county roads are woefully incomplete, but in a few years time will probably be much improved and extended.

Literal >r sl ,

Portions of the southern part of Clifton County have been surveyed in detail, and the results are embodied in N.2. Gefjl. Surv. Bull. No. 14, 1912, and in a bulletin now being compiled. In addition, a geological survey of the Mohakatino and Mokau districts has lately been completed.

The chief references to the geology of the county will be found in the following publications :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 4, 1867, pp. 2-4; No. 12, 1879, pp. 20-22 No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii, 42-47. 60, 65, 68, 73, 177, 178, &c

H ""' •'■ M.: "Preliminary Report on the Taranaki Oilfield." Pari Paper C.-14, 1909.

4th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-9, 1910, pp. 5-9, 19.

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 14, "The Geology of the New Plymouth Subdivision." 1910.

Rep. of Native Mains Co,,mutt...-. Mokau-Mohakatino Block, Pari. Paper 1.-3 a, 1911. On pp. .33, 69, 75. 153, 225, 226, &c, are references to limestone.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 48, 1916, p. 93 (Marshall). Brief reference to Mokau limestone.

Other references to geological literature will be found in N.Z. Geol. Sun-. Bull. No. 14. and in the forthcoming bulletins on the Egmont and Mokau subdivisions.

37. Ohura County

Roughly, the geology of Ohura County is similar to that of the northern part of Clifton County. Tertiary coal-measures are well developed in the western part of the county, whilst in the north-eastern part rhyolitic tuff is the prevailing rook, and covers the Tertiary sedimentaries almost entirely. Calcareous claystone, however, appears in the Ongarue Valley, and there is an unconfirmed report of some limestone in that district, but this is probably a mistake. Flaggy shelly limestone is found near Totoro,

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on the Mokau River, in or near the north-wesl corner of the county (Park. 1887 report, p. 46). The calcareous claystones (commonly called "papa") of the Wanganui River may contain calcareous concretions and some bands of rock approaching limestone. Tertiary limestone is in fact mentioned by -I. ('. Crawford as occurring above Paparoa (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 2, 1870, p. 357).

What is known of the geology of Ohura County su<_'<iests that a limestone stratum lies buried beneath the surface, and if not hidden by unconfonnably younger rocks, such as the rhyolite tuff, may possibly outcrop easl of the belt of coal-measures.

No analysis of limestone from Ohura County lias been found in the literature consulted.

Summary of Limestor\e Resource* <n>>l of Means of Transport.

Apparently Ohura County will have to depend mainly upon outside sources for much of its carbonate of lime. The Main Trunk Railway from Waimiha to Taumarunui runs along or near its eastern boundary, and the Stratford-Okahukura Railway when completed will intersect the heart of the county. A line up the Waitewhena Valley, from Ohura into Waitomo County and on to Puketutu or Te Kuiti. ts also proposed. Ultimately there will be good facilities for the introduction of Waitomo County limestone into nearly all parts of Ohura Count}'. At present many of the roads are poor or only partly made.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Ohura County are in the following publications :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii. 65, 66 (Paparoa), 72, 73, 172-74, 180, 181, 182.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1875, p. 315 (Crawford); vol. 2, 1870, p. 357, &c. (Crawford); vol. 20, 1888, part of pp. 316-32 (Cussen).

Crawford, J. C, in Wellington Provincial Gazette, February, 1862. pp. 12. 19, &c. This publication has not been seen by the writers.

38. Kaitieke County

In the western part of Kaitieke County the Wanganui River and its tributaries expose calcareous claystones (" papa ") and Bandstones. I n the Retaruke Valley there are seams of brown coal, rather thin and dirt v. The eastern part of the county is volcanic. Here, on or close to the county boundary, are the apparently extincl volcanoes of Ruapehu and Tongariro, ami the active volcano Ngauruhoe. The prevailing rock of these mountains is andesite. On the lower country rhyolitic tuff is present in places. The Tertiary claystones of the county contain calcareous concretions and thin bands of limestone, but the thick tabular limestone so well seen in Kawhia, Awakino, and Waitomo counties is apparently absent. Cussen states that clay marl or "blue papa rock" can be traced to a height of 2,100 ft. on the Eunua Range, twelve miles south of Taumarunui. The beds dip to the south or south-west at angles varying from 3° to 15°. In the Otaunui Valley Cussen observed " Large partly rounded boulders of tufaceous sandstone or possibly septaria " (concretions) in the mails. Impure limestone occurs in the Retaruke watershed (Bell. J. M.. 1910 report).

Summary of Limestoru Resources and of Means of Transport.

Kaitieke County has little limestone, and must evidently depend chiefly on Waitomo County for its supplies of lime. The Main Trunk Railway passes through

the heart of the county, and forms a good base from which supplies can be distributed. From Te Kuiti to Baurimu, in the central part of the county, is sixty-three miles; to Waimurino,* towards the south of the county, is another seven miles; and to Pokako, on or near the border of the countv, nine miles more: or in all seventynine miles from Te Kuiti. As vet there are few roads in the county. The Wanganui River is on its western boundary, and is navigable for small steamers, but cannot be considered a feasible route for the transport of heavy goods.

Literaturi.

The chief references to the geology of Kaitieke County are contained in the following publications :

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1. 2nd ed., 1875, pp. 32-3. 321. &c. (Crawford); vol. 2, 1870, pp. 355. 357 (Crawford) ; vol. 20, 1888, part of pp. 316-32 (Cussen).

Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii, pp. 59, 65 (Puketapu), 70, 71, 171, 172, 173, 180, 181, &c. See also references to the upper Wanganui River.

4th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-9, 1910, pp. 9-14 (J. M. Bell on Retaruke coal).

39. Taranaki County

The geology o'f Taranaki County is simple. In the west and .south-west are the volcanic Kaitake and Pouakai ranges, together with the northern slope of Mount Egmont, a beautiful extinct volcano, reaching a height of 8,260 ft. The rest of the county is covered with a coat of andesitie volcanic debris, thick near the mountains, but in the east of the county, at fourteen miles and more from the summit of Mount Egmont, so thin that an underlying series of young Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, "lies, and impure shelly limestones known as the "Onairo Series" (sec also Clifton County) is exposed where streams have cut away the volcanic material. There are in parts of the county somewhat numerous minor points of eruption, usually marked by small so-called " conical " hills. These are seen near Inglewood, near Lepperton, and on the western boundary of the county, west of Okato.

The shelly limestones of the Onairo Series are unfortunately very poorly developed in Taranaki County, and nothing that could be called limestone was observed in the county during the course of the geological surveys undertaken of late years. Between Kaimata and the Waitara River, and no doubt elsewhere, calcareous concretions are common in the blue clay stones. About 20 chains north-east of the mouth of Tapuae Creek is a small patch or disconnected block of fine-grained calcareous sandstone with fossils. This is called "■limestone" by E. de C. Clarke, but is far too impure to deserve that name.

Taranaki County possesses at least two small deposits of calcareous sinter or travertine. One of them—the larger—is near German Hill, a dome-like elevation five miles west-south-west of Inglewood ; and the other is three miles Bouth-south-west of the same town, on the left bank of a branch of the Waiongona-iti Stream, at a point rather more than 22 chains west of the junction of Dudley and Bedford roads. Neither deposit is large enough to be of any value except for local use. The travertine can be easily quarried and broken into small lumps for spreading on the land. On later pages similar

* Waimarino Railway-station is not in Waimarino County, but in Kaitickc

144

145

deposits east of Rahotu and near Opunake will be mentioned. A sample of cab .r sinter obtained near German Hill in 1915 was analysed, with the following results:-

Silica .. .. .. 0-70

Alumina and iron oxides . . . . . . . . . 0-86

Lime .. 52-92

Magnesia .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1-24

Phosphoric anhydride .. . 0-16

Carbonic anhydride . . . . . . 42-44

Water and organic matter .. .. .. .. .. 1-46

Alkalies and undetermined .. .. .. 0-22 10000

Reference.— Analvsis made in Dom. Lab., 1915. Lab. No. F 469. Results not published in annual report. The carbonate of lime is at least 93-4 per cent., or, reckoned on the dry sample, nearly 95 per cent.

The following two analyses of shelly limestone are ascribed to New Plymouth, but probably do not even belong to Taranaki County as now constituted:—

(1) (2) Matt.-r insoluble in acid .. .. 13-40 31-92 Calcium carbonate .. .. .. .. 85 to 86

References. -(1) Shelly limestone from " New Plymouth," forwarded by .Mr. 11. 11. Ho,-, Col. .Mus. and Lab. 12th Ann, Rep., 1878, pp. 26, 52. Lab. No. 1865. (2) "Shell-deposit " from "New- Plymouth." Col. Mil.-, aid Lab. 27th Ann. Rep., 18.1 pp. 22-23. Lab. No. 5984. Perhaps forwarded by the Minister of Lai d

The calcareous concretions of the Taranaki District may be represented by a sample forwarded in 1875 or thereabouts to the Colonial Laboratory by Mr. Decimus Atkinson. Its analvsis is as follows :

Siliceous matter, sand, and clay .. .. .. .. 29-34

Soluble silica . . . . . . . . . . 1.99

Carbonate of iron, with a little oxide of iron .. .. .. 15-2-1

Alumina .. .. .. .. .. .. Q-92

Calcium carbonate .. .. .. .. .. .. 36-68

Magnesium carbonate .. .. .. .. .. 15-53

Alkalies, soluble in acid used .. .. .. ~ 0-30 100-00

Reference.— Col. Mus. and Lab. llth Ann. Rep., 1876, p. 15. Lab. Xo. possibly 17!»; (not definitely stated). " This is a somewhat hard bluish-grey-coloured stone, fossiliferous, and in its structure apparently concretionary, while the analytical results given above show it to be of a dolomitic character."

Mea»s of Transport, &

Taranaki County will have to obtain the greater part of its lime from outsidi sources. At present the most available deposits are those of the lower Mokau River. Kawhia Harbour, and Golden Bay, Nelson. The completion of the railway from Stratford to Okahukura will enable lime to be imported from Waitomo County, but the railway haulage from, say, Te Kuiti will be well over a hundred miles. The county has good means of communication. Medium-sized vessels can berth at the New Plymouth Breakwater, and on the north-east boundary is tie- small port of Waitara, with a roadstead anchorage lor large vessels. A railway runs southward from New Plymouth to Wellington, with a short branch from Lepperton to Waitara. A line from New Plymouth to the south-west, which will ultimately pass round the Cape Egmont Peninsula, is projected, ami will probably be constructed in a few years. The county, thanks to the abundant supply of roadmaking material furnished by the volcanic roeks. has roads that either are excellent or can easily be made so.

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Literatim

The whole of Taranaki County has been geologically surveyed in detail. The results are embodied in Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 14, “ The Geology of the New Plymouth Subdivision.” 1912, \iy E, de C. Clarke, and in a bulletin not yet published, “ The Geology of the Egmont Subdivision.” In addition to the literature cited by Clarke the following reports may be mentioned :—

8th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1914, pp. 136-42. (2nd ed., 1915.) 9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, pp. 76, 80-81. 10th Ann Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, pp. 2, 4-7.

40. Stratford County

In general the geology of Stratford County is similar to that of Taranaki County, but since it stretches many miles farther to the east sedimentary rooks of Tertiary age are much better exposed, and at an average distance of eighteen miles or a little less from the summit of Mount Egmont volcanic debris practically disappears. The eastern part of the county is geologically unexplored. The shelly calcareous bands or impure limestones of the Onairo Series are fairly well developed in the eastern part of the county at points over fifteen miles from Mount Egmont, but are never so situated as to be able to yield large amounts of rock by mere quarrying. In nearly all cases the calcareous bands disappear under a thick cover of other rocks, and consequently when the outcrops are exhausted will either have to be won by underground mining 0 r abandoned. Many of the known outcrops have been worked in order to obtain material for roadmaking, the eastern part of Stratford County being very badly supplied with suitable roadmaking material, in sharp contradistinction to the western part near Mount Egmont. The following localities where calcareous sandstone, shelly limestone, or conglomerate occur may be mentioned :—

(1.) A short distance (about 30 chains) north-west of Popuanui trig, station, and near .Taihore Road, south of Strathmore, shelly conglomerate outcrops somewhat prominently. This locality is near Whangamomona County boundary, and possibly is in that county.

(2.) About two miles and a half north of Douglas, and half a mile or less east of the railway and road, there are two small quarries in a nearly horizontal bed of shelly limestone about 8 ft. thick. The limestone is overlain and tmderlain by fine-grained fossiliferous argillaceous sandstone, which weathers brown, but where unweathered is blue in colour. In places it is very sandy and pebbly, the pebbles reaching a diameter of about 1 in. The quality is therefore very variable, but, on the whole, poor, and this is shown by the following analyses :—

(1) (2) (3)

Matter insoluble in acid 26-34 20-79 11-70

Calcium carbonate .. 67-27 73-10 82-91

——* v—vu-uv .. .. Vi-*/ io-iu oz-yi Phosphoric anhydride .. 0-09

Reference. Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 20. Lab. Nos. G 244/1-3. Samples collected by P. G. Morgan in March, 1916. (1) Average sample from upper quarry; (2) average sample from lower quarry ; (3) picked sample from lower quarry. The limestone has been worked for roadmaking, and appears fairly suitable for that purpose. The quantity that can be quarried by openwork is, however, not large, A great amount of stone could no doubt be obtained by underground mining, but probably the expense of such a system would prevent its adoption, A dray - track leads from the main road to the quarries, which when visited in March, 1916, had

147

not been worked for some time. The height above the neighbouring main ro about 80ft., and above sea-level 780 ft.

(3.) Less than half a mile to the north-north-west of the outcrops described above a band composed very largely of fossil oysters is exposed in a railway-cutting. It lies nearly horizontal, is several feet thick, and may possibly be correlated with the shell limestone at the quarries east of the railwav.

(4.) Two miles and a quarter [north of Huiroa Post-office shell rock of no great thickness outcrops on or near Douglas Road.

(5.) A mile south-west of Mr. Gwatkin's house, near Huiroa oil-bore, and half a mile south of the creamery on Makuri Road, a band of shelly rock has been quarried for roadmaking.

(6.) A full mile to the south-west of the outcrop, shell rock outcrops a short distance west of Waiwiri Road. Half a mile to the south, but a few chains to the east of the road, more shell rock outcrops at a point 670 ft. above sea-level. Twenty-five chains or more to the south, in the valley of a small branch of Waiwiri Stream, shelly limestone of considerable thickness (20ft.) overlain by sandstone has been quarried, and years ago was burnt in a lime-kiln erected on the spot. At the tin.outcrop was visited (October. L 915) some of the rock had been pulverized for agricultural use. The limestone appeared to be somewhat impure, and consisted largely of shell casts filled with and cemented by calcareous matter. It was light-coloured, and very harsh to the touch. A sample obtained from this quarry in 1916 by Mr. H. H. Sharp, Public Works Engineer, was analysed, with the following results: —

Silica .. .. .. .. 8-19

Alumina and iron oxides .. .. . . .. . . 1-22

Lime .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50-12

Magnesia . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 0-59

Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. .. .. 0-11

Carbonic anhydride, moisture, and organic matter . . . . 39-15

Alkalies and undetermined .. .. . . 0-32 100-00

The lime present is equivalent to 89-50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Reference.- -Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. 1 154 I

.Mr. Sharp reports that the sample (No. 14 of his list) came from a deposit near Waiwiri Road, about four miles from Toko Railway-station. This had already been worked on a small scale, and the rock found to contain 85 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Burning and crushing had been discontinued owing To want of capital. Outcrops of limestone up to 20 ft. thick were to he seen for about 30 chains, but the stripping after going into the hill for 20 ft. or 30 ft. would be heavy. The locality was easily accessible, and there was a nearly level road to the railway.

(7.) Two miles or more west of the Waiwiri Road kiln outcrop, shell rock is exposed in a tramway-tunnel at the head of Ahuroa Stream. Two miles or less to the north and about 30 chains east of the creamery on Stanley Road shell rock again outcrops. More shell rock is seen on the hanks of Ahuroa Stream, three-quarters of a mile to the north. In this part of Stratford County a good deal of volcanic debris overlies the Tertiary rocks, and in places masks their outcrops.

(8.) About 55 chains north-east of Gordon Railway-station, and perhaps 15 chains north of Ohuni (East) Road, a bed of shelly limestone 8 ft. thick has been quarried in order to obtain road making material. " The quarrying has been carelessly done, the stripping from the top being thrown on the limestone underfoot; but in any case as work proceeds the overburden must increase in thickness, and the position of the stone is not suitable for quarrying." (Ongley, 1917 report, p. 5.) Two miles west of this, north of Ahuroa Road, and rather over a quarter of a mile west of Waiwiri Road.

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there are three small quarries in pebbly shell limestone 2d ft. thick. The stone, which is probably a continuation of that at the kiln some distance to the north (No. fl). emu mi- many pebbles of greywacke. In the intervening country, some distance to the south-east, shell rock 15 ft. thick outcrops on Ahuroa Road near its junction with Waiwiri Road. Concerning these occurrences Mr. Ongley writes; '-Near Waiwiri Road, and alongside Ahuroa Road near its junction with Waiwiri Road, four quarries have been opened, and the stone is 15ft. to 20ft. thick, and of better quality [than near Gordon]; but it is patchy, and in places about one-third its bulk consists of greywacke pebbles. Here also careless work in the past has made present work difficult. The quarries have been opened in the outcropping edges of the bed, the overburden is thick, and it is not known how much shell rock occurs. Probably more outcrops will be found, but owing to the bad position of the stone no large quarries can be worked." (1917 report, p. 5.)

(9.) On the cast bank of the Patea River, four miles south-east of Toko, shell rock again appears.

The following five analyses are all attributed to Stratford or Stratford district except No. 4, which is said to come from Midhirst. No calcareous rock is known tc outcrop within several miles of either of these town-, ami the samples analysed may bi assumed to have come from the country to the cast.

1!) Fossiliferous limestone from Stratford, forwarded bv Mr. H. J. Gaby Col. Mus. and Lab. 26th Ann. Rep., 1892, p. 28. Lab. No. 5687.

.ugh, coherent, light-fawn-coloured, shelly limestone from Stratford, forwarded bv Mr. E. M. Smith. M.H.R. Col. Lab. 28th Ann. Rep., 1894. pp. 13, 43. Lab. No. 6264. No alumina recorded in analysis. "An excellent limestone " that " would make a good lime when burned." It is much to be regretted that no such limestone occurs in quantity in the Stratford district, but hand samples of similar quality can be selected at Waiwiri Road and other pis

(3) Shelly limestone from Stratford, forwarded by W. J. Lewis. Col. Laic 31sl Ann. Rep., 1898, p. 11. Lab. No. 7705. "Would burn into good lime." Other samples forwarded by Mr. Lewis contained only 13 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

(I) From Midliiist. forwarded by J. W. Mackay. Col. Lab. 37th Ann. Rep., 1904, p. 9. Lab. No. 9561.

(5) Forwarded by Toko Lime Company (probably from Waiwiri Road). Dom. Lab 48th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 19. Lab. No. E 837.

allowing analysis of a sample from the Stratford district, forwarded by the Mines Department to the Dominion Laboratory in 1915, deserves separate statement :

Silica (sand. &e.) .. .. .. .. .. 7.45

Alumina and iron oxides . . .. .. 0-88

time .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 50-28

Magnesia .. .. .. .. .. .. 0-25

Carbonic anhydride .. 39-40

Moisture and organic matter l-2fi

Phosphoric anhydride .. .. .. .. 0-22 99-74

Quicklime in calcined stone (percent.) .. .. .. 85-2

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Reference.— Dom. Lab. 49th Ann. Rep., 1916, p. 19. Lab. No. F 784. The carbonate of lime is not less than 8S per cent.

The following nearly complete analysis of a limestone said to be from New Plymouth, forwarded to the Colonial Laboratory in 1902 by Mi. E. M. Smith, M.ll 8., is here attributed on circumstantial evidence to the distrii Hidhirst and Stratford:—

Water lost at 100° C. 0-65

Carbonic anhydride and organic matter

Sibca (Sio 2 ) .. 20-10

Alumina (AI,U 3 ) .. .. 2-00

Iron sesquioxide {Fe 3 O 3 ) .. .. .. 1-00

Titanium oxide .. .. .. .. .. .. o*o4

Lime (CaO) .. .. .. .. .. .. 41-75

Magnesia (MgO) .. icon

Phosphoric anhydride (P 3 0 6 ) .. .. .. .. 0-09*

Sulphuric anhydride (SO 3 ) .. .. .. .. .. 0-17f 100-00

* Equivalent to phosphorus .. .. .. .. (i-(i|

f Equivalent to sulphur .. .. ~ 0-068

nee. Dom. Lab. 36th Ann. Hep. 1903, p. 8. Lab. No. 9326. (in paf analyses el " blue clay found near limestone, Midhirst," and " yellow clay found in vicinity of li stone, Midhirst," also forwarded by Mr. E. M. Smith. Whatever the source of the b stone, the high percentage of silica renders it of little value as a flux for iron-ores, the object in view when it was analysed.

Calcareous concretions are abundant in the claystones of Strath,id County. They arc especially abundant in the north-eastern pan of Ngatimaru Survey District, much of which, however, is in Clifton Countv. Nothin" definite is known about the limestone that may exist in the extreme east of Stratford County, where it abuts on Patea and Waitotara counties. That part of the county is hilly, semi-mountainous country, rising to heights of over 2,000 ft.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

In the Toko, Douglas, and Huiroa districts the somewhat thin and decidedly impure shelly limestones will be of some value if pulverized and used as soil-dressings. Any attempt to burn them, however, is doomed to financial failure. The settled portions of the county have good communications. The Wellington - New Plymouth Railway crosses the most thickly populated part of the county in a north-and-south direction. A short branch line lias been made westward from Waipuku to open up stone-quarries cm the slopes of Mount Egmont. The railway from Stratford to Okahukura, on the .Main Trunk line, has been constructed far beyond the county boundary, and when completed will enable lime to be imported from the Te Kuiti district. The railway haulage, however, even to the border of the county, will probably be over a hundred miles.

Near Stratford and to the west of that town the roads are excellent, material for their construction being plentiful, but in the Huiroa district, fee., the want of suitable macadamizing material is shown by the absence of good roads.

I

The western two-thirds of Stratford County haw been surveyed in detail, and the results will he embodied in the forthcoming Egmont Bulletin, mentioned on a former page. I'ntil tins bulletin appears the following publications may be consulted:— Eep. Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii, 29, 30, 59, 71, 72. 7:!. 179, 4c., and map opposite, p. 32. A paragraph ou p. 179 applies to the extreme eastern part of the county. Pebbly shell-beds ate mentioned.

150

.Mines Hep., Pari. Paper C. 9. 1899, pp. 28 29. The shell limestones between Toko and Strathmore are described.

9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pail. Paper C. "J. 1915, pp. 76, 78-81 10th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, 1916. pp. 2, 4-7.

11. Whangamomona County

The chief rocks of Whangamomona County are -Miocene and Pliocene claystones, sandstones, conglomerates, and limestones. Tow a ids the north-east, in the Wanganui Valley, there mav be pumiceous tuffs, while in the north brown coal similar to that of the Mokau district appears in the Tangarakau Valley. It is not known whether the Kawhia limestone horizon is represented or not. The southern part has been gically explored, and there tin' rocks are very similar to those of the adjoining part of Stratford County. There is no known outcrop in this part of Whangamomona that can be called limestone. Moderately cs ocks are known to occur as follows :

(1.) Calcareous sandstone outcrops on AJcama Road between Quiroa and Huiakama. No other information about this occurrence is available. •

1 alcareous shelly sandstone or impure shelly limestone outcrops on or near the cresi of Te Wera Ridge (a) half a mile to three-quarters of a mile, (b) a mile and a half, and (c) at Nolan's quarry over two miles east of north from Te Wera trig, station. At the last locality it may be described as a fairly thick somewhat irregular band of shelly limestone, overlain and underlain by sandstone. The rock has been quarried for roadmaking, but is somewhat too friable to be satisfactory for that purpose. A considerable quantity of calcareous rock could be mined here, but the quality is too poor to justify its being recommended for agricultural uses. The analysis mentioned on pages 129-30 (No. 6800 —shelly limestone with 70 per cent, carbonate of lime) may possibly represent material from Nolan's quarry.

(3.) Cs ne outcrops on the roadside about two miles north-east of Te Wera Railway-station. Tin- Locality is about a mile and a quarter east-south-quarry, and at a much lower elevation, being in the valley-bo Tie- rock here seems very poor.

(4.) Near Strathmore, several miles south of Te Wera, there are shelly bands of various descriptions, but none is known to approach limestone. The Bhelly conglomerate near Popuanui trig, station mentioned on page 121 is farther south, and may be either in Whangan Stratford County.

(5.) Shelly conglomerate and impure Bhelly limestone bands appear in the banks of the Wanganui River, which forms most of the eastern boundary of the county.

In the Journal of Agriculture, vol, 17. No. "J. Aug., 1918, B. ('. Aston gives the following analyses of impure limestones from Whangamomona County: Te Wera, {!) 57, (2) 66, and (3) 66 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Kohuratahi, (1) 80, and (2) 77 per rent, of calcium carbonate.

Summary of Limestotu /■' d of Means of Transport.

Whangamomona Count; to have Little Limestone, and musl depend od outside sources foi it- main supply 'if lime. The completion of the Strut fordOkahuktira Railway will bring it within a hundred miles by rail of the Waitomo County depo C< Kuin. &c. The railway at the time of writing has reached, ( ,r almost reached, the northern boundary of the county, but otherwise meaj communication are poor. The Wanganui River is probably of little value for the

126

transport of heavy materials. In many parte of the county settlement is only just beginning, and roads are merely formed, or are represented by horse-tracks only.

Literature, &c.

The southern part of Whangamomona County has been geologically surveyed in detail, and will be described in the Egmont Bulletin. Other publications that refer to the geology of the county are-

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii, 72, 73, 172, 173, 174 181, 182, and map opposite p. 32.

Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899, pp. 28-29 (bound in Mines Rep.). 9th and 10th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., as cited under Stratford Count

42. Waimarino County

The greater part of Waimarino County from the Wanganui River to the neighbourhood of the Main Trunk line is underlain by Miocene and Pliocene conglomerates, sandstones, claystones, and limestones, well seen in the cliffs that confine the Wanganui River to its course. In places these rocks are overlain by a veneer of volcanic debris, thickening towards the north-east. North-east of Ohakune volcanic rocks of andesitie type predominate, and form the main part of .Mount Ruapehu, 9,175 ft. m height. There are local centres of eruption between the old township of Ohakune and Rangataua, marked by small lakes filling ancient craters.

By far the most prominent rock of the Tertiary series, as usual in the greater part of the North Island, is the claystone ("papa"), and this contains numerous calcareous concretions. Limestone is not at all abundant, and where it occurs is usually neither thick nor yet very pure. The following occurrences have been recorded in the reports consulted :

(1.) The rocks crowning the high ranges near Pipiriki are brown micaceous sandstones underlain by a bed of hard pebbly limestone, which in turn is underlain by blue claya with concretions. (Park, 1887 report, p. 171.)

(2.) At the caves near . Mangaio, a few miles above Pipiriki, blue clays are interbedded with layers of pebbly limestone. The caves are narrow water-channels in the blue clays, with a limestone roof. (Park, 1887 report, p. 172.)

(3.) At Utapu pebbly limestones are well exposed on the right bank of the Wanganui River (i.e., in Waitotara County). (Park, 1887 report, p. 172.) Utapu is about half-way from Mangaio to the Tangarakau junction.

{•!.) Below the junction of the Mangahani with the Manganui-a-te-ao River Boft yellow micaceous sandstones are underlain by shelly limestone about 15 ft. thick. This Limestone contains pebbles of slate and sandstone in such abundance that it might in most cases be called a shelly conglomerate. (Park, 1887 report, p. 171.)

Means of Transport, &c.

Waimarino County will probably have to obtain its lime from Waitomo County by means of the Main Trunk Railway, which traverses the county from a few miles south of Waimarino Railway-station (Kaitieke County) to Waiouru, The distance by pad] from Te Kuiti to Ohakune Railway-station is ninety-nine miles, and to Ws is another seventeen miles. Thus the railway haulages approach or exceed a hundred miles. There is a branch line from Ohakune to Raetihi; and the Wanganui River is easily navigable for small steamers as far as Pipiriki, and perhaps farther.* Roads are as yet few, much of the country being unsettled.

* Steam-boats specially built for the tourist traffic ascend the Wanganui ai far .is Taumarum

152

Literature. The chief references to the geology of Waimarino County will be found in the following publications :

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1875, pp. 322, 323 (Crawford) ; vol. 2, 1870, pp. 351-53, 357, 358, 359, &c. (Crawford).

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887. parts of pp. xl xlii. xlix, 1, 58, 65, 69-73, 155-56, 168-73, 180-82, and map opposite p. 32.

43. Egmont County

Practically the whole of Egmont County is covered by volcanic tuff and agglomerate or water-sorted material derived from those rocks. Andesitic lavas are seen on Mount Egmont and m a few of the innumerable conical hills that occur everywhere on. the lowlands from Warea (near the northern boundary) to Opunake. and thence eastward to Awatimu (on the eastern boundary). The blown sands of the coast-line, the material covering river-flats, and some Late Pleistocene sandstone form the only rocks of any consequence that fall outside the term "volcanic" in its extended sense. No limestone is found in the county, with the exception of small deposits of calcareous sinter similar t.i those mentioned in the description of Taranaki County. These are known to occur in the following localities :

(1.) Some miles east of Rahotu, at a spot half a mile south of Kahui Road and a mile east of its junction with Okahu (Carrington) Road, calcareous sinter occurs on the north bank of a stream. The material is of greyish-white colour, cellular, and fairly friable. It extends about 3 chains to the north of the stream. The extent alone the bank has not been recorded.

(2.) A little calcareous sinter is being deposited on the coast-line at a point two north-west of Opunake, and a little beyond trig, station H. In this ease the sinter is no doubt being formed by water that has previously percolated through the neighbouring sandhills, and there dissolved some calcareous matter.

(3.) About four miles north of Opunake several deposits of calcareous sinter occur near Wiremu Road (a continuation of Okahu Road). They are described by Mr. M. Ongley, Assistant Geologist, as follows :

" In Opunake Survey District deposits of calcareous sinter occur near Wiremu Road. the largest known deposits being on the farms of Messrs. <:. Looney and 11. Kartle. At Looney's the swampy stream is surrounded by conical hills of volcanic material. and in many places where the water trickles through the low ground sinter has been deposited. Mr. Looney has quarried and burnt some of this, hut as only a small quantity of stone is known the erection of a kiln is not justified. Where Mr. Looney piled the stone the grass has made a good growth over it, and there ty either for burning the sinter or for crashing it to fine powder. It is generally full of holes, and is easily penetrated by the roots of grass, <kc. ; hence the sinter, if broken small and applied to the ground, will give good results. At v the expenditure necessary to set up a crushing plant is not justified. More outcrops will probably be found, but the winter is a surface deposit, and no extensive body of it occurs.

"At Bartle's the stream flows through felled bush, ami the seepage from the conical hills on the hanks has formed a ledge of sinter overhanging the stream for 2 chains, ami from the bottom of the ledge stalactites hang down. Hut this again is only surface sint.T. ami is very limited in amount. Probably more patches will be found, and in many places tin- conditions are suitable for its formation. It has been suggested that the sinter is derived from some bed of limestone in the vicinity,

153

but thick deposits of volcanic material cover the whole district from Egmont to tie coast. It has been shown* that the volcanic rock contains up to one-tenth it weight of lime (CaO). and ii Is nol necessary to look farther for the source of th< lime."

A sample of "limestone" forwarded in 1909 to the Dominion Laboratory bj Mr. G. Looney probably came from his farm near Win inn Road. It contained 92-32 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 12 Lab. No. 64.)

B. C. Aston has recently published three analyses of limestone from the Opunake district. The percentages of calcium carbonate given are 92-6, 92, and 87-2 respectively (Jour. Agn., vol. 17, No. 2, Aug., 1918, p. 100). The "limestone," no doubt, is calcareous sinter, similar to that described above.

Means of Transport, &c

At present Egmont County has poor facilities for importing lime. Only very small vessels can berth at the Opunake jetty, and there is no other port, though in fine weather landings can be made at many places along the coast. A branch railway is being made from Te Roti to Opunake, and at some future time will no doubt be continued round the coast to meet a line from New Plymouth. This will enable lime to be obtained from Waitomo County, but the length of haulage will he considerably over a hundred miles. There is a possibility of obtaining lime fr the Nukumaru and Waitotara districts, which are much nearer than Waitomo County. (See p. 131.)

The importation of lime by sea from Mokau River, Kawhia, or Golden Bay may ultimately be found more economical, especially if tie- port of Opunake ran be improved. On the whole, the roads of the county are good, or can be mad- so with the aid of the excellent roadmaking material obtainable from the conical hills.

Literature

The whole of Egmont County has lately been geologically surveyed, anil th results will be published in the Egmont Bulletin. References to the geologv of th county in the literature consulted are confined almost entirely to Mount Egmont am to casual mention of the coast-line. The following may be cited :

Dieffenbach, Ernest: "Travels in New Zealand," vol. 1. 1813. On p. 139, in a chapter on Mount Egmont, casual mention of the country from Cape Egmont to Waimate is made.

10th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2e, 1916, part of pp. 2, 4-7. 11th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, 1917, pp. 5-6.

44. Eltham County

The geology of Eltham County is similar to that of Stratford County, which adjoins it on the north. In the western part of the county are a few conical hills, near Egmont County boundary. Shelly rock or very impure limestone occurs on the banks of the Patea River four miles south-east of Toko, and again at a point four miles to the south and seven or eight miles east of Eltham. No doubt similar or better rock occurs here and there in the country to the eastward, but this district has not been geologically explored.

It is probable that Eltham County will have to obtain the bulk of its lime requirements from other parts of New Zealand. The eastern part of the county may

* N.Z. Gaol. Surv. Bull. No. 14 (Now Series), p. 23.

1-29

be able to obtain Bufficient lime for its soils from the bands of shell rock or shelly limestone mentioned above, by using calcareous claystone (so-called " papa ") soil-dressing. The limestone near Nukumaru in Waitotara County may possibly be utilized for supplying lime to Eltham and other Taranaki counties, but otherwise lime will have to come by rail from the distant Te Kuiti district, or by sea from Mokau, Kawlna. or Golden Bay, to the ports of Patea, Opunake, or Now Plymouth, and thence be railed to its destination. The settled parts of the county are fairly well mal communications are good.

Literature.

f Eltham County has lately been geologically surveyed, and the results will be found in the forthcoming Egmont Bulletin. The following references to its geology found in the scanty literature may be cited :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, map opposite p. 32, and pp. 59 ("Drift Formation "), 60. 11th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, 1917. pp. 5 6.

la. Waimate Wist

and main surface' features of the small county of Waimate v7est is similar to that of Egmont. The county, however, does not extend to .Mount Egmont, and no minor centres of eruption in the form of com ive been mapped within its boundaries. Raised beaches, consisting of sand and pebbles capped by. Pleistocene volcanic debris, become prominent on and near the coast south of Manaia. In this locality the elitT sections show 50 ft. or more of sandstone, with shelly layers, which are probably of Pliocene age. No limestone of any kind is known to occur in iunty. The remarks re importation of lime under the heading of "Eltham County" apply to Waimate County also. The county has good roads, and the Te Roti-Opunake Railway now ill course of construction runs through its northern portion.

Literatun

ite County has lately been geologically surveyed, and the results of tin c mont Bulletin. Brief reference to its geology is mad. in 11th Ann Rep. N.Z. Geol. Sun.. Pari. Paper C.-28, pp. 5-G.

in. Rawbba County

lystones and fine sandstones with occasional pebble-beds, is well developed in Bawera County. Outcrops of these rocks may be seen along tin- sea-cliffs and a few miles inland. The extreme eastern part of the county is not well known, but its geology ia no doubt similar to that of the adjoining Dart of Kltliam County. Thin pebbly limestones may therefore I xpected to occur. Raised ire well seen aloi b-line, and inland for main' miles. The Burface coating of the ,r of the county consists in part of water-sorted aterial, and in part of material derived from the Pliocene rooks. One or two small conical hills denoting centres of eruption occur between Bawera and the coast.

One sample <if 1 pposed to be from Bawera County baa been analysed in the Colonial (Dominion) Laboratory. It was Forwarded in 1894 or 1895 by Mr. U. A. Nolan, of Bawera, and was Btated to come from the top of a hill twenty inland. It is described Uy limestone, with about 30 per cent, of Band

9—Geol. Bull. No. 22.

155

and 7d per cent, of carbonate of lime (Col. tab. 2!>th Ann. Rep., 1895, p. 12. Lab. No. 6800). It is possible, as mentioned on page 120. that this sample came from Nolan's quarry, Tc Wera district. Stratford County. Recently B. C. Aston (he. oil., p. 99) has published part analyses of six limestone samples from "Hawera."

Hawera County will have to obtai rom outside sources. Tht nearest workable limestone deposits arc in the Waitotara and Nukumaru districts. I nnot be made use of. then lime may have to he imported by Bea to the port of Patea (Patea County), and thence distributed through Hawera County by rail anc road. ' The more settled part of the county is traversed by the New Plymouth Wellington Railway, and is well loaded.

/..'< ratwre.

Among the few obtainable references to the geology of Hawera County may be cited the following :

Hep. of Beol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, pp. 59, 60, and map opposite p. 32

Ti.in-. N.Z. hot., vol. 5. [873, pp. 95 (moa-bones, mouth of Waingoi

W. B. I). Mantell), !>7 101 (first discovery of moa-bones, Richard ,-.,1 IO loir iii 1-7 /ml i , _ lorn i r

19, 1917, pp. 11l 17 (Thomson, .1. A., on -The Hawera Series").

47. Patea County

The principal rocks of Patea County arc .Middle and Late Tertiary conglomerai mes, claystones, and limestones. In the coastal region tlics.- arc unconformably covered by Pleistocene sands, days, and gravels, which appear on a set of raised beaches, as in Hawera Canity. The latest rocks of the county arc the blown sands of the coast-line and the alluvial deposits of the river-flats. Not much is known about the limestones of Patea County; hut outside the county, on the south side of the Waitotara River near its mouth, a bed of polyzoan limestone 50 ft. thick is exposed. A little farther to the south-east are extensive outcrops of what Park calls the Nukumaru limestone, which is 250 ft. thick (see Waitotara County). Park states that this limestone "slowly rises inland, occupying the tops of all the higher hush-clad ranges towards tic sources of the Kai-iwi, Waitotara, Whenuakura, and Patea rivers" that is, it is found in all the inland part of Patea and adjoining count port, p. 55).

Near Waverley (or inland of Waverley) the claystones appeal to be highly calcareous, and there may also be sonic shell limestone, as is indicated by the following records of analyses :

No. 3298, two samples of marl from Waverley, per Mr. J. S. Thompson. No. 1 contains 67-4 per cent., and Xo. 2, 66-6 per rent, of carjbonate of lime. These are very good marls. No. 3369, from the same person and place, is an inferior Bhell limestone.

" Analysis. Carbonate of lime .. .. .. .. .. 60*27

I larbonate of magnesia .. .. .. .. .. 2-47

[ron (oxides) and alumina .. .. .. .. .. l-i'l Siliceous matters (sand)

Water .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Q. [2 Phosphoric arid .. .. .. .. .. ~ Trace

[OO-01 Reference. Col, Mus. and Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1883, p. 11.

9*

156

ary of Limestom Resources «/»/ ~f .1/,,/,,., „/ Transport.

How far Patea County can rely on its own lime deposits or those ( ,f the adjoining Xukumaru district is uncertain. A geological survey might possible lead to the iv oi deposits having some value. The coastal region, with a railway, the port of Patea. and excellent roads, has good communications. The inland region is apparently almost unsettled anil unroaded. the only township shown on the smallscale (Iti-milcs-t,,-tin-inch) county maps being Matapouri.

hitt rtUurt.

There are few references to the geology of Patea County. The principal are — Hep. of Geol. Explor.. No. 18, 1887, pp. 29, 33, 55-60, 64-67, 169, 179 (source of Waitotara). and map opposite p. 32.

9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Sun-., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, pp. 103-4 Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. 49, 1917, part of pp. 414-17 (Thomson).

18. Waitotara County.

Much tin- same terms may be used in describing the geology of Waitotara County (an offshoot of Wanganui County) as of Patea County, but somewhat fuller information is available, partly owing to the navigable Wanganui River forming its eastern boundary. On and near the coast-line at Xukumaru what seems to be a very important limestone, according to Park, covers an area estimated at ten square miles, with a sea-frontage of three miles.

Park- writes: "In places it approaches within 50 or 60 chains of the railway-line, from which it is separated by a strip of low sandhills. A short siding might easily be constructed to reach the limestone area, which is perfectly Ire of all superficial ts, and consequently in opening quarries no stripping would be necessary.

" The great extension of this limestone on the coast between Waitotara and Xukumaru cannot fail to be of immense economic value to the Wanganui district, where road-metal, railway-ballast, building-stone, and material for harbour-works are so scarce. . . . At Xukumaru the amount of material is practically unlimited, and, being accessible to the railway-line, [the stone] should be supplied at a very low rate. 'flic land occupied by the limestone is at present Crown land, and it would be a serious loss to this district if it were suffered to fall into private hands.

" The annexed section shows the surface exposure of the limestone, and itt intension front the coast to the railway-line, it distance of about three miles ;

FlO. ]. .Wkcmako LIKESTONE, BTC, 1. Blown sands. -2. fellow 'lay. ravels of drift. :i. Xiikiiinani limestone. 4. Brown 5. Yellowish-blue sandy clays. 0. Blue clays, with concretionary nodules. A. Railway-iuttine. B. Sea.

"The Xukinnani limestont lire al Bea-level, near the mouth of the Waitotara River, and slowly rises inland, occupying the tops of all the higher bush-clad ranges towards the sources of the Kai-iwi, Waitotara, Whenuakua, and Patea rivers." (Park, 1887 report, pp. 64-65.)

The Xukumaru limestone is described by Park as a coarse flaggy shell limestone, about 250 ft, thick, with well-rounded pebbles of quartz, grey sandstone, and dark

157

de (1887 report, p. 53). \< a lower horizon is another limestone abi thick, composed of shells, corals, and Polyzoa i een in railwaycuttings about a mile south of the Waitotara railway-bridge, and on the lefi bank of the Waitotara River "opposite Wilkie's fan About l.jtt ft. of soft sandstone intervenes between the two li above the .Xukuiiiaru limestone ~,]■, shell-beds with numerous bands of hard flaggy argillaceous limestone. Th. n on the —t of Butler's (reck (between Okehu and Nukumaru). In the Kai-iwi district there are several shelly beds that contain a fairly high content of carbonate of lime, ami are suitable f,, r local use as soil-dressings. These are well seen in boi if the railway-cm ballast-pits between Okehu and Kai-iwi stations.

In describing the calcareous deposits ~f the Wanganui River difficulty arises from the eireun the beds on opposite sides of the river, though alike, are in different, counties. This illustrates the fact that though a large river may form an excellent boundary from some points of view, it is seldom or i ological boundary. It may be added that, though possibly well adapted for separating minor political areas, rivers do not make good international boundaries.* Foi indicated above, the Wanganui River limestones will now be described, irrespective of the bank on which they are situated.

At Kaiwaiki, about twelve miles above the town of Wanganui, a number of hard gritty cemented shell-beds or limestones occur at wide intervals m loose brown micaceous sands. They are nearly flat-bedded, and vary from a few inches to 50 ft. in thickness. The shell-beds are exposed in nigh escarpments along the banks of the iiver for several miles. a nd have been quarried at all available points from water-level to 500 ft. above the river. (Park, 1887 report, p. 50.) Figure 2 represents the section seen by Park about 10 chains below the quarry wharf at Kaiwaiki.

I'lO. 2. SUOTIOS Ml lit K.UWAIKI l,il

Kiv,r - '■ Ferruginous sandy clays, 60ft. 2. Rusty trachyte (Tandesitic) cement■l-. -"It. 3. Brown ferruginous sands, 15ft. 4. Hardshell-bed, 10ft. 5 V brown micaceous sands, 410 ft. (i. Hard limestone bands, 66ft. 7. Thin-bedded brown sands and light-coloured clays, 10 ft.

At Raorakia (Raorikia), four miles above Kaiwaiki, the blue clays contain concretionary nodules. At Parakino a shell-bed, 25 ft. or 30ft. thick, is Been, interbt with brown micaceous sandstones. Neaj Koriniti (or Corinth), f. from Wanganui, the blue ■lays contain numerous c iretions and concretionary bands. Between Karatea, a few miles above Koriniti, and Hiruharama (or Jerusalem) concretionary blue clays are again seem Further references to the calcareous rocks of the Wanganui River will be found in the section dealing with Waimarino County.

•'['his view is held by Colot Holdich and manj other authorities but a " '■ advocated by Professor 1., u Lyde, i b. di to rain ground. (See il. vol. :. No. I. \[>ul. 1819, pp. 201 19.)

158

The limestones represented by the following analyses pr< ity come from Waitotar County :

Matter insoluble in acid, &c. .. 22-59

Alumina and iron oxides .. .. 4-94

Calcium carbonate .. .. 69-02 59-71 i;7-o 51-00

• ■ ■ • "- ™ uru Ol magnesium carbonate .. .. 2-32

Wat « r ms " 100-00

~ / ' ,/ " ■ (1) Shelly limestone from Waitotara, forwarded by Mr. D. Atkinson Col -Mas. and Lab. 11rI■ Ann. Rep., 1876, p. 17. Lab. No. 1797.

(2) From Waitotara district, forwarded by A. 1). Bayfeild. Dom. Lab. isth \,,„ Pep 1910, p. 19. Lab. No. E4BB. Lime (Cat)). 33-11 per cent. : phosphoric anhydride (P,l) 0-32 per irnt. - '

Icareous deposit from the Wanganui district, forwarded by S. 11. Drew Col Muand Lab 22nd Ann. Hep.. 1887, pp. 40-41. The residue from acid treatment consisted principally of - rolled quartz-gravel." This sample and also No. 1 may have come from wanganui County.

(4) From " Wanganui." forwarded by E. X. Lilliton. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Hen 1913 p. 20. Lab. \.,. C 1137. *

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport. \v .:. ..* r< *_ .

Waitotara County appears to have considerable I.me resources. The Nukumaru limestone in particular is conveniently situated, and. if the description given is c :ct, can supply practically unlimited quantities of .tone There is reason to fthat the limestone is not high grade. This is an inference drawn (1) from the analyses quoted, which may or may not represent the Nukumaru limestone, and (2) from the lack of analyses showing that high-grade limestone exists in the county. hj i. plain that tie- statement ■ made is not proved, but the doubt can be easilj settled by obtaining representative samples of the limestone and having them analysed. Tie shelly sandy beds of the Kai-iwi district ought to be of considerable value for local application to the soil. Very little is known about the occurrence of limestone in the inland or northern part of the county. This district, together with the adjoining portions of Patea, Eltham, Stratford, and Whangamomona counties, requires exploration. The coastal part of Waitotara County, with good roads, a railway, and the port of Wanganui, has good means of communication. The inland part is badly situated, jxcept in so far as the Wanganui River is navigable for cargo-boats.

Literature.

References to the geology of Waitotara County a

Eep. of Geol. Explor., No. 7. 1872, p. 182; No. 12, 1879, pp. 4, 5; No. 18, 1887, parts of pp. xl-xlii, 1, 29-31. 17 73. 171 72. [79, and map opposite" p. 32; No. 21. 1892, p. 176 (Wanganui County). Park's report on the "Western Part of Wellington Provincial District," At. (pp. 24-73 of No. 18), contains the only detailed account of the Wanganui and Waitotara districts to be found in the Geological Surrey publications.

Dieffenbach, Ernest W.: " Travels in New Zealand," vol. 1, 1843, pp. 127-30. Mantell, W. B. D., quoted by Mantrll, G. A., in Quart, .lour. Geol. Soc vol. 4, 1848, p. 239 (not seen).

Mantell. Q. A., in Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 4, 1848, pp. 225-4], and vol. 6, 1850, pp. 319-43 (not seen).

159

Trans. NZ. I 32 2, &c. (Crawford) : vol. 2, 1870, pp. 168-60 (R. Pharazyn), [63 64 I i fcc. (Crawford); vol. 7. I-7.T pp. 153 .77 (C. W. PurneU) . vol. 15, 1883, pp. II" 11 (Hutton); vol. 18, 1886, part of pp. 336-67 ill .1 25, 1893, pp. 343-50 (Hill); vol. 34, 1902, pp. 151 52 (-1 I Stewart).

nf New Zealand," 1910, p. 389. "'""i of Waitotara limestone.) For other referencee Bee Waitotara " and Wanganui " in index.

I of the town of Wanganui is in (municipal boundaries being disregarded), and most ref. ts neighbourhood or I lower Wanganui River may be considered to apply to that i

19. Wanganu] County

Wanganui County is a long but somewhat narrow strip of country exl ■-' south of the Wanganui River to the far inland Waiouru district. It does .ait now contain the chief pan of the town of Wanganui within its boundaries, and thus ll "'"- a resemblance to the play of Hamlet with the principal I out. 1,1,1,1 and Waitotara counties are in a -miliar position. The geol part of Wanganui County is similar to that of Waitotara County. hj, north-easl material of volcar i rial pumice, ftc.) here <" ll " more than mention the large boulders of andesite, in places embed. ll:1 >'' ,lla < arr found in this part oi New Zealand, and are supposed by of glacial origin, an hypothesis that is improbable more importance is the plain-like surface of the southern part of the county, intra D 7 somewhat deep river-valleys. This surfac. itly down to ml is continued throughout the coastal belt to the northv is seen all round Mount Egmont, and by the joining-up of hill ai "'1 "-land to the foot of Mount Ruapehu ... ,i„, hilly country of North Taranaki is part of the same feature, probably mot and eroded than elsewhj , p |. im ■■ nag been app] the surface under description, but it is actually feature, for which thi "coastal plain" is not altogether suitable. As the Wanganui "plain" continues smithward, the underlying Pliocene sedimentaries become more and more masked by gravels. a" the level or nearly level country on the w. • and Tararna ranges, a- far south a! Paraparaui a lea than thirty miles north of Wellington, is part of the Wanganui "plain." As described, th. certain degree of unity. This is perhaps exemplified by the fact that Wangami Rangitikei counties stretch hark to ite northern limits, whilst several other counties, with their chief settlements on the flatter lands, include considerable areas of hilly country that m the ordinary sense are very far ind I from being part of a plain

Little is known about limestone in Wanganui County beyond that implied in the Hon "' Waitotara Countj given above. SheUy beds are well of the 111111 l{m ' r »< Shakespeare Cliff, I'utiki (or Landguard) Bluff, &c. Inland, shelly limestone will no doubt be found at many places.' It is seological exploration is as much needed in Wanganui County as in parte of Waitotara and ■ districts.

" ""' Nnk!r of sufficient!; g I quality it of conveniently supplying all the needs of the southern pari of Wanganui County, and m addition

M, t ;; t ,;^^,^;;;,;;v ,M - i<m -*""■ ■■< - ■ *- *

B. Limestone sear Rockville, I Note the nearly horizontal bedding 134

PLATE VII

A. Calcareous Strata. Waxgasci Ri\kh.

162

there are the shelly beds and shell-Umestones of the lower Wanganui River. Thi oi distribution, with the railway as a base and the Wanganui River and good as minor arteries, arc good. 11 necessary, lime can be imported trom the Riwaka OT the Golden Bay districts to [the port of Wanganui, which can ao* be entered by with a car] from 2,000 to 3,000 tons. The sea voyage involved I 130 statute miles.

The central pari of Wanganui County appears to be almost [unsettled, and has poor road and ao railway communication. The north-eastern part is traversed by the Mam Trunk Railway, and could obtain lime from the Te Kuiti district, but the railway haulages arc much over a hundred miles, the distance by rail from Te Kuiti to Waiouru (just outside the boundary of the county) being 116 miles, and to Mataroa (near Taihape) 134 miles. 'Whether the lime situation will ever be improved by th< struction of a railway from Taihape. Waiouru, or some other point to the limestone deposits of the Upper Rangitikei Valley cannot, of course, be definitely stated.

i

a! In-Tat urf relat ing to Wanganui County centres about the town of inui and the Wanganui River, The publications listed under \\ aitotara County therefore apply to Wanganui County, or to a part of it. The following papers bave reference to the supposed glacial evidences found in the Hautapu Valley, &c, :

XX. Inst., vol. 42, L9lO, pp. 575 90, 580-84, 589-612 (all by Park); vol. 48, 1916, pp. 135-37 (Park). See also "The Geology ot New Zealand/' 1910, pp. 194-95. Park's views have bees opposed by Marshall. The controversy was reported chiefly by newspapers during 1909. however, Marshall's lt Geology of New Zealand/ 1 p. 203.

i ' T.: "The Glacial Controvea w Zealand." Geol. Mag. \I. vol. 4, No. 6, June, 1917, pp. 211 15. See pin 242 13.*

50. Rakgitikki County

Rangitikei County has the shape of a thigh-boot with the toe cut squarely ofi At th*' toe and heel are the Early Mesozoic or perhaps Palaeozoic rocks of the Kaimanawf and Ruahine mow area of Pliocene conglomerate, sandstone, . and limestone, which extends down the Rangitikei River valley pasl the ankh md the awkward-looking knee. South of the hills in the Huntervilli i the Pliocene rocks ai els of the Wanganui Plain, excepl where the streams have cut deep guts in the plain. A belt of sandhills fringes tht line of this and other counties abutting on the 9hores of the Wanganui Bight. (Tin nam.- " South Taranaki Bighl i be equally applicable to the bight, but on officia map- ■ an insignificant in d the coast-line opposite Bawera.) from two small patches of Limestone near Qunterville and Taihape (or Utiku), kei Valley, and the calcareous concretione they contain, the only known limestone in the county is in the foot mentioned above, and especially in the instep region.

Hector rtates thai on tie south-east side of the Kaimanawa Mountains, "in the en them and the west aide of the Ruahine Range, the Tertiary limestones occur, Eorming a wide bell of op country, and are continued to the edges, encircling aic zone (Ruapehu, &c), and dipping to the south-west " (187] report, p. 161).

*ln replj ' i Dr. 'I i i itioo of New Z

136

Park states that in the Moawhango Val] ...lion (a few miles t ownship) a band oi 50 ft. thick is . This is underlain by 200 ft. of blue sandy clays, with argillaceous calcareous bands, below tes 10 ft. oi The flaggy li it - hand) broken si..■ bles. Near the old Kaimanawa Han- R : hands of I tlow and blue &c. Bast of 'one 60ft. on the higher ground, and runs o the old rocks he ltuahine Range at an altitude of 3,450 ft. above the sea. This i a number of flat-topped hills on both sides of the Rangitikei (1887 report, ter report Tark incidentally gives further details of tl in the Upper Rangitikei Valley (1890, pp. 64-67). Hill describe Birch's being in the centre of a plateau with limestone-topped hills. From Uoawhange miles to the north-north-west the 1 with cal.. On the border of the m the lime-tones present i remarkable scarps in the direction of Ruapehu (1890 ; 'The highest limestone appears about midway between Erewhon and Ruapehu, at a height oi 4,270 ft. (p. 429). Hill's description agrees with that of Hector, summarized The locality where the scarps appear may be in any one or all of the three counties. Waimarino, Wanganui, and Kangitikei. 14. . : ! . . l:h i i ,i ■ , , , , . . _.

At an unidentifiable point on the right or western bank of the Hautapu River miles south of Taihape) coarse shellj limestone outi . small near the top of a hill. Farther north, blue days with Bhell-bed at the Hautapu Falls (Park. 1887. pp. 36-37). Two miles northward of li on the road to Pukiori clearing, a cemented Bandy shell-bed or limestone occurs (Park, 1887 pp. 35-36).

The following analyses of limestone are reported from Rangitikei County:—

R 'S Kn "» Bull's (?). Aston. 8.C., in Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No 3 Sept 1915 p. 238. Analyst s No. G45 : year of analysis. 1906.

(2) and (3) From Marton (?). Forwarded by A. R. Mackay. Sam,- • No 1 Col. Lab. 34th Ann. Rep., 1901, p. 13. Lab. Nos. 1177 and 878 probably represents a sample of stalactite or of vein calcite. Sample I in colour.

tt. { t\l"T °-S UtU ',^f, fo ™? rded b 7 Secretary, Agricultu D ent. Dom. Lab. 44th Ann. Rep.. 1911, p. 15. Lab.No.A 324.

t a T, \ n ' mn,TasX "- L Analyst's No. G 19; year of analysis, 1915. (6) bolt limestone, Taihape district. Aston, B. C, in Jour. Agri. vol 17 No 2 1918, p. 99. Analyst's No. 11 340. '

W

The greater part of the remarks de concerning the supply of lime fur Wai County applies to Rangitikei County. At present nearly the whole of the county must

164

'" nk abroad '"' ite li ""'- which apparently must come from Xukumarit or from Nelson via Wanganui. The New Plymouth Wellington Railway, passes through the southern part of the county, and the Main Trunk line intersects the eastern middle part from >l; "'"'" '" ' i '■■■■■>-■ The western middle pari and the north. ire more or less unsettled and unloaded. If the boot taphor be employed again, one could say ,ll: " tl "' '"I 1 " f the leg, its back, and the ankle have good road and railway munications, and the foot poor roads and no railways. Probably at some future time a railway will be made into Borne pan of the foot, and this may tap limestone.

Literature,

the geology .if Rangitikei County are— Kr '" Explor., X... 5, 1869, pp. i-ii; No. ti. 1871. part of pp. 158 64; No. 18, 1887. part of pp. xl-xlii, .xlix. 25. 20. 28-31, 35-40, 51, 58 60, 65, 68, 69, &c, and map opposite p. 32 ; No. 20, 1890 pp 04-67 ■ No. 21, 1892, p. 101.

Trans - NZ - ' 2, 1870, pp. 353-54, Ac (Crawford); vol. 11 1890 part of pp. 422-29 (Hill).

Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901, part of pp. 12-21 (bound in .Mines Rep.).

51. Kiwitea County.

Comity is similar to that of adjoining parts ol Rangitikei County. In the i irth-easl arc the old Mewwoic rocks of the Rual the county is underlain by Tertiary sandstones and clays! s. with possiblj some limestone. In m, m ple on th( . ~; lst Rangitikei opposil eka, arc capped by gravel and othei alluvia] depoe ble that at the foot of the Ruahine I fault-involved limestone with a steep or vertical dip will be found to outcrop, in the nd of the Manawatu Gorge.

Kiwitea County will probably have to look far afield for its lime; and since no railway enters it. lime will presumably be an commoditj for many years to The -Main Trunk Railway | ; „ 1(1 th( . n . SK |,. nta of the county no doubt hoc t„ have railway communication with Feilding or some other point on the Wellington-Auckland line.

Literature

only references to the geology of Kiwitea County found in the literature insulted b

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, map opposite p. 32, and casual references to the "drift formation" between the Ruahirn ': ~| .M,,uni Egmont; No - -"■ [ 'PI id coal really carbonaceous .hair on Porangaki (Pom

52. I'oiiaxoina County

<»lly all tli.n has been said about Kiwitea Comity applies to Pohangina i greater share of the Roahine Range. Some | r limest< occurs Ipiti, and in the Pohangin : the foot "I the Ruahine

138

The available anah (1) ■ (4) (5)

insoluble in acid nil 2302 22-01 32-68

Alumina and iron 02 ' "' -'"" -'''"

.VIUMIMIU Ull'l nun ' ' - - "* carbonate 73-20 52-60 74-43 7

,i rmined .. 2*46 0-71 o*l3 2*03 100-00 100-00 100-00 100*00

Quicklime in calcined 3tone, per rent. (Aston) .. .. 62 64 50

I t From Pohangina Valley, forwarded by J. D Maclaurin. D. 42nd Ann. Rep., L 909, p. 21. Lab. No. 1964. Lime (CaO), U-00 per cent. anhydride (O ' i cent.

"(2) (3) (4) From Apiti, forwarded by D. Hogan. Dom. Lab. 1-th Ann. Rep., L 915, p. 20. Lab. Nos. E386 1- 2. 3, Nos. E386 2, ■ ■ osed in the unb i\ cheaply applied.'"

Uton B.C. in Jour. Agric, vol. LI, No. 3, Sept., 1915, p. 239. 'a No. F6. Date, L 915.

None of these limestones is suitable for calcination, but recently B. C. Aston has ded an analysis of hard crystalline limestone from Apiti with 9' at. of i .in, (Jour. Agri., as previously cited, p. 99). He also givee an analysis of calcareous sandstone from Apiti with 50-4 per rent, of ' a< I ■ iblication, p.

Literature.

The references to the geology of Pohangina County found in the literature consulted

Trans. N.Z. Inst., toI. 2. 1870, p. 358 (J. C. Crawford).

Rep. of Gcol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, p. 86; No. 18, LBB7, pp. xli. 26-28, 34 35, 62, and map opposite p. 32: No. 22. 1894, p. 2.

53 and 54. Waipawa and Waipukurau Counties.

The geology of Waipawa County resembles that of the inland part of Hawke's Bay, but Cretaceous or supposed Cretaceous rocks are better developed. With Waipawa may be described the small adjoining county of Waipukurau. whirl d of similar rocks the greywackes and argillites of the Ruahine Range perhaps excluded. The chief Limestone of the two counties is probably of Pliocene age, and may provisionally be correlated throughout with the Te Ante limestone mentioned in the description of Hawke's Bay. There may be some Miocene limestone also, but the Cretaceous rocks, though calcareous, do not appear to contain any limestone of consequence.

The limestones of the Whakarare, Whakarara, or Wakarara Range, near rlereru, extend southward, though apparently as disconnect through the western part "I" Waipawa County. Limestone occurs at or near Ashley-Clinton, but only one sample from this locality, and that not of good quality (No. 2. of tab) has been analysed in the Dominion Laboratory,

The Te Ante limestone and associated beds pass southward into Waipawa County. and are well developed west of Kaikora (now Otane), and again w town of Waipawa. The Waipawa County map shows a limestone reserve on the south bank of the Waipawa River, three miles weal of the town of Waipawa. E where interrupted by river-valleys or hidden by younger deposits, the Te Auto lime* and the associated beds, according to McKay's map of 1877. continue tar to the southward belt of varying width. Wesl of Waipukurau the railway crosses to the

side df the licit, and consequently east or ea-t'-..uth-east of Takapau limestoi Uustrated by the subjoined section (fig. 3).

v TAKAPAI I:\II.WAV-STATI.iN K\ST TO JOHNSTON'S W<

1. Gravels ol Ruataniwha Plain. 2. Band of shelly limestone. :l. Sai ■' clearly showing farther north). t. Lower thick band of Te ante limestone. \mi Bands and grey Bandy clays with shells. 6. Grey sandy beds, fossiliferous. beds with bands of brown and green sands, the holer lull of small shells and Foraminifera. -. with minute plant-fragments. 9. Old Secondary (Hesoeoic) rocks forming Woolshed Hill.

Bed No. 2 consists of shell-remains, and is apparently considered by McKay to represent the upper part of the Te Aute limestone. The upper part of bed No. 4 dated rock. Under this is a much more friable or (bed 5 ol section) consisting mainly of comminuted Bakinus shells. This is followed downward by a soft yellowish calcareous rock, " wholly formed of shell sand. The thickness of this bed is stated by .McKay to be "no! far short of 100 ft.," hut in the next paragraph he -tale- that the calcareous rocks, by which he apparently beds Nos. 2 to 5 inclusive, have a thickness of from 100 ft. to 130 ft. One must auppoe really intended to Bpecify only the beds Nos. 2 to 1 (1887 report, pp. 186 87). South of Takapau the Te Ante limestone continues into Dannevirke Canity. nccur in the Cretaceous rocks at many places- for example. at Waipawa Gorge. Here also soft rocks of calcareous character, called by McKay '- chalk marls." are well seen, and on the south side of Waipawa River form high clitls (1879 report, p. 7:!). Similar rocks appear near Kaikora (or Otane), and on the slopes of .Mount Vernon, a hill near Waipukurau.

ile analyses ol limestone from Waipawa and Waipukuiau counl given in the subjoined t;il>le :

166

167

1 9th Am - 118 6.

'

ram Newlands, Waipukui d by Dr. (Sir Ith Ann. Rep., 1878, p. Lib Lab. No. 1940.

irded by Mr. J. D. Todd. Dom. Tab. 44th Inn. Rep., 1911 p. 15. Lab. Nos. A 13] I. 2.

(li) From Waipukurau, forwar.i tor. Dom. Tab. 17th Ann. Pop.. 1914, p. 22. Lab. No. D 922.

ffatuma (south-west of Waipukurau and near Takapau). Aston, J!, <'.. 240. Analyst's Nos. E 135, 136, I 110. 1 : rnot well represent a largi high-grade.

H7 I)'. J. Henderson, oi 1 -ample of lii from a quarry beside the railway-line, la half south of Pukehou. This represented -20 ft. of friable shelly limestone, and on analysis ite. ii-ll of phosphoric anhydride, and 15*55 insoluble in acid. (Lab. hie was also obtained from a bed of tone, 100 ft. mile south-east of Takapau Railway-station This j on an Jcium carbonate. o*ll of phosphoric anhydride, 28-56 of matter insoluble in mid.' (Lab. No. II

Summary of ].i,„

The available information indicates that Waipawa and Waipukurau counties supplied with limestone, much of which is of high grade and suitable for calcination. Attention may be drawn to the fact that friable limestones and highly calcai occur in various places—for example, east of Takapau. On the whole the •- have good The Wellington Napier Railway runs through the eastern part of the two counties (considi 1 area), and passes near some of the limestone deposits. Good mails exist in most of the settled districts. In boi the more p ihine Range, such as Ashley-Clinto] 1, local depos tpensate for the want with the rich limestone country to th<

■

Much of the literature listed under Hawke's Bay applies to Waipawa and Waipukurau counties. The following pap." rts may be mentioned here:— 7

Rep. of Geol. Erplor., No. 10, 1877, part oi pp. 67-94; No. 12, 1879, pp. 69-75; No. 18, 1887, part of pp. 182 89, and scattered referent later

Pari. Paper C. 10, 1901, pari of pp. 32 34 (bound in Mines

Trans. N.Z. [nst., vol. 20, 1888, part of Pumice); vol. 25, L 893, pp. 350-53 (Hill); vol. 21 pp. 151-66 (Hill).

55. Patangata Co

eous nicks, chiefly concretionary sandstones and chalk marls, according to McKay form almost the whole of the southern part of Pi unty, and extend along its western border to a point mar the township of Patangata. They cover also -if Patangata, and in tins direction along which

168

l'"-" ar " S,V " f " r mme »" 1 "- T,rti : .,-y sandstones, claystones, and limestones extend from Patangata north-east and also south-east to the coast, and occur as a small patch at (. ape I nrnagain.

e ascertained, limestone, .probably of Upper Miocene or Pliocene age, occurs somewhat abundantly near Patangata, and thence extends north-east to the : MrKa - v ;'' Te -'"'•' UmeBtone i,s f "™»'.' «" t. f the hill or ridge weal i/V'"'!' , W ° f li " leS ""' ""' s al ( ' a l"' Ttaugrin (see analysis No. 4 Mow), and there ,* probably also limestone west or north-west of Wanstead near the wes,,,-n boundary of the county. The available information does not enable an exact statement o the mnestone localities to be made. There seems to be an abundance of calcareous daystone and similar rooks, with numerous calcareous concretions and concretionary hands, but as a rule these are not valuable as a source of lime

The recorded analyses 0 f calcareous material from Patangata County are-

Matter insoluble in acid .. 24-94 <2> <3) 25*80

Alumina .. .. 20-50 ‘ i

Iron oxides ,. .. Trace J 7-40 Calcium carbonate ivt.qo ci’.oi

caroonate .. 46-98 57-80 61-21 66-80 84-60 Magnesium carbonate 0-74

Iron carbonate .. .. 5.5g 98 ‘72 100-00

II l, A '',f "'""^T7 ( U I' " 1"- -1 1- horn Pukekura, forwarded by ';;':•''• Co'. Mus. and Lab. 24th Ann. Rep., 1890, p. 27. Lab. No. 5099.

(2) (3) Ibd from Pukekura, forwarded by 11. Hartree. Same publication as Xo. 1 PI ■- -28. Lab. Nos. 5150/1, 2, Residue after acid treatment, fine sand and clav I■ ■ • (B.m ' ll 2 ; " "' :il ■" als " - iv "" '""''■ r

(I) Hard "calcareous sandstone" (arenaceous limestone) from Wainui (Herbertville) forwarded by S. Franklin. Col. Mus. and Lab. 18th Ann. Rep. 1883. p. 11. ILb No ■V 71

P . 21 5) f<>rWBrded ''■ ""■ ''" i ""' "'""' Lab - ilth Ann - **- 19 "

Summary of Limeston, Resources and of Means of Transport.

Patangata Connty is well supplied with calcareous rocks, but further exploration is >n order to ascertain th, amount, distribution, and quality of the various bmeatone* Of the five analyses quoted above, j the las! gives any indicati ',1 stone, lhe Napier Wellington Railway passes through the north-west 0 f the county, and that part can the! eniently ~,,,„■ on tl „. ,;„„,,„„„,. „ f Wai ~„,, 3 ,iav ''" , " "" *> on its own resources. The western border of the '■'""»'•' south of Wanstead is probably also fairly well situated with respect to limestone deposits in the adjoining parte of Waipawa, Waipukurau, and perhaps Uannevirke oounties. -

Literatwe

~ M "-' of *«e literature cited under Waipawa and Waipukurau counties applies to ratangafca. Lne following referencea may bere be given:-

Rop. of Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877, pp. 43-53; No. 12, 1879, part of pp. 69-75-No, 18, 1887, pp. 189-91, map opposite p. 192, and casual references’ No. 19, 1888, pp. xl, 88-90; No, 21, 1892, pp. 159-60.

VZ. [nst., vol. 20, [BBB, pp. 293-306 (HU1); vol.' 26, 1894 pari of pp. 392-96 (Hill). ' '

142

56. Danneyikke Counts

Old Mesozoic rocks form the backbone of Dannevirke County that is. tin- Ruahine Range and appear- at tin- north end of the Pit in tin- valley of a tributary of the Mangatoro Stream. (.1. Henderson, 1914 report, p. 103.) There ibly be of tin- county appears to in- covered by Miocene and Pliocene conglomerates, sandstones, and limestones, or by Pleistocene and Recenl gravi Is, &c.

The Takapau or Te Aute limestoi xtends southward into Dannevirke - is found near Onnondville, Mangahei, and Mangapuaka. Close to the Manawatu River, a mile and a half from Ormondville, is a cave in shelly linn-stone, which has been by 11. X. Mi I.rod in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute. Tliis districl apparently contains more limestone than any other part of Dannevirke County. Farther south, near the watershed at sixteen or seventeen miles on the road from Dannevirke to Weber, a fairly thick limestone appears. On the top of Oparae Hill (north end of Puketoi Range), at a height of 2.171 ft., is a bed of griti underlain by calcareous claystone, which again is underlain In- another hand of lim< beds have a westerly dip. Three or four miles east of Dannevirke gritty calcareous bands occur, interbedded with blue calcareous claystones.* i a dip of about 12° to the westward. There may be a certain amount of fault-involved sone at the eastern base of the Ruahine Range. McKay mentions tin- sup] occurrence of limestone in the Makaretu Gorge (1877 report, p. 75). Hill states that the lo il Kereru Stream, five mih-s from Weber, contain ooncretionary bands of impure limestone (1894 paper, p. 395).

The following analyses represent limestones from Dannevirke County. All apparently ome from the north-east part of the county —that is, from the district east of the airway-line, between Dannevirke and Onnondville:—

(1) Limestone from Mangahe (Mangahei), forwarded In- Messrs. Buick and Russell. Col Lab. 40th Ann. Rep., 1907, p. HI. Lab. No. 942.

(2) From Whiteburn, near Onnondville, forwarded by Mr. Charles A. Copeland publication as X". I. p. 17. Lab. No. 529. The sample is said to be from an extensive deposit. It is suitable lor the manufacture of Portland cement.

(3) From Mangapuaka, forwarded by Mr. Walter Dassler. Dom. Lab. 42nd \nn Rep 1909 i> 2". Lab. No. 1799

(I) From Makotuku, near Onnondville. Aston, 8.C., -lour. Agric, vol. 11. Sept., 1915, p. 240. Analyst's No. I, 937. Date, 1910. See also Dom. Lab. 13rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. VJ. (5) to (7) Aston, B. C.: llth Ajin. Rep. Dept. tgric, App. I, Chem. D . p. 17. Analyst's numbers, I) 189, 190, and 191. The samples were forwarded bj Mr \V. G. Wallace, * ►rmondville.

* Similar bands with an easterly dip ocoui about three miles weel oi Dannevir

170

try of Umestom Resources and of Means of Transport.

Phough the limestone deposits east and south of Ormondville are fairly extensive Dannevirke County a- , whole is probably no, well supplied with high-class limestone there ,s „„ laek ol calcareous claystones, and' in places these could b- effectively used dressings. Ihe county can easily import lime from Waipawa and Hawke's Bay counties. I, ,s traversed by the Napier Wellington Railway, and the roads for s e miles on either side of the railway are excellent, so that there will be lifficulty in distributing imported lime over the more closely settled districts.

Literature

The chief references to the geology of Dannevirke County are the followingRep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, pp. 75, 80, 81, 87, 91, 92. fcc, and ma,: opposite p. 88 (which, however, greatly exaggerates the limestone area) ■ No. 15, 1883, pp. x-xi, 1-4.

Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901, pp. 26-28, 32-34 (bound in Mines Rep.).

vol. 26. 1894, pp. 392 96 (Hill); vol. 33, 1901, pp. 343-44 (H. N. McLeod, on cave at Papatu, near Ormondville). Bth Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C. 2 (Mines Rep.) 1914 Fart of pp. 131-35 (2nd ed., 1915): 9th Ann. Rep., part of Pari Paper C.-2, 1915, p. 103 (J Henderson).

57. Oroua County

Oroua County may be said to form part of the Wanganui Flam. In the extreme ' abuts „„ the Ruahine Range, the rocks of whirl, have been previously mentioned "' the •■ ,,,1,1, v B , " 1 "'"' 1 " ith gravel or other alluvial deposit, but at Manawatu Gor S L ' ' jl '" » daystones and fine sandstones of Pliocene age are exposed on the banks of the Manawatu River. Similar rocks are see,, a, various other points and no doubt underlie the superficial deposits throughout the county. A section expose,! in the banks of the Fohangma near Ashhurst has I ~ described by Park (1887, pp. 34-35).

The following analysis refers to a a ,le re ted to come from Makino, near Feilding:

Matter insoluble in acid .. .. .. ,0.00

Alumina and iron oxides .. .. 9.99

Calcium carboi . . _ 83-57

Magnesium carbonate, Ac. .. .. . |.qq 99-49

Quicklime in calcined stone (per cent.) .. 74

■ < -i ■ - it Reference. Shelly rock from Makino. Aston, B. C, J ra. Agric, vol II No 3 Sent 1915, p. 239. Analyst's No. K2962. Date, ' '

Means of Transport, <tc

• im,,;. County has no known limestone deposits of any value, but most of it is within easy reach of railways, and the distribution of imported lime offers uo difficulty Impure limestone occurs aloi railway=line at the east end of the Manawatu but the Dearest likely source of supply at the present time is at Mauriceville Fro.,, Mauriceville to Ashhursf the railway haulage is about forty-five miles; to Feilding via Palmereton North, sirty-sb ,1 to Kakariki, near the Rangitikei River, which forms the western boundary of the county, another eleven miles. Lime could also be imported from the district between Dannevirke and Napier. From Makotuku and Ormondville the railway haulage is shorter than from Mauriceville, but from Takapau northwards the distances are greater,

144

literature.

There is hardly any literature relatn "f Oroua County. lis geology is roughly sketched in the m. p, :;-_>. Rep. of Geol. Bxplor. No. 18, 1887; and a section near Ashhurst is described and figured on pp. 34 35; 62. Some of the references to Manawatu Gorge, the Rangitikei Rivei a Ppty '" "roua County. See also No. 61, rlairanga County. Rep. Geol. Explor. No. 21, 1892, p. 159, briefly sketches the geology of Oroua Com.

58. Woodville County.

The geology of Woodville County is similar to that of D Comity to the north and of Pahiatua County to the south. Old een to form the Ruahine Range in the west, and may possibly appear in the Mangatoro wafo at the foot of the Puketoi Range. An alluvial plain surrounds Woodville. Pliocene conglomerates, sandstones, claystones, and limestones are the prevailing rocks, if the racial deposits are disregarded. The limestones are generally impure and not very thick. They are best seen at the Manawatu Gorge, where they are involved in a great fault. According to McKay a low shell-limestone range strikes north (? north-east) from the junction of the Mangatainoka with the Manawatu (1577 report, pp. 74, 76). Limestone occurs extensively on the crest of the Puketoi Range, hut probably not over any large area within the county. The only locality .where the limestone has been geologically examined is Manawatu Gorge. From th< given by McKay (1*77), Park (1887). and Henderson (1916) it appears that then ■ I Limestone layers, intercalated with calcareous conglomerate and ding to the last-named writer the limestone beds are formed mainly of shellfragments, and contain throughout numerous grit-particles and occasional layers of rounded pebbles. They vary rapidly, both alone the strike and to the dip. limestone hand seen above the Gorge Railway-station is perhaps 40ft. thick, hut to the dip grades into a calcareous sandstone containing numerous scattered Btones, It is not likely, however, that the variation along the strike will be as marked as that to the dip. In this locality the strike varies between 25° and 40 north, while the dip is about 40° to the south-eastward, lessening on the bill-tope. North of the Railway-station, at the quarry where the Railway Department was obtaining ballast in 1915, the limestone layers are thicker, and contain fewer grit-particles. The strike is here aboul 70 easl of north, with a dip of 60° to the south-soutl This locality is much better suited for the opening of a quarry to Bupply limi l-'v agricultural purposes than that near the Gorge Railway-station. The rock is here [Viable, contains less grit and fewer pebbles, and the amount available for quarrying is many times greater. (Henderson. 1916, p. 30.)

'Flu' following analyses ol Limestone from Woodville County are available:—

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Silica, or matter insoluble in acid .. 2-65 15-39 13-30 .. 16-02 13-10

Alumina .. .. .. .. Trace I 0 ,

Iron oxides' .! 1-91) 2 ' 18 2 ' 38 "™ ™

Calcium carbonate .. .. .. 92-16 79-44 83-91 80-70 80-89 85-78 w-v v» , i Jrn O.Ofi 1i O

Magnesium carbonate, &c. .. .. 2-96 .. 0-41 .. 0-48

Water .. 0-32 100-00 97-01 100-00 .. 98-79 99-37

Quicklime in calcined stone (per cent.) (Aston and others) .. .. 89-6 684 75 70-1 72 78

145

ill PoiOUB limestone fr Manawatu Gorge, forwarded by Mr. A.Hogg, M.11.R. 001. Lab. 31st Ann. Rep.. 1898, pp. 11-12, 13. Lab. No. 7805.

■en Manawatu Gorge, forwarded by Director of Fields. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann- Rep., 1913, p. 20. Lab. .No. Cll4. "This material appears similar in texture to the Mauriceville limestone."

>m Manawatu Gorge. Aston. I!. ('., publication cited on former pages (1915), p 239. Analyst's No, Q229. Dale, 1915. Sample similar in texture to Mauriceville stone.

ir Woodville. forwarded by J. B. Blaine. Dom. Lab. 44th Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15. Lab. No. A.223.

(o) (li) From Woodville. Same reference as No. 3. Analyst's numbers G 292 A and B. Date, 1906. Samples described as rock-limestone and shell-limestone.

The Manawatu Gorge limestone has been described by Mr. B. C. Aston, who in 1915 visited the deposits in company with Dr. J. Henderson. (See Jour. Agri., vol. 11, -No. 0. Nov., Ullo. pp. 403-5, and illustrations.) Aston also describes a low-grade calcareous deposit occurring a mile north of Ngawapurua Railway-station, which is three mil'- south of Woodville. He gives the following analyses (same article, p. 410): —

' AnalyrtU nude on toe lample dried to constant "light on

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

ff Iville County may be able to obtain- pulverized limestone from the deposits near Manawatu Gorge, but the stone there is too uneven and uncertain m quality to be suitable for oalcining. Thorough sampling of the Gorge limestone is necessary ps to establish a pulverizing plant. In the meantime the county could be supplied with better material from Mauriceville (thirty-seven miles from the town of Woodville by rail), or perhaps from Ormondville and Takapau, which are even nearer to the centra] and northern parts of the county. Farther north high-grade limestone m lined at pari near the railway to Napier. The lastnamed town is only ninety-five miles from the town of Woodville, and is therefore within the distance-limit at present allowed by the Railway Department for the free carriage of lime.

/.ih rature.

The chief references to the geology of Woodville County will be found in the following reports. More than half of these deal with the copper-ore at ufaharahara. 10—Oeol Bull No. 22.

146

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, I of pp. x si. 67-94, especially pp. 68, 69, 74-76, 77, 80, '.'l : No. I-. 1887, p 34 : No. 19, 1888, pp. xxxii xxxim 6-9; No. 20, 1890, pp. xxiv xxvn : No. 21, 1892, pp. xxvi-xxvih: No. 22, 1894, pp. xxxiv xxxv, 2-6.

Carl. Paper C. 11. 1896, pp. IT 49 (bound in Mini - B p

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. part of Pari. Papei C 2, Call, part of pp. 131 35, 162-70. (2 915.) loth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Col. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-28, 1916, p. 30 (J. Henderson).

59. Webeb County

The small county of Weber does not occupy a prominent place in geological literature, but it lias received some attention from oil-geologists, notably J. Wanner, of Bonn, who reported to a British syndicate a fev on tie- oil possibilities • and west of Weber. The surface of the county is largely occupied by Miocene or PC Istones, claystones, and allied rocks. Probable chalky limestone and glauconitic sandstone are present easf of Weber, and similar rocks also occur in the Wimbledon district. Slightly or moderately calcareous claystones have a great development, and two bores in search of oil in the Waipatiki district west of Weber passed through thousands of feet of this kind of rock. A greensand bed in one of the bores was almost the only marked variation fron claystone type.

In the extreme west of Weber on Oparae Hill there are two bands of gritty limestone. These were described under the heading of "Dannevirke County.*' Similar rock probably occurs on or near the next hill-top to the south, but bevond this the Puketoi Range passes out of Weber Countv.

Summary of Lime Resources and of Means of Transport.

Weber County is not well endowed with high-grade limestone, and at the present time has rather poor roads and no railway, so that it may be many years before lime can be conveniently distributed in the county. The nearest outside limestone deposits are in Dannevirke County a few miles north-north-west of Weber (see p. 142), at Cape Turnagain in Patangata County, in the valley of the Aohanga River, and possibly in the Akitio Valley also.

Literature.

The chief references to Weber County in the literature consulted are— Trans. -N.Z. Inst., vol. 26, 1894, pp. 392-96 (Hill).

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Par! Paper C.-2 (Mines R 1914, part of pp. 131-35. (2nd ed., 1915.) 9th Ann. Rep. N.Z Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, p. 103.

60. Manawatu County,

Manawatu County is almost if not entirely covered by the alluvia] deposits of thf Rangitikei and Manawatu rivers long the coast-line, where blown sands, ai elsewhere in the Wanganui Bight, are well developed. It is part of, the Wanganui Plain, and presumably the superficial deposits are everywhere underlain by the Pliocem beds that are seen in the counties to the north. There may possibly be some caloareoui sand along the coast, but otherwise Manawatu has no interna] lime resoui "<<<*< obtain its lime from other parts of New Zealand. Suggested sources an

147

Mauriceville. Takapau district, and northern Nelson. The Wellington Auckland Railway is near the county boundary for sonic miles, hut enters it only at the north-east corner near Pelleting. A branch line extends from Longburn Junction to Forton, the .small port near the mouth of the Manawatu. Small vessels may possibly be able to enter the mouth of the Rangitikei also. Mauriceville and Takapau are both well within a hundred miles of all railway-stations in or near Manawatu County.

Lilt raturt.

and the consequent absence of outcrops of hard rocks. ratu County is in the happy positi f being practically without any geological literature. Such as there i- refers i" tie- river- and the sand-dunes. The observed references are—

No I s . 1887, map opposite p. 32 and p. 58. Trans. N.Z. [nst., vol. 11. 1882 pp. 89 94 (W. T. 1.. Trovers).

Cockayne, L. : “ Report on the Sand-dunes of New Zealand,” Pari. Paper

C.-13, 1909; “ Report on the Dune Areas of New Zealand,” Pari. Paper C.-13, 1911 (see p. 5, &c.).

til. Kairanga Counts

Most of the small county of Kairanga, with the thriving town of Palmerston North as its commercial centre, is in the Wanganui Plain, and is covered In' the alluvial lite of the Manawatu River. The Tararua Range forms its eastern boundary. This range is a continuation of the Ruahine Range, from which it is separated only the gorge in which the Manawatu River flows, and is composed of the same kinds of rocks namely, old Mesozoic argillites and greywackes. Near tie- western edge of the Tararua Range, Pliocene conglomerates, sands, and .lav-ion,-- with some very seen on the hanks of the .Manawatu River and at one or two other places.

The following analysis represents a sample attributed to Palmerston North, but which must necessarily have been obtained some distance from that town : —

Water expelled at 100° C. 1’69

Loss on ignition .. .. 1-26

Silica and matter insoluble in dilute acid 7*08

Alumina and iron oxide .. .. 1*90

Lime carbonate .. .. • • ■ • 85-90 tc ■ l-«n

Magnesia . • • • • • •• ■ • 1’°^

magnesia • • • • • • ■ • • • Alkalies and undetermined • • 0*37

100-00 Reference. -Forwarded bj Mb C. \. Philips, Palmerston North. Aston, B. C.: llth Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric, App. I. Chem. Division, 1903, pp. IG, 22. Analyst's number, I) 1".

as is known Kairanga County, notwithstanding the analysis quoted above, has no limestone, but is rich enough to pay for the limestone it ds. This a obtained by rail either from the Mauriceville district or from the limestone areas north of Dannevirke. It may also be possible to obtain some limestone from tl ast end of the Manawatu Gorge, either on the north side of the gorge or on the south side (Ballance district).

It is hardly necessary to draw attention to the excellent railway and road mununicaf ortunate Kairanga County. It is equally fortunate in affording lo»

14H

little or no scope for the geologist, who has therefore found no occasion for writing long reports on its geology. The chief references in geological Lite]

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, map opposite p. '■>'!

Part of Pari. Paper C.-10, 1901 (bound in Mines Rep.), pp. 25-26 at Fitzherbert ").

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 2, 1870, pp. 346, 358, &c. (Crawford) : vol. 27, 1895, pp. 476-77 (Hill); vol. 31, 1899, pp. 551 54 (.1. Marchbanks and .J. Hector, on artesian wells at Longburn).

62. l'MiiAn-A County.

In the west of Pahiatua County is the Tararua Range, composed of old Mesozoic argillites and greywackes. This is flanked on the east by Pliocene and Miocene conglomerates, sandstone, claystones, and limestones, which near tie- mountains are fault-involved, and dip at high angles. Eastward there is low country, in which the Tertiary rocks are more or Less masked by ancient or modern river-gravels, &c. Farther east is decidedly hilly country, where calcareous claystone and fine sandstone in places are the prevailing rocks. In the eastern part of the county the Puketoi Range rises to a height of over 2,000 ft. It has a rounded fairly even crest, and the topography as seen from a distance suggests that it is composed of similar rocks to those of the Ruahine Range ; but, so far as known, these rocks, though present, are of minor importance, and far the greater part of the range is formed of Tertiary rocks. According to McKay (1877 report, p. 76) limestone covers a great part of the range; and this has been confirmed by inquiry from a landowner in tin- district. South of the Manawatu Cotl"' Limestone of moderately good quality occurs iji the Ballance district, apparently towards the foot of the Tararua Range, and thus in continuation of that found to the north near the Gorge Railway-station.

Shelly limestone is seen at the .Makakahi Bridge, four miles and a half south of Pahiatua, and forms part of the hilly country to the oast. Westward of this locality similar limestone is exposed in tie- mam valley of the Mangahao River, and in one or more of the streams draining the Ruahine Range to the west. The subjoined section (fig. 4) given by McKay (1892 report, p. 29) illustrates the geology of this part of Pahiatua County.

I"!., t SxOTIOH FROM NORTH SLOPE, TaBABUA Kanoe. TO MaKAKaHI BbIDOK, I'aHIATIa CotTHTT

A. Mangahao River. B. Mangatainoko River. ('. Makakahi River.

1. Alluvial. -2. High-level gravels. 3. Pumice sands. 3 1 . Pumice sands with lignite. 4. Shelly limestone. 5. Blue sandy clays (fossilifermis). t'». Old rocks (Mesozoic) of the Tararua B

Note.—A great fault, no* indicated in the section, probably separates the Tertiary rocks (3-5) from the Mesozok rooks (6) of the Tararua Range.

Shell limestone occurs near the junction of the Mangatainoka and Manawatu rivers. and extends as a low range into Dannevirke County (see p. 142). Limestone occurs in the Makuri district at the foot of the Puketoi Range, but no particulars concerning it have been obtained, except in so far as the statements by Aston quoted below refer to the locality.

i iy

In the Journal of AgrieuUwe, vol. 11, No. 5, 1915, pp. 406-7, li. C. Aston ■ some limestone deposits in Pahiatua County as follow-:

" Pahiatua and Makuri Gorge Deposits.

"In the above districts there is a plethora of valuable limestone, some of which ide and of exceptional friability. Unfortunately, the deposits are some distance from the railway-line. Thus at the Konini waterworks there is a d.-posit of ■ titer or travertine containing 91 to 96 per cent, of carbonate of lime in m which would be reduced to a fine powder with the greatest case In the same locality arc cliffs of hard limestone similar to thai of Mauriceville, of 91 per cut. carbonate of lime. At Ballance there is another similar deposit of hard stone containing 94-3 per cent, carbonate: but, best of all, at the Pahiatua end of the Makuri Gorge is a soft pure-white calcareous deposit which contains 93-3 per cent. ~.,,,. . thai is, it is practically as rich as Mauriceville stone and has the onal merit of being so soft that it may be rubbed to a fine powder between the iic-

"I am much indebted to Mr. W. Wakeman, of Pahiatua, for great assistance rendered me in obtaining samples and locating suitable deposits in this district.

Mr. Aston also gives (p. 410) the following analyses of various samples obtained within a few miles of Pahiatua, and of a sample of "soft" limestone from Makuri Gorge :

• Analysis made on the sample dried to constant wight on mier-batl

The following table gives analyses of five samples of limestone from the Ballance district :—

(II (2) (:S) (4) (.-.) Silica 6-71 10-81 9-08 3-45 3-6

Alumina and iron oxide 1-87 3-21 3-01 0-96 1-4

Lime 49-20 46-45 47-95 51-82 (52-8)

Magnesia ■ •• i}? fS !!'??

Phosphoric anhydride 0-16 0-15 015 0-24

Carbon dioxide 38-66 36-50 37-68 40-71 (41-5)

Water and organic matter .. 1-93 1-45 1-30 1-75

Alkalies and _O-28 J>sB JKSB JV7 100-00 10000 100-00 100-00 100-0

Carbonate of lime, per cent, (by addition ol Ume and carbon dioxide) 87-86 82-95 85-63 92-53 MS

Lime m calcined stone (per cent., .. .. 82-81 74-86 78-59 90-08 90

1511

References. No. I (marked "Hays"). No. 2 ("Cornelius"), No. 3 (' ami No. I ("Hays"), all forwarded by the Chairman, Farmer.,' Union, Ballance. Dom. Lab. Ilith Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 15. Lab. Nos ' 945 I I. "HI these samples, No. 4 is the best, giving a lime well suited for building or agricultural pur] The others are of fair quality mil l ..

(5) Aston. B. ('. : .lour. Agric., vol. 11. No. 5, Nov., 1916, p. tlO. Analyst's number, G504. "Very hard stone."

The analyses of four samples of limestone attributed to I'ahiatua an- given below: (1) (:!) i-t)

Matter insoluble in acid .. .. .. 18-21 1-30 1416 3-64

Alumina " ",,.--- 0-32 1-90 1-84 Iron oxidi> .. . . . . . . . I r

Calcium carbonate .. .. 74-97 96-80 78-83 89-46

Magnesium carbonate, &c. .. .. .. 2-96 1*58 5-11 2-25

1-64 100-00 100-00 100-00 97-19

Quicklime in calcined Btone, per cent. (Aston).. .. 97 .. B2

References. II) Calcareous freestone (or arenaceous limestone) from Pahiatua, forwarded by R. Parker. Col. Mus. and Lab. 23rd Ann. Rep., 1889, p. 01. Lab. No. 1863. (2) From Pahiatua, forwarded by \V. Wakeman. Dom. I.ah. 48th Ann. I; 1915, p. 20. Lab. No. E490. "A first-class agricultural limes

(3) From Pahiatua. forwarded by H. S. Morrison. Same publication and page as No. 2. Lab. No. E673. "Rather poor stone.''

(4) From Pahiatua. Aston, 11 C, Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. 3. Sept., 1915, p. 239. Analyst's number, K233. Date. 1909.

Summary of Limestont Resources and of Means of Transport.

The limestones of the Ballance district appear to be of fair quality, but the samples of which analyses are quoted may not have been representative, and therefore resampling by an experienced person on a more extensive scale is advisable. The limestone on top of the Puketoi Range is not in a suitable position for distribution.

According to B. ('. Aston the limestones at Konini (near Pahiatua) and at Makuri are in pan of high quality. His enthusiastic description of them is quoted above.

Pahiatua County is probably fairly well supplied with limestone suitable for being crushed and spread on the land without previous calcination, but may not : much high-grade stone adapted for being calcined. Beij . by the X. Woodville Wellington Railway, the lowlands of the county can easily import lime from Mauriceville to the south, or from Takapau, lvc. to the north.

lAteraturt.

The chief references to the geology of Pahiatua County are—

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, pp. 74, 15, 76, 80, and map opposite p. 88, &c. ; No. 21, 1892, pp. 28-30.

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part .if Pari. Paper C.-2 (Mines Hep.), 1914, part of pp. 131-35. (2nd ed., 1915.)

63. Akitio County.

Late Mesozoic (Cretaceous) and perhaps also Mid and allied rocks are well developed along the coast of Akitio County. Possibly Middle or even Early Mesozoic rocks occur a 1 the head of the Mataikona River, where Castlepoint, Eketahuna, and Akitio counties meet. Elsewhere, from a lew miles inland ; creel of the Puketoi Range, which forms the western boundary oi the county, Miocene

151

and Pliooem . claystones, and limestones are the prevailing rocks. Limestone is well developed in the gorge of the Aohanga River, six miles inland (by road) from Aohanga. Near a hill-top about a mile and a half north-cast of Pongaroa grey-blue limestone of good quality is quarried for roadmaking by the County Council. It is delivered by aerial tram to a rock-breaking plant. A few miles south of Pongaroa ar Rakaunui) the County Council has anothei 3hell-limestone, similarly equipped. As previously mentioned, limestone caps the Puketoi Range, and is found also in the extreme south-west of the county in the headwaters of the Tirauniea Stream. (See under Eketahuna, p. 153.)

A sample of limestone from Akitio, forwarded in 1911 by F. Handyside to the Dominion Laboratory, yielded on analysis 97-55 per cent, of calcium carbonate (Dom. Lab. 45th Ann. Rep.. 1912, p. 20. Lab. No. B 567). This seemingly indicates the ot very high-grade limestone in the Akitio district, but, as it is perhaps unneces .. particulars concerning the locality and the quantity of stone available, together with further analyses of representative samples, are required before a definite opinion can be expressed. The following analyses of samples from Pongaroa

indicate that fairly good Limestone is obtainable in that district :---

(1)

Matter insoluble in acid, Ac. .. .. .. 8-00 3-32

Alumina and iron oxides .. .. .. .. 3-58 1-48

Calcium carbon. - CaCO .. .. .. 84-59

am carbonate, &c. .. .. .. 1-26 0-70

Calcium oxide (CaO) combined as silicate, &c. .. 1-89

Water .. .. .. .. .. 0-68 100-00 100-10

Quicklime (CaO) in calcined stone (per i .. 80-17 92

meet.—(l) Forwarded by Mr. John Ryan. Col. Lab.39th Ann. Rep., 1906, pp. 9-10, Lab. No. 142. The Bample was e small one. consisting oi white stone (calcite) and lightstone. It was therefore not of a representative character. The original analysis

lot been exactly quoted. It gives—Lime, 49*26 pei cent. ; i <'> per cent.; and carbon dioxide, 37-88 per cent.

(2) Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910. p. 52. Lab. No. L 850. There is a slight error in the analysis as quoted. Probably "magnesium carbonate, &c," should read "0-60" instead " of 0-70."

Summary oj Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport,

From the information available it is not possible to express a definite opinion concerning the limestone resources of AJritio Comity. Before this can be dour considerabli exploration ■■■ is found in th>- lower part of the Aohanga River on the summit of the Puketoi Range, and elsewhere in more ■ ote localities In tht- neighbourhood of Pongaroa there is a Little good limestone in accessible positions but this is needed for as well as for agriculture.

At present Akitio County baa no railway, and somewhat poor roads. The mouths of the Akitio and Aohanga rivers can I"- entered by small craft. A loop-line railway which will leave the Wellington Napier Railway at Masterton oi to the north, passing through Pongaroa, Weber, &c., and joining the mam line of Dannevirke, is projected.

Literature

Various references to the geology of Akiti<> County are given below. Some of these are of very little importance.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1. 2nd ed., L 875, p. 320 (Crawford); vol. 15, 1883, p. 370 (barite mentioned by ' i 06, part of pp. 509-20 (Hill).

152

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877, p. 50 ; No. 12, 1879, p. 72 ; No. 19, 1888, part of pp. 20-24.

Pari. Paper C. 16, 1910 1 ■

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. tool. Suiv.. part of Pari. Paper C. 2 (Mines 1:-]..), 1914, part of pp. 131-35. (2nd ed., 1915.)

64. Hokowhentja Count

The Tararua Range forms the eastern boundary and tern boundary of Horowhenua County. In the mam the county is an alluvial plain, in pla, built by the gravels of the .Manawatu. Ohau, Otaki, and Waikanae rivi rs. Neai Otaki one or two hills of greywacke have I n isolated from the Tararua Range by the action of the otaki River. In this district also Pleistocene Bandstone, probablj oi wind-blown 1 covers a considerable area. Along the coast-line are somewhat extensive sand-dunes.

Horowhenua County has practically do li resources of its own, although limestone or marble is said to occur in the Otaki Valley nine miles from N.Z. Inst., vol. 21, p. 487). It is traversed by the -Mam Trunk Railway, and can obtain lime by rail from Mauriceville, Ormohdville, Takapau, or'other 011 the eastern side of the Tararua-Ruahine Range. From Mauriceville to Tokomaru, in the north of the county, bj rail 1- about sixty-five miles; to Waikanae, in the south, 101 miles. From Ormondville the distances are right miles less; from Takapau perhaps greater by a mile. The importation of lime by sea from north-west Nelson to the ports of Wellington and F'oxton is also feasible.

Literature,

Among the referemces to the geology of Horowhenua County are—

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 2, 1870, p. 347 (Crawford); vol. 10, 1878, pp. 178, IT'.' (Crawford); vol. 14, 1882, pp. 89-94 (Travers, on sand-dunes); vol. 43, 1911, pp. 496-520 (G. L. Adkin) ; vol. 44, 1912, pp. 308-16 (Adkin).

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 22, 1894, pp. 1-2. Dr. L. Cockayne's rep. 1909 and 1911 on sand-dunes, with some of the literature listed therein, may also be consulted (for titles see Manawatu County).

65. Eketahuna County

The western boundary of Eketahuna County is the Tararua Range, composed mainly of old Mesozoic argillites and greywackes. Calcareous diabasic tuff and limestone or marble may also be present. A little to the east of the road from Masterton to Woodville, at a point four or five miles south-west of the town of Eketahuna, shattered limestone or marble outcrops on the left or south side of a small stream coming from the east. It occurs as a nearly horizontal bed. 6 ft. to 10 ft. thick, on a ridge 40 ft. to 60 ft. above the stream-bed, and is described by McKay (1888 report, pp. 5-6, 18-20) as a highly ornamental stone. The following analysis shows that it is of fairly good

quality from the agricultural point of view :

Carbonate of lime .. . , 90-86

Carbonate of magnesia .. 0.7Q

Alumina .. . _ 9.ha

i r , onox " lrs '.'. Traces

Silica .. .. .. _ o ,',

Water •• ■• •• 0-14 100-00

153

mestone from outcrop described above, forwarded by Mr. S. Bacon (?). Rep- 1888, pp. 5 6 and 18 20. See also Col. Mus. and Lab. 23rd Ann. Rep., I b No. 1690. Previously .Mr. Bacon had forwarded a sample rthy argillaceous limestone which contained only 62-75 per cent, of carbonate of lime. (See p. I ud pp. 53 and 59 of Lab. Rep. cited. Lab. No. 4674.)

The marble is associated with diabasic tuffs in a belt of Mesozoic rocks, which stretches eastward from this locality to a point in the Tiraumea Valley north of Alfredton. It is flanked to the north and south by Tertiary sandstones and claystones, capped in places by limestone. Mesozoic rocks are again seen as a small patch in the Upper Tiraumea Vail eight miles or bo eastward of Alfredton. They are overlain by sand stone with Lignite-seams, calcareous claystone, and limestone. These rocks are probably of Miocene age. The limestone occurs m patches east of the Upper Tiraumea and continuously inwards ita headwaters, which are in Akitdo County. According to Bell (1909 report, p. 3) it is generally impure, and either sandy or clayey. The following analyses show the composition of samples collected by him in the Upper Tiraumea district, from Maire Creek and Tiraumea Falls :

111 iSihca (SiO,) .. .. .. .. .. 28-20

Alumina (A 1,0,) . , . . 5-16 1-97

Iron oxide (FejO,) .. .. .. 1-64

Lime (Call) .. .. .. ..3 30-12

jO) .. ii 7! 0-76

Carbonic anhydride (C 0,).. .. 28-20 24-10

Moisture and organic matl .. .. 0*32 3-72

and undetermined .. .. .. 0-49 1-26

100-00 100-00

Carbonate of lime, per cent, (by addition of CaO and

1 ' '. .. .. 63-45 54-22

References 3rd Vim. Rep. X.Z. GeoL Surv.. Pari. Paper C.-9, 1909, p. 3; and Dom. \im. Rep.. 1909, p. 21. No. lis from Main- Creek, and No. 2 from Tiraumea Falls. Lab. Nos. 1960 I, 2.

The Tertiary limestone found near Eketahuna is represented by the following analysis of a sample of shelly limestone from No. I Special-settlement Block, Section 68, Newman. forwarded to the Colonial Laboratory in or about 1892 by Mr. James B. Tarr, of Karori. It contained a considerable quantity of sandy matter.

Carbonate of lime .. .. .. 59-03

Carbonate of magn< .. .. .. .. 2-78

Iron oxide and alumina (soluble in acid used) 1-69 36-21

Water .. .. 0-26 100-00

/,', f,,, nee. Col. Mll-. and I.;di. 27th Ann. Rep., 1893, pp. 23-24. Lab. No. 5985.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

: una County probably possesses considerable limestone resources, but prospecting is necessary in order to ascertain exactly what these are. Those parts of the county near the Wellington Napier Railway-line art- well situated to receive lime from the Mauriceville district, which is only a few miles outside the county. The importation of lime or crushed limestone from any of the counties bordering the railway to the north is also quite feasible. From Poukawa southward all railway stations are within a hundred miles of Eketahuna.

154

Lit* rature.

Among the geological references in Eketahuna County are— Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 1(1, 1877, p. 71. map opposite p. 88, &c.; .V 188, pp. xxxiii, 5-6, 18-20.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 13, 1881. p. 137 (coal near Eketahuna); vol. 21 pp. 486 ST (.McKay). !>..., I» * ' i , i ...... ,1 , : \i T. , ~-,,..

Pari. Paper C.-11, 1896 (bound m Mines Hep), pp. 49 51 (McKay). •3rd Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pail. Papei • . 9, 1909, p. 3 (-1. M. Bell). Bth Ann. Hep. N.Z. Seol. Sure pan ~l Pail. Papei I - Tall part of pp. 131-35 (2nd ed., 1915).

66. Mauriceville County.

Mauriceville County lies immediately south of Eketahnna County, and baa tin same general geology, but the only locality where Mesozoic rocks are known to occui away from the Tararua .Mountains is a little north-west of Mauriceville Railway(McKay, 1896). West and east of the valley through which the Napiei ' Wellington Railway runs there is a good deal of hilly country, mainly - Tertiary sandstone, claystone, and limestone. Almost the only locality where th stone has received much attention is that west of the railway-line, close to .Mauriceville Railway-station, where it has been extensively quarried for agricultural purposes. The rock here is friable, and presents the characters of a limestone formed under littoral (near-shore) conditions. It is thus described by Henderson : " The rock is made up of shell-fragments and contains a few particles of greywacke, while towards the top a layer of calcareous conglomerate perhaps 6 ft. in thickness is interbedded. The whole is overlain by blue fossiliferous sandstone, but contact with the underlying strata, which also consist of sandstone, was not observed. Where worked the limestone strikes about ITU and dips eastward at a very steep angle, its thickness here being about 300 ft. Southward the limestone is decidedly thinner, being replaced by congloi of which a section is well exposed in a cutting on the road to Mauriceville West. 20 chains from the railway-station. A similar condition is reported to obtain to the northward, hut the writer did not explore the district in this direction.- The deposit contains a very large tonnage of high-grade limestone, and is admirably situated for cheap exploitation. With a more up-to-date method of quarrying, and modern dryingmachinery, ground limestone could be produced at a cost materially lower than at present. B. C. Aston describes the Mauriceville Limestone deposit in the following terms, which arc rather too enthusiastic to meet the approval of the hard-headed, coldblooded, mining engineer, who, as a rule, lias been too often disappointed to have much of his youthful enthusiasm left, and who would point to Dr. Hendei remarks, and the various analyses here quoted, as evidence that the average grade of the stone does not exceed 90 per cent., and that it varies in composition in much the same way as other limestones : ■■Mauriceville Deposit: Those who inspect the .Mauriceville Lime Company's work,are impressed with the wonderful natural facilities that exist for working the immense deposit of high-grade limestone which occurs there. This is an isolated hill, rising from the plain to a height of about 200 ft., composed of almost pure limestone. There i,praetieullv n,, stripping t,, ,1,,. It is an easy quarry to work, and the quality of limestone is high (about 95 per cent.). On quarrying, much (about one-third) , material, which is remarkably uniform in composition. Bep powder, and could be successfully used for application to the land at once without further reduction.

155

At the foot of the hill, on a level with the kilns, is the railway-station, whence the privilege of 100 miles free carriage of treated limestone is allowed. What is required at Mauriceville is better machinery for reduction of the stone to a fine powder, and this improvement will, I hope, shortly be effected.”

lhe following analyses of limestone from or near Mauriceville may be quoted:—

Matter insoluble in acid, sUics, 4c... 2-Vl ".' ™ 4 ( -22 3-19 8-04 3% $3l ( "!

Alumina . . . . 1000 I Iron oxides ' * 241 2-34 2'16 314 2*63 • ..1 : \ . .'' .*: ' * I

Calcium carbonate .. s4-l!i 93-14 9196 9023 9198 8693 89-71 8416 9230

Magnesium carbonate, &c .. 2 0(i .. .. 2s: 2-18 2-98 316 269

Water .. .. 014 .. .. o-27 0-31 0-29 0-20 0-21 100-00 100-00 10000 100-00 10000 10000

Quicklime in oalcined stone, percent. ti and ethers) .. 78 88-4 86-7 83 87 79 83 77 87

M ~, in- ■ , -, . ""' "" "-' < ls > " l] d 5) (16) (17) Matter insoluble in acid, silica, &c. 260 382 1-88 1-98 13-8.1 3-6 0-0 4-7

Alumina .... 1 Ironoxides ['A >"° 47s 2- 8° iUi -■- 18 0-6 1-7

Calcium carbonate .. .. 718 9083 94-41 91-26 soli; 92-8 iis-7 93-3

0-32 0-26 1-95 3-:il 1-8 0-1 03

Water.. .. .. .. |..-, 0.4.-, n-G0 .. .. 100-0 100-00 100-00 96-35 10000 1000 1000 100-0

Quicklime in calcined stone, per cent. (Aston and oth. .. .. .. 59-4 s.-, 9] gg 69 88 98 88

(1) Pale buff-coloured shelly limestone, very close-grained, from Mauriceville, forwarded by W. H. Hells. Col. Mus. and Lab. 22nd Ann. Rep., 1887, p. 41. Lab. Xo. 4343. " A capital building-stone." The analyst reports a b ganese.

(2) (3) Limestone from Mauriceville, forwarded by T. !•'. Brenohelly (? Brenchley), through the Mines Department. Col. Mus. and Lab. 23rd Ann. Rep., 1889, p. 56. lab. Nos. 1928/1, 2. " Both specimens will do well for lime."

(1) Limestone, one mile from Brook Quarry, Mauriceville, forwarded by William Maddook Col. Mtis and Lab. 26th Ann. Pep. [892, p. 28.

(5) Porous limestone ("travertine") from Mauriceville, forwarded by T. F. Brenchley (see also Nos. 2 and 3). Col. Lab. 30th Ann. Rep., 1897, p. 11. Lab. No. 7272. It is not ble that this sample represented a travertine. The analyst (W. S. Skey) states that it occurs as a < ad mixed with small nodules, which could I asilj broken down by ■- 'hem iindei .i tinted roller. The application oi " this naturally comminuted limestone " without calcination to the sell is recommended.

(6) Buff-coloured. (7) red. and (8) more or less hluish-slaty-coloured shelly limestone. from Mauriceville, forwarded by F. Broderson. Col. Lab. 31st Ann. Rep., 1898 p 12 Lab Nos. 7808/1, 2, 3.

(9) From Mauriceville, forwarded by Sir .lames Hector. Col. Lab. 36th Ann Eep 1903 p. 8. Lab. No. 9393.

(10) Impure limestone fr.no Mauriceville, forwarded by K. W. 11. Hummer Col Lab 37th Ann. Pop.. 1904, p. 8. Lab. No. 9447.

(11) (12) From Mauriceville-. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 52. Lab. Nos L 479 and L 480.

(13) From Mauriceville. Aston, B. C, Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. 3, Sept 1915 p 239 t'sNo. KllO7. Date, 1909.

(14) From Mangamahoe (north of Mauriceville). Same reference as (13) Inalyst's No. G279. Date, 1915.

(15) (17) Kiln-dried stone, Mauriceville. B. C. Aston, article previously cited p 410 Analysts Nos G 370 and G 436.

(16) Calcareous sinter. Mauriceville. Same reference as No. 15. Analyst's No. G 372.

The deposit near Mauriceville Railway-station seems well suited for the production of pulverized limestone, and is sufficiently pure also to make good quicklime. The

material from the quarry that is too fine to be calcined is sold at a low price.

156

McKay mentions that above the impure lignite outcrops north of Mauriceville Railway-station, on the wesl side of the Kopuaranga, clays followed by impure shelly limestone, win. hj passes upward into shelly limestone of better quality.

Summary of Limestom Resources and of Means nf 'l'm,

In the Mauriceville limestone Mauriceville County has at least one good deposit conveniently situated. This alone will supply for many years the needs not only of the county, but also of extensive districts north and south of Mauriceville Railway-station.

From B. C. Aston’s analyses (Nos. 15 and 17 of table) it appears that the kilndried stone at Mauriceville contains 93 per cent, of carbonate of lime. The percentage of moisture in the rock is not given, nor can it be ascertained from the numerous other analyses quoted, for these evidently represent air-dried samples. Again, no analysis of the fine material, which does not go to the kiln, is available. So far as can be judged from the incomplete data at hand, the carbonate-of-lime content of the Mauriceville deposit as a whole is about 90 per cent. Systematic sampling of the quarry-face is highly advisable, for the numerous grab or “ empirical ” samples (see Chapter I, p. 27) for which analyses have been made cannot be accepted as wholly representative.

The county is traversed by the Wellington Wairarapa-Napier Railway, and the area east of the Tararua Range has good roads. Transport facilities are therefore good.

■

The chief references to the geology of Mauriceville County that have been noted areTrans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 2, 1870, p. 343 (Crawford).

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 19, 1888, p. 4 (source of Ruamahanga). Pari. Paper C.-11, 1896 (bound in -Mines Rep.), p. 51.

loth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C. 2b. 1916, p. 30 (Henderson).

67. Castlepoint Count

So far as known Castlepoint County consists mainly of claystones, Bandstoi allied rocks of Cretaceous or, 111 part, even of Jurassic age. On the western boundary small areas of Pliocene or Miocene rocks arc to be found. Although some Miocene fossils arc stated by J. ('. Crawford and McKay to have been found on the summit of the hill known as the Tinui (or Tcniti) Taipo. the main mass of that hill and similar hills in the neighbourhood is apparently unfossiliferous sandstone suspected to be of pre-Tertiary age.

A small patch of Tertiary argillaceous sandstone and shelly limestone forms the greater part of the headland known as Castle Point.

Argillaceous sandy limestone is said to be found over a considerable extent of country in the southern part of the county, on the estate formerly owned by tinRev. J. C. Andrew (" lea "). An analysis of a sample obtained about June, 1888. from the neighbourhood of lea homestead by Park is as follows:

Carbonate of lime .. .. 76-41

Carbonate of magnesia .. .. 2-84

Alumina and iron soluble in acid . . . . 0-61

Alumina as part of clay .. 4-19

Silica as part of clay and sand .. 14-21

Water .. .. .. .. 1-74 100-00

References. -Rep. of Geol. Explor. during 1887-88, No. 19, 1888, p. 24; and Col. Mus and Lab. 23rd Arm. Rep., 1889, p. 50. Lab. No. 1946.

184

Sumjna ces and of Means <</' Transport.

Castlepoint County apparently has few or no high-grade Limestone deposits. Since it is mainly a pastoral district the want of convenient sources of lime is not likely to be Beriously felt for many year.-. 'The county lias no railway, and at the present time the roads are poor. There is no port, but there an' one or two landing-places and boat-harbouxs on the coast, by means of which wool i> Bhipped and station stores, &c., are landed.

Literature

The chief references to the geology of Castlepoint County observed in the literature consulted are —

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877, pp. 50, 51, 52; No. 10, pp. 73, 89, 90; No. 11. 1878, pp. 20, 21; No. hi. 1884, p. 72; No. 19, 1888, part Of pp. 20-24.

Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899 (bound in Mines Rep.), pp. 33-36. Pail. Paper C.-16, 1910, part of (Mot

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Papei C. 2, 1914, pari of pp. 131 35. (2nd ed., 1915.)

68. Mastbrton Counts

lion from w< I through .Mast.'Hun County shows old MesOEoic rocks forming the Tararua Range. At the eastern base of the range it will probably show a belt of Tertiary sandstones, claystones, and perhaps 1 less Fault-involved, KasT of this is the upper part of th< R inga or Wairarapa Plain, covered by rivergravels. Some miles east of bfasterton a belt of Pliocene and Miocene calcareous Lnd shelly limestones appears, and continues up the Mangapakeha* Valley to Blairlogie or sYwatoetoe, where old-looking claystones and the Bandstones forming the Taipo Range come in to the east of a great fault with a northerly strike. A good many miles to the southward igneous rocks are well developed in the Bran< district. So far as known the coastal belt is composed of Cretaceous rocks, principally sandstones.

Near Taueru a yellowish shelly limestone of considerable thickness underlain by blue calcareous claystone is well developed on the north side of the road, and is favourably situated tor quarrying. The rock is reported to contain over 90 per cent, of carbonate of lime, and its quality is almost certainly good, bul no analyses are available. Easi of Carswell'B, and especially on Awatoetoe sheep-station, south of Kerosene Ridge, bands of shelly pebbly limestone appear in the calcareous claj i considerable extenl of country, Imt in many places are calcareous conglomerates rather than limestones. At the head of Middle Division Creek a thick bed of Bhelly conglomerate e of the mudstones. The strike is north-north-east, and the dip about 45° to the westward. Smith of Cameron's Look-out the shellglomerate seems to die out, hut boulders are seen along Kerosene Ridge near the Blairlogie gas-spring, and north of the Mangapakeha Stream, where shelly rock outcrops towards the head of a small stream opposite Mr. Cameron's bouse. The Bhelly pebbly one or sln-Il conglomerate is a most typical littoral deposit, comparable with the Manawatu Gorge limestone (see p. 144).

* Thii name i» spelt in various ways.

158

Tie- following analyses of calcareous rocks from Masterton County may be quoted

(1) HI

Matter insoluble in acid, ,v.. 47-7o 37-68 21-56 tin ls-21 22-26 15-44

Alumina and iron oxides 6-60 to;, too 0-40 o-lo 2-60 I It

Manganese oxide . . . . . . o*so

Wcrnm carbonate .. .. 42-60 66-48 72-1)2 95-39 80-11 7439 Bill

Magnesium carbonate, .. 1-60 1-79 I-"j:i 0-68 0-48 0-03 or,:,

Alkalies and undetermined .. I*3o .. 2-37 lull 072 1-36 100-00 10000 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00

Quicklime in caloined atone, per cent. 42 60 96 71 63 72

References.—(l) Arenaceous limestone (or. rather, calcara e) from Bushcroft, Masterton, forwarded by B. L. Holmwood. Col. Lab. 35th Ann. Rep., 1902, p 9 No. 9198.

(2) (3) From Awatoetoc, forwarded by H. Morrison. Dom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. Nos. D 1026/1, 2. Probably these analyse, ; |v pebbly limestone or oalcareous conglomerate mentioned above.

(4) (5) (6) (7) From Masterton (district) Aston. IS. C., Jour. Agric, vol. 11. No 1915, p. 239. Analyst's Nos. J 549 to 552. Date, 1908.

Summary of Limestone Resources <unj of M"n>- of Transport.

The Taueru limestone will ultimately he of great value to the Masterton district. but at present it is not near a railway, and material from it cannot be conveniently distributed. Lime or pulverized limestone can conveniently be supplied from Maurice"lie to all districts near the Wellington Napier Railway-line, which traverses Masterton County. The eastern half of the county, from Taueru to the coast, is somewhat out of touch with the railway, anil as vet is not well roaded.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Masterton County are

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. ii. 1877. pp. 51, 52, 5.". : No. 10, 1877, pp. 73. 89, 90, 91. and ma]) opposite p. 88; No. 11. 1878, part of pp. 11. 21: No. 12, 1879, p. 83; No. 10. 1884, pp. 71-75: No. 18, 1887, pp. 10 12. No. 19, 1888, pp. 20-24; No. 21. 1892, pp. 170, 171 (Wairarapa and South counties).

Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899 (bound m Mines Rep.), part of pp. 36-13. Pari. Paper C.-16, 1910 (Morgan).

Sollas, W. J., and McKay, Alex. : " The Rocks of Cape Colville Peninsula.' vol. 2. 1906, pp. 105 57.

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of C.-2 (Mines Rep.), 1914, pp. 131 36 (2nd ed., 1915.)

69. Waiimum'a South Counts

The geology and topography of Wairarapa South County are similar to those of Masterton County. Igneous rocks are not so prominent as in the Brancepeth district, but appear in several localities in the eastern part of the county. A belt of old Mesozoic rocks outcrops near Te Wharau, and extends southward into !■'■ .- County. Limestone of supposed Cretaceous age covers two considerable arras in the eastern or coastal district. One of these is near Glenburn (south of Flat Point). where it extends westward for four miles, and. gradually narrowing, northward to the East Coast Road, where the limestone area is still half a mile wide. For two miles north of Glenburn limestone outcrops mi the roast. The second limestone area a strip several miles long, with a maximum width of one mile, extending from the Kaiwhata River southward along the eastern flank of the coastal range of lulls to a

159

point not far north of the East Coast Road. The same belt also extends northward into Mastcnon County (W. A. McKay, 1899 report, p. 11).

From the Ruamahanga River eastward Tertiary conglomerate, sandstone, and calcareous claystone and limestone arc the principal rocks till the Pahaoa Vallej is readied. Rocks of similar age also form portions of the country to the west. I.iuie3tone similar to the Taueru shelly limestone is prominent in the area west of the Pahaoa River. I, forms much of the Maungaraki Ranee, and in places large outcrops ,hat oan '"' ' :, -' l > worked occur close to roads. Definite information as to the distribution of the limestone is wanting, hut according to Alex. McKay a licit extends from Taueru almost continuously to near the shores of Palliser Bay.' Four analyses, three of which represent excellent limestones, are quoted below:—

.Matter insoluble in acid .. 1-60 0-20 28-56

Alumina 0 . 36 0 . 30 Iron oxides 0-44 0-10

Calcium carbonate .. 95.90 95 . 2 0 9i . w 64-26

Magnesium carbonate, &c. . 2-06 Water and organic matter 1.70 4.20 100-00 100-00 .. 100-00

Quicklime in calcined stone, per cent. (Aston) 95 98 89-9 50

Referemn. (1) (2) Forwarded by M. Buchanan, Gladstone. Col. Lab 40th Ann Ren 1907, p. 15. Lab. Nos. 711/1, 2.

(3) From Te Wharau, forwarded by Alexander Matheson. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann Reu 1910, p. 12. Lab. Xo. 256. ' v "

(1) From Carterton, forwarded by .1. .McLean. Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep 1915 p 21 Lah. No. F. 863. ' l

B. C. Aston mentions a soft or friable limestone in the Gladstone district, a sample of which contained 94 per cent, of calcium carbonate (Ann. Rep. Dept. Agric. for 1916-17, l ';">; Pa P« I'. 29, 1917, p. 10). At a later date he civ,- no less than fifteen analyses of limestone from that district (Jour. Agric, vol. 17. X,,. 2. Aug., 1918, pp. 99, 100). The percentage of calcium carbonate varies from 67 to 98-6. Si.x samples arc described or triable.

Summary of Limestom Resources and of Means of Transport.

of the Ruamahanga River, Wairarapa South County appears to have g I limestone deposits, but systematic' exploration and (sampling are needed in order to ascertain what the limestone resources of this area really are. The western part of the county is traversed by the Wellington-Wairarapa Railway, and ran conveniently obtain lime from Mauriceville or farther north. No information as to the existence of limestone at the foot of the Tararua Range lias been obtained, hut possibly the pooi' limestone represented by analysis No. 4 above came from this quarter. ' The roads of the county vary from good near the railway to indifferent near the coast.

Lilt raiure.

The chief references to the geology of Wairarapa South Count)- in the literature consulted are —

Hop. of Geol. Explor., No. 11, 1878, part of pp. 11-24 ; No. 19, 1888, parts of pp. xxxiv, 1-6, 58-67.

Pari. Paper C. 9, 1899 (bound in Mines Rep.), part of pp. 36 l.'l (W. A. MoKay). Sollas, W. .)., and McKay, Alex.: "Hocks oi Cape Colville Peninsula," vol. 2, 1906, pp. 153-55 (andesite dykes in Cretaceous rocks near Flat Point).

160

JO I' i:\THERSTON COUHTT

In general terms the ! ton Comity is similar to Wairarapa South. In the wesl the Rimutaka Range, an unbroken continuation of the Tararua Range, is formed of the same types ~f Mesozoic rocks. Bast of the mountains is the Wairarapa Plain, partly occupied by shallow lakes. The country of the plain has ;, somewhat varied geology. 0W Mesozoic rocks an- well developed, and form the Haurangi Mountains, which occupy the Cape Palliser Peninsula. Cretaceous rocks, including a Limestone similar to the Aniuri limestone of the South Island, occur in a belt east of the Baurangi Mountains, whilst from Awhea R. Pahaoa River another belt of old Mesozoic rocks appears on the coast-line, and extends northward into Wairarapa South County. The remainder of the county —th I a central belt extending northward from the east side of Palliser Bay except for superficial deposits, is occupied mainly by Tertiary sandstones and claystones with more or less limestone. Small are,is of Ternary rocks are also found east of the Haurangi Mountains, near White Rock Station, &c.

Cretaceous limestone occurs in the following localities :

(I.) North of the Pahaoa River, forming part of a belt of considerable width near the coast. The bin.-.-tone i> interbedded with greensand, which in places is indurated.

(2.) South of the mouth of the Pahaoa River, in a reef extending some distance out to sea. The limestone here is white, close-grained, and tkiggy. It is interbedded with layers of greensand from 1 in. to 4 ft. or 5 ft. thick, and dips at about 40 r I westward. Grev and black Hints are common in the limestone of this lot

(3.) At the mouth of the Owhea or Awhea River, smith of Te Awaiti. In this local it v argillaceous or glauconitie limestone is reported to occur (McKay, 1878 ■ ■ p. 21)."

(I.) At White Rock Station, miles or so north-east of Cape Palliser Lighthouse. The limestone is here exposed on the beach and near the shore-line. According to McKay (1879 report, pp. 79-80) it consists of a considerable thickness of white. flaggy, one-grained limestone, with thin bands of greensand at intervals. The strike is nearly north and south, and the dip to the west at high angles. Dark-en; sandy beds and flaggy sandstones underlie. Outcrops may be seen north of White Rock Station on the banks of the 0 0 -pur to the north L'reat quantities of black flint are reported to exist (McKay. 1878 report, p. 23). A sample of limestone from White Rock Station was found by B. C, Aston to contain 76-3 per cent, of CaCO a (Jour. Agri., as cited above, p. 99).

The Tertiary limestone of Featherston County is sometimes called the " Wairarapa limestone." li is a coarse shelly rock, which appears to correspond to the Taueru me, and according to McKay's reports extends from Taueru in a south-south-west direction almost continuously to within two or three miles of the north-east shore of Palliser Bay. Thus it is found on the Maungaraki Range in Wairarapa South and Featherston counties, and presumably somewhat farther west also. It is seen in a gorge of the Hautotara River (presumably the Huangarua of present-day m Featherston, and is prominent on the hills to the south overlooking the Wairarapa Plain —for instance, east of Pirinoa—but, as already stated, disappears before reaching Palliser Bay.

In a recent article (Jour. Agri., vol. 11, No. 5, Nov., 1915, p. 410) B, C. states that there are two suitable sites for quarries at Pirinoa, where the uppermost limestone strata are (moderately) soft, and contain about 80 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Very little crushing would suffice to reduce this material to a form suitable for application to the land, and experiments to ascertain its value as a soildressing ought to be made.

161

The following analyses probably all represent the Tertiary limestone of Featherston < ounty:—

bem* •* - 8) osa & .*% ,&

rt=™t™ oiid " •• ..!■:: jia o-s Hi ss

m !.:: i,K "-":- •■ «•?? 93-37 »» as as ,;;:,;;

an carbonate, 4a .. 3-Ie 2-69 V. 1-29

100-00 .. 9905 10000 98-34 9903

[ me in calcined reek, per oent. (Aston) .. ..87 90 .. 90 90

87

Matter insoluble in 1U ,,,. silica, to. 8% iZ o\ll ,2& ,?& ,g2

■; „;.,:.:.."' ■- ?•»« i-w 29-40 t--n. L2«o 1540

'■ » 1-21 3-60 2-20 2-30 2-10

■< rl ""i"»- ■• ■■ 89-60 85-89 95-89 60-70 79-20 82-90 79-00

Magnesium carbonate, 4c .. fi , ln ~...,, ~..,,, Q .- n

w , ~ ""''" •■ 6-30 3-20 2-20 3-50 Water, 4c.. .. .. H 4 |. : „ : ~ 98-98 10015 10012 100-00 10000 100-00 10000

Quicklime in calcined reek, per oent. (Aston and others) .. si i 79 94.5 48 fi g 73 os

References.- (1) Forwarded from Greytown by 1). Henderson. Col. Mus. and Lab 23rd Ann. Hep.. [BB9, p. 55. Lab. No. 4920. "A g 1 stone for burning into lime."

(2) Reddish limestone, from Turanganui, Martinborough, forwarded by Iraia te Whaite ' 01. Lab. 33rd Ann. Rep., 1900, p. 10. Lab. No. 8351. In this sample'there was only a trace of alumina. The red coloui , sesquioxide of iron. " A capital limestone, adapted for building purposes and also for burning into lime."

(3) From Homeburn, Martinborough, forwarded by W.'Clark. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 11. Lab. No. 2329.

(4) From "Featherston," forwarded by J. A. Toogood. Dom. Lab. 45th Ann. Rep., 1912. p. 20. Lab. No. 13364.

(5) From ■' Featherston," forwarded by E. Aitchison. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep., 1911. p. 22. Lab. No. D 1087. " A first-class limestone."

i (10) From Pirinoa, eighteen miles south of Martinborough. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 52. Lab. Nos. L 57 to L6l. L 57 is a calcareous sandstone, and L5B is a highly arenaceous limestone. The oilier three samples represent good limestones. (11) to (14) From Pirinoa. B. C. .Won. in article already mentioned (1915), p. Hi). Analyst's Nos. G 195, 196, 497, 498. No. 11 is soft limestone'. No. 12 is medium stone from cliff above No. 11. No. 13 is similar stone from highest part of cliff. No. 1 ! is fairly hard stone.

In some of the beds below the limestone at White Rock Station and elsewhere n- concretions (septaria) are more or less abundant. Highly calcareous greenBands, which may also contain appreciable amounts of potash and phosphate, outcrop on the nortl of Palliser Bay (McKay, 1879 report, p. 81).

J. C. Crawford and A. McKay mention that travertine occurs in considerable quantity at "Te-pura-pura," "Hautotara," and other points on il stern side of the Wairarapa Valley (Crawford, 1861, 1870; andMcKay, 1878 report, p. 16).

Summary of Lino ~[ Meant of Transport.

Featherston County, like Wairarapa South, appears to contain sufficient 1 of good grade to supply all agricultural requirements. Systematic exploration and sampling are, however, The north-western part of the county is crossed by the Wellington-Wairarapa Napier Railway, and can obtain supplies of lime from Mauriceville, which is only thirty-three miles from Feathereton. A branch railway from rston to Martinborough is projected, and lias in fact been constructed as far as rston Military Camp. This will bring the limestone east of Martinborough within reach of the railway system, and if the stone is in quantity and of the quality 11-Geol. Bull. No. 22.

ted by anal I, 2. I, and 6 of thi e it will no doubt be ibly worked.

Literature.

Crawford. .1. C. Report in Council Papers of the Province of Wellington, 24th October, 1861. Not n. Quoted by .McKay in 1878 report, p. 16 Tran-. X.Z, Inst., vol. 2. cited below.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. I. 2nd ed., 1875, pp. 309, 'll2 313, 320, 321, 324, 325. kc. (Crawford); vol. 2. 1870, pp. 343 I" 148-51 (travertin,), fcc., (Crawford).

Rep. of Geol. Explor., X,,. 11. 1878, pp. II 21: X,,. 12. 1879, pp. 75 I. pp. II 12: No. 19, 1888, pp. xxxiv. ! 6, 58 67.

Pari. Tape, C.-9, 1899, pp. 36-43 (W. A. McKay); C.-10, 1901, pp. 28-32 (W. A. McKay). These papers are bound with the Mines I' their respective

Sollas, W. J., and McKay, Alex.: “Rocks of Cape Colville Peninsula,” vol. 2, 1906, pp. 178-85 (description of rocks from east shore of Palliser Bay).

71 ami 72. Hutt ami Makaha ( iiiMiis.

These two counties are composed almost entirely of old Mesozoic greywai argillites. In one horizon at least these rocks contain hands ~f diabasic tuff (more or alcareous). A patch of Late Tertiary (or perhaps Pleistocene) rocks ot Makara Valley, west of Wellington. In places, especially on the southern a beaches at various elevations ean lie traced. A prolongation of the Wangai ui Plain 9 to Paraparaumu in Hutt County, where it is fringed on the ocean si I the usual sandhills. Sandhills are also seen on other parts of the coast whi there is an inlet, hay. or flat land on which sand may accumulate. The Lower Hutt Valley contains fairly extensi-i river-plain, built of gravels brought from the Tararua and Rimutaka mountains by tie. Hutt River and its tributaries. There are small flats bordering the shores of Porirua Harbour; and the vail. Wainui-o-mata, and on • two other streams contain narrow river-flats covered by gravel and silt.

No -imeston icura in Hutt or Makara counties, but the Tertiary shelly rock of .Makara Valley is highly calcareous. A little travertine probably occurs on or close raised beach on the south coast of Makara County, near to or west of Sinclair H The occurrence of son,,.what numerous Hints and a few pebbles of a close-grained limestone on the low raised beach of Breaker Bay, near Seatoun, may he mentioned as a fact for which a sufficient explanation cannot easily lie found.

'l'll,, following analyses of calcareous rock, all from .Makara County, may be quoted :

Matter insoluble in acid, silica, &c. .. .. 0-21 74*23

Alumina .. .. .. .. ~ 0 -30

Iron oxide .. .. .. .. .. r

Calcium carbonate .. .. .. _ _ 24*46

te .. .. -J.hi "■.-■

Water .. .. .. _ ~..,,, 10000 10000

References. (I) Limestone boulder from gravel deposits, Tinakori B ugton I uiv-uhiir in colour, Bne-gramed. Col. Mus. and Lab. I9tb Ann. Rep., 1885, p. 26.

(2) Fossiliferous calcareous sandstone, Smith Makara, forwarded bv T 11 Robinson Col. Lab. 30th Ann. Rep., L 897, p. 11. Lab. No. 7233.

162

163

Analysis No. 3, below, perhaps represents a diabasic tuff: —

Carbonate of lime .. .. .. 21*13

Carbonate of magnesia .. 0-89

Lime (as silicate taken up by acid) .. .. ■- 3-40

Magnesia as silicate .. .. .. .. 4-63

Iron oxide and alumina .. .. . ■ 18-79

Siliceous matter (undecomposed) .. .. .. ■- 50-01

Water .. .. .. .. .. 1*15 100-00

Reference. —Calcareous serpentinous slaty rock with veins of haematite, from Makara. forwarded by Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. 24th Ann. Hep., 1890, p. 26. Lab. No. 4964/a.

Means of Transport, &

Hutt and Makara counties do not possess any measureable limestone deposits, but are sufficiently fortunate in having the magnificent harbour of Port Nicholson, with

the City of Wellington on its shores. The areas not occupied by towns and villages are largely pastoral, and therefore do not need lime to any great extent. This statement, of course, does not apply to the flat lands of the Hutt Valley, and to the hilly country occupied by dairy farms that supply milk to Wellington City and suburbs. Lime as needed may, however, either be imported by sea from Nelson to Wellington or by rail from Mauriceville, &c. The distance from Mauriceville to Wellington by rail is seventy-eight miles, and to Paraparaumu via Wellington 111 miles. From the limestone east of Martinborough the distances, when the branch railway-line to that town is made, will be considerably less. When the proposed Rimutaka deviation is constructed the length and difficulty of haulage will be reduced still more.

/

The chief references to the geology of Hutt and Makara counties in the literature •

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 1, 2nd ed., 1875, pp. 307, 308, 309, 321, 324, 325 (Crawford); vol. 2, 1870, pp. 344-45, 347-48 (Crawford); vol. 21, 1889,

pp. 486-87 (McKay); vol. 48, 1916, pp. 76-86 (F. K. Broadgal

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877, p. 54 (Tertiary rocks at Makara); No. 12, 1879, pp. 131-35 ; No. 15, 1883, pp. xxi, 85-88 ; No. 16, 1884, pp. 11-12 ; No. 19, 1888, pp. xl, 1-6, 67-71 ; No. 20, 1890, pp. 63-64 ; No. 21, 1892. pp, 35-38, 155 ; No. 22, 1894, pp. 91-92.

rr • —’ ’ —' ' 11 Pari. Paper C.-9, 1899 (bound with Mines Eep.), pp. 2-3. 8th Ann. Eep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1914, p. 147 (2nd ed., 1915). 9th Ann. Eep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, p. 83. 11th Ann. Eep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, 1917, p. 6. In addition to the literature cited, J. C. Crawford and others have written a number of papers dealing with geological features near Wellington. Most of these will be found in the Trans. N.Z. Inst. See index to first forty volumes, under “ Crawford,” “ Travers,” “ McLeod,” &c. For sand-dune literature see Dr. L. Cockayne’s reports (C.-13, 1909, and C.-13, 1911) cited under “ Manawatu County.” Dr. C. A. Cotton has written a paper entitled “Notes on Wellington Physiography,” which appears in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 44, 1912, pp. 246-65, and ought to have been cited above. See also an earlier paper by Dr. J. M. Bell in vol. 42 of the Transactions.

11*

191

CHAPTER III.

LIMESTONE IX THE SOUTB I.M.AM).

PAGE

'

28. -M.

170

'

174

30. Wairewa County ~ 238

181

■

181

•>.i 1

i -1

33. Aahburton G .. 241

L9J

245

.

nnty ..

ounty .. . . 11,7

248

111. K ,

249

11. Cheviot County .. O(KS

251

~, I ■ • • ■ ~_'llt, ''>'■ - . . 208

■ J r j - y

'2ll

Qty

1 '■ v 217

41. Maniol I 2 6fi

15. Westland 1 iounty . . .. "....

22' 1 ''* ' . . •>■■■

42. Waihemo County .. 268

.. 232 I I '■ ' 'xford < ity . . .> T .

111...... ■ ■ on

■ 1 .■-.. . t j v , . »V|V LB. \ ._ " ~t

-I", !'..,, ■ " '

15. Pi -Hi KJ....1 i ' ..

19. K

46. Fiord County ' . . . -"7-

.. 236 1 ounty .. ->■>-

21, Eyre County . ~'.',1

4 1, Wallace < bounty ~-■[

48. Southland County.. !! 281

22. Malvern < lonnty .. ~ 937

49. Tua

23. 1' y . - .. 238

"' - ■• 238

60. Bi

51. <Hatha County

25. Efeal hcoto < louni y .. »3fi

26. Halswell Counl y .. ■ >■;'.,

■'-■ bt4 1 in, v _ _ 288

[glands.. ..

~ '' >! ' ■ ■ "'■N

I. COLLINGWOOD Coi

,' K " "' Collin g w ' County are included in a greal seriee of marble, Senes. Theuppe, ."it. ;

'' ■7"""" 1 ' """' aIJ ">" "oh just mentioned are strata of Tertian orizons. , .'T" trip down the wj |V; ' I,I,! foyer and I " v " 1 " "- Co ndthe 'arewell Spit. ' th ' - " f

'"'■ "'" limestones of Collinewood Countv 1, .1 „ , , 'Periods Earl, ""»«« '-"J

T '"' '" ' formed d "i»g *e earlier period has been areata ,1. rI I ** Wd •»« acting £

PAGE

IGS

pienoe it is now a marble in which little trace of its original structure i detected. A small lens of v ipears in the headwaters of Oten Stream, near •Ilingwood County. Of much greater importance is the marble or lime limestone thai outcrops on the southern side of Parapara Inlet, and the county in a general southerly direction Eo finally ig the south-eastern boundary into Takaka County. The bell widens from a few hundred feet at Parapara [nlet to more than a mile on the county boundary. ■ ilar marl']-' occur westward of this bell in the valleys of the Parapara and Shu,' rivers. A small [ens cro— Wakefield Gully about three miles soutl Bainham. Still farther westward o occur in several of the streams draining into I River from the Wakamarama Range, and there are narrow lei, both the b< atalline limestone forms a coi able part of Mount Burnett, and o vera! other points north of Collingwood—imple, near the old graphite-mii I P kawau.

laries of the marb mth of Parapara Inlet, and those in the valleys of the Upper Parapara, Slate, and Paturau rivei refully mapped by the G he years 1906-7. The herefore referred to the letterpress and maps of N.Z. Geol. Surv, Bull. No. 3 for fuller information concerning belts than can be given here.

The quantity of limestone in the marble areas of Collingwood County is practically unlimi ontenl is very high. In sum-' places the marble is magnesian or dolomitic, and near the Parapara iron-ore deposit it may be of iron. There are e the marble

The following ana] lea of the varying composition of the Colling■l allied rocks, bul the reader ought to remember thai nearly pun- or dcium-carbonate rock predominates in most localities. Mai mples were to exemplify some special feature. gh in silica, are nol to be considered as repreBentati bodies of stone.

(1) (2) (5) Carbonate of lime .. 48-61 90-12 88-96 86-71 99-1 i_c*> o.Tn n.oi

1-63 2-79 !_'■'.' 1 2-31

: Vlumm;l , ■ 1-92 1-58 221 .'/' S9 1 im Iron oxides .... I race )

insoluble in .. 17-60 2-40 5-60 9-92 0-5

Water .. .. .. 0-24 0-11 0-29 0-17

100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-0

from Rnataniwha, Collingwood, forwarded by Mi .1. R. Reee I i I Lai.. I7t!i Ann. Rep., LBB2, p. 2'.'. Lab. No. 3075 I.

tributor, and reference as (1). Lab. Nos. 3076 2,3 " Tl;. i ellenl qualil \ ."

mestone, foi Wr. \Y. };. Rees (perhaps J, I! Rei ove) from 1 ollingwood Col. Mus. and Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1883, p. 15. Lab. No 3378 1 (probably).

(5) A very pure limestone u, forwarded by Mr. E. G. Pilcher Col. Lab. 10th Ann. Rep., 1907, p. 15.

Anal} repr aenl < hxlovician marbl Nos. 1. 1- •>: bly also repn

About LB9O Mr. ( '- Brown forwarded two samples of highly crystalline 1 ot marble from Parapara to the Colonial Laboratory. These contained 96*71 and 9G-82 -it lime. (Col. Mus. and Lab. 26th Ann. Rep., 1891, p. 57. Lab. Nos. 5374 1. 2.)

166

In 1907 Mr. J. W. Poynton, Public Trustee, forwarded two samples of almost pure calcite (calcium carbonate) to the Dominion Laboratory, 'i tied onlj bra phosphoric acid. (Dom. Laic list Ann. Rep., L9OB, p. LB. Lab. Nos. 1085/1, 2.)

In 1916 Mr. -I. Bassett forwarded a sample of grey marble from Turnbull's iron Waitapu Survey District, which yielded on analysis 16*56 per cent, insoluble in acid, 7-S-To per cent, calcium carbonate, and 2-58 per cent, magnesium carboj (Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 20. Lab. No. G 77.)

wing eight analyses represent Limestones and marbles from the Parapara district :

References. —(1) Arenaceous limestone from " Limestone Point," Parapara Inlet. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3, 1907, p. 58. Lab. No. 905 32. Th Nos. 2 to 6 are of Palaeozoic age.

(2) Crystalline limestone on road from Parapara Hall to Mr. J. Bassett'e house. Lab. No. 905 54.

(3) Impure carbonate rock (siliceous marble) from extreme north of Washbourn Block, mmediately south of Parapara Inlet. Lab. No. 1I 19 I.

Weathered carbonate (marble) from Tukurua Stream. Lab. No. 905 L 7.

Siliceous carbonate (siliceous marble) from Onakaka Stream. Lab. No. 905 3.

(6) Cherty rusty carbonate from contact with ultra-basic rocks. Parapara River gorge. Üb. No. 905/1.

The samples represented by the above analyses were collected in the years L 90- 7 by tin Geological Survey. Analyses Nos. 2to 6 are published in X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3. 1907, p. 38 (not in same order as here).

(7) (8) From Parapara, forwarded by John Hayes. Dom. Lab. 44th Ann. Hep., 191 p. 15. Lab. Nos. All! 1, 2. Probably Palaeozoic marbles.

An abundant and cheap supply of magnesian Inn.■-rune or dolomite is of importance in connection with the manufacture of steel by the basic-hearth process. The following analyses are therefore of general interest :

194

11) Dolomite from Collingwood Coal-minim.' Company's lease. Col. Mus. and Lab. Bth Ann Rep., 1873, p. 1«. and 9th Ann. Rep., 1874, pp. 15-10- Perhaps from dolomite bed m Tertiary coal-met

(2) Magnesian limestone from a locality north-west of Colungwood, forwarded in 1915 by Mr. John Haves to tie- Geological Survey. Dom. Lab. 19th Ann. Rep., 1916, p. 19. Lab. No. F255.

ii limestone l'r Parapara. forwarded in 191;! by Inspecting Engineer, Mines Depart pie collected by Mr. !•'. (I. Gibbs). Dom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 1911. p. 2:i. Lab, No. D 99ii 1. Sulphur trioxide 0-10 per cent. Probably same locality as Nos. 1 and 5.

(f) (•">) Magnesian limestones from near Richmond Flat, forwarded by Mr. .1 B Lab. Nos. D 1213/4, 5.

Analyses oi five other samples ~| ma<_<iiesian limestone (all siliceous) from Parapara will be found on page 23 ol the Dom. Lab. iTtii Ann. Rep. These, so far as known, all came from t lot Richmond Flat. Analysis D 990 2. given on tl i ust mentioned, represents a magnesite Berpi ntine rock, not a magnesian In. or dolomite. Analysis l> 1129 1. also on the same page, represents a highly siliceous rock.

The Tertiary limestone of the county has it- principal exposure in the western portion of where it forms an almost continuous strip extending from a point outh-wesl oi Cape Farewell to the Big River. There is also a patch od line-tone on the north side of the mouth of the Heaphj I , large area of calcareous beds is exposed. , ■ u two miles and a hall up the valley ol the Heaphy and over a part of the basin of the Gunner River, Small patches of limestone, which seem to be of good quality and rest almost directly on the basal rocks, are to be found at several points on the Gouland Downs. In the valley of tie- Aorere River patches of limeston <ur at several places near Bainham, ile (.'reek, and at "The Castles" on tic Quartz Ranges. There is also a area of Tertiary limestone on the west sale of Parapara Inlet. This extendi ~,, the valley ol the Parapara River to a point west oi • DW An analvsis of material from Linn-stone Point lias already been quoted.

The limestone of the belt near the western coast varies in quality, and in many places passes into a calcareous sandstone. ■ samples oi flaggy arenaceous limesl collected

in j,,,,; ... Mr, B. J. 11. Webb, then a member of the Geological Survey staff, from Sandhill Creek and the coast-line north .if Sandhill Creek towards the Paturau River. The limestone dips gently to the north-north-west, and is overlain by soft calcareous sandstone (" papa ").

ncet. (I) Froma poinl BOft. below top of limestone oliff, south-west aide of Sandhill Creek (some distance from the mouth). (2) From same cliff as No. 1.

195

(3) From coast-line north of Sandhill Creek, between stations 3 and 1 (over one mile and three-quarters north of mouth of Sandhill * n

(4) From station 3, one mil quarters north of mouth of Sandhill I

(5) From between stations 4 and 5, on beach about two miles north of Sandhill C

(6) From last outcrop on beach north of Sandhill Creek (near Paturau River, and two miles nd a half or more north of Sandhill Greek).

The above analyses are to be found in Dom. Lab. list Ann. Rep., 1908, p. 22. Lab. Nos. 1517/1-6.

Mr. Webb also collected two samples of the soft ~ "papa" overlying tlie limestone from points on the coast south and north of Sandhill Creek. ad the following composition:—

Refer --. (1) From coast-line south of Sandhill Creek. Lab. No. 151 (2) From beach between mouth of Sandhill Creek and "The Blowhole." 1. No. 1518/2. " The Blowhole " is about a mile north of Sandhill Creek.

The principal area of agricultural land in Collingwood County is in the neighbourhood of Bainham, a settlement on the west bank of the Aorere River, ten miles from Collingwood. Numerous isolated fragments of Tertiary limestone occur in the vicinity. but most of these are on the high terrace slopes on the eastern side of the river. More advantageously placed is a small area of flat-lying limestone 10 chains, more or lov, the road-crossing of the Silverstream, a brook flowing into the Aorere about two miles and a half south of the post-office and cheese-factory. This deposit directly upon, and contains occasional rounded pebbles of. the basal schist. The rock when the locality was visited was covered with fern and scrub, and it was impossible to ascertain the thickness of the various layers. Caves occur, and samples were taken from their neighbourhood. No. 2 in the table o ollowing the next paragraph shows the composition of a sample from tin' lowest 12 ft. of rock caves. The sample represented by No. •'! was taken from an overlying loft, layer, in which tie' rock was more arenaceous and decidedly softer. The deposit is not well situated for cheap working, its base being at stream-level and below tic general surface of the flat Residents, however, consider it the most accessible limestone in the district, and tinit any lime-treatment plant ought to be placed here. (Departmental Dr. J. Henderson.)

The limestone at " The Castles," five miles Bouth of Bainham, appears to be in part of good quality, as is shown by analysis No. I of the table below. There is probably good limestone at Bunga] two miles east of Bainham. and at the caves less than a mile to the north-east of the Bungapore limestone. The position of the numerous other patches of Tertiary limestone in the A ~1 DT ~o n_n _ suiting the geological map of Aorere Survey District in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3. ling to that bulletin the limestone of the A re Valley is in _ edingly argilla us. and in the lower layers it is frequently arenaceous. The thickness &, I oO ft.

PLATE VIII

Limestone Buttes (Hills) i\ Valle* of A ire Riveb ibove Rockville

198

The following analyses represent the Tertiary limestones of the Aorere Valh

The figures in the lowest two lines of the table above are approximate, and those Eor calciui m all or m< oo high. As explained in Chapter I. there are different ways of calculating the percentages oi calcium carbonate, &c., from an analysis, and these lead to alightly different results. If the analysis is incomplete the besl method cannot always be chosen.

(1) Prom Bainham, forwarded by E. B. Langford. Dom. I lien.. 1913 p. 20. Lab. X,,. ('971.

Limestone, 1" chains south of Silveretream, three miles south-wesl ol Bainham. Lab. No. G 1579 as originally recorded, but in Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21, the number is given as G 1578 'J.

jouth of Silveretream, three miles south-west of Bainham. Lab. No. G 1578 as originally recorded, but G 1578 1 in Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. 1917, p. 21.

(I) Lower pan of outcrop at "The Castles," five miles south of Bainham. N./ Geol. Bull. No 3, pp. 57 58; and Dom. Lab. List Ann. Rep., Huts. p. in. Lab. No. 1216. :. wer part of outcrop at " The C; Same references as No* 3. Lab. No. 1220. (6) Fifteen-mil.- I No. 3. Lab. No. 1221.

I

Althou Ordoviciarj marbles of Collingwood County are in places more or less enormous quantil Eor building, and fur ua for thi louth of Parapara Inlet, which happens bo I ed with the • ounty. Much of r Richmond e purer portion, if found in quantity, w ileination) for basic linings to steel-furnaces, Pure magnesian ii' in unknown amount uorth-west of Collingwood (near ■

Tertiary linn ad in the aggregate may be p limited in guantil t, it is not high grade, and idapted for pulverization than calciii

mountainous nature of Collingwood Count) causes many of the limestoni o be difficult of Valley are fairrj ble, but are situated in bo I" isily mined.

'I he counl 5 and internal communica■he Dorth ■ ■ be regarded harves i Tnkunia Point, Colling P ponga. West Wanganui rbour for vessels of m> 'aturau and

199

of the oil., all steamers. I communications of Collingwood County are theri good.

' are.

A part of Collingwood County ha and the results will be found in N.Z. Geol. Sun. Bull, v ~i the .1. 11. Webb, and I'.. Tins publication describes the geology of Aorere and Waitapu survey die 1 1" 1 latter district is Hide p i ollingwood County. A considerable and south of the Parapara Subdivision has been in pat nd topographically survey,! by E. .1. 11. Webb, 11. Richardson, 11. S surveys remain unfinished and the results unpubli

■art of New Zealand has been mo Collinj ml twenty-five or more official re have Had the loyed in making the nui in tie literature b survey aty would ii ixty publications ineral trict. To tl

Rep. "I Geol. Explor., No. 1. 1868, pp. 18-22; No. 6, 1871, pp. No. 7. 1872, pp. 158 6

Pari. Paper ('. (i. 1900 (bound in -Mine- Rep.), pi

01. 11. 1909, pp. 101-2; vol. 13, 1911, part ..1 pp. 297 315; vol. 18, 1916, pp. 59-75.

ll "' most exhaust on the county as a whole is that of Park in Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 20, 1890, pp. 186 243.

2. Takaka i

'gy of Takaka County is similar to that of Collingwood ('.unity. On aka Valley are mounts « i.s oi much the same I County. Tl ,ka Valley which lie Tertiary dstone, limestone, and i ppe d ' ol tnese rise above the general level of the valley-fl ~', c ,n the mountains in the southern part of the county oeai I Pyramid Mount Peel, &c.

The Ordovician marble bell in the east pari ol Collingwood Countj extends south* western part of Takaka County. U Waikoromumu Stream it is a mile and a half wide. South i I boki Biver " ll;is '"" oeen mapped, but appears to continue due south for man ' s also a small lens of marble east of the belt described above in 0 ;l tributary of Pariwhaki o Stream. Great quantities o) excellent marble occur easi " f the Takaka Valley in the Pikikiruna Range. A belt begins estern Bld « ol the range south of Pohara, and on the southern border oi Jurvey District is over two miles and a half wide. It continues without interruption southward t" the Mount Arthur district, where it passes out of the county. On the crest of ,hr ~lklk' n r arble is further exposed, but is for the most part in Wain*

The Ordovician marble of Takaka County ,s generallj ol great purity The ' ,v '" l '' l ' " v only two "> number; and on. the first quoted

200

is that of a Bample selected Eoi a special purpose, and not as representative of s body of Btone.

References, (1) Siliceous carbonate (marble) from contact with gneissoid granite at the base of the Pikikiruna Range. Geol. Surv. No. 276. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3, 1907, p. 38; and Dom. Lab. 11m A p. 18-19. Lab. No. 1102/4. About 13 per cent, of lime appears to be in the form of sil..

(2) Dark marble, Rameka (reck, Waitapu Survey District, collected by J. Henderson d 1916. Dun,. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. G1578/3.

Tertiary limestone is well seen on the coast at and south of Rangihaieta Head, easl of Motupipi River uear its mouth, on the coast from Pohara to Ligar Bay, on the northeast headland of Ligar Bay, and at Tata Islands. It forms a butte of several hundred Qorth of Takaka, and two small flat-topped hills to the south. From Ligar Bay a belt of limestone extends on the easl side of the Takaka Valley south-west along the base of the Pikikiruna Range. It is seen in Ellis Creek, Gibson Creek, Kitty Creek, Dry Creek, Rameka Creek, &c. There is a considerable patch cast of the junction of the Waingaro and Takaka rivers. Tertiary limestone of fair grade appears on the slopes of Gordon's Pyramid (near Mount Arthur) at a height of 4,000 ft. or mor farther to the west at the source of the Cobb River, whence it extends into tin I (Buller County). Bell, Webb, and Clarke report that the Limestone in the but seldom exceeds, 100 ft. in thickness. The Limestone on the high country near Gordoi id is perhaps not thicker. On the whole the Takaka is of better quality than that in Collingwood County. This is shown by the Loted on the following pa

At Rangihaieta Head the limestone does no! exceed 50ft. in thickness, and dips somewhat steeply at an angle of 35 to the north. It overlies quartz-grits, and, like the ewhere along the coast-line, is banded or flaggy, the bands averaging from 4 in. to 6 in. in width, and varying somewhat in the amounl of sand they contain. The lower p eedingly arena dy). The following analysis is stated to ; an average sample :

172

The hj hank of the Motupipi River extends from the rivermouth to near the bridge on the Road. It apparently has a steep dip to the west, but the authors of Bulletin No. 3 Btate that this is due to the undermining action of the river, for the under] tie has been worked on a small scale for the manufacture of lime and cei The following analyses indicate that it is of medium to good qu

I. Analyses of Motupipi Limestone prior to 1894.

//. Analyses of Motupipi Limestone mad> since 1894.

(I) Highly carbonaceous limestone from .Motupipi Coal-mine, forwarded by Mr. I). H. T. Hansen. Col. Mus. and Lab. 15th Ann. Hep., 1880, p. 36. Lab. No. 2664 (2) (3) Fairly hard limestones from .Motupipi. forwarded by Mr. .lane, McDonald Col. Lab. 28th Ann. Rep., 1894, p. 11. Lab. Nos. 6222/7, 8.

(4) Hard coherent shelly limestone. Sam- locality, contributor, and referem Nos. 2 and 3. Page 12 of report. Lab. No. 6260/1.

(5) From French's Quarry, Motupipi River. X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull No 3 1907 p 59and D I \„n. Rep., 1908, pp. 18-19. Lab. No. 1102 2. This is an a sample from French b Quarry (not River, as recorded in the I. oort)

(6) to (1(1) From Motupipi, forwarded by Mr 11. 11. Seal k. Grafton Road Auckland Dom. Lab. 41st Ann. Rep., 1908, p. 20. Lab. Nos. 1239 I 5. Composition of burnt sto) given.

v '' r " Pona ™ l I lestone forms cliffs along In this locality 200 ft. On the i the limestone is well bedded in places shows thick beds of fossil oysters. It is being worked here and at Tarakohe 0,1 '<■ small 5,,t1,. for the manufacture of cemenl by the Gold ment-works (Limited). This company can supply finely ground limestoi ;ultura) purj from its works at Tarakohe, but the high first cost of the ground rock and th transport prevent trade from developing to any great extent. Th. Tarakohe is from 60 ft. to 80 ft. high.

202

Analyses of limestone from Tarakohe (the site of the cement-works) and Tata Islands .

References. —(1) From Terakohe (Tarakohe) forwarded by the Secretary, Golden Bay • Company. Dom. Lab. List Ann. Rep., L9OB p. 21. Lab. No. Mil. The compoen. -

(2) Average sample from Tata Maud. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No 3, L 907, p. 59. Lab. No. 1171 2 Date, 1907.

(3) to (7] From Tata Island, forwarded I ler-Secretary for Mines, per Mr. Alex. Mi Kay, Governmei Dom. Lab. t2nd Ann. Rep., L 909, p. 20. Lab Nos. L 646 1 6.

Two analyses, the Bources of which have not been noted, ascribe 92 per cent, of calcium carbonate to a sample of limestone from the Takaka coast, and 80 percent, to a sample from Tarakohe.

At the point where Rameka Creek breaks from the bulla Tertiary lim< quality forms a Low terrace near a mad which Leads to Clifton, and also connects with the road to the township of Takaka. Hills of dark fine-grained Ordo ble rise rd. This is perhaps the most central site for a Limestone □ the Lower Takaka Valley. At one time the Tertiary limethe junction of the Takaka and V. ras calcined in a kiln for ultural purposes, &c., imt no Lime has 1 o produced for many yi

: Tarakohe linn ' m n description of the Golden Ba; Portland Cement Compa Mines Statement, Pari. Paper C, 2, 1918, pp 24 2' Analyst: Sydney F. Btrodwioke.

174

References.—(l) (2) From coast between Pohara and Ligai Bay. N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3, 1907, p. 59; and D 0,,,. Lab. 11-t Ann. Rep., 1908, pp. i 8 I'.) Lab. Nos. LlO2 3,9.

(3) From \< I bj Dr. .1. Henderson. Hon.. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep.. L 91 7: p. 21. Lib. No. 1578 5. Original Lab. No. L 582.

fl| From Rameka Creek. Same collector and - (3). Lab. No. 1578/4; original Lab. No. 1581.

Summary of Limestone Resources a»<l of Means of Trai

Takaka County has almost limitless supplies of high _ talline Limestone or marble of Ordovician age. There is also in or near the chief agricultural district, the Lower Takaka Valley. Most of the Tertiary limestones and some of the Palseozoic marbl< Takaka County has no reason to complain that oatu gardly to that part of New Zealand when limestone was being formed. All bl is is for man to do his part in erecting Lime-works and providing means of transport. As already stated, the ite for a central plant to produce either pulverized limestoi iltural linnis at Rameka Creek, three or four miles south-east by road from the township of Takaka. The sin! of Golden Hay give the county good sea communical There are small ports at Waitapu, Motupipi, and Tarakohe, and several bays farther east o] Point, but these run into the high land of the I'ikikiruna Range a.nd are of little use as harbours. In the thickly populated lower Takaka Yallcv the roads are good, and there is also a good road over the Pikikirumi 'o .Vlotueka and thence to Nelson. A somewhat indifferent road leads to Collingwood. The inland mountainous part of the county has no means of communication other than a few bridle and foot tracks.

Literal "n .

That part of Takaka County which is in Waitapu Survey District has been geologically surveyed in detail, and the results are embodied in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 3, 1907. Many of the more general reports cited in the list of literature in that bulletin (pp. 8-11) have more or less reference to Takaka County. The following

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 12. 1879. part of pp. 121-31; No. 13, 1881, parts of pp. x, 1-9 (see map opposite p. 2) ; No. 14, 1882. part of pp. 12 56 : No. 20, 1890, parts of pp. lvii-lviii, and 186-213 (Park); No. 21. 1892, p. 21, part of pp. 38-43, 151 (Collingwood County).

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 43, 1911, part of pp. 297-313. Henderson, -1. : ".Marble in Riwaka-Takaka District." N.Z. Jour. Sci. and Tech.. vol. 1, No. 3, May, 1918, pp. 17.") 77.

3. Waimea i

Waimea is a large county with varied topography and geology. In the west, schists, marbles, argillites, and greywackes of Ordovician ag Series) occur. In the east are conglomerates, greywackes, and argillites of uncertain Palaeozoic age (? Devonian), overlain by Permo-Carboniferous argillite, greywacke, and limesl intruded by various igneous rocks. These are succeeded by Triassic conglomerate, greywacke. &c, Middle or Early Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, and claystones, with a certain amount of coal in the lower horizons, occur in strips and patches in various parts of the county, fcml are nowhere prominent. Lata tertiary gravels have a considerable development in the Moutere Hills and elsewhere. The youngest rocks of the district are the gravels and other alluvia] deposits that form

175

the surface „f the Motueka and W tea plains, and of the river-flats throughout th,

As mentioned under lakaka County, marble of Ordovician age occurs on the top of the l.k.k.runa Range west of Riwaka, and extends as a wide bel( for many miles to outhward. A narrower belt begins in the valley of Holyoake Creek, near and stretches southward for many miles. In the Riwaka Valley ,t is hew,,,, 30 and 10 chains wide. This bell reaches Mount Arthur, and „ or the bell a Uttle west contmues as far as Mourn Owen, in Inangahus County, where marble osed over a wide area.

fhe marbe of the Pikikirrma and M„u„t Arthur ranges is generally so v l ' rv *' lh " stafline limestone") and of l,„h, colour-white b shades ~f grey. In plaoes, however, other colours appear and very 1 ;:""' S > la '' s llav " ' » "'"«"'•■'' quarries in the Riwaks and Sandy Bay U r -V ,iark marbl curs ,„ several localities. The marble is generally of great purity, hut portions are siliceous, and in places the stone contains pyrite (iron-pyntes), an objectionable constituent in building or ornamental stone The " '' art , uf Waunea ( '" UI ". V stains practically xhaust.H *hich is suitable for building purposes, and all is suitable for calcmation or pulverisation.

The marble in the lower part of Holyoake Q north-wesl and I P of about 80° to the south-west. Owing to granitic intrusions the thickness ' i "" 1 hM ""< ' " estimated, but probably reaches I,oooft. The following analyses show its composition : 5

n ? *« ,r '"" ' l " arrv "' Marble Creek . Holyoake Valley, collected bv sr'5 r ' '' l ; Mav - 1913 li-f. N.Z. Geo! Surv ~ p, ■'■ "."', ": Jt N o f D P^:

(2) Dark fine-grained marble from same quarry as No I collected hj, P d \i ' " '"J-: ,: "'- | ■ arl'of b-2 g 1915 »■ :> Si. ! ! ! -"< Ann- Bop.. 1915, p. 18. Lab. No. 2wBB ' '

<?>J™ Hugonin and Henderson's land, Dope,

""• , fo. 2. Lab. No E1569 W " f Ul " t " ' m ' r 't' '" d over Piiikinrna'Ranee ■ -- as No. _'. Lab. No. K1570. nange.

v , |,' »o. 4. Same references as No. 2. Lab.

(6) Generall sample from stone being used f,„ Parli, ,ntary Buildings Wellington Sample coHected by P. G. Morgan in May 1917 1,1, \,, riant' ti ■ ™emngton. no organic matter and no sod! or poS. ''"" """'''" Oontamed

176

Zealand M ■ ; llolvoake Creek valley (at llv abandon. I ■ 16 new 'prof about 1,200 ft. Abo i part of i: land, and a tram-line '•' ,h,p I""'' 1 Otuwhero Valley, and thence to tie- old tram-line li Sandj 1,., end of the tram-line is a wharf, wheno ped i< Wellin >ws.

ti .Marble Company ha Pikikiruna ol the ECairuru quarry in upper Bolyoake Ci ry Buildings is now heme obtained. The localit It iI half a mile in length, which to the nortl from a point on the i I over the Pikikiruna Range eight - The marble in the Ngarua quarry is of medium to eoarse grain, and exhibit contrast of colour, varying from white to dark-grey. Many ho. on the e, and the stone in the solid beneath is expected sive, with widely spaced joints. Tie- strike of the rock is a few degrees east of north, and the dip to south of bout 7n. A great quantity of fine building-stone is in sigl

In tie' low. Valley the marble belt is m tins wide, and this implies thai lie of great thickness ( i2.<w«) it. or more), for the dip is but the structure has not been worked out. On the south side of the !: River, a few chains from the stream and about a mile west of the bridge on the main Motueka Takaka Road, the Nelson Marble Company during 1916 stripped the face of a hill wttli a view to opening a quarry. The stone here is of medium grain. Not far av the north side of the Riwaka. a kiln for producing lime was in operation a few year

The headwaters of the Riwaka Rivei drain part of the broad belt of marble mentioned previously as occurring on the crest of the Pikikiruna Range. A mad. which ends as a horse-track, leads up the Riwaka River to the junction of a point about 560 ft. above sea-level. Half a mile up Flat Creek marble appears, and continues to the crest of the Pikikiruna Range. The upper pari of Flat Creek Bows in a wide, mature, basin-like valley, some miles Bouth of the main road ovei Pikikiruna Range. Almost the whole of tin' valley is floored by marble grain and colour. At a cleft near tin' head where a small branch stream disappears narble is light grey to dark grey, and even almost Mark in colour. It i 1. and free from pronounced joints. The strike is a little south of west, and the dip is southerly at an angle of about 25°. The locality is abo hvel. and near the main divide of the Pikikiruna Ranee. In i : nentioned above, the marble ared, massive, edium

206

, / ;",'"';? v , ,"' Fr ""' Biw * ka ' P«>l»l>Iy forwarded by .Mr. T. B. Jaoobson. Col Mus and Lab. 23rd Ann. Rep., 1889, pp. 54. 711. Lab. No. 1784 (probably).

(2|I From Riwaka, forwarded by Director of Orchards, Agricultural Department. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Hep.. 1913, p. 20. Lab. No. C 316. " This stone would yield an excellent quicklime.

,0,n (3) *',',"" ?'", n "; ka ' forwarded Hon. Minister of Mines. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep 1910, p. 11. Lab. No. lijs-j. '

(!) (6) From Baton River, forwarded by Mr. .lames Ness. Col. Lab. 40th Ann. Rep 1907 ; P."■ 'f' 1 - Nos - >: '. ;; '■ -'• Sample 853/2 may not have been from the marble belt.

(6) Prom Diummond's Run, Wangapeka Valley, collected by J. Henderson (Geological Survey) m 1916 Dom. Lab 60th Ann. Hep.. 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. G1583 (or as published, 1578/6).

(7) Graphitic dolomite from [lolling River, forwarded by .Messrs Fifield Col Mus and Lab. 20th Ann. Rep., p. 42. Lab. No. 3940

Concerning the marble on Drummond's Run, Dr. Henderson reports that it is on the north-west side of the Wangapeka Valley, nearly opposite the "Blue Rocks." and is readily accessible from the road. In this locality a small stream has formed a large talus-cone, of which the individual blocks are largely marble. These appear to be of uniform composition, and a general sample taken from them yielded on analysis 94-25 per cent, of calcium carbonate (No. 6 of table above).

The "Blue Rocks" is a bluff of Tertiary limeston i the right bank of the Wangapeka, four miles above its confluence with the Motueka. Her,, however, the stone is rather arenaceous, and decidedly inferior to the marble of Drummond's Hun and that of the broad belt west of the Wangapeka River, with which the Drummond's Run marble is associated.

The following four analyses of Wangapeka limestone are quoted by B. C. Aston but it is not possible to refer them to a definite locality or to say whether they represent Palieozoic or Tertiary rooks. The first two, however, are probably analyses of marble

Dr. Henderson reports that a large deposit of high-grade Tertiary limestone occurs on a ''"' al """ « ""'- "est from Kaia Railway-station (fifty-three miles from Nelson). The stone extends northward as a bare ridge, perhaps 200 ft. high, into -Mr. Ellis's property, through which access is most easily gained. The beds are several hundred feet thick, strike nearly north and south, and have a steep easterly '''l'- rhe limestone is hard and compact. A general sample taken along the ridge

Lenticular bands of Permo-Carboniferous or " Maitai" limeston ic'ur at intervals in the mountains bordering Waimea County on il asl from Croixelles* south-west-wards i.. Ben Nevis, and perhaps farther south. According to McKay this limestone

* Spelt " ' VoisiLlefl " on some niitjw.

12—Geol. Bull. No. 22.

207

is strongly developed oi Bide of Croixelles Harbour (C.-10, 1901, p. 6). It naa 'ts chief development in the Maitai Valley ami Dim .Mountain disti Nelson, where, according to B. 11. Davi lens begins Beveral miles north of the upper Mae t« a Point half a mile south of the north branch ol I apparently cut of) by a huge intrusion ol ultrs basic igneous rock (no tine). This hand maximum width of nearly half a mile. [( .\ v ,„ the Another hand of limestone begins a mile to md extend- continuous] '"'"' miles and a half to the south-west, [t . ■ Wooded Peak. cuous cliffs in the Roding, United, and Champion valleys. It is leen in II Creek, hut ends before reaching the Serpentine River.

A narrow band of limestone extends from Goal Hill for more than t ''"' south-west, and reael.es the south sale „f the Lee liner. A small lei al """ three-quarters ol a mile west of Coat 11,11. Another lone narro* hand of lime--81 P ; '~"- through tie. lower valley of River, and ends southlil"1"1" and u i junction. Limestone again appears between five il'" south-west oi this junction, at or nes - 1,1 Wakefield. Then- is a small lens of limestone between I 8 '"'le and a half SOUth-Wegl of Mope. The farthest SOUth recorded out, M: " ,al limestone ate on Little lie,, Nevis, in the north . Rj nto u] Survey District Gordon's Knob, thirteen miles to the south-south

The Maitai limest is normally a close-grained compact rock varying from bluek white '" colour - Dark spi p. less pure than the lightercoloured material. Examination under the microscope shows that it is largely composed oi fragments of prismatic shells, which at one time were thought represent the remains of a species of Inoceramm, and therefore to indicate a M Mesozoic age for the limestone. C T Trechmann, however, has show,, that the pnsmatic-shell fragments belong to Aphanaia, a genus that oc. Penno-Carboi roua , lf Xrw Sllllth Wi| |n |ll| ,, ||i , in t() t||js 9ufficiem ln " !l evidence has I n obtained to prove the Permo-Carbonif, the Maitai 3tone and associated he,].. B0 that oi f the vexed questions of New Zealand • at rest, ii is hoped, for ever.

Tertiary limestone outeroj ort distance in O'Brien Creek. 4 chains above Glen Bridge. Another and ! .. the foothills between O'Brien and Poor Man creeks. The limes* at these two places is composed of bi er with a few sea-urchin spines and a little grit, sand, and clay, other o ul of similar limestone may occur to the south-west. Most or perhaps all of the following analyses of limestone from various localities in 11 aBtern l ,iin "' Wa a County represent samples of Maitai or Permo-Carboi ' : '"' Th « ' 'rranged in • the first of whicl made P nor '" l9l °. K " ] < ' xception of those representing samples collected by the ical Survey, which are placed in the second group.

208

References. (1| Bituminous limestone from Sellen's (not Sullen's), Wairoa Gorge ...lie, red by Mr. Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. 13th Ann. Rep., 1878, p. 23. Lai. No. 2064. Bituminous substances amount to o*7 per cent.

rystalline Limestone fr Limestone Bluff, Champion lead, forwarded by Mr. A. D. Bayfeild. Col. Mus. and Lab. 20th Ann Rep. 1886, p. 41. Lab. No. 3919.

(3) Solid dull-grey limestone from Croixelles, forwarded bv .Air. J. B. Blaine. Col. Lab. 29th Ann. Rep., 1895, p. 11. Lab. No. 6641 1.

(1) White coherent limestone from vicinity of Nelson, forwarded by the Locomotiv Superintendent, Railway Department. Col. Lab. 31th Ann. Rep., 1901, p. 12. Lab No sTIG.

(5) to (8) Nelson. Aston B.C. Jour. Agric, vol. 11. No. I. Oct., 1915. p. 329. Analyst's Nos. II 182, 183, 184, and JB4. Dates, 1907 and 1908.

(9) (|ni Belgrove. San as Xos. 3to 6. Analyst's Nos. 11654 and 65.' Hat- 1907.

(11) (12) From Quail Valley, Belgrove, forwarded bv Mr. George E. Field. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 11. Lab. Nos. 2228/1, 2.

References. —(1) General sample from outcrop on the ridge between the Miner and Rodin" rivers, near the. head of Stratford Creek. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Hep.. 1909, p. II . ..nd N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. Xo. 12, 1911, p. 18. Lab. No. 2571 7 1.

(2) Sample from limestone cliff on the Champion track. Same references as No. 1 Lab. No. 2263/ B.

(3) Represents a specimen from south end, and (4) a specimen from mirth end of limestone cliff on the United Copper Company's tramway. Same references as No. I. Lab. Nos. 2253 In, 11.

(5) Tertiary limestone from O'Brien Creek. Dom. Lab. 43rd Ann. Rep., 1909, p. II (recorded as from Enner Glynn Creek); and NX. tieol. Surv. Bull. No. 12, 1911, p. li 6. Lab. No. 2571/2.

(6) From Brightwater, forwarded by Mr A. W. Bell. Il Lab. 50th Ann. Hep 1917, p. 20. Lab. No. 0 382.

il travertine deposits are found in the Dun Mountain district. One of these j s on the north bank of Miner Stream, a quarter of a mile above its junction with the Hacket. A calcareous spring issuing on the hillside 300 ft. above the valley-floor has coat«l an area of several acres with travertine to an average depth of al leas!

w

209

20ft. Similar deposits are found in Mill Creek, a tributary of the Maitai River and in the mam branch of the Teal River. In all cases the carbonate of linn deposited has been derived from belts of Maitai limestone.

Summary of Linu storu /•'<

From what has been stated on the preceding pages il will be perceived that Waimea County possesses great deposits of limestone and marble, winch in mosl places are of great purity. Unfortunately many of the limestone areas are difficult of access, or are situated where they are not of much value for other than local use. The most conveniently situated deposits are the marbles of the lower Riwaka Valley, which can supply the rich alluvial land of the lower Motueka Valley and the fruit lands of the Moutere Hills with lime. The Wangapeka district can be supplied from the marble on Drummond's land.

The Tertiary limestone west of the Kaka Railway-station is nearer the railway than any other deposit of importance in Waimea County. At the time of writing ir is about to be developed, and probably lime-works will be in operation before tins report is published.

The nearest limestones to the Waimea Plain are tin- Tertiary Limestones of O'Brien ami Poor Man creeks, and the Permo-Carboniferous limestones at Lankow Creek. and at the junction of the Roding and Wairoa rivers. Only the last-named depoeH is likely to he worth developing. Limestone is seen on both sides of the united streams (now called the Waimea River), at a point two miles and a quarter sou! i of Brightwater Railway-station. The locality has not been visited by any of the present members of the Geological Survey staff, and the writers are unable to say whether quarrying on a large scale is practicable or not.

Means of Transport.

Waimea County possesses the important port of Nelson and a number of other harbours, some of which, such as Croixelles, are not well situated for trading purposes. Motueka now has a good harbour for small vessels, and there are several other points on the shores of Blind Bay where small steamers and scows may load or unload. A railway runs from Nelson to Glenhope, in the extreme south of the count v. The Waimea and Motueka valley-flats are well roaded, but the hilly districts are naturally less fortunate in this respect, and in the highland areas only bridle and foot tracks have been made. The road over the Pikikiruna Range, however, is an exception to this statement. Considering its mountainous nature, Waimea County may be said to have good internal communications.

Literature

That part of Waimea County contained in Waimea and Maungatapu survey districts has been geologically surveyed in detail, and the results will be found in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 12, 1911, "The Geology of the Dun Mountain Subdivision, Nelson," by J. M. Bell, E. de ('. Clarke, and P. Marshall. The list of literature on pages (i 9 nf that bulletin gives the titles of most of the reports and papers dealing with the geology of Waimea County.

The reports and papers indicated in the following list are either supplementary to the list in Bull. No. 12, or deal with areas wholly outside the Dun Mountain Subdivision :

Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 4. 1868. pp. 27-28; No. 19. 1888. pp. xxxix xl. 71 78, 90-92: 1890, No. 20. part of pp. Ivii Ivii.i. pp. 69-74, part of

pp. 186-243; No. 21, 1892, pp. 20-21, 38-43 (marble of Pflrikirana Ranee), 168-70 (geology of county summarized).

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'■ Reports mi the Coalfields of New /.calami.' Tall. Paper K. 111. 1873, p. 2 Pari. Paper ('. 11, 1896 (hound in Mines Rep.), -pp. 27 31. Pari. Papci

C. 10, 1901 (hound m Mines Hep.), pp. :> 6.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 13, lull, part of pp. 297 315. 7th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv.. part of Pari Paper C. 2. 1913, pp. 129 30, 131-33. 9th Ann. Rep., pari of Pari. Taper C. 2. 1915, pp. 82 86.

I Sounds County

The rocks of Sounds County consist almost entirely of Palseozoic and Early Blesozok Bchistß, greywackes, and argillites. In D'Urville Island a bell ol serpentine and Permo-Carboniferous limestone, as mentioned below, is probably also present. The county has very Little flal or arable land, and is therefore mainly a pastoral district, which at present requires very little lime. The only reported occurrence of limestone in Sounds County is on D'Urville Island, from which a sample of fine-grai 1 marble, containing 96-42 per cent, of calcium carbonate, was forwarded to the Colonial Laboratory in 1885 by the Hon. D Kenny. (Col. Mus. ami Lab. 21st Ann. Rep., 1886, p. 36. Lab. No. till.) The specimen was probably from a northern continuation ol the beds of PermoCarboniferous limestone occurring in the mountains eastward of Nelson, and known to extend northward on the mainland as far as Croixelles.*

Means of Transport, &c

The deep indentations of Pelorus and Queen Charlotte sounds with their numerous arms give Sounds County spl.-mliil sea communications. The district is too billy and broken to be well loaded, but the arms of the sea compensate for this, and in practice take the place of roads.

Literatim

The following reports, in whole or in part, specially refer to the geology ol Soundi County :

1!.,,, of lon,l. Explor., Xo. 7. 1872, pp. 125 29; No. 8. 1877, pp. 30-33; No. 9, 1877, pp. 2-8; No. 11. 1878, pp. I 5; No. 12. 1879, pp. 30-36, ~5 511, 86-97; No. 17, 1886, pp. 10 13; No. 20, 1890, pp. xxx-xxxi, 36-44, 60-63, 85-185; No. 21, 1892, pp. xxix-xxxin. lxxi, 163 (onlyfour lines refer to Sounds County us now constituted).

Pari. Paper C. 0. 1894 (bound in Mines Rep.), p. 8; Pari. Paper ('. 9, 1899 (hound in Mines Rep.), pp. 31-33.

t>. Mablbobouqh Counts

Marlborough County is composed mainly of Paueozoic and "lil Meaozoic schists, anpllites, ami greywackes. There are Bmall areas of Tertiary rocks, ami the lower Wairau Valtej contains a fertile ami extensive plain, of which Blenheim is the centre. Elsewhere the areas "I flal land are small.

Very little calcareous material is to be found in Marlborough County. Tl ly known localities are (I) in the vicinity 6f Picton, (2) fourteen or fifteen miles southBlenheim, and (3) near Taylor's Pass. The last- ntioned occurrence is described mi page 197, undei " Awatere County."

* P.. ('. Aston report* a Bpecimen "f limestone Erom Waitaria Bay (Queen Charlotte Bound) with 96-5 |„ , cent i irl iii of lime (Jour. Agrie., irol IT. No. 2, Aug. 1918, p. W).

211

At Shakespeare Bay, tear Picton, is a series of Early ontaining conglomerates which have a calcareous matrix, ami in p] into impure limestone. The beds arc highly disturbed, and dip at all angles and in all directions. At the cemetery near the head of a creek falling into futon Bay arc considerable n of limestone, and a similar rock appears on the peninsula separating Picton and Shakespeare hays. At The Elevation, one mile and a half Bouth-wesl of Picton, calcareous claystone, probably of Miocene age, occurs, and on tic south side of the saddle similar material is exposed over a width of from 250 card- to 300 yards. (Eep. oi Explor. No. 14, 1882, pp. 110, 111.) Analyses of the Picton lime,tone are—

Reference.— From Picton Bay, forwarded by the Under-Secretary, Mines Department, per Mr. Alex. McKay, Government Geologist. Dom. Lab. 42nd Ann. Rep., 1909, p. 20 Lab. Nos. 1668/1, 2.

A sample of close-grained calcareous sandstone from the Waitohi Valley, near Picton, forwarded in 1904 by the Waitohi Valley Mining Company to the Colonial Laboratory, had the following composition :

Reference.— Dom. Lab. 42nd Ann. Hep., 1909, p. 21. Lab. Nos. 1979/1 and 2017, 1. 2

Mr. A. P. Seymour, of Picton (formerly Provincial Superintendent, &c), informed one of the writers that limestone covers a considerable area at the head of Pig Gully, a tributary of the Omaka River. The locality is quite lifteen miles southwest of Blenheim as the crow flies. The name "Castle Hill," south of Pig Cully. perhaps refers to weather-worn limestone outcrops. The limestone probably extends to the crest o( (he dividing-range between the Wairau and Awatere rivers, and may continue into the valleys of Blairich and Black-birch creeks (sec p. 202). Westward, on or near a large tributary of tic Omaka River, less than half a mile from the junction of the streams, is a limestone rave.

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The following five analyses of Limestone from the neighbourhood of Blenheim and the Wairau Valley have been mad,-. In no case is the exact locality of the material known to the writers.

(2) Vesicular Limestone, occurring seven miles trom Bleniieim, torwaraea oy mr. uouson. M.H.R. Col. Mus. and Lab 22nd Ann. Rep., 1887, p. 11. Lab. No. L 550.

(3) Dark-coloured massive limestone from Wairau Valley, forwarded by Mr. Tyree. Col. 12nd Ann. Rep., L 899, p. 7. Lab. No. 8136. The presence of sulphuretted hydrogen in this rock is noteworthy. This is perhaps a Permo-Carboniferous limestone. (See also under the heading of "Awatere County," p. 197.)

warded by Mr. 11. D. Vavasour. Dom. Lab. Kith Ann. Rep. I:,|:; n, 20. Lab. No. > 935. " Tins is a g I limestone, and would yield a ' burnt ' linn na about 80 per cent, of quicklime (CaO)."

(.">) From Parikawa, Blenheim, forwarded by Moore and Smythe, per Fields Division, Department of Agriculture. Dom. Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., L 915, pp. 21, 38. Lab. No. E 966. The Locality of Parikawa (or Pirikawa, as it is sprit on page 38 of the Laboratory Report) is It may, however, be Parikawakawa, which is situated on the roast a !ru miles south of Kekerangu, and therefore is in Awatere County.

Summary of himt Resources and of Means of Transport

Marlborough County apparently has very little Limestone conveniently situated for forked. The Limestone aeai Picton, though n yields g I samples, is probably and hardly worth developing Pel little reliable information rning the li stone that occurs fifteen miles south-west of Blenheim, and possibly nearer, so that the writers are unable to say whether tins can be developed m anv wav . At present it appears that the Wairau farmers will have to obtain pulverized Limestone from the Cape Campbell or Ward district in Awatere Count; p. 198. n ~-./.). A railway runs from Picton southward through Blenheim to Wharanui ■ m \,, . and will ultimately be continued till it connects with the Canterbury railways. From Waul to Blenheim by rail is only thirty miles, and to the port of Charlotte Sound, another eighteen miles. The more settled parts of Marlborough possess good or fairly good roads, but a considerable area is mountainous and almost unroadable. The heads of Pelorus and Queen Charlotte Bounds, both Scent natural harbours!, are in Marlborough County. Another good harbour, at • little used, is Port Underwood. Small vessels can enter the Wairau River and 1 u|, the Omaka branch as far as Blenheim. The county thus has good sea nnmmunic&t ii

LiU rature.

The , ~ important references to the geology and structure "1 Marlborough Count; I in the Following

Geol. Explor., No. I. LB6B, pp. 34 36; No. 7. 1872, pp. 119 25; No. 8, pp. 27 58; No. 9, 1877, pp. 32 35; No. 12. 1879, pp. 30-36, 86-100:

No. 13, 1881, pp. 1 IT 19; No. 11. 1882, pp. xiii xvi, 106-15; No. 20, 1890, pp. xxxvi liv 36 M 85 185; No. 21, 1892, parts ..1 pp. 1-28, 158, 1631 No. 22. 1894, pp. x.x.x x.x.xiii.

9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, p] VZ. [nst., vol. 15, 1913, pp. 316 22 (I . A, Cotton).

213

li. IJt'J.I.KI: I orvn .

Buller County consists of a long strip of country on the west coast -I thi Island, extending from Kohaihai Point, mount- Domett, Cobb, and Arthur, to the Punakaiki River.* Its extreme length, from Mount Cobb .roe of the Punakaiki. is almost 100 miles. The rooks ~l the county comprise I' eisses, schists, greywackes, and argillites, much intruded by granite and other igneous rocks, Eocene and Miocene conglomerates, grits, sandstones, limestone, and calcareoui Pleistocene and Recent gravels, sands, Ate.

The Eocene Btrata contain valuable seams of bituminous coal, host developed northeast ol Westport, and the Miocene hods contain a great deal of brown coal. Goldbearing lodes occur in the Palaeozoic rooks, while thi Q gravels and sands are in many places highly auriferous.

Ordovician marble is soon at .Mount Arthur and on the range to the south (see p. I7(i). The locality is remote, and has its natural outlet into Waimea County, 80 that no consideration i d be given to it from tin- Buller County point of view. Possibly also appears in the country between Mount Arthur and Mount fold,, hut this d is .von inon- remote and difficult of access than Mount Arthur. McKay mentions the occurrence of li at ; west of Mount Peel," which, he believes, is either of Devonian or of Carboniferous age (Hop. Cool. Explor., No. 12, 1879, pp. 12s 29), and in the latter may ho the equivalent of the Maitai limestone.

Limestone of Tertiary ago is abundant m Buller County. Some is Eocene, but most is of Miocene age. A large area of limestone extends from the watershed between Iho Takaka and Leslie rivers down the Leslie Valley to Karamea Bond, and thou,,, for some miles up the Karamea River. There is also limestone near the heads of the Karamea and Moiahinui inns (Hector, Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 16, 1884, p. xvi No. 21. 1892, |>. xl). The following section is one to which [lector attaches much importance, and partly for that reason it is reproduced here:

a. Grey concretionary limestone. 6. lory marls, with Pectm plmrontdei. .-. White splintery limestone, d. Fucoidal greensand. e. Chalk-marls, with bands of ohert. /. Dark greensand and concretionary sandstone. g. Brown grit and sandstone, with Cardium t» sandstone, with fossil plants and coal-seams. <:. Granite. The section represents a vertical height of 2,700 ft.

The district westward of the localities lasl mentioned has been examined in detail by E. J. 11. Webb, who states that argillaceous limestones of Miocene age are widely distributed through Kongahu and Otumahana survey districts (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. Nn. 11. 1910, p. 19). A well-defined Land of limestone from 20ft. to 50ft. thick occurs in a higher horizon, and extends for many miles. It is a shallow-water deposit,

•This is the boundary shown on the maps used by the writers. For many years Grey County claimed i In- strip of country between the Punakaiki and the Porarari rivers, but the dispute, the writers linden has been nettled in tavoui of Buller County. The names Punakaiki and Porarari, mentioned above, are s|wlt iii various waj a

214

and is generally of a flaggy nature, with the individual bands or beds usually from 1 in. to Gin. thick. As a rule it is shelly and arenaceous "i gritty, but in sonic localities Uaceous or glauconitic. whilst in others it passes mto calcareous gril or conglomerate. Portions are of excellent quality. These are generally bluish or nearly white in colour, and ol crystalline or semi-crystalline appearance. (In pages 38 to |( i of the bulletin mentioned above Webb describes the limestones of the .Mount Radiant Subdivision in some detail. He cites do less than eighteen nearly complete analyses, and six determinations of calcium carbonate. An analysis of fine-grained calcareous sandstone or "papa" from Granite Creek is given on page 21. 'flic analyses are too numerous to quote in full, but they are included in the list on a later page. Webb's remarks may be summarized as follows :

(1.) In the Kakapo River, a tributary of the Karamea, a band of Baggy semicrystalline limestone about 75 ft. thick is exposed. It is generally of high quality, bul gritty in places. A general sample contained 99*08 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

(2.) In Hula .Stream, a tributary of the Kakapo, the high-grade limestone (? near its head) ha- a maximum thickness of 20 ft., and contains 98-05 per cent, of calcium carbonate. A rather gritty limestone. 2" ft. thick, seen in the most southerly left or western branch of Huia Stream, yielded a sample containing 91*50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. A sample of argillaceous arenaceous limestone contained about 72 pel- cent. of calcium carbonate.

(3.) Rather indefinite outcrop- of Limestone at elevations of about 1,640 ft. in the lirst and third left (eastern) branches of Lawrence Stream, a tributary of the Little Wanganui, showed thicknesses varying between Hi ft. and 20 ft. Samples contained 94-96 per cent, and 96-96 per cent, of calcium carbonat

il.) A poor outcrop of slightly dolomitic semi-crystalline limestone outcrops in Drain Creek (a small stream joining the Little WanganuJ south-west <>f .Mount Scarlett). The sample analysed contained 89-41 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 7*lB per cent, of magnesium carbonate.

(."}.) At the base of Black rial Mountain flaggy Limestone is well exposed in the track-cutting on the north bank of the river.* It outcrops also on the south side of the river, where it is seen to have a thickness of about 100 ft. Webb says that the limeis of very variable character, some being high grade, some arenaceous and gritty, Borne glauconitic, and some calcareous grit or conglomerate. Tun samples picked from the best zone, 2') ft. thick, contained 96*70 and 96*84 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Three general samples from the whole zone contained 90-92, 93*00, and 94*03 per rent. of calcium carbonate results that seem to indicate the limestone as a whole to be <-f better quality than Webb supposed.

(6.) A sample of highly calcareous, rather argillaceous Bandstone Erom the Upper Mokihinui River contained 464 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

(7.) A sample of arenaceous limestone Erom the head of Maori Gully Stream contained 70-1 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Another sample Erom a point two miles lower down Maori Cully contained 69*0 per cent, of calcium carbonate. Full analyses are quoted by Webb.

i v .) Three samples of Limestone from the New Inland Ho.id (presumably from points north of Corbyvale) yielded 81*7, 68*2, and 59*3 per rent, of calcium carbonate.

(9.) A sample of arenaceous limestone Erom Falls Creek contained 61*8 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

(10.) Some miles up Glass-eye Creek the band of fairly good Limestone described by Webb crosses the stream at two places. At one of these the lower hall of the limestone band was Found to contain 87*8 per cent, of calcium carbonate, and the upper half 91-<> per cent.

* Little Witnganui.

215

(11.) At Little Wanganui Head a loin, band of limestone in a low horizon of the rocks yielded a sampl itaining 86-6 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

(12.) A sample of arenaceous limestone from the beach near the south end ol PiHill 'Track contained 59'3 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

Most of the localities where Webb obtained hi . limestone are definitely by Ins descriptions and his geological map ol Kongahu and Otumahana survey i-. The other localities may he ascertained by consulting his notebooks, which have been preserved in the Geological Survej Office.

Limestone outcrop.- somewhat extensively near the main fork ol the .Mokihinui line,. above Mokihinui Reefs, I,at the locality has not been examined by an

The greater pari of Puller County south of the arc. surveyed In- Webb ha, been examined in detail In I'. G. Morgan, .1. A. Bartrum, and J. Henderson, so th full information concerning its limestones can he obtained.

South of Corbyvale argillaceous limestone out... Ne« Inland Road from Seddonville to Karamea. Southward n contains m u forms a prominent cliff several hundred feet high. A representative sam] by P. a. Morgan early in litll contained 55-4 per cent. ..I calcium carboi complete analysis is quoted in X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 17. 1915, p. 128. Highly calcareous clay-tone ,„■ argillaceous limestone outcrops in the valleys of Six-mile and Three-mile creeks, and also forms the upper part of the cliff on tie- coast-line between the mouths ~f these two stream.-. The -a type ..f rock forms the conspicuouf at Gentle Annie and Kongahu poii

Towards the head of Fletcher Brook, a branch of Charming Creek, somewhat 1 Ml ""' "' I'a'ee,|e age is .eel, to foftU hjW cliff- o|, ;,,„! ~ear the ,t,e„,U. | t dip.- at 12° to 10 to the south-west, and is overlain by more or less irregular lay. mudstone and glauconitic sandstone It is here of good quality, and well the manufacture of lime or cement, but over which high-grade rock outcrops is small, and the locality is many miles from Westport, which i- practically the nearest shipping-point. The locality, however, is near ~ timber tram-line, which' leads to the rail-head at Mokihinui .Mm.-, less than three miles away. It is p. ■ therefore, thai the -tone could advantageously be pulverized or calcined for use on the Seddonville Hats and the arable laud along the coast-line from Mokihinui mouth (Kvimer-lev or Waimarie) southwards. A -ample of the limestone collected by P. (I. Morgan in February, Pall, contained 90-7 per cent, of calcium (or 93-4 per cent, if CaCO culated from the lime content). The complete given m X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 17. p. 128, where also various ot] samples from specified localities collected by the writers of that bulletin will be found.

South of Fletcher Brook impure limestone outcrops in St. Andrew and St. David streams, perhaps in different horizons. In composition it varies from argillaceous limestone to calcareous claystone and arenaceous limestone. A sample iron, St. Andrew .Stream collected by P. G. Morgan in March, 1911, contained 54-2 per cent, ol calcium carbonate, 3-51 per cent, of magnesium carbonate, and 0-06 per cent, of phos anhydride. Somewhat Letter stone outcrops in the same stream a few chains higher up. and about three-quarters of a mile in a straight line above the crossing-point of the track fr Mokihinui Mine to the Mackley Valley.

''" Mll,,!l end of the bridge over the Duller River north-west oi I.veil thick and fairly good limestone, standing Mum,! on edge and striking easl of north, forma ■• °liff in "Inch roadways have I n cut for several chains. The In bluish colour, and contains somewhat m irous grains and small angular pieces of othet rocks. An analysis of a general sample collected by P. G. Morgan in 1913 90-2 per cent, of calcium carbonab . Southward argillaceous tin imar the main road towards Three-channel Flat. The stone as exposed is yell, white and argillaceous or sandy. Ii dips steeply, as a rule.

216

iin the track to Boundary Peak poor limestone and calcareous sandst outcrop in several places. There is some sandy limestone and calcareous sandstone in a hill s.uiihwest ol Three-channel Plat, which is near Inangahua County boundary. About two miles up Xew Creek, a small stream joining the Buller below the Lyell Bridge, light-coloured argillaceous limestone outcrops on the west side of the stream (not far below Roger Creek junction). It dips at angles of 20 to 50 to the westward. Two mile- up Pensini Creek, which joins the Buller from the west not far below New Creek, similar limestone is exposed for some chains. It is near a fault, and the dip varies from 35 io 88 to the north of west. Two miles to the north-west there is limestone on the ridge between Slug and Blue Duck creeks. In tin- locality the limestone has been mostly removed by erosion, and probably does not cover a large urea. Some of it appears to be of fair quality. The locality, however, is remote, and very difficult of access. Limestone forms part of -Mount Courtney, on the north side of the Buller west of Inangahua Junction, and extends over some of the country to the northward. It also forms a prominent cliff on the north bank of the Buller south of .Mount Courtney. There is also a small area of limestone near' the north end of the suspension bridge across the Buller near Inangahua Junction.

Argillaceous limestone appears on or near the south bank of the Buller from Rocklands eastward to Inangahua Junction, and thence extends in a wide belt south-south-westward for at least ten miles. Part of this area is in Inangahua County. South of McMurray Creek the belt is narrow, but can be traced lor over three miles farther to Te Wharau or Stony River. 'This pan of the belt (which i- wholly in Inangahua County) shows a prominent scarp, directed to the south-east. Within the broader part of the belt are Eose -Mount (close to Inangahua Junction), Berlin's or Burley's Bluff, and part of the watershed of Nada Creek, a right branch ol tic Blackuater River that joins the Buller from the south a few miles west of Inangahua Junction. All these localities are close to Inangahua County boundary. Most of the Limestone m this belt is argillaceous and low grade, but there i- quite a g 1 limestone near the junction of Nada Creek and its branch Lily (.'reek. The locality, however, is hopelessly remote, and will certainly not be developed by the present generation.

There are some important limestone exposures in the coastal region south of the Buller. The first to be mentioned, however, is of no consequence. It consists of an outcrop of highly calcareous claystone or argillaceous limestone in Omanu or Back Creek just below the crossing of the Loop-line Road, which connects the Lower Buller (Jorge Road with the road from Westport to Addison's.

The best limestone in Bullei County, and also that most favourably situated for the manufacture of lime and cement, occurs near Cape Foulwind. On the beach neai Cape Foulwind there is only 15ft. or perhaps 20ft. of stone sufficiently pure to be called limestone, but it is underlain by a considerable thickness of ferruginous highly reous grit with thin bauds of limestone. Blue argillaceous fine-grained sandstone and calcareous sandy claystone overlie the limestone. The beds dip at 10° to 14° to the south of cast. In the Harbour Hoard's quarry a quarter of a mile in the southeast a 50ft. fa..- of excellent limestone is exposed. Boring lias shown that tin- is underlain by another .'JO ft. of almost equally good stone, below which ferruginous calcareous grit similar to that on the beach appears. Limest is continuously exposed from here to the southward towards Tauranga Bay for a mile, and the average width of the outcrop is at least 10 chains. It therefore covers an area of 80 acres, and the amount of workable stone on a conservative basis is not less than i;.(khi.(khi t0,,-. At the quarry the bedding appears to be almost fiat, but elsewhere the limestone has a dip "' il " 11 " ] " to the south-east. The limestone was at one tn [uarried for the harbour-works at Westport, anil in later cars ha- been worked intermittently for making lime in a kiln built close to the Harbour Board < ( uarrv.

217

A sample ,>i the Limestone outcropping on the beach collected by P. G. Moj I I'll' contained 87*4 per cent of calcium carbonate. A -ample of the ferruginous calcareous grit that underlies contained 61-26 pei cent. "I calcium carbonate. Samples from the quarry, from the upper part o put down in the quarry, and from Fox's [arm to the southward, contained 94*0, 89*2, and 960 per cent, of carb of lime, and 1-72, 3*oo, and 0*63 per cent. um carbonate. The drillings from the lower part of the quarry bore contained about 71 •'■'» per cent. of calcium carbonate and 2*94 per cent, of magnesium carbonate. References to the full analyses are given later, where also other ai quoted. The Cape Foulwind Limesfc light-coloured, and the besl stone is highly crystalline m appearance, On FO2 there are several 1

I In- Cape Foulw ind limestone continues southward o Hay, but is completely hidden by Pleistocene and Recent gravels for nearly six miles. A small patch appears on the north hank of the Tol i mile from the Bea-coast. B dips gently to the cast. Other patches of flaggy Limestone occur on the north and Bouth hanks of the Little Totara, about the ce inland. The latter patch is conveniently situated Eor working beside the mam road, and appears to be of fair quality. The Limestone dips very gently to the east, and is probably at Least 200 ft. ! hick.

ol Charleston thick limestone forms cliffs on both banks of the Waitakere or Nile River, at points two miles or more Erom the Bea. It u in its right-hand branch, the Awakarj Stream. From this locality Limestoi in a wide licit to the southern boundary of the county, a distance of about fifteen miles. Prominenl escarpments, in the mirth two miles from the coast, but farther south approaching the coast, extend from east of Charleston southward. There arc prominent limestone cliffs in the valleys of Four-mile Creek, Fox River, Bullock Creek, Porarari River, Punakaiki River. &, »us rocks, which probably do not form nl the Limestone horizon under description, appear on the coast at various point* south ut I ; h\ I

A platform lias been <• vit by ancient sea-action in the limestone at the mouth of limestone Creek, about two' miles south of the Foa River. Four miles south of the Fox the great clifi of Te Miko, over L t oooft. high, is Largely composed of calcareous sandstone and claystone belonging to a horizon below tin- limes tune, which is, however, not far inland, and actually forms a high cliff at Cave Point, south of the Porarari River. Limestone also forms Razorback Point, south of the Punakaiki, and therefore outside Buller County and in Grey County. In this Locality the limestone grades upwards into a white gritty calcareous sandstone.

The main Limestone belt, east of Charleston and southwards, is from two to over three miles wide. Imt between the stream-valleys it is largely masked by gi The beds lie nearly flat or dip gently to tie' east. Eael of Charleston the Linn is thought to be from 300 ft. to 400 ft. thick. The quality is fair to good. In the Ki>\ River the cliffs rise to heights of over 500 ft., and the line- rtainly quite 600 ft. thick here and for six or seven miles to the south-south w< of the limestone in the Fox Valley is of excellent quality, but no sampling has been done.

Analyses of BttUer County Limestones.

For fche sake ol reference .ill available analyses of Buller County limestone not quoted fa exienso in Geological Survey bulletins will be tabulated in the same way and with the same particulars as on previous pages. The samples analysed, happens, are all from Cape Foulwind, with one possible exception attributed to Buller County, The table will be followed by a tabulated list uf the analyses quoted in

PLATE IX

A. Cliffs of Calcareous Mudstone near Cape Foulwind.

B. Cobden Limestone: Quarry on Smith Side of Grey River. [Tofaa p.

220

Geological Survey bulletins, with references both to the bulletins and the Colonial or Dominion Laboratory reports in which the analyses appear.

References. —(1) (2) Limestones from Cape Foulwind, forwarded by the Director of the Geological Survey (Sir James Hector). Col. Mus. and Lab. 23rd Ann. Rep., 1889, p. 54. Lab. Nos. 4746 (a) (light-coloured stone) and 4745 (4) (dark-coloured). (3) (4) Concretionary limestones from vicinity of ('ape Foulwind, forwarded by Mr ('. Brown. Col. Mus. and Lab. 26th Ann. Rep., 1891, p. 67. Lab. Nos. 5343/1, 2. (5) Rather soft limestone from Cape Foulwind, forwarded by Mr. It. H. .1. Reeves Col Mus. and Lab. 27th Ann. Rep., 1893, p. 28. Lab. No. 6154/ I.' (6) Limestone from Cape Foulwind, forwarded bv Mr. James Jameson. Col. Lab. 33rd Ann. Rep., 1900, p. 10. Lab. No. 8460. " A capital limestone," fit for agricultural purposes (lime-burning) and for a building-stone. (7) Limestone from Cape Foulwind, forwarded by Bull.-r County Couuoil. Dom. Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1915. p. 19. Lab. No. 8115. "When burnt it would yield a lime containing quicklime (CaO) 96-35 per cent. This is a limestone of good quality, Buitable ultural and building purposes." (8) Buller County. Aston, B. C, Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. 4, Oct 1916 p 329 Analyst's Xo. and date. K 143, 1909.

Limestone-analyses quoted in N.Z. Seal. Sure. Butt. No. 11.

190

All the samples except the last were collected by P. G. Morgan. The exception was collected by Mr. H. R. Young, of Westport. Cape Foul-wind Lime-kiln. During 1916 the Buller County Council built a lime-kiln at Cape Foulwind and began the production of lime. The kiln cost £523 165., but if lined with firebrii in fireclay would have cost about £625. The total capital expenditure, from a statement supplied by the Department of Agriculture, seems to have been £1,793 10s. 9d.. of which £256 13s. 7d. represented "election cxpenses" (presumably cost of a poll of ratepayers), compensation, and procuration fees. The cost of producing lime during the (hive months July, August, and September, 1916, was 19s. 2d. per ton of lime produced. During August the detailed costs were— Per Ton

19 4 Cost of coal, 12s. 6d. per ton : coat of ink.. 1 Is. per ton : cost of firewood (mill waste), 6s. per ton : average wages, 12s. per day ; men employed, 5. The estimated cost of production was 15s. per ton of lime, but in practice was found to be from 17s. to £1 per ton, not including interest on capital, depreciation, and probably other items. In considering the quarrying, breaking, and charging costs it should be remembered that at least 1| tons of rock and over J ten of fuel b be handled for every ton of lime produced. The introduction of a rock-breaker would save approximately 3s. per ton of lime produced, and no doubt other improvements could be mad.- which, though increasing the capital expenditure, would much reduce the cost of operation. The locality is one of the best m New Zealand for tin- production pf cheap lime.

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Summary of JAmeston* Resources.

Buller County i- well supplied with Limestone, hut owing to its mountainous nature the transport and distribution of lime is a difficull matter. The agricultural OS of the Karamea and Little Wanganui districts are not far from poor lim< jjh-grade hand tit for calcination described by Webb outcrops well inland, and at points somewhat difficult or awkward of access. The same statement seems to be tn: of the Low-grade lime-tone also. This is covered l>v gravels in many parts of the coastal b< i- a moderately good band of Limestone at Little Wanganui He,id. but this is only loin, thick. From here south-westward there is plenty of low-grade argillaceous limestone alone the coast-line.

settlers on the New Inland Road near Corbyvale are fairly well situated for obtaining Low-grade Limestone, tit. however, only for pulverization, and not for calcination. The high-grade hand crosses the New Inland Load close to the point where the old road or track diverges toward- Rough-and-tumble Creek valley, hut the quality at this particular point is not sufficiently good to make calcination advisable.

The Little Wanganui and Karamea districts must apparently rely on pulverized low-gn ine to supply their lime requirements. irch in order to ■■' situations for- a temporary portable pulverization planl or plants ible. Ultimately, when the district becomes well roaded, some of the better limestone outcrops for example, those eighl or ten miles up the Little Wanganui Valley- -will no doubt 1"

Seddonville district can obtain lime or pulverized lime-tour from Fletcher Creek, but probably a large plant at ('ape Foulwind will be able to supply the district ■ -tnit-allv than a small local plant.

The (.'ape Foulwind limestone is well situated for supplying the agricultural and the poor pakihi lands of the Westport district from Seddonville southward-- It can ted by rail with Westport, and therefore, of course, with Birchneld, Seddonville, &c. i to be qo reason why cement-work- also should not he established

oarleston district and all the country southward has inexhaustible supplies of >ne of fair to good quality. Local calcining or pulverization plants may therefore tablished where needed. It' the Cape Foulwind Railway is extended to Charleston as proposed, then it would probably be better to obtain lime from a central plant at Foulwind than to make it locally.

istern part of the Buller Gorge has abundant supplies of argillaceous lu close to a good road, and there is limestone in many out-of-the-way places which will in some cases be found valuable fur local us.-.

Means of Tra

The entrance to the BuUer River at Westport has been unproved, bo thai now fairly Large enter. Small Bteamers can enter the Mokihinui, Karamea, and ■r j r Bay, Charleston. Still smaller vessels occasionally the mouths of the Nile and Fox rivers. A railway runs from Westport to Mokihinui Mine, and send* off a short branch al W :<> Conn's Creek at the font of the Denniston Incline, up and down which railway-trucks pass. From Westporl a railway I entrance to the Lower Bullei i tnd will ultimately be made through the gorge to [nangahua Junction. The Westporl Harbour Board has made a railway to Cape Foulwind and Tauranga Bay Eor the transport of ■ for harbour-works. This railway is connected with the other railways mentioned.

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Buller County is at present loaded in a very simple manner. A main road has been made from Karamea to the Mokihinui River below Seddonville, when- it joins the Seddonville Westport Road. This continues as a vehicular road south to Addison's. Charleston, and almost to Brighton. Short branch roads lead to Millerton, Denniston, Cape Foulwind, &c. A well-made road leads through the Buller Gorge from Westport io Inangahua Junction, where it joins the Reefton-Nelson coach-road. A loop-line road on the south side of the Buller from Westport to the Lower Buller Ferry practically completes the list of roads. In addition there are various horse-tracks, some of which will in time be widened to or replaced by roads. Internal communications between the settled parts of Buller County are already fairly good, and no real difficulty need be experienced in the distribution of lime and pulverized lime-tone to the areas where they are n led.

Literature, &c.

\- already stated, a large part of Buller County has been geologically surveyed in detail, and three bulletins have been published, two of which deal wholly with areas in the county, and one with an area partly m Buller. partly in Inangahua, and partly in Grey County. These bulletins are —

N.Z. (leol. Surv. Bull. No. 11, 1910, "The Geology of the Mount Radiant Subdivision, Westport Division." by B. .1. H. Webb: N.Z. Geol. Surv. Hull. No. 17, 1915, "The Geology and Mineral Resources of the BullerMokihinui Subdivision, Westport Division." by P. G. Morgan and J. A. Bartrum; and N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 18, 1917, "The Geologv and Mineral Resources of the Reefton Subdivision, Westport and North Westland Divisions," by J. Henderson.

The lists of literature contained in these bulletins include practically all the publications having any bearing on the geology of Buller County, with the exception of a few that are of little importance, one or two that refer to the extreme north and north-east of the county (Mount Domett, Mount Cobb, Mount Peel, and Mount Arthur districts), and those published since the bulletins were issued. In the last two are —

Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 4, 1867, pp. 27-28, 31-32; No. 12, 1879, part of pp. 121-31 and map opposite p. 122 (Mount Arthur. Mount Peel. &c).

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 49, 1917, pp. 419-20 (granodiorite with primary epidote, Reef ton).

A few omissions from the list of literature in Bulletin No. 17 arc made good by the list in Bulletin No. 18.

7. Murchison County

Murchison County is a mountainous district lying hi the heart of the old provincial district of Nelson. Its geology is much the same as that of the adjoining parts oi Buller and Waimea counties. Palaeozoic schists, greywackes, argillites, and marbles, together with great intrusions of granite, form the mass of the mountain-ranges. Some old Mesozoic argillites and greywackes may be present in the Spenser and St. Arnaud mountains. Old and Middle Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, shales, limestones, claystones, &c, occur in patches, either as remnants on the highlands, as fault-involved bands, or as down-faulted and down-warped masses in the valleys. Coal-seams appear in many places, but the areas of workable coal arc small. The valleys, if not or canons, have their doors covered with Pleistocene and Recent lluviatilc gravels, anil are bordered by terraces of the same material. In places morainic gravels appear. The arable land of Murchison County is confined to the broader parts of the river-

224

valleys, and is found chiefly near Murchison and in the Maruia Valley. The county therefore, as a whole, does not require a great deal of lime, and at the present time the neighbourhood of Murchison is the only Locality where it is greatly needed. The Localities where limestone occurs are indicated in the following paragraphs.

Ordovician crystalline limestone or marble extends Erom tin' Upper Wangapeka district into Murchison County, where it covers a small area near the head of tin' Owen. .Marble, probably of the same age. and certainly not younger than the Silurian, occurs in the southern portion of the county, where it forms a belt half a mile in width miles in length, stretching from the upper valley of the Maruia into that of the Grey River. The same rock also forms an isolated hill in the Maruia Plains opposite the Alfred River, and is continued in the hill that lies between the Alfred and iitT nvers (('ox. 1884 report, p. 3). No analyses of these marbles are available, but they appear to contain a high e of calcium carbonate, and an' without doubt potential sources of lime.

Dr. 3. Henderson visited the Murchison district in October, 1916, and supplied the following special report, which covers practically all that is known concerning the Limestones of the county: — " Murchison is situated at the junction of the Buller and Matakitaki river the centre of an irregular area of river-flats and terraces containing in all about six trable Land. The hills rising to the west of the Matakitaki are carved i bell of steeply dipping calcareous beds, which again appear on the north side, of the plain along the right flank of the Matin River. The lime-bearing beds are not of uniform quality, and all contain a considerable admixture of clay or sand. The best on Mr. C. O'Brien's land, close to the main road and about two miles from Murchison. This layer is 15ft. to 20 ft. thick, and consists of a hard non-porous limestone of brownish colour, which on analysis was found to contain 78-21 per cent, of calcium carbonate and l>-~ of matter insoluble in acid. The upper Bft. of this layer, which resists the weather rather better than the lower portion, COD 77*00 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 19*12 per cent. <>f insoluble matter. On the north side of the Buller, on the road between Fern Flat and the Matin, the same belt is exposed, but here the layer of best appearance yielded only 59-36 per cent, of < 34*20 per cent, of insoluble matter. The sample was taken from an exposure about a chain in length occurring beside the road between All Nations Point and the Matin B ! about 30 chains from the latter. A little nearer the bridge a small ending from the steep limestone hills has formed an inconsiderable deposit ■ or calcareous sinter.

"In the gorge of the Buller, about two miles above Newton Flat, limestone involved in a powerful fault outcrops at -■ be for a dial ' chains along the road. A few chains down the road from Brown Creek high-grade limestone forms a bluff, while 20 chains up the road from Broi similar limestone containing man'. ■ is to be Been. A sample from the first-mentioned outcrop i to have yielded over '-'7 per cent, of CaCO . while a sample taken by the writer from gave 83*21 per cei iCO, and 15*48 per cent, of insoluble material, the first-mentioned sample would make first-class agricultural lime, but ma pie is more suitable for pulverization than calcination.

"In addition to the localities mentioned, flat-lying limestone forma a nigh-level plat'-.hi in the fork of the Buller and Maruia rivers. This area, the northern o* of which is known as the Sphinx Rock, covers about a square mile. The limestone is thick, hut impure, and the best samples are reported to have yielded only about IS—QeoL Ball. No. 22.

225

60 per -■•■ in. of calcium carbonate. This, combined with the obvious difficulty that would I xperienced in working it. places this deposit out of tie- question as a source ol agricultural lime at the present time. Southward tie- hills between the Marina and Matakitaki rivers are capped by gently dipping limestone, which rises high on the flanks of Mount Mantell.

"The deposit on O'Brien's land is centrally placed in respect to the arable land of the district. It is too impure for calcination or for ' burning,' and it used for agricultural purpose, must he ground. Its situation on a steep hillside is an important factor in cheap working, sine- transport from the quarry to the rock-breaker and the pulverizing-machinery can he accomplished le ■ . I-',,, tie i indicated, this locality is recommended a- a site for a trial plant."

Tl nly analyses available represent four samples ol Tertiary limestone collected by Dr. .1. Henderson in 1916. Thee are the following:

References. (1) Two miles east of Newton Flat. I,veil Survey District. Don,, Lab 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Original Lab. Xo. 1588; published X-,. 1578 11. (-) Layer, 2d ft. thick, c. O'Brien's land, two miles from Murchison. I) hah. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Original Lab. Xo. 1586; published Xo. 1578 9. (3) Upper sit. ~i No. 2. Dom. hah. 50th Ann. Hep.. 1917, p. 21. Original hah Xo. 1587; published No. 1578/10. (4) Thirty chains from .Mat it 1 Bridge on road to Fern Flat. Dom. hah. 50th Vim Pop 1917, p. 21. Original hah. Xo. 1585; published Xo. 1578/8.

In the upper Manila Valley there are some remarkable calcareous sinter or travertine terraces just In-low the junction of the right- and left-hand branches of the Alfred River. Cox states thai these terraces are about 400 ft. high in the agj I have 1 " formed by calcareous water flowing over a form of moss ['. alga) which luxuriantly on the calcareous deposit... | H the course of time layer upon layer is petrified, and a fresh growth continually forms on the top. The genera] effect i- very beautiful (1884 report, p. 3). With Cox's description compare Bell, Clarke, and Marshall's description of the similar deposif in the Miner Valley, Dun .Mountain district (X.Z. Geol. Sure. Bull. Xo. 12, p. 28, and this bulletin, pp. 179 -

Summary of Limestone Resources.

Murchison County, unlike its neighbours Buller and Waimea counties, has small limestone resources, but as the amounl of arable land is small it ran cut its coal according to its cloth. The limestones near Murchison are, on the whole, too poor to be calci 1. but will be satisfactory if used after pulverization as a soil-dressing, ami 'la l quantity, though ran lata... will supply the needs of the district for many years I" come. The marble at the bead of the Maruia Valley can be utilized as a - of lime for the Maruia Plains.

Means of Transport.

No railway enters Murchison County, but Glenhope, the terminus oi the railway from Nelson, is only a mile or two outside the county. When the railway is extended to Murchison the lands near the line, and Murchison district generally, will be able to obtain lime from Kaka or some other pari of Waimea County, or possibly from the

226

district. The railway north from Reefton ends at Inangahua Junction, not a many miles from Murchison County boundary; hut though an extension ~! this line through the Lyell Gorge is proposed, there seems little justification for the construction ~f so expensive a work, and one may doubt if it will ever he made. A railway ird from Reefton up the inangahua Valley, then over a saddle into the head ~! the Maruia, and thence through the Can- I interbury, was proposed many years ago,' and may perhaps he made sonic day. A branch line down the Maruia and • feasible.

..ids of Murchison County arc few. Hey consist mainlj of thai part ol the Reefton Nelson coach-road which is between I.veil and Hope Saddle, of a road from ;. lie- Malakitaki Valley and thence into the Manna Valley, and of an old road, not much used, lea,line through lie- Upper Puller Valley to the Wairau Valley, Marlborough.

Literature.

The principal reference, to tic geology of Murchison County arc — 11:. .5 i. Julius von: "Report of a Topographical and Geological Exploration ol the Western Districts of the Nelson Province. N.Z.," 1861, pp. 2 25, 71 75, B9 103, 121 22. 12:,. 127. 130, &c. Rep. of Geol. Explor., X". 9, 1-77. pp. In II: No. II p xv-xviii, I he No. |s. is-; p p sOiij x ijv ; No. 19, 1888, pp. xx xxv. xxxix xl. 74-88. Paper c. 13, 1896 (bound in Mines Rep I, pari of pp. I 28. Pari. P I son (bound in .Mm,- Pep.), part of pp. 1-28. N.Z. Inst., vol. 13, I'd I. pan of pp. 297 Sl5. 9th Ann. P.p. N.Z Col Surv . pan of Pari. Paper C 2. 1015. pp. 102 3.

8. Amii'.i County.

- of Ainuri County belong to two '. of old 11 eywackes and argillites. It forms the eastern slopes of the Southern Alps. • and St. Arnaud ranges, and the main part of Kaik.mra Mountains, a portion "I which is in Amuri County. The old rocks, in fact, form practically the whole of the western and northern parts of the county, and appei ■ the southern and eastern parts. The second . ;. ol Terl ■■■■his claystone, sandstone, limestone, kc.) developed round the margins of the great lliiriniui Waiau basin (a depression formed by earth-movements), and no doubi is present beneath the gravels thai form the II ■ of the basin. P la rocks arc developed to a small extern I ndip Hills, alone the noli' bank ol the Conway River, and perhaps elsewhere. Volcanic rocks of Tertiai I various points between the Waiau Plain and onway River. In places thi d with a Limestone horizon. The , Plain foi icssion similar to the lluruiiui Waiau basin, hut smaller. There is no evidence that either basin has ever 1 n a lake.

No limestone is known to occur in the old Mesozoic rocks of the county, and tii,.,. i- limited to ere Cretaceous ry rocks outcrop. Qo i, M gg known, In o its occur only in the eastern pari of the county, chiefly alon| tem margin of the Hui i basin. Here their principal development is in the vail- River and its branch, Lottery Creek, where, ding i" McKay (Sep. "I Geol. Explor., No. 17. 1886, p. 106), a thickness of from

* \{ t , No. 16, |'|>. 1, 8, and map opposite p. 2. 13*

227

■ait ft. to Toft, of limestone is exposed near Sherwood Station. This he illustrates by tlie subjoined section (fig. 6) :

1. Volcanic rocka and tufaa of Dog Hills anil limestone ttery Creek. 1. Limestone forming a thai band at the western end of the section, but to Toft, thick, which, with the underlying tufas, is cut through to form the limestone got Creek. :!. Green and grey concretionary sandstones of Pat

A thick band of limestone crosses the Mason Eiver at the narrow gorge known as "The Gates." Limestone crowns the ranee on the east side of the valley below Gates, lan McKay thinks this is not the same limestone as that seen in the gorge of 'lie Lottery below Sherwood Station. Near the junction of the Lottery ami Mason bands of sandy and Bubcrystalline limestone appear, hut are ; loped. ISeds of limestone (shelly, tufaceous, or b i - iur, BouthHighfield Ridge, ami not far from the Stanton River. Farthei Hill, near Culverden, whence it extends to the southern hank of the Waiau River, ami also tear Balmoral (west of the railway-station of that name) ami Hurunui Mound. The limestone at Marble Point, in the gorge of the Waiau between cden ami Han r. also deserves mention. All the lime-tomes mentioned are of Middle Tertiary age. As McKay Bupposes, there are probably two lime-tone horizons. The limestone of the lower horizon is subcrystalline or close-grained; that of the upper horizon is rubbly, and resembles the .Mount Brown limestone of Waipara Countv. The other Tertiary rocks of Amuri County are in many place- calcareous, and contain numerous concretions. &c.

No analyses of calcareous rock from Amuri Countv arc available.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Menus of Tram

Not much is known about the limestone resources of Amuri County. They to be small, but further exploration may lead to a revision or qualification of this statement. There is some limestone on the borders of the principal agricultural district, the Hurunui-Waiau Plain, and this may be found to supply the needs of that district fairly well. Analyses of representative samples are badly needed. Limestone or lime may be imported from Waipara County by means of the railway, which now i Waiau. The settled part of Amuri County is well roaded, but the county contains a large area of high mountainous country intersected by narrow river-valleya widening to Hats, which is given over to sheep-farming, and is hardly ro

Literature.

The following arc the principal references to the geology ami structure of Amuri County :

Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 22, 1866, part of pp. 254 60 (W. T. 1,. Travels). Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 4, 1868. pp. 38-41: No. 6, 1871. pp. 25 16; No B, 1877, pp. '.'7 58; No. 9, 1877. p. 3!) : No. 13. 1881, pp. B3 107; No. IT. 1886, pp. xiii-xxxtii, 27-136; No. 20, 1890, pp. xxi-liv. 1-16, 85 185: No. 21, 1892, part of pp. 1-28, 116.

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Haast, Julius von: ""The Geology of Canterbury and Westland," L 879. The northern part of the geological map with this publication illustrates the an area adjoining Amuri County.

\ /.. [nst., vol. 6, 1874, pan of pp. 297 309 (Travere); vol. IT. 1915, PP. 347, 348.

:'. Awatere County

Awatere County practically consists of the Awatere Valley and the northern half of the Clan >his county and the adjoining Kaikoura County is most interesting and important.

The mountain-ranges of the county are formed mainly of a series of greywackes, id allied rocks, probably mainly of old Mesozoic age, but portions nn of Carboniferous or rat' irboniferous age. Much younger than tl.' -■in.-, mudstones, and limestones, all probably of Cretaceous age. Jn many places igneous rocks intrude both sets of sedimentary strata. Another set of co claystones, and sandstones is well developed in the lower Awatere Valley and thence southward to the Ward district. This is of Miocene age. A remarkable conglomerate, supposed by McKay to he of Plioceni (probably a correcl conclusion), is found as a long fault-involved band on the north west : the Clarence Valley. Similar lan shorter bands or Lenses are found south-easl of in the valleys of Kekerangu and > : d elsewhere. The es on both sides of the mouth of the Clarence River are believed to be i sand- cover the river-flats of the upper and lower Awatere Valley, the Flaxbourne River, Ac. Along the coaal in places are raised ■ dhills, &c.

The old rocks of the lower Awatere Valley, and probably elsewhere, contain bands Tillitee or shales, diabasic tuns (apparently similar to those of the Wellington district), and in one place at least limestone. Tins locality is on the Blenheim side oi »y which the main road from Blenheim reache Galley). McKay describes thi interbedded with red and green argillit- tufls, &c., and doubtfully correlates it with the Maitai limestone of tin- Nelson districl (1890 report, pp. 119, 120, 139). Ee Btates thai the limestone of a shell {1 Apkanaia) similar to thai found in the Maitai Limestone; and ii tl follows that his tentative correlation is probably correct. It is not likely that the Taylor's Pass limestone will l>< ~t lime, but bly good samples ave been obtained from it. Moreover, the fart of its occurrence points to the probable pi limilai hands of limestone in other parts i thorough ■■ i

The following analyses of Limestone from T are available :

brell and Kennedy. Dom. Lab. L2nd Ann. Rep., L 909, p. 21. 2119/1, 2. ( en as 91*40 per cent., presumably by includin I bird place of decim ■

Tli' rocks "i Awatere County are more or Less calcareous and cob tionary throughout. The uppermosi member of the series is a thick limestone of great

198

importance, known to gi the Amuri limestone, the place-name being derived from Amuri Bluff, in Kaikoura County, and not from An where this limestone occurs only in small amount. Though the weight ol evidence indicate Cretaceous age for tic whole of the Amuri line ■ i- also evidence supporting an Early Tertiary age for the upper part al least. It is therefore quite proper to suspend judgment on this point, and the use of the name " Amuri limestone " affords a way out of tic difficulty. The Amuri limestone 1- widely developed from tie- Cape Campbell district to tic Waipara River in North Canterbury, and is found also in the Trelissick Basin, west of tic Mount Torlesse I' Canterbury. A -imilar limestone is found ill some parts of the North Island (see p.

Tic Amuri limestone is generally :. hard close-grained rock, almost unfossiliferous except tor the remains ol Foraminifet - ■ chalky. In many plao ' contains Hints, ami there are localities when- hundreds of feet of the lime been altered lo Hint. In general the Amuri limestone 1- rock. not sufficiently pure to he well adapted for calcination.

A belt of Amuri limestone is practically continuous from (ape Campbell to the Clarence River, where it passes 0111 of the county. In places there are tw even more hands, the repetition being due to faulting and other earth-movements. Amuri limestone has a great development on Benmore, south-west of Ward, and upper valley of the f're River, whence it extends 111 a continuous fault-involved belt along the western sale of the valley of tic Upper Clarence for more than thirty miles. An eastern offsl t or leg continues down the coast-line. A similar hut narrower la-It of Amuri limestone and associated rocks is to he found in lie valley of tin- Awatere River from the Jordan to lie- Tom- River, a distance of twenty mile-.

Throughout Awatere County tic limestone layers are much disturbed or broken, and large portions of them have keen involved in greal earth fractures or faults. In consequence the limestone has a somewhat erratic distribution. In places the earthmovements have produced wide zones of crushed ami broken rock. This has an important bearing on the econ ic value of tin' deposits: for tin' hulk of Ihe limestone clashed by faults is .-oli and friable, and is suitable for spreading on land without preliminary treatment other than separating the lumps by sieving. Even where the limestone is not completely crushed the earth-movements have broken ii innumerable flakes, producing a considerable amount of line material in the pri Faulted and shattered lock., are peculiarly liable to break down under at sp weathering, and in hilly country each rill and creek at its outlet from the hills forms a shingle-fan which contains a large proportion of fine material. In the case of line - debris, weathering tends to break down the larger lumps and to render the fragments more or less friable.

In the Cape Campbell and Ward districts there is much friable limestone .1- well as great quantities of the hard Amuri limestone. The limestone stratum is several hundred feet thick, but no measurements of its exact thickness have been made. The dips of the various belts are steep, and either to the north ol west or to the south id ea-t. the strike being therefore to the easl "I north, nearly 111 accordance with the general structure ~f tic old Marlborough Provincial District. The Cape Campbell and Ward districts were visited by I'. G. Morgan in December, 1915, and his reporl ol 1916 is embodied in the following paragraphs.

A belt of Amuri limestone extends southward from a poinl on the coast-line between Lake Grassmere and Clifford Bay, and as viewed from the western side of Fisherman Creel valley appears to run oul to sea several miles to the south. This belt is fault-involved, and in places has been so crushed thai the naturally hard rock

230

■li white chalky powder,* containing onl proportion of hard lumps. Outcrops of this material may be distinguished from a distance by their •.. appearance, an irregularly shaped white sheet spread on and pinnacles are absent, and the outcrop as a rule is peculiarly white. So far the quantity of crushed limestone in Fisherman Creek valley and elsery large, and the quality is fair. The facilities for mining are g 1. but this is hardly the case as regards transport, unless a large steady demand Bhould arise, in which event the construction of a tram-line would be advisable.

mately four miles from the railroad as tl ind probably 400 ft. or 500 ft. above sea-level. The following analyses represent (1) a sample of hard limestone from the coast-line between Cape Campbell and Lake 2) an air-dried Bample of sofl Limestone from an outcrop on the v. side of Fisherman Creek vail.-.

10th Inn. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-28, 1916, p. 15; and Dom. Inn. Rep., 1917, p. 20. Lab. Nos. G37 and G3B. Samples collected by I*. i '•. Morgan, December, 1916.

BJ r . I'., i . Aston, Chief Chemist, Agricultural Department, who visited the < bell district shortly after Mr. Morgan, obtained a sample of soft limestone from locally as the "Giant's Shirt," situated on Mr. Cumming Law's fining Teschemake'r's. He Ims kindly c municated it which nsoluble matter, 2-37 of alumina and iron oxides, T.J-68 of limi 2-10 "i isture, 1-48 ol magnesia and undetermined, and traces of phosphoric acid: total, 100-00. Analyst's No. and date, G 688, 1916.

In 1913 Mr. 8 ff. Bow stone from ■ to the Dominion Laboratory. Tin of calcium ITih Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 21. Lab. No. D 1068.)

In the hills bet» a-coas( hard Amuri li stone is v< minenl on the property of Mr. A. Thomson, known as "Chancet." During [9XS ~,„! M r . a. Mel the Agricultura! Department, discovered ~ „,fi limesi ' from Mr. Thomson's bouse. The locality is on the north side of the Flaxborj ■ 'hi"' '"" tion. A bi tion made by I'. G. Morgan led t<> the ~l fault-crushed limestone, together with resulting slope deposits. Th , i" reality slope debris detached from the solid limi ""' reduced to a ring. The material al an out< rop on the hillside a short distance above the road east of Mi. 1 as light-pinkish to light-grey and white in colour. It crumbl '■ ,| was mixed with a 1,,. on of bard pieces of limestone, mi all size. The moisture

• W'.-.ah

200

content of til.- deposit was considerable, and this statement applies to all soft or friable limestone accumulations exposed to moist climatic condition.. The sample taken, after being air-dried, contained: Matter insoluble in acid. 36*33 per cent.: alumina and iron oxide. 2-77 per cent.: lime (CaO), 32*13 per cent.; ma '■ 0*36 per cent.: carbonic anhydride (C0 2 ), 23-82 per cent.: moisture and organic n 4-57 per cent.; and phosphoric anhydride. 0-11 per cent.: total, 100*08. (Dom. Laic 50th Ann. Rep., 1917. p. 20. Lab. No G39.) Th bonate of lime indii by the analysis is 53*3 per cent. The lime present, however, i- equivalent to 57*4 per cent, of calcium carlioii.it is

Mr. B. ('. Aston has also examined the limestone deposits near Ward, and has communicated to the writers the results of analyses of numerous samples taken by himself and Mr. Thomson. These are set out in the following tables :

References. —E 398/1, hard limestone; E 398/2, ground limestone. Horn. Lai.. 18th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 20.) G626 29, hard fine-grained stones: G 630, calcareous sinter (travertine); G 658 and 659, very soft samples.

//. Samples taken by Mr. B. G. Asian an at near 'Ac Properly >./ .1/,-. Ah,. Thomson (" Chancet ').

References.— G 680 : From Mr. A. Thomson's. " Chancet," Ward. Taken from hole nearplantation, 150 ft. above sea, 2 ft. to 3 ft. below surface. G6Bl : At 400 ft. elevation. An outcrop of soft limestone mixed with hard lumps and some earth} - matter.

G 683 : At 500 ft. elevation, from another outcrop of soft stone. G 684 : At 600 ft., from very white deposit. G 685 : At 750 ft. Highest deposit of soft limestone. G 687 : Hard stone, taken from the " Chancet " Rocks (coastal), Ward.

These analyses were apparently made on well-dried samples. They show that tie carbonate of lime in the soft limestone varies from 10-Sl' to 76-42 per cent., whilst the hard limestone contains from 60-39 to 92-5 per cent, of carbonate of lines Thus there does not appear to have been any concentration of calcium carbonate in tinsoft limestone. The travertine, if correctly named, has been deposited from calcareous waters, and does not affect the question.

The writers understand that Mr. Thomson since 1916 has worked the soft-limestone deposits on his land, the material, being sieved so as to separate the lumps, and that he has sold a considerable quantity of the sieved product to farmers in various parts of Marlborough. In 1918, however, the Commissioner ol Crown Lands reported that owing to the supply of soft limestone workable without machinery having been practi-

232

catty exhausted, the works had been temporarily closed. (Report on Settlement of i row, I. 1918, p. II.)

The amount of limestone in the 1 re Rivei district and in the Clarence watershed is enormous. Thus McKay, in describing the I "A remarkable m this part of the Inland Kaikoura chain is the Hank ; limestone hills which stretches from the source of tl [ the Middle Clarence Valley to the Bluff River, a distance of thirty miles, where, en ride of the ind associated roi ks are continued for several miles to the south-west" (1886 report, p. 30). The lij well exposed in the gorges of the Ore River, and of the Swale, Mead, Dee, Branch, Da . Muzzle, Bluff, and other streams that enter the Clarence from the Inland Kaikoura Mountains. In 1886 McKay estimated the thickness of the Amuri limestone in the Chalk B I iverham, Clarence Valley, at not less than 1,500 ft., Init he expi stated that he included with this Bome younger rocks. This thicknesa is mainta for many miles to the south-wi Dart Gorge the thickness i- 1,200 ft., and is is in the Muzzle Gorge, though here the characteristic Amuri limestone lias bi ii m thick-! en nearly ten miles farthei m the vail Seymour River (Kaikoura County) the thicknesa is "inconsiderable" (1886 report, A few years later McKay estimated the thickness of the Amuri limestone nut less than 1,000 ft., whilst to the south-west it lessens (1890 report, p. 162). The atea of thi by .1. A. Thomson, who considers that at Coverham the Amuri limestone and the flint replacing Limeatone haw a total thickness of 2,500 ft. (quoted by 11. Woods in N.2. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 4. HUT, p. 2). In the Mead Gorge Thomson found 1,340 ft. of Him rlain bj I.Unit, of flint-beds with limestone intercalations (l!tl(i i easuremente have 1 n made, and the possibility tii m through faulting eliminated, Mi Kay.- estimate oi 1,000 ft. (apparent!) exi lusive of the flint-beds, which he estimates as from 500 ft. to I,oooft. thick), being the more conservative, ible to accept. Such a thickness leaves no r a for compla -■ the quantity of limestone in the Dre and Clarence valleys, but means I r. and the atone in most localitii at lacking as regards quality.

or may no) refer to bnuri limeatone from : the Inland Kaikoura Mountains.' l The information given with them, ■ - with precision.

iw o iuuu iw w ±ov/ o likoura Mountains (or Waikorai see p. 27 of Lab. Rep.), forwarded b HJ - 1 Col. Mus. and Lab. ■ 111■ Ann Bep., 1876, pp. IT. l! 7. Lab. Nob. 1801 I. 2. No. 1 wa stone of a pale-buff colour. I' contained a conaiderable quantity oi clay. No. in colour. (3.) From Kaikoura M ected by Mr. Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. [2th Ann. Bep., pp. -I 25, 52. Lab. No. | 1833 (p. 52). Fr same fora as Nob

* Reterenoß may aaw be made tu analysis N,. 6 p. 183 a Parikawa ox Pan kawakawa).

202

(I) .Marl or argillaceous limestone from near lire River, forwarded by Mr. C. T. Hall Col Lab. Hal, Inn. Rep., 1907, p. 16. Lab. No. 149. The composition ol the calcined 8 given, li would be suitable for the manufacture ol cement if mixed with a percentage ol clay. ' It might also be used for liming land in the district in whicl

The line-,lone oi the upper Awatere Valley is thus described by McKay: "In the Awatere Valley the Amuri limestone i- first met with oi lide of the river, a little below Glenlee old station, seven or eight miles below the junction of the rith the Awatere, and continues on that side of the river till not more than half a mile below the Grey junction; n then, for a short distance, is on both sides of the river, and finally crosses to the left bank a litt Higher up the valley n appears at several places between the Grey Eiver and I Creek." (1890 report, pp 162 63.) The Awatere Valley In tone is much thinner than that of the Clarence Valley.

The admittedly Tertiary rocks of Awatere County, though oi s calcareous nature. lot known to include limestone. According to McKay calcareous sandstone overlies the Amuri limestone in portions of the Clarence Valley (1890 report, p. 163). J. A. Thomson stales that in the Mead Gorge 150 ft. of haul arg (Weka Pass stone of McKay) overlies the rest of the limestone (1916 pap

The limestone of the upper Omaka Valley (Castle Hill, Pig Gully, &c—see p. 182) may perhaps pass over the crest of the range into the watersheds of Black-birch and Blairich creeks. McKay mentions non-fossiliferous brown sands underlain by fossiliferous n the lower part of Black-birch Creek (1890 report, p. 167), but the upper valleys of this and Blaiiieh Creek he maps as wholly composed of Carboniferous rocks

McKay states that on the north-west side of the upper Awatere Valle; bodies of calcareous sinter or travertine have been formed in places favourable for their accumulation (1890 report, p. 117). The calcareous blue slates are the -.. nice of the travertine. Unfortunately, McKay does not give the exact situation of any of I deposits.

Sum miii',/ of lAmestoru Resources, &c.

In the Amuri limestone Awatere County possesses an inexhaustible s -ce .if lime; but this limestone is usually somewhal impure, and therefore not well adapted for calcination, though undoubtedly this is a feasible operation for the better portions. Normally, the Amuri limestone is compact and hard, so thai if it is to be pulverized il ought probably to be reduced to a fairly fine powder. Owing to its siliceous nature the Amuri limestone will quickly wear out some of the "lime-disintegrators" that are on the market, and are well enough Buited for pulverizing less hard, purer limes! It ought therefore to be reduced to powder by rock-breakers, followed by si rolls, or well-made ball mills, such as are used for the pulverization of quartz. Fortunately, nature has provided large ; unts of naturally comminuted limestone in the Ward and Cape Campbell districts, i parativelj close to the railway, and run supply the needs both of Awatere and Marlborough counties foi many to come. Possibly the railway »» being extended smith along the coast will render tble similar deposits between Ward and the Clarence River. The naturallv coi nun.si or "soft" li stones are not of high quality, but run be very easily 11 1, and require uo subsequent treatment except sieving and air-drying. Aspreviously mentioned, they contain a good deal of moisture, except on the surface during dry weat her.

Means of Transport.

As alread) mentioned, a railway traverses Awatere County from Marlborough County boundary to Wharanui, eight miles south oi Ward and fifty-six i

234

Picton. It is in 1... continued to th.' Kaikoura district, ami ultimately to North Canterbury. The coach and motor road from Blenheim traverses tin- county near the and gives connection with Kaikoura and North Canterbury. There air various branch r..ads from this, the longest ..f which goes up the Awatere Valley, and is shown by maps as reaching its head and passing over a saddle into the Wairau Th.' Clarence Valley (excepl t..wards its head) is as yel accessible by packtrack i.nly. Awatere County has line, hut no harbour worth mention. Clifford Bay, west nf Cap.' Campbell, is I'airlv well sheltered from all excepl northerly ■. and there are various boat-landing places along th.' coast. Th.- mouth of tint Clareno by small vessels, and perhaps that of tin- Awatere also.

Literature.

I'll'- i « importani references to th.' geology an.l structure ..I Awatere County ontained in th.' following publications:

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. I. 1869, pari of pp. 34 10; No. 8, 1877, pari of pp. 27 58; No. 9, 1-77. pp. 185 91; No. 17. 1886, part- oi pp. xm xxxvii, 27 136; No. 20, 1890, parts of pp. xxxvi liv, I L 6, 85 185; No. 21, 1892 pans ..f pp. I 28, 158-59 (Marlborough County).

6th Ann. Rep. X.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Papei C.-9, 1912, pari ..1 pp. 7'..; 7th Inn Rep., pari ..I Pari. Paper (.'. 1. 1913, pari ..I pp. 122 23; 9th Aim. I!'']... part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, pp. 100-1 ; 10th Ann. Rep., Pari. Paper C. 2b, 1916, pp. 15-19.

N.Z. [nst., vi, 1. 37, hni.-.. pp. .",17 I- (Park); v..1. 15, 1913, pp. 308 15 (.1. A. 'Hi.hum,n) ; vol. 48, 1916, pp. 18 58 (J. \ Thomson).

Cotton, l\ A.: "The Physiography of the Middle Clarence Valley, New Zealand," raphical Journal, vol. \l. 1913, pp. 225 in. Cotton, C. A.: "On the ion c.l tlir Great Marlborough Conglomerate to ihe Underlying Formations m the Middle Clarence Valley, New Zealand," J*,,,,,,,!! of Geology, vol. 11. No. I May June, 19] I. pp. 346-63.

w Is, Henry: "The Cretaceous Faunas ol the North-eastern Part of the South Island nf New Zealand." N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. I. [9ll pp. 1 12).

Th'- mosl comprehensive reports dealing with the geology of Awatere and the neighbouring counties of Marlborough and Kaikoura are those oi McKay, published in «i (Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 17. pp. -11 136, and No. 20 pp. 85 LB5).

In. Kaikoura County.

The geology of Kaikoura County is similar to thai of Awatere, with the exception that Miocene rocks appear to be absent. The eastern leg of the broad oi Cretaceous rocks outcropping in the eastern pari of Awatere County is continued southward into Kaikout where il is exposed from the Cla River along the valley of Puhipuhi Stream to the Hapuku Stream. South o Hapuku the rocks of this age disappear beneath the gravels of the so-called Kaikoura Plain, bul reappear in the valley of the Greenbum, the south branch of the Kahutara, and in that of the Charwell, or CherweL (the more correcl spelling pronounced I a tributary of Conwaj Riv. occur extensively bul irregularly throughoul this zone, their modi ol occurrence being similar to thai "l ■ ds in Awatere County. In the upper Clarence Vallej " Amuri" one appears on tin' Kaikoura County side ..f tin- main stream from Jiluti Rivi

235

to Gore River, but not continuously. hj r, thin in this part of the county. The same lin irs in -cat a other localities in Kaikoura County—namely, Kaikoura Peninsula, Amuri Bluff (whei me of -Amuri limestone"), in tl "' basin of the Conway River north of Ferniehurst, and between Hundalee and the mouth of the Conv

A limestone ol undoubted T< occurs at Kaikoura Peninsula and Amuri lsl " 11 - '""' probably also in the Clarence Valley, as mentioned under the heading of onnty." This is not readily distinguished from tie- older Amuri limestone, on which, at both localities, it rests with apparent stratigraphical conformity. The younger rock is correlated wii estone well developed at the ffeka P. in North Canterbury (see Waipara County), and is therefore tei Weke V stone." The maximum thickness of this rock on tin- Kaikoui is about 120 ft. (Morgan. 1916, p. 21 : also Speight and Wild, 191s. p. 83).

to McKay (Pop. of Geol. Explor., Xo. 9, 1877, p. 176) limestone occurs in large quantity in i la- basin of tie- Puhipuhi River (north branch - Hapuku River). The rock dips at a loch angle, and the stream has formed a narrow gorge through it nearly a quarter of a mile in length. The same limestone again appears farther up the stream, but the beds al that point are 0 thickness than in the lower gorge.

The greater part of Kaikoura Peninsula is formed of hard compact lin. the lower layers of which are very siliceous. The beds on tin- whole strike - east. The dip is variable, and several fault.- traverse the an been erected at the eastern end of Kaikoura Township in order to pulvcnzc limestone for agricultural purposes. On account of its accessibility by sea and its proximity to the fertile Kaikoura Plain, the Kaikoura li Btone must be of great importance.

References. (1) From Kaikoura, forwarded by J. A. Johnston. Dom Lib 47th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 21. Lai, Xo. 1220/2. Other samples forwarded at the' same tun,, by -Mr. Johnston contained 58'07, 29-55, 41-70, and 47-20 per cent of carbonate of lime. Lab. Nos. 1220/1, 3, 4, 5. (2) From Kaikoura. forwarded by Mr. George Benner. Aston, B.C.- 12th Vnn Rep. Dept. Agric, Chemical Division, 1904, pp. 143, 151. Analyst's No 8255.

The limestone near Amuri Bluff has been carefully examined by geologists on ieveral occas -■ hj forms high cliffs north of Amuri Bluff proper, and portions appear to bo of fairly high grade. Hilar layers are flinty or siliceous. McKay measured Bve sections in this locality, and found that the Amuri limestone varied in thickness from 260 ft. to 630 ft. (Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877 p

Many years ago the limestone north of Amuri Bluft was quarried and shipped to Christchurch, where it was used as a building-stone or burnt for quicklime (Eep of Geol. Explor., No. 4, 1869, p. 39.)

PLATE X

A. Nodular Layer in Amuri Limestone, South Side 01 Imurj Bi.uff, K tIKOURA I toUNTY.

The parallelism of the layers is very marked. H

B. I'li'.Tin 01 Ml I a- I", I . I (VEKLYING I IREEN i ; uning Phosphatic Nodi les |Pori Ro I'm \ [Ol I IoUNTI .

A Bmall faulf is also apj i ■ ■

238

ollowing analyses of limestone from Amuri lilufT have been made, but none of tic Li red representative :

(1) Septarian nodule or concretion forwarded by Dr. Julius von Haast. Col. Mus. and Lab. 61 . 1871, pp. 28-29, 32. Lab. No. 1067 I. Tl an error in the statement of the analysis. Probably matter insoluble in acid should be 21-2 per cent.

(2) Part of No. 1. freed from calcareous veins. Lab. No. 1061 2.

bographic limestone from Amuri Bluff, collected by Mr. Alex. McKay (Geol.

Surv.). Col. .Mus. and Lab. 12th Ann. Rep., 1878, p. 26. , Lab. No. 1927. A nearly 'one. v.-ry fine-grained, of light-cream colour. Bubconchoidal fracture.

(4) Cone-in-cone limestone, Amuri Bluff, collected by Mr Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. 21st Ann. Rep., 1886, p. 37. Lab. No. 1274. The Bample was ol brown colour, moderately hard, and broke into pieces, most of which were of a conical shape.

'■■

Kaikoura County is well supplied with limestone, but some exploration and much careful sampling are required before definite opinions as to the quality of the t points of attack can be given. For example, Limestone at Kaikoura is being quarried at a very convenient point for transport; but thi 1 other localities on this small peninsula where the stone appears to be of better quality than at the present quarry, and transport, though xpense, can he arranged. The limestone in the Amuri Bluff and Oaro River district, Kaikoura, needs to be sampled in order to ascertain the quality, thickness, and

An account of the pho currences of the county is given in Chapter V I of this hull. tin).

Means of Trc

■ ikoura Peninsula from all prevailing winds except the north-east. It contains some da] tea ra can ri at tl astern end of Kaikoura Township. Then boat-landing Waipapa, two or thi south of the mouth of the Clarence, north of Amur) Bluff, and

Kaiko ■ ' orth and south are continued till they meet. The chief road is thai pari of the Bier <1 within the county. This road follows the line a Oaro £ \imni Bluff), where it goes a few miles inland. There is also an inland road from Kaikoura to Greenhills, and thence to ffaiau. The Kaikoura Plaii ~ : , u ,\ a few milea up the Puhipuhi Valley, north of Kaikoura Township. No Other roads of const -t m the county.

239

Literatttre. The following list contains the principal references to the geology oi Kaikoura County :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. I. 1868, pp. 37 II: No. 6, 1871, pp. 25 16; No. 8, 1877, pari oi pp. 27 58; No. 9, 1877, pp. L 72 84; No. 17, 1886, parts of pp. xiii xxxvii, 27 136; No. 18, 1887, pp. ix xiv 71 7-: No. 20, 1890, pans of pp. xxxvi-liv, 1-IG, 85 185; No. 21, L 892, parts of pp. 1-28.

6th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Papei I 9 1912, part of pp. 7-9. 7th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., parr oi Pari. Paper C.-2, 1913, pp. 130, 131. 10th Ann. Hep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Paper C.-2b, 1916, pp. 13 15, 19 25.

9. N.Z. Inst., vol. 43, 1911, pp. 389, 390. 523, 524; vol. 18, pp. 18-58; vol. 50 1918, part oi pp. 65 93 (R. Speight and 1.. J. Wild).

To above list add the papers by C A. Cotton cited under "Awatere County," and N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 1. I'-HT (11. Woods), pp. 13 15 and most 'of pp. 17-37.

11. Cheviot County.

Tlie geology of Cheviot County is similar to that of Kaikoura and Awatere counties, but old Mesozoic rocks are dol so prominent, and the Amuri limestone is very poorly developed. Limestone of Tertiary age is to be found on the coast at Gore Bay and Port Robinson. Farther north, south of the Jed River, a bed of white and earthylooking limestone 30ft. thick is well exposed half a mile inland. It is underlain by calcareous claystone, which contains lenses up to 20 ft. thick of limestone and calcareous -'one. Farther up the Jed, limestone probably belonging to the same horizon occurs for three miles along the south-western side of the valley. About a mile below Cheviot Township (Mackenzie) the calcareous beds cross the Jed and thence northward flank the western slopes of the Cheviot Hills, where limestone forms a prominent rocky ridge high on the northern spur of Mount Maccoinnich, a mile and a half c. Cheviol Township. Conglomerate with a calcareous matrix outcrops aear the road between Gore Bay and the Hurunui flats, and also at several points near Cheviot Township, but these occurrences have no value as a source of agricultural lime.

The remains of an old kiln are to be seen aear the road along the coast a little Bouth of lli*' mouth of Jed Stream. The limestone in this locality is of good quality, and. moreover, conveniently situated for working. It is al least 20ft. thick, and over a small area could be obtained practically without stripping. The limestone bed is overlain by a thin band of pebbles of phosphatic limestone, and by a bed of soft calcai sandstone several Eeel thick, also containing phosphatic pebbles. A deposit of "soft" or friable limestone is reported by Mr. A. McTaggart, of the Agricultural Department, to occur on the Cheviot Estate lour miles Erom Dometl Railway-station.*

The following analyses represent Cheviot County limestones:

* Jour. Agrio., vol. 11, L 915, p. 394. The analysis of limestone (80-80 alcium carbon given on p. 330 of the Bame volume probably represents a Bample from this deposit-

240

, '' a»ular limestone, Cheviot Estate, forwarded by Lands and Survey Department. Col. Lab. 28th Ann. Rep., 1894, p. 13. Lain No. 6376.' The analyst remarks that the sample, from its structure and compositio to be chalk "It Irmrably adapted for burning into lime."

Sofl calcareous freestone from Cheviot, forwarded by the Department of La :"" l . >: ' '1 C*b. 32nd Ann. Rep, 1899, p. 6. Lab No 8127 I "li is of fine grain, oi a pleasant Bhade, and easUy worked." Two similar stones were forwarded at the sain.' time (p. 7 oi report). t a : . c i ii t -i ~ T . . _

(3) (4) Cheviot, forwarded by J. Gibson. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep. 1914 d 22 Lab Nos. DllO7/1, 2.

Cheviot. No. :. forwarded by New Zealand Farmers' anion, and No. G by Mr. i.. W. Forbes. Dom. Lain 18th Ann. Rep, 1915, p. 21. Lab. Nos. EBOB and 1)12. '

rhe following determinations of calcium-carbonate content are given by B. ('. Aston in the Journal of A vol. 11. No. I. October, 1915,

Summary of Limesloru 11. soura - &\

oi Cheviot County lias not been fully explored. There are several large deposits, and probably the county is on the whole well supplied with ; "- s "' f ,l "' deposits are well situated for supplying neighbouring agricultural but the writers have not learnt of any large deposit that i- .1 ~, the railwayll"" and at th " mme '""" can l> wUy worked. Further exploration and sampling of the known deposits by experienced prisons are needed. Tins work could advantageously be carried out ... conjunction with a detailed :.,.,. f OJ the rock-structure of the county is highly complicated, and problems requiring geological knowledge for their solution are sure to ai

Means of Transport.

I railway-line runs through the county as far as Parnassus, eighty-five mile church. The trunk road of the county is the coach and motor road, which is !lv cloBe '" (l "' ™l« ! I continues north to Kaikoura. Fr it ■ ''"■■"'- <" i '"" Robinson and some oi the inland districts have been made. The ( '"""' ''"' vrrv I""" harbour oi Port Robinson, and there are various boatlanding places along the

A./- raturt.

ol Cheviol County are to be found in the following

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. I. 1869, pp. 38 II ; No. 6, 1871, pari oi pp. 25 16; No. ■-. 1877, part of pp. 27 58; No. 15, 1883, p. 79; No 20 1890 part of pp. 85 185.

McKay, Alex.: " Report or the Recent Seismic Disturbances within Cheviol County . . . ," 1902.

Henderson, J.: 'Notes on the Geology ol the Cheviol District." N.Z. Jour, Bci, and Tech., vol. I, No. 3, May, 1918, pp. 171 71.

208

12. Ixa.v;aimw County.

Inangahua County is a compact inland area containing a centra] north and south valley, with mountains to the east and the west.

Tin- oldest rocks are probable Ordovicia! and greywackes, followed by Silurian quartzite, shales, and limestone.* Tin-'- latter rocks occupy only a small area. 'Flie Ordovician si rata are much intruded by granite and other igneous rocks, and contai iriferous lodes. Tertiary conglomerates, Bhales, sandstones, limestones, and calcareous claystone overlie the Palaeozoic rocks with strong unconformity. The youngest oi the county consist of glacial and Suviatile gravels, 'he latter found principally in the central valley. Exposures of Silurian limestone are confined to a narrow zone east oi Reefton, seven iidles in length, but are not continuous through this belt. Outcrops be seen in the Waitahu and [nangahua valleys, and in Murra Rainy, and Deep creeks. Of these the outcrops in the [nangahua Valley and in Lankey are most likely to he <>| commercial importance. In the former Locality, five miles south-easl from Reefton, limestone largely formed of corals, and at least 2<*> fr. thick, forms a bluff on the roadside. It dips steeply to the south-west in this locality (60 or more). A quarry was opened here a feu years ago in order to supply the lime-tone required in the smelting of pyritic concentrates of the Progress battery, hut owing to linearly suspension of Bmelting little rock was used. Mr. Thomas Watson has successfully burnl this limestone in a low kiln, and used it on his farm, which is about two miles farther up the [nangahua Valley. The rock is not of uniform quality, and the ai quoted below probably represent better material than the average stone of the quarryface. The only fairly complete analysis that has been fouud is the following:—

Reference. —From Crushiugton, forwarded by Inangahua Fanners' Union. Dom. Lab. •I oth Ann. Rep., 1913, p. 14. Lab. No. C 673/2. Composition of calcined stone is also given. A .sample of limestone taken by Dr. .1. Henderson from the quarry mentioned abovi Found to contain Sl-SL per cent, of carbonate of lime (Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 19 ; and N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 18, 1917, pp. 221 -22. Lab. No. E 746)

In 1916 Mr. ti. F. Lockington forwarded to the Dominion Laboratory a sample of limestone (probably of Silurian age) from the Waitahu River which contained 91*83 per cent, of calcium carbonate and o*o9 per cent, of phosphoric anhydride (P a o 6 ). (Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. G 624.) The analyst remarks, "This limestone, although of good quality for agricultural purposes, is not sufficiently pure to be profitable for the manufacture of carbide."

Further information concerning the Silurian limestone of [nangahua County will be found in X.X. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 18, 1917. pp. 73 et seq., 22\, 222, 22 ■

Limestone of Tertiary age is abundant in [nangahua County. The high broken tableland south-westward of [nangahua Junction consists of limestone and calcareous

•Usually considered to be of Devonian age, but Mr. \V. s. Dun and othera believe that the fossils indicate a Silurian age.

242

sandstone in thick massive layers. These rocks extend southward along the eastern Hank of th( Btony River, a distance of over thirteen miles from the northern end of the county. .Much of the area is in Buller County (see p. 187). The width of the exposure decreases from north to south, and the number and thickness of the limestone layers also diminish. Near Inangahua Junction the besl stone of onveniently situated for quarrying, for it occurs in the upper portion of the strata at a height of from tilXl ft. to StH) ft. above the river, (Sec also reports by Messrs. \. McTaggarl ami H. Dickson quoted on p. 210.) A hard band of limestone i 12 ft. thick and of good quality outcrops on the Westport Road eh.se to the ihua Junctioi point 100 chains north of Inangahua Junction Railwaystation. The remains of a kiln may lie Been at this spot. An analysis of the limestone is given below.

In the bed <>f the first small creek north of Landing Bridge, and about 10 from the railway, limestone overlain by thick beds of sandstone is exposed. 'Hie ping required in this locality is too great for cheap working, while the rook, as judged by its appearance, is impure, and unlikely to contain more than 60 per cent, of calcium carbonate. High-grade Limestone occurs south of the Landing everal of the streams draining from the, Paparoa Range, but the absence of and of a bridge across the Inangahua prevents air. use of the stone untile. Hunt and Fletcher creeks, analyses of samples from which are quoted below, are in this locality.

Tertiary limestone in Inangahua County an- small, and of no at value. Highly inclined arenaceous limestone of unknown thickness outcrops in Burk Creek, about two miles by road north of Capleston (Boatman's). A Bample from this locality, obtained by Mr, A. M< mtained <i7-o per cent, of calcium carbonate No. l M) -Agricultural Laboratory). Limestone containing numerous fragments of granite and other rock sed in Rough Creek, a stream entering the Inangahua of Reefton. Tie >viously low grade, and this, t with the distance of the deposit from any road, makes it improbable that it will be worked for agricultural lime.

are Bel out in the following table:—

References. —(1) Probably from basin of Fletcher Creek. Forwarded by Inangahua Farmers' Onion, ; Agricultural Department. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Rep., 1913 p. \\ ; and N.Z. Geol. Burr. Bull. No. LB, L 917, p. 222. Lib. No. C 673/1.

(2) Average argillaceous limestone I Hunt Creek. Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. 1915, p 19; and \.X. Geol. Burv. Bull. No. is. 1917, p. 222 Lab. No K 470.

(3) Best baud of" limestone in gorge, Hunt Creek. Same reference as No. 2. Lab. No. E 471.

* Ensoluble in acid. 14-Geol. Bull. No. 22.

210

(4) From Totara Flat. Forwarded by Director of Fields, Department of Agriculture Same references as No. 1. Lab. No. 0 866. Omission of ' ; water and organic matte] " in published analysis rectified. " 'This have been taken from a small outcrop in Fitzgerald Creek, Waiwhero S.D." (X Z. Geol. Surv. Bull No. 18, p. 222.) Totara Flat and Fitzgerald ('reek are in Grey County, but the analysis is convenient!} inserted here.

(5) Forwarded by Inangahua Farmers' Union, per Secretary, Agricultural Department. Exact locality not stated. Dom. Lab. 46th Ann. Rep., 1913, p.'l4. ~ Lab. No. C 673/3 It is unfortunate that no uearer indication of the locality of this high-grade limestone than the address " Cronadun : is given.

(6) From 12 ft. layer near Inangahua Junction, on road to Westport, 100 chains north of railway-station. Dom. Lab 50th Aim. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. GlBl7/1. Sample taken by Dr. I Henderson in 1916.

Tic following analyses of limestone from Inangahua Junction are quoted by Mr. A. McTaggart in a report addressed to Mr. W. B. Auld, Secretary of the Lime Conference, Reefton, and dated 19th June, 1917: —

Most ol the samples were obtained from a limestone escarpment situated in fairlydense bush about 1 mile 70 chains from the Inangahua Railway-station and &50 ft. above the road. The others represented material that had fallen from the top of the lull above—namely. Rose Mount (1,307 ft.). The land in this locality is privately owned.

Mr. 11. Dickson, Resident Engineer, Public Works Department, Grcymuuth, in a report dated Bth -May. 1917, states that the escarpment is about 30 chain- from tieroad (to Westport). A three-rail incline tramway would probably be the best means of getting stone down to a proposed kiln. The other accessories required would be a shoot from the quarry to the top of the tram, shoot and hopper at the bottom, and a branch road from the main road to the kiln. The total est of tram (timber rails), road, shoots, hopper, three trucks, wire rope and brake gear, would be about £650. The cost of transporting limestone to the kiln would be about Is. per ton. Tl of carting lime to the railway-station, with coal for kiln as back loading, would be about 2s. 6d. per ton. The proposal to erect a kiln has been condemned on account of the somewhat poor and variable quality of the limestone (66-8 to 81-8 per cent.), hut if the limestone were ground the cost of transport per t..n would remain much the same.

The following rough estimate of the cost of ground li Btone delivered on trucks at Inangahua Railway-station, though not likely to be accurate, may be of some use as a guide to probable costs: — Per Ton

244

If the output, owing to lack of demand, were less than that anticipated namely, per annum or if the demand were intermittent, then the total cost ..f IN. :,d. per ion of ground bimated above would he increi The capital expenditure ..I £3,260 would lie distributed somewhat as follows:

Further informal!. ■ iry limestone of Inangahua County will be found in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 18, 1917, pp. 83 d uq., 221 et seq.

Limestont Raoura

Although Inangahua County contains a great deal of limestone, much is of poor quality, and is suited for the manufacture of cement rather than of quicklime. The ide Limestone are for the most part in localities thai an difficult of access. The hulk .if th. ounty is in the central valley, railway; and probably for many years the fanners will draw most of their supplies of quicklime or slaked lime from outside sources, perhaps from Hodson l Ross, where a lime-kiln has lately been built. The most suitable Bite for a lime plant in the county appears to be Inangahua Junction. Although so of the rock heiv can perhaps be successfully calcined, its quality is uneven, and pulverization is immended.

Means oj Transport

A railway enters Inangahua County from the south, and runs through the central to Inangahua Junction in the north. Southward this railway give imunication with the p th and Hokitika. It extends also to Ross, near which is a ],,. • described on a later page. The main road of the county . through the central valley, close to the railway. A I.ranch down the Lower Bullet I with the port of Westport. Other important roads are those hua Valley south-east ol Reefton, and giving communication from the central valley to the mining districts ol (ih.hr Hill, Big River, and Blackwater.

Literature.

A considei ■ has I n geologically surveyed in detail, an d tl !•• embodied in NX Geol. Burv. Bull. No. 18, 1917, "The Geology of the Reefton Subdivision, Westporl and North Westland Divisions," by J. Benderson. On pages 7 13 ol thai bulletin will be found a complete list of the literature dealing with Inangahua County.

13. Geev County.

County is similar to thai of Buller and Inangahua counties, ~f ii,,k,i,,ui II developed in the eastern part of the on the western side of the Southern Alps. Towards the crest of the Alps an d argillitee thai may be of Early Me i ippear. Uorainic

, ln and other costa »t Ipm( 2fi DCF . ■ nt. 14*

212

rial is much more prominent than in Inangahu Buller County, fall into two series, on. of Eocene th.. other of Miocene age. Th.. Eocen in Buller County, contain valuable seams of bitumh Above the coal horizon is a sandstone which in places, especially north of Dunollii calcareous that caves and underground stream ive been formed in it by the action of water. Th,. Limestone of th,- county, bowever, is practically entirely of Miocene age. The quantity is large, hut the quali ~f good grade well situated lor immediate exploitation.

The lii ithern part of Buller County extends into ~ reaches to within three miles of Barrytown. It forms sea-cliffs 100 ft. bigh north of the Punakaiki River, hut farther south is concealed by younger Bti inland alon foot of thr mountains, where it has 1 n upturned b the rock is. decidedly arenaceous, hut in places fairly pup. layers are found.

From Point Elizabeth to Cobden, a distance of four mi 1.... and a half, limeston, the greater part of the Rapah r'i whul, skirt and , ght o! [,looft. or more. Son,,, of th,. islets close to Point Eli* are f " r '" f the same rock. Th,- limest ■ ~ ,!,,,. ird at angles varying between 20 and 30°. It therefore dips with th,- ... sl °Pee of the bills. On their eastern side it forms high cliffs. The Greymou H Board has quarries at Cobden and on the south side of the G from which I."' thr breakwater is obtained. Thelimestone in these quarries is in thick 9e parated by e argillac is bands. It varies in quality, hut most is hot, and argillaceous. The thickness of the limestone at Cobden and Greymouth, including s oi olaystone hands that become more and more prominent in the low,-,- horizon. ~ almost or quite 700 ft. Elsewhere, as will 1,,- seen from the paragraph he'ow, the thickness is much less. Ai Point Elizabeth, partly owing to erosioi limestone may be less than inn ft. thick.

Tne Ra pal lin '-' " r Cobden limestone is continued south of the Grey River by the ]l Btone oi Petei R idge. This outcrops continuously on the crest and slopes of the rid ge a< tar s " 1 " 1 ' " Limestone Diggings. The dip is at moderate angles to th. 01 south-west. The thickness diminishes from Greymouth southwards till at Kakawau l> " :,k "'" ProbaWy well under 260 ft. A steeply dipping band of I. ,t, fr l<»Ht. to 2nd It. thick extends along the western side of Stillwater Valley and Sylvester creeks Bouth-westwards. South-east of Kakawau it job l "' 1 '- Tll,s disposition of the limestone in the district Bouth-east of Greymouth to iv structure, which is that of an unsymmetrical anticline striking southwestward, and also pitching downward in that direction, The consequence of this I""' 1 ls that thwarts of Marsden the I. st : disappears under younger rocks. Impure limi an. bowever, on the south hank ol River below leu, the outcrop being due to the New Rh roded it. valley to the ' anticlinal crest of the limestone stratum. Again, about two miles half to the south-west, owing to a slight upward bulge of the anticlinal crest, limestone is exposed in the gorges of Fireball and I ks, near thi River. The limestone Into is well bedded, and has moderate but irregular dip. Its thickness exceeds Imi ft.

l '""'" s ,lnllrll '" Bea «>h of petroleum at Kotuku have Bhown thai excellent limes from INHi. to 123 ft. thick, exists some hundreds of feel below the sui watel iBBuin B In,MI s """ ores h..s deposited a moderate amount of calcs *"""' 0" *e surface. A bore at Kaimata, less than three'mil, shown that the limestone is there represented by 64ft. of calcareous sandst. and 61 ft. of highly calcareous olaystone, winch underlies the oaloareoui

■n

An isolated patoh of limestone, apparently of fair quality, forms Knoll Point mi the Boutn I *e Brunner. This locality is six miles south by west from Kotuku !, "|" seven mile, iron, the Kotuku oil-bores, and less than eight r ''•' k «. Seven to seven and a half miles west-south-wi Knoll Point impure pebbly limestone outcrops ill Deep ami Clear .reels, and on the between. Tins material is of possible vain of its proximity to the aakull or Ilohonu Settlement, mi the north-east side of the Taramakau liner.

Thin hands of limestoi everal feet thick ami oi excellent quality, occur in - of Black-water ami I; tl "' Grej River south-wesi oi Ngahere. Similar bands occur in other streams to the south-west of Br.. .... do they have any presenl economic value. An outcrop of broken impure Inn.-tour mi the oi tin- Otira Railway-line, half a niih- or h-ss southward of Stillwater Junction, may belong to tin- same horizon as these hands, or to tin- somewhat higher one of the Cobden limestone. Calcareous rocks outcrop also on the railway to Reefton, a quarter of a mile east ol Stillwatei Railwaystation.

iniferal limestone occurs Dear Greymouth at a somewhat higher horizon than the Cobden limestone. It is best seen near trie, station FC, where it outcrops at a height of 300 ft. ..-. ..I roughly I acre, ami is 18ft. to 20ft. thick or more. The bed dips at 18 t<. 20 to the westward. It has been found a shun i tin- southward, ami. as shown In- debris, probably exti smith as the Mareden district, except where it has been removed by denudation. As aea> trig. PC tin- upper part ..! the foraminiferal limestone is ~f [airly g 1 quality. Thi contains many inclusioi ey material, sufficiently rich for bit ~i , i,| kiln may bi the Blope to the north: ami here limestone from the outcrop above was successfully calcined, it go. Consid ~.,, to this i its position being convenient ami its quality better than that of of tin- limestone in the neighbourhood of Greymouth.

A quarry could !>•• opened either mi the western face or the northern face. Mr- H. Mi lent Engineer, Public Works Department, Grey uth, has esti 1 i'ii" the cost of making shoots and aerial or incline tram road i nnect with tier with cost of wire ropes, brake would port to a proposed kiln at tin- foot of the hill would be Is. per ton. and nl earring lime to the railway-station, 2s. per ton, including cost uf carting coal us a hack loading to the kiln.

Additional DetaiU \naly oj I. >■ > D Qu hj , dr.

lii the years 1909-10 i plea of limestone were collected by P. G. Morgan from various parts "f the Greymouth district. Analyses of tl iven in full in N.Z. Geol. Bull. No. 13, 1911, page 94, and onlj the calcium-carbonate and contents are repeated here. Somewhat arenaceous nearly white Limestom Point I ontained li t. of silica and approximately 80-26 per cent. mi calcium carbonate (by addition oi CaO 0 ' Lab llili Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15. Lab. No. Ali me of the mosl northerly points on the summit of I n contained 16-06 per cent. nl silica and 77-80 per cent, of calcium i Dom. Lab llih Ann. Rep., 1911 p. 19. Lab. No. A 111.) No sample was taken from tin- Greymouth Harbour B quarrj owish colour, raft, aren and tu and ooi nl good quality. At a lower horizon, near the railway bridge

214

over tie- Grey River, where then is a cave, described by 11. X. McLeod, the limi is of better quality.

On the south s,de of tli.' Grej River the Greymouth Harbour Board's quarry exp« a section of several hundred feet of limestone. This is in general 'hat of the Cobden quarry just across the river, hut there is a horizon where the stone appeal be of somewhal better quality. A general sample taken in 1910 coi 15 pet cent, of silica and approximately 75*25 per cent, ol carbonate of lime. (Bull. No. 13, p. ;i| ; and Dom. Lab. 14th Ann. Rep., 1911. p. 15. Lab. No. A 847. Wrongly ascribed to Cobden, probably owing to its being labelled " Cobden limestone.") In the latter part of L 916 a representative sample was selected west of the road-bridge ovei River by Dr. -). Henderson from the most promising portion of th< consisting of 20ft. of calcareous beds 6 in. to 3ft. thick, separated by argillaceous layers. This sample contained 16-87 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid, 79*61 cent, of calcium carbonate, and 1-05 per cent, of moisture and organic matter. (Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917. p. 21. Lab. No. G 1817 2.) A little south of the Greymouth quarry, limestone from about the same horizon as that of the sample just mentioned has been quarried and burnt in a kiln with indifferent results.

The following six analyses made by Skey of the limestone at Greymouth n quoted. Probably all the samples came from the Harbour Boardimmediate vicinity.

ence. Six limestones from Greymouth, forwarded by the Royal Con on Local Industries (or Industrial Commission). Col. Mus. and Lab. 15th Ann. Rep., 1880, pp. 34 35. Lab. Nos. 2756/1-6. There is an error of 2 per cent, in the tabulation of No. 6.

A representative sample of greyish-brown foraminiferal limestone from the outcrop near trig, station FC, collected in 1910 by I*. G. Morgan, contained 10-96 per cent, of silica and approximately 81-57 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Bull. No. 13, p. 94 ; and Dom. Lab. 4 4th Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15. Lab. No. A 1148.) In 1916 Dr. .1. Henderson took a si in Mar sam pic which yielded on analysis 84-82 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 9-46 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid. (Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. 1817 3. Locality wrongly stated as " Easson's.") In March. 1917, the outcrop was sampled by Messrs. A. McTaggarl and I'. G. Morgan. The three samples taken yielded 86-4, 71*8, and 83*3 per cent, ol carbonate of lime respectively. The first and third samples represented the uppeT portion of the deposit, and the second sample the somewhat poor lower portion. The weighted average is 79*6 per cent.

The arenaceous Limestone <>l Sylvester Creek, Stillwatei \ alleyj is nearly white in colour, and as sampled m 1909 near the track-crossing contains 12-95 per cent, of insoluble matter and 82*50 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Dom. Lab. 13rd Ann. Rep., L9lO p. L2; Lab. No. 306; and Bull. No. 13, 1911, p. 94.)

216

Tin' I Fireball and Tansey creeks, near Kumara, bul on the north ■ Taramakau River, lb a light-coloured Saggy stone suitable both for building purposes and lor burning into lime. It is a fairly g 1 limestone, and hardly deserves the adjective " arenaceous" applied to it in Hull. No. 1.",. The analysis of a sample taken in 1909 shows Tiki per cent, of silica and 88*30 pel cent. of calcium carboi Lab. 13rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 12: I.ah. No. 305; and Bull. No. 13, 1911, |. calcined stone would contain aboul 84-7 | quicklime (CaO). A road from Kumara via Cape Terrace reaches Tansej Creek, and continui till it joins tin- road from Nemona to Cameron's, which in I'm'.' In was a horse-track, but is now in pari a road suitable for wheeled traffic.

o .iii.l Deep creeks, new the Taramakau Settlement 'in), was discovered b) P. 6. Morgan and .1. A. Bartrum, of tin- Geoli in December, 1908. It is interbedded with conglomerate, claystone, sandstone. A sample from Deep Creek, taken at that time but not analysed until No. 2 below, whilst No. 1 represents a sample from Clear Creek collected in 1916 by Dr. .1. Henderson.

red outcrops, Clear Creek (1916). Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Pop.. 1917, p. 21. Lab. No. Q 1817 I.

.- No. 1. Lab. No. (I 1817/5.

Dr. B ■ "ii the spur t" tin. north "f Clear Creek the hj stone appears to be of better quality than thai in tin- creek. The outcrops in Clear Creek road, ami there would be no difficulty in forming d to their vicinity.

of the Kotuku limestone, made on a sample of drill-core obtained n, 190 I '" Brunner Oil Company's No. '2 bore), shows very big! - lica is 3-25 per cent, and calcium carl ate nt. (Bull. No. L 3, 1911, p. 94 : and Dom. Lab. 13rd Ann. Rep., 1910, p. 12. Lab. X". 307.) In I'M" the Taylor Syndicate's A2 bore at Kotuku I' nion Laboratory, with the following

Rom depth of 125 ft. to 129 ft., A2 bore. (2) Prom depth ol 430 ft. 15ft., A'J bore. Dom. Lab. Wth Ann. Rep., 1911, p. 15. Lab. Nos. AB4B I, 2.

much contaminated by material from a higher horizon, and were tjiJ<'■ 11 in ord d limestone. Other bores a 1 Kotuku have yielded limi thai of which the analysis is I white in colour, suit, and pi

The limestone bam and Blackwater creeks B kball, are ol are, however, ooh'l di rable purity, ,wn by the analysis of a sample collected late in 1909. This slums 2-02 per cent, of silica and 94 te (Bull. No. 13, p. 94; and Dom. Lab. Mth Ann. Bep., 1911, p. 15. Lab. No. A :

216

The limestone of Mulligan and Brown creeks, small streams draining into Saltwater Creek- near Welshman s. is in part of good quality. Saltwater (reek itself issues from a large cave in flaggy limestone of fairl stone from Saltwater Creek and its tributaries have been taken, but the localities are not miles from the railway, and some day will deserve attention. Eakawau Beakis another somewhat remote locality where tie* limestone, 2'Hi ft. to 250 ft. the flaggy and apparently of good quality.

At Point Elizabeth, in the calcareous mudstone below the limestone that forms the main part of Point Elizabeth, there are one or two thin band- of limestone. The calcareous claystone found above the Cobden or main Limestone horizon in localities, where it is not hidden by gravels or has not been removed by erosion, is locally known as the "Blue Bott ." and in many places contains calcarei tions. The Kaiata mudstone, of Eocene age, is in places highly foraminiferal, and becomes a marl—for instance, tear the coast south of the Nine-mile Bluff.

An analysis ol limestone Irian the neighbourhood of Blackball has yet to bi The sample it represents may have come from a band of limestone in one of the small streams south of Blackball. This analysis is given by B. C. Aston, and follows :

c,. Jour. Agric, vol. 11, No. I. Oct., 1915, p. 330. Analyst's No and due : K2953; 1909.

In Fitzgerald Creek, a small branch of Moonlight Creek, a small outcrop of faultinvolved limestone is visible. The analysis (Xo. 4) of limestone from Totara Flat given on page 209, under Inangahua County, and supposed to be really from Fitzgerald Creek, ought to be quoted here, for both localities are in Grey County. The analysis shows 6-36 per cent, of silica and 9000 per cent, of calcium carbonate.

The following two analyses represent samples which arc attributed to Brunner, but must have come from outcrops some miles away:

'Reference. From an unspecified locality. Forwarded by Tyneside Proprietary Company. Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Rep., 1917, pp. 20, 37. Lab. Nos. G336 !. 2.

Summary oj I. m. itow B &i

As already stated, Grey County contains large quantities of limestone, but it varies considerably in quality. The limestone at Greymouth and Cobden I situation so far as facilities for quarrying and distributing it arc concerned, ai quantity is practically unlimited, but on the whole il is decidedly of low gradi

250

l ' Vvn ' <*» ■■"■■■ >'" only for pulverization. Tin- limestone, however, though rather s„f t for that purpose, has been extensively quarried in order to form lie' moles ; lt ""' entrance to the Grey River I, ha. also been used to a small extent as a building-stone, and some very poor lime (from the agricultural nt of view) has been mad.' from it.

The upper portion of the foraminiferal limestone band near trie. PC could be bumt m a "hole is suitable for making cement or for pulverizThe quantity, however, is small, and not much more than 60,000 to Made can be quarried without underground mining. The 1, from a road, and three-quarters of a mile from ,he Greymouth Railv, In tune to come Stillwater Valley, Kakawau Peak. Saltwater Creefe valley, Fireball Creek, or other localities may become sour oi 1n,,.. Exploitation of these de] will necessarily be preced y some exploration, ally by Bamplinf present Grey County must look to the limestone now being worked near Kof high-grade lime or pulverized limestone. From Boss to Greymouth by rail is . or thirty-nine miles, and to Totara Flat, in the north of the county, at twenty-seven mil.- Foe, Ross to the agricultural land near Rotomanu, Poerua, Inchbonnie, &c., via Greymouth and Stillwater Junction, the railway distances are Iron, sixty-nine to seventy-five miles.

Meant of Transport, die.

I v settled portions of Grey County have good means oi communication. From the port of Greymouth railways radiate to tli,' various . otira, and Ross. The limestone of Knoll Point, if it were worked, could easily be taken • Lake Brunner to Moans Railway-station. The county is fairly well loaded. and in a few years' time will have little to complain of in that respect.

Literature, <stc.

p ! : oi Grey County ins been geologically surveyed in detail. The results are embodied in the following three bulletins:—

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1, 1906: "The Geology of the Hokitika North Westland Quadrangle," by J. M. Bell and C. Fraser. This with a very small area in Grey County-namely, the southern part of the mi Range and some adjoining river-flats.

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Hull. No. 13, 1911: "The Geology oi the Greymouth Subdivision, North Westland," by P. (i. Morgan.

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 18, 1917: "The Geology and .Mineral Resources of the Reefton Subdivision," by J. Henderson.

The lists of lit.: three bulletins, mon especially No. 13, indicate practically all the publications dealing with the geology of Grey Count}-.

11. W.Ul'.lH.l '

Waipara County is a li reaching from Harper's Pass at the head of the Huronui to the east i of the gouth Island. The princii the western, mountainous, almost unsettled portion are old Mesozoic greywack argillites. The inl covered by fraviatile gravels, 01 contain -ml, as Sumner and Taylor. A little morainic material is also present. The i addition to areas of old Mesozoic rocks, contains a considerabh variety of Cretaceous and Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, limestones, claystom

251

Part ol the Hurunui Plain is inthecounty; and near Waipara a flat area that tonus the northernmost part of the famous Canterbury Plain begins.

rincipal limestones ~f Waipara County are the Amuri limestone of supposed Upper Cretaceous age, and the Weka Pass stone, which i- now generally admitted to be of Tertiary age, though in all the localities where it ! ..mined it at to rest on the Amuri limestone without angular unconformity. For this reason geologists think that there is no unconformity between the two tin Others admit a slight stratigraphical break or non-sequence, and others, including the writers of this bulletin, consider that there i- a true disconfonnity and that it denob considerable time-interval.

Tin' Amuri li -tone and Weka Pass stone may be best observed near Waikari and at Weka Pass. (in account of their close association in the most easily described as a unit. The two occupy an ate,, ol ove] two square link- south of Waikari. From thi mg strip extends eastward some d. south of the Waikari Valley Road tor mane miles. Jt reaches Moore's Hill South and probably also Moore's Mill North. The dip is at moderate angles to the south. A strip of Weka P e occurs four to live ami a half miles east of Waikari. north of Scaler's Direct Road (which is here the mam highway) and south of the Waikari Valley Road (Mr. Turner's hind). This strip has a southerly dip of ahoi: The visible thickness is 50ft. to soft. Again, a lone strip of limestone with easterly dip extends from the railwav-11,„ north of Weka Pass for at least ten tO tile SoUth-West. |t passes West of North Deall. crosses flic \\ m to KoWSJ County, and continues beyond Boby's Creek-.

Various isolated patches ol Amuri limestone and Weka Pass B tone occur Waikari on an education reserve, on .Mr. Holland's kind, west side ol Razorback Road, cVc

On the south hank of the Hurunui, about a mile from the sea. the Amuri limestone i- over 50 ft. thick, and has a dip of 111 to the west.

''''iiii'i limestone forms high cliffs on the coast south of the Blyth River. In this locality it dips gently to the south-east, and the thickness is at least 300 ft. The beautifully white, compact in texture, and well jointed, but much disturbed by slips and faults (Speight and Wild, 1918). The Amuri limestone is again seen in a near Stonyhurst homestead. \ hug to McKay it appears as a narrow belt forming part of a low range between the south-west branch of the Motunau and a «7 creek coining from the cast and draining the coast range to the south-east of the junction (1881 report, p. III). In the .Motunau River at two miles from the is 300 ft. thick. Between the Mount C;i- Range and the lower part of the Omihi Valley there is a range of hills on which the Amuri limestone dips i. north-east. Patches of Amuri limestoi t Weka Pass stone occur on the summit of iss Range cast of Waipara Thus limestoi curs almost continuously in the coastal ranee from the Hurunui River to tin- Waipara.

I" the localities mentioned the Amuri limestone is generally Erom 60ft. to 300 ft. thick, bul in B idary Creek only 20ft. was se en by Speight and Wild. The thickness is therefore commonly much less than that observed in Awatere and Kai koura counties. It is a close-grained nearly white rock, which is usually hard, but in many places is shattered, and in some fault-crushed. [1 also to deposits of soft limestone, which will be hh.iv particularly mentioned later. The lower part of the Amuri limestone is argillaceous, and in places is a marl or cal stone rather than a limestone, so that its thickness is difficult to define. The upper portion is inclined to be arenaceous. Generally n is sharply separated from the Weks stone by a layer of soft calcareous glauconitic sandstone, containing in many places

219

phosphatized pebbles of Amuri limestone, and this layer gradually passes into the typical I'"- -tone, which is a sandy limestone, solid, coarser-gi id, and less than the Amuri limestone; hut there are localities for example, near the Waipara River above Mount Brown where the transition from Amuri limestone t" Weka Pass stone appeal's gradual. The Weka Pass , ~ between Waikari and the Waipara River has ~ thickness approaching hut not exceeding 100 ft.

Speight state, that limest can Ire traced from the northern part oi the Hurunui but not continuously, acre the Hurunui to the Hanks of Mount Mason. seen on the south side of the Hurunui basin, hut reappears i ind the out,iop follow., round the western end of the Trias-Jura mass forming tie- Mount Alexandci Pane,-, and joins on to the Weka Pa- -tone near Waikaii. ™1- l - 1915, |'. 347.) The amplification of these and other statements not quoted, with the addition oi an adequate map, is much to he desired.

In addition to the two limestones just described, Waipara County has a third me, younger than the Weka Pass 8 t ~ and known as the "Mount Brown one," owing to its forming part of the .Mount Brown beds, which are typically developed in the hill of that name south of the Waipara River (Kowai County). This nbbly shelly rock, occurring in tw : three somewhat irregulai bands separated -- calcareous layers. It has already I n mentioned, though not under that name, as expose,! ahme the tth-western edge oi the Waiau-Hurunui Plain. It continues southward of the llllrunui into Waipara County, and outcrops almost isly on the south-west margin of the plain. Two hands of rusty-coloured rubbly me, the upper 26ft. to 30ft. thick, the lower 50ft. to 60ft., separated by 60ft. sandstone, form prom.' u ents at Mount Brown. .tend north-eastwards fo les toward- Weka Pass. At Weka Pass and Mount Don 0 be scattered through a considi thicknei Park, 1888 report, p. 32). Rubbly limestone hands of the Mount at ii live miles west of Waikari. near the localitv known as " Tlie Pyramids." These hands are not very thick. They dip steeply with the associated 50 to 80 to the west.

ill outcrops of the Mount Brown beds appear east of Waikari Cemetery, they : [uarried for roadmaking purposes. Rubbly shelly rock occurs in thin beds, alternating with softer material. The dip i- 25 to the south, which must bring the beds in contact with the Amuri limestone and associated beds that outcrop in that direction. Consequently a fault is bound to intervene.*

According to McKay the Mount Brown limestone is well developed in the northern part of the Mount I Range. H occupies a small area in the upper basin of the Motunau River, and ap] olated patches on the coastal range south-west of the mouth '.f the Motunau, and on Mount Friday, north-east of Bou from Stonyhurst. The Mount Brown beds in that locality, McKay states, have suffered great denudation <l ss] report, pp. 112-13). In the hills south-east of Waipara the Mount Brown U be represented by layers of calcareous conj

Soft-lirru ston* Dt p>

During ". past few ■ era] oft-lim, torn deposits bave I n discovered in mty, and have received much attention, chiefly owing to Mr. B. < Istor. I mist I Mr. A. Mel riculturist, both of the

* R. Speight seem vol 17, 1915, p. 347.

253

Agricultural Department. The Waipara County Council, Mr. H. H. Holland of Waikari. and 0 "' '""' deTI The soft-1 ■stone deposits near Waikari ed bj Mi. '■' " an article entitle and lame-tone Finds" in the Journal oj M,l, 11, No. 5, November, 191 i ' LOO.

A few chains south of Waikari Railway-station tie- Waikari Council li]n i, m Limestoni ibly 200 tons or more of tin- material has been asified by mean- ol a i under wh i tirface tent for bagging the line product. In December, 1915, when the [ocalit on.. ~f the writ the followii ii ;„ oris ; 5 ft. to 7 ft. highly friable limestone debris mixed with hard fragments oi variou lowishlower part ol the friable material poorer in quality than rh,. upper. The post hol.-s ol a neighbouring fence showed that soft-limestone debris led at least 2 chains Up the -lope t,, the -utitli. but it was not visible chains d. In this direction a road-cutting exposed only a yellowish sandy debris, containing vein- or patches of pure-white almost impalpably line material resembling whiting. In January, 1918, the localitj was r.-i • howed In ft. to II ft. oi limestone debris overlain by a lew- inches of black soil. The ma of hard fragments, but toward friable line stuff was present. Unless the hard lumps can be conveniently used lor roadmakii such purpose there doe- to be much pro-:-handling the soft material at this spo

South-west of Waikari. on an education reserve (Section It. 1145), a de] soft limestone occurs near the loot of a slope below a Limest ■ ridge. Tin- has been bored to a depth of lilt, (only at one place), and in January, L9lB, was being stripped with a view to working it. The scarcity of labour had impeded its full development up to That time.

(In Mr. Holland's land, about a mile west of the education reserve, soft-limest debris is Found o derable area west and south-west of his house, on the (,f a limesto capped hill. A uumber of sh. ive been dug in the deposit, anil at one place it was bored to a depth of II ft. without finding hard bottom. The quality Is variable. Mr. McTag thai the first -ample mtained about 88 per cent, of carbonate of lim i the moisture-free ile west nt -Mr. Holland's house a test pit exposes 2 ft. of soft-limestone dehris of good underlain by hard linn-'

BUIiriUUWIAMII '" "ii- "i .|i...n. .T ............... ... ........ ■ Mr. \l itates that soft-limestone deposits occur on at least four other privately owned areas of land in the Waikari district. A small deposit of chalky debris is exposed by a railway-cutting in Weks Pass.

Fur some further particulars concerning Waikari soft Limestdne the reader may be referred to Mr. McTaggart's graphic article iti the Journal of Ag l\ accessary to note thai insufficient data exist to justify his statement that then probably "millions of tons or unlimited supplies of ibis desirable mat.-rial in the Locality."

The "suit li stones" of the Waikari district are slo] r talus deposits formed by the weathering and disintegration of Atmiri Limestone and, t<> a less Weka Pass stone. En ■ ol bo pure as the original rock, but portions appear to enriched in carbonate <»f Lime. For genera] statements concerning tl rigin of soft-limestone deposits of this kind Bee LOth Ann. N'.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. I' 1916, pp. 15, 17.

221

Analyses of Limestone.

arliesl recorded ai Erom Waipara County appear to be Uected by Profi—r James Park in 1904. They are as follow:

il) Weka Pass stone from Waikari end of Weka Pass, from cliffs on north side of stream, a few chains above railway - viaduct. Average sample I from whole thickness of beds. Trans. N.Z. [nst., vol. 37. 1906, pp. 544—45. \nn. Rep., 1905, p. 10; Lab. No. 9864 I. N.Z. Geol. Surv. 9th Inn. Rep., pari oi Pari. Paper C. 2. 1915, p. '.'2. Also R. Speight and L. .1. Wild, Trans. N.Z. [nst., v 01.50, 1918, i

(2) Weka Pass stum'. 2ft. above Amuri limestone. Same references as No. I. I I.

(3) Amuri limestone, 'J ft. beli 3ame references as [Jos. I and 2. 11. Speight and I. J. Wild, Trans. N.Z. [n p 68.

(4) Amuri limestone. Average sample froi of 40ft. Sam.' referei 3 Lab. No. 9864 3.

Th. ities oi samples Nos. 2, 3, and I are not stated, but doubtless they were taken in the neighbourhood of sample No. 1.

In 11 I H5, P G. Morgan selected samples of Amuri In the I'uss Crcrk, above the railway-viaduct. Analyses of these

,1) Amuri iitacl vrith Weka Pass stone (gla Inn. Rep. N.Z Geol. Sun., part of Pari. Paper C. 2, I;,I5. p. 92. Lab. No. F370. Also R. Speighl and L. J. Wild, 1918,' p. 68. ■ i oi Amuri I

as No. I. Lab. No. P371

Lmuri limestone, about 36ft. below uppei sui locality and as No. 1. Lab. No. E 372.

ii- rtone, taken ai the lami time 2, md 3 i yielded tl

255

References. (I) Pebbles of Amuri Limestone in glauconitic calcareous sandstone (lowest layer oJ from same locality as Nos. I to 3 above.

(5) Amuri limestone, near upper surface, some distance up valley (quarter mile or little more) of Weka Pass Creek, above railway-viaduct.

(6) Amuri limestone, 30ft. below upper surface, same locality as No. 5. (7) Amuri limestone (argillaceous), 50ft. to 80ft. In-low upper surface, same locality as md 6.

■>o.s, ;j una o. The published referenc os. 4 to 7 are 9th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv. as already cited, and Dom. Lab. 49th Ann. Rep., 1916, p. 19. Lab. Nos. i 373, 374, 375.

B. C. Astnti gives the following analyses of lime marly rocks from Waipara Countv :

Reference. Jour, Vgric, No. I. Oct.. 1915, pp. 330-31. See also pp. 393 F 340, from Scargill. also contained Insoluble matter, 25'89 per cent.: alumina and iron oxides, 021 percent.; magnesium carbonate, &c., 207 percent.; water, &c, l s '7:> per cent.

The Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915. p. 21, gives nine analyses of Canterbury limestones. The samples were forwarded by the Fields Supervisor, Agricultural Department, bul the localities are not stated, and therefore they cannot be a--to any particular county. With the exception of a determination relating to a calcareous sandstone, or sonic such rock, the analyses show from 67*88 to 89*05 per cent, of calcium carbonate. (Lab. Nos. E 1279/1-9.)

Speight and Wild give the following analyses in their L9lB paper, page 71 :

256

~ Il » *""H" 2ft. from present surface of Amur, limesf ("*1 N.iimi i' li-ntii in.i....- C ;,, i' L____. ii .■ . . ...

i-l aample iron, upper 6m. of honeycombed portion of Amuri limestone. . (3) Detached nodules ol Amur, limestone lying in the Weka Pass stone ~ fev, inches above the present surface ..I the Amur, limesti /1 \ I .... .. .1 ~ ii' i ..

(I) Lower 2ft. of Weka Paso stone.

' es, <&( .

""' "' : of Waipara County has many large deposits of lim. sa&a ' '"' it" own needs but also for those of all northern Canterbury. "' the limestone is coj situated close to railways, but the quality is variable. Further explorati I the limestone is desirable, and in addition a considerable amount sampling is n led.

The best and most abundant of the limestone is that which has been called the iri limestone." The upper In ft. of this stone in tin- Weka Pass district appears "' '""''l'" on the a... 85 per cent, of calcium carbonate. The impurity is mainly -and. and the rock ran probably be calcined in an ordinary kiln without difficulty. Somewhat strange to dence id the limestone in Waipara County '""rag ' " b «m< '">- been obtained. The Weka Pass stone is m general too suitable for burning. The rulil.lv Mount Brown limeusually too i 1 1 great value. They van- much in quality, ami in places will 1,,- found useful. No analyses of tin- Mount Brown stone an. ,|,v k '" mn '" have I " made,* am: tnpling is therefore desirable. ''''"■ so-called "-.ft limestone" deposits mar Waikari an- possibly of great potential value, hut so much he I on their behalf that a word of caution is necessary. They vary much in quality, and sufficient data from which t the quantitv of "'■ ■' ■" per cent, of calcium carbonate on an air-dry basis l,av '' ""' ' » obtained in any case. It ought rly understood that the ''"l"'- i " J ' i - "I ''"' ordinary Bense, but modern slop,, accumulations ol debris the much more ancient and comparatively hard Amuri limestone, Weka Pass &c.

Means of ZVoi

At Waipara the railway from Christchurch divides into two branches, one going nor,! kari, Medbury, &.-.. into Amuri County, and the other th-easl through tin' Omihi Valley, Scargill, fcc., ii County. The eastern Bettled P art °f ,; - faWy well roaded. it has a sea-coast, but no port, unless the in' Burunni can be considered as such.

Liu rature.

Tin- Waipara ami adjoining .1 ined by many geologists, ami the expended in thi subsequent reports ami pap. imically directed would have easily supplied a detailed geological map and report mi the ' : < portion of the county at least. The principal references to th< geology and ture "f tin- county will be found in the following publication!

1 11,. Geology oi Canterbury and Westland," 1879. .! i.i. ■JiiL lis ■'.! i I 'ii n: - ■> i,- mi- i

316, 317 18, &c.

Hep. of Geol. Explor., No. 1. 1868, pari of pp. 38 II : No. (i. 1871, pp. 5 19;

No. 9, 1-77. pai 16 39; No. 13, 1881, pp. xxvi xxvii, 10

No. 15, 1883, pp a 71 77. 7s. 79; X.,. Is. 1887, pp, 78-91;

No. 19, 1888, pp. xxxviii, 26 36; No. 21, 1892, pp. I liii, 97 [O3, 117 is (Ashley County).

•See, I w from Scargil], .pi.a.

257

6th Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari. Pap.-, (' 9, 11112. pp. 7-9; 7-

Rep., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1913, p. 123: 9th Ann. Rep.. Pari. Paper C.-2, 1915, pp. 90-93; 10th Ann. Rep., Pari. Papei I 2i. 1916, pp. 16-17, 25-29.

X. Inst., vol. 6, 1874, part of pp. 297-309; vol. 14, 1882, pp. 410-14;

vol. 20, 1888, pp. 257(13; vol. 37, 1905, pp. 535 16; vol. 39, 1907.

pp. 475-76; vol. 43, 1911, pp. 384-89, &c. ; vol. 44, 1912, pp. 221 33;

vol. -17, 1915, part of pp. 317 19; vol. 18, 1916, part of pp. 48-58;

vol. 50, 1918, part of pp. 65-93 (Speight and Wild).

Quart, .lour. Geol. So,*., vol. 11. 1885, pp. 204 et tea., 266 7* (Hutton).

15. Westland County.

Westland County is a narrow strip of country nearly 200 miles in length, extending along the m of the Southern Alps from the Taramakau River to Big Bay. By tin; addition of part of Grey County it would become coterminous with the old provincial district oi Westland. Near the water-parting tin* mounl vackes argillites, probably of old Mesozoic age, in part possibly older. Westward rocks become more and more schistose, until at last they pass into phyllites and schists, which arc older than the rocks to the cast, but how much older is not known. In North Westland a belt of gneiss and granite forms the western I of the mountains, but these rocks are little developed south of the Big Wanganui Hivcr. Great reversed faults form the true western boundary of the Alps. In \ districts a foothill country composed of greywacke and argillite, in places intruded by granite, makes its appearance. In the Hokitika, Ross, Paringa River, Arnott Range, and Jackson's Ray districts Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, limestones, and claystones of Eocene and Miocene age may be seen, but are more or less smothered by fluviatile and glacial gravels of Pleistocene and Recent age. These gravels are in fact the characteristic rocks of the Westland lowlands. At Koiterangi Hill, or Camelback, an isolated hill 1,841 ft. high, about twelve miles south of Hokitika, limestone covers an area of some hundreds of acres, extending from i the summit eastwards to the plain at the foot of the hill, where the height above sea-level is about 150 ft. The strike is a little, to the east of north, and the dip to the south of east at angles of 10° to 25°. The maximum thickness is about '250 ft.. but the lower part is a calcareous sandstone rather than limestone. At the trie, station (1,841 ft.) on top of the hill the limestone is white, somewhat soft, and of fairly good quality, while near the old lime-kiln at the foot of the hill it is a hard tough bluish-grey rock of somewhat low made. On the south-east side of the hill the limestone is again lighter-coloured and of somewhat better quality than at the limekiln. Analyses of Koiterangi limestone arc tolerably numerous, as will be seen front the tables below :

il) to (3) From Koiterangi, forwarded by Mr. A. Barren, of Lands and Survey Department. Col. Lab. 34th Ann. Rep., 1901, pp. 12 13. Lab. Nos 8873

(I) to (7) From Mount Camelback (Koiterangi Mill), forwarded by Mr. John Peake, jun., per Hon. Minister of Mines Dom. Lab, IN: Ann. Rep \ns. 1070 I I.

258

im carbonate |t 'at' l | equivalent to lime (per cent.) .. 70-36 89-46 71-61 79-05

From quarry near lime-kiln. Koiterangi Hill. N.X. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1. 1906, p. .-<O. Lab. No. 121 I.

(9) Probably from near top of Koiterangi Hill; collected bv P. 'i. .Morgan in 1906 oi 1907. \ /.. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. li. 1908, p. 160; and Dom. Lab. 41st Ann. Rep., 1908, p. 22. Lab. No. 1112 1.

(I") (|i) From south-east has.' of Koiterangi Hill, near road; collected by P. <;. Morgan in November, 1906. Same referenees as No. 9, but pp. 20-21 of Dom. Lab. Rep. Lab. Nos. 1397 1-2.

Owing to the loss of a list of specimens collected, with details of locality, &c., the on of the points where the sain i ■]-■- represented by analyses Nos. !' to 11 ollected cannot now be quite definitely stated.

The following two analyses of lime made from Koiterangi limestone may lie eiven :

Referenees. (I) " Burned lime " from Koiterangi. Same reference as limestone-analyses tfos. lb Lab. No. 8873 I.

(2) From [Loiterangj lime-kiln (McArthur's). Same reference as limestone-analysis No. 8 above. Lab. No. 121 2.

The following analyses of limestone from Hokitika probably represent BLoiterangi tmplefl :

Reference!. —(1) (2) Prom Hokitika, forwarded by Rabbit Inspector, Dom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. Nos. D 800 I, 2.

(:!) Same locality and sender as Nfos. I and 2. Dom. Lab. tBth Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 20. No. E236. 1.5 Gool. Bull. Ni

226

The , oted show tl ; *e Koiterang very . when i highly arei ,s bund in almost or quit* as convenient a position. The best on top of the hill, nearly 1,700 ft. al ; a position where its us. sac! locality of several of the sample is not km of the Koiterangi limest is therefore desirable. In a quality, the pulverization rather than the calcination of th. recommended.

leeui iiui'-iiie 11. The Koiterangi limestone is now known to he of I ° the hj, which immediat is in places, especially north of Dunollie, bighlj P- 212). I' Supposed by McK.H to he l|,e e,pnvale||l of ihe Co I ™ W »■• quoted and tentatively adopted by the writers of bull 1 and 6. The detail. ey of the Greymouth district has thrown light on tie- correct Btratigraphical relations. (See N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 13, l!»ll).

Nearly white but apparently not high-grade limestone outcrops on the Koiteran»i Plain less than half a mile north of K 'ost-office, and rather more tl mile north-north-east of McArthur's lime-kiln. The outcrops form a low ridge on Mr. Cropp's farm. They are close t" the mam road, and therefore in a very acct one ought to he sampled. Its position indii to be correlated with the Koiterangi Hill limestone, hut it has the appearance "f the t'obden limestone.

(in either side "1 tin' Mikonui River valley, north-east and south-east of Gribben Flat, are small areas oi Miocene strata. Th >■ in the hi ' the Totara River, and in Pothole and Slate en .ties of the Mikonui. Miocene rocks include some highly calcarei erate, and claystone, and in Smyth Creek (tributary of Totara) there is a hand that might he called arena* limestone. A sample " : ireous mudstone or claystone from Slat.' Creek had ca, 16-13; alumina, 15-25; iron oxide 1-80; lime, 16 91 : carbonic anhydride, 11-20; water, 2-81 . alkalies and . Lab. Xo. I 111 : 1907.

The localities just mentioned are about nine miles inland, and difficult ess. Their calcan belt, but may pos ho utilized some day for the Upper Totara and Mikonui river-flats.

In the latter part of L 905 an outcrop of high-grade limestone was discovered by Mr. H. Hamilton, Field Assistant, Geological Survey, at the head of ; "k. a small tributary of Donnelly Creek, near Ross. The locality is a !ittl> east "i Ross, and Bomewhat under <><) chains south <>f the point where Hodson Brook a the Mam Smith Road. During the past few years tins limestone has received I deal of attention. A company r<> work the deposit hj med, and a lime-kiln, now m active operation, lias been built.

Tin' following statements are extracted from a report by Mr. A. McTaggart, of cultural Department, dated 19th July, 1911

Near 1?■ excellent stone of high grade was. after persistent explorations in densely wooded country, finally found tantities. On cutting a track up Bodson an escarpment of rubbly hard Limestone was Eound, which proved to continuation of the ridge running north-west toward Ross Township, and connecting Hodson and (.'oal err. this pidge Mr. McTaggarl and party had samples "ii an earlier occasion. i approximately 60 chains

227

from the Ross-Hokitika Road, and is estimated to be USOft. above Bea-level. The quantity of stoi le thousands of tons, and. on account of its loose rubbly uatui ried \S Mr. McTaggart'a request Mr. C. 8. DalHokitika, searched Coal Creek valley tor a supposed outcrop of limestone, but found none in place. He reported, however, that on the spur or Brook facing Ross there was a fair amount of limestone at a ~ly io or 12 chains from Donnelly Creel Mr. Dalgleish was of opinion that suitable sites for lime-works could be found immediately below the trig, station on the where there was a lOOft. face of limestone oi it ' onnelly's I reek, ueai Donnelly ; ,■ that 300,000 tons of limestone was available at either Bite.

Mr. McTaggart quotes the following analyses by Mr. B. C. Aston:

A sample from Hodson Oreek (at the end of the ridge) vi.4d.-d 90-6 per cent, aed near the spot where limestone ed by Mr. Hamilton in 1906, A sample taken by him had the following compositi

NZ. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 6, I and Dom. Lab. lis' Inn. Rep., I9og \o. 11 12 2. The oalcii rbonate equivalent to the lime present is 91-8 , lt ~ i„„ ~,.. culation would give a lower result, and apparently the samples taken in 1906 and in 1917 agree very closely in compo

Mr. H. Dickson, Resident Engineer, Public Works Department, Greymouth, visited ,1,,. Hodsoi "I supplied a report on th si of transport. Hia report, wllH i -tli May, 1917, dealt with other localities as well. The part relating t,, Hodson i ed as follows :

k: Total length from road, say, Oil chains; approximate height above road at in a shoot to the oreek immediately under the in ,l ,!„.,, ~ tade to a suitable kiln-site on the open !. or may be trammed on the top "I the terrace to immediately above the kiln ",„! t h' ere dropped into a shoot and hopper. The final scheme to be adopted would examination, bul ost would uot vary very much. The alternatives are an incline (ro| down the terrace, or a horse tramway along the fool of '

If t |„. rnut i top of 'p ,,, 'l- ,l »' tr ' u,L r "'"'- >d'" o ' s - three trucks. ~,1 brake gear would cost about £l,OOO. 'Hie cost of getting limestone to ,l„. i, 10l carting li to Boss RailwaylitiiJ .... would be aboul ss. per ton. A timber tram to connect the kilu with an existing tram to Papakamai Railway-station could be made 16'

228

bout £2OO. I tig of I-. per tot thus reducing cost of transporl to the railway from ss. to I- per ton.

If the limestone were quarried and bum Cape Foulwind. Mr. M "I that it could he placed on true] 6d. per ton. hul lie allowed only Is. per ton he I of lis. pel by Mr. Dickson in the report quoted above.* ol cost at Cape Foulwind quoted by Mr. McTaggart apparently omitted several mat,-rial item- namely. depreciation, repairs, and interest tapital. It is theref. Cape Foulwind hasis the lime delivered on fcr bout El IDs. per ton.f Tin- cost, however, could easily b, everal shillings per ton and tl mployment of a rock-breaker would effect a further reduction in cost. Finally, l»v working on a large -.ale. the cost of lime on trucks could 1,,- red bly to II per ton.

For data regarding costs at Cape Foulwind see page 190. The Cape Foulwind kiln est approximately £623 His. .\ similar kiln lined inside with firebrick set in fir, would have cost approximately £625. •

The Hodson Creek- limestone strikes south-wesl towards Coal Creek, or perhaps south-west toward- Donnelly Creek below the mouth of Coal Creek. The dip, by analogy with neighbouring outcrops, i- at high angles, probably t.. the nortl one is involved in faults, and to of the quantity available for quarrying t,. be made. In Bulletin No. 6, page 103, the Hodson Creek limestone was doubtfully correlated with tie limestone, whereas inly the equivalent ..I the Cobden limestone, which, however, until a lew years ago mis also correlated with the Koiteranei limestone. The Cobden stone is now known to he of .Miocene age, and far above the horizon of the Koiteranei limestone. The error was recognized when the detailed geological snrv. extended to the Greymouth district (see Bull. No. 13, lull. p. 53). In the colouring of the geological map ~f Totara Survey District (Bull. No. 6) the lim, head ~l Hodson Brook was extended beyond the small 20ft., which really indicates a greywacke outcrop. The map requires correction by colon extreme western part of th.- supposed Eocene area (blue ruling) brown, and giving the remainder a dia| ruling (G aland Series). The section CD requires a corresponding correction. Had a perfectly eoiie.i geological map been available it would probably have les-ened the amount of search made by Messrs. McTaggart, Dalgleish, and The chief obstacle to that search, however, was the dense bush, which foi to have prevented the explorers from locating the outcrop original! by the Geological Survey party in 1906.

The Hodson Creek limestone is a nearly white ,I, rock. ruder the microscope i o he composed largely of calcite crystals, together with rei of Forarninifera, Polyzoa, and other organisms, A of quartz and feld with some cloudy matter complete the section examined.

In October, 1918. some months after all that preoedea had been written the writers visited th.' Ross lime-works owned by th.- Westland Far rative producing Company. These consist of a kiln, various buildings, and an incline tram, at the top of which is the quarry. Th,. kiln, which is on th,. eastern side of Donnelly Creek, is .",■_> ft. deep, with a diameter of lift, at the top and a maximum diameter of 10 ft. 3 in. It discharges into four hoppers, and the total depth from its

• Mr Diokßon hod previously roughly estimated the cost of transport from the proposed quarry-stte on the spur facing Koss at Is. per ton, and this figure was adopted 1 '•"■ shoo ™ th, ,f the 12th Jul ml 800 tons of lime made ooei V.l lis ti.i. per ton to produce.

262

Of tile drive below the hoppers IS 40 ft. The r.iled capacity is 10 tons per daw The quarry is a considerable height above the kiln on the north side of the ridge ,1 Creek and Hudson Brook. Tlie limestone being quarried is much shattered, and dips almost vertically : hence it is obviously involved in a strong fault. A short distance to tin' southeast, however, near the surveyor's station on top of the ridge, th,' limestone is less shattered. In the rock as quarried is a huge an of rubble, which has t,, l„- rejected from the kiln, but would be very suitable for pulverization and use as a soil-dressing without previous calcination. 80 lube judged by ap] is al least Mil ft. thick. It is yellowish-white in clour: and fossils, chief)} Paten, are not uncommon. Limestoi xtends westward from Hodson Brook towards Donnelly Creek, and is found 11, Hood Cn tributary of Coal Creek, but does not read, the latter stream. Although, as stated above, no estimate of quantity can be made, yet there must be millions of tons, all apparently of good quality. As a supplement to the kiln now at work the erection of pulverizing machinery to deal with the limestone fragments that lall for the kiln is clearly advisable. As a matter of fact, at the tune of writing, steps 111 that direction are being taken by the Westland Farmers' Co-operative Lime-producing Company. A considerable amount of information regarding the company's operations will be found 111 the Hokitika of tic 12th .lime 1919, and in the Qreymouth I Star of tic same date.

In an early report (1877, p. 84) Cox states that the Miocene marls I Blur Bottom) lit Ross are Lnterstratified in their upper layers with shell limestone. No shelly rork, other than small masses "f shelly ami partly concretionary calcareous claystone, was ..il m th,- course of the detailed geological survey made during 1906 and later years.

0 f Roes no limestone* is known to exist in Weatland until the mouth of the ut eighty-five miles south-wesl of Ross as the crow flies, is reached. report, p. me traversed in all din 11 ale-spar (calcite) occurs hen rocks, and overlain by tone, and conglomerate. Prom this locality it may I"' traced south>urhood of the Abbey Rocks, where Messrs. Arthur and Docherty in January, b s 7ij. were opening a quarry in a band of blue limestone with a view to -i lithographic Btone. The strata at tins place had a dip of 46 Above tin- In' i tot 'ox observed blai I inds, ~,„! gj, . by marls ami shales. Towards the top of tin' hill above , rrv j u . t ~ band occurred. The lower beds were but tin- upper beds were fine-grained, and apparently suitable for use as a Lithographic -tun.'. Tin' uppermost laye] of limestone was coarser-grained, ami capped hich formed th.- summit of the hill. The limestone could l„. rr ,„.,.,i f OJ o the southward, where it was well exposed along the sea Its thickness was at least 150 ft. The dip was to the north-east at an angle ox, 1877 report, pp. sl-82.)

South of the Abbey Rocks limestone occurs <m the it one | it having therly 'lip of 50°, bul a little to tin' south tin' strike yeers to tic nortl i I underlain by marls and green

remarka or tin- quality "I the lithographic limestone near Abbey Rooks will be found on I is report i1«77).

• After this was written 1 osit ol calcarei ed near Uarihari -Nil, of th, ■ -n|,l. which baa been analyaed contained 98 pel cent, of calcium "'■ ,7 ' N "' -■ A "" ''""' ''' "•'

230

I'lir following analyses may be quoted :

~ '''J''''"'' ■ ''''"" L ' led by Mr. William Docherty to be tested for suitabil

Mus. and Lab 10th Ann. Kep., 1875, , were no doubt from the vicinity of the Ibbey Socks.

■ U '" IV ; 1-"' ' It. Charles Douglas, the well-known xplorer, reported the existence of coal south of Am.,.! Point. The ! Report, Pari. Paj Hi" in the valleys "I Wells and Kiwi creeks, tributa, I logical map of 1879 fertiarj rocks extending from the north side of th.

'." headland on the western aid : Jacl '"" l " ,M "' l - occurs- This extends tor some distance to the sout ' r ' l ""''"' oi ek, is ;, band of limestone stratified with marls. These particulars are based on the account limestone and associated beds given by Cox (1877 report, pp. 94 however, cannot be easily underst ! without the aid ..I a map. from .i.m 1.-"h i I;.i'. .:, ... follow :

M : /V,r„,r (I, Fine-grained U stone I ,2, coars, sandy warded bv Mr. I). Macfarlan, „,| ~.,i, ~,;, w

""' ttame Bay," applied to an inlet near Gorg, ' ndlcate ' *urrence of limestoi , that fault-involved " Cretaceo-Tertiary" rocks, consisting in part of I llt Awarua '' '■ ""' ""» h head] 1 of Big or Awarus Baj 1-7 report p Similar bed* are seen at the south headland, which, howev, ... County .' 7! ' Bhows B Btri P " f "C> rocks (maximum Wldth 813 i ™ ng uninterruptedly from Jackso ..,..„ ,„„,,, "here Quaternary alluvium hides the older rocks. The correctn, tin." mapping may be doubted.

Summary of I

In proportion to ,ts size Weatland | „fT f„ r 1„. ';"""'"';" "7' ■ thoUgh ° aualit ? only, ■ excellently situated to supply the needs of the Kokatahi Koiterangi Plai | „.,, u ' lf ' " i """ v '" Bnffi ciently g™at to justifj the erection of large In works will be of

*"" ""' north side of the ~ .1, of the Gorge Rivei , , , horizontal. (M. Ongley.) '•■•<■<<■"■> », tat i. otherw, ling i. mmtj

231

great value to fche area served by fche Reefton Greymouth Ross Railway and any future southward extension. This was anticipated in L9OB when the writer of Bulletin No. 6 remarked (p. 149) that fche Hodson Creek limestone would probably be found of considerable value m the future (for agricultural purposes). The use of limestone for the manufacture of nitrate of lime with the aid of nitric acid made from the air by an electrical process was also (p. 150). Abundant water-power is available.

At present ao convenienl source of lime can be suggested for the numerous riverflats south of Ross. The extension of the railway to the Waitaha River will bring the Waitaha Settlement within easy carting distance of the railway, but there is little present likelihood <<i the railway reaching the Big Wanganui and Wataroa districts, is much agricultural land. Some portions of South Westland may perhaps obtain lime from the deposits at Paringa River. Abbey Rocks. Arnott Range. Jackson's Bay, &c. Those at Paringa River, Abbey Rocks, and Jackson's Bay are near sea, and the material could perhaps be -hipped along the coast. This, however, may be considered quite impracticable at the presenl tune.

ansport.

Westland as a whole is somewhat badly provided with means of communication. From Greymouth a railway, entering the county at the Taramakau River, runs southor, rather, south-westward -to Ross. The settled portions of the county north of Ross are well roaded, and there are also many sawmill-trams. South of Ross there is a main road to Okarito Forks, whence branches diverge to the neighbourhood of the r and Okarito. From this main road a few short branch roads, most of which are well gravelled, have been made to open up the agricultural land. In 1908 south of the Waiho River there were practically no roads of any consequence other than bridle-tracks. The writers have not ascertained the progress made in road-construction during the past ten years, but it is not great. The Big Wanganui and Wataroa rivers, however, have been bridged, the latter in 1908, the former some years later. Notwithstanding its two hundred miles of coast-line, Westland County has no good harbour. The mouths of nearly all the larger rivers can be entered by small craft. The most used of these river-ports is Hokitika. The Okarito Lagoon forms a fair harbour, but at times the entrance is closed. Other points where produce is shipped are Bruce Bay and Okuru. Jackson's Bay is well sheltered from the southerly winds but open to the ■ north-westerly. Cascade River is said to have deep water inside the liar. Von Eaast considers that a harbour could be made at the mouth of the Paringa River. Barn Bay affords shelter from all winds except the westerly.

Literature.

Nearly the whole of North Westland as Ear Bouth as the Big Wanganui River has geologically surve til. The results are comprised in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. Xo. 1, 1906, "The Geology of tin- Hokitika Sheet, North Westland Quadrangle," by J. M. Bell and Colin Eraser; Bull. No. 6, 1908, "The Geology of the Mikonui Subdivision, North W<attend," by P. G. Morgan; and Bull. No. 13, 1911, "The Geology of the Greymouth Subdivision, North Westland," by P. G. Morgan. The lists of literature contained in these publications include nearly all the papers and reports thai with the geology of Westland Com I publications referred to on the preceding pages are von I!. >logy of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, and Cox's reports of 1877 in Rep. of Geol. Bxplor. No. 9, 1877, pp. 63 93 (Westland District) and '.'! 95 (Jackson's Bay). Befen ilso made to a map by Charles Douglas in Report, Pari. Paper C. 3, LB9O, opposite p. 96. This is accompanied by another

232

geological map and sections, also by Douglas, together with a brief account of of his explorations (pp. '."l 97). Fullei particulars ol Douglas's work .ml in soi I tic annual reports "i ile- Lands and - ' for the years during which 1c conducted his - 0 of explorations in South Westland will he found in these re] i publications, hut. heme mainly topographical, teed not he mentioned here. An exception maj c favour of 'A Geographical Report on the Franz Josel Glacier," lulu, by .1. M. Hell and o iblication of the N.Z. Geological Survey).

In. Tawimm County.

County is a mountainous portion of north-'.'.' [tending from the Southern Alps to the inland edge of tie- Canterbury Plain. The chief rock greywackes and argillites of supposed Tria reported presence of marbli in the Mount White district raises the question whether \hni.n or even older rock not present also. Small patches of Cretaceous and 1 limestones, claystones, &c., occur sporadically through tic county. The.-.- are all or less fault-involved or fault-bounded, unless tie eld he regarded a- an exception. Igneous dykes and volcanic tuffs occur in i ilities. Morainic and fiuviatile gravels form tic y igest rocks ot the county. Tie of Tawera County c prise several -mall intermontane ba valleys, and the agricultural laud mat Springfield which forms part of tic Canterbury Plain.

McKay (1881 report, p. 88) states thai "nests or lenticular patches of dark-grey compact limestone " ate associated with the grits, sandstones, and shale- occurring between the Cass and Bealey rivers. These cannot well have any economic impoi hut may he of -real geological significance.* Tic following ai white marble from "Mount White River" (' possiblv represents a or hns nl limestone similar to those described by McK

< Forwarded by Mr. .1. I>. Enys. Col. Mus. and Lab. 16th Ann Rep 1882 p. 30. l.ili. No. 2852 -1.

A most interesting patch of Cretaceous and Tertiary roi in the upper valley of the Broken River, in an intermontane fault-bounded depression known to geologists as the Trelissiok Basin. According to Hutton two limestones ut, one Cretaceous and one Tertiary. The older, believed to represent the Amuri limestone outcrops more or less continuously along the northern and Bouth-eastern margins of the basin. It is Bomewhal argillaceous, and varies in thickness from 100 ft. to (Hutton, 1887, p. WO). The younger limestone, of Miocene age, is besl exposi Castle Hill near the West (oast Road, where it is not less than 100 ft. or. according to Speight, 150 ft. thick. The dip is westerly, at angles oi 25 in 32 V the junction of Thomas and Porter rivers the limestone is 50ft. thick, and is underlain bv vn

• Mi Kaj stat- - that a basil obtained from a block of the marble am probably the Hun Mountain ■■ Inoceramus -i.e., .lpjanoia up iterc, Waimate, and Waitaki count

PLATE XI.

IE Trelissick Basjn, looking South-east from the Summii of i lastle Hill.

The Limestone in the foreground is dipping towards the ol ■

ew oi thj i Basin, looking South-wesi from the Hill River and Porter River.

The i ■ inH forms here the lowei gorge of the Porter River, but i( appears sgain fai bl round to the left, and in in the distance forming the eastern face of Castle Hill. / rom a paj Trams. S.l <;,,,!. Hull. ■>■'. 7.. far, „ 9X9

268

grit (10ft.) and tufaceoua greensands (40ft.). These beds dip al 20 to 25' to the west. In Home Creek the limestone is 60ft. to 70ft thick, and has a dip of 20 to the outh wesl (liuMou 1887, pp. 101, M)2). Speight considers thai there is only one limestone, winch in places is divided h\ volcanic tuff, &c. (1917, p. 336. &c). He gives a very full and careful account of the stratigraphy and paleeontology of the I relissick Ha-in Strata. In another paper be notes the presence of a greal mass of Tertiary limestone in the valley of the Ksk River near Mount White (1915, p. 344).

Summary oj Limestone Resources and oj Means oj Transport,

Ibe limestones oi the Trelissick Basin are many miles by road from the railway, and at present can supply bine only to the small area, of agricultural land in the basin iteelf. The Castle Hill limestone is a good building-stone (Speight. 1917, p. 332).

The .Midland Railway line runs through the county from Springfield to Arthur's Pass. At the time of writing the headings of the great Otira Tunnel have almost met.* The completion of this tunnel will give Tawera County communication with the West. Coast. For the present the Springfield and other agricultural districts will have to obtain their lime from Waipara County. The railway haulages are somewhat long, the distance from Waikari to Springfield via Rangiora, Oxford, and Sheffield being aboul sixty-nine miles, and to Cass, where there is some agricultural land, ninety-seven miles.

The Springfield district is well loaded, but farther west the only roads of any quence are the old West Coast eoach-road from Springfield via Porter's Pass, Castle Hill, <fec. to Arthur's Pass, portions of which are now in rather a bad state, and the new road from Cass to Broken River, which runs close to the railway-line.

Literature.

Mo-; of the geological literature relating to Tawera County has reference to the 1 rclisscK Ha sin. The energy already expended on this area, if well directed, won hi have given a detailed geological map of a considerable tracl of the surrounding country a- well a> of the basm itself, and would probably have settled some important geological problem-. The chief publications dealing with Tawera County geology are

Julius von: "Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 108-9, 141 12. 115 52, 2m:;. 391-92. &c.

Rep. of Geol. Bxplor., No. 6, 1871, p. 142 (coal near Springfield); No. 8, 1877. a small part of pp. 27-58; No. 13. 1881, pp. xx-xxvi, 53 74 (.McKay, on Trelissick Basin), part of pp. 83 107; No. Hi. 1884, pp. 19-22 ' Xo. 17 ; 1886, pp. 20-21 (Lindop), 22 27 (Cox); No. 21, 1892. p. 15 (McKay, on faulting), pari of pp. 162 63 (Selwyn County).

Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. 19, 1887. pp. 392 412 (Mutton): vol. 37. 1905, pp. 534 36 Park); vol. 11. L 909, p. 33 (Gudex, on striated stones); vol. 43, 1911, pp. 390, 392 (Mar-hall. Speight, and Cotton!: vol. 17. 1915, pp. 341-45 , (Sp 18, 1916, pp. 145-53 (Speight); vol. 49, 1917, pp. 321-50 (Speight). The last-mentioned paper is the most complete account of the Trelissick Basin to date. Unfortunately tin- sketch-map on page 323 is on too small a scale, and is not equal in detail to Hut ion's map of 1888 aXIV).

17. Oxford County.

Oxford County ia an inland area lying east of Tawera County. In the wesl the Puketeraki Range, formed oi Trias-Jura (or possibly in pari Permo-Carboniferous) rocks, forms the watershed between the Ashley River and the Esk. Similar rocks form most

•The headings met on 20th July, 1918.

•>:,4

of the county In Hie east of the Pnketeritki R Oxford Hill '1 ; ol the county is covered by the gravels of the Canterbury Plain, with the exception of a few patches where IV ral volcanic hills, such as Burnt Hill, fas.

A low ridge eight miles (or [ess) westward of Oxford, and near the base of Oxford Hill (4,392 ft.), is pari d of a chalky rock, generally supposed to re] the Amuri limesto Mr, Henry Wilson, however, the chalk end of tin' ridge, which is cut through by a .-mall branch of Eyre River. South-west-ward, on the banks ..I . inferior chal erlain unconformably by vesicular volcanic rocks. McKay considers that the chalk do angles of 25° to 30°, and that its total thickness is nut p. 50). He is also of the opinion tl be used foi crayons. &c. The chalk, however, is somewhat siliceous oi in places argillaceous, and variable in quality. It is therefore on the whole not suitable for the manufacture of lime, but probably can be easily and cheaply pulverized. Apparently the only drawback to its extensive use in Canterbury is its distance from the railway. Probably West Oxford is the nearest railway-station.

Analyses of the chalk are

Refere (I) Forwarded by Mr. John Ingram. Col. Mus. and Lab. 10th Vim Ren 1880, p. 34. hah. No. 2597.

(2) Forwarded by Mr. John Ingrain. Col. Mus. and Lab. 16th a.nn Rep 1882 pp. 27-28. Lab. No. 2819.

View Hill, some miles south or south-west of the chalk deposit described above, is partly composed of sedimentary strata, mapped by von H In 1915 two samples from View Hill analysed by I!. C. As were found to contain and 84-08 percent, of calcium carbonate respectively. (Jour. Agric, vol. 11. X,,. t. Oct,, nil... p. 331. Analyst's X.-. G204 .mi,l 205.) The samples may hav. from View Hill as stated, or quite possible from some neighbouring locality, the Vien Hill in that case being merely tie- name of the district.

There arc various patches of Tertiary strata in Oxford County, but no information concerning any limestone associated with them has been obtained.

Summary q) Limestoru ft

The chalk west of Oxford will probably be of considerable value for agricultural purposes in the future. So Eai as can be ascertained it must be used in the pulverised condition. Its value for the manufacture of crayons is problematical- in fact. " chalk ' 01 crayons are nowadays prepared from talc or steatite. The tint pan of Oxford County is traversed by the Kaiapoi-Sheffield Railway, and has excellent roads. Naturally or artificially pulverized limestone ran be obtained in abundance from Waipara County. The railway haulages will not be i Exploration and sampling of the limestone deposits of tl m decidedh adi isable.

235

Literatim

The chief references to the geology ot Oxford County are

Ilaast. Julius von: "Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879. See geological map. and a few casual references to localities in or near Ashley County.

Hep. of Geol. Explor., No. s. IS7T. a small part of pp. 27-58; No. 13. 1881, pp. xviii \i\ I'a 53 McKay, on Oxford chalk), and a small part ol S3 107 No. 21, 1892, part of pp. 117 I- (Ashley County).

\./.. Inst., vol. '3i. 1888, pp. '271 7ti (Henry Wilson, on Oxford chalk deposit).

18. Asm

The geology of Ashley County is much the same aa thai of the adjoining Oxford County, bu id Tertiary i better developed, .mil limesto mop' abundant. Amuri 1 illl■ everal points on the Okuku River, and probably also on tin- Garry River (a small tributary of the Ashley) between mounts Ashley and Thomas. Somewhat farther easl is a broad bell of Tertiary louth-wesl across tin- county, in continuation of that described under Waipara County as reaching .Mount Brown (Kowai County). These rocks contain beds of limestone which are usually thin and rubbly (.Mount Brown limestone), lutt in places are of considerable thickness. This is t! the White Rock quan Lobum, which at on.' time were worked for building-stone.

B. C. Aston states thai two Limestones from White Rock contain 78*66 and per cent, of calcium carbonate respectively. (Jour. Agric, vol. 11. No. I, Oct., 331. Analyst's numbers and date: G206 1 207, 1915.)

following am. sample from Mount Gre

ded by Mr. 11. McLachlan. Col. Lab. 40th Ann. Rep., 1907, pp. 16-16. Lab. No. 9

The fo by J. G. Black are quoted from " Official Record of fche N.Z. and South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin, 1889-90" (Wellington, 1891, pp. 368 71):

236

Referena (1) Hard, fair 1 n< from W R Uhley, exhibited by Wilson Quarries, v .. 4.

(2) Limestone similar to No. 1 Etoj ' roft, Ana. No. 11. The sum of the constituenl in the report cited is 99*7.

The Triassic rocks oi the Okuku River contain bancU 01 lenses "l limestone, in which the fossil Monotu ■ McKay, LBBl, p. I"").

;■.

Ashley County apparently Limestone deposit-, but these are -01 nr distance from the railws exploration and sampling ar in order to obtain fuller information, The railway from Christchurch to Waipara, fcc., just enters the county at Ashley Station. The settled southern and eastern portions of the counl y are well roaded.

< ;

There is noi much literature concerning Ashh tituted. The ehiei references, in addition to von Haast's "Geol terbury and Westland," are 1 he following :

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 8, 1877, part of pp. 27 58; No. 10, 1-77. pp. II hi : No. 13, 1881, pari of pp. 83-107 No. 21, 1892, part of pp. 117 18 (which refer to the old Ashley County, with much more extended lioundaries than the present county).

19, K.OWA] Co'

In the western part of Kowai County old Mi are well developed, together with considerable ' retaceous and Tertiary rocks containing much Limestone. The rest of the count} forms part of the Canterbury Plain. The bands of Amuri Limestone, Weka Pass stone, and Mount Brown lime seen in the Mount Donald Range, Waipara County, extend southward into K The Am tin Limestone, togethei overlying Weka Pass stone, reaches into the upper valley of Boby's Creek, od denudation, it ends, faulting, however, causes another band to appear I the east, close to the Waipara River norih of Mount Brown. This extends to ■■ Mount where, owing to denudation (or. according to Speight and Wild, overlap [(\ on older rocks), it disappears. The thickness of the Amuri limestone in this locality is onlj 26ft. This suggests unconformity. The overlying Weka Pass stone aere passes into .1 calca and (Speight and Wild, 1918). The rubbly M Brown limestones extend to the same locality, and there disappear for the same reason. Prom von Haast's geological map it appears probable that more lim< east and south of Mount Grey, but no information concerning tins pot limestone has been obtained. No analyses of limestone from Kowai County been found in the Literature consult*

Summary of Lima ~ and of Meant of Tna

The western pari ot Kowai County apparently contains a good deal of lii This limestone, however, is a 1 [east seven or eight miles from the railway, and is known bo !»■ variable in qualitj Exploration and Bampling an The oounty is traversed by the Christchurch Waipara I: I can easily obtain pulverized limestone from the adjoining Waipara County, tfosl pari county have good roads. There is no port on the sea-coast, which is therefore practically valueless as .1 means of communication.

'237

Literature.

In addition to von Haast's "Geology oi Canterbury and Westland," the following : references may be given ;

i! 'T- " f Qeol. Explor.. No. 6. 1871, part of pp. 5 19; No. 8, 1877., pari of pp. 27-58; Xo. Id. 1877. part of pp. 44-46, 52, 53, 59-6-".; No. 19. 1888, part of pp. 25-35; Xo. 21, 1892. parts of pp. 97 103. 117 18 (Ashley County).

Iran-. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, 1905, part of pp. 535-46 (Park); vol. 43. 1911. p. 384, Are. (Marshall, Speight, and Cotton); vol. 41. 1912. pp. 221-33 (Speight); vol. 50. 1918, part of pp. 76-77, kc. (R. Speight and L. J. Wild).

6th, 7th, and 10th Ann. Rep. X.Z. Qeol. Surv., as mentioned under Waipara County (p. 221).

In general the literature dealing with Weka Pass, <fcc. is applicable to the north-west part of Kowai County.

20. Rangiora County.

Rangiora County is almost wholly included in the Canterbury Plain. According to von Haast's geological map of Canterbury and Westland there is a small area of Tertiary beds in the western part of the county, south of the Ashley River. Probably these contain bands of calcareous rock, but no information has been obtained. The following analyses, ascribed to samples from Kaiapoi, probably represent material from this area or from one of the adjoining counties :

Reference— Forwarded by R. Evans. Dom. Lab. 48th Ann. Rep., 1915 p 20 Lab. Xos. E 807/1-3.

Rangiora County has good railway and road communications, and can conveniently obtain lime or pulverized limestone from other parts of North Canterbury—for example, ihe \V iikari district.

Literature.

Direct references to Rangiora County in the geological literature arc few in number. The chief publications dealing with the Canterbury Plain arc cited on a later page.

21. Kyuk County.

Byre County is wholly included in the Canterbury Plain. Having good railway and road communications it can conveniently obtain pulverized limestone from Waipara, Oxford, or other counties in North Canterbury having limestone deposits.

22. Mnlvkrn County.

The Malvern Hills, in the west of Malvern County, consist mainly of Trias Jura rocks. Sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Cretaceous ami perhaps in part of Tertiary

273

age fringe 'lie Malvern Hills on the north-easl and Bouth sides. The remainder of the county forms part ol the Canterbury Plain. Limestone seems to he Bomewhaf poorly developed. Von Haasl (|s72 report, p. 29) m ■ limestone in the rocks abutting against the Cairn Range. At .. later date he states that there ar ties in the Malvern Hills -such a- tie- pour Point Range 01 right ami Prank's Knob on tic left hank of thi : - and marbles exist in considerable quantity (1879, pp. 463-64). The former locality, however, IS OUtside tile eolllltV lIS at pP'Selll eo li si 11 UI e, | . Malvern County has good railway and road communications. It will probably have to obtain most of the lime it requires m the form of pulverized limestone from \\ County or elsewhere in North Canterbury. Lime of good quality I from Ashburton County.

dure.

Among tic- references to the geology of Malvern County, and more especially of the Malvern Hills, are

Rep. of Geol. Explor.. No. 6. 1871, part of pp. 46 55 (Hector), L 36 Hi (B No. 7. 1572. part of pp. 1 s.s (Haast); No. 15, 1883, part of pp. xvi. xvii, 57 02 (fox); No. Pi. 1884, part of pp. 22-43 and of map opposite p. 21 : No. 17, 1886. part of pp. 15 21 (Lindop); No. 21, 1892. part of pp. II (Selwyn County).

Haast, Julius von: " Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. Hi Is. 267, 283-85, 287, 293. 297, 452, 463-64, 466, &c. The Malvern Hills are mentioned on many other paces, hut the references seem to he mail localities in Selwyn and Tawera counties.

County literal iiiv.

23-30. Paparoa, Waimairi, Heathootb, Halswell, Springs, Mount Herbert, Akaroa,

and Waiuewi Counties.

Of these eight counties, Paparoa, Waimairi, and Spruces are wholly included in the Canterbury Plain. Tin' western portions of Heathcote and Halswell counties, and a small part of Wairewa County, are also contained in the Canterbury Plain. The other portions of these counties, together with Mount Herbert and Akaroa counties, form Banks Peninsula, which is a semi-mountainous area composed wholly of volcanic rocks. Small patches of ancient sediments are exposed south of the head of Lyttelton Harbour.*

the Hat densely populated country west ol Banks Peninsula contains the city of Christchurch, and has excellent railway and road communications. It can obtain its lime-supplies by rail from North Canterbury (Waipara County), or can import them by sea from Amuri Bluff (as was actually done many years ago) or Kaikmira. Ashburton County is another possible source of supply. A railway run- to Little River in Banks Peninsula, and can materially aid in the distribution of lime to Ucaroa County. Banks Peninsuls contains the fine harbours of Lyttelton (connected by rail with Christchurch) and Akaroa, as well as many other inlets thai may be used as ports for small vessels. It therefore has good sea communications. The Akaroa district will probably find it most convenient to import the not very large quantities of lime needed I from Ivaikouru or Amuri Bluff, in the form of lump or pulverized limestone.

* These are described more fully by Speight thao by other writers. See his paper of 1917.

239

/.*/. rature.

The literature having reference to the eight counties ntioned above deal- either with artesian water-supplies, the Canterbury Plain, or Hanks Peninsula. The Canterbury Plain literature i- cited under Ashburton County. The chief publications dealing with the geology of Hanks Peninsula

Haast. Julius von: "Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 62 63, 157. 261, 265, 324-65, 367, 369. 413 el seq.

Hep. of Geol. Bxplor., No. S. 1877. p. ;>,:; (at bottom): No. 21. 1892, p. 14C.

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 7, 1875, pp. 54-91, 98-105; vol. 11, 1879, pp. 495-512 (von Haast): vol. 15. 1883, pp. 411-14 (Hutton): vol. 22. 1890. pp. 64-70 (John Meeson) : vol. 23, 1891, pp. 373-75 (H. 0. Forbes) : vol. 25, 1893. pp. 367-75 (Speight) ; vol. 26, 1894, pp. 368-87 (Marshall). 408-14 (Speight) ; vol. 40, 1908, pp. 176-84 (Speight) ; vol. 49, 1917, pp. 36.5-94 (Speight). The last-cited paper gives a complete account of the topography and geological history of Banks Peninsula. A paper on the petrology is promised later.

Some of the papers having reference to artesian wells are—m____ XT 1 T__i __.! nn , nn i ~~. „. , TT . .

Trans. N.Z. (nst., vol. 28, 1894, pp. 654-64 (Hutton) : vol. 43, 1911, pp. 420-36 (Speight) ; vol. 44, 1912, pp. 142-49 (F. W. Hilgendorf). See also von Haast, 1879, pp. 468-73.

31. Sfi.wvx CotJNTY.

Selwyn is a fairly large county, extending south-east from the Southern Alps to the main railway-line south of Christchurch. The Rakaia River forms the southern boundary, and drains most of the mountainous western portion. The eastern portion is part of the Canterbury Plain.

"eology of Selwyn County is similar to that of Tawera and Malvern counties, which adjoin it on the north. Tertiary rocks are somewhat belter developed than in the last-named counties.

Bands of hard crystalline limestone, interbedded with old Mesozoic jasperoid argfllite and diabasic ash, occur between the foot of High Peak and the Selwyn Gorge (Cox. 1884 report, pp. 27, 28, 29). Samples which probably came from near the road between Whitecliffs and the upper Selwyn Valley had the following composition :

The first two analytical statements refer to the same sample, bul one 01 the other Is misquoted probab below.) Re/erenees. -(la) Forwarded by Mr. 11. A. Ogdon (1 Ogden). Col. Mus and Lab 20th Ann. Sep., LBB6, p. 11. Lab. No. 1032, ("-') Forwarded b M ad Ogden on 16th June, 1885 (Lab. No 4032) ReD of Geol. Explor., No. 19, 1888, p. xxx. (2) Blair W. Y : " The Building Materials of Otago and South New Zealand generally " Dunedin, 1879 p. 2!). Analysis by Professor A. W. Bickerton.

275

B. C. Asion ,n .lour. Agrio., vol. IT. No. 2, V.ug., 1918, p. 100, gives an anal an impure limestone from " Whiteclifo, 67-30 The sample analysed may have come from the Mesozoic rocks of the Malvern Hills.

The Lands and Survey Department's map oi Horoi District shows a marble-quarry on High Peaks Road a 1 e poinl aol quite" two i -rth-easl of High Peak trie, station. Tins quarry has not been worked, so far as the writer- can ascertain, at any time within the last thirty years. The locality seems to be thai mentioned by Cox (1884) and also by Hector (1888, p. xxx). In the publication cited above Blair states (pp. 28-30) that marble-quarries had been opened in a conical hill eight miles from Whitecliffa Railway-station by an influential company formed in 1876. Two varieties of marble were being quarried: one (the "grey") was of ~ general grey colour, due to a bluish-black ground with distinct white line.-, and the other (the " imperial red '') was of I tight-red colour. Bla i o thai the deposit was practically inexhaustible a statement that, one may fear, is not wholly correct.

In April, 1919—that is, some nine after the manuscript of this report bad been forwarded to the printer the quarr) mentioned above was visited by one of the v (P. G. Morgan). He had little tune for inspection, ami saw nothing to justify a hopeful view of the marble, either as a source of lime or as an ornamental stone. It occurs as an almost vertical irregular band, only a few feet thick, and probably of no great length. The stone seen by Mr. Morgan was hard and fine-grained, and its colour, on the weathered surface, was bluish-grey. Most of it appeared to be somewhat impure, A piece of reddish marble was found on the mad below the quarry, but oom in situ. Some miles eastward of the old marble-quarry, bluish-grey fine-grained marble occurs on the mountain-side north-wesl of Mr. George Starkey'a homestead, Mr. states that in this locality blocks of marble cover an acre or I

A small outcrop of highly fossiliferous Middle Tertiary strata forms the lower portion of a terrace cliff on the left or north bank of the Rakaia River about five miles below Rakaia Gorge. The Locality known as the '"Curiosity Shop." McKay (b s sl report. p. 77) states that a thick lied of calcareous sandstone is exposed, and that calcareous sands 10 ft. to 12 ft. thick occur a little higher in the section.

Towards the head of the Harper River, a tributary of the Wilberforce. a small Tertiary outlier, consisting of sandy clays with impure lignite, greensanda, concretionary sands, and concretionary shell-beds, has lately been discovered by Speight (1017. pp. 356-60). No information concerning the Tertiary outliers in the lower Harper and Wilberforce valleys (Speight, 1917, p. 360) has been obtained. The Cretaceous rocks at Rakaia Gorge do not include any calcareous layers, but at < lyster Hill. Bouth-wesl of Glentunnel, and elsewhere is a well-known oyster-bed oi Cretaceous

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Trai ■

Selwyn County appears to have very little limestone, and therefore must look to other parts of Canterbury for most of its lime. The Christchurch Dunedin Railway, as already mentioned, forms its eastern boundary. A railway also reaches Whit eel ill's, on the northern boundary. The Hat settled eastern portion is well roaded. There are several roads in the Malvern 11 ills district, and a good road which reaches the Lake Coleridge district continues up the Wilberforce Valley almost to Browning's Pas.-;, hut the last portion has been out of repair for main years. A branch Lines up the Rakaia for some distance, and may ultimately be continued over Whitcombe Pass into Westland, but much water will flow down the Rakaia River before such a road is made.

PLATE XIII

A. 'Jntn .'i Oamaru Stone, Teschemaker's, Waitaki County.

Vo. 20. Photo by A. C ■

ILARRY SEAR \\ ESTON, \\ AITAK] COUNTY.

In above views the horizontal lines are nol due to bedding, bul have been prod during quarrying. The smooth portions oi the faces are saw-cuts. '■''"'■ ' ; ■■ ' [To face p. Ut

278

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Selwyn County arc included in the publications i .Malvern County and the following:—

Hep. of Geol. Explor., No. 8. 1877, a small part of pp. 27-58; No. 13, 1881, PP. xm \wl ::> B2; No. lb. 1884, pp. lb 19. &c.; No. 17. 1886. pp. xi rii, 6-8, 13-19; No. 18, 1887, pp. riv .w, 230-33; No. 19, 1888, p. xxx ; No. 21, 1892, part of pp. 162-63.

rbury and Westland," pp. 123-41, &c. (see .Malvern County]. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 20, 1888. pp. 271 71 (Hutton); vol. 45, 1913, pp. 331-35 ght) : vol. 19, 1917, pp. 356 60 (Speight).

Quart. Jour. Geol. Soe.. vol. 41. 1886, pp. 517-64. (Hutton, on the "Curiosity Shop " beds).

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1, 1906 (a few pages refer to the crest of the Southern Alps, and the Wilberforce GolduVld. which is in Selwyn County). N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 6, 1908 (this contains references to the crest of Ups, Mathias Pass, Whitcombe Pass. &c.).

W Is, Henry : "The I faunas of the North-eastern Part of the South Island of New Zealand." N.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. 4, 1017 Pp. 16, 17, &c).

32. Elt.esmere County.

EUesmere County forms part of the great Canterbury Plain. Having good road and railway communications, it can easily obtain supplies of lime from outside sources.

33. AsmiURTON County.

Ashburton is a Large county, extending from the Southern Alps to the sea. and from the Rakaia to the Rangitata River. Nearly one-half the county is mountainous ; the remainder forms part of the Canterbury Plain, which is here most typically developed. The mountains consist mainly of greywacke and argiHite of old Mesozoic age. They enclose some very targe intermontane valleys and basins, the most notable of which is that in the Lake Heroi on Haast's geological map this basin links up the Rangitata and Rakaia watersheds. Moreover, it- is crossed by the winch with commendable apparently has preferred to cut its way through the mountains to the east rather than flow southward to join the Rakaia River. The Mackenzie Plain, Farther south, is a still more notable example of an intermontane basin than the Lake Heron region. The Canterbury intermontane lany lakes. Thick gravel deposits, partly of fluviatile and partly of glacial origin, cover their flo origin of these basins is comparatively simple. They have hern formed by means of a very general uplift along the eastern margin of the Canterbury mountains, ombined with some depression farther inland. Everywhere great faults mark the eastern boundary of the mountains. Num sous parativelv minor of faulting, tilting, and warping have subdivided the mountain area into blocks, and have given rise to various minor basin-. The Bhapes of these have be ' n-ain and i< but it is important to guard that they have been scooped "ut by ice, which was the c\ phi nation advanced by von Ha 1879 11 is desirable also not to speak of th< ' in those cases where down-faulting or warping IC—Geo!. Bull. No. 82.

242

■ n distinctly proved, for the upward irgin would produce the sai rat ' until recently they have been wholly occupied by I glaciers filled the hollows with gravel ormed.

Ashburton County mountain-, and mi their outer margin, patches of Tertiai probably of ' -I only on the south hank of the Ra

. rocks include re or less limesti n ; near the foot of the hills on both sides of the ing to viai Haast (1877 report, p. 16, and "Geology ot I the lust section of the Tertiary in the northern bank of the Ashburton, between Limestone Bluff On ummit of t ; 15 ft. of w ; of shell and "corals (? Bryozoa). ft limestone 70 ft. in thickness, underlain by volcanic tufa at d, In-low which is 10 ft. of shell limestone, in several layers. Under this are beds of sand, which may be valuable fot . the that they are evidently i of tire Ashburton, near .Mount Somers. limestone is extensively di a building-stone. I enabling the Oamaru stone, b a pinkish or reddish tinge. The Mount Soi I for : lime. The i wspaper report, are owned Blackburne, Smith, and Co., of Christchurch.

In November, 1917, one of the writers visit near Springbum, north of Mount Somers, where a lime-kiln was operated until about six years ago. The lin adjoining the kiln was apparently of g 1 quality, and. with included lav. ■ ils were present. The striki nearly magnetic north and south (i.e., east of north), and the di] It was apparently overlain by brown sandstt but very probably the beds were overturned. Analyses Nos. 2, •'!. I. and 7 of the table in a later paragraph probablv ■his locality.

Calcareous rocks appear at Coal Creek, on the south hank of I outlier of similar natur icurs at the head of the branch of the Hinds in o-called Limestone Range (von Haast, 1877 report, pp. [7-18, and "I Canterbury and \\

On the eastern side of the ~v | )0( i s containing two bands of shell limestone, each tft. thick, separated l>\ 6ft. oi .Similar bed other localities in the - district [\ pp. IS

In Redcliff* Gully, on the south hank of the Rakaia River op] mall outlier of Tertiary ml n s tone. The latter rock is " pink colour, somewhat crystalline in character, Baggy in the lower parts, but more era and even, and breaking into cuboidal blocks towards the top. . . . The thi is at least 150 ft." (Speight, 1913, , a ,„l shell-beds overlie the limestone, and it is underlain by light-coloured sands which p . thick stratum oi greensand. These strike to the east-north-east, and dip at an angle td the west of north.

m< old reports the name is Bpell "Redcliffe."

243

The following analyses of limestone from A-hl.urt.ui County have been found in the ne consulted :

il) Crystalline limestone, forwarded by Mr. A. E. Peach, nf Ashburton. Cnl. Mus. and Lab. Path Ann. Rep., 1885, p. 26. Lab. No. 3685. Probably from Mount

Granular limestones from k, near Alford Forest, four miles from J.urn: forwarded 1a- Mines Department. Col. Mus. and Lab. 27th Ann. Hep., 1893, p. 23. Lab. Nos. 5964/1-3. See also Mines Hep.. ('. 3. 1892, p. [39. Nos. 5964/1 and 59l i light Btone colour; No. 5964/2 was of a red rusty appearance. The impui: ted nf lite- green, black, and yellow sand (; glauconite and ipiartz Other particulars an- given by the anal

(.">) .Mount Somers. B. ('. A.ston, Jour. Agric, vol. 11. No. 4, Oct., 1915, p. 331. Analyst's nun <; ITU 1915, Nos. 6 and 7 have the same reference.

Blount Somers. Analyst's No. Gl7l.

Springburn. Analyst's X". G I 7:1.

■ lie Erom Mount Putts, collected by .Mr. Alex. McKay (Geol. Sun-.). Col. Mns. and Lab. 1 Ith Ann. Hep.. 1879, p. 25. Lab. No. 21

i • r- -'■ -"■'■■- --■■• - quarry, Mount Somers; exhibited by W. Stocks. Black, J. G.\ ' i Iffii I I! ! of the X.Z. and Smith Seas Exhibition, Dunedin, 1889-90 " (Wellington, lstil). pp. 368, 369, 371. Analyst's No. 10.

(lit) From Mount Somers; exhibited by E. F. Wright. Same reference as No. 9, 3, 370, 371. Analyst's N

(11) From Mount i xhibited by N.Z. Sti.ne Company. Same reference as No. in. Analyst's No. 1"..

(12) Pink limestone from Mo exhibited by Public Winks Depart nt. Nos. 10 and 11. Analyst's No. 2->. Sum of constituents as given in report 1011.

l Plain.

The Canterbury Plain extendi from a point some miles north of Waipara to Washdyke, near Timaru, a 'I larlj 120 miles. It is widest in Ashburton County, where its n five miles, and was once greater, for the sea has etir back the original a cliff with a maximum height of 70ft. (von Saaat). The plain has 1 n formed by the accumulation of detritus carried by 16'

281

the vai the Alps, and deposited by them on issuing from the mounl i 1],,, form ~f huge fan nnous irith a gently sloping sui 1,,.,.,, deposited in the l;l " '<* certain thai the material ol the plain is purely fluviatile to a depth ol many hundred feet, except mar some port ... jugt set forth was enunciated bj von Haast, but was Btrongl Hutton, who maintained that the plain was wholly formed of mat,-rial <j period when the lan,l « ha,l risen ai least 1,700 ft. an,,, the beginning of the Pleist, ed to raised beaches m i I „,f that the "'lt. to 600 ft.) higher than it now ,-. Hutfe , : how, alone in his views, ami „I,umlaut evidence is now forth,■omn v "' w « the formation of the plain b ~, ~f the land, not elevation (excepl oned ton are considered by Speight to I"''""' " f depress luring whirl, the plain was formed. The i at a depth oi 1,500 ft., ~,■ 1,150 ft. pel ;tll "lay thai appeared to be of fluviatile origin. In this bon feen 500 ft. and 600 ft., and it period than the upp, them by an unconformity. Th, i nterburv Plai below

Tn ' ! ily has been formed in the rbury Plain, and thai pari north-east of Venice where the It.-.h ... till latelj engaged in deadly confl emblance to it. and Piave rivers may be compared to the Waimakarii B almosl every respect. The swamps toward the It., , streams, ho leled by the low ground alt] makariri. An intensive study, how, mountain regions would enable a soldier quickly to acquh knowledge necessarj for directing a military campaign in the province o

Summary oj Lirm ft ~' ~/ Mean* of Tn

Ashburton County appears to have fair limestone resources, but further expl and systematic sampling of outcrops are necessary in ordei ' hristchurch-Du lin Railway traverses the county somewhat over ten miles from the coast. Bi u ~„.,,,„ ran ml ' t0 Methven and Springbum respectively. The lowland p burton County is well roaded, so thai the distribution oi lime will ol principal intermontane basins and valleys seem to M ~f roads up the main river-vs

/.//. ratun .

The chief publications relating to the Canterbury Plain

Haast, Julius von : ;]iurv plain „ Christchurch, 1864 (Provincial Governmei "Geology of Canterburv and Westland," 1879, pp. 6 ,\

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 8, 1877, pp. 56 58 (Hutton).

Trans - N -Z- tnst., vol. 5, L 873, pp. 387 89 (Hutton); vol. 6, 1874, pp. 121 24 (von Haast); vol. 16, 1884, pp. 149 54 (Hutton); vol. 39, 1907, pp. 206 12 ('•'■ w - Hilgendorf); vol. 10, 1908, pari ol pp. 16 13 (Speight).

Hutton, F. \\ : "Geology ol Otago," 1875, pp. 9] 92.

Marshall, P.: "The Geography of New Zealand" (1905), pp. 108 9.

Park, James :" Ti ~„\- p, hl p 2 42.

246

Other references to the geolog) ot Ashburton County arc

"Geolog ffestland," pp. 60-62, 128-29, 262, 268 i ol p. 307 9, 313, 386 d -■/.. 163, 164, 166, &c.

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 7. 1872, pp. 11l hi: No. 8, L 877, pp. I 19;

No. 10, I-:;. pp. vi mi. I 10; No. 11. 1878, pp. i\ vii, 91 109; No. 16, LBB4, pan- of pp. xx xxii, 2S i No. 21, pp. 15 16, 146 IT. < . 3, L 892, pp. 139 M).

VZ. Inst., vol. 13, 1911, pp. 317 12 (Speight); \,,1. 45, 1913, pp. 336 II (Speight); vol. 17. 1915, pp. 345 16 (Speight); vol. 18, 1916 pari ol pp. 137 ! I (Speight).

34. Mackenzie County.

enzie is a large inland county extending eastward from the Southern Alps to twelve or fourtt iru. It contains Mounl Cook (12,349 ft.), the -• mountain in New Zealand, and a Is., the great inland basin known as the .Mackenzie Plains, which contains, or partly contains, three large lake-, hut by no i oily of flat country. E or glacial -ravels cover the the county, lie mainly greywackes and argillites of •■■d old Met in the ordinary sense of the Term are unknown, but the ice of the variou alpine region must be regarded as rock, for it can hardly be excluded from any definition of that term ever i. Tertiary ,n the county. They occur (1) as a Btrip lace of the ilii! southward from the Opihi River ; the he,id of the Opuha River, smith o I small patches on or Dear the uorth hank of the Opihi River; and (4) bel the lower Opuha and Opihi rivers, ae part oi ■■ ! extending into Geraldine and J. i he available information concerning limestone in the Ti ruck- is scanty. Apparently it appears more or less continuously in the snip on the : of the Hunter's Hills.

ormation will be obtained from a paper by M. C. Gudex, which Trans. N.Z. Enst., vol. 50, L9lB, pp. 244 62, and deals with the area between Otaio and Tengawai rivers, which is partly in Waim.it'' and partly in Mackenzie cially pp. 255 56 and 253 59 (Cannington's)). The paper is illustrated ■' page -17 is poorly drawn, topographical poinl of \ pies from localities in Mackenzie Counts Übury, excepl the last, which is from the Fairlie district:—

■ jun. Col. I Ann. Rep., LB94 a p. 13. Lab. No. 6 ding to Skey thest and, be thii tly benefit non-cali MP|]s.

:h«lv limestone from Albury, forwarded by Mr. Straw. Col. Lab. 2\n\i Ann. Rep., 12 Lab. No. 6810.

246

(5) to (7) Fine granular fairly compacl bm- the Albury Estate, forwarded by the Hon. Mr. W. Hall-Jones. Col. Lab. 34th Ann. Rep., 1901, pp. 11 12. Lab. Nos. 8681 1-3.

n-e "• very calcareous frei i ially fitted for building purpose! . B down well the}- should be found " very fertilizing to heavy soils deficient in lime." They should lie tried in the kiln to ascertain whether they would burn to good lime.

(8) From Fairlie. B. C. Aston, Jour. Agric, No. I Oct., 1915, p. 331. Analyst's number and date, G166, 1915.

Analyses of limestone from Cave and the Upper Pareora River are quoted under Waimate Count\'.

Summary <>f Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

Exploration is necessary in order to ascertain the [in of Mackenzie County, which, however, are probably do! Fairlie. 'The limestone on the eastern side of the Hunter's Hills is generally not sufficiently pun; for calcination, but when pulverized will be useful

A railway extends alone the eastern boundary of the coin i Fairlie. It connects with the main railway system of the South Island at Timaru, and enables lime to be obtained from other parts of South Canterbury or from the Oamaru district. When its mountainous nature is considered .Mackenzie Count}- api • ■ well provided with roads, the best known being the eoaeh and motor road from Fairlie Hermitage, Mounl Cook district.

Literature.

There are numerous publications dealing with the glaciers and mountains of Mackenzie County. Tie' chief references to tic geology are the following;

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 6, 1871, pp. 19-24; No. 10, 1877, p. 51; No. 11. 1882, pp. 59, 77; No. 21, 1892, pp. lb 17. 153 (Geraldine County). Trans. X.Z. In-t.. vol. In, 1878, pp. 181 84; vol. 37, 1905, pp. 031-32 ; vol. 47, 1915, p. 346; vol. oil. 1918, part of pp. 244-62 (M. ('. (Index). "Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 18-43, 58, 199-205, 262. 280, 36, 466, &c.

Kitson, A. E., and Thiele, E. 0.: rraphy of the Upper Waitaki Basin. New Zealand." Geographical Journal, vol. 3b. November, pp. 037-53.

35. Geraldixe County.

Tho geology of Geraldine County is similar to that of Ashburton County. Old Mesozoic greywackes and argillites (with some limestone or marble) form most of the mountainous interior, whilst the rest of the county is part of the Canterbury Plain A gravel-floored basin occurs in the Upper Orari Valley. Sedimentary rocks ol Tertiary age are much better developed than in Ashburton County. They form a strip stretching in a north-and-south direction from the Orari River alone it ~,,n t ~f tne Four Peak Range, where it broadens and extends mi.. Mackenzie and Levels counties. Several small isolated patches "f Tertiary rocks (including some volcanic material) occur cast of the Four Peak Rang i the Canterbury Plain, and outliers are found in tieUpper Orari Valley on the south-east side of (lie basin mentioned above. In most localities a fairly thick baud of somewhat impure limestone forms part of the Tertiary strata.

Hard blue or white crystalline Limestone or marble occurs interbedded with the ancient Mcsozoic rocks forming the Kakahu Gorge. Attempts I i ~ building-

284

stone have been commercially unsu ml Manj yi ira ago kilns were erected in order < u bum thi ;i after a time the enterprise was abandoned. The Mesozoio limestone or marble is largely of high quality, as is shown by the following analyses:—

one from Kakahu. forwa ded by Mr, .1. 1). Enys. Col. Mus. md Lab. l6thAnn. Rep., 1882, p. 30. Lab. No. 2852 I. Another sample (Lab. No. 2852/2), stated ' River, is of very similar composition. It is supposed to have come from Tawera County (see p. 232), but possibly is from South Canterbury.

me from Kakahu, collected by Mr. James Park (Geol. Sure). Col. .Mus. and Lab. 21st Ann. Rep., 1886, p. 36. Lab. No. U22 I 23 1. p. 59).

. similar to No. 2 aboi Same locality, collector, and reference. No. U22 2 (or U2

Tert ; many points in i and Opuha valleys, where it torn ped belt round the southern end of the Four Peak Range. Tn the i district the limestone is 100 ft. thick, ai by McKay (1877 report, ' 60) with t] I- is apparently sandy, and not of high quality. The fo rses probably all represent luni

l.alni. collected by Mr. Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. 21s1 Ann. Rep., 1886, p. ~ i 7. Lab. No. 1118. (2)to(4) I QpperWaitohirespectively. Aston.B.C, vol. 11. No. I. Oct., 1915, p. 331. Analyst's numbers and date, Q 167, 169, 170; HIT" (Upper Waitohi) was a "soft" limestone with 14*64 per cent, of moisture olume, No. 5, Nov., 1915, p. 399). A Kakahu contained 7*03 per cent, of calcium oarbonate (A-tiin ' 331).

R

i.. one deposits, bul only the Mesozoic marble of the Kakahu Gorge is known to be of high quality and suitable for calcination. The being of medium grade, will require pulverization to enable it to be used for agricultural purposes. At ! fcohi is a deposit of "soft* 1 limestone < »f good quality, which, however, is nut very well Bituated with respect to the railway (A. M

Tl astern of the county is traversed by the I 1 Kailw. ! oads up the Orari and Rai

248

■■'

The chief references to the Rep. Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, pp. 16, 17. 53, 54, 55 I, 62, 63, 64 (part of pp. 40-66, a report by McKay); No. 17, pp. 170-78 (Park); No. 18, 1886, pp. 92, 93, 96, 98, 100 (McKay); No. 21, 1892, p. 153. rbiiry and West Land," 18' 265, 293, 309, 317, 162, &c Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. :i7. 1905, pp. 532 34 (Park).

36. Levels County.

A small area ol old Mesozoic rocks occurs in the west oi Levels County, this is a low hilly district, composed of Tertiary sediment ind, neai Timaru, of basalt. Quaternary gravels and cla; usiderable areas neat the Pareora River and Timaru. The northern part of the county form.- tl xtreme southern part of the Canterbury Plain.

Limestone occurs in the Tertiary rocks near Plea-ant Point and Sutherland's. Escarpments of this rock occur near Cave, on the border of Mackenzie County; and at the foot of the cliffs is a slope or talus deposit containing limestone oi quality (A. McTaggart, Jour. Agric, vol. 11. 1915, p. 394). Lin tone prol east of Albury, but the writers have no precise information, and have assigned all the analyses of limestone from the Albury district to Mackenzie Canity, a course followed also by B. C. Aston.

The following analyses are believed to refer to sample's from Level- County :

References.—(l) Light-brown finely granular calcareous freestone from " Timaru " forwarded by the Hon. E. Richardson. Col. Mus. and Lab. 14th Ann. Rep., 1879, p. 27. Lab No. 2114. The analyst (W. Skey) remarks that the stone is p us when freshly fractured! but hardens on exposure. It is a fr working stone, without cracks oi One cubic foot weighs 105 Ib., and the specific gravity of the dry atone is 1-691, of the watersoaked atone 1-741. Its resistance to crushing exc Is 160 lb inch.

(2) (3) From " Timaru," forwarded by Mrs. .Man.. Squire. Col. Lab. 40th Ann Rep 1907, pp. 16-17. Lab. Nos. E 2. The composition of the burnl (calcii also given. "Squire's farm, mentioned by (Judex (see below), is m Waimate I

samples may have come from that locality. (4) From Upper Pareora River. Aston, B. C, Jour. Agric, as previously cited p :S3" Analyst s number and date, 6162, 1915. The sample max- be from Waimate or Mackenzie County.

j, : '> ( 6 ) Cave - B. C, as cited above. Analyst's numbers and date,

(7) Soft limestone, from Limestone Valley, aear Cave. Aston 1! (' as cited above Analysts number and date, G 165, L 915. See also \ Very lov terial. Ascribed to Sutherland's by Aston

249

Nt paper by M. C. (Judex describes the limestones of the Pareora district somewhat fully. The principal area in Levels County mentioned is Tycho Valley, wot "I Mount Horrible, where Gudex maps a strip of limestone on the west side of the valley, on the slopes of Mount Misery.

and oj Means of Transport.

further exploration and sampling ate needed in order accurateh the limeLevels County. The deposits appear to he considerable, and some are situated in accessible positions near the railway from Timaru to Fairlie. The quality, however, is in,.derate and probably the stone in most localities is better suited for pulverization than for calcination. Naturally pulverized or "soft'' limestone appears to occur near Cave in limestone Valley, and perhaps elsewhere. According to Mr. A. McTaggart the deposit in Limestone Valley i- extensive, hut is not handily situated with respect to the railway (Jour. Agric, vol. 11, 1915, p. 394). Levels County lias good railway and road ci LUnications, and also contains the artificial harbour of Timaru. which now offers good accommodation to shipping.

I

The chief references to the geology of Levels County will he found in the following list :

Haast, Julius von: "Report on the Geological Formation of the Timaru District, in reference to obtaining a Supply ol Water." Christchurch, logy of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 22n. 314, 316 (Pat.ana Formation). &c.

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, pp. 49, 'part of pp. 54-60. 66. Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 19, 1887, pp. 455-58 (John Goodall); vol. 22, 1890, pp. 406-14 (J. Hardcastle); vol. 23. 1891, pp. 311-32 (.1. Hardcastle), 366-72 (H. (I. Forbes).: vol. 37, 1905, pp. 530-31 (Park); vol. 50, 1918, part of pp. 211 62 (M. ('. Gudex).

17. Waimate County

Waimate is a fairly large county with a diversified surface. The inland portions consist mainly of old Mesozoic greywackes and argillites, bul in places these contain a fossil considered by McKay (1882 report, p. 78) to be the Dun .Mountain eromtw " (i.e., Aphanaia). If so, the containing nicks are of Permo-Carboniferous age. There are numerous patches of Tertiary Bedimentary rocks, most of which include calcareou attered about the county. Tin- largest of these are on the south side of the Oppei Pareora and in the upper valley of the Waihao River. A considerable plain reaches from the Pareora River in the north to the YVaitaki River in the south. This extends well up tin- Waitaki Valley. A considerable inland basin, gravel-floored, is drained by tin- Hakataramea River. A few miles south-west of Waimate a narrow belt of limestone from 50ft. to 100 ft. thick forms cliffs for several miles along the southern side of the Waihao River, near Waihao Forks and Arno (McKay, 1886 report, p. 104). and extends v. for another four miles. Limestone occurs also in patches on the north side of the river. The stone is highly glauconitic, and in its lower part consists el tl of hard lit reous greensand. Marly rock is repeated to limestone near McCulloch's Bridge (Thomson, 1914 report, p. 160). A small area of limestone (probably of good quality) occurs also far inland on the north bank of the Waitaki River, opposite Wharekuri. The

287

following analyses all represent limestone or othei from the Waihao district:—

References. —(1) Limestone with siliceous hands from Waihao Downs, forwarded by -Mr. T. L. Douglas. Col. Lab. 28th Ann. Rep., 1894, p. 11. Lab. No. 6204 1.

(2) Limestone free from siliceous bands. Same contributor and reference as No. 1. Lab. No. 6204/2.

(:i) (1) From Waihao Downs. Aston, B. C, -lour. Agric, vol. II No. 1, Oct.. 1915, p. 331. Analyst's numbers and date, Gl6O, 161 : 1915.

(5) From McCulloch's Bridge, Waihao River. Sami .'- 3 d 4. Analyst's number and date, U159, 1915. Probably a calcareous sandstone, hut may represent the marl mentioned by Thomson.

(6) Fine-grained limestone from Waihao Downs, exhibited by .1. Douglas. Black, J. G., in "Official Record of tin- N'.Z. and South Seas Exhibition, Dunedin, 1889-90" (Wellington, 1891), pp. 369, 371.

it may he noted that, four analyse.- (Lain No-. 2026 1 1) quoted by Aston are ascribed to Waimate County, hut actually represent samples from the Waimate district, Whangaroa County, North Auckland.

The following analysis is -aid to represent chalk from some part of South Canterbury, but probably refers to a dried sample of "soft" limestone:—

Reference. Forwarded by Mr. 11. Higginson. Col. Mils, and Lain llth \nu Rep 1876, p. 17. Lab. No. 1767 o.

lii vol. 50 of Trans. N.Z. Inst., 1918, Mr. M. C. Glides describes an area with several patches of limestone in the north of Waimate County, between the Otaio and Upper Pareora rivers. His map (p. 217) shows a block of limestone mirth of White Rock Stream which extends across the Upper Pareora into Mackenzie County. A strip of limestone appears on the western side of bhe Little Pareora Valley, at its junction with the main valley, and stretches smith-west, for several miles. Limestone occurs mi both sides of the Pareora River below the junction of the Little Pareora. The same rock covers a considerable urea mi tie- smith-east side of the Little Pareora, and extends tn Gordon's Valley, mi the smith side of which is more limi t" the Otaio River. At Otaio Gorge, where the Otaio emerges from the Hie Hills, the limestone ami associated -and-, marls, >Vr. (? fault-involved), dip at 60° to the east-north-east. At Squire's faun, mi the hanks of the Little Pareora River, near the Hunter's Hills, a section showing V, ft of dark limestone, lift, or more of white flaky limestone, and a considerable but undetermined thickness ..f -, urrentbedded " limestone .if the usual type is exposed. The beds dip at in to the northeast. Farther uorth a small patch of limestone lies close in against the greywi of the Hunter's Hills.

PLATE XII.

A. View of the Fluted Limestone at Otaio Gorge.

Almost the whole thickness of the limestone is shown.

li. The Upper Part of Little River Valley, viewed « s,u IFE - a

The rock in the foreground is the uppermost par' of the linierith soft layers. In the middle distance, cm the left, the white flaky limestone is seen passing up into the dart and ordinary li - which in turn pass up into the blue clay. '■■'■'■ s« • ~ ISO.

290

""' usual '.T f limestone in the district described by Gudex is arenaceous, more or less glauconitic, and yellowish to greenish-white in colour. The laves are generally of varying hardness, so that weathering causes a characteristic fluted appearance. When followed to the eastward (of the Hunter's II,lis) the rock becomes less arenaceous (sandy), but "more compact ami siliceous"—a statement that presumably mean- thai the impurities increase, but are fine-grained, as would he the case at some distance the old shore-line. The thickness, however, increases from 55 ft. to 100 ft. Then numerous cave- and solution-pits in the more easterly areas.

Summary of Limestone Resources ,u„I of Means of Transport.

Waimate County possesses very considerable limestone resources. The tonnage in Beveral of the deposits described above is large. Thus the strip of limestone exposed on the south sal,. ~f the Waihao River may be expected to contain at Leasl 50,000,000 tons of rock, and almost countless millions of tons exist, to the dip. The quality of the Waimate County limestone, however, is variable, and probably the average -ample is better adapted for pulverization than calcination.* ff bands of good quality can he found and conveniently quarried, transport will offer no difficulty, railway from Studholmc Junction already practically taps the one at its terminus (Waihao Downs). Clearly, more exploration and sampling by a qualified person are necessary in order to enable the limestom of the county to be appraised. The coastal strip of Waimate County is traversed by the Dunedin-Christchurch Railway, which is joined at Studholme by the branch from Waihao Downs and Waimate already mentioned. The branch railway from Pukeuri to Knrow. on the south side of the Waitaki River, gives access to the Hakataramea district, but is not of much value to the country eastward of Hakataramea, owing to the lower Waitaki not being bridged except near its mouth. The eastern pari of Waimate County is well roaded. Several roads penetrate into the interior, hut these need not he specially described.

Literature.

Tin- chief references to the geology of Waimate County will be found in the following publications :

Ecp. of Geol. Explor., No. 10, 1877, part of pp. 49-60 (McKay) : No. 14, 1882, parts of pp. xxi-xxvii, 56-92 (McKay), especially pp. 62, 65, 66, 70-73, 76, 77, 78, 79, 83-86; No. 17, 1886, pp. xii, 21-22 (A. B. Lindop) ; No. 18, 1887, pp. 91-119 (McKay) : No. 21, 1892, p. 168.

bury ami Westland," 1879, pp. 199-205 (parti. 220, 263, 265, 309-10, 317, 459,

Trans. N.Z, Inst., vol. 19, 1887, pp. 430-33 (Hutton), 434-41) (McKay); vol. 20, 1888, pp. 264-67 (Hutton); vol. 37, 1905, pp. 527-31 (Park); vol. 17. 1915, pp. 380-83, 385-86 (Marshall).

Bth Ann. Hep. N.Z. Geol. Sun., part of Pari. Paper C.-2, 1914, pp. 158-62 (J. A. Thomson). 2nd ed., 1915.

38. Waitaki Cotjnty.

Waitaki County is a long cuxvi country reaching from Mount I' Smith in the Southern Alps to tin sea. Much of this area is mountainous, and almost or quite uninhabited, but the Lower Waitaki \ the coastal bell contain much iin>' Land, ami are well settled.

* A lime-kiln has been buill in t he Little Pareora Valley (Gudex, 1918, p. L'-n). but tin particulars concerning its output, fcc., have been ascertained.

252

The oldest rocks of the county ap] i hists and subschistose rocks which ihe Ear north-west of the county west of Lake Ohau, and app patches comparatively near the coast in the neighbourhood of Peebles, Black Poin Hill, &c. McKay in 1882 indicated the existence of Maitai (i.e., Permo-Carbonif< rocks on the Otago side of the Waitaki Be the junction of the Kurow, and in 1894 mapped the greater pari of the com Devonian rocks. In 1904 Park announced the characterisl Carboniferous Eossils on Mount St. .Man-, west of Kurow dvanced the view that the fauna was Permo-Triassic. < )ld Mesozoi (possibly with some limestone see Waihemo County) are probably present in the Kakanui Mountains and elsewhere. Near Shag Point and in I R continuation of the Kakanui Range I is conglomei shales, and calcareous claystones appear.

Middle Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, Limestones, and calcareous claysb well developed on the south side of the Waitaki Valley and near the coast. Volcanic rocks are interstratified with the Tertiary strata near Oamaru, and are seen in many localities farther south, especially in the Moeraki Peninsula. Waitaki River is a coastal plain, a prolongation of that seen in Waimate County. It continues up the Waitaki for many miles as a gravel-covered river or flood-plain, ip the Waitaki a; aki and Ahuriri plains, which form a southern continuation oi the Mackenzie Plain or basin.

Permo-Carboniferous or Triassic rocks (Mount St. Mar- .'■■ titaki County are calcareous in places, and possibly the hard blue limestone known to in Block X, Ngapara Survey District, belongs to that Beries.* The Cretaceous rocks exposed along the coast-line near Hampden and south of Moeraki contain numerous concretions ol all sizes. Thesi imonly knuv. Moeraki boidders, and are frequently mentioned in geological Literature. Maj illustrate the structure known as cone-in-cone limestone very well, this material usually surrounding the concretions in situ (McKay, 1887, p. 6). Fifty years or mori attempts to manufacture " natural "' cement from them were made, bul abandoned, and. in the light of modern methods of making Portland cement, are not Likely ever to be renewed. The following analyses show the composition of the concretions :

noes. (I) Quoted from 6. A. Mantel! (1850) by A. Hamilton in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 34, 1902 \ umina is given as KM. peroxide of iron .is 1-7. and silica as 16-2.

(2) Analysis of whole mass ni q " Moeraki boulder." Col. Mus. and Lab. 6th Ann. Rep., 1871, pp. 28 29. See also " Reports and Awards of the Jurors, X.Z. Exhibition 1865 Appendix A," 1866, pp. 120 21.

(3) Analysis oi " Mocraki boulder" freed from calcareous (calcite) veins. S is No. 2.

There are discrepancies between the L 866 accounl and that of LB7l, as regards the naiuiv of tiic samples analysed. Sample No. 2, according to the former account, represents the "boulder" freed from calcareous vein-; sample No. ■'>. a second " boulder," similar in outward appearance to the first. (See also end of this chapter.)

* Professor J. Park mentions this limestone in a letter dated 37th April, ly 17.

253

Tertiary limestone is abundant!} developed in the Oamaru district, and is of greaf importance both a.- a buildii Bource 0 f p,,,,,, r, „ ~„, ~p,,, wne ther a " llw is in one geological horia ■ not. The main body of limestone near unaru stone. An upper hand, separated from the Oamaru ~ , " , " , b y a bv "' •■' vol. .one tuff, is known as the Kakanui, Deborah, or Hutchinson Quarry lime-tone. 1„ addition, the limestone near Ngapara and in the Waitaki Vallev ndered i,v ' »ng to a bighei horizon, and is called by him the Waitaki McKay held a similar view, and called the limestone in .piestion the Otakaika " kr) limestone. Tie Waitaki -tone i, generally not so pure as the Oamaru -tone. '""' '" P laceB » arei us; heme Park calls it a calcareous sandstone. Analyses, however, show th this name, and is, on the contrary, a limestone which in many places i s ~f high quality. The probability that all the limestone in the Oamaru district can he placed in on,, horizon seems wry strong,* and if that b the existing accounts of the geology of this part of NV« Zealand can he considerably simplified.

A patch ot Tertiary limeston tcurs on the south hank of the Waitaki River above Kurow. near Wharekuri. It continues northward into Canterbury, as mentioned uncle. Waunate County. According to McKay the limestone here is traceable for three miles, and is fully 50ft. thick. Similar limestone occurs at Otekaieke itself, a few miles east of Kurow. It rests here on schistose or subschistose rocks (McKay, 1882 report, p. 66).

* ~,w l1 " 1 ''- east of Otekaieke limestone occurs in the Maerewhenua Valley near Duntroon. This was called b McKi the Maerewhenua limestone, and was idei by him witb the Ototara or Oamaru limestone (1882 report, pp. 69-70; see, however, pp. 103-4 also). "The Maerewhenua limestone, as a long line of cliffs 40ft. to 60 It. 1,1 height, b Waitaki River for the first three miles belou the Maerewhenua junction. Obscured by younger beds, it is presenf over a large area between the lvakanui and .Maerewhenua rivers. North-west of the latter river it extends a distance of three miles, and terminates as a long line of cliffs." (McKay. 1882, p. 70.) Lime- ■ areas near Ngapara, where it is. however, net very thick. West of on Mr. .1. K. McCulloch about 30 ft.; elsewhere it may patches of limestone are seen south of the railway-line from Pukeuri to Papakaio, and a wide belt reaches from Division Hill to Deborah, and extend- southward a- a narrow strip to the Kakanui River near it- mouth. Anothei strip ol ..tends lor several miles th from Teschemaker's (Reids- '"")■ 'lie on of numerous patches of limestone in the Oamaru district are by Park in hi- geological map of 1918, anil therefore these need hardlv he ' mentioned. I thor fully describes many Bections. Hi thickness of tic Waital I I ft., of the Kakanui limestone as 2 ft. to 22ft., and of the Oamaru -tone as 20ft. to 110 ft. (1918, p. 29).

The following calcareous rocks from Waitaki County were published in Geological Survey or Labored prior to 1908:

- ''. 11. : Geology <>\ the Oamaru-Papakaio District.' 1 Trans. N.Z, Inst., vol. ou, lul.s pp. 118-24.

293

References. (1) ch.dk froi (probably), Caw Valley (Waiareka district) Mi Kay, Uex., in Re,, Geol. Explor., No. 14, 1882, p. 71 See also No. 10, 1877, p62 and No. 16, 1884, pp. c

(2) Rather 100 incoherent i one from Waiareka rded by Mr. W. G. Blair. Col. Mus. and Lab. 19th Ann. Re,,., 1885, pp 26-27 Lab. No.

(3) to (5) From Kakanui, collected by Mr. V ~,1 La D 21st Ann K "I'" |ss,; - P- ;;T - -11. 1286/ a, 4280 I b. No. 4286 is attributed '''. ™ '■ Palmerston, but samples 4286/ a and bdo doubt came from the Kakanui River, lor McKay has noted the presence of carbonate of iron in the Kakanui \ of Cave Valley (1877 report, p. 63).

Tie' following analyses I . from the neighbourhood of Oamaru:—

References (I) to (3) Building-stones from Oamaru, forwarded by the Government Xre , ]n: '""' Dom. Lab. 41st Ann. Rep., 1908, p. 23. Lab. Nos. 1426/1-3 Lime and carbon dioxide calculated from calcium carbonate as giver in tie- Water absorption for period of 150 hours.

(4) From Totera district, forwarded by Reese Bros. Dom. Lab. 44th Ann Ren 1911 p. 15. Lab. No. A 330. ' "

(5) to (7) Building-stonea 0 ru, forwarded by the Government Irchitect Wei 3 !>■ I!'- Lab. Nos. C 264 I 3. Water-absorption !.: : .I 1 " 1 '"" 1 " f "fty hours. Fine-grained greenish portions of No. C 264 I contained onlv Jsb per cent, of calcium carbonate.

The following analyses, also representing samples from the Oamani district, Deed to he tabulated somewhat differently:

References. (I) (2) Fine-grained even limestone from the Oamaru T T & I - Company. Dom. Lab 17th Ann. Rep., lull. p. 19, Lab. Nos. D 478 I. 2 Tota] iron oxide 0-72 and o-li) per cent, respectively.

255

From Oamaru. forwarded by Direotor, [fields Division (Agricultural Department). Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. -Jl>. Lab. No. D 1022.

(I) (5) From Totara, forwarded by S. 11. Shale, Dom. Lab. 18th Ann. Rep., 1915, p. 20. Lab. Nos. E793 1, 2.

rim following analyses represent samples collected by Professor James Park, by mi.' "f the writers, and by .Mr. .1. K. McCulloch (by request) on different occasions:—

i Btone from Totara Quarry, forwarded by Professor James Park. Co Lab. 38tl Un Rep., 1905, p. 11; and Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 37, 1905, pf 544. Lain No. 9864 o.

(2) Rather soft, nearly white, phosphatic limestone from .Mr. -I. K. McCulloch's property ted bj P. G. Morgan in May, 1915. Dom. Lab. 116, p. 19. Lab. Nil F6OB.

stone from two localities on Mr. J. K. McCulloch's farm.

.- Limestone (shelly) underlying No. .';.

tie Limestone (ordinary Limestone of district).

(6) Hard, arenaceous, 1. one below Nos. 3, I. ami 5, containing ts of bone. Tin- Bample contains I '22 per cent, of potash (K,(t). The forwarded to the G I Survey in August, 1915, by Mr. -I. K. McCulloch, and are from the neighbour] !oi hi Dunn Lab. 19th Ann. Rep., 1916, |>. I'.'. Lab. Nos. FBB6 1 I.

(7) Limestom '■ I laneraki.

1 itchinson Quarry limestone, Oamaru.

(9) Are] I hint roon.

(10) High _ one (Waitaki stone), Dun'

(II) Limestohe from Plat-top Hill, near Kakanui. Analyses Nos. 7 to II represent samples collected by Professor Park, and are given in N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 20, L9lB, p. 115. (See also Dom. Lab. 50th Ann. Bep., 1917, p 20.) Lab. X"-. G264 I. 2. 3, I, 6.

In M ae of ill'- writers collected a aumbei of samples of limestone near Oamaru is their phosphate content might !»■ ascertained, The

295

obtained need not be quoted in full, none of the localities being of any importance as eof time. The calcium-carbonate ■ follow :

Sample F595 6 contained 12-28 per cent, of magnesia (MgO), equ 25*79 per cent, of magnesium carbonate (MgC0 3 ).

B. C. Aston gives the following analysis of limestone from the Shag Point district. The locality may be either in Waitaki or Waihemo County.

Reference. -Supposed coprolite, but actually an impure limestone (? a concretion) forwarded by Mr. John Hudson. Dept. Agric. Bth Ann. Rep., Chem. Division, 1900, p. 4. Analyst's No. 2.

In "Reports and Awards of the Jurors, N.Z. Exhibition, 1866" (Wellington, 1866), page 448, Hector and Skey give five analyses of limestones from the Oamaru district. These are quoted in full with other analyses in an appendix at the end of this chapter. The samples and their carbonate-of-lime content were as follow:

In "Official Record of the N.Z. and South Seas Exhibition, 1889-90" (Wellington, 1891), .7. G. Black (pp. 368, 369, 370, 371) gives analyses of twelve samples oi Oamaru

296

three ~f which are from Kakanui. In view- of tin' numerous analyses of Oamaru stone already quoted, the following tabulation of the chief particulars may be deemed sufficient :

\V. X. Blair, in "The Building Materials of Otago and South New /.calami generally" (Dunedin, I- - 33-44, 101, 102, 103, 105, and 109. lie also quotes the following analysis of a yellow fossiliferous compact hard limestone from Kakanui, made by Dr. J. (1. Black for Mr. Cairns: —

ence.- Blair, W.N., 1879, p. 101, and No. 11. Table I. Under " Remarks" a reference is ej V ell to " I.a bo l\tt o\ V Report. 1875-76."

probably of Mesosoic age, is reported t cur at or near Dansey's Pass, west of Living!

Summary <>j Limestone Resources, &c.

Waitnki County contain- greal quantities ol lii«h-grade limestone, favourably situated for worked : yet even in this county, which is so well known, so long settled, and so much visited by geologists, there is scope for further exploration and sampling ~f the deposits. When freshly broken the Oamaru limestone is so friable that it cannot conveniently be calcined in a kiln of the ordinary type. It could, however, on account of its softni -civ pulverized at a very low cist. Probably also it could be Under furnace. Park remarks that " valuable deposits of hard limestone suitable for burning for lime for agricultural purposes occur at Flat-to], Hill and Teaneraki. The deposits at Kakanui, Deborah, and Hutchinson's Quarrv are practically exhausted." With regard to the last-named locality it may i thai the original deposit was almost negligible. Here, however, lime was first made in Otago by Mr. I). Hutchinson, probably quite sixty years ago* The lime was shipped to Dunedin for building purposes, but after a time Mr. Hutchinson, it is said, shipped tie- limestone instead, and it was burned b a kiln erected at North-east Valley, where wood was then abundant.

* Sec, however, reference t.i an old lime-kiln in Kaikorai Valley p. 274 <>i this bulletin. 17 Oeol. Bull. No. 22.

258

Much of the limestone in tin- Ngapara district is suitable for kiln calcination. ood quarry-sites an- numerous. It is likely ■'■ occurs at many other places for example, in the Waitaki Valley at Duntroon, Otekaieke, and Wharekuri but these localities have not been seen by the writ

Better opportunities for tin- erection of ho than in almost a-, the South Island. The lime-ton,- is of high can he el ply quarried, and in many place- i. close to a railway.

of Transport.

Waiiaki County has the partly artificial harbour of Oamaru, defended by a breakwater which at present is of insufficient Length to allow the port to be user! by Borne liners. The coastal part -I by lie- Dunedin-Christchurch Railway, from which branch railways run to Tokarahi (with Bub-branch to Kurow. ettled portions ol the county are well roaded. The main inland road is from Kurow to lie- Alniriri Plain (part of the Upper Waiiaki Plain), where it joins the coach and motor road from Pukaki to Lake Hawea, &c.

literature.

The Oamaru district has 1 n much visited l>v geologists. An area of about 137 square miles has been geologically surveyed in detail, and the results are embodied in N.Z. Geol. Bull. No. 20, mis. "The Geology of the Oamaru District, North I (Eastern Otago Division)," by -lames Park. The early geological literature i- quoted and summarized on pages 1 to 7. and is followed by a list of geological papers and ipublished since 1877. To this bulletin the reader is therefore referred for full inform The following reports and papers mostly either refer to localities outside the Oamaru district, or have been quoted (directly or indirectly) on the preceding

Rep. Geol. Explor., No. HI. 1577. part of pp. 11 66 (with map): No. II 1882 part of pp. 56-92 (with map). 98 106 : No. 16. 1884, pp. 45 66 (with map) No. 21, 1892, pp. 172 71.

Part of Pari. Paper ('. 1. 1894 (bound with Mines Pep.), pp. 31, 38-39, &c. (with map).

Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 34, 1902, pp. 447-51 (A. Hamilton); vol. 36, 1904, pp. -117 5:; (Park, on Mount St. Mary rooks). 165 67 (A. Hamilton): vol. 50, 1918, pp. 106-17 (G. H. Uttley), 118-24 (Uttley).

" Geology of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 46. 57. part of pp. 199-205, &c.

39. Lake County.

Lake is a highly mountainous county, comprising a large area in north-west Otago. Palasozoic .-.■ lusts, argillites, and greywackes occur over thi irt of the county. These are in places intruded by granite and other igneous rocks. Old Mesozoic rocks are probably also present. Tertiary rocks occur as patches in various localities, and at Martin's Bay, Bob's One (Lake Wakatipu), and elsewhere contain limestone. Quaternary rocks are mainly fluviatile and glacial gravels. They include, however, some highly calcareous marls, formed in fresh-water lakes. According to Marshall (Trans. N.Z. In-!., vol. 39, 1907, p. 503). the harzbuigite of Anita Bay, Milford Sound, in places tends to pass into a marble (magnesite). Speight found veins of what he rail- "marble passing into harzburgite in a dark indistinctly foliated rock at the western point of the bay" (1910, p. marble is probably magnesite, but in. analysis is given. Donald Sutherland found blocks

298

of marble ,„ the valley on the south side of Mitre Peak (Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. It;. '"'' P 1V "' '" » vall '' v 90»th of Fox Point, and in a valley draining into Poison l!: '- v 'I 1 ' t: "' ,, ■ Button mentions that cipollino (a granular, coarsely crystalline limestone >rble containing "numerous (lakes of lithia-mioa ") occurs at Anita Bay ("Geology of Otago," 1875, p. 27).

Mi Kay states that heavy (thick) beds ~f grey subcrystalline limestone appear on the western slopes „f the Lake Hams Range, and also farther north in the Bryneira or Barrier Range (1881 report, p. 142). According to Park (1887 report, p. 132) the limestone thin- out to the north of these mountains, but in a section across them it ■ s not less than 2,000 ft. thick (including interbedded layers of "aphanite sandstone").

ollowing analysis perhaps represents a sample from the Pahcozoic rocks of Lake County, but may refer to the Bob's c.ve limestone. It is described as a marble that occurs at Wakatipu.

... Forward-.! by Mr. .1. W Eliott. Col. Mns. and Lab. 18th Ann. Rep. 1883 pp. 44, 46. Lab. Xo. 3438.

A- mentioned under Westland County, small patches of Tertiary rocks occur at the north and south headlands of Bi". Bay. They are calcareous in their upper layers, whilst the conglomerate at the base contains large blocks of argillaceous limestone. Above the conglomerate is argillaceous limestone interbedded with sandstone (Park 1887, p. 131).

At the south head of Martin's Bay 10 ft. of cream-coloured limestone, apparently of excellent quality, rests on schist (unconformably). Overlying the li m ia conglomerate, and this is succeeded by several hundred feet of calcareous shale (Hector, 1863, p. It;.",).

At Bob's Cove, near Twelve-mile 01 Few's Creek, Lake Wakatipu. there is a band of Tertiary limestone 75ft. thick, of which 50ft. consists .if high-grade stone. The bed ft limestone can be traced on the surface fur 40 chains, and rises in that distance to a height of over 1,600 ft. above the lake. It can be easily and economically worked. Park estimates that 2,500,000 tons can be excavated above water-level, without the removal of much overburden (1909, p. 99). The limestone is pale-yellowish-grey to drab in colour, close in texture, semi-crystalline in structure, and very hard. It is ■■ suitable for burning for lime for mortar and agricultural purposes, and for the manufacture of cement. It possesses all the characteristics of a first-class buUdingBtone, including atrength, durability, and good colour, and. having a fine texture, is easily worked, and Sne polish " (Park, 1909, p. 99). In 1879 the stoic was being quarried and burnt in a kiln (Cox. 1879, p. 53). In 1909 the lime-kiln was still in existence, but the writers do not know whether it was then being worked or not. Analyses of Bob's Cove Limestone

■2OO

References. (1) i icf grey limestone from Lake Wakatipu. B Skey, previously cited, pp. 393, 148. i to this chapter.

(2) Hutton, F. W., " Geolo ~" 1875, p. 18.

: ,J., LV.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 7. 1909 F.L.B.

The Bob's Cove hi ad conglomerates, and ui by maj glomerate. These beds near bhe lake strike a little east of true north, and dip westward at an angle of 55°. Af 15 chains (more or less) from the Lake they bend sharply to the west for - sharply to the north again. A few ch north the outcrops abruptly cease at a cliff facing north. i- bidden D 3 Pleiat ne gravels. The following figure (after Park) east-and-wesf striking portion of the beds:

Fro 7. Su nOB v- K w>Km ,, r

3. Sandstones and conglomerates. i. Sandstones. 6. Limestone. ~. Marly sandstone .. Marls and marly I lav >.

r W in above figure read S, and for E read N.

The marly day (No. 7) show,, to the above section is approximately 600 ft. thick

'■lt is simply a hardened sea-mud, having the following composition:

[Analysis bj Mr. G. M. Thomson, l-'.l.s

The marl and limestone are admirably adapted for the manufacture , Both occur close to deep water, both exist in immense quantity, and there is a su SU,,, '' V ," 1 ™ tel '" "'" twelve-mile Creek near-by to provide all the tive power ""'IT '" ""' '; Th - " llh - <*■>*% 'tat ezista is the absenee of a Cwn coal-depos* m the v,cuuty." (Park, 1909, p. 100.) Another dis ity is the absence of ■ sufficient populat.cn on or uear the shores ol Lak, R to utilize , ~„ production of cement. A well-inhabited district, I d ~v tll „ * J'""," ""'"' '""' '" ~,n" ,h j" •"'"'""" " f ma, 1., c rciaUy

„ A 7", '"" fault-involved Tertiarj b ..„. ~,„,„,. northward tan a pomt somewhat to the east of the beds desori 1 ibove ~ I s , "*. " f f "° '' a "■ "' the M Creek, ,„ Stonj . , hir ttorth „f Mount A„n,n, where it seems to end. The total I,".

•201

dmary band is aboul twenty-four miles. In many places it is highly calcareous, be of ii" importance as a source of lime.

An interesting and important deposit of mar] occurs at tlic south end oi Lake Haw-, about four miles east-north-easf oJ Kawarau Falls, and has been fully described 'rk (1909, pp. 97 99, &c.). ft consists of finely bedded grey bands of highly calcareous material, interbedded with drab-coloured layers of less pure material. These beds now form a fairly high terrace facing the lake, hut were evidently formed in the lake when n higher Level. Park thinks that it was precipitated from the watera of the lake by the action of mosses and fresh-water algae, " The material essively fine in texture, and so sofl as u> he easily excavated by a spade without exerting much fore.-. Its purity and pulverulenl form render it of economic value for agricultural purposes, both for dressing tin' land and in the manufacture of manures. Already several hundred tons of it have been bagged and ithland." At tin' south-west anil south-east corners of the lake the big reous hands are thicker and purer than elsewhere. In the Eormer locality Park's section shows surface soil underlain by Ift. of soft limestone or ooze, below which is 6 in. to 12 in. of drab-coloured silt, 6 ft. of soft good quality, and 16 ft, of impure limestone. It was being worked here by Reid and McDowell in 1909. At the south ■ of the lake the surface soil is underlain by 6 ft. 6 in. of soft In >il quality), 2 ft. to .'i ft. of drab-coloured silt- oft. Gin. of e;ood limestone, lift, of impure limestone, and drab-coloured silt. Park ■ I of the deposits at the places described above is not known. and can only be determined by boring or sinking aha! terrace. If the thickness as exposed in the : aces he maintained, it is estimated that each acre should contain 12AKX) to lo.(KH) tons of Um-- arketable quality, and 10,000 tons of impure limestone suitable for top-dressing agricultural and pastoral re deficient in lime." (1909, pp. 98

The following analyses an' quoted by Park (p. 99). They were presumably made on a-: I'-.

I] Top layer, south-easl side of 11.'id and McDowell's quarry

Irab-coloured silt).

"""" \ ■■■-■■■* ' (3) Lower band of -oft limestone, 6 It.

(Note, however, that the analysis shows this to be tuple of all).

pie of whole face.

also given in Dom. Lab. t2nd Aim. Rep., L 909, p. 20. Lab. . i 1 5.

Of the follow i the firel two refer to the Lake 11 areous ooze ill*' third (near Frankton) no doubt also represents the same deposit, bul the fourth (Gibbston) probably n "!"■ o\ the icatteri d tee-borne boulders oi

262

limestone thai occur in the Lake Wakatipu district. As a matter of fact, a largi ol greyish-white crystalline limestone occurs at tie- upper end "I Gibbston Flat (Park. N'.Z. Oeol. Surv. BuU. No. 5, 1908, p. .'SI).

neea. (I) (2) iston, B. C.: Dept. Vgric. 1 'itli Ann. Bep., ' Division 1908, p. 286. Analyst's Nos. J323, 324.

(•'!) Near Prankton, forwarded by Mr. John Duncan, M.P. Dom Lab I lth \nn Rep., Hill. p. 15. Lab. No. A 987.

(4) From tiibbston. forwarded by Mr. I). Hodson. Aston, B. C : Dept ieric 12th Ann. Rep., 1904, p. 143. Analyst's \ O . E 166.

Highly calcareous marl, somewhat, but apparent! jether, similar to the Lake Hayes calcareous ooze, occurs near the south end of Lake Wanaka in the Cardrona Valley. In 1881 McKay examined some low hills (or mounds) at the foot y's Peak which were entirely composed of marl. The spa,- covered by the deposit 1 stimated at sor 6 chains in length by 3 chains in breadth, with a thick'"'ss u '" exc ling 30ft. The deposit was stratified, and rested horizonta underlying rock (? schist). Examined under the microscope the marl wi consist ■■ mainly of the broken shells of fresh-water molluscs, with a small of diatomaceous organisms" (1882 report, p. 60). An anal; marl seen by .McKay is given below :

The following analyses of friable limestone from the wesl mcl- I Wanaka perhaps represent samples of highly calcareous marl similar to that men re: _

''• ,; » ■ '-''■ ™> Ann. Rep., WM

B. Quarry op Calcareous OozEj South-easi End oi Lake Hayes, Lake County. - / Jamti Park. ■ UL 22.]

PLATE XIV.

*■■ Escarpment of Oamard Stone running Seaward from Totara, Waitakj County.

263

Summary of Limestotu Resources, &c.

Lake County, as will lie seen from the preceding pages, i> not without limestone resource-. The limest near Bob's Cove may either he calcined, or ground with the aid of water-power supplied by the neighbouring Twelve-mile Creek, and then distributed round Lake Wakatipu. It might also supply a considerable area south of Kingston, where, however, it would enter into competition with lime from the in and Limehills districts. The calcareous ooze or marl of Lake Hayes is close to Prankton Flat and the well-known Crown Terrace, hoth of which, especially the latter, are good agricultural areas. The similar material in the Cardrona Valley near Lake Wanaka i- also well situated for supplying neighbouring agricultural land, and is not far from ' flats. The Lake Harris and hryneira ranees contain a •it of limestone, hut this cannot be utilized in any way at the present time. The limestone at .Manins Bay may possibly he locally used at some future time. ihle t., explore, map. and sample the calcareous marl of the Cardrona Valley. Other deposits besides those known may be discovered. The limestone near Bob's Cove needs further and systematic sampling, one or two analyses of handspecimi : little use, if the erection of large lime or cement works i- contemplated.

Means of Tin

In Milford Sound Lake County possesses a magnificent harbour which at the present time is quite valueless as a means of communication or transport. The so-called Sutherland 3 es to the south, is a salt-water lake, entered by a narrow channel (■> chains in width) having, it is said, a depth of .'! fathoms on the bar at ns. N.Z. In-t.. vol. 16, 1884. pp. 454 58). l-akc Mi Kctow is an almost -miliar boVly of water, having its entrance north of Martin's Bay. The latter bay and Big Bay afford some shelter [or shipping. Lakes Wakatipu and Wanaka afford -"ine scope for inland navigation. A railway-line from Kingston, at the south end ol Lake Wakatipu. runs almost due south to Invercargill, but only a lew are in bike County. The roads of the county are found almost entirely in part. A Fairly good system (regard being given to the mountainous nature of the country) links up Qi nstown with Arrowtown, Skipper's. Pembroke, and Cromwell (in Vincent County). Kingston is connected with Invercargill by road, and a tew mileof road have been made in the Von Valley and near Glenorchy (at the head of Lake .pit). Many attempts to find a practicable route to Milford Sound havi hut up to the pic-,ait these have all failed.*

lure.

Part of Lake County I eologically surveyed in detail by Professor James |c ir t ~,„| ■ ~[ his work will be found in the following two bulletins, the :i area wholly in Lake County, the former with an area ■ ink' part of which is in the county :

\ X. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. •>. "The Qeology "I the Cromwell Subdivision, 1,.,. Division," 1908; N.Z. Geol. Surv. Hull. No. 7, "The G ~f th( 'i Subdivision, Western Otago Division,"

bulletins contain full lists of the literature dealing with Lake County. The following publications may hi upplementary to Park's lists, or as being of spei ''' »bove ■

: .1. : Geol. Bxped. to Otago Prov. I Dili Nov.. pp. 136 7 ■ •• 160 68.) Hutton, I''. W. : "Geologj ol Otago " 1875.

•A possible but n

264

Rep. ol fJeol. Bxplor., X.,. 1. 1868, pp. 12 II (Hector); No. 12. 1879 pp. 53-55 (Cox); No. 13, 1881, pp. xxvii xxx. 118 IT (McKay); No. 11. 1882, parts of pp. xi xm. 56 No. Mi. 1884, parts of pp. xxii xxv, 15 66 (McKay), 7b -<l (McKay) : No. 18, 1887, pp. xlvi xlix, 121-37 (Park); No. 21. 1892, pp. xli xlix, 23-24, 157

Pari. Paper C. I. 1894, pp. 12 17. part ol 32 18, &C. (McKay); bound in Mines Rep.; 2nd ed., 1897. Pari. Paper C',-6, 1894, part of pp. 7-9; bound in Mines Rep.

Trans. X.Z. Inst., vol. 16, 1884, pp. 401 58 (Donald Sutherland): vol. 28, 1896, p. 721 (Sutherland): vol. .57. 1905, pp. 181 84 (.Marshall): vol. 38, 1906, pp. 560-67 (.Marshall); vol. 39, 1907, part ol pp. 396-403 (Marshall); vol. 41, 1909, part of pp. (il 84 ( C M. Finlayson); vol. 12, 1910, pp. 250 07 (Speight).

LTrich, G. 11. F.. in Quart, .lour. Geol. Soc, vol. 46. 1890, pp. 619-32, deals with awaruite (see also Westland County) and tie- geology of a: south of Cascade Point, part of which is in Lake County.

In. Vincent County.

Vincent County, which lies immediately east of Lake County, is a mountainous tract of considerable extent. Its most characteristic rocks are mica-schists and allied metamorphic rocks which are almost certainly of Paheozoic age, though believed by .Marshall to be old Mesozoic. In tl xtreme north-east argillites and greywackes of younger age than the schists appear. The county contains several large intermontane depressions* or so-called lake-basins. One of these is almost entirel) filled to tl by Lake Wanaka, and another is partly occupied by Lake Hawea. Th igin o depressions has been discussed by several geologists, and it is now agreed that they have been formed mainly through extensive block-faulting and tilting, a mode of origin that applies in a general way to all large inter italic basins in the South Island. The latest and probably most satisfactory explanation of their mode of origin has been given by C. A. Cotton (1917- see literature listed on ]>. 266). In various places on the margins oi the basins are found Tertiary lignites, conglomerates, sands, and clays, usually strongly involved in faults. Some volcanic rocks an i with these beds. The youngest rocks of Vincent County are the lluviatile and morainic gravels that cover the valley and basm Boors.

A vein of white marble is said t cur on the eastern hank of the Chltha or Molyneux River between Clyde and Cromwell (Blair, \V. X. : " The Building .Materials of Otago," 1879, p. 26). In places the Tertiary strata, which to some extent are certainly lacustrine, contain, according to McKay, marly beds and occasional layers of hard stone, winch may contain as much as 60 per cent, of lime (I- p. 64). No evidence'of marine stars Tertiary age lias I n obtained in Vincent County, but probably beds of this character mice existed over at least part of the county.

No record of Recent or Pleistocene lake marl similar to that of Lake Hayes and the Cardrona Valley has beer made, but probably such deposits exist. Recent calcareous powder from Geordie's Hill. Lindis Valley, has been analysed in the Dominion Laboratory, with the following results: Insoluble in and. 1-42 per cent.; calcium carbonate, 94-02 per cent.; water lost at 100 I'.. 0-22 per cent. The material, which

•On p. 241 the use of the term ' depression for a basin »he. ng not provi deprecated, but in the esse of the Otsgo basins it can hardlj be avoided. C. 1 the term fre«lv and without, comment in his article of 11)17. ■

306

was collected on Mr. James Goodger's land, verj likely consists of calcareous mail similar to that found on the west Bide of Lake Wanaka.

ollowing analysis ot "sandstone from Manuherikia" perhaps represents a marl from the Tertiary lacustrine deposits (compare with analyses of the Lake Hayes i alcareous ooze, pp. 201. 262) :

oe. Collected by Mr. Alex. McKay. Col. Mus. and Lab. 18th Ann. Hep., 1883, p. 15. Lab. No. probably 3453 (p. 66).

The rock is described as a "sandstone" by skey. and sample No. 3453 is called a "siliceous rock"; but since the "siliceous matter" was mainly clay, as Skey expressly remarks, the specimen analysed must represent a marl, which would be of considerable value for agricultural purposes.

In "Reports and Awards of the Jurors. N.Z. Exhibition, 1865" (Dunedin, 1886), p. 392, Hector and Skey mention that some very fine specimens of travertine limestone from the Dunstan G exhibited. The rock was exceedingly porous, and coloured in parts yellow, especially on exposed BurfaceSj but burnt to a beautifully white Lime. The following analysis is given (p. 118): —

. and yellow. Analyst's No. 7. Exhibition No. 787 (Geological Survey of also appendix to this chapter.)

Park'c map of Bannockburn Survey District (N.Z. Geol. Surv. Hull. No. 0. ithowa a deposit ol Travertine extending for over a mile up a small eastern branch of Bannockburn Creek. Tin- locality is four or live miles easl oi south from Bannockburn Township. A mile to the north another deposit of smaller size own on the easl side of Bannockburn (.'reek. Unfortunately, no information concerning these deposits is given in the text of Bulletin No. 5. It may he surmised that ample analysed by Skey came from one of idem, hut according to YV. N. Blair (as previously cited, 1879, p. 102) travertine is found in [some of) tin' small creeks that flow into the Out ha and Kawaraii rivers between Roxburgh and the Shotover. The was firsi burned tor lime in 1864, and mortar made from this lime was u i the ma Gentle Annie Bridge and of many houses in the Ciutha Valley.

ZAmeston* Resources </<"/ qj Means oj Transport.

Vincenl County can hardly be said to have any Limestone resources other than the traverl ine de Some ! or modern age is advisable. Such lime as the county needs will apparently have to be obtained mainly by rail from Bftilburn, m Bruce County, bul the hauling-distances will be great. Suni'' l iint- may perhaps be obtained from the lime Bob's Cove, Lake Wakatipu, and from tin- marl near Pembroke, Lake Wanuka. The extension of

266

thi Dunbacl Railway to Ranfurli (see also M nty) would much improve the facilities for the importation of lime. A railway-line branchii D [nvercargill Railwi ' tinues through Alexandt cell, the pot d Clyde, ho being of light construction oi < '• :1 "'l somewl population, Vincent County must red fairly well roaded. Lakes Hawea and Wanaka afford a certain amount ol internal navigation.

Literature.

Pan of Vincent Count'. dly surveyed in detail I Park. of his work an- embodied m N.Z I bulletins Nos. 2 and 5, the full titlrs of which are "The Geology ol " Uexandra - ■ ion." 1906, and "The Geology of the i division. \\. Division." 1908. The list- of literature in thi include nearly a publications dealing with the geology of Vincent i illowing abbri all of importance for the objects of the present bulletin, and a few supplementary papers are also mentioned:

Hutton, F. W. : -Geology of Otago. 1875.

Haast. Julius von: " Geologi of Canterbury and Westland," 1879, pp. 16, 17, 48- Ph 56 57, 254 55

*o-*y, 00-oi, zot-00. etc. Hep. of Geol. Explor,, No. 14, 1882, parts of pp. xxi xxiii, 66 92 (M No. 15, 1883, pp. w 80 83 (McKay); No. 16 te of pp. nrji xxvi. 18 66 (McKay), 76 81 (McKay); No. 2> Ivi Ivii, 17 34 (Park); Nil 21, 1892, pp. 166 67.

Pari. Paper C. I. 1894, pp. Hi li'. IT 20, part ol pp 32 I- (hound ii Rep.); 2nd ed., 1897. Pari. Papei i 6, 1894, p. 6 (hound in Mines S.Z. In>t.. vol. in. 1908, parte of pp. 72- 79, 110 22 [A. M. Fin vol. 11. 1909, part, of pp. o4 84 (Finlaj

Cotton. ('. A. : " Block .Mountains in .V ce, vol. 44, Oct.. 1917, pp. 249

11. Manioto

The geology of Maniototo County is similar t.i that a i ounty. On north-eastern boundary Permo-Carl iierous rocks probably appear in the Hawkdun ami Kakanui ranges. (dd Mi and greywackes are believed to form much of the Kakanui Mountains. Tertiary strata air better developed than in Vincenl County, and arc, known to include marine beds. The Maniototo Plain is a large intermontane depression which shows the south : these are the Manuhi'iikia Valley, Ida Valley, Upper Taieri Plain, and Strath Taieri, of which the two former are in Vincent County. Volcanic rocks of no very ancient age form a nut nf isolated masses, principally mi the south >1 the Maniototo Plain. No limestone is known to exist m Maniototo County,* hut a sample of marble ' the county was obtained in Sir .1; a Hector about ISS'J. and this not improbably rami' from the old Mesozoic or Permo-Carboniferous rocks of the Hawkdun or Kakanui mountains. Tin' Tertiarj ih-water and marine, may lie marly ut pi Perhaps al-o Quaternary mail of the Lake Hayes type exists, as is perhaps tndii

•W. X. Blair (m previously oited, IsTu p. 90) states that "lime" exists in oomddDrable quantif 'ln- Miiiuni Plains district. rence to limestone neat I'm

267

by analyses Nos. 2 and 3 below, though No. 3 represents a peculiar deposit wmteining much magnesium carbonate.

/; ' I I Garble from Maniototo, forwarded by Dr. Hector. Col. Mus. and Lab. Van. Rep., 1883, p. 44. Lab. No. 3387. It would be interesting to ascertain the; exact source oi this sample. Probably it was a specimen forwarded by post or otherwise to the Geological Survey.

(2) From "Central Otago," forwarded by G. M. Marshall. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lab. No. D 1162. Assigned to Maniototo as the most probable county.

Inference. (3) So-called clay from mining reserve, Hyde, forwarded by Mr. S. C. Hore, Naseby, per Geological Survey, July, 1915. Lab. No. F 837.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Transport.

On the strength of the evidence stated above, Maniototo County cannot be said to have any lin ources, but some exploration seems advisable. It must apparently obtain its lime from Milbum, in Bruce County ; but if the branch railway reaching Dunback from Palmerston South were extended to Ranfurly. limestone could readily be obtained from Dunback or even from the Oamaru district. The Otago Central Railway-line traverses the Maniototo Plain, and therefore gives access to most of the settled portions of the county. Roads are fairly numerous, though on the whole not very good.

LiU raivn .

The following publications contain most of the principal references to the geology of Uaniototo County. The Vincent County lis! may be consulted also.

Hutton, F. \V. : "Geology of Otago," 1875.

Eep. of Geo]. Explor.. No. 10, 1884, parts of pp. xxn xxvi, 11 15, 16-66, 91-95; No. 21, 1892, pp. 24, 158.

Pari. Paper C.-i, 1894, pp. 20-30, part of pp. 32-48 (bound in Mines Rep.). X.Z. Inst., vol. 40, 1908, part of pp. 72-79 (Finlayson); vol. 41, 1909, part of pp. 64—84.

Cotton, C. A., 1917, as cited under Vincenl County

268

12. Waihei i ■

The geology of Waihemo County is decidedly varied. Schists ol Pakeozj occupy '" pari Permo-Carboni (Maitai) rocks occur m the Kakanui Ran) H l ; The latter range also contains Cretaceoi i ich are well displayed i Point. Tertiary strata occur in patches on the tableland wesl of Dunbacfc ipy a considerable portion of the Shag Valley, where they are mail ■i hills and masses of volcanic rock Late Tertiai

The best-known limestone deposit in Waihemo County is the old Mesozoic (possibly Late Palaeozoic) limestone on the □ Dunback. ll been quarried and burnt tor lime during According to McKa 1887 a small pat eh occurs north of where Dunback now is; this probably is thai now being worked for lime. A much larger area begins westward, and extends north-wesl on the south-wesl slope oi Range for nearly four miles. The average width of the belt as shown by McKa} is well over half a mile, which seems unlikely to be correct. Cox's map of 1883 is decidedly different from McKay's. It shows a large area of limestone beginning not quite four miles fmni the roast and extending as a wide belt north-west for nearly four miles, beyond which are numerous scattered patches and minor belts of limestone for another three miles to the north-west. The Crel ks near Shai: Point and el» contain many calcareous concretions, mostly of spherical shape, and of all many feet in diameter. These have previously been referred to as " Moeraki boulders " (see Waitaki County). Very commonly they are enveloped by cone-in tone.

A calcareous sandstone or sandy limeston part of Waihemo County between the Shan- and Pleasant rivers. It is partly coi by volcanic rocks of younger age. The same rock covers a small area on the north hank of the Shag River alum! a mile from its mouth. McKay writes, "The limestones or calcareous sandstones of Puketapu are well exposed along the north bank of th< River, and form a flat tableland or terrace over the area indicated-on the map" (1887 report, p. 20). Possibly similar but purer limestone occurs neai Waihemo (see an Nos. 2 to 1 below).

The available analyses of Waihemo County limestones, with the exception of some made in 1865, are tabulated below: —

References. (I) From Shag Valley, collected by Mr. Alex. McKay. Col. M is, and Lab. 21s1 Ann. Rep., 1886, p. 37. Lab. No. 1266. On p. 60 the locality of this sampl Horse Range.

(2) to (4) So-called arenaceous limestones from Waihemo, forwarded by A. D. Bell, '" Official Record N.Z. and South Seas Exhibition, held a 1 Dunedin 1890 '.'l " (Wellington 1891), pp. 368,369, 370, 371. Analyst, J. G. Black. \i 9, 11. | |.\. ThegeneraJ description given and the low Bpecific gravity indicate a Tertiary age.

(-")) From Palmerston South, forwarded by Departmenl of Agriculture, i Ann. Rep., 1897, p. 10. Lab. No. 6980.

*ln his "Geology ol Otago," L 875, Button menl ■ Blue Mountain limestone waa even thru being burnt for lime. : fhi rock iof Middle Tertiary (Oamarui d

310

In Bth \ni. Rep. Dept. Agric, Chemical Division. 1900, p. I. B. C. Aston gives nalysis oi a sample of impure limestone forwarded by Mr. John Hodson, Shag Point. This was evidently a con. ret ion. for it was supposed to be a coprolite. The analysis shows; Silica and matter insoluble m acid. ,M 7-1 : alumina and iron oxides, 6-7; lime, 26*8; magnesia, 1-8; carbonic anhydride, 22*9; phosphoric anhydride, 0*8; organic matter and water, 3-1 : alkalies and loss, o*s: total, 100-0 This analysis has also been quoted under Waitaki County.

ETectoi .iu-\ Skey, in their report oi 1866, to which reference was made under i County, give analyses of a blue subcrystalline limestone from the Kakanui Range with 90-99 per cent, of calcium carbonate (see pp. 393 94, 148), and of a call Erom ffaihemo with 61-60 per cent, of calcium carbonate (pp. -UK). 451). (For further particulars see appendix to this chi

\V. N. Blair, in his publication of 1879 previously cited under Waitaki County. thai hard bluish-grey and Boft yellowish-white freestones occur in the Waihemo Valley, chiefly in what is known eu ■ Valley, about tv rom Palmerston South. On page 60 of the -2lst Ann. Rep. Col. Mas. and Lab., 1886. Limestone and conelimestone from Palmerston, collected by Mr. McKay, are Listed as Nos. 4273 on page 37 'o have come from Aimiri Bluff, and the full analysis has therefore been quoted under Kaikoura County. The probability sample came from the Shag Point district. It contained 66*36 per cent, .if carbonate of lime. Again, on page 60 of the report just mentioned, Nos. 1286 287 are described as "stone for*lime" and "chalk." Goodwood. These samples n presented by analyses Nos. 1286 a and 1286 l> on page 37, there d to Kakanm. The carbonate-of-lime percentages given are 27-11 and 64*10. \ kitaki < lounty.)

[n March, 1919, one of the writers (I*. C. Morgan) made a brief visit to the quarries and Lime-works al Blue Mountain, on de of Inch Valley Creek, two or three miles north of Dunback. Limestone is being obtained from two quarries, one of which, sit uated a short distance from the works up Inch Valley Creek, has its floor about 390 ft. ab< other, or mam quarry, is worked from a level of about 530 ft. (barometric heights). The main-quarry face shows al least 150 ft. of excellent limestone, interbedded with several small argillite (a slaty - looking rock). Argillite also underlies . rerlies the limestoi ole. I' 1- locally 1 ailed " ■■■ ■ to the presence of minute it is Bhghtly scl I tins. erroneous impression that the limestone is interbedded with the 11 ■ whereas it belongs to a different ai The limestone dips to the eastward, rery steeply, but Mr. Robert Mcintosh, tl the south end of the quarry the dip is I in 1. 01 1;, . |' ; , a hard bluisl 0 contain a feu small fossils, probably maximum thickness «»f the limestone probably exceei

Both ground > and quicklime are produced al the works. The redui breakei and an Alii : No. 2 pulverizer, d capacity of 15 tone per eight hours. The beaten supplied with the pulverizer were of manganese steel, and lusted twelve : ind make, and have a life of only six w< is driven which is barely powerful enough for the wori it bas to do.

The lime-making plant two ordii nd .1 large kiln. There j| w*s not altogether a su< 1

270

operation. The pot kilns arc worked continuously, with Shag Poinl coal as the fuel. Limestone is charged in somewhat large lumps, with a maximum diameter of 6 in. or i in. The gas-fired kiln in use is of a G jed from the top with stone of the same size as that supplied to the pot kilns At its base are several crates, under each of which is a space partly tilled with water. The supply of air is regulated so that a large amount of combustible gas (mainly carbon monoxide, CO) is | This is burnt in the kiln some height aboi air-supply being regulated ■ of the kiln are said to have p mended a i ,i 1,400 C, which is probably too high.* There is a tendency for the lime to clinker, and tins fact indicates that a somewhat lower temperature than that in use. whatever it may he. is advisable, Thi ire at the top of the kiln is tolerably high, and therefore the height (at present 52ft.) could probably I"- increased with advantage. The original lining of the kiln consisted of imported firebrick, hut a first class firebrick made m [nvercargill is now used for repairs and renewals. The lime works are c tected by a short railway-line with Inch Valley c -station.

The geology of Blue .Mountain and the neighbouring district presents some peculiar features, which are well worth} ol careful study. To what extent the limest i lenticular, and to what extent the exposures are affected by powerful faults, cannot be stated.

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means of Trai

Waihemo County probably possesses considerable lie urces. The ancient limestone of the Horse Range is sufficiently good for calcination. The Tertiary lin varies in quality, and probably most of it is tit only for pulverization and local use. The Cretaceous rocks contain more or less impure calcareous concretions and calcareous tones, but are not hopeful as a source of lime. More exploration and sampling by qualified persons are badly needed. It will be observed that in no ease is the exact locality known of any of the samples of which analyses are quoted.

The eastern pan of Waihemo Countj i by the Dunedin-Christchurch Railway, and a branch line extends from Palmereton to Dunback. The Allandale Coalmine is connected with the main railway-line by a short branch. The Otago Central Railway runs close to the western border of the county for ten miles or more. If the billy nature of the county is taken into account it may be considered as moderately well roaded. There are one or two landing-places on the coast-line, bul no true harbour.

Literature,

The chief publications having reference to the geology of Waihemo County are Rep. of Geo! Explor., N... 7. 1872, pp. lIS 53 (von Has B, 1-77. parr of pp. 19-26 (von Haast); No. 15, 1883, pp. xvi, 65 (to. 16, 1884, pans of pp. xxii-xxv, 15-66 (McKay); No. 17. LBB6, pp. 182-84 (Hector); No. 18, 1887, pp. sa xxviii, sxxi sxxii, I 23 (McKay); No. 21, 1892, pp. liii, 24-25, 45 50 (McKa '''l-' C. I. 1894, pari ol pp . :;,i |8 (bound in Mines Rep.). 2nd ed Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 40, 1908, parts of pp. 110 22 (Finlayson vol. 11. 1909, parts of pp. 64-84 (Finlayßon).

, ..* ]■""■-'' I 1.040 Candle.. Ordinary kiln temperatures are bom 1,100 C to 1,150it-. Orton and Peppel mentio. ired kiln in whioh a tei i 100 Cu>l JO

312

L 3. Waikouajtj '

In the west Waikouaiti County is largely composed of mica- ami quartz-schist. In tin- easten rine Tertiary Btrata are well developed, and Late Tertiary volcanic rocks "t bas iU- m the south-east, near Porl Chalmers. The Bandy Limestone mentioned as occurring m the eastern part of Waihemo County extends southward in Waikouaiti County towards Waikouaiti North Head. Prom the descriptions given ami from such outcrop* : "' seen close to the railway-line il appears impure to be of much value, but no doubt could lie Locally used as a Boil-dressing in the pulverized state. The strata at. Waikouaiti North Head (locally known \r been described by Park (1904), who states that the Lowest bed is a foraminiferal blue clay, overlain by sandstone with Puketeraki Peninsula seems to be composed of a similar sandstone. Near Seaclifi calcareous sandstone is well developed, ami along the shore-line forms cliffs over 200 ft. high, hut nowhere passes mto limestone. Wesl of Blueskin Harbour (inner part) a belt of similai us, and. according to Marshall's map of li>o6, continues without interruption for many miles to tin- south-westward. At the head of the Waitati Stream it passes into Taieri County, According to Marshall two very small sandstone [arenaceous limestone] occur at Dowling Bay and at Blanket Bay, oh the western go Harbour (1906, p. 389). The Oyster Point calcareous sandstone or freestone mention* or and Skey m 1866 (pp. 399, 161) i- probably in the latter localil

Nn analyses of limestone or calcareous rock Erom Waikouaiti County hai i in tin- modern literature consulted, unless the two analyses ol stone Erom Goodl, mentioned under Waihemo County, refer in a locality fir localities in Waikouaiti County, Imi! quite a Dumber appear in the pubhcatii .low. Hector and Skey, in th<-ir report of 1866, give analv<*-> of calcareous sandstones from Hawksbury and Pleasant River (|>. 449), ami from Pleasant River, Cornish Mount (Wail i Hawksbury (pp. 399, WO, I'M. 151). These analyses, together with that -if the OysterPoinl rock, are as follow; ... ~,,

//,/,,,-., Hawksbury (? Puketeraki). Hector and Skey, ; p. 119. Analyst's No, 10. careous sandston rer. Kectoi and Skey, p. 149. Vnalyst's No. 13.

313

References. —(3) Calcareous freestone from Oyster Point. Upper Harbour (Otago) \V- • forwarded by Mr. Hugh Calder, Caversham. Hector and Skey, pp. 399, 151. Analyst's No. 13.

(4) Impure close-grained limestone from Pleasant Riv-r. >ix miles from Waikouaiti. forwarded by Mr. W. Mason. Hector and Skey, pp. '-VM 100, 151. Analyst's No. 14.

Iran-oils freestone, Cornish Mount, Waikouaiti, forwarded by -Mr. .1. Hepburn, per Waikouaiti District Committee. Hector and Skey, pp. WO, 151. Analyst's No. 15.

,. U m Uuu ...m ...... ..■..;, rr . -"", ...,„ .... (6) Calcareous sandstone from Hawksburv. Hector and Sk'-v. pp. 401, 451. Analyst's No. 19.

The above analyses are further mentioned in the appendix to this chapter

\V. V Blair, in "The Building Materials of Otago," 1*7!), la-sides quoting Hector and Skey's analyses, gives a number of others made by P. S. Hay (afterward in-Chief. Public Works Department) under the direction of Dr. J. G. Blaek (see p. 100). The limestone at Dowling Bay. Borne miles north of Port Chalmers, is mentioned on 103, 110, 112, 113, 114, and 115. Blair Bays there are five or six seams or layers of limestone at Dowling Bay and on Otago Peninsula with an aggregate thickness of 70ft. The analysesof Dowling Bay limestone quoted l>v him are as follow:

References. —(1) Bluish-grey limestone, top seam. Table I, No. 18.

(2) Drab granular limestone, fifth seam from top. Table 111, No. 14.

(3) Drab granular limestone, second seam. Table 111, No. 18.

(4) Dark-fawn limestone, third seam. Table 111, No. 19. Seam 20 ft. thick (p. 115).

Blair mentions that a sample from the fourth seam, 20 ft. thick, contained 28-13 pel rent, (if sand.

In February, 1919, Dowling Bav was visited by one of the writers (P. G. Morgan). He observed various outcrops of limestone, on the inland side .if the road skirting the shore-line of Otago Harbour. These had strikes varying from south-wesl (210 I to north of wesl (280 ). and westerly and northerly dips varying from 25° to 60 . The thickest hand of limestone seen was about 20ft. The qualitv of the st was quite as variable as the strike and dip. Mr. Carey, a very old settler in the district, was interviewed, and stated that he and two others many years ago quarried hi: at the outcrop on the Port Chalmers Bide of Dowling Bay. and burnt it in a kiln close by. The limestone was also quarried as a building-stone, and used in the construction of various buildings at Pent Chalmers.

According to Blair (pp. 121-22) a soft marl occurs at Waikouaiti and at Greytown (= Allanton. Taieri County) which has the following composition:—

The locality from which the sample was obtained is inn stated

314

' °f / '""-- - and of Means of Transport.

'Haiti County has poor bluest , resources, but exploration may bring useful 3lta "' ''-'"■ hj is conveniently situated lor obtaining lime from the Dunback district, and also has railway communication with the Hainan, and Milium, districts. From Waikouaiti to Hainan, by rail is forty-six miles, and to Milburn sixty-four miles. Hie Duncdm-Chnstcliuivl, Railway traverses the caster,, part of the county, through which the Man, North Road from Dunedin has also been made. The remainder of the county appears to be poorly loaded.

Waikouaiti County ~ Harbour with Peninsula County and the town of Dunedin. At Port Chalmers arc. deep water and good wharves. Waikouaiti Bay could easily be made into a good harbour, but the inner portions of Blueskin or Waitati Bay (including Purakanui Inlet, etc.), on account of their shallowness, give shelter to small vessels only.

btieratur\.

The chief publications relating to the geology of Waikouaiti County are—

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 18, 1887, part, of pp. xv-xxxi, 1-23 (McKay) : 11, 1892, pp. ixiv Ixvii, 50 54 (McKay), part of pp. Iti7 68.

Pari. Paper C.-4, 1894, part of pp. 30-48 (bound in Mines Hep.). 2nd ed., 1897. Quart. .lour. Geol. Soc., vol. «2. 1906, part of pp. 381-424 (Marshall); vol. 70 1914, pp. 382 P's (Marshall).

Rep. Aust. Assoc. Adv. Sci., vol. 3, 1891, part of pp. 127-50 (G. 11. F. Ulrich). Trans. \.Z. [nst., vol. 36, Hull. pp. 118-30 (Park); vol. 40, 1908. part of pp. 72-79, lln 22: vol. 41, part of pp. 64-8-1; vol. On. 1918, pp. 19G 97 (J. A. Thomson).

11. Taiebi CorxTv (including the City or Dunedin).

The geology of Taieri County is similar to that of the adjoining Waikouaiti County. histe occupy a great part of the county. Near Green Island Borough and Saddle Hill, coal bearing rocks, apparently of Late Cretaceous age. extend over an oi several square miles. These arc succeeded without known unconformity of any importance by a series of sands, marly claystones, greensands, and calcareous sandstones, the uppermost beds of which arc certainly of Tertiary age. Volcanic rocks of interesting types are well developed, especially in and near the city of Dunedin. Thick beds of glacial like gravels seen near Henley have provoked much The Strath Taieri Plain, near Middlemarch, is an extension of the Maniototo P I lunty). The Taieri Plain, smith-west of Dunedin. is in an ■,. the alluvial surface of which is almost at sea-level; i» tact, tic :k,.s : Waipori and Waihola (correctly Waihora), near 'hern cud.

The bell of calcs tone, mentioned under Waikouaiti County as beginning of Blueskin or W our, continues Bouth-westward and south through the headwaters of the Silveretream, Abbot's Creek, &c., to the Green Island district. It is broken by the lower valleys of Abbot's Creek and the Kaikorai Stream, bul is seen "ii the slopes "I Saddle Hill, and is prominenf on the ridge Bouth of Green ' B gh and along ' ; of Black Head. It is also seen at both of the Caversham Railway-tunnel (hence the name " Caversham stone") and in Kaikorai Valley. The Caversham sandstone is mosl calcareous immediately south oi Green Island Borough and on the mast, near Black 18-Geol. Bull, No. 22.

315

Head. In tin: former locality it may merit the name of arenaceous limestone Hector and Skey in 1866 (p. 100) mention the "old lime-kiln quarry" in Kaikorai it may he supposed thai an attempt to calcine the calcareous rock of that locality was made some time prior to 1865.

At Whare Flat (Upper Silverstream) the Tertir according t" .Marshall (1906, p. ■'!*'.>). have a thickness of about I,oooft. How much of this is limestone is not stated.

At Burnside a highly calcareous marl belon the horizon of tin; Caversham sandstone, discovered about 1903, has been quarried for cement-making purposes Bince 1905. This marl, which is stud to contain from 15 to 50 per cent, of lime (i.e., calcium carbonate) will he again mentioned in Chapter V (Part II).

Near Brighton, at a si ill lower horizon, is a patch ol bighlj underlain ie ~| shales containing coal. This contains nui cimens of a Belemnite, and is therefore considered to he of : About twenty-five years ago a lime-kiln was erected here, and some of the rock burn! its quality was so uneven and, on the whole, low-grade that the ventun abandoned.

In 1865 several samples of Caversham sandstone were shown aa building-stones at the New Zealand Exhibition, and tins led to analyses being made by \V. Skey, who was th™ analyst to the Geological Survey of Otago. Tun frei 17 and 21) from Kaikorai Valley contained 60-86 and 40-45 per cent, of calciut respectively (Hector and Skey, 1866, pp. 100, 101, 151). A freestone (No. 18 Sibbald's Quarry, Caversham, contained 51-22 per cent, of calcium carbonate (H and Skey, pp. 400-1, 151). These three analyses with other particulars are again mentioned in the appendix to this chapter. A grey-coloured freestone or impure concretionary limestone (No. 11, |>. 399) from tin- vicinity ol Dunedin, exhibited by Hugh Calder, Caversham. had tin' following composition (p. Ml): Carbonate of lime, 68-51 ; carbonate of magnesia, trace; soluble alumina, 1-79; soluble oxide of iron. 0-79; soluble silica. 0-72: insoluble matter. :>7-<)5 ; water, &e., 0-54: total. 100-00. Specific gravity, 2-549.

Hector and Skey (p. 149) also give the following four analyses of "calcareous sandstones" Erom Kaikorai and Caversham:—

References. (1) Buff-yellow calcareous sandsl : from Kaikorai (o). No. 8 o (2) (3) Greyish-yellow calcareous sandstone from Kaikorai (6) and Kaik respectively. Nos. 11 and 12 of table.

(4) Bluish-grey calcareous sandstone from Caversham. No. 9 of table.

Hectoi and Skey (p. 396) state that the above analyses (with others) have been taken Erom the reports of the Govern ni survey oi Otago 1864, p 125 (See also appendix to this chapter.)

•J 75

any rock approaching limestone arc known to have been made aterial Iron i rnty since 1865. The following analysis represents the de marl :

Forwarded by Mr. E. I!. Green, Inspector of Mines. Col. Lab. 37th Ann. R.p.. 1904, p. 9. Lab. No. 9558. The composition of the burnt stone is also given. The watei i too high to tje representative o I the marl.

W. X. Blai] ously cited, 18711. pp. 121 22) mentions a soft calcareous and ferruginous marl found at Waikouaiti and Greytown (now Allanton). (Sec Waikouaiti County.)

In 1917 Mr. ||. s, Molineaux, oi the Reefs, near Barewood, forwarded a sampl of line-stone to the Dominion Laboratory which contained 97 per cent, of Cat 0 (Dom. Lab. 51st Ann. Rep., 1918, p. 19; Lab. No. II oil.) The locality, Barewood, mple must be queried.

and of Means of Transport.

nty appears to have no limestone deposit of undoubted value. The so-called Caver-ham sandstone in places may be sufficiently calcareous to be worth pulverization, but in the absence of representative analyses this remains doubtful. possible also be utilized after pulvenzaarl could no doubt be applied locally as a soil-dressing. It is fairlv hard for a marl, and the analysis quoted is not likely to be representative ned. Milburn is the nearest locality to County where good lime can be made. From here by rail to the south border ban ten miles, to Mosgiel is twenty-two miles, and to rty-two miles or a little less.

Thanl Taieri County lias good means of communication and transport. The Dunedin [nvereargill Railway travi ounty a few miles from the coast. At Wingatui the Oti begins, and passes in a northerly direction through the county. A shorl branch line connects Outram with Mosgiel. Near Dunedin th ighl be expected, fairly good, and tl itement applii sttled portions oi the county. The inland districts, !,,,„. fhole rathei aded. The county adjoins the importan! port of Dunedin. to which a channel navigable for fairly largi ■ been made by the expenditure of much money. The Taieri River ran be entered bj few miles above its mouth.

/.//.

t deal "l attention hae been given to the volcanic rocks near Dunedin, -, r ,,l mil a! :; be cited here. The following publications contain moß j 0 i the more impo ences to the geology of Taieri County:

Button, F. W. : " Geology ~i Wago,' 1875. IB'

270

Explor., No. 7. 1872, pp. 170 72 (Hector); No. 8, 1877, pp. 59 60 (McKay); No. 10, 1877, pp. xvii xix, 143 54 (R. B. Denniston) ; No. 13, pp. 153-55 (W. Itowe) ; No. 18, 1887, pp. xxix-xxxi : No. 21, 1892, pp. liii Iviii. Ixvii. 13 15 (McKay), part of pp. 50-54 (McKa I, 54 55 (McKay), 164 66.

Pari. Paper ('. I. 1894, part of pp. 32 -I (McKay). Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 34, 1902, part of pp. 11l 17; vol. in. I' pp. 72 79, 110-22; vol. 11. L 909, part of pp. ill 84, 111 26 (Cotton).

Quart Jour. Geol. Soc, vol. 62, 1906, part of pp. 381 121 (Marshall).

Aust. Ass. Adv. Sn.. vol. 3, 1891, part of pp. 127-50 (G. H. F. Ulrich).

15. Peninsula County.

With the exception of one or two patches of Tertiary marine strata and some superficial deposits, Peninsula County is wholly composed of volcanic rocks. Calcareous sandstone or arenaceous limestone outcrops at 500 ft. above sea-level near Sandymount schoolhouse, where it dips at 30° to the south-west (Marshall), ant north-east across Hooper's Inlet, where the dip is in the same dired -"per. C. N, Boult slates that sandstone forms cliffs alone the south shore of Pen. County (that is, near Sandymount a Fact apparently not observed by Marshall), and refers in his paper and map of 1906 to other outcrops in the neighbourhood of Harbour tone. Hutton (1875, p. 18) Btatee that a belt of Oamaru rocks ap] between Boat Harbour and Macandrew Bay, "north of Harbour Cove" (' ' It consists oi sandstone, yellow and brown limestone. The last ck contains 87 per cent, of carbonate of lime. It appears that at least one lime-kiln was operation in Peninsula County prior to 1875 ("Official Handbook of New Zealand." 1875, p. In"), and in 1879 there were kilns in two Localities, operated by Messrs. Macdonald and Robertson respectively (\V. N. Blair, as cited below, p. 110). Robertson's kilns were at " Glenmore."

Hector and Skey (1866, pp. 394, 148, Nos. 18 and 19) . es of samples of compact dark and yellowish limestones from Portobello, one wit cent. and the other with 81 do per cent, of calcium carbonate. These were evidently from the locality mentioned by Mutton. The analyses are quoted in full in the a] at the end of this chapter.

W. N. Blair has a good deal to say about the Otago Peninsula limestone. His remarks will be found on pages 31, 94 95, and 109 15 of "The Buildi] of Otago," 1879. The following analyses of Peninsula limestone quoted by him were made by P. S. Hay under the direction of Dr. J. 6. Black (see p. 100) :

'lncludes some clay.

277

''f'" ,n \ <j) r ;' m l 1 ;" 1 dark-fawn limest Table 111. No. 13. Sample from second highest bed at .Macdonald's quarries (p. 112).

(2) Compact taw,, limestone. Table 111. No. 15. Sam D le from same loealitv ~s \,, i

, .. , ..,.„.,.',„. i a,,ie in. .no. i.,. sample a same locality as JNo. 1. oured limestone. Table [II, No. 17. Sample from top se m Macdonald's.

1 , ■ p .... | ' ~ |, .-, mil ,LI .M.l' Hll|l,l|l| s <*> Dark-fawn lunest ill, N O . 19. Sample frc im at Macdonald's.

Blaii a -ombre-brown limestone exists in large quantity on the :i H ' l " " r ota g° lv aula, but in a position difficult of access (p. 31). Limestone " m " ' ml '"> ,l "' southern side of the peninsula, "is near the surface from the ridge south ~1 Mr. Macdonald's kiln- to the gully at Harbour I' ," and appears at the head of Hooper's Inlet.

In February, 1919, one of the writers (P. G. Morgan) inspected the limestonequarrj adymount schoolhouse, now heme worked by .Mr. -I. Biddell. The made were no, altogether accordant with those of .Marshall, summarized m a previous paragraph. The quarry is about WW ft. above sea-level. The face. about 60ft. high, consists of bard blue limestone with one prominent layer of sandy claystone. The strike is north-east to south-west (216 ). and the dip "over 20° to the north-west. The ■ . 0 f limestone are arenaceous, and do not contain 7,1 I"' 1 ' cent, of calcium carbonate. The mid,lie hives are said to have about cent, of calcium carbonate, and the lowest layer worked as much as HI per '''•'"• l.imest outcrops over so acres, and the quantity of stone in sight is Pecten huttoni (Park) and a ribbed Pecten, probably /'. hutchii tolerably abundant. Other fossils ais :cur. At the time ot the visit mentioned above, the limestone, after being broken to a suitable size in „ jaw. crusher, calcined in a kiln 20 ft. dee], an,l !ift. iii diameter. The maximum output ot this kiln is In tons per day. but the average production is much less. Most of the lime produced is transported by motor-wagon to the Milburn Lime and Cement ay's works at Dunedin. The fine material produced by the rock-breaker im making asphalt for footpaths, &c. .Mr. Riddel] also has a pulverizing plant, which was idle at the time ~f Mr. Morgan's visit.

of Means q) Transport.

- of Peninsula County arc not great. It is close to the Dunedin railways, and lias excellent sea communications by virtue oi its position. Ii i- Mill loaded, tin: volcanic rocks of the county supplying an abundance of roadtnakiic' material.

Litt ra

logy of Peninsula County are-

Hun.,ii. K. W.. am 11. J-'.: "Geology of Otago, 1875, pp. 48, 56,

lor., No. 20, 1890, pp. 34-36; X... 21. 1892, p. 160.

N.Z. Inst., vol. 38, 1906, pp. 126 2t; (C. N. Boult).

--' ' rr "~ -" \ v - *■'• ' all and I'lricli. as quoted under Taieri County.

16. Fiobd '

The i Fiord ' ountj are supposed to be gneisses and schists "' v '" i is. Granite is abundant, and ultra basic igneou west argillites and greywackes of age are Iran and here also small patches oi Tertiarj sedimi rocks make their appearance. In several places thi nd schists contain bands of marble, the origin and age of which are difficult to ascertain. The possible pi

278

of ultra basic lock, into magnesite or other carboi -Sound ha, been mentioned in discussing Lake County, but so far no evidence ■ origin for the Caswell Sound and other marble, ~t Fiord County ha, ■

According to McKay a band of grey or bluish marble 200 ft. thick, dipping to the south of east, is exposed on the north side o Sound. It forms a ridg the eastern side of s little bay, and can be traced foi some distance to the northward. At many places the marble contains settles of mica and graphite, as well iron-pyrites, the latter a very objectionable constituent in building or ornamental stone. On the smith side of Caswell Sound there is a hand of white marble 45ft. to 50ft. thick, which dips at 15° to the south-west. This appears to live for some disi southward. In November, 1881, when visited by McKay, it was beinj in the hope that it might be profitably sold as a statuary or monumental stone, but appari large flawless blocks could not be obtained, and the enterprise failed. Other part will be found in McKay's report.

In 1863 Hector observed piece, of marble in morainic debris at the head of a small cove off Crooked Arm. On the south side of Dusky Sound, between Fanmng's Cove (probably Fanny Bay of the maps) and the upper end of Cooper's Island, 'a layer of crystalline lime,tone or marble about 40ft. thick, enclosed in gneiss oi was worked without success man}- years ago. The marble consists of alter] bands of blue and white colour. According to Park, who visited the local: January, 1888, the rock appears free from joints and flaws, and is in an accessible position close to deep sheltered water. First-class lime could be made from it. During his visit of 1863 Hector observed veins of calcite in the granite of Passage 1Chalky Inlet (p. 186 of report cited below). According to Hutton (" G Otago," 1875, p. 77) cipollino, s varietv of marble, occurs it Thompson's Sound.

Little or nothing is known about the calcareous contents of the Tertiary n near Chalky and Preservation inlets. The white rocks of Chalky Island are described by Hector as soft sandy strata, and by Hutton (1875, p. - and chalk-marl. From McKay's account it may be gathered that impure chalky limestone, marly shale. &c., occurs at Gates's, a small harbour between the Coal Burn and Wilson River, and at the Green Islets, farther to the east. (1896 report, pp. 38-311.)

Summary of Limestone Resources and of Means oj Transport.

The ancient marbles of Caswell, Dusky, and perhaps other sounds and inland localities appear to form the chief limestone resource of Fiord County. The county is at present almost uninhabited, and is uninviting from an agricultural point of view, but it contains immense reserves of water-power, and its marbles may yet be found of value for the manufacture of carbide of lime or of calcium nitrate or other fertilizer.

The county has no roads and very few tracks. The fiords indenting the Bea-coast therefore form the principal means of communication. Lakes Te Anau and Manapouri are partly in the county, and afford a certain amount of access from the i

Liu l

Among the publications dealing with the geology of Fiord County are

Hector, J.: " Report of a Geological Expedition to the West Coast of Otago."

Otago Provincial Gazette, Nov. 5, 1863, pp. 135 78 (s specially pp. I ' Rep. "I Geol. Explor., No. 9, 1877, pp. 30-31; No. 11. 1878, pp. 10 13;

No. 13, 1881, pp. 150-63, 159-66; No. M. 1882, pp. 115 Is (McK

No. 19, 1888, pp. xxxviii. 9 IB (Park); No. 21, 1892, p. 152.

Pari. Paper C.-11, 1896, pp. 31 IT (McKay). Bound in Mines Rep.

Trans. X.Z. In«t,. vol. 39, 1907, purl of op. 196-503 fMarshalh: vol. 12.

1910, part of pp. 255-67 (Speight).

320

IT. U M.m i, t ,

Wallace i- -n with diversified topography. Part reaches to the west coast of Otago north of Fiord County, ami. together with a narrow strip south of Lake le Anau. consist- of the same types of rock. Easl ol this is a great fault, and the character ol the country completely changes. Large areas of almost Hat land surround short isolated or almost isolated mountain-ranges and hills of moderate height. The present arc argillites and greywackes, hugely of Mesozoic age, but partly older. wltn ' - and a widespread series of Tertiary conglomerates, sandsb limestones, claystones, &c, with thick seams of brown coal towards llh ' base- Tertiary volcanic rocks are also present. Alluvial deposits of greater or les- thickness covei the tlat country, which is now [airly well settled throughout.

Limestone of Tert fairly well developed in Wallace County. It outcrops OUths of the Waiau and Jacobs rivers at and below sea-level (Hutton, 1872, I - ""!■ An extensive area of lime,ton,, forms a l v or less continuous strip west ol Fairfax and Otautau. Limestone seems to continue round the northern end of the 1 Range, and is seen on both sides of the Waiau River at Clifden. In this distrii well-known eaves, which were visited by Hector as far back as 1863. ry rocks extend down the valley of the Waiau River, and are seen nea) its mouth ibove. They cover most of the Lillburn watershed, and appear on the we-t side ol To Waewae Bay, where there is a considerable thick: calcareous sandstone and poas impure limestone. No particulars of limestone in the Lake Manapouri and Lake Tc Auau districts are obtainable.

Small outliers of limestone are found iii the valley- of lie Moonlight (Taringatura) th-wesf of Dipton, and another a small lull north-e le Rock (Hutton, 1872, p. 109). The dip at the latter locality is to the north-north-west (Mutton). .Mr. M. Ongley reports that at i Rock limestone, mostly of good quality, forms the central part of a structural basin. ire inwards from all points, and the di iroken by several small A stream lias eroded a deep channel tin.. rtone, and formed cliffs more than 100 ft. high. Soi f the stone has been quarried and sawn to pri samples of building -stone.

Hector, who gives the earliest and in several respects the most c plete account of \\ ty limestom ne stress on their impure sandy nature: and same thing is done by Farquharson,t who says thai 'l"' limestone on the banks of tin- Waiau is "not pure, averaging usually between 60 and 70 per cent." of CaCO a cd in original, is evidently an error). The limestone, as a mal fact, tly within slmrt distances both laterally and horizontally, and general rning its quality cannot well be made without further exploration, however, is obtainable in the Waiau Valley, and some of the limestone near Fairfax and Otautau appears to I f first-class quality. The available analyses ol inty limestones arc given in the following tables:—

* There i- Another Castle Kocl north of went from Lui N / Inst., rol. i".. 1911, p. 157.

280

References. (I) From Fairfax, forwarded by I!. Meek.

(2) (3) (')) (li) From Merrivale (ten miles from Otautau), forwarded by Lib

(4) (7) (8) From Merrivale, forwarded by I!. 1). Mai La

These eight samples were shown as building-stones at the New Zealand aj Exhibition. Dunedin, 1890 91. (See Official Record, 1891, pp. 368, 370, 371.) Ar J. G. Black.

(9) From ('. Basstian, Aparima. Hector and Shoe eviously cited, pp. 393, 11* (See also appendix to this chapter.)

Dominion Laboratory analyses ate us follows :

(1) From Fairfax, forwarded by G. E. Meek. Dom. Lab. 47th Ann. Rep., 1914, p. 22. Lib. No. I) 1031. "A good agricultural limestone, suitable for burning." Quicklime in calcined stone, 86 per cent.

>,MiieM me* in c.oeiie'o siune, on pur ueiic. (2) From Section 30a, Waiau Survey District, obtained by .Mr. A. W. Rodger for the Geological Survey (per Mr. M. Ongley). Lab. No. G 1326/6.

(3) From Section 30b, Waiau Survey District. Lab. No. G1326 7. Obtained by Mr. A. W. Rodger for the Geological Survey.

(4) From Lambie's, Orawia, Waiau Valley. Lab. No. <i 1326 8. Obtained by Mr. A. W. Rodger for the Geological Survey.

(5) From top of limestone hill west of road running past tie' Castle Rock, Taringatura Survey District. Lab. No. <! 1326/1.

(6) Arenaceous band below No. 5. Lab. No. <1 1326 'J. Phosphoric anhydride, 0-13 cent.

Samples (5) and ((>) were collected by Mr. M. Ongley in 1916, and samples representing large bodies of stone.

Summary of Limestone Resources and ■;/' Means oj Trai

Wallace County has large limestone deposits, lad the quality is variable, and much exploration and careful sampling arc required in order to arrive at a just their value. Some of the limestone is id lor calcination : much is evidently better suited for pulverization. A few vcars ago Mr. A. W. Rodger used a small Devil disintegrator at Birchwood Station, and another machine of the same type is being or has been used near Clifden.

Means of communication in Wallace County are now very different from what they were at the time of Hector's visit in June, 1863. A railway runs from [nvereargill to Tuatapere, on the Waiau River, and a branch extends from Thornbury to Nightcaps. The Invercargill-Kingßton Railway is close to the county boundary for some distance north and south of Lumsden, from which place a short branch has been constructed to Mossburn. The county now has many roads, most of which are macadamized.

Wallace County has the Bmall port of Riverton, and there are various landingplaces on the coast-line. Lakes Manapouri and Te Anau give the north-west pi the county some faeilities for inland navigation. Bligh and George sounds (fiords) enter the north-west corner of the county, lint at present are of no value a communication.

Literature.

The chief references to the geology of Wallace Count)

L 863 (as cited under Fiord County), pp. 112 16.

Button, F. W.: " Geologj oi Otago," Ist:,, pp. 6, 7. 11. 27, 19-50, B7 68 ~rl 79, 106-9, 111, 146, 150, &c.

281

Geol. Exploi \ p. n vi, viii ix ; No. 7 1-7:' part of pp. «i 112 No. 11. 1878, pp. 110 is (( "xi : No. 13, 1881, pp. viii-ix; No. 21, 1892, pp. 23, 175; No. 22, 1894, pp. xxxix-xliii (Hector, on Orepuki oil-shale).

Pari. Paper i 9 1899, part of pp. 15 16 (McKay, on auriferous ironsai

Ivan-. N.Z. Inst., vol. 18 1886, pp. 102 I (W. S. Hamilton); vol. 25, 1893, pp. ss |n.. 26, 1894, pp. 226 29 (\. Hamilton) :

vol. 13, 1911. |>[>. lis 53 (K. A. Farquhai

Ith Ann. Rep. NX Geol. Sun per C. '.'. 1910, pp. 3 5; llth Ann.

Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari I'. | t C. 2b 1917, p. 9.

18. Southland Coonty.

The extreme uortl Southland County reaches into the mica-schist area "I ard the schiste appear ■■ radually into argillib ' may I ither Paheozoic or old Mesozoir in age. TriasJura i Hokonui Mountains, most of the country east of the Hataura I ly, part "I the HlnH Peninsula. In the latter locality and also in the Hokonui Mountains are masses of igneous rock of considerable antiquity. I to the untainous areas for example, at Waikaia and Waikaka; on the north, south, and west sides of the Hokonui Mountains : and as isolated p on thi Waii Plain and or the broad plain south of the Hokonuis. They contain all tin- limestone now to be dew

Range, an isolated ridge east of Winton, consists largely .of limcg the top of the range and appears to dip to the south-west. iple of limestone from the Forest Hill Range or its vicinity was forwarded to the Geological Survey in 1916 (per Mr. M. Ongley) bj Mr. T. J. Garvie, Mabel. This ■•. ol calcium carbonate and 2-47 per cent, of matter insi id. Lab. No. (> 1326 5.

e north of the Forest Hill Range, a quarter of a mile 01 less south-west ol Brown the Winton Hokonui line), s what rubbly fossiliferous brown ght, Stephi ason, and I o. on the top of a low till which rises about 100 ft. above the railway-line. The 1 atone face Is 251 :,,! iii addition about 3ft. of soil is being stripped off the top it. n f the limestone i- "I better qualitj than I , IT v the broken rock is trammed a few chains to a crushing and grinding plant, which The stone first rck-breaker (jaw type), which n Jin. ring. It then gravitates to a pait of rolls (made by an which reduce it to a Bmall size. The d m the hanical device to an elevator, which discharges into ~„ inclined Irying-cylinder, roughly 20ft. long. The material d the cylindi the tit"' | lucl passes to a hopper, where it is joined by the he pulverizer. The pulverized limi who use it in the manufai I artifii In the beginning of I!H7 the advertised price wa lis. pel ton, but on. The plant Is driven by steam. About twenty men are employed.

A quarter "1 a mile to thi ■ quarn foi rly wo rke "ii, mid Co., but no* abandoned.

282

mple of limestone from the present quarry, taken by Mr. M. Onglej in 1916, i pel cent, of calcium carbonate and 1-22 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid. Lab. No. c L 326 3.

Northward from Brown'-, limestone outcrops more or I- iisly in the lowhills ; ;asl of tie- railway to Kingston. About half a mile east of Limehills Railv* : ■'• ,; Ward and Co. i- quarrying lime-tone in a -mall ■ ,-d hill. The limestone face is aboul 25 ft. high, and is overlain by Oft. ol soil and subsoil. The limestone calcined in three kilns with Nightcaps coal. The quality of the stone in this locality varies, and not all is fit for the kiln. A Bample from the quarry, taken by Mr. M. Ongley in 1916, it. of calcium carb and 3*60 per rem. ol matte]' insoluble in acid. Lab. No. <• 132 i

About three-quarters of a mile s< I Barkly Railway-station is a small hill of high-grade limestone, where the Lady Barkly Company has opened a quarry. The stone is trammed to the old sawmill near the station, and is there pulverized. A 3ample obtained hv Mr. Ongley in 1916 contained 95*90 per cent, of calcium carbonate and 1-47 per cent, of matter insoluble in acid. I,ah. No. <■ 1326

A long patch of Tertiary rocks containing limestone forms a narrow strip on the south-west side of the Waimea Plains. This patch does not form hills, and cannol be distinguished in outline from the alluvial the plain (Hutton, 1872, p. 109). ling to McKay's mapping of L 894 Limestone cover- an area three miles lone, with a maximum width of over a mile, south-west of V, How far limestone is developed to the north-west and to tin.' south-east is uncertain, but samples of limestone have been received by the Dominion Laboratory from Balfour, which i- six miles to the north-wesl of W ' from Croydon, which is sixteen miles to the south-east, and within a few mile- of Gore, West ol Waimea .McKay -aw a cliff of limestone 20ft. high. He states that in the neighbourhood a bore passed through nearly 113 ft. of calcareous lock. It may be mentioned thai this hole at a depth of 9 in. to 398 ft. 3 in. passed through 13 ft. 6 in. of pink crystalline lin.supposed by McKay to he ol Permian age.

Hector and Skey in their report of 1866 give several analyses ol Southland limestoneSj which arc reproduced with other particulars in the appendix to this chapter.

The more important details are given in the following table:-

The Eollowing tables contain all the analyses of Southland quoted in Dominion Laboratory reports or given by Aston in hia list of L 915 :

■283

I I) (2) From drove Bush, fifteen miles north-east oi [nvercareul \stnn B C Jour Agnc vol 11, No. 1. Oct, 1915, p. 332. Analyst's numbers and date: G 206 and '""' ' 1906 - :> '" ■' l ~" D«P*' Agrio. Iltl, A,,,,, liep.. 1906, p. 112. where fuller analyses are given.)

(3) to (6) From Kokonui (Forest 11,11). forwarded by the Secretary, Department of Agriculture. Col. Lab. 31st Ann. Rep, 1898, p. 11. Lab. Nos. 7401 1 I Nos 7401 1 " I were rusty coherent limestone,. The other sample was erystalline, and appeared to be only a part ot a thin vein or I

(7) Shelly limestone from Hedgehope, forwarded by Mr. John Gorman Col Lab 33rd Ann. Rep, 1900, p. 11. Lab. No. 8551. (Ferric oxide, 3-92 per cent alumina cent.)

I) (.round limestone sold in Southland, said to be from Forest Hill. Aston B C Inalyst's numbers and date : C 366, 367 : 1906.

(10) (11) (12) From Brown's. Same references as Nos. I 2 8 and 9 bialyst's numbers and date : 8507,608,509; 1906.

(13) From The Dome. Southland, forwarded by Sir Julius Voeel (') Col Mus and Lab. 20th Ann. Rep., 1886, p. 40. Lab. No. 3830/F.' "

(11) From Balfour, forwarded by R. A, Orr. Dom. Lab. 16th Ann. Rep 1912 p 20 Lab. No. B 1080. (Phosphoric anhydride, 0-22 per cent.)

' alk ascribed to vicinity of Bluff. Col. Mus. and Lab. 17th Ann. Rep, 1882, pp. 31 32. Lab. No. 3119. Their is a suspicion that this sample came from Campbell Island.

(16) Disintegrated shells from [nvercargill, forwarded by the Mayor Col Mus and Lab. 26th Ann. Rep., 1892, pp. is 29. Lab. No. 5786. (Organic matter, 012 percent.)

(17) to (Hi) From "Invercargill," forwarded by the Commissioner of Crown Lands Dom. Lab. 17th Ann. Rep, 1914, p. 21. Lab. Nos. D 597, I 3. (The first two each contained 0-05 per cent, of phosphoric anhydride, the third 1-39 per cent.)

A sample of limestone from Croydon, five miles north-west of Gore, forwarded to tli- Dominion Laboratory m 11115 by Mr. Mac Donald, Reaby, Croydon, per the Hon. the Minister of Mines, had the following composition:

Reference. Dom. Lab. 19th Ann. Rep, 1916, p. 19. Lab. No. F 182. A fuller enl of the analysis than ~--1 in the laboratory report is given above.

According to the Handbook o( N.Z. Mines, 1887, p. 28, marble occurs in the Nokomai district, "but no steps have been taken to test its quality or ope i rry."

284

i i . i .

Southland County has largi mated with respect to the railways and the chiel arable ana-. In places the limestom quality. The beds arc' thin and well i ■■■>■■ another; and not only do they differ from i Mowed along thi "I' ,l "' individual laychang nsiderably within short distances. Sot impling by experienced persons are exactly appraised and a well-considered scheme for their intensive development set out. land and Wallace all of which less heavy liming (W. I». Hunt. Jour, Agric, vol. 1:1. No. 2. Aug., 1916, pp. 87 '.'ii).

I

Southland possi rbour of Bluff, together with Beveral ports, such as cargill (New River estuary), Fortrose, and Waikawa, where may berth or find ys with eai nd has a better railway system than any other area 1 land. From Invercargill railways radiate east, north, west, and south. In all then distinct railwa tely, Invercargill Tokanui, Invercargill Gore Dunedin, Edendale Wyndhatn. Gore Waikaka, Go Riversdale Waikaia, Invercargill K Hokonui, Invercargill Riverton Tuatapere, and [nvercargill Bluff'. The count correspondingly well roaded, so that facilities : ribution of Inn'' are unusually g 1.

Literature.

The chiel 'logy ol Southland County Following publications :

Hector, 1863 (a- cited under "Fiord"), pp. 11l 12.

Rep. "I Geol. Kxplor., No. 5. 1869, pp. ii iv; N". ~ I~,_ [.art of pp. Si) 112 (Hutton); No. 11. 1878, pp. vi xn. 2:, 90 (Cox); No. 13, 1— 1. pp. xv-xvi, 39 IS (McKay); No. 18, 1887, pp. xlv, 120-21 (Park), 111 53 pp. 72 71 (Park); X". 21. 1892, pp. Ixviii, Ix.xi. 15 (McKay), 63 64 (McKa

Pari. Paper C. I. 1894, pari of pp. 32 18 (bound m Mine

16 1883, pp. 11l 19 (W. S. Hamilton) : vol. 19, 1887, pp. 152 5B (W. S vol. iln. 1888, pp. 269 71 (Hutton); v. 1891, pp. ton) : vol. 12. 1910, pp. ••)« .'in (.1. A. Thon vol. 11. 1912, pp. :il7 39 (L. .1. Wild).

Bth Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., part of Pari. Paper C. 2, 1914, pp. 117 64. 2nd ed., 1915.

Newell-Arber, B. A.: "The Earlier Mesozoic [floras ol New Zealand." X.Z. Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. Xo. 6, 1917. (See pp. 10, 12 17. i

19. IYapkka Coi

Tuapeka is an ict, in which mica-schists and allied rocks ol I age are extensively developed. To the BOuth-west and Bouth these appear to pass more or less gradually into greywackes and argillites of Trias-Jura age. The other rocks of the county are Tertiary conglomerates, sandstones, shales, and Lignite, together with Quaternary gravels and (lays. The and the Quaternary gravels are auriferous, in places richly so. The firsl notable discovery of alluvia! gold in I was made in 186] Gully, near Lawrence, by Gabriel Read. Edv

285

a native of Bombay, had found gold in Tuapeka County as early as 1557. hut did not announce his discovery.*

No limestone is known to 1,., present in Tuapeka County. Any Tertiary limestone that may once have existed has Long since 1 n removed by denudation. Possiblj an '""' lni 7*l '"' discovered in the Blue Mountains, ini Tapanui.

Means of Transpa

Two railways enter Tuapeka County, the Milton Lawrence Beaumonl line and the i Tapanui Edievale line. Owing to the hilly or mountainous nature of the county and the scarcity of good roadmaking material the roads are, on the whole, not ' Thi Molyneux River is navigable lor small steamers, hut the rapid cm prevents it from heme used for transport purposes above Tuapeka .Mouth.

Literature.

Part of Tuapeka County has been geologically surveyed in detail by Dr. I'. Marshall, and the results of his work will he found in X.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 19. 1918, "The Geology of the Tuapeka District. Central Otago Division." The list of literature given in that bulletin on pages 8 in covers practically all the publications relating to the a County.

50. Bruce CotnjTY.

der rocks of Bruce County arc similar to those of Tuapeka luit schists arc 1 prominent. Tertiary strata are much Letter developed, and contain valuable of brown coal; whilst near Milburn, four miles north of .Milton, patches of usefully e are found. In the same locality deposits of rock phosphate, which « rdied in Chapter V. have been worked since their discovery in 1902. The basic volcanic rocks and the alluvial deposits of the Tokomairiro and other plains.

The Milburn limei aown by A. R. Andrew (1906) as outcropping north of Milburn on of a basalt-flow that hums the uppei part of trig. Q hill. It tinuously under the basalt, but for practical purposes only the long U-shaped pping strip can I red of much value. On the south-west side of the railway opes ol Gorge Hill, are two patches of Limestone, one of which is very small. The locality is mentioned in old geological reports under tic name of W'alh

following detailed section seen in the Milburn Lime and I '1- an- mentioned in descending order, H being the youngesl and A the oldest.

Band H: 30ft. of siliceous limestone, with glauconite mains throue

Band G: 3ft. of hard limestone, less siliceous than 11. Band K : 2 It. of hard, tough, fairly siliceous Limestone.

Band K ; 6*5 ft. of tough limestone.

Band I) : 3 ft. of very pure knuM.lv limestone.

Band C: 12 ft. of pure white Limestone.

Band B: 35 ft. of 1 atone, pure above, Iml more and more glauconitic towardi where ii merges into

Bund A : lunknot□ fcbii uconite sands.

•From"R N.Z, Exhibition, L 865,' Dunedin, [866, pp. [9and2o ii appears thai gold 0 in 1852. In the years 1856 58 personi discoveries i I |) Bon Gil membei ol the Geol

327

Each ol these bands i- described in defail by Andrew, who also gives analyses of bands H and C, quoted below, together with an analysis by the Dominion Laboratory (No. 1):

References. (1) From Milburn. forwarded by the Chief Engineer of Roads (? Chief r, Public Works Department). Col. Lab. 36th Ann. Rep.. 1905, p. 9. Lab. No. 9402. nple is described as a whitish limestone, dotted with a large number of greenishblack particles of chlorite. As was shown by Andrew, the greenish-black substance ia glauconite.

(2) Andrew, A. R., Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 38, 1906, p. 454. Sample represents band II

Indrew, A. H.. as cited above, p. 455. Sample represents band ('.

The limestone being quarried at the Milburn Lime and Cement Com] is arranged in comparatively thin lamina; from 1 in. to 5 in. thick. It is thus s -tone. The lamina? are separated by narrow seams of sandy material, generally in. thick or less. Some of the parting layers are glauconitic. especially one about 1 in. thick, near the middle of the face. The surfaces of the lamina, are not quite parallel, hence each lamina is visibly more or less lenticular. The dip is gentle, and on the average is to the south-east. Andrew states that the highest outcrop dips S. 42° E. at an angle of B°. On the east side of the road the strata dip at 15° to 45° in a direction 10° south of east.

Wesl of the Milburn quarry the limestone becomes more glauconitic, and may even approach calcareous greensand, but this condition docs not hold everywhere. ffilbum limestone lias been quarried for lime-making purposes for over forty years (since some date prior to 1875). One of tl arliest lime-burners was Mr. J. McDonald,* who for a few years was a member of the House of Representatives. At present the Milburn Lime and Cement Company is burnine. limestone in a number of pot and shaft kilns. hj has built a plan! consisting of rock-breaker, rolls. &c, for grinding limestone, and is also railing limestone to its cement-works in Dunedin, which have 1 n established for considerably over thirty years. The quarry vary from 15 ft. to over 100 ft. in height.

The Dominion Lime Company is quarrying limestone from a 50ft. face westward ol the Mill.urn Lime and Cement Company's ground. The amount oi stone in sight is nm large, but prospecting is expected to reveal further supplies under the clay overburden thai obscures the outcrops in this locality. Musi of the stun,' quarried is calcined in three po< kilns, two of which are constantly in operation. The company also has a grinding plant, which is worked intermittently,

A black limestone ia said to occur in the Tokomairiro or Milton district, bul the exact locality of the outcrop is unknown. (See Hutton, 1875, pp. 18, 113.)

• The Mr. Macdonald mentioned on pp. 276 and is probably the same gentleman

287

W. N. Blair mentions the Milburn I si undei the ua ol -Waihola limes,,m';" "" l i:; -" ;; - :;;; - 102 3, and 106 of lu~ - Building Materials of Otago," and gives lowing analyses :

•t. white, fossiliferous, granular limestone from east side of " Waihola >le I. No. 13 pp. 102-3. Analysis by Dr. II

(2) White c pact hard limestone. Table I, No. 16. See also pp. 102-3. Analysis bv Dr. Hector (?).

(3) Fine-grain limestone. Table 11, No. 18. See also p. 106. Analysis made by P. s. Hay (under direction of J. G. Black).

tmary of hm

Th ly limestone known in Bruce County is that near Milburn. The deposits of high grade, and situated close to the railway and to important agricultural districts. Probably two-thirds of the limestone can be successfully calcined; the other third, if required, could be pulverized, and. as it is glauconitic, would furnish and probably a little phosphate to the soils on which it might be used. siderable amount of sampling is needed in order to ascertain the quality of the Limestone throughout the area in which it is exposed.

Mea sport.

Bruce County is traversed by the Dunedin-Invercargil] Railway, from whirl] a branch main line near Milton runs uorth-west to Beaumont via Lawrence. A short private line 8 I l-mine with the main railway at Stirling. The and Lovel mines also have private Inns or tramways to their mines. ain roads ol Bruce County are good, hut those inland of the central depi Dunedin Invercargill Railway and in the coastal belt probably leave much to be desired. The mouths of the Taieri and Molyneux rivers can be entered bv -mall . ims are navigable so far as they impinge on the borders of ■ ant}".

/./'. rature.

rences to the geology of Bruce County are-

Hutton, F. W Geo og; ol '

Rep. ~f Geol. Explor., No. 7. 1872, pp. 165-70; No. 10, 1877, pp. xix-xx,

140 12; No. IT. 1886, pp. s xi, 1 5; No. 21, 1892, pp. Iviii Ixiii. II

Pari. Papei < . I I 32 18 (bound in Mines

N.Z. lust., vol. 35, 1903, pp. 391 102 (Park); vol. 38, 1906, pp. 117 82 (A. R. Andrew). The Clarendon and Milburn phosphate deposits are bed by Park and Andrew in the papers cited.

Jd, A. 6.: " Thi Bn i Coals of Otago." Colliery Guardian, vol. 101. 1912, Nov. 22, 29, Dec 6, 13, pp. 1036 I II In 11. 1190.

I hi, Ann. Rep. N.Z. Geol. Surv., Pari Papei C. 2b, 1917, p. 10.

N.Z. Geol. Surv. Bull. No. 1!), 1918, as cited under Tuapeka County. This has reference to several localities in Bruce County.

288

51. Cldtha County.

'The principal rocks of Clutha Count, are conglomera ekes, and argillites, which are largely of Trias-Jura age. I' is possible that -till older rocks arc p especially in the north of the county. Tert ones, and lignite) are found in a few places, but are nowhere known to he lightly calcareous, except possibly in the Pomahaka district. Basic volcanic rocks and tocene and I. complete the list of rocks found in the count)-.

Means of Transport, &c.

Clutha County has no known limestone, and thei present look to Milburn in Bruce County for its lime. Ultimately lime may also be obtainable from the Waimea Plain or elsewhere in Southland. From Milburn to Balclutha by rail is twenty-one miles, to Clinton forty-two miles, to Waipahi Junction fifty-two miles, to Owaka forty miles, and to Tahakopa (the present terminus of the Catlin's branch railway) sixty-four i Besides being traversed by the Dunedin Invercargill Railway. Clutha County hi branch Line from Balclutha to Tahakopa, which will at some future time be continued > the [nvercargill-Tokanui Railway. A branch also leaves the main line at Waipahi, and runs northward to Tapanui and Kdievalc. in Tuapeka County. Part of Clutha County is well roaded, but the > ~, .special! outh of the county (owing to its billy and bush-clad nature) is .-till incomplete. The county possesses the river ports of Port Molyneux and Catlin's River (Newhaven), and a line with van.hi- -mall indentations, ■sonic of which may be capable of sheltering

ature.

The chief references to the geology of Clutha County are—

" Geology of Otago," 1879.

Pop. of Geol. Explor., No. 8, 1877, pp. 60-73: No. 21. 1892, pp. 150 51.

'l'rati-. N.Z. Inst., vol. 36, 1904, pp. 378-86 (Park), 177 7 l a (Speight).

Newell-Aiber, Iv A. : " The Earlier Mesozoic Floras of New Zealand." N.Z.

Geol. Surv. Pal. Bull. No. li. 1917, pp. 10 11. A-..

52. Stewakt Island County.

The Bouthern part of Stewart Island appears to be formed mainly of ancient granitic and, to a much less extent, schistose rocks, whilst the northern part . largely of greywackes, argillites, and allied rocks (in places schistose), generally suj to be of Palaeozoic age. Hector states that " marble of good quality is also said to "cur in massive bodies on the west cast," According to McKay the locality is opposite Rugged [sland, and a small sample of the marble seen by hit harine, fine-grained, white, and free from stains (1890, p. 80).

Means of ' 'ommunu ation, .N .

Si..wart Wand has hardly any roads and few tracks. On its east a Paterson Inlet and Port Pegasus, both good harbours. There are various other inlets on the east mast, but the west coast seems to 1).- without any good harbours, though in pl a shelter for vessels may I btainable. As yet little or bo agriculture is prai the principal industries being fishing and the milium of tin

289

Liter-

The principal references to the geology of Stewarl

Hector, J., 1863 (report cited under Fiord County), pp. 447-48.

N.Z. tnst., vol. 2, 1870, pp. 183 86 (Hector).

F. W. : ■ ■ '■ . i, pp. 12. 18, 34, 37, 113, 114, 118, 119, r

Rep. of Geol. Explor., No. 20, 1890, pp. liv lv, 74-85.

53. Chatham Islands County and Outlying Islands.

a \M ISLAM'S.

beds of limestone fringe the south-wes* ■ ham Island, east and north-east of Waitangi. The limestone, he i rystalline, and somewhat vesi

On the western side of Pitt Island are fossiliferous tufts, which pass into tufaceous whitish limestone containing numerous Tertiary fossils. Beds of very fine semi-crystalline limestone overlie the tufaceous limestone. In part the Tertiary ■ Sector (1870), is a true lithographic stone. This statement presumably i> very fine (-grained) limestone mentioned by von Haast. In 1868 Mr. 11. !». Traill collected specimens of chalky rock at Chatham Islands. Somewhat 3. Percy .Smith collected, among many other specimens, one of Limestone highly and another of i Col. Mus. and Lab. Ith Ann. Rep., 1869, p. 12).

The following analyses of Limestone from Chatham Islands were made by A. A. Bickerton in 1917. Thi oUected by Mr, C. 8. Barker. Nos. 2 and 3, illy the latter, are decidedly phosphatic.

Lit',

The geological literature relating to the < anty. The following references occur in the Trans. N.Z. Inst.: Vol. 1. 2nd •■<!.. 1875, pp. 119-27 (H. H. Travers), 127 29 (von Haast); vol. 2, 1870, p. 183 (Hector); vol. 4, 1872. pp. 63-66 (W. T. L. Travers—mainly biolog

CAMPBELL ISLAND.

Mar-hall states 686) that somewhat lamellar lu tching 500 ft. le thickness outcrops round of North-west Bay. Limestone is also Been at Tucker and Venn ■■-' end of P Harbour), and in a bay at the south-weal I Je, and is overlain, apparently unconformably, by volcanic tuff. In places the lii argillaceous, bul the upper layers " almost p bly homogen >n b Eew grains of glauconit occasionally Been; excepl E< e whole rock consists of extremely fine calcareous matter, in whi ainifera can be seen." On the western Bide of Northwest Bay the Limestoi ■ I in various directions, and is traversed in all directions by intrusions of igneous rock, which on the '-lit!.- of Nortl B ect network l'J—Geol. Bull. No. 22.

290

Marshall thinks thai i ; Hector, from the occurrence of chalk, flints, and d places it ■ (189G ; p. 737). The earlier ( hothyra para I by Marshall [ 1909, p. 700).

Xhe Eollowii pie of "finely comminuted chalk torwarda ■ from Tuck- 1 Cove Pei ■■-■■ 1 '■ ■" '" the Colonial Lai or 1886. The material was dried at 212 F.. and ture is nil.

Forwarded by Mr. T. B. Gray. Col. Ml 21si Ann. Rep., 1886, Lab. No. 1121.

On a e, under Southland County, an analysis of chi vicinity of BlufE was quoted. It seems quite probable thai this sampL 11 Island. d Lab. 17th Ann. Rep., 1882, pp. 3] ■

Mowing anal) ■ balk from Campbell Island :

References. -K2662 is a white siliceous limestone collected in January, 1909, from a sea-eroded face in a bay at the head of Perseverance Harbour.

K 2649, chalk, was found associated with clay, 2| ft. below the surface, at Zirci : 300 ft. above sea-level, at head of Perseverance Harbour.

K 271 I is a very hard light-grey rock, resembling flint, collected in January,

analysis will be found in " P bes on Rock Specie in Air ions during ; of 11.M.5. '1 ad 'Terror,'" 183

Minerahgical Magazine, vol. 12. p. 69. June 189 S. (Title quoted from As ton). Ii r< p a specimen of hard, compart, siliceous limestone from a "vein" (Perseverance Harbour), collected by McCorrj

OTHER OUTLYING ISLAM'S.

No calcareous rock other than the soil and sand mentioned I have been found in Bounty Island. Island. Auckland Islands. 01 Macquarie Island.

On the smith side of Enderby [aland (one of the Auckland G sandy beach half a mile in length, backed by dunes. The sands are very tai of comminuted shells, and a sample of beach-sand (-1 826) analysed 03 Astoi to contain 91 per cent of calcium carbonate (1909, p. 762), \ composite sample of

•201

was found by the same analyst to contain 45-16 per cent. "'■■ 1-68 per cent, of magnesium carbonate, and 1-95 per ■rut. of phosphor,,- anhydride. (See pp. 762 and 77 1 of publication cited below.)

Ilia Kermadec Islands, situated aboul hut miles north-easl ol Auckl W 11. B. Oliver mentions tho presence of " white calcite i should be examined in main' to 01 not. i i . i i• i * , , . ~ _ ....

in a dependency of New Zealand, are not included m the scope ol tins hull,■tm. „ lav be made coi - imoa, ly been assigned to New Zealand by mandate under the

Literature.

dealing with the outlying islands of New Zealand '- "'■ ■ of New Zealand," published in two volumes by the PhiloOn pp. 680 703 P. Marshall describes the geology of Campl ml mi pp. 703 I that of the Snares. On pp. 705 I! R. Speight the Auckland, Bounty, and Antipodes islands. The soils n pp. 717, 77. Numerous analyses are given. the outlying islands in Trans. N.Z. Inst., vol. 2. 28, 1896, pp. 7i. nl Mar.|uarie Island are contained in "The Home of the Blizzard" (by Douglas Mawson), vol. 2. 1915, pp. 167-254 (written by W. P. rth).

The pa i irshall, Speight, and Aston Ht,-,1 above give full references to other cal literatiu with the sub stands. W. I!. I!, lili-, ology of the Kermadec Islands in vol. 13. Trans. N.Z. lnsr.. 1911, pp. 524 35. On | . publication bo their geolo

APPENDIX TO CHAPTEE 111.

At a latr stage in the writing of this hull,-tin the writers were able to consult a 1 Awards of the Juiors, N.Z. Exhibition, 1865," published at in for the Commission* i >, Dick, and Co., 1866. The principal po of the juroj I (Mining, Quarrying, M 1 39; in Class il (Chemical Substances 13; in Class l.\n (Gold and cither Mining Machinery, &c), I'i7 71 ; and Appendix A (Supplementary Report on Class 1. by James Hector ami Will;,in 371 158. See also pages 251 'l7 (geological made with reference to pottery materials " Theri New Z I it is t,, b is done little or nothing iplying this informs rhe Local I fined I uemfor exhibition, forgetful that //,<■ mltu of '/"- , them." Th with very slighl modification, stand good to-day, fifty-three years after they wer, being just as applicable t,, limi -

292

It is to be regretted that the very valuable Appendix A in particular cannot her* be reproduced, but the greater part of the material in the Jurors’ Reports relating tx limestones and other calcareous rocks is summarized below :—

Pages 31 ."13; Me] inder the heading of " Buildii Page 256: Calcite. va of Canterbury; travertine. Weka I and supposed dolomite,* Malvern Hills; stalactib iragonite, Bank Peninsula.

Page 262: Travertine. ,v r .. Otago. (See also i

!63 : Limesto ikatipu and Green I '■ aki, &c.

Pages 391-94: The marbles exhibited include specimens from the v..

i Itago and from Nelson. Specimen.- of ■■it Mountains. Lake Wakaiipu. and Dun Mountain, Nelson. Th variety in composition and degri ■ into calcareous freestones, and are more adapted for use as building-material than I I manufacture of quicklime.

The samples of limestone described by Hector and Bkey will pi most conveniently mentioned in the order adopted by them, which depended on the d of purity. They are as follow ;

No. 1 : Limestone, Southland (no catalogue number or exhibitors naj grade, homogeneous, crystallized, jointed, white limestone, evidently of Tertiary CaC0 3 , 98-80 per cent.

No. 2: Limestone (Cat. No. 1204), exhibited by J. Hill, Winton. Faint-yellow. compact, crystallized limestone. CaC0 3 , 97*90 per cent.

No. 3: Supposed dolomitic limestone from Malvern Hills, but found to be nearly pure limestone. CaC0 3 , 97*01 per cent.

No. 4 : Fossiliferous limestone (737}t from Oamaru. Compact light-yellow rock. CaCO . 95-95 per cent. This atone is very largely employed by Mr. ]>. Hub ("Hutchinson" is probably t] spelling—see also p. 32) for burning into lime. It "does not occur in regular beds, but as dislocated and concretionary i mixed with quantities of worthless rock." The ilso 3tated to be a "product of metamorphism," owing to alteration by volcanic rocks, but the meaning of this somewhat incorrect statement is not very clear.

No. 5: Limestone, Wairoa, Auckland. A hard close-grained stone ; colour lightbuff, mottled with black grains. CaC0 3 , 95-47 per cent.

No. G: Lithographic limestone, Oamaru (737). A very fine smooth-grained sfc hard and compact, colour yellow, fracture conchoidal. CaCO,, 95*18 per cent. Is obtained from concretions in the limestone No. 1. which have been more highly altered, and is "often so intermixed with Eragi

No. 7 : Travertine, Dunstan Gorge, Otago (737). Exceedingly porous, in pari coloured yellow, hut hums to a beautifully win' CaCO . 95-04 per cent.

No. 8: Limestone, Maitai River, Nelson (304). Exhibited by Dun Mountain Company. A hard, compact, close-grained stone of bluish-grey colour; fracture subconchoidal. CaC0 3 , 94-88 per cent. Occurs on the west Hank of the Dun Mountain. Can be "broughl to the Port with greal ease" by the Dun Mountain tramway.

No. 9: Limestone forwarded by Thomas Ball, Mangonui (Manganui), Auckland. A very good limestone, intersected by aumerous veins of calc-spar (calcite), hai compact. CaCO- 94*37 per rent.

* Not dolomite, bul a limestone. t Specimens numbered 7;iT are from the collections of the Otaj Survey,

293

, " lla '' limestone, Oamaru (737). "This is a more compact limestone bom ""' >a ""' ll Wo. I (Hutchin V Quarry), but of a grey colour with a dash nl yellow." Cal 0 93-42 per cent.

No - ll: L " '■ Basstian, Aparima, Southland (1202). Colour, fawn-yellow. Dressed surfac. ucoherent. CaCO,, 92-20 per cent. A good > '" 1, l l1 " ' ,l l " 1 "' exhibited with this sample was mad,, from similar stoi

N "~' '- and 2 " : ' Scinde Island, Napier. No. 20 was , ""'- and ' pact; CaCO,, 81-10 No. \1 was similar-looking stone, but more compact and ol higher grade: CaC0 3 , 91-80 per cent.

13: Limestone, Lake Wakatipu (737). A hard very compact derable ptiritv. The impurities are principally well-rounded black grains of sand. along with iron-pyrites and - matter." CaCO ei cent. " Frol it contains tin- limestone certainly belongs to the Lo liut ir kaa I'™ l ' alt,rati,.ll. so that it resembles a a more ancient ,1

x " 14: Blue limestone, Kakanui Range (737). CaCO,, 90-99 per cent. Hector and Skey's remarks deserve full quotation. I.■, : "Several bli were exhibited by Mr. I). Hutchison [1 Hutchinsoi which were ly polished. It is a compact bluish subcrystalline limestone, the most ancient, '"'' the best, of any ed in the province. It breaks into large rectangular blocks which sometimes appear as il laminated, from thi parallel stripes of a dark-blue colour. Some of the beds are, however, truly : ' into splinters. The weathered surface is gritty and harsh to the touch ular, and it is 1 lenticular 1 , ~t m thick] tratified with anui Range. It- outcrop ran be traced in a north-west Wide Hat valleys penetrate the limest. having •' ™ 1 the Shag Valley Plain, so that quarries could be opened in very »ble positions. It is of a quality that will render it of great value for I coal sufficiently good to be used as fuel for tins purpose could be obtained within a few miles. If this limestone .-..11111 be quarried u - it would form a highly durable and ornamental building-stone, as it possesses all the properties of blue marble, and is susceptible of a high polish."

No. 15: Shelly lii 3outhland. The sample » varying con'ly "i diffei generally possessed of sufficier. to form a ■" 90-80 1 nt.

No. 16 blocks 111 gn ton : "white En Forwarded by (517). This -t is ver) a beautiful white coloru CaCO specimens are very incoherent, nil, '"' i' ll wort ds. It is decidedly thi useful building-stone yet discovered land.

No. 17 : 0 limestone, three miles and ..,„ (737), CaCO -7' ! - pi ' cent.

I" and ''■' : [Jrni ■ dby Mr. Mi Donald (737). - N "'- ' arbonate. No. 19 i~ yellowish, and contains 81-10 per cent, oi calcium carbonate. It comes from a bed underlying I loured limestone. The ; of yellow and black th

Two , and a brown variety gave to a partial analysis 14-20 : "" 1 18-20 per cent. '.I insol ectively, and both readily bum! to pretty I quicklime | also Pen hi ills I o inty).

294

The following table of limestone-anal opy of that given on page ll* of the Jo

■

ten No. 11. under the bead concrel from vicinity of Dunedin, exhibited by Hugh ( i] per cent

No. 12 i- a calcareous sandstone from \\ 65*96 pn c

No. 13, Point, Upper Harbour V

(Harbour), is a hard dark-grey stone, seen to advantage when tl forms tie- upper part of a cliff, where it is not so hard. Cat'),. 64-60 pel

No. 1-1 : An impure siliceous limestone from Pleasant River, six miles from V kouaiti. CaC0 3; 63-08 per cent.

No. 15: A Cornish Mount. Waikouaiti. R No. 14. I aC0 3 , 65-77 per rent.

No. 16: CaL nemo. Light-coloured incohei 61-60 per cent.

No. IT : Freestone from Kaikorai Valley. Finer-grained and i tin- usual type of i\n taken from the bed of the Kaikorai Stream about a quarter of a mile below the old lime-kiln qua

No. 18: Impure limestone from Sibbald's Quarry, Cavershaii quartz-sand, with b CaC0 3 , 51-22 pel

No. iv i q Bawksbury. Contains a considerable quantity of magnetic [riacksand and some mica. I

No. - 1 indstone, Tokomairiro (Milton), is very col moderately hard, and of Mm- our. Has the app and on pag ' died "Mount Hackel basalt." [nsoluble matt to be composed of rounded grains of quartz and olivine. CaC0 3l U*2o pei cent. Ikey mention that this rock is used metal, and is in p]

No. 21: Building-stone, Kaikorai Quarry (see also No. L 7). Similar to upper beds of Cavershai d contains oured clay. U)*4s pel i

295

.iril.d by His Honour the S colour, mottled black and red. I

Motupipi, Auckland, forwarded by His Honour the Superintendent. A moderately hard green-colo k particles interspi . ent.

No - 24: I . block ol mottled white and red i ~i 11 . 20-40 pel

• ■ l" 11 " ' ,: 151 of the irmably by B 371).

trtaining six analj rts of the Government survey 125. 'l'll. . samples from Kaikorai 112-1 MgCO a ), the third sample being queried, one from 00,) in i.i i ,■ ...... .■ ~ .....

On i under the heading of " Hydraul the results of an The two re quoted on this bulletin, bin . and with particulars \

on nl boulder free from i ite of lime. Very hard

297

INDEXES.

[NDEX 1. LOCALITIES AND GENERAL.

Nora.—A fow unimportant names have not been indexed, and there air doubtless accidental i. the index is not quite complete. Tbj "district, Ac." after a name indicates that tin- town, village, .a poel offioe c.f thai name is included. Similarly the expressions I t he river or stream named.

\.

Abbe] 60, .'.I

Abbe] I' -..1 (.'u.i. J."J. 230, 231.

Abbot"~ Cr» ... 273.

87, 192.

Advice to readers, 2.

I

..i lime in. -, 3, &u.

Agricu

Ahikereru, 89.

Ahipara, 36.

Ahuriri Plain, 25

Ahuroa I: 1, 122, 123.

.

Akaroa i ounty, 238 39.

Akaroa district, harbour,

Akiti.. i ..urn\. 160 .31', loj.

Akitio tU

146, 161.

Akuaku, 92.

All.au;

Albati

Albert, Mount, 71.

Albert, P

Albury, 246, 246, 248

~), 266.

Alford Fi

Alfred River. 193. 194.

Alfred ton, 153.

23, 261.

■

Allandale (bal-mine, 270.

AUanion, -r,2. 276.

All Nations Point, 193.

ill, 224, 232, 239, 241, 244,

246, 261.

Alumina, 14.

Ammonia ime, 3, 6.

Amedeo Bay, 75.

Armiri Bluff, 204, 206,

196 97.

203, 204, 206, .. i .....

218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 232, 234, 236, 236.

Analyses—

■ ■

Compilatii

Defects ol

the various counties.)

Qualitative, 16.

Mvc, 10.

n of, 12.

Anatoki River, 170.

Anita I

■ . 74, 76.

Antipodes Island, 290. 291.

Aohang

20—Geol. BulL No. 12.

Aohanga River, 146, 151.

Aorangi Plain, I i 1.

I ~ r, t< .. 164 168, 169

Aorerc Series, IW. \ . u...I ..„ ... -ii ,JII OT II

irbour, to., 79, 83, 86, 87, LO6.

Aparima River, fee, 279, 280, 293.

.

Apiti, 137, I3S.

Apon

Aragonite, 16, 18, 75, 282.

hour), 61.

Arapohue, 56. 57, 58.

l:;. 17. 18, tfcc.

Argillaceou 17, I s - &c.

Ana. 102, 106.

Amu. 249.

Arnott Pi

Arnott Range, 224, 230, 231.

Arotoro St

Arrowtown, 263.

Arthur, Mount, 171. 17.',. 184, 192.

An hur'a i'

11 46, 246,

Ashburton 243, 244.

Ashburton River, 241, 242.

Ashhurst, 1 13, L 44.

Ashley, 236.

"

Ashley, Mount. 236.

;. 236, 237.

inton, L3B, 140.

.71, 291, &c i i_i i 11 . _l aa -ib - i

Auckland Harbour, t.O. 70, 71.

292, 294, 295,

■

Aurviiri. Mount

Avoca (Hobson Co.), 82.

Awahei Stream, 45.

'

Awakim I 6, LIS, Ll6, LlB

'. 106, 117.

Awakino River, .'.-■-.. D 9, 102.

:

Awatrino Valli , 101,

'

■ our, 37, 88, 40,

dear II unl!;..

■ i, 50.

Awaroa Stream (Kawhia Co.), 85, 86, 87.

14, 230, 269, 263.

Awan;

■\„ ~..,,. c ~- ui lv-i Mi" 9(\H '(U ''mi 218

•Awsfc i . LB3, L 97 203, 204, 206, 218.

182, 197, L9B, 199, 202, 80S

57, L6B.

Awatunu, I -,

Awhea 01 On '■■

298

B.

Back or Omanu ' rook, 187.

Bacteria, 21. 22. 35.

Bacteria, nitrifying, 25.

Bagging lour. Ac, s.

Bainham, 105. 107. Los, 169.

Balolutha. 2ss.

Balfour, 282, 283.

Ballance district, Ac, 147. 149, 150.

Balmoral. 196.

Banks Peninsula, 238, 229. 292.

Bannockburn Creek or township, 205.

Barewood, 275.

Boundaries oi count ies, Jfcc., 36.

Bounds i \ ' Ireek, 21s.

Boundary Peak, 181

Bounty Island, 290, 291.

Bowentown, 78.

n 222.

Branch Creek (Coromandel Co.), 74, 75.

Branch 80. ei I Awatere Co.), 201.

Brancepeth district, 157, 158.

Bray Creek, 213, 215.

Bay, 162.

Bres m Head, 56.

Buller Co.), 192.

Brighton (Taieri Co.), 2,4. 2,5.

Bam Bay, 230, 231.

Brightwater, 179, 180

Broken River, 232, 2:;:;.

Barrier County or Island, 73-74.

Brothers, The I wo, 142.

Barrier [sland, Little, 73, 74.

Barrier Range, 250. 205.

Brown I I 0.), 216.

Barrytown, 212.

Brown Creek (Murchison Co.), 193.

Brown, Mount, 219, 2:15, 236.

Basins, intermontane, 195. 21,. 252, 24 1. 264.

Brown River (Collingwood Co.), 164.

Basins, intermontane, origin of. 195, 241. 201,

Batley River, 01. 62.

Browning's Pass 240.

Brown's Railway station, 281, 282, 283.

Baton River, I 77.

Bruce County, 265, 267, 285-87, 288.

Bay of Islands, 44, 47.

Brucite, 15.

Bay of Islands County. 42, 43 44 48.

Brunner, Lake. 213, 217.

Bealey River, 232.

Brunner townsliin. .Vo.. 2 hi.

Beaumont, 285, 287.

Bryneira or Barrier Range, 259, 263.

Bedding of strata defined, 26.

Buller County, 171, 184-92, 194, 209. 212.

Belgrove, 179.

Benmore, 198.

Buller Gorge, Lower, 191, 192, 211.

Buller River, &c, 186, 187, 191, 193.

Bin Nevis, I , ~

Bullock Creek (Buller Co.), 188.

Berlin's Bluff, Is 7.

Bullock Creek {Westlan.l Co.), S3O.

Bickerstafle, 58.

Big or Awarua Bay, 224, 230, 259, 263.

Bull's. 136.

Big Hill. 252.

Bungapore, 168.

Burk Creek, 209.

Big Hill Track, 186, 189.

Big Muddy Crook, 09.

Big River (Collingwood Co.), 167.

Big River (Inangahua Co.), 211.

Big Wanganui district. Ac., 221.

Big Wanganui River, Ac., 224, 231.

Birchfield, 191.

Birchwood Station, 281.

Black Head (Taieri Co.). 273.

Black Point (Waitaki Co.), 252.

Black Rat Mountain, 185.

Blackball, 215, 216.

Black-birch Creek, 182, 202.

Blaektopp Creek, 189.

Blaokwater Creek (Grey Co.), 213, 215.

Blaokwater River (Buller Co.), 187.

Blackwati r River (Inangahna Co.), 211.

Burley's or Berlin's Bluff, 187.

Burnett, .Mount. 165, 160.

Burning or combustion, 12.

Burning limestone. (See Calcination.)

Burnside, 274, 275.

Burnt Hill. 234.

Buahcroft (Masterton Co.), 158.

Butler's Creek. 132.

c.

Cabbage Bay, 74. 75.

Cairn Range, 238.

Calcareous concretions. (See Concretions.)

Blairich Crook, 182, 202.

Calcareous sinter, Calc-sinter. (See Travertine.)

Blairlogie, 157.

Calcination of limestone, 7. 11. 12. &c.

Blakeney Point, 3S, 40.

Caleite. 13, 14. 16, IT. Is, 22, 75, 77. 78, 291, 292,

\r. (Be* also Lime, carbonate of.)

Blanket' Bay. 271.

Blenheim, 181, IS2, 183. 197, 203.

Calcium (metal), 9.

Bligh Sound, 280.

Calcium carbonate, 11. &c. (See also Calcitc;

Blind or lasman Bay, 180.

Aragonite; Lime, carbonate of.)

Blowhard, Mourn. 111.

Blue Bottom (claystone). 210.

Blue Duok Creek, 187.

Blue M itain (Waihemo Co.). 2(>S (footnote), 269, 270.

Blue Mountains (Tuapcka Co.), 285.

Blue Rook-. 177.

Blueskin or Waitati Bay or Harbour, ic, 271, 273.

Bluff Harbour, At.. 2s:l. 254. 290.

Bluff Hill (Hawke's Hay Co.). 112.

Bluff Peninsula, &c, 281.

Bluff Rivet (Awatere Co.). 201, 203.

Blyth River, 21s.

I'.oai Harbour (Peninsula Co.). 276.

Bob's Cove, 255. 259. 260, 363, ?65.

Boby's Crook. 218, 236.

Bonn (Germany), 140.

Calcium oxide, 9, 10, 13, &c. (See uUo Lime;

Quicklime; Slaked Lime, i

Calcium phosphate, 15, &c. (Set also Phosphate.)

Calculation oi calcium carbonate, &c, 41. 42.

Cambridge, 83, 88.

Camelback or Koiterangi Hill. 224.

Cameron's, 215.

Cameron's Look-out, 157.

Camp Bay, 42.

Campbell, Cape, 183, 198, 199, 202, 203.

Campbell [sland, 289 90, 291.

i lannibal Gorge, 195.

(lannington's, 245.

Canterbury, North, 203, 204, ftc.

Canterbury Plain, 218, 232, 234, 236, 237, 238, 239, •ill -i !'■ ii ■> m: ■> iv

241, 243 44, 246, 245.

Canterbury, South, 246, 1'47. 260, &c,

'299

Cape Brett, 47.

ipbell, 183, L9B, L 99, 2"j, 203.

i [lie, 75,

Cape Colville Range, 84.

u at, 128.

Peninsula, 12<>.

well. 164.

nlwmd, 12. I*7, ISS, 189, 190, 191, li)2, 228.

Cape Foulwind lime-kiln, 190, 228.

i J, l l;i.

■ n. :J7.

1

Oape Palliser Peninsula, ftc, 160.

Cane Runaway, 90, '.)2.

1! Kumara), 215. 111 ii.'.

Ca[H' Tnmagain, 111. L 46.

I ■ m, 209.

Carbon. In. I ].

Lioxide, 1". 11. 12, 13, 15, in, 20, 21.

Lioxide, action on Limestone, 21.

■" Lime, carbonate of.)

Carbonic acid, 20.

■ ■l'l gas, LO, 2".

Carbon* 10, 11. 12, 1.1, 15, 19, 20.

262, 263.

CamwelTs, 15..

Cartel!

< ba ade Point , 2u'4.

■. er, 23 I.

Cass Railv

fount, 218, 219.

-r. 2112.

reek, 202.

i (Marlboroiml

12, l':;:s.

1 int. 156.

Castlepoint County, 150, 156-57.

Castle Rock (Wallace Co.), 27',).

- >und, 275.

Gatlin's River, See., 288.

. 246, 248, 249.

Lnt, LBB.

Cave Valley, 251.

Cavendi

..J, 27:;, 274, 275, 294.

. 54, 86, 102, 105, 168, LBB, 212, 214, &c.

Cement -

Lraulic, 4, 51, W. 252.

d, 1, :;>. 52, 63, 17-. L 73, 252, to.

Puzzulana. 4.

I l, 172. 277, 286.

Chalk. <'halkv limestone, to ~ 17. 22, 2:t, 4i>, 58, 92, [99, -'"7. 234, 250, 254, 283, ?89, 290, &c.

Chalk Rfl

Chalky 1:

Chalky Island, 278.

Champion Mine Track, 17!).

Champion River,

L 99, 200

■

Charleston, LBB, L9l, 192.

Charming O

Charwll River, 203.

i

analyses, I- 16. I See alto I

LO, LI, Ac.

Chemist, knowledge and skill required ov, Hi.

Chemistry of Lime and linn- compounds, it 12.

Chertaen , 24 i.

Cherwell Kiv<-r. 2i>:{.

Cheviot County, 206-7.

Cheviot I

Cheviot Estate, 206. 207.

Cheviot Hills, 20fi.

Chlor-apatite, is.

1 urch, 204, 2>i7, 223, L ':ui. IMH, 239.

Cipollino, 2.v.>, 278.

Cirri[>eth>. 36, 69.

e River, &c, 197, 198, 201, 202, 203, 204, 205.

eological, 24, 25.

213, 215.

Cleved

Clifden, 279, 280.

L9B, Jo:;.

Collingwood Co.), 173.

mty, 99, LOl, LO2, 115-17, 119, 124.

Clinton, 288.

Clntha County, 288.

Clntha River, 264, 265. [S& aleo Molyneux.)

Vineenl Co.), 264, i'»iii.

I O.), 109, I In.

-:<. 86, 99, LO2, 1 L 5, lis, L 64, 174, 184, 192

Coal Barn, 278.

■

(',,,1 Creek (Westland Co.), 227. 228, 229.

Cobb, Mount, 184, L 92.

Cobb Rj

Cobden, 212, 213.

■ Limestone, 212, 213, 216, 226, 228.

Colbeck's Landing, 60, 62

Coleridge, Lake, 240, 242

Collingwood (lounty, 164 70.

.. 164, L 66, L6B, L 69.

Collophane, 1.".. Is )'.<.

< bmbustion or burning, '.), 12.

' kracrel ions

.. in. 2..'. 36, 11. 43, »i 3, 71, 86, '.>:•. '.'l. Ml', Ll», L 32, 139, L6l, 2".'.. 216, 252, 266, 2!)5. &c.

McKay's definition of, 17.

■ i Flint.]

cone Limestone, 36, 41. 63, '.'-. 112. 205, 262,

Conical hills, I lit. 127, 129.

Connelly 'b I reek, 227.

Conn's Creek, 191.

Constant B

Conway River, 196, 20:

Coob County, 93, 95, 96 98.

Cook Island's 291.

(fount, 245, 246.

a [aland, 278.

,64, 65.

1 tain I !reek, I JO.

Coral rock, 1 1, &c.

coralline limestone, 16, I<. is, 22, 62, 79, 89, 94, L 32, 208, 212. &c.

Corbyvale, 186, 186, L9l

Corinth or Koronil i, 132.

Cornish Mount, 271, 294.

74-76.

Coromandel district, &c, 74, .1.

Coromandel Rai

Mangonui, &c.)

County boundaries, &c, 36.

Courtney, Mount, Is,.

■ (Waipu district), 54.

■'.. 201.

Croixelles Harbour, Bcc, 177, 17s. 17'.), LSI.

Cromwell, 263, 264, 266.

Croniu or Cornish Mount, 271, 2!)4.

■ i ice, 263.

Croydon, 282, 283.

ton, 208,

Culverden, 196.

'tn. 241.

< 'uit i- I '

Cyanide process, use of lime in, 4.

300

I).

Dairy Flat, 66.

Dannevirke County, 139, 111. I 12-43, II"

Dannevirke ilistriet, &0., I 1:4

Dansey's Pass, 2.7,. 266 (footnote).

Dargaville, 11. .7". .77. 68.

I 'an Rivei : Awatere ( lounty), 2"l.

Deborah, 2.7:1. 2.77.

Deborah stone, 253. [Sei <!■<> Hutchinson Quarry stone.)

Den River, 201.

!, i [nangahua t ".). 208.

Deep Creek (Grey Co.), 213, 217.

Definitions, ". 2".

Denniston, 191, 1112.

Denudation nf land, 2". 21. 22. 211.

Devil ill

i. 66.

Dip, definition of, 2".

Dipton, 27".

Disintegrator, Devil. 4".

Division Hill, 196.

-. llili.

Dolomite, ilnlmuiiie limestone, &c, I. 18, I". 103, 165, Hi". 1"7. 169, 267, .'. ■■

Dome, The, 2s:;

Jmi. 2"7.

Mount, 184, 192.

Donald, Mount,

rek. 22". 227. 228 22"

Doubtless Bay, 36.

Douglas, 121.' 124.

Dowling Bay, 271. 272.

Drain Creel,'. 186, 189.

Drummomi's linn. 177. Is".

Drv River, 171. 17::. 174.

Dun Mountain, &c, 17s. 179, 24". 292.

Dunbaek. 2.iii. 2(17. 211s. 269, 27". 27:1.

Dunedin. 2.77. 271!. 27.7. 277. 286.

Dune sands, call areous, 37, 4". 290.

Dunes, sand, 26, :17. I". 85, 89, 1:17. 1 10, I4ti, 147, 172. 162, Hill. 164, 197, 290, &c.

Dunmore, I 1 I.

Dunollie, 2211.

Dunstan i ii irge, 266, 292.

Duntroon, 253, 2.7.7. 268.

D'Urville Island, 181.

Duskj 8 i'l. 278.

E.

Earth, age of, 24. 25-26.

Easson's, 214.

Fast Cap.-. U2.

Fast Tan]..) County, Ins 'I

Eden I 'mint v. 71.

Eden, Mount, , 1.

Edievale, 288.

Egmont, Cape, 12". 12s.

Egmonl County, 12, 2s.

. Mount, ll'.l. 12". 124, 127. I2S, 129. 134. 1117.

Egmonl Peninsula, Cape, 120.

Eketahuna County, 17". 1.71. 152-24.

rict, &c, 1.72, 153.

Electricity, electric power, &c, 9, 2111

Elevation, Tin-, 182.

Eliesmere County, 24 I,

Ellis Creek, 171.'

Kltliam I'ountv. I2S 211. 133.

Mm i district, ,',"■.. 128.

Enderby Wand, 290, 291.

Enner ' rlynn ' Ireek, I 79.

Bquaf ions, chemical, 10.

i. 136.

'--.,. I 12.

Ksk Rivei (Tawera I o . 232, 233.

Kin County, 2:17.

Eyre River, 234.

F.

179, 280

Fairlie, 24.7. 246, 249.

Falls i

Fanning's I

Fanny Bay, 278.

m County, 168

. im

Feilding, 137, 114, I 17

Fern Fl

Ferniehu]

Few's or Twelve-mile Creek, 269.

lile I k. 167, Hi!).

■ of pulverized limestone, 7-8<

Fiord County, 277 78, 27'.'.

Fireball Creek, 212. 21.7. 217.

Fish, fossQ, .72.

Fisherman ' 'reek i Waiteniata

Fislierm.i

, 210, 216.

Flat in"!,. 176.

Flal Point, 168, 159.

Flat-top Hill. 2.-,;,. 2.77.

Flaxl. iic River, 195, 197.

Fletcher Brook I Buller Co.), I --> i. 190, 191.

Fletcher Creek I [nangabua I

Flint. 2:t. 63, 190, 198, 201, 204.

Fluor-apatite, Is.

Folding nl Btrata, Jr., 21, 2:4

Forest Hill Range, So., 281, uvi.

Fortrose, 284.

Fossil Point, "4.

Fossils, 24, 2.7. 52, 69, I"::. &c

Fossils, importance of. 25.

Foulu Lnd, Cape, I s -- ■t . ■/., 228.

Four-mile Stream, 188.

!■' ■Pi 16, 247.

Four Point Range, 238.

Fos Point, 259.

Fox River, 188, I'J I.

Fox's Farm (Cape Foulwind), 188, 190.

Foxton, 147. 152.

Franklin Goimty, 71. 72, 73.

Frank's Kn..li. 211s

Frankton Flat, Sc. (Lake Co.), 261, 26

■

Franz Ja 131, 232.

'. n. 109.

Friday, Mount, 219.

G.

Gabriel's Gully, I'M.

' rfl ii j River, 235.

Gentle Annie Bridge (Kawarau Rivet

Gentle Annie Point (Buller I

Gentle Annie Quarry

<i classification, -4. 2.7.

Geological systems and time-scale, 24-26.

al terms, definitions

i leology of limestone, 20 26.

Geordie's Hill. 264.

mil. 280.

Geraldine County, 245, 2I" Is.

German Hill. I 111. 12".

("nut's Shirt, I

301

GiblMon Flat. &c, 201, 202.

Uibr.ih.ir Rooks, 60, 02.

Gibson Creek, 171.

Gisborne district, S .. 89, 91, 95, 96, '.'7. 98, 114.

: epoch, 21.

Glacialtike gravels, 273. _ .i i-i. i-i- .i-n

Glaciation, real or supposed, 131, 135, 273.

Gladstone, L 59.

Gladstone Station (Awatere Co.), 202.

Glasseye Creek, is.-.. 189,

Glenburn, 158.

Glenhope, 180, 194.

Glenlee Station, 202. i:i..Ti \I IHan , ~;..,. T.. !!.„•.„« \

88 ■>'■•■■ ofeo Te Akatea.)

Glenmore, 27>i.

Glenorchy, 263.

L, HI.

Glentunn.l. 240.

Globe Hill, 211.

Cat 11,11. ITS. (.<>lil rlki>iii'prv nf in lltinrn -^!i:"i

1 . 286.

Golden Hay. il7. 120, 12s. 129, 13.">. 169, 174.

Golden Cross, 7,. 78.

G Iwood, 254, 269.

Gordon. 122. 12:1.

Gordon's rlnob (Waimea Co.). 178.

uuruun s niii.ri i ~ amit'a v o.j, ns. Gordon's Pyramid (Takaka Co.), 170, 171.

Gordon's Valley (Waimate Co.), 260

;

Core Bay. 206.

Gore River, 204.

Gorge Hill. 285.

Gorge Railway Itation, 144, 147.

Gorge River, 230.

lli>iilan«l Downs, 167.

GraJuuntown, 53. [Ba also Onerahi.)

1 ■! itiiiiiiiiun 11, .).). i(i*y wilt_'lLllil. ) Granite Creek, 186, 189.

Ltranne lOO, low. Grassmere, Lake, L 97, 198.

Gray's Hill Quarry, 96.

Great Barrier Island, 73-74.

■ niit'i isiauu, /,>-'**. Green Island, 273. 292.

1 rreen [slets, 2 i 8.

ureen isiei . _ . a. Green Valley, 269.

' ■i ' ■ ii r«WT| - ' Greenbnrn, 203.

inty, 184 (footnote), 188, 211-17, 224.

Grey, Mount! 235, 236.

Grey River (Awatere Co.), 202.

UIDI III" I 1-T.n.mii- \.\i.), _"r_. Qrey River (G 193, IVI. 214, 217. Qreymontfa district, fcc, 22, 211,212, -»l:>. L'U, 217. Greymontli qnerries, 213, 214.

uni iii'iuiii uiuuiinj _i... _i-i. Greytown (Feathenton Co.), 161.

Greytown or Allanton (Taieri Co.), 272, 275

uruyiiuwu oi .-ah.mum (litirn KjV.f, t>i&, Gribben Flat, 226.

drove Bush, 283.

Gunner River, 107.

f iyji-nm, 18.

H.

Backet Creek, 178. 179.

nacaei L«eea, nn, i/a. Hakataramea district, ftc., 261.

Hakataramea River, &c, 249.

Halswell County, 238 39.

Hampden, 252.

Hangawera Hills, 84.

llaiiL'itiki. LO2.

Hanrner district, fcc., 196.

Hanmer Plain, 195.

Hapuko River. 203, 204.

Harbour Cone, 276, 277.

nanwui awu, - • ' ■ Harbour < 'nvc (?) 270.

Hariliari. 22!) [footnote).

Harper River, 240.

HarjKT's. Pass. 217.

Ilill j" i ■» i u.-v-i, - i i . Harris Range, Lake, 269, 203.

I I .11 i J - IMUMCi I«i rv . —■ i.r, Heatings, lIH.

21—<;-,.]. Bull. No. 22.

Haluina, I o>.

Bauhangaroa Itange, 107.

Hauraki Qoldfield, 74, 70. 77.

Hauraki Goldfield, lime in rocks of. 77.

n a lira hi iniimii'iii, nine in iocks ot, it. Hauraki Gulf, 74.

iiani-iiKi <.nii, /■+. Hauraki Plain, 77, 84. (8a "In, Piako.)

nauraki num. //, 34. {■>■• turn nuko.j II .nrangi Mountains, 100.

Hantapu Hill. so.

i I.' jM I I | HI. HIS. Hautapu Valley, 135. 130.

I I.IIIIhi | M j > ,| ]ir \ . 1.j.7, L.J VI. Hautotara River, &0., 100. 101.

Hauturu district (Kawhia Co.), 85.

nauiuru uhinri (rvawnia > o.j, o;j. Hauturu (month of Awaroa, Etawhia Co.), 87,

iiauiuiii (iimmiim oi .vHiiniii, rvawnia k {.).), ni, Hauturn Or Little Hairier Island. 73. 74.

Havelock North, 113.

llilVt;HJl K -MUlll, 11.). Hawea Flats, 203.

Hawea Lake, 258, 264, 266. u„ „-„,.„ /*„...,*■ i-»o in

Hawera County. 129-30.

Hawera (listru-'t. &C..J29, 130.

oawora uisiiui, i\r.,.i_;y, i.ju. Hawkdun Range, 266. U„™l.„\. IJ 1 ■ i .- 11l IK ill lit

Hawke's Bay County, 111 15. 141, 143.

Hawke's I'.a'v old Provincial District, &C, 80, 96, 113, 138, 140. 141, &c.

Hawkeston, 111.

Hawksbury or Waikouaiti, 271, 294, 296.

Hay or Slippery Creek, 72. 73. I) T.,1... .('ill -111-) ->!' 1 000

Haves. Lake. 261. 262. 264. 266.

uayes, Lake, vol, zvz, 20i. 200. Heaphy River, L 64, L 67.

Keathcote County, 238 :.!'.'.

||.•.(_',• 1). .[,,.. 252. I_I„1„" :ll .•.!

HelensviUe, 66.

Henley, 273.

Herangi Range, 99.

I 111 .llllil 1111 UgO, 80. Herberi County, Mount, 238 39.

Herbert, Mount (Waipukurau Co.), 140.

Herbertvilie or Wainui, 141.

Herekino River or Harbour, 30. 43.

Hermitage, The, 246.

Heron, Lake, 241. 242.

in-iuii, i«w,r, -<i. --I-. Hewlett's Point. 52.

newieci a rouu, ■ >_. links Bay, 91, 92.

ri ]■ ks Davy, vl, '.'-. High Peak, 239, 240.

i Llgll r ra k. _.>:>. _ o'. Highfield Ridge, L 96.

m iganeia ruage, iuo. EBknrangi, is. v.k

Hikarangi Mountain, 92

Hinds River, 242.

Himharaina (Jerusalem I. 132.

Hobson ''- ximt y, ."id 68,

Hodson Brook, 211, 220. 227, 22>. 229,231.

Hohonu Settlement, 213, 215.

Mntinnil >'t lll'FllL'llt . -IS. _'!.>. Hokianga County, 43-44.

nosjanga i ouniy, -t.j-*<i. Hokianga district, Ac, 41, 42, 50.

i I < 'r\i,iu:j.il IIHIIKI, ui ~ ' » Hokianga Harbour, 43, 44.

Hokianga Sunt hj Head, 4::.

Hokitika district, 211,224, 225.

Hokonoj Mountains, 281.

Horyoake Creek, 17.".. 176.

Home ' Ireek, 233.

Iluiiii-lmrn. 161.

Hood Creek, 229.

Hooper's Inlet, 276.

DLUOpei S lIUCT, _(0. H.>|h-. L7B.

Hope Saddle, 195.

ii' I [ " ■ I'l u r . i.'-r. Horahora, 19, 51, 50.

Horoeke, 13, 11.

Qorowhenufl ' lonnty, 162.

Horrible, Mount, 249.

Bone Range, 262, 268, 270.

11.. i Lakes district, 109.

Hoteo River, 63.

HuatiL'ariia Rivrr. It'll).

llnia Stream, ISO, 189.

Iluinkain.i. Il'.'i,

Iluianui Range, 109.

iiuiaraii i v;ir l'j; l , ivy. Hnboa, U2, 124. 126.

HukiTenni, 17. 111. r, fl-i1.... ->i ■ l

Htmdalee, 204,

302

Hunt Creek, 209.

Hunter's Hills, 245. 246, 250, 261.

Hunterville, 135, 136.

Huntly, 12, 79, 81, 83, $4

Hunua Range, 118.

Huruhuru (ravine), 105.

Hurunui, 222.

Hurunui flats, 206.

Hurunui .Mound, 196. xi : t>: oir ttio >nn •).>•>

Hurunui River, 217, 218, 219, 223. H,.-.,..,.; \V n in., knein „r ..loln IQC lII,'. 01Q 010

Hurunui-YVaiau basin or plain, 195, 196, 218, 219.

Hutchinson Quarry stone, 253, -'•'>■

Hutchinson's Ouarrv. 255. 256. 257.

Hutchinson s Quarry, 255, 256, 251 Hutt County, L 62 63.

nun county, io_—ii.>. 'Hutt River, fee., 162, 163.

Hyde, 267.

Hydraulic or argillaceous limestone. 17, 36, 37. 38, 48, 58.

Hydrogen, 9, 10.

Hydrogen monoxide (water), 10.

i.

Ica homestead, 156.

Ida Valley, 266.

Igneous rocks, 24, 26, rfce.

Igneous rocks, marble in, 24, 255.

Ignition, loss on, 15.

ignition, man on. i.j. [nangahua County, 187, 208-11, 212, 216.

Inangahua Junction, LB7, 191, L 92, L 95, 208 et seg.

iiittiiLoiiiui i.i mi" Linn, ioi, i ,11, i;i_, 1,1.), _or> :i ajk/. Inangahua Junction, proposed lime-kiln at, 210.

inanganua junction, proposed imic-Kiln at, z\{). Inangahua River. &0., 195, 2uS, 209, 211.

Inch Valley distriot, &c, 269.

Inch Valley Railway-station, 270.

Inchbonnie, 217.

Inglewood, 119.

Inland Kaikonra Mountains, 201.

Inland Road, New, 185, 186, 189, 190, 191. Insoluble matter, 20, 38.

Intermontane depressions, 195, 217, 232. 241, 204.

Intermontane depressions, origin of, 195, 241, 204.

Interpretation of analyses, 12-14.

AllLt 1 Jill 1(1 LlOll 11! el Hill \ sts, 1.-11. Introduction. I.

Invercargill. 270, 2so, 283, 2*4.

Iron or Koau Point, 91.

Iron oxides, 14-15.

Iron-pvrites, lfi.

IHJII-pYI Ll.eS, 111. Isolated Hill, 196.

Italy, 244.

J.

Jackson's Bay, 224, 230, 231.

Jacob's or Aparima River. 21'.), 280, 293. Jed River. 206.

dea ruver, _uu. Jerusalem or Hiruliarama, 132.

Ufi usiueiii ui iin ima[ama, io:. Jordan River, 198.

K.

Kaeo district, &c, 41.

Kahaurangi Point, IG4.

iv.iu.ni i i .nun., iui, Kahutara River, 303.

Kaiapoi, 237.

l\ 1.. I I' 'I . ...J I. Kaiata mudstone, 216.

Kaihu, 44. 68. I-' .. . .'.... JJ..I —!—* 9- .. I '< -• I r,,,

Kai-iwi distriot, Ac. 132. 133.

Kai-iwi liiver, &c, 130, 131.

Kaikohe, 44, 40, 47.

Kaikora or (Itane, 13S, 139, 140.

i,..[j.'-1,l l,i unuo, 100, i.>y, itv. Kaikora. misspelt Kaikonra. 140.

ii'un.ii.i. luiaspeii rvTtiKonni. 140. Kaikorai Valley, &c., 273. 274. 294, 295.

Kaikonra County, HIS. 201, 203 6, 218, 209.

Kaikonra distriot, &c, 203, 204, 205. 238.

Kaikoura Mountains, 201.

Kaikonra Mountains. Inland, 201.

Kaikonra fountains, Seaward, 195.

Kaikonra Peak (Opotiki

Kaikonra Peninsula, 2D4, 2(15.

Kaikonra Plain. 203, 204.

Kaikonra Range (Opotiki Co.), 91. tr_: t> i i"io io,"

Kaimanawa Etange, 108, 135.

Kaimata (Taranaki Co.), I 19.

Kaimata (Grej Co.), 212, 213.

ivinuirtiii, <••<■■. w.;, sm, «■«, Kainuaron Plains, LOB.

Kaipara district, 48, 56, 61, 62. 63.

Kaipara L-'lats, 63, 66.

Kaipara Harbour, 62, 63, 65, 70, 83, Sec.

Kaipara River. 66.

IVilljJiVlel l\IVr!l, I'U. Kairanga County, 141. 147 48.

ii*u(itii_'V ' iiiiiih , j -!■■», irj -i -■. Kairauwaru Bay, 37. 42. ir„;,.,..-., i tc

Kairuru marble-quarry. I Tf«.

Kaitaia district. &c., 37. :;--. 39.

Kaitaki <jr Patua Range, 119.

Kaitangata Coal-mini'. 287.

v.oai-mme, jo*. Kaitieke County. Us 19, L 26.

Kaiwaiki. 132. ~

Kaiwaka, 01.

Kaiwhata River, 158.

Kaka. 177, ISO, 194.

Kakahn Gorge, Valley, fat., 210. 247.

Kakanui district, (tc., 251. 255. 257. 209.

IV.lK.Oltll lll.silll 1, [VI., -.-Jt. _•(.!, j.M, Jl7i>. Kakanni Range, 252. 266, 20s. 269, 203.

jvuKHiiiu rvaiiL'e, _■>-*, -it<u, aao t twov, -•.}•>. Kakanui River. 253. 254.

Kakanui stone, 253.

Kakapo River, 185, 189.

Kakariki, 143.

Kakawau Peak, 212. 216. 217. 1*"....,,, Ili U Kl\

Kamo, 41'. 48, 60. V "D 1 104

Karamea Bend, Ist. w n ~ n .*,,~ .!;..»..;.,. *.„ loft ioi in-}

Karamea distriot, &c, 180, 191, 192.

Karamea River, IX4. Is:,. 191.

IVtll Cllllt-il LhlVOl, in-t. I'T.l, lU|, Karamn, 79. so, 82.

rvaramu, /a, ou, oa. Karangahake district, 4c.. 77, 78.

tvaranganaKe nistnet, iK-c, //, 18. Karangahake - Te Aroha Range, 84.

(vaiiiuyaiiivive le .-tiona ivauge. o+. Karat ea, 13?.

Kareponia, 40.

Karioi. Mount. 79.

Katikati Heads, 78.

Kaueranga River, 76.

Kaukapakapa, 66, 70.

Kaurihorehore, 49.

Kawakawa district, &c, 44, 45, 46, 47.

Kawarau Palls, 261.

Kawarau River, 265.

Kaw;iii Island, 64-65,

Kawhia Countv, 85-87, 99, 102, 107. 118.

lYilWilia I lIIMILV, nj-01, S3, lUi, LVH, 110. Kawhia district, ,v :., 7:'. s7. 106, 117. 128, 129.

Kawhia Harbour, 83, 85, 86, 87, 106, 120.

Kawhia limestone, 72 (footn ite), 86, li»i. 125.

Kekeranau. 183, 197.

Kennedy's Bay, 75.

Kereru.'llS, Ills. l-tn.

Kerera Stream. 142.

Kcrikeri. 47.

Kennadec Islands, 291.

Kerosene Ridge, 157.

Kidnappers, Cape, 112. 113.

Kiln*. Lime, 7. 61, 0:1. ill. S7. 11.'.. 122. 17:1 187

190, 210. 2l;l. 21-1. 221. 225, 228, 242. 247,

lau, .iu, .10, 61*, --+. 233, -4-. -4 i , 257. 259, 268, 369, 27n. 272. 276, 277. 2sJ. 2m;. Kingston, 260, 2ii:i. 252.

Kiore. 116.

Kioreroa, 54.

Kitty Creek, 171.

Kiwi Creek, 230.

Kiwitea County, 137.

Knell Point, 213, 217.

ECohaihai Point, 164, IS4.

Kohukohn, 4:!. 44.

303

Kohuratahi. 125.

Koiterangi distrii t, 224, 22'.. 226, 238.

Koiterangi Hill, 224, 22:..

Koiterangi limestone, 224, 226, 230.

ivihi.t-ifium nun'■ii 'in , _-» i. _ijii. j."'. Bkokatahi-Koiterangi Plain, 225, 230.

I 1.1 I I I. _, _.' ». Komata Reefs, 78.

Komiti Peninsula, til.

I\'MIIIII 1 r. I I 111-LH,I . V. 1 . ■\ i Point, 1 86.

K--iiini waterworks, 11". 150.

- ; Bam, 186.

Koraka. 44.

rvoniKa. 44. Koroniti or Corinth, 132.

r\ori)imi ur i ouiun. i.ij. Koropupu, 87.

ECotiki Point, 91.

i\'H iki I mill. VI. Kut.iku. 22. 212. 212. 215.

Kowai County, 218, 219, 235, 236 27.

Kuautunu (Whakatane *'".). 90.

l\Li.l'H nun \ », liii is. i il| ii'- v ''.;* >" i, 216.

Kuripapanga, 111.

Kurow, 251, 252, 2-">:>. 258.

Kiimw Stream, 252.

Minitt ■■'iri'iiiii, _-»-. Kynnersley (Mokihinui mouth), 186.

L.

La ly Barkly Railway-station, 282,

! .:t' i \ i i.i i t\ 11 iwi 11» ,i \ -i. 11 i' 'i i. Luke County, 258 64, 278.

Lake Harris Range, 269.

Lake-marl, 23.

Lakes

Brunner, 213, 217.

Coleridge, 240, 242.

< Irassmere, 197, His.

Hawea, 258, 264, 266.

Hayes, 261, 262, 264, 266.

Heron, 211. 212.

McKemnr, 263.

Manapouri, 278, 279, 280.

Moke, 2CO.

Ohau, 252.

i Imapere, t.'i. 15.

• ' rn;i j ii'i •-. t ■>. t• i. PukaM, 258.

Taupo, 88, 107, 108.

Taylor, 217.

Te Anau, 278, 279, 280.

Wahi, 79.

Waihola, 272.

V> UlllOl'l. - I .>. Waikare, 83.

Waikaremoana, 89.

Waipori, _'■ :i

Wakatipu, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 292, 293, 294.

(Vanaka, 262 11 ■q.

(Vhangape, 79.

Lakes district, Bot, I"''.

district. Cold. i>" Lakes Wanaka, Waka-tij-u. Te Anau, fcc. ; alto Lake County.)

Land, elevation "r depreeaion of, 21, 22. 23, 24, 1!).',. 241, 264, fcc.

I ~l B'luff, 121.

I ~Vll' l_ II.W ' I I>l' I II , J.* ■ fiS-nding Brid

l.iill'HllL' DCIUKt, - ■' Lankow Creek, 178, 180.

Lanky Creek, 208.

. 284, J*"». 2?..

Lawrence 81 ream, 185, I 89.

1, 73, 92.

or, 17H.

uee i.ivt;r, i io. Lepperton, 119, 180.

Leslie River, 171, 184.

ii,tv. SMS, 246, 248 19.

Ligar Bay, 171, IT.'. 171.

86, 117. la, 153, 166, 264. (■'tee alio

I.illburn watershed, JTii.

I.HIOUI II W.H'I BIICU, Lily Creek, 187.

21*

Lime, 2 >■> si q.

Air-slaked, 10.

Amount of, required by noils, li. \.. „,.:i .1 ;.,.. ■> ■> i-,,

As soil dressing, 2. 3, fcc. Par-lii.tint.. ~f i K ft 7 fi II IT Jkji

Carbonate of, 3, 5, 6, 7. 8, 11. 17. fcc. i n ;.i., ..( o i•> i-.

Chemistry of. 9 12. 15.

Compared with limestone, fcc, -"i 7.

]■••■• Definition of, 9, 15.

Function-- of, in agriculture, 3.

Military importance of, 4 5.

Minerals containing, 16 19, fcc. n,.;„i- k a - v ii in ii

Quick, 5, 6, 7. s. 9, 10, 11.

Reversion ol carbonate of, 3, 7, in

rvevvrsivn in c&ruuimtic in, ■>, i , i" Slaked, 5, 6, 7. LO.

Tests for, 19.

Transport of, 8. i"... ~f ■; i it

I Fees of, 3. 4, .">, i : i,;n nan » a

Limehills, 262, 282. i ;.....!.;i., t»„«. .-,i

Limekiln Bay, 51.

Lime-kilns, 7. 51, 63, 64, 87, 115, 122. 173, 187, 190, 210, 213, 214, 221. 225, 228, 212. 247, 257, 259, 268, 269, 270, 272. 274. 276, 277. 282, 286.

Lime-works, fcc., B, 9, 51, 52, 63, 64, 87, 103 I, 114. 122, 154 55, 172. 200, 204, 220, 228 2!). 242. 269-70, 281, 282, 287.

Limestone — A'hiinl.'me.s of. ii 7.

Age of, 26.

Alteration or metamorphism of, 22, fcc.

.\IH-lill l"ll Ul lIR-liiriMH [IIII--IN Ml, -.1. i\ i . As soil dressing, 5, 6, 7. B, 13, 68, 132, fcc. Black. 286.

Calcination or " burning " of, 7, 11, fcc.

Compared with quicklime, fcc, 5-7.

T .Hill lid IV i * « 1 1. I I ■[ii ii r. iii i ii . .» ' . , Constitution of, 13, 14- 16.

I 11JI-1 I I lit |l HI IJI . I ■>. I definition of, 9.

Friable or "soft," 22. 68, 149, 160, 199, 200, 203, 206, 219 20, 22:}. 247. 249.

■ if. 2" 26.

HydrauUV . 17. 36, 27.

Impurities of, 5, 7.

hie, 37, 205, 229, 230, 280, 292.

I.till' 1!!' il[>llll-, .11. AUU, -,-..•. _.l". - JV, _.'. Machinery for pulverizing, 2, 7. fcc.

Machinery lor pulvenzmg, -'. <. sc. in, t. LB, 94, 103, 165, 166, 167, 169, 267.

Massivei 17.

_11,1.-M ve, IIMode uf occurrence of, 2'i. fcc.

Origin of, 18, 20, 21, 22 33.

i rrigin 01, 10, -". ai, wa -■.. Phosphatic, T. 80, 81, 108, 219, 255, 256, 289. Plant fur treatment of, 2. 7. [Set aim Lime-

kilns; Lime-work?.) •( -. .; - v m an A,

Pulverized, 3, 5, 6, 7. B, 19, 87, fcc.

Pulverized, fineness of, 7-8.

Sampling of, 2fi 30

Solubility of, 20, 21.

Testa for, 19 20.

■:• Of, 8, 11. fcc.

I'm- of, 2, t. 5

Weathering of, 7, 8, ?2, 53, 199, 220, fcc.

I 1 '\l ' 111 I 111 _ ''l . I . •.-_.'■>. IVO, *nv, Limestone Bluff (Ashburton Co.), 242.

IjILIU'-'I.MIIT- lIIUII lOOUVUIHIU . ■',,, w -r Limestone JilutT (Waimea Co.), 179.

l,IJIH""l Oil!* I>lll I I (11.111111.1 - ••■!, II." Limestone Creek I Buller Co.), 188.

Limestone Diggings, 212.

Limestone Is];uiil, -"ii. .12, .12. '■>'■. ('.:',.

i.iinesi mi' 1 i>iFuiu. -ii. i.. ■■■!. -" , w.i. Limestone Poinl (Oollingwood Co.), 166. 167.

LHlH'sum'.' I uiiu \v uuuigiruuu ■ ■'. ■. i Limestone Poinl (Kawau fsland), tit

Limestone Range, 812.

Limestone Valley, 248, 249.

Limestone cliff Bay, 230.

I*IIIIV -"M iijm -v Mil I ni> , Lradis Valley, 2i>4.

" ...... Lisbon Creek, 212.

Literature, 30 34. (See "'■*" under each county heading.)

Lithographic limestone, 37, 206, 229, 230, 2*9, 292.

I.ILII' ll |l II I' IMb" -l''lJ' . -r#, H Little Barrier [aland, 73, 74.

1,1 r i le r >;li i h-i i nuiui i, i ■>. Little Ben Nevis, 178.

304

Little I'areora Stream, 260.

Liiltie i areora onenni, Little River, 238. I :. . 1 TV [ • .. ... I v<

Little Totara River, 188.

Little Wanganui Head, 186, 189, 191.

Little Wanganui River, 185, 189, L9l.

1.11 l ll' illtll'lillllll ll H I I , 1 '■'. I'.-, Little Wanganui district, 191. I . ..,„ OUT

Livingstone, 257.

Ijl^lll^^l' 1 !'.-. , Loburn, 235.

Lodea. ealeitie, gold-bearing. [Set Veins.)

Long Point, 109i i ...... i *:.. rt n" l i *»

Longburn Junction, L 47, 1 is.

Lone wood Range, 2(9.

JjUllgwnuu [uuiKO! -(•'■ Lottery Creek, 195, L 96.

Lovell's Flat, 287.

Lamsden, 27<j (footnote), 280.

l-ll II l-< 1 ' 11 . i. I 3 (lU'imi'it/, *.*J\rLyell district, &a, 186, 187, 190, 195.

Lyttelton, 235.

M.

Mabel, 281.

Macandreu" Bay. 276.

Haeooinnich, .Mount. 206.

Mackenzie County, 245 46, 24

Mackenzie district, &c (Cheviot Co.), 206.

Mackenzie Plain, 241, 215. 252,

McKerrow, Lake, 2ii3.

Maokley Valley, 186.

McLeod's Bay, 51.

Bic ueoa b nay, o i. McMurraj Ckk k, 187. \* „.,,.;„ T D i n „.i ■ >oi

Macquarie Island, 290, 291.

Maerewhenua limestone, 253.

Haerewhenna River, &c, 253.

Magnesia, 15.

Magnesian concretions, 94, 95,

Magnesian limestone, 4, 18, 04, 103, 165, 188, lt',7, 169.

Magnesian marl. 267.

uagnesian man. ao/. Uagneaite, 167, 255. 289.

Maharahara, 145.

.iiiiiiar:in;ii ;i. i i->. Mahia Peninsula, LO9.

Hahihinui Ran

.niiiiiinlliii ii.iii_i . i>'.i. Mahoenui, 99, 100, LOl.

.tlill II " I 1 '1 I . ■'•'. I'M. Mahurangi, ' : "i. ( >>. 65.

Maire ' reek, 153.

Maitai Limestone, 178 ■! seg., 184, 197, 292, \l..i|.,i Rti-ar- A-.. l"s. lvll ■>(,->

Maitai River, &c, 17S. Ism. 892.

Maitai uivtr. Ac, n\ i.su, Maitai Series, 178, 232, 252. {Set also Maitai limestone.)

Makanakaha-Ngarara Stream, 93, 94.

Makakahi Stream, &c, I is.

Makara Comity, lii2 63.

DUNIAIO \. i Mil 11. \ , lilw ".*, Makara district, &c. (Makara Co.), 162, 163.

Makara Stream (Clifton Co.), 117. Makaruka. 98.

Makareta Gorge (Dannevirke Co.), 142.

Makareta River (Wairoa Co.), 109.

.iitiuui i iii iiimi v ri ouua v-u. ), iu7, Makatui Stream, 117.

Makino, 143.

Makotutu, 112. I i:i.

Makiiri dUtriet. &r., 14S, 149, 150.

Malcolm Creek, 11*8.

Malvern County, 2:;7 38, 239, 241.

Malvern Hills, 237, 238, 240, 21)2.

Mamaku, 89.

Manaia, 129.

Manapouri Lake, 275. 27ii. 280.

Manawatu County, 146 4,.

Manawatu Gorge, 137, 143, Ml. 146, 147,148,157.

Manawatu River, 112. 143, 146, 117, lis. 152.

Mangahani Stream, 126.

2f II 1 ,">I I I .! En , 14«, Mangahao River, 148.

UIAUgcUIcMJ EVIVBT, 1 1"-. Mangahe, 142.

Mangaliei. 142.

Mangaki. 12»i.

Mangakakia. 55,

.: 11k'it 11k 11 Si i

■ i. 126.

Mangaokewa Stream, 104.

Mangaorongo Stream, 94.

Mangaotaki Stream, LOl, 102, 107.

Mangapai, 49, 52.

maugapai, -+.-, ■ >-. Mangapakelia Valley, 157.

Mangapapa Stream, 95,

Mangapohue Road, LOO, LO6.

Mangapoike River, 97, 109.

I*l TfIIIC I i n , \,* , " ■ » Mangapu River, 105.

Mangapuaka, 142.

Mangara Creek, 86.

Mannarahu, 57.

.HiiriiMranu, oi. Mangarapa, 104.

Maneataikapua Stream, 93, 94,

MangataiKapua ,->iream, Vd, »*. Mangatainoko Stream, 144, 148.

Mangatawa, 155

Mangatawa Stream, 'M. 95.

Mangatoro Stream, 14i, 144.

Mangatn River, 93.

Mangatuamaru Stream, 94.

Mangaweka, 137.

Mangawhare. ">'">. 57. 58.

■- hinkaii Stream, 106.

Mangi rani i lounty, 36 U>.

Mangonui or Monganui distriot, 36, :iT. j;*j.

Maniototo County, 266 67.

Maniotot" Plain, iJ<i'i. 267, 273.

Mantell, Mount, 194.

>jaui ii. -iiiuiiii, i ui. Manuherikia Valley, ko., 266, 266.

Manukau County, 70, 71-72, 73. ~ i ... n__i ii i~ «._ ac cr, in -to g,

Manukau Harbour, Heads, to., 66, 69, 70, 73, 83.

Maori Cully (Boiler Co.), 185, 189.

Maps, 36.

~-rfl ""■ Maraetai, 71. 72.

Marahemu, 02.

Marakopa, 100.

Maratoto, 78.

Marble, 17. 23, 24, 12, 14. 152, 173. 161, 181, 193. L 94, 229, 240, 246, 258, 259, 264, 265, 286, 287. 272. 277. 27--. 283, 288, 289, 292.

J',,. 2.2. 2... 2,5. -'VS. 2>N 2VJ, 2'J2. Marble Creek, 17.",. 17ii.

Marble Point, 196.

Marl, fto., 17. 23, 41, 68, 65, 73. 90, 92, 111, 114, 139. 141, 216, 218, 261, 262, 264, 200, 267, 274, 275, v

Marlborouab County. ISI-S3. 197. 202.

.Marlnorouizli < onnty, im-m, vsi, 2112. Marlborough "I<l Provincial District, 198.

Marsden. 212, 213.

Martinboroug'b, 181, 163. Uutin's !'■•., 9Kfl »RQ M 9

Martin's Bay, 268, 269, 2H3.

Morton, 138, 137.

Uamia Plains, 193, 194.

Maruia River, ftc, 193, 194, 195.

Mason, Mount, 219.

Mason River, 196, 196.

Masterton County, 157 58, 159.

Masterton distriot, fto., 152, 157, 108. Mate River, 93, 90.

Mataikona River, 150.

Matakana [aland, 85.

Matakitaki River, ftc. 193. 194. IMS

uatautalu Kiver, ftc, n<:t. r.u. lho i <>r [ron Point, 92.

Matakobe, 61, S3.

Matamata County, B8 89.

Matamata distriot, A . vs

Matapiro and Aorangi Plain, 111

Matapouri, 131.

Mataroa, 136.

.uaiaroa., 100. Matata, ii".

r, 881.

uaMkura tuver, soi. Matawai, 94,

Mutliias Pass, Ml.

M:ilin River, &0., 193. 194.

305

Maungaharuru Range, 111.

MdUl!:_'iik;tru[n<'a. 56,

Maungapohatu Mountain, fto., 89, 90, 91.

Maungaraki Range, 159, 160, VI :_i i,

Maungataniwha 1; Kl . .

MautiL'.itautari I ■

Maungaturoto, 58.

Maurice, tile County, l">t 66.

.'in HI lltllin V < lull I \ , Lil-t -W, MauriceviUe district, fcc., L 43, 145, 117. 149, 150, 152, L 53, 166, 156, 168, L 59, L 63.

awt, i .i.i. lift,, i -in. i , i->. i.i,-. i i.i.i. Maurieevilte limestone, 14!'. 1 B

Mead Etiver, a ■.. 201, 202.

Mechanically formed limestone, 22, fee.

Medbury, 223. xi....t■"-. I k.._ t l.: .>-.-.

Meek's Quarry, Teaneraki, 266.

Mendip Bills, L 95.

. 73, 83.

Herrivale, 280.

Met liven. 244.

Microscope, use 01, 13.

Middle Division Creek. 157. u ;.i. n i. .>-■• .)- -.

Middlemarch, 273, 275,

Midbirst, 123. 124.

Mikonuj River, 2J6,

Mil burn. 265, 267, 27:1. 275, 286 •< uq.

Milfoid Sound, 24, 258, 263, 27a

Mill Creek, 180.

Millerton, 192.

Milton. 2s-"., 286, 294.

Miner River, 179, 194.

Minerals, lime-bearing, 16-19-

Mineral-, rock-forming, fcc., 13, 14, 10, 23, Ac.

Misery, Mount, 249.

Mititai, 50, 57 ■ M ~ ... 1 i.. , I -i-.il

Mitre Peak, 259.

Moakurorua or Moakurarua Stream. 102.

Moana 217. (See abo Brunner, Lake.) Moawhanjro, 111, 136.

MoeangiatiL'i, 112.

Moeatoa .Mom/

Moeraki, 252, 292, 295,

Moeraki boulders, 262, 268, 295.

Moeraki Peninsula, 252,

Mohakatino River, fcc., 99, 116, 116, 117.

Moisture, 10. 13, 15.

Mokan district, fcc, In 1. 106, 115, 117, 125.

.HUhilU UlaLLlLl, IX.C, IUI, IUU, 11.-l, 111, li.OMokau limestone, 115, 1 It". 117. Ac.

.uukhu nriit'MiJiiL', i i.j, uu, ii <. ixt;. Mokau-Mohakatino Block, 116, 117.

Mokau EUvei kc., 86, 99, 101, LO2, 106, 115, 116, 117. lis, 120, 128, 129.

Mokauiti Stream, 106.

jioKaum iou. Moke Lake. 200.

Mokihinui Mine, 186, 191.

Mokihinui Mouth, 186. M/,L-,,,i.,iii ]>,.,.f u 1 K(I

Mokibinui Reefa, 186.

Mokihinui River. 184, 185, 186, I*9, 191, 192.

Molynens River,'2o4, 285, 287^

.•iui u i iit:iia iurni| *.**-», _* "'. Momoma. 65.

.Mimi.)

Moonlichl Co.), 218

.uooiuilth ' r'-'h. .we\ ' "■ ■- -i" Moonlighl Creek (Lake Co.), 260,

Moonlight Range, 279.

Moore's Hill North, 218.

Moore's Hill South,' 218.

Morere, 109.

Horrinsville, 84.

■ ii's Caves, 54.

Moegiel, 270.

raoßgiei, no. Moasburn, 280.

Motatau, 46.

Motu, 93.

.11'■! U, 00. Motueka district, fcc., 174, 177, 180.

Motueka Plain, 175, 180.

b River, ftc, 177, 180.

Motuhora, 91, 93, 96, 98.

Motunau River, 218, 219.

Motupipi (Auckland), 205.

Motupipi (Takaka Co.), 172, 174.

Motupipi [aland, 70.

Motupipi River, 171, 172.

Motutapu [aland, 69.

Mml atara I 'oinl, 86.

.Mi)! niaru j diiii , ou, Moumoukai Mountain, 109.

.'llMlllllllln.il .l| I 111 JII.II II . 1 "J. Mounl or Mountain—

.MOIIIII HI -»1 ' HIIHIIIII Albert, 71.

Alexander Range, 219.

aiexanaer Range, jiy. Arthur, 171. 17."). LB4, 192,

Ashley, 235.

Aurutn, 260.

Black Rat, 185.

Blowhard, 111.

Brown, 219, 236, 236.

uiovvu, -iv, -oa t -ov. Brown beds, aeries, or Limestone, 196, 223, 236, 236.

Case Range, 218, 219.

Cobb, 184, 192.

Cook, 246, 240.

Cornish or Cronln, 2-, 1.

Courtney, l s <.

* J ' --■■ Domett, IS4, L 92.

Donald, 219, 236.

Eden, 71.

Egmont, 119, 120, 124, 127, 128, 129, 134,137. i.Vwl ... nil

Friday, 219.

. 236, 230.

Herbert (Waipukurau Co.), 140.

Herbert County, 238-39.

JI ikurangi, 92.

Horrible, 249. Karini. 79.

Karioi, 79.

Maceoiimich, 206.

HantelL L 94.

Mason, 219.

Misery, 24!).

Ngauruhoe, 1 IS.

l Iwni, 175.

Rariliaki, 80.

Peel, 170, 184, 192.

i'ercy Smith, 261.

I'irwi-Li, 79,80, 86, 103.

nronpa, iy, ou, ou, iw. Potts, 243.

runs. ::-,.5. Etangitoto, 66.

Ruapehu, lis. 126, 134, I3<\

St, Mary, 252.

, BUI \ , _tJ_. St. Mary Reries, 202.

r>t. Jiary series, LOi.. Scarlett, LB5.

Silvea I orn, 260.

L3U> t'l UUlli, - Smart, 101.

Somen, 212. 243, 292.

Xarawera, 89.

Thomas, 23.">.

Tongariro, 118.

Vernon, 139.

White. 232, 233.

White River, 2:12. 217.

Uonntains, Etanges. [Set above, and also Southern Alps: Kaikoura; ctakanuii Horse; St. Ar naud ■ Pikikinm.i: Rimutaka; Tararua; Kuahine; Huiarau: Tuliua. &c.)

Uoutere Hills, 174, 180.

.uuuiere runs, m*, ice. Mulligan Creek. 2"-.

, County, 192-96.

Mm, bison district, to., 193, 194, 193.

Murray Creek, 208.

Muzzle River, 201.

N.

Nana Creek, 187. ■»t ■ _ nn 111 llfl HO KO Oni Oft.4

Napier, 98, HI. 112, US, 143, 145. 293, 294. »- _ i. . 111

Nanier limestone. 111.

.Napier limestone, i i i. Narrows, The, 42.

Nelson, 4c, 174, 179, 180.

306

Nelson, "Id Provincial Diatricl of, ftc, 137, 147, 162, 163, 292, 294.

Nemona, 215.

New Creek (Buller Co.), IST.

.\I ■ VS 1 lIVIV (I)UIILI \U.), XV I . New Inland Road, 185, 1 «<i. 189, 190, I'M.

New Plyi illi. 87, 118, I-'". l-'4, 128, 120.

New River (Grey Co.), 21-'-

New River Estuary (Southland Co.), 284.

Newhaven, 288.

i\ewnaven, .:•">?>. Newlands. I W.

Newman, 153.

Newmarket, 171.

Newstead, I 14.

Newton Flat, 19:!, 194.

Ngapara, 263, 255, 258.

Ngapipito, 16.

Ngarua quarry, 1.0.

Ngaruawahia, 88. M..„ ~..k.-.,. A 1.,,,.,( 1 IO

Ngaruhoe, Mount, 1 IS. ht,.„-,,„„..,. e.„ ill ii')

Ngaruroro River, &c, 111, 112.

Ngawapurua, 145.

Ngunguru River, 52.

LIK UU X UIU i * i v i. i . Nightcaps, 280.

Nikau (pa), K»5.

Nile or Waitakere River (Buller Co.), 188, 191.

Nine-mile BlulT, 216.

Nitrification, 3.

Nitrifying organisms, :!, 5. (See also Bacteria.)

Nitrogen, :!. 5, is.

N'okonni district, 283. NTnlan'i. ~,,,.,-,-,- lO.fi 15W1

Nolan's quarry, 125, 130.

North Auckland. (Set the various counties.) v„-*i, r' nn * n -i,...... -ni-t -hm -)' it oaa tm i\,

North Canterbury, 203, 204, 2:!7. 238, fco. [Set

also the various counties.)

UWfll 111 - \<UlUll> 1.11U11U15. / North ('ape. :!li.

North Dean, 21S.

North Otago. (Set Waitaki County. &c.)

North Taninaki, 134. (Set also Clifton County;

Whangamomona County, &c.) v„_*i. wt ii i .>•> i i i",.. ~;.„, /',.,.,- t '., ii.it.

North Westland, 224. (Set also Grey County:

Westland County.)

North-east Valley, 25,.

North-wesl Bay, 289.

Nuhaka, 110.

nunasa, i m. Nuhaka River, &c, 109.

Xukumaru district. \c, 12s ei seq., 137.

Nukumaru limestone, 130, 131 32, 133, 134.

0.

Oamaru Breakwater, 266.

Oamaru district. Ac.. 24(i. 252. 2511. 266, 257. 258, 2(>7, 27:}, 292. 29:!. 294.

< lamaru Gardens, 256.

Oamaru stone. 242. 253, 254. 255. 257.

I'illllitni KlOlie, _-+_. _.).). _.!-+. _■>.!. _.ll. i (aro Stream, 206.

O'Brien Creek, 17s. 179, 180.

'T IHII'U \ R'l'h, llcl, \ IV, IOU. Objects of bulletin, 2.

Ohaeawai, 4S.

Ohakune, 12(i.

Ohau, Lake. 252.

Ohau River, 152.

Ohinemuri County, 77-79, 83, 84. (U.;,.„ 1i„,.1.~,... nn

Ohiwa Harbour, On.

Ohura County, 117 In.

Ohura district, &c. 1 IS.

Ohura Valley, 106.

Ohutu, 136.

Okahu (Hobson Co.), 58.

Okahu Stream (Whakatane Co.), 89.

Okahukura, 117. I2u. 121. 125.

' tkaihau, 45.

Okarito district, 231. ni. n .;t~ t?„_l.. ■>■> i

Okarito Forks, 231.

()karito Lagoon, 2;; I.

Okato, 119.

Okehu, 132.

Okuku River, 235, 236. Okura Stream, Ac., 68, 69, 70. {See also Red vale.)

Okuru, 231. Omaka River, 182, 183, 202.

Umanu or Back Creek, 187.

Omapere, Lake, 43, 45. Omega Stream, 94. Omihi Valley, 218, 233. Omoho Creek, 75.

Onairo, 117.

Onairo Series, 119, 121

Onakaka Stream, 166.

Onehunga, 71. Onerahi, 49, 53, 56.

(hiewhero, 79, 81.

Ongarue River, jfcc, 106, 107, 117.

Oolite, oolitic limestone, 22, 215.

Opapa (Te Aute), 112.

Oparae Hill. l4O.

Oparau Valley, &c., 86, 87.

open or Waipiro Bay, '.'2.

Opihi Eiver, 245.

i lp mae, 91.

Opotiki County, 90 91.

Opotiki district, &c, 90, 91.

Opouae (?), 91.

(tpouawa or ) Ipouawe Stream, 160.

Di.in. 47, 66.

i rpua, 4,, 00. (tpuatia fli.-t rict, Ac, 81.

Opuha River, 4-e., 245. 247.

Opunake district, &0., 120, 127, 128.

<trangiwhao Hill. 86.

i frari River, &c, 246, 247.

Orbitolite limestone, 61.

Organic matter, 13, 15. Organically formed limestone, 18, 23, Ac Ormond, 96.

Ormond limestone, 96.

Ormondville, 142, 143, 145, 152.

Orongorongo Stream, 162.

Orotangi Cliff, 86.

(inula (Sounty, 14:! 44.

Oruawhero Ann (Kaipara Harbour). 61, 63. Oruru Valley, 36, 37.

Otago, Central, 267. (Set also Maniototo County; Vincent (Jounty, Sec. \

Otago Harbour, 271, 272, 273, 294.

Otago Peninsula, 2,-2. 276, 277. 293. [&

Peninsula County.) / U„ l,„-,,„,, f'.» A |. 11l

I Mahann u Creek, 111.

Ota he or Otehe Point, 80. Otaika, 53, 54.

Otaio River, Ac., 245, 250.

Otakaika. (See Otekaieke.) Otaki district, 152.

Otaki River, 152.

Dtamatea Arm (Kaipara Harbour), 61, 62.

Otamatea Comity, 58 62.

(Mamauri Creek, 111.

(itiir.p<.r Kaikora, 138, 139, 140.

Otaunui Galley, 1 Is.

Otautan, 279, 280.

Otere Stream. 165.

Otira, 213, 217.

Otira Tunnel, 233.

Otiria, 47.

Otoko, 94.

Ototara stone, 253. (See also Oamaru stone. 1

Otupae Hill. 111.

Otupi Bill, 111,

< Muulktu Stream, 176.

Outlying islands, 289-91.

Out rain. 127.-..

Owaka, 288.

307

Owen district, 195.

Owen, Moinn. 170.

Owen River, 198.

Owhea or Awnea River, 160.

Oxford County, 233 35, 237.

Oxford district, 333, 334.

Oxford Hill 234.

uxloru 11111. L'J4. Oxygen, 9, 10.

• *.' a' "- "' •"- Oyster Hill, -'4 O.

Oyster Point, 371, 272, 294.

P.

Paerata, 73.

Paeroa, 78. 83.

Pahaoa River, fcc., \VJ, 160.

I'.tin. 4s, .

Paliiatua County, 148-50.

Pahiatua district, Ac., 14s, L 49, 150.

Pairatahi, 40.

Pakaraka, 47.

I .iK:ir:ik,i, -ii. Pakaurangi Point, 61.

Pakawau, 165.

Pakihi Island, 71.

Pakipaki, 112, 113.

I HKipaKl, I li, lIJ. Palliser Bay. 159, L6O, 161.

Palliser Cape, 160.

Palmer Range, 242.

I BIUIDI n.111.i . _ r_j. Palmer'- Creek. 63.

rainif " \_,rct-'K. uo. Palmerston North, 143. I 17.

Palmerston fWaihemo Co.). 2">4. 2*57 ei ."•'/.

Pandora Point, 113.

Papa. 17, Is. 92. 97, lis. 136, 187, 168, LB5.

Papakaio, 263.

Papakamai, 227.

Papakotai Hills, 4'i,

Papakura, 71, 72. 73.

i ;ii>.ihni<i, ii, i-. i.i. Papaknra limestone, 7:'.

Paparoa Otamatea CaJ, 58, 59, 60.

Paparoa (Wanganui River), lis.

Paparoa County, 238 39.

Paparoa Range, 209.

Parakim. 56.

Parakinu, 132.

Paraparn district, ic, 166, 166, 167.

Parapara Inlet, 165, 166, 167, 169.

rnniji.tru, unci. i'w, iij'i, mi, Para para River, 165 el **q.

Paraparaumu, 134, 162, 163.

Parengarenira, 36, 37.

Pareora dis4 rid , 219.

Pareora River, 246, 248, 249, 250.

Parihaka, 47.

Parikawa, 183.

1 ai iwtutt, ioi», Parikawakawa. IJS3.

Puinga River, 224, 229, 230, 231.

Pariwhakaoho Stream, 170.

Parnassus, 20*1.

Parua Bay, 61.

i'arua j>a\ ,ui. Passage Island, 275.

mty, 112, 140 41, I Ml.

Patangata district, ftc., 140, 141.

Pataua B

Patea County, 124, 130 31, 133.

Pstea district, fcc., I-".'. 131.

rait-a uisi.ii' i, aw., i -■'. 'u i Patea River, l-':i. 128, 130, 131.

Paterson Inlet, 288.

Patokatoka, 115, 117. i . . i) :.. _. 1i: - lAI I i.'i

Paturac River, 165, 167, 169.

raturau un er, ivu, i"i. Patutahi, 96, 97, 98

I ill uiiviii, ;?'', at , ffu. Peebles, 252.

Peel, Mount, 170, 184, 192.

Pehiop (pa), 105.

reniop Ii lil i. l "-'- Peloni." Sound, 181, 183.

ITiijni." .Tiiuiiu, nil, iuu. Pembroke, 363, 366.

Peninsula, County, 273, 276 77, 293.

Pensiiii Creek, 187.

Percy Smith, Mount. 251.

reroy >nmn, .•nmiu, joi. Permo-Garboniferous rocks, 174, 178, 183,292.

i ii 11 in i it! in fin 11-1 mi:* I ml.iv.l, lit, I la, inj, ibv. Perseverance Harbour, 289, 290.

Petane, 111, 112.

I BUUIC, 111. I I -i. Peter Ridge, 212.

( nri EViUgo, il_. Phosphate of lime, fee., 2, 7, 13, 15, In, 30, &c.

Phosphate rock, 15, LB, 112, 285, 291. m. i.... ;.. i: .. - art ol Ino -iitc •> I n 9RJ;

Phosphatic Limestone, 7, 80, 81, 108, 206, 219, 255, 256, 289.

I 'h< aphoric anhydride, 15.

Phosphorite, 15, 11). {Sir. alto Collophane.)

rnospnorice, 10, i i j. [aee also oouopnane.j Piako County, 84.

1 Piako Plain, 77, 84.

Piako River, 76, 84, 88.

i mi... tuver, .'i. vt. 59. Piave River (Italy), Jll.

Picton, 182, 183,303.

I'Minn Bay, 182.

Pig Gully, 182, 203.

I'ikikini'im Range, 170, 17!. 171. 175, 170, 180.

Piopio, HHJ.

Pipiriki, 126.

l'irau Stream. 11. 45.

Pirikawa, 183.

Pirinoa, 160, 161.

Pirongia, Mount, 79, 80, 86, 103.

Pisolite, pisolitic limestone, 23.

I'm bland, 389.

I'lan!- Lime-kilns; Lime works) -

For calcination of limestone, 7. Sec

for pulverization of limestone, <, S, 9, Sec.

Large, central, 8 It.

LMIKC, i < I I l I .m , . Small, local, 8 'J.

Pleasant Point, 248.

mi Rivi i. 268, 271, 204, 296.

Plenti

i icniy, Day in, o», yu. Poerua, 217.

Pohangina Comity, L 37 3s.

j 'ii i.i ij_: 11 hl ■ '' ii 11, \ . i. i d ~ ~ Pohangina River, 137, 138, 143.

Pohara, 170 ei

Pohui, Ml.

Point Elizabeth, 212, 213, 216.

PoiSOIl Bay, j")'.).

Pokako, Ll9.

Pokapu, 4(j.

Pokeno, 78, 83.

Pomahaka distric,. 2ss.

Pongaroa, 151. ii i i i n i

Ponui Island, 71.

Poor Man Creek, L7B, 180.

Popuanui trig, station, 121, 125.

Porangaki or Pourangaki Stream, 137.

Porarari River, 174 (footnote), 188.

Porirua Harbour, 162.

Poro te- rloihama Stream, 44.

Port Albert, 63.

Port Awanui '■ s '-- Awanui.)

Port Chalmers, 272, 273.

rUlt ' "'II Nil 10, -'-■. -.1-1. Port Lyttclton. [See Lyttelton.)

Port Molyneux, 288. 11. ..-I Vinknlsnn 1 fil

Port Nicholson, 163.

Port Pegasus, 2ss.

Port Robinson, 206, 207.

Port Dnderwood, LB3.

Ron i aoerwooa, 100. Port Waikato, 83.

Porter River, 232.

I*.irtei'si

Portobello, 876, 294.

innniiciin. j'». .;n. Potash, 3, 7, 16,

Potasfa liberated by time,3.

Potash manures, when necessary, 3

Pothole Creek, 236.

rnumic i ktk. mu. Potto, Mount, 243.

I mis, .»| mi n i . j-i.t. I'mmkai Range, 119.

I miiuk.m Hiiim, lie. Poukaua Valley, 113.

Poukawa, 153.

308

Pourangaki Stream. 137.

I tM I 1 llllj.l 11 1 kJLIfiVIII, I.JI. Poverty Bay, '.'2. 96, !'7. us. [Set aho Gisborne.) Rower, electric, 9, 231.

Presentation, method of, 35.

Problems in use of Lime, &C, 5 -9.

Puhipuhi, 47.

Puhipuhi River, 203, 204.

Rukaki Lake. 255.

Rukapuka, iil.

1_ UMlJHlltik, vr-t. Pukehemoa Stream, 45.

Pukohou, 140.

Pukekaroro, 01.

Pukekura, 114, 141.

Rukcmiro, 79. 80, 81.

i; iiKUMiiii), ly, m [ , 01. Puketapu (Hawke's Bay Co.), 112.

j. u r.' t"• j 'ii yiianixt o J -'t*j *_i_». ;, i i - . Puketapu Bill (Waihemo Co.). 268.

Ruketcraki Peninsula, 271.

Puketeraki Range, 233, 234.

Ruketitiri, 111.

Puketoa ('HIT. 86.

Puketoi Range, 112. 144, 146, 148, 150, 151, Puketutu, 118.

Pukeuri, 261, 253.

Punakaiki River, 184, LBB.

Puponga, 169.

E UpUUgH, 1U». Puponga Roint, 09.

Pnpnke River, 41.

Purakanui Inlet, 273.

Purangi, 110.

Putaruru, 88, 108.

Puti Point, so.

1 111 I [ ii|ll I . ou. Rutiki Bluff, 134.

L 111 Nil IMIIJI. I .1 I. Pyramids, The, 219.

Pyrite or iron-pyrites, 10.

Q.

Quail Valley, 179.

Quarries, Limestone. (Not indexed.)

Vnai iii's. inuesionr. \.\<n iiiue.\eu.j Quarries, marble, 17"), 170.

Quarry sampling, 28.

Quartering down, 2s.

Quartz, quart/, sand. &c, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20, 38, 41, &c.

Quarl /. Ranges, 167.

Quflflil Charlotte Sound. 181. 183.

Queen Charlotte Bound, 181, 183. Queenstown, 263.

Quicklime, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9.

Quicklime compared with slaked lime, 5-7.

Quicklime, definition of, 9.

R

MX. Raetihi, 120.

Raglan' County, 79-83, 86, 88.

Raglan district, fee., 80, 82.

Raglan Harbour (Whaingaroa), 79, SO, 83. "O I-. «

Raglan limestone, 80, 82, &c.

Rahotu. 120, 127.

Railways, transport of lime, &c , on, G, 8.

Rainy ('reek. 208.

Rakaia Gorge, 240, 241.

Rakaia Railway-station, 244.

Rakaia River, 239, 240, 241, 242, 244.

Rakanuj Stream, 86.

iiaKauui i3t.rea.ni, eo. Kakauriui. 161,

Rakautoa, 40.

Ramarama Stream, &0.,*46.

Ramcka (.'reek, 171, L 73, 174.

Ranfurly, 268, 287.

Rangataua, L 26.

Raimaunu Bay, 38, 40.

i\aiiL r auiiii d»j . 00, i". Rangihaeta Bead, L7l.

IYiIJILMIIiU 'Lit I I I cIU, 111. Rangikohua Valley, 106.

Rangiora. County, 237.

Rangiora district, &c, 233.

Rangitaiki River, Ac, SO.

141, 244, 847.

Rangitikei County, It's, II 1, 134, 136 :i7.

I i .111 l J It Ihi i ■ ''" 11 i . ■' '■ , iii. i -'-■ . ■ ' • - Ri, i. v.. 108, 111, 138, 130, 137, 143, 111. I H.. I 17.

Rangitoto, Mount or Island. 00. 1)9.

Rangitot Tuhua Ran-.'. 102, 107.

Raorakia or Raorikia, 132.

Rapahoe Range, -1 -. 213.

Raukokore River, 91.

■i Range, 91, 93.

Raupo, ss.

Raurimu, 1 19.

Razorback Point 1>..., 1..- ... I ■ •,!,... ''v't

Reaby, near Croydi n, 283.

Readers, advice to, 2.

Red Spur. 190.

Redoliff Gully, 242.

Redvale, 66,68, 69, 70. 1>,,,.f,. 'I'L.. -) _ ".

Reefs, The, 275.

Reefton, &c, 2ns.

Read's I reek, 243.

Reidston, 253.

Reponj

Reporua, 92.

I »'" j " PI 11(1, ott\ Retaruke River, &c, 11 B,

Richmond Flat, 167.

Rimutaka Range, Ll 0, 162, 163.

Riverton, 280.

Riwaka district, &c, 135,175, 17''.. 17,.

Riwaka River, &c., 175. 116 180.

Roads, materials for, 05.

Robinson. Port, 206. 207.

KODinson, I'ort. auo, au/. Rocklands, LB7.

Rocks, constitution of. 13.

Rocky Roint (Thames Co.), 70. ,7.

Point (Waiapu Co.), 92.

Roding Valley, &c„ 178, 179. 180.

Rodney County, 58, HI. 03 OH.

Rocer Creek, 187.

Koger « ift'K. Rolling River, 177.

Roporua, 92.

Rose Mount, LB7, 210.

Ross, 211. 217. 224, 226, 237, 228, 22;'. 230, 231.

Ross, lime-works at, 22 s . 29.

!: 11. 217.

Roto Ngaro (lake). 79.

1.11 I t I .\ -.11 11 1 Lit p.l'J, I .!. Rotorua * '< rant y, v.

I,' >t"i ita v <'Utu\ . d». lint.ana district, (to., 89 108

Rough Creek, l'i".

Roxburgh, 2lj.">.

RoyV Peak, I<Y2

Roahine Range, 108, 111. 134. 136, lat'., KIT, 138 140, 142, 1411. 144, 147. lis

Ruakaka River, 4'*. 54.

Rnamahanga Plain, 167.

Rnamahanga River, 159-

Ruapehu, M.niiii, US. 126, 134, 136.

Ruapekapeka Range, 40.

Ruatahuna, 89.

Ruataniwha, 165.

Ruawai, 58.

Rugged Island. ln\

Runaway, Cape, 90, 92.

Russell, 46.

s.

Saddle Creek, J::n. O.JJI. [ I :il .•-■>

Saddle Hill. -r,:\.

Si, Andre* Stream. ISB, 100.

St. Arnaud Mountains, 192, 196. t:. n„,.;,i f. t^.:

St. David Stream, l->;. lt., ... . (' I- Oil! •> 1 -

Saitwatei Creek, 210, 217.

, Samoa, 291.

Samples, collection of, 26-30,

Samples, empirical. 2,, 30.

309

Samples, mab, 27.

■-Mini .in -., t;i .i 11, - i . Samples, labelling, 28, 29

Sampling limeetom . 26 30, 38. Sam 1)11 Hi' RVStATnatir ->>; "tl l

Sampling, systematic, 28 30,

Sand, oaloareous :!.. 40, 290.

Sandhill Creek, 167, 168,

Sandhills, [Set Dunes.)

Sandj Bay, 175, I7r>.

1 'iu'i. I»m , il.i, liii. Sandymount, 276, 277.

Saxby Hill. 94.

SoargilL 222. 223.

Scarlett, Mount, 185.

language, 12.

Scinde bland, 111, Hi'. 293.

Seacliff, 271.

Seaford, 169.

Seal Point, 27 1.

Seatoun, 162.

Seaward htaikoura Mountains, 195 a C 11 :11 I oil i. i i ind

Seddonville, 186, L9l, 192

■ tary rocks, 23, 24, 2d. Sellen's homestead, L7B, IT'.',

Selwyn County, 2:;'* tl.

Selwyn River, fee, 238, 239.

Separation Point, 174.

Septaria, lis. 161, 205. [See also Concretions |

Serpentine River, 17s.

Seymour Kiver, 201.

Shadee Creek, 197.

Slia» Hay. 11''. -.. (v.:... .i: .. _;... v. . .i-.i .i-. .i.-ii .1-.

Shag Point ilistria. &c, L'.">2. 286, 289, 270.

Shag River, kc, 288, 293.

are Hay. 182.

- ire Cliil, 134.

Sheffield, 233.

Stalls as source of lime, tic, 17-18, 37, 38, 411, 47, 62, r.i. 69, 7:'. 73, 77, 85.

Sheila, phoaphatu*, 18.

' •li'M-'. JJJJ.BOj II I ft 1 H , |o> Wholly sands, 37, I". 290.

Sheriff Ui

Sherwood Station. 196.

Shotuver River, 266.

I*s Quarry, Cav«raham, 294. Silica, 14.

I

limestone, 61, 165, fee.

'. I llllt'-MJIIC, 1)1, |U.), ffil', Silicified limestone, 2:!. 64, 93.

oiiicincu limestone, j.s. oi, ...;. Silverdale or Wade. 66, 67, 68, 70.

uuiuuiuo "i ti.nir, vu, uj, uo, (11. Silverhorn (mountain), 260.

■

uu.mo.uw.hu . ..m,,. «,.,, ITO, I'U. Silverstream (Tsieri Co.), 273, 274.

Oliver-stream (laieri km.), zia, Sinclair Head, 163.

ranoiarr neao, io.i. Sinter, calcareous. (See Travertine.)

Sinter, siliceous, 22. CUlnn',, Mill C.n

Bill, 60.

Skipp i

Slaked lime. [Set Lime, slaked.)

Slate Creek (Westland '

Slate c reek (Westland Co.), 220. Slate River (Collingwood Co.), Jijo.

Slickensides, 39, 57, 67.

miVItTHIHHHIB, OV t ■>!, 'tl. Slip Stream 94.

Slippery or Mav Creek, 72. 73.

or nay < reex, ._, /J. Slope debris, talus, fee, 23, 198, 199, 200, 220, 223,

248. (See also Limestone, friable or soft.)

Slug Creek, 187.

Smart, Mount, LOl.

Smith's Creek, 4t>.

Bmoothwater Creek, 230.

Smyth Creek, 226.

kjiliy 111 i,ii.i i\, UU, Island, 291.

Soda, 16.

OOUH, 10. Soft limestone. (Set Limestone, Enable or soft.) Soil

Exhaustion of, by excessive application of lime, 3.

Lime needed by, 2, 3.

Wealth produced by, I.

Somen, Mount, 212. 243, 292.

Sounds ' lounty, 181.

South Canterbury, 246, 247, 250, fee.

Smith Makara, 162. Si .nt li nr Pnimmni niv H;i rlimir '".HI

South or Perseverance Harbour, 290.

Smith Taranaki Bight, 135.

.-'HUM I ill N Hit hj 1 infill, ~><>. Southern Alps 195, 211. 224. 239, 241,244, 245, 261. Southland Countv. 281 84. 290.

Southland County, 281 84, 290. Southland, old Provincial District of, 288, 292, 293, 2! 14.

Spar, dog-tooth, Iceland, nailbead, 17. (See alxo Calcite.)

Spenser Mountains, 192, 195.

Sphinx Rock, 193.

Spirits Hay, 36, 37.

Springburn, 242. 243, 244.

Springfield, 232, 233.

Springs ' lounty, 238 39.

Squire's farm, 218, 250.

■ ' | IM 1 < 1-1 1 I 11, _'MP. Stalactites and Btalagmites, 17. 20, 21, 22. 23, fee. Stanton River, 196.

Staveley, 243.

Stewart Island. 288 89.

Stillwater Creek, fee., 212, 213, 217.

Stillwater Junction, 213, 217.

Stirling, 287.

Stony Creek (Awakino Co.), 99, 101.

Stony Creek (Lake Co.), 260.

Stony or Te Wharau River (Inangahua Co.), 187, 209.

Stonyhurst homestead, 218,

Stratford County, 121-25, 128, 129, 133. <tr.itfx.r-. I l"iwL- ' ITO

Stratford Creek, I7it.

Stratford district, fee., 120, 123, 124.

I lil 11111 I 1 lIIMIII t. i\<',, 1 _!.■, I_<), I—l. Strathmore, 121, 125.

Stratli Taieri. 266, 27::.

Stratification, definition of, 26.

Strawberry Point, 61.

Strike, definition of, 26.

Studholme Junction, 251.

Sub-antarctic islands, 2'il (See -d.su Outlying islands.)

isimuis. / Sullen's. (See Sellen's.)

Sulphur, 16

Sumner, Lake, 2 1,.

Sutherland Sound, 263.

Sutherland's, 2 is.

Swale River, 201.

Sylvester Creek. 212, 213.

Systems, geologica I, 23 26.

T.

Table of geological system-, 25.

Tagliamento .'liver (Italy), 244.

i aiina-memo ruver ,-n. T;i haenui, 11".

pa, 288.

Tai.ri County, 271. 272, 273 76

Taieri Plain, 273.

Taieri Plain, l*pl M ' r - 266, 273.

Taieri River, 275, 287.

. 135, 136, 137.

Lcauiaucj 1.1.7. 1 ~</, Taihore Road, 121.

Taipo Range, 157.

Taipos fl.ilM. 156, 167.

Takaks County, 165, 170 74, L 75

Takaks district, fee, 171.

Takaka River. fee., L7O, 171. 173. 17!, 184.

Takapau, 139, 140, 142. lilt. 14:,, 147. 160, 132. Takapuna, |> , . , -

I -i i.. > I "i i ..i. \i;i. Takatahi, 86.

Takorates Hill. 92.

Tain- or slop deposits, 23, HIB, 199, 800, 220, 223. 'Ms.

Tamaki River, 71.

Taneatu

810

Tangarakaa Stream, 'torge, &c, 117, 125, 126.

Tangitu Creek, 41.

Tangoio, 1 12.

Tangowahine, 56, 57.

Tansei ' Sreek, 212. 2]5.

lansey »..ieerv, .ti*v, ±i<>. Tapanui, 285, 288.

lapauui, i(w, ton. Tapu, 76.

Tapuae Creek, IL9.

Tarakohe, 172, i 7:t. I7t.

laraKone, i >_, i .... i > >. Taramakau River, 212, 213, 224, 231. T... mn 1.„„ CUftlananl ■> I'l 91 K

Taramakau Settlement, 213, 215.

Taramokau <>r Taramoukoa Stream, 117.

Taranaki Bight, South, L 36.

Taranaki County, 119 21, L 27.

Taranaki, old Provincial District of, L 34, &c.

Taranaki Point (Kawhia Co.), 79.

Tararu, 77.

raxarua Range, 131, 147, 14*. L 52, 154, L 56, 169, 160.

Taratu Coal-mint', 287.

Tarawera ( Kasl Taupo < o.). "-'B.

larawera (J'-ast Laupo < ".). lira. Tanv,it.i. Mounl, 89.

jiiiaweia, itiouin, ov. Tarawliaii, 44.

Taringatura Range, 27!t.

Taruarau Spur, 111.

Tata Islands, 171, L 72, IT!!.

Taueru, Taueru limestone, L 57, 168, L 69, LOO.

Taumarunui, 107, 108, 1 18, L 26.

i aumai unui, kvi, iw, no, '-"■ Taumatataire Hill, LOO.

Taupiri, 79,

Taupiri i rorge, 83.

Taupo County, East, 9.

Taupo County, Wert, IU7-8. 'IV. r _1 QO lilT 1.10

Taupo, Lake, 88, hit. IoS.

B . Boiler C , LB7, LBB, 191.

Hay (Whangaroa Co.)- 37, 42.

Tauranga < lounty, 86.

Tauranga distriol. fto., .8,

Tauranga Barbour, 85.

Taurj Kara Bay, 51.

Tawairoa Range, 102,

jnntiiioii , ivb Tawera County, 232 33, 239.

Taylor, Lake, 217.

Taylor's Pass, 181, 107.

Te Akatea or Olen Massey, 70, 82, 88.

Te Akiiu, 80.

Te Allan. Like, 275. 270. 280.

Te Apiti.' 141.

I e .\piu, i+ i. Te Aral, 97.

Te Araroa, 92, 93.

Te Aroha, --4.

Te Aroha Stream, 07.

Te Aute or Opapa, 112. 115.

Te Aute limestone, II I. 15s. 139, 141.

Te Awaite, 160.

Te Aw.imutu, ss.

Te Bare Point, To. 80.

Te Baroto, 108.

IV Kalia, 90.

Te k.-inika. 05.

Te Kiini I 'nek, 43.

Te Keru. 01.

Tc Koau Point, 01. 02.

'IV Kuiti district, to., s:;. 34, 88, v. 99, ml. 103

11 .«■'/., lis. 110. 120, 124. 125. 125. 120. 155

Te Kuiti iimestone, 99, 101, 102 el «?. 'IV \h,U, (Hanb's RflV CnV 11' 11:1

'IV Mate (Hawke's Baj Co.), 112. II::.

Te M:ii.i (Raglan ''".).' si'.

Te Mill.-. I'niiii [Whangara Co.), 52. 'i- \i;i . i> ...;.. ..1..

Te Mjka Peninsula, si;. 'i'.. \i:i... , 'Kit ioo

Te Miko (lil). iss.

Te Moana, Upper, 247.

le .Huana, uj'lH'r. _,,. Te ' Ipu, 52.

'IV Paka ~r Soargil], 822, 22a

ii- i una mi gvailuU] ---. Te Puke, 85, 00.

Te Raii-a-moa. 86, 87, 102.

If I lil II .1 NH ... . OU, 01, 1V... Te Reinga, 109, 110.

Te Reinga Falls, 109, 110.

la, 128.

l e U aewae Bay, 279. Ft. ll' . 1... l> ".. I 1 I

Te V¥aka Range, 111. 1.. v\...■ 1 ■•; I in

re (Vera, 125. L3O.

..•1, 89,

Te Whanga Lagoon, 289.

Te Wharau, 158, 159. -,,...,, I' ,!...■ 18l "ll'l

Te Wharan or Stony River, 187, 209.

Te Wharu Bay, 86.

Te-ana-hohonn Cai■■. v ''. Teaneraki, 255, 257.

I eaueraio, 200, -■< -

Tengawai Rii er, 245.

Tenui or Tinui, 166

Te-pura-pura, travertine at, 161. IVaL/.lm t <*,, TdmL'iiL. i

Terakohe. {Set Tarakohe.)

Terore awairoa (rocks), 106.

Tesohemakar's, 253.

Thames County, 76-77.

Thames district, feo., 76, .7,

Thames, Firth of, 73.

Thames or Waihou River, 76, 78, 85, 88.

The Cartlea, 167, 168.

The Elevation, 182.

The Gorge Railway-station, 144, 147.]

The Two Brothers, 212.

The Whan, 71.

l lie it iiau, * i. Thomas, Mount, 235.

Thomas River, 232.

Thompson's Hound, 278.

Thornbury, 280.

Three-channel Flat, 186, 187.

'L'ikorangi Hill, 53, 64.

Timaru, 243, 245. 246, 248, 249.

iimaru, &*o, --tj. Tinakori Road, 162.

iniaKori r\uau, i"_. Liniii ur Tenui, 15t>.

Tiramnea Stream, &c, 151, 153. Tinm. Pninl 00.

Tirua Point, 99.

Tokatoka, 56, ■">'. 58.

Toko, 122, 123. 124, 12:.. L2B.

1 oko, 122, l _.», i_*. liO. Totomairiro or Milton, 286, 286, 294.

Tokomairiro Plain, ttc, 285, 288.

Tokomaru (Waiapu Co.), 92, 93.

1 1 ittuijicii 11 \ ii iiiiijMi \j*j-i, a—, ail. Tokomaru (Horowhenua Co.), 152. Tokorahi, 258.

Tolara Bay, 96, us.

Tom Bowline (or Bowling) Bay, 3<i.

1.0111 i>owiiiiu LMiwiiiiji; i>a_\ , ■>". Toino ( = holes or caves), 105.

l unto = notes oi raves/, ivu. Tone River, 198.

lone ruver, iyo. Tongaporiiiu River, 117.

Tongariro, Mount, 118.

Torehine, 74, 75.

1 iJltTllllt,', l-±, lU. Torekiapokia Stream. 04.

Torlesse, Mount. L9B.

Totara (Waitakj Co.), 264, 265.

Totara. Flat (Grey Co.). 210, 216. 217.

Totara Point (Kawhia Co. . 86.

Totara River (Buller Co.), 188.

lotara ruver (miner uo.j, iss. Totara River Wertland Co.), 226.

IUI-Ulil I\lH'l I Ul'Mliinil vaj.;, Totoro, LL7.

Totoro'Road, IU6.

Towai, 46. 'l' ~; i i»~i>l> 11

Towai Creek. 41.

1 owai ( reek. 4 I. Transport, means of, cost of, o, 6, 8, 10, 1 , Ac. (sft ''/■-'• I '"Unties.!

Transport, problem of, 8.

Travertine, 17. 20, 22. 23, 13. 47. 97, 98, 119, 127-28, 149, 156, 161, 162, 170, 180, 193, 194, 200, 202, 212. 229, 266, 292.

tsuu, _>'_, ji_, __;», _<>.<. _-'j.. [Veli.-i.siek Basin, 198, 232, 233.

Tripp's Pa&S, 245.

Tuakau. S2.

Tuapeka County, 284 86, 288.

Tuapeka Mouth, 386.

Tuatapere, 280.

Tucker or Perseverance Cove. 2iK>.

Tufl or tufa, calcareous, 17. {Sc? also Travertine.)

311

Tuhua Range, 102, 107.

i uuun IU-, IU(, Tukurua Point, 169.

iURIUUiI rUlllfl, ID'J. Tukurua Stream, 166.

Tuparoa, ;'2.

Turanga Creek, 71.

Turanganui, 161. TnmiMln I '■.,,.. 11l 11.:

Turnagain, Cape, 141. 146. Til rt. tin imn luaa I A<t

TumbulTs iron lease, 166.

Turntable Hill, 47.

i immune jiin, -i i. Tutaekuri River, 112.

Tutamoe, 57. U1..,.- I IO

Tutira Block, 112.

Twelve Apostles Range, 212.

im-iw i\<irii;e, _l_. Twelve-mile or Few's Creek, 2~>{l. 260, 263.

Two Brothers, The, 242.

Tycho Valley. 249.

u.

Umangawha Stream, ftc, 74, 75.

l UUUIgSWUa iSlß'lllll. CEC, l-i, 10. Underwood, Port, 183. I'mti-il i'.,ornT I'i iin t hoi i'w Iraiinrni- I 7'l

United Copper Company's tramway, IT','. ["niti.fl Riw.r- A,. I _ < "

United Kiver, &c, 178. U: I (|L> ->l L 1 ■*!.■>

L're Kiver, I9S. 201, 202.

Drenui, 117. ,.,,!,., t ».- DO 111 I

Urewera country, ( . 90.

L'takura Stream, 45.

i/uuLura aiiiwuii, -*■). CTtapu, 126. I'lii-,, i-(-. ]•)•:

Utiku. 135. 13D.

V.

Vein? or lodes, ealeitie. 22. 311. 53. 57. 59, 63, 65, H7. 7K. 75 /( seq, 90, '.>:>. 94, 98, 229, kc.

Veins or lo ( ies. gold-bearing, 7(i.

Venice, Venetia (Italy), 244.

Vernon, Mount, 139.

* ernoii, jjuimt, i.y.t. Victoria Valley, :i'i. 37. :is.

Vieu Hill, 234.

Vincent County, 263, 264 66, 267. Von Valley, 263.

w.

Wade or Silvcrdaie. 66, 'i7. 68, 70.

Waerenga-o-kuri, 97.

Waharoa, 84.

Wahi Lake. 79. W'.,;.,,.., (\uinU (ll ll'f III!

Waiapu County, 91-93, 96.

itaiajui \_<niui.y. :>i-;t.>, :<u. Waiapu River, 92. Waiarek;i dist riet or v:illev 'TiJ.

Waiareka distnet or vuley, 254.

Waiau district, tc. (North Canterbury), 196.

Waiau Plain, 195.

Waiau River, 196.

Waiau Kiver (Wallace Co.), 279. 280. H'„;i, « ~» (»t„ ■ .u„„„„ r\ i. , -

Waihanga or Waiohanga ''reek. 45.

""■"""■If" OI riBIVIUUIIEO ' I <-' K. *J. Waihao Downs, 250, 251.

Waihao Forks. 249.

i>ainao runts, z*». Waihao Kiver, &c., 249. 250.

Waiharakeke ' feck. 45.

Waiheke Island, 71.

\\ aineKe i>iano, ( i. Waihemo County. 252. 266, 268-70, 271. H'„ :i.„ i:..t „:..". e.,. oco of»<

Waihemo district, fto., 268, 294. ll.'_ :i ¥7.11._ I" ->,:fi

Waihemo Valley, Upper, 269. Waihi. 77, 78.

"iiihi, i /, /». Waihi Goldfield, 22.

v\aini i toianeia, Waihirere, 96, 9s.

Waiho River, 231.

Waihola Gorge, 285, 287.

Waihola Lake. 273.

Waihola limestone, 287. nr.Jk.~-. -.- n'n;i.„io u,. oil

Waihora or Waihola 273.

Waihou Kiver (Hokianga Co.), 43.

Waihou liner (Thames Co.), 70, 78, 85, 88.

Wailiuka River, 94.

Waikaia, 281. Wfl.ibn.lrfl "s.l

Waikaka, 281.

Waikakariki Stream, 97, 9s.

Waikanae district. River. 152.

rvaiKanae district, tuver, IoZ. Waikaraka Stream, 44, 45. \\ iiiL;i i.. 1 -i L ~ s"!

Waikare, Lake, 83.

Waikare Kiver, 112.

Waikaremoana, Lake, 89, Waikari district, &0., 2ls .t seq., 23.'!, 237.

Waikari or Waikare Inlet, 44.

Waikato County, s:i 84, 87. u',i ;i-<it., d>di)d tii on

Waikato Heads, 79. 80.

Waikato limestone. /1.

Waikato Plain, -Middle, 83, 87.

Waikato, Port, 83. U'oll/nin t?;,.,». 3, n 71 nn oi on

Waikato Kiver, &c., 73, 79, 81, 82, 83, 87, 88.

Waikawa, 284.

Waikauau, So.

Waikohu County, 93-96, 98.

Waikohu or Waikopua Creek, 71, 72.

Waikohu River, 94.

Waikonini, 111.

\> aiKonini, in. Waikopua Creek, 71. 72.

Waikorai (?), 201.

Waikoromnmu Stream, 170.

Waikouaiti Bay, 273.

Waikouaiti County, 271-73.

Waikouaiti district, &e., 271, 272, 273, 275 294.

iittiwjuaiu uißijiiei,, a.e., .11, _ zio, ZiO, zy-1. Waikouaiti North Head, 271. \\ aiknka ('ivck -l."i

\\ aikuka Creek, 45.

Waikura Valley, 91. n aoo -in

Waimairi County, 238 39.

Waimairie, 186.

Waimakariri River, 244.

Waimaniaku River, &c, 43, 44.

Waimangaroa, 191.

11 iiiiii.instil i j<», i<i i. Waimarama or Waimirima, 112.

I» .1 I Mlrl t,l IN.I Ol II .1 |II| | I | HI,I, 1 li. Waimarino County, L 26 27, 132, L 36.

nanimiiiio (.ijuiity, l.ij., l.M>. Waimarmo district, &c, 119, 126.

Waimate County, 245, 248, 249-51, 252, 253.

Waimate district (Waimate Co.), 219. 251.

Waimate distri- I (Waimate West Co.). 12s,

»i annate iiisirui (uaunaie nest to.). | _'.s, Waimate North fWhaniraroa Co.). 45. 250.

Waimate .North i H hurigitma to.), 40, 200. Waimate Weal County, 12s, 129.

Waimea County. 170, 174-81, 194.

Waimea Plain (Waimea Co.), 17-3, 180. Waimea Plain (Southland (',,. t Mil -?H9. 9«s

Waimea Plain (Southland Co.), 281, 252, 288. Waimea Railway-station. 282.

Waimea River (Waimea Co.), 180.

Waimiha. 108, 119.

Waingarara, 90.

Wain»aro, 79, SO. 81, 82. U',i.„.orn Dil,« 171 1 -'!

Waincraro River. 171. 1,3.

n amgaro tuver, t / 1. ii.i. Wainui or Herbertville, 141.

Wainui-o-mata Stream, L 62. \\ a ?o!i!i rn'n ('rii'L- iTlumne ('i\ ~\ 77

Waiohanga Creek (Thames Co.), 77. Waiohanga or I'irau Stream ( Bay of Islands Co.), 44.

Waiomio, 46, 47. 61.

Waiomo, 76.

Waiongona-iti Stream, 119.

t>ilii ii IgVIM -ll i .111 fit 111, I I It. WsioUTU, 126, L 34, 135.

u uouru, i -o, ij4, l &). Waipa Collieries, 88.

Waipa County, 87-88. W'ajpa district, 105.

w aipa uist net, 1U;). Waipa River, 79, 80, 83, 85, ST, 88, 102, 106.

Waipahi Junction, 288.

Waipaoa River, 93, 94.

Waipapa fKaikoura Co.), 205.

Waipapa Rivet gorge, 44.

mupsjiH riivi'i gorge, **i. Waipapa Stream (Clifton Co.), 116.

,I<ll|irl]M k.ll irtlLll \J*J. /, I |U. Waipara Connlv. 197, L> 17 24. 233, 234, 236 237 238, 247.

Waipara County, soft limestone of, 219-20, 223.

312

Waipara district, to., 218, 219, 223, 231',, 243.

Waipara Biver, 108, 218, 219, 236. i,i:

Waipatiki, 146.

Waipatiki Valley, Sec, I 12.

Waipawa County, 112, 138-40, 111, 143.

Waipawa tlistritt. 138.

Waipawa Gorge, 133.

Waipawa River, 13s. 133.

Waipiro, Waipiro or ()],cn Bay, '32. 93.

Waipori Lake 273.

Waipu district, &c, 49, .71.

Waipukapuka Stream, 77.

Waipuku, 124.

*1 ill |,lll\ll, I _-tWaipukurau County, I3S-4H. 111.

Waipukurau district, ir.. 138, 13'.'. 140.

,f ,H|IIIIIIM<UI HI, UV .) lilt'j I^*', Waipunga Stream, 108.

Wairakai i. 98.

Wairarapa limestone, 160.

>i airaia |ia timesvuue, mi. Wairarapa Plain. 157. 160, I'd.

il ai i aea |ia i iaoi, \■> i, i\r •, mi. Wairarapa Valley, Mil.

Wnirarapa South County, 158-59, 160.

W.in.iu River, &c, 181,*182, Is;;, 195,203.

W no t, ['alls. 102. 106.

Wairewa County. 238-39. ir..; i ■ ..- tuf inn in iii

Wairua County, ins. 109-10, 111-

Wairoa district, kc. (Wairoa Co.), 109, 110, 114.

Wairoa district, &c, Northern, 292, 294.

Wairoa Grorge, River, &c. (Waimea Co.), I 78, 179, 180.

180. Wairoa River. Northern, '<>'•■ ~<^.

IT IlllUd llllUl, ,l\ll 1,111.-111, .JU. .J' Wairo i South. (>4, 72.

Wairua River, 19, 66.

Waitaha River, Settlement, 23(1.

,v a nana tuver, _.,u. Waitahn River, 208.

Waitakeri Range, •',<'..

Waitakeri or Nile River, I 88.

Waitaki County, 2.71 :,s. -.'lis. 269.

Waitaki Plain, 262, 2.7.5.

tt ililillVl 1. lillll, ■_!-■ --HI. W Hi iki River, tc, 249, 2.71. 2,72. 233. 275.

W nt.iki Btone, 2."",:;. 255.

Waitansri Series, 42. 44.

\\ aibangi Series, 4J. 44. Waitangi Stream, 45.

Waitapu, 174.

Waitara district, &c, i I' I '. 117, 120.

W litara River. 116, 119.

Waitati or Blneskin Bay, 271. 27:!.

Wairatior oay, i. 11, a la. Waitati Stream, 271.

IttMLillrl OLLl'illll, _ I X* Waitekauri. 77. 78.

Waitemata County, lit. 70, 71.

Waitemata or Auckland Harbour, (it;. 70, 7).

Waitemata series or beds, 'iti. 71, 73, 79. it7_:». i ~;.,»....,*■ «11 e... i iq

Waitewhena district, valley. &<.. ILB.

Waitohi, Upper (Geraldine Co.), 24 7-

Waitohi Valley (Sounds Co.), 182.

Waitomo eaves. 86, 102.

TV flll.Mlll\l t,VJ, 111—. Waitomo Countv. 83, 84, 85, 100, 102-7, 108, 110. I is. 120, !?■">■ I2ii, 12S.

MS. L3U, !-■>• L3O, \-*. Waitomo district, 107.

Waitomo St ream, 102.

Waitotara Countv. 124, 12(1. 129, 130, 131 34.

iianoiaia i_h, i_<i. i_:i, i ,>w, i.ji-o-%-Waitotara district, At- 128, 130, 131, 133-

wair.i.ara uisinei. txr.. i_.->. iou, ui, ioj. Waitotara River. 130, 131, L 32.

Waiuku, 7.'!-

1\ auiKii, i.i. Waiwiri Road, 116, 122, I2:i.

Waiwiri Stream, 122.

Wakamarania Kan«e. I ().")- ii7_i r» ia,. i»71..,1-..-..,... i

Wakarara Range. {Sec Whakarara.)

Wakatipu Lake, district, ftc, 259, 260, 262, 263, 265, 292, 2i>;:, 294.

Wakefield, L7B.

Wakeßeld Gully, L 65.

Wallace County. 27<i S|. I'M.

11 a ii.n < ' iiiiiin , iii uij Wan&ka, Lake, 262 11 ieq.

Wandle River, 222. ii 7. : u;..1,t 1 1 rr ii«

Wanganui Bight, 13.7. I4li. U',.,,, .....I , I't.l 13., 143 litl. 147. If,"

Wanganui coastal plain. 134, 13.7. 143, 146, 147, 102.

Wanganui Count) . 131- 3.7. 136.

Wanganui River, 106, lis. II!'. 126, 126, 132, 133. 134, 137.

Wanganui Town, district, 131, 132, I:'.::. 134, 137,. 137.

Wanganui River, lim. (fl« Big Wanganui.)

II.MI'JIMINI I.li'J. 1":- . *'->■■ »■■„ ~ i \\ ~:_■ i River, Little. i/Sa Little IV.n-

uniipmii' iv'.' ■» .' . -- Wangapeks district, River, tc, 177. 180, 193. id, 141.

Ward district, Jtc, 183, 197, 198, 199, 21 0, 202.

Wan ... 126.

Warkwortb, 38, 63, 64, 66, 12.

Warn, 48, 49.

11 il I <l. -» T. 1.1. Washbonra Bio, 1.. 166

I * . : ~ I I IP I 1 I] J J 17HH.A. I ,r... Washdyke (nearTimaru , 243. (V.,.K,1,.1-,. I i,...L- I «*!

Washdyke I r& k, 183.

Wataroa district, River. 231. w., ,-,.r-i,.v inn

Waverley, 130.

Weber, 142, 14fi.

Weber County, 146.

Welti Stream, 67. n I D U\. 1... Po«. fSutL A-/- "(U 91fl -'l'l*/

\\ tea Pass, Weka Pass Creek, Ac, 204, 218, 219 el ieq., 237,292, 294.

Weka Pass stone. 204, -Ms. 219, 220, 221, 223, 236. 247.

Wellington, 120, 152, 163. W II I '... 1- ->■.(!

Wells Creek, 230.

Wellsibrd, 63.

Welshman's, 216.

Weraroa Stream, 'J4.

\\ eraroa stream, a*. Westhaven or West Wanganui Inlet. 169.

Westland County. 224

Westland, old Pn» incial District of. 224, Ac Weal Oxford, 234.

Westport, IST. 191, 192, 21 I.

Wr.-t Taupo Countv, 107-8.

west I iiiijio i oum\ ■ ivi-o. Whaingaroa or Raglan Harbour, 4c, 7!'. 80, 83, LO5.

Whakanekerteke Stream, 45.

Wh&kapirau, 58, 62.

Whakapunake, 98.

Whakarara orWhakarare Range, 112, 138.

Whakatane County, 89-90, 91,108.

Whakatane district 89, 90.

Whakatane River, ftc, 89.

Whalebone Creek, 77.

Wha&gamata, 18.

Whangamomona County, 121, 125—26 i 133.

Whangaparaoa, 92. [l7l .... 1-1 . ,1,..,.>. I 1)

Whangape Harbour, 43.

Whangape Lake, 79.

W'l angarei County, 46, 48 66.

.. 1..1.U'. ■< ■ ■- ........... .... ■ Wliangarei district, &c, 38,44, 17 el teg., 58

II Il.lll'.iliri Ili.-UHI. HI - T I - -I ■ t i rv-f ■ ! Harbour, 49.

Whangarei He ids, 49, 51 ■

\\ !l IIILJiI !i I ll'.'.H>. !:•. -.11. Whangarei limestone, 48 el *tq., 58, 72. 86.

Whangaroa (iounty, 4 1 -43.

Whangaroa <Ust rict. &c, 41.

Whangaroa Harbour, 37. H, 42, 56.

u [lUlLUriiuti uaiuuui| Wharanui, 183, 202.

Whare Flat, 274.

Wharekuri, 249, 2.73. 258.

Whareora, 19, 90.

Whan orino Mountain, 99.

Whareponga, 92.

Wharerangi, 1 12.

Whatatutu district, oil springß, 93, 94.

ItlMl.llUlll UIMILCI. Ul* BpXIUgD, ..... (T«. Whau.The, 71.

u nan. I ne, . IWhauwhau Valley, 48, .72.

Wli. nuakurs River, 130, 131.

wnenuaKura tuver, i..u. i.h. Wheturua Hill. 94.

\\ ni'iiii ua iiui. ;.-,. Whitoombe I'.'--. 240, 241.

White, Mount, 232, 233.

Whitebum, I 12.

Whiteolifls (Clifton Co.), I IT.

Whiteoliffs (in Malvern Co.). 230, 240.

813

White Rock quarries (Ashley Co.), 235, 236. Willi.. !?,,.., <t ,i,..., i i.\....1,.~ ...../ ■.. \ i ,■.. ■

Wlihc K.'ck Si ,111.11 (Feathereton Co.), 160, 181.

"' ' ■ • ' '■"■■! II rxtvUDIBWU 1 ". J. ! Irl 1, |II|, WhiU Elock Stream (South Canterbnrj ,250

Whitford, T2.

Wilberforce Goldfit 1.1. 211. U'ili I t>; •._ .11.

Wilberforee River, \. . 2 10.

132. U',1.,.,,, PI. a-w

Wilson River, 2Ts.

Wimbledon, 140.

Wingatni, 286, 276.

..•■■- - - '•'■ Willi..ll I'LL'. 281, 292.

i> iih _,._, £3l, _•.,_. Wiivmn Road, travertinf near, 127-28. \V led Peak, ITS.

Woodthorpe, I 12.

U .. rlMH.rpe. I l_. Woodville Countv, 144 4(5.

mn'iium I'miini i-ii tilWoodvflle district, ftc, Ml. 1 18, 162.

INDKX [I.—PERSONAL NAMES, IXCI.T'J>IX<: COMPANIES, ETC.

A.

A 4 :no, .1. 11.. Tl, 70. 94. 95,

Adkin.G 1..!.T2. ' .: nQ ......,i. i\ i.- ..,.1

Ainsworth, W. I".. 291.

Aitohison, E., 161.

Akitio County Council 151.

..\klllO , (,lllll\ , 11111101. 1.11. AP. to It V., 74.

Ainnel ant! Sons. 111. ~. a t r- >,,

Anderson, .1. G-. 31.

Amir, », A. I! . 285, 286, 287.

Andrew, .1. ('.. 166.

Armstrong, W. H., st.

Armstrong, w . 11.. s,. Artlinr and Docherty, 220.

Aspinal, J.. 113. B. ' . 3, 8, 23, 311. 31, 32, 33. 34. 69, 0::. Tn. tc.

Atkinson, It . 50 .'.3. 64, 120, 133.

Anld, W. 8., 210

B.

Bacon, 8., 43. 153.

Bain. Tl I' . 31.

Baker, A. .1., 100.

Baker] 8., 82.

Hall. T . 3T. 292.

Bark, r. C. 8., 289.

Barfo r, 1 . s.. 2s:t. Barron. A,. 221.

Berths, 11.. I2T.

Hartnitn. .1 A . Tl. TO. s;,. ISO, 192. 216.

1.. 100.

Basstian, C., 280, 203.

Bayfield, A. !>.. 133, 179.

Baylis, '.. de 8., 32, 33. 1'...1l 1 11 9RS

Bell, A. It . 268. 11,11 tk W ITO

1111. A, W., I TO.

Bell, .1. IL, 37, 76, 117, 118, 119, 154, 163, 170, 171, ISO. 101. 2IT. 231. 232.

LOW, 1.1 t, -11, _■>! , _J^. Bonham, W. 8., 69.

.. . i>., ow. Bickerton, A. W., 2:1:1.

Bidwill, J. ('.. 109.

Birch, , 136.

I'.irk-. K. 1... 07.

DTKB, li. 1... 01. 3O, 235, 243, 250, 26«, 257, 268, 272,

2TO. 280, 287.

Blackburn,-. Smith, and Co., 242.

Blaine, -I. 1'... 146, 149.

Blair, W. G., 264.

Blair, W. N'.. 239, 240, 2ST. 264, 265, 206, 269,

272. 276, 2TO. 2TT. 2ST.

Blake, 8. J., 67.

iii.iKf, d. J., ai. r, A. V., 31.

Blood, 1.. 51.

UIOOU, 1 a 01. Blond, 11. 11., 45.

Panili. ('. NT. 271',, 277. J

Bowron. 8. W., 199.

Dowron, c » ~ i»». Breese, —, 63.

Brcnchdly (IBronchley), T. F., 155.

Bieoobley, T. ¥., 155.

Bridfton, T. A., 67.

Broadgate, V. K.. L 63.

Bzodenoa, P., 156. * UroiL-n (• \P.*. lflQ

Brown, C„ 165, 189.

Brown, H. H., 120.

Brown, .1.. 'i.

Buchanan, J., L 34, 285.

Buchanan, M., 159.

Buckman, H. ().. :t.

oiu-Kiiiaii. n. u., &. Buehler, H. A.. 31. n..:. i i i>.. li i i i

Buick and Russell, Ml'.

Bailer County Council, 189. 190.

Burgess, U. E . 94.

C.

C. and 8., 2.TT.

Cairns, —', 257.

Calilor. H.. 2T2. 2T4. 294.

Cain, Ton, —, 157.

Carey, G. 11.. 272

Came, -I E., 34.

Carswell, D., 157.

Carter, G. 11.. 67, 68.

Can, 11. S.. Il:l.

Chappie, .1.. os.

Chaytor, 8., I s:l

Clark. W., Mil.

Cliil W. E il.

Clark.-. I'., de ('.. 3T. 41. 43. 44, TO. 72. 73, 119, 121, 170, 171, 180, 194.

Clark-Walker, G., 65.

Cockavne. 1... 147. 152. 103.

Cockayne, 1... 147, 152, 163. Colbeck, Captain, .TO. 60, (il.

Cook i '..not v i '.inn, il. tttj. 07.

Cooke, 11. I: . 61.

Cooper, W. 11.. 112.

uooper, u . n.. 1 1_. Copeland, I'. A . 112.

lotion. ('. A.. .TO. T2. 163, 183, 203, 206, 233, 237, 204. 200. 20T. 2TO.

jo+. :ini. .in, _ ,0. Cottrell iiml Kennedy, Hit. 1 , □ IS lu (<i -ii ~ t CO .-. 1 '— = u list o«j

Cox. S. If.. Is. 10. 50, 51, .-.2. 54, 57, 58, 60, 63,

v <r-i. >'. 11., to, ttf, ir\r, til, lf_, .it, ill, .jo, (IM, UO, or,, lio. 73, TO. 80, '.'2. 151, 1.

Craig, .1. J., 40. .-,1. 80, 81.

vr.UL'. <>. J., 10. 01. eu, 01. Crawford, J. ('.. lis. mi, 127. 134, 137, 138, 148, 161. 152. 156. 101. 102. 163.

161, 1.»2. 166, 101. 102. 10.1. Croft, 'l'.. 2:10.

Cropp, —. 226.

1. lO|>[>, , UD. Curley, .]. I!., r,s.

(o-.n. li. 84, 88. 89, 107, 118, 119.

D.

Dslglaish, ('. s.. 22T. 22&

1'.,-I. ,-. W.. 111'.

Davidson, .1.. 201.

Davis, K. 11. 17s,

i 'it i i>, r.. xi,. l ,o. Dcnniston, R. 8., 276.

i«-nnision. i\. ii., ziu. Dent, —. 50.

Deverell, W., 30.

Dickson, FL, 209, 21". 213, 227, 228.

Ui.llcolm.li. K. W., 109, 128, 133,

I ihiicnoa, n. i-,. \> ~ nr.i, l-'O, Ud. Dooherty, W., 228, 230.

Dodson, —, 183.

Dominion Cement Company, 49, 54. Dominion Lime Cunoanv "*,-,

Dominion Lime Company, 286.

314

Douglas, C 2311. 231. 2:12.

.1., 260.

Douglas, T. 1.. 2.",".

Drew, 8. H.. 133.

Drummond, . 177. 180.

llun. \V. 8., 2..^.

mm. w . D-, Doncan, J., 262. i, r Q mi

Dunn, ■!. 8., 11l

l)i. Toil. A. 1.. 33.

Dye, I . 66

..... , . Dyaon, . 109.

E

ISarwaker, —, 09.

l.iUHlillll, , Mi'. Elliott, .1, \\".. 259.

I'.lnitt. .1. u .. _'.,■'. Elliott, .1., 101.

Kills. ' .177.

Kills Bros., 280.

. ::7. 39

Enys, J. I).. 2:12, 217.

Brans, -I. 10.. hi. 1... .. u ttti

fSrans, R . 2:17.

F.

r. Farmers' Union, Ballance, 150.

Farqnbarson, U. A., 279, 281.

L'euuuueuovu, *»■- u.| . *-, Field, (J. K.. IT!'

Elfield, Mi

Finlaya V W-, 264, 268, 267, 270.

Pippin, E. 0., 3.

Foley, .69

1:' W., 207. !.-■ 1 II II Oill •> 111

KorlK-«. 11. I'., 239, 2411

roroot. ti. t>., -*J. L'„_U 090

Ford, . 2:111. Fox. I'. !•:.. 70.

POX, t . 1'.., IU. Fox, 8., 188.

Franklin, 9 . 11l

r [HiiKi ■•,, mi. Fraser, a, 74, 7.;. 77. 7s, 217, 231.

r nisei. ' ~ ii, iu, ii, 10, .11, French, . \~'.

rrenuii. -, i *-. Puller, W., 16

I'lllltT. >\ ~ -lU. Porniss, -1., 81

G.

Gaby, 11. ■!.. 123.

Gardiner, K.'. I In.

luirvio. A . 2^5.

Garrie, T. ■! . 281.

Gates, . 103, 104.

Gcikie, A., 21, 24. flßloton \ .[ .iT

Gelston, A. J., ,7. tii'lv. I.' <: I ,;7

Gibbs, F. G., H. 7.

Gibson, .1.. 2H7 mn:..„ -'*-.

Gillies, . 285

Giflborne Borough Council, H7.

('.,1-loti [lav Crtin.nl Company. 172, 173.

Qoodall, J., 2111.

Qoodger, -1., 265,

l.tiuu-ri , -1., _,,-,. Gordon, 11. A.. 17.

Gorman. -I . 283.

liorinan. •'., --■>. Qrare. W. G„ 263 (footnote).

I,rave, u . ',.. ZD3 (loonioLCf. Qray, 'l'. li., 290.

11reen, E K. 2,5.

Lirren, r.. r... i*u. Qreymouth Harbonz Board, 214.

(ir('\ lIIiniLII Hill Ulllll UUWU, -i-r. Guiiex, M. (.'.. 23:1. 245. 2111. 248, 2111. 25H. 251. Gwatkin, H. CI., 122.

H.

Haast. J. v.,1,.. 30, 195, 197, 205, 2211. 2:11. fee

.i. yju.f ■>", !■'•'. ■-■'. -u«, u-w, -«»•, Hall, A. li.. 3.

Hall! C. T..'202.

nun, i . i.. in-. Hall-Jonas. \\\. 246.

Hail-Jones, w., -v>Hamilton, A.. 86, 116, 252. 258,281.

Hamilton! 11.. 226, 227.

Hamilton, li., 220, 22.. Hamilton, w. s„ 281, 284.

Handyside, F., 151.

Hardcastle, J., 2*9.

garrison, ■' - ''■ 65.

riHMI-lIM, ■! .. ■•! , ■'■'. Hurt..-, 11.. 114. 141.

Hay, !».'. :si.

Hay] P.S., 272, 276, 287,

Hayes, J., 166, 167.

Hayward, ''. K . 55.

DAjrwniu, ■ • > - . ■■■■■ Heaphy, <'., 76.

Hector, J. t 30, 36, 13, H. 17, 58. ''■*. ""■ T:i - 7t '- 108, 11 ■

Henare, I . ■'■

rn'ii'irc, i . >•• Henderson, , 175, 176.

I icjlilt-l -i in, , i ' ■', ! n, D., 161.

| lITIH'T -"11, I '.. lUI, Hendei J . 72, 79, 89, 99, 101, 102, 107, 115, 140, 11-'. 148, 111. 145. 14>1. 184, 156, 168, 171, 174.

1 1 1, i /■*. Hepburn, J., 272.

Higginson, BL, 250.

Hikurangi Coal Company, 49.

Hilgard,E. \V.. 3.

Hilgendorf, F. W., 239, 244, u.ii a no ins inn lln 111 111 115. I.'U. 130.

Mill H . 98, 108, 109, IH>. 111. 114. 115, 134, Uh. 137 L4O 141, 14. J. 140, 148, 151.

Hi]], J., 282, 292.' IKII.I I W V !•>

Killebrand, W F.. 12.

R . 49.

Hobson, , 175. t, .... -,. --, -.; ~f, U"J U.l tt r .

Hochstetter, F. v.,n, :»'. 70, 73. 78, 79, 83, 84, 86, M, 87, 88, 89, 103, 105, I"',. 1"7. 108, 109

Hodson, t>„ 282

Hm.l-.ui. .1 . 256, 2iill.

Hogan, I).. 138.

Hogg, A . 146.

Boldi'ch.Thos.. 132.

Mnllllrll, 1 DOS., IJZ. Holland, 11. 11.. 218, 220.

Holmwood, E. 1.. 168.

Honore. C. ■' . s .

Hopkins, C G., B

~ 2H7.

Horn, F. I!. van, :il

Hugonin. C. P., I ,5. 176.

Hunt, II ft., 82.

Hunt, W. n. 33, 28*.

Hutchinson, D., 265, 266, 267, 292, 203.

II IlL< Ilill>< >". I'-. ->'■', -■'". -■", -v-, -.■-. Hutton. F. \\\. 30, 71. 72, 73. 74, 79, 80. 83, 87, v. 11 i. 134, 224, &,.

I.

[namrahna Farmers' Union, 208, 209, 210. r . . - i /■ _ • _: en— ~k\ *>lA

Imliistrial Commission (Qreymonth), 214. [ngram, -1., 234.

[rail te Whaite, 161,

j.

Jackman, H., 61.

.1 i..ibson, T. 8., IT".

Jameson, J., 169.

Jeffries, C. A. 62 Tntinit/in .1 A >l U

Johnston, .1. A.. 204. .11 iK n-.i *ii t S 1 '.\\i

Johnston, S., 139 Jones, 1.. J., 34.

Jordan, W. 11.. 62.

K.

K,.|l« \V. H.. 155.

Kells, W. H., 155. Kelly, —, 55.

Kelly! ! 257.

Kennedy, —, 197.

Kenny, . LBI

King, N. ft, 80.

Kirk. T. W., 74.

( Kit--11. A I'.. 246.

Knowles. C A.. 81.

KuuiilUT, F. \Y. 11., 155.

315

!,.

Lady Barklv Company, 252.

uim imihii voiiijiauv, _s_. Like Brunner nil Company! 215.

i.ihe mount i ,iii v i niljiam, .1,1. I.TTi„f,,nl R It IllU

Langford, E. 8., 109.

Law. C, 199.

Layman, F. E., 31.

Lewis. W. J., 123.

[iffiton, K. .N.. 133.

Ligar, C. W., 285.

I.illcy. 11., 50.

Lime Conference, Reeftuii, 210.

Lindon, A, 8., 233, 235.

Unee, I'"-. !■"., 31.

Lockic, —, 97. r ... f v ufia

Lookington, K. P., 2ns. M lii in

Longon, 81, 38, 40.

Looney, <;., 127, 128.

Lough'lin. 11. I'., 31.

IATUUIIIUI, * ' . A . , •> I . Lyde, L. \\\. 132. 1 xmn T I "i

Lyon, T. L., 3.

M.

McArthur, A.. 225.

McArtliur, A., zzo. McConnell, P., 32.

McCormiok , 290.

McCullooh, .1. K.. 253, 256.

Macdonald. —. 270. 277.

Macdonald, —, 270, 277. Mar Donald, —, 253. M,11,.„„M 9Q3

McDonald, —, 293.

Mac Donald, A. G„ 287.

McDonald, J., (Mo'tupipi) 172. (Milhurn) 286.

sioiyoiiam, u., (.woi,u|iiuiJ ii-, (.tiiiuunij iou. McDowell, —, 261.

Macfarlane, D., 230. \T„rS„T.„», T lie

McGowan, J., 116.

Mcintosh,' R., 209.

McKay, A.. 17, 30, 36, 37, 41, 43, 45, 46, 47. 48, Oil. 05, 74. 70, 85, Ac.j Mackay, A. R., 136.

-UacKav, a. K., l.tti. McKay, G., 55.

siena\ . i... no. Mackay, J. W., 123.

McKay,' K. K.. 55.

McKay, W. A., 159, 162.

McLacblan, H., 235. l,l t> r\ non

MacLachian, R. D., 280.

Maciaren. J M.. 76.

Maclaren, J M., (6. Maelaurin, J. D., 138.

Maelaurin. .1. 8., 57.

McLean, C. S., 87. M.T... U' Ol

McLean, W., 91.

merman, i\., 01. McLeod, H. X.. 142. 143. 103. 214.

McTaggart, A.,' 3, 6,' 7, 33, 34, 199, 206, 209, 210,

214, 219. 22<i. 222, 220. 227. 22-. 217. 245. 219.

Maddook. \Y.. 155.

Makgill, R. H., 81.

Mangonui County Council, 38, 39. \»„ ~..11 n A 119 ')SI

Mantell. G. A.. 133. 262.

Mantell. W. I). 8., 130, 133.

Mannin. !•'. K., 67.

Uappm, r. L., 6/. Marehhanks, J., 148.

Marsdcn. —. lot. \1,,-.1,.,1l H \f 9f17

Marshal!. Q. M., 267. Marshall. P., 25, 48, 51, 52, SG, fill. 01. 02. 72, 117

Haaon, W., 272.

.oason. ii., i.tz.. Matheson, A., 159.

Matthews, A., 08. 1f.Uk..,.. [." I* 11

Matthews, K. 8., 31.

Maurirevillo Lime Company, 164.

Mawstm, I).. 291.

Maxwell, J, P., 106.

Meek, J. A., 255.

Meek, O. E., 280.

MeeK, u. J!,., zsu. Meek, 1>... 280.

Meeson, J., 230. Ma-*.,.. Ifi 1Q

Merton, —, 38, 39.

Metcalfe, F., 02.

Milliurn Lime and Cement Company, 209, 277, 255, 286.

Miili.ler'ol Mines, the, 177, 224, 283.

Molineaux, 11. s., 275.

Moor,-. . 183.

Morgan, P. G., 31, 50, 50, 59, 60, 63, 64, 82, 97, 104, 121, &c. M... 1) I 7U

Morgan, R. J., 78.

oorL'iui, n. 0., io. Morrison. 11. S.. 15n. 15s.

-Morrison, 11. S-, 1511, 168. Morton, W., 140.

Mulgan, E. K., 58, 70. \1,,11n1,. T I. 1 HO

Mullaly, J. F., 110. Munro, G., 257.

.iiuiiro, u., .o/. Murray, H., 81.

N. VT„:n r, IT . .

Neill, G. H., 44.

Neill, J. C, 46, 51, 52, 53, 63.

Nelson Marble Company, 176. Mnca T 17T

Ness, J., 177. Newel 1 -Arber, E. A., 284, 288.

New Zealand Farmers' Union. Cheviot, 207.

etvw /.eaiiuiu cturmera i. iiiun, wul, -ui, New Zealand Farmers' Union, Karamu, 80.

New Zealand Marble and Cement Company, 176.

New Zealand Portland Cement Company, 176.

New Zealand Stone Company (Mount Somers), 243.

.M'W /jI.MLUIIII S3UJIU3 'A)[ll[)tl]lV I.'IUUItU OUIIU'ISJ, ±tO* Xicliolson, —, 45.

Nolan. R.'A.,'125, 129, 130.

0.

O'Brien, C, 193, 194.

Ogden, '—, ' 239'

Ogdon', H.' A. (? Ogdon), 239. (111,-... Off R Ti 9QI

Oliver, W. R. B„ 291. Ongley, M.. 38, 49, 57, 64, 67, 68, 122. 123, 127, 230. 279. 280. 281. 282.

2311. 2/9, 2SO, 281, Ormond, J. D., 113, 140. Orr, R. A., 283.

urr, tt. .t., zsa. Orton, E., 27, 28, 29, 31, 270.

P.

Palmer, —, 63.

laimer, —, uo Park, J., 25. 48, 56, 68, 60. 61, 62. 70. 4c.

raiK, j., 40, +s, iiu, os. w. 01, u_. 10. u,, Parker, R„ 150.

Parry, E., 9 (footnote).

i arrv, J*.., y tioomoeej. Parry, J. G.. 04.

Parsons, H. W., 81.

rarsons, n. iv., 01. Peach, A. E., 243.

Peake! J., 224."

Pederson,' P., 90.

reaerson, r., yo. Peonel S. V.. 27. 28. 29. 31. 270.

Peppel, S. V., 27, 28, 29, 31. 270. Peters, E., 284.

meters, r.., Pettman, A. V., 44.

lettman, A. v , ft. Pharazyn, R., 134.

Philips,'C. A., 117.

Pilcher, E. G , 165.

Poynto'n, J. W„ 166.

roynton, d. w., 100. Price. A. and G.. 49.

Price, A. and G., 49. Prior, G. T„ 290.

I nor. 1.. 1., zyu. Pnblic Works Department (Gisbornc), 96,97; (Te

Kuiti) 104, 105; (Mount Soraere) 243.

Rurnell. ('. W„ 134.

R.

Rabbit Inspector, Hokitika, 225.

Railway Department (Woodville), 144.

Railway Department Locomotive Superintendent, 179.

Ralph, W. J., 82.

Hanson, D. H. F., 172.

Raupo Farmers’ Union, 58.

Ray. C., 72.

Read, G., 284.

316

Redgate Bros., 68.

-7. 173.

1'..-.-. F. 101.

Kees, i.. im Rees, -F H . 166

. IF. Hi"..

i: . \\. k.. ui.'. Reese Bros., 864 [i l> II I I •.'!

R. 11. 3.. 189.

Raid iiml Mi Dowell, 881

Renner, G., 2m.

Reyburn, 3. R., 19.

r.i'\ niirii. .i. i,., -*•>• Rhodes, F. N'., 32. 7.3. 36.

Knooes, i'. ■>■, ■!-. o°, '""• Rhodes, ii.. 'l9

Richardson, B-, 213. 248.

mrlliirusun, Ei., ai-i, j^i,. Richardson, H., 170.

Kicharason, n., iiu. Rldilell. .].. 277.

Riddell, ■>., 2,7. Rolicrtson, —, 257.

iviiiM'l l-un, , ■»■■ Robertson, —, 276.

IVUHTI-mi, —, Jfu. Robinson, T. IF. 162.

IVIIHII-' HI. I . ii-. i "-"• Rodger, A W., 280.

Koager, -\. *> -, i, A. F. 18.

■ a., 33.

Rowe, W . 276.

Ruddell, IF R-, 66.

1).111.lull w fifi

Ruddell, W„ 66. Russell, —, 142

Ryan, .1., 161.

rvyan, u., mi. 8.

Sainsbury, A. G., 67, 68.

aainflbury, A. u., oi, wo. Sandford, —, 69.

oauuioiu, —, ' .'- ;. P. IF. 862.

Seateook, IF IF, IT2

Seddon, It. J., 90, 101.

Scfton, f:.. 81. r. „ 1-Q 17(1

Sellen, —, 178, 179.

Deueu, —, i,«,, ,■ v. Bennett, A. 1'... 103. r, A T» WO

Seymour, A. I'., 182.

s. IF. 266.

Sharp. 11. IF. 100, "'''. 122.

Shiirp. 11. 11-, i' Hl . ' "i. IJ -- Sheraer, W. IF. 31.

l-ln i/.iT, n . ii.. ■>_'■ bury, IF. i"-

.271.291.

Simaon, . 38, i". . „, „ „ ~.,

>IIII-HII. . -'C, ■»"• „ - ~- M.l Skey, W., 37, B, W, 46, .•..■.. 68, 64, .", 9,. 113, 165. 211. .v..

I.i.i. 2 11. .VI . Slatterv. .1 E., Ms.

Smith, D., 3T. 40. .. ... I.- ,l ml !,!■> !■>:! 121

Smith, E. M.. I"l. 103, 123. 121.

Smith! S.' P., 110, 114,289. L.'.„:. 1. Q 1' f.'l

Smith, s, ft., 69

Smythe, . 183.

i.-11l I i ill'. , *w Sollas, W. J., 76, 168, 169, 168

Somerrille, W., 3.

.-iniiiei \ nil-. » •. •■■ Southaate, J., 63. _ „, ~.,.,

: re 8.rk",72.204,208,218,219.221,222; 224, 233, .V-

224, tOO, i ' Squire, Mr-. M., 21«. 2.->n.

aquire, >n-. -*".. -" • Starkey. G., 2 1".

Stewart, .1. T., 134.

Stocks, W„ 243.

Straw, —, 34").

S I".. 1i 3.

Strudwioke, S. I'.. 17JSuperihtendent, Auckland Provinoe, 896.

-ill in-i uii ■ 1 1.«> ■■ ■ • - 11 O Superintendent, Hawke's Bay Provmoe, 113.

Sutherland, D.,' 258, 264.

Swindley, A. IF II . 76.

Symonds, .1. J.. 69.

T.

T. Talbot. 11.. 263 (footnote).

Tarr, j. B„ 153.

Taylor, C N.. 116.

Taylor, H.. ISO.

layior, i\.. '•"■■ Tavlor Svndioate, 216.

I aylor Bynoioaiie, .iu., Te Kuiti Borough Council, 103, 105.

Te Whaite, Iraia, 161.

11. 246.

.'a. P. W., 89. 'ii r.-i

Thompson, —, *>3.

I rnwi'wi'ii, —, "■>. Thompson, A., 81.

Thompson, A. < ■ . 57.

1 ll' 'II J JIT 'II, .\ - • ' T ■ ' ' ' Thompson, -J. s.. Ml".

1 linlll|i.iill, -l. C, !->"■ ~ A.. 199, -'i»i.

Thomson! A.V, I"7. 109.

Thomson, 'i M.. 260.

I N')III-i "11. i r. .■! ~ J '■ '■ Thomson, J. A. 130, 131, IT:,. 301, J"2. 203, 249,

X HUIII."" 'II. ■'■ -'■. '■'■• ■■••i 360, 851, 873, 2-1

Thomson, -I. 'l'.. 285.

1 rl■ 1111 -v "ii, ■". 1 . Thome, *'•.. 56.

I IIUI |[t\ ' •-. ■"'. Tiflen, 11. !•:. in.

linen, 11. 1. . i"i Todd, J. I". I in.

I nun. .1. 1, Toko Lime Company, 123.

Tombleson, J., 96. T riirnl .1 A 161.

Toogood, -I. A.. 161.

I. 11. li.. 889.

. 11.. 98.

Travers, ll.' 11.. 289. _

Trechmann, C. T. 136, IT-..

Trewin, I . "2 'l' T I I atone I iiiiuiiin v. 254.

T. 'l. i I'. Stone I ompany, 254.

T. 'l'. Comp

Turner, X. IF. 213. 1 . hi -i-i,- Proprietary Company, 218.

Tyree, —, 183.

□

Ulrich, G. 11. K.. 3". -'HI. 873, 878, 277. Ottley, 1:. H . 263, J"'--.

V.

Van ll"iii. F. li., 31.

ir, IF I". 183.

Vogel, .1., 383.

"I^l'. "■. ■ Von Haast, .1. (See Haast.)

VY.

Waip&ra County Council, 330.

uaiimra ' i.un.\ , ,11111.11. -,- -■ 11 . 1 . i-.,ii ..." M,..; ' 1..111 V 1 R2.

Uaii.-In Valley Mining Company, I*2. Wakeman, W., I 19, 150.

Walker. F. O. 11. . 82.

Nulki-r. I'. 1.. ii ■ '■- WaUaee, W. G„ 142.

Wanner, J., 1 18.

' . 1 I" Ward, J. G., ai

Waters, I" B . 858. M T „,. T .In,

Wataon, T., 808. . - iaa ,-,. i-i ui v,.

Webb, K. J. H.. HIT. 198, IT". 171, 184, 185, 188, 189, 198.

w...,i.,,,.l Punum 1 Co-orieratiTe Lime-producing

Weatland Farmers co-operaove Luna-prouuuunj Company, 888, 889. U',.<i>imh Hitrliuiir Board. 187.

Weatporl Harbour Board, IS7.

White, i .. 38, 39

White. U„ 38, .11". White, G., 55.

Whitehora, 11. 8., 170. Wild 1.. .1.. 31, :14. 804, 809, 318, 881, 222. 884, 236, 237 284

Wilkic. 11.. 132.

Wilson, B. M., 105.

Wilson! 11.. 834, 835, 839.

Wilson, N.. 93.

Wilson's l'..rthm.l Cemenl Company, 63, 94, 103, 104.

. 11.. Ml, 803, 806, 241.

u is, 11.. J"l. -."■>. -""• - •'■ Wright, K. !•'.. 243.

>, i ii;iu. i-- > .. jiu. Wright, Stephenson, uid Co., 881.

wiiL'lii. ctiepneanuu, kuu v.. Wybergh, W.. 33.

Y.

r»t«, . se.

Young. II 1

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