The rise and progress of Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand : in which will be found a colonial directory, increase and habits of population, tables of revenue and expenditure, commercial growth and present position of each dependency, intellectual, social & moral condition of the people, &c., gathered from authentic sources, official documents, and personal observation in each of the colonies, cities, and provinces enumerated

Puseley, Daniel, Saunders & Otley, London, 1857

THE RISE AND PROGRESS OF AUSTRALIA, TASMANIA, AND NEW ZEALAND.

IN WHICH WILL BE POUND

A COLONIAL DIRECTORY; INCREASE AID HABITS OF POPULATION; TABLES OF REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE: COMMERCIAL GROWTH AND PRESENT POSITION OF EACH DEPENDENCY; INTELLECTUAL, SOCIAL & MORAL CONDITION OF THE PEOPLE, &c.,

GATHERED FROM AUTHENTIC SOURCES, OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS AND PERSONAL OBSERVATION

IN EACH OF THE COLONIES, CITIES, AND PROVINCES ENUMERATED.

BY AN ENGLISHMAN.

AUTHOR OF "COMMERCIAL BEFORE MILITARY GLORY," "SKETCHES OF ENGLISH AND SCOTTISH SCENERY," "A TRAVELLER'S DIARY," "FIVE DRAMAS," ETC., ETC.

LONDON: SAUNDERS & OTLEY, CONDUIT STREET. 1857.

By the annual exclusion of old matter, and the introduction and description of every important event connected with, and every change caused by, the Progress of the Australian Colonies; and by perfecting, as nearly as possible, the Colonial Directory up to the lime of publication, it is hoped that this may ultimately become a still more useful work of reference.

London: CAXTOH STEAM PRINTING OFFICES, CAMDEN TOWN.

TO THE GERMS OF NATIONAL GREATNESSTO GREAT BRITAIN'S FIRST CLASS MERCHANTS This Work IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

BY

THE AUTHOR.

DEDICATION.

PREFACE.

The production of the following pages may be attributed to one of those accidets in life, by which the future course of individuals is sometimes determined. The fate of some early poetical works failed to inspire the writer with any very elevated opinion of his own imaginative powers. In place of an expected bank draft, he found, with his unsold poems, a little of that disappointment which, at the time, made him resolve that, in the publication of a prose composition on which he was then engaged, he would make his last appearance before the public as an author —at least on his own account.

Success, it appears, may influence little minds as well as great ones. The demand

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PREFACE.

for the work alluded to having greatly exceeded both the merit of the composition and the author's expectation, a wider field for exertion has here been selected; and, instead of confining his pen to particular localities, the writer has attempted to embody entire colonies and communities. Had the difficulty of the task presented itself at the outset, the work would probably not have been undertaken. The accomplishment of such an undertaking, in countries where a traveller's best conveyance and his only assistant are to be found in the strength of his legs and the length of his purse, has been anything but an easy one. If, however, two voyages round the world in prosecution of the design, excessive toil and personal inconvenience in collecting materials for the same, and strict impartiality and a rigid adherence to truth in the execution thereof—if such features in the character of a work have any claim on public favor, the humble artist may reasonably anticipate some little return for his past labor.

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PREFACE.

During the last few years countless books on Australia have made their appearance before the British public. The merits or demerits of such publications are not becoming subjects for discussion here., This volume was composed and compiled for the purpose of supplying what the author believes has been, and still is required by the intending emigrant —not a voluminous history of the Colonies in the South Pacific from the period of their foundation, but a work of reference, in which the rise, progress, and present position of the respective settlements, together with the commercial, social, and moral habits of the people, may be ascertained and compared at a glance. Such was the original design of the work. The manner in which it has been executed is a subject for the consideration of others.

But as a long preface can neither add merit to a good work nor value to a bad one, it will only be necessary further to observe, that the following pages are entirely free from imaginary sketches, either of places or

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PREFACE.

persons. Each colony, city, or province, mentioned, has been personally inspected, although imperfectly described; and the habits and peculiarities of the inhabitants have been taken from actual observation, however feebly they may have been drawn. With regard to statistics—which necessitated a second voyage to the colonies, for the purpose of obtaining assistance from the respective governments,—the copy of a letter from the Colonial Office will satisfy the reader of accuracy on that head: —

Downing Street, 29th Dec, 1854.

Sir, I am directed by Sir George Grey to forward you the enclosed letters of introduction to the Governors of Victoria, New South Wales, Van Diemen's Land, and New Zealand, in compliance with the request contained in your letter of the 19th instant.

I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, (Signed) SAM. WHITBREAD.

To D. P______, Esq.

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PREFACE.

For the valuable aid rendered by Mr. Archer, the Eegistrar General of Victoria, and for the kind assistance afforded by gentlemen in other colonies, the writer's warmest thanks are due.

Finally, a sense of duty prompts the author to acknowledge, briefly but gratefully, the interest taken in this work by a large circle of subscribers—whose early orders, rather than any known merit in the composition ordered, will account for a considerable and immediate issue.

D. P.

GENERAL INDEX.

VICTORIA. PAGE

First Impressions of Victoria . . . . . 3

Melbourne in 1853 . . . . . . 5

Wealth of the Colony—early effects of . . . 7

Land Mania . . . . . . . 10

Sudden acquirement of wealth—effect of . . . 12

Intellectual condition of Settlers . . . . 15

Colonial Magistrates and Civic honors . . . 20

Melbourne and Geelong—description of . . 25

Australian Climate . . . . . . . 32

Unwholesome Literature —evil effects of . . 39

Influence of early example. . . . . . 52

English Casinos, &c. . . . . . . 55

Betting —books and betting—practice of . . .56

First Impressions—conclusion of . . . 60

Second Impressions of Victoria . . . . . 63

Intemperance in the Colony—diminution of . . 65

Universal Suffrage . . . . . . . 68

High wages and high prices—effect of . . . 69

Orders from the Colonies—want of attention to . . 79

Improvements in Melbourne and Geelong . . 80

Former opinion of climate confirmed . . . . 81

Newspaper Press of Victoria. . . . . 83

Chinese Immigration—speech of Quang Chew . . 92

Public reception of, and subsequent dislike to, the Governor. . . . . . . 98

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GENERAL INDEX.

Improvements in Gold Fields . . . . . 103

Decrease of Native Population . . . . 104

Mrs. Emma Waller . . . . . . . 105

Official and Statistical information. . . . 106

Concluding remarks . . . . . . . 127

The Governor of Victoria . . . . . 130

NEW SOUTH WALES. . . . . . . 135

Description of the Colony . . . . . 137

Sydney Mint . . . . . . . . 147

Society in New South Wales . . . . . 152

Responsibilities of Sir William Denison . . .154

Colonial Banks . . . . . . . 162

Actors and audiences . . . . . . 172

Disease through the use of ardent spirits . . 177

Statistical information . . . . . . 178

Australian debtors and English creditors . . 187

The Governor of New South Wales . . . . 191

TASMANIA (late Van Diemen's Land) . . . 193

Description of the Colony . . . . . . 197

Attack on the Governor by the English Press . . 203

Statistical Information . . . . . . 206

List of chief places . . . . . . 214

The Governor of Tasmania . . . . . . 221

NEW ZEALAND . . . . . . . 223

Introduction . . . . . . 225

The Governor's address . . . . . . 226

Introductory description of the Colony . . . 231

PAGE

GENERAL INDEX.

xv

Auckland . . . . . . . . . 257

Town, district, climate, &c.—description of . . 259

Population of the Province . . . . . . 273

Native Flax of New Zealand . . . . . 274

Taranaki, or New Plymouth . . . . . . 279

Land in the Colony—value of . . . . 280

Mr. Earp's description of the Province . . . 283

Statistical Information . . . . . . 289

Nelson . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Climate of the Province—description of . . . . 292

Characteristic feature of inhabitants . . . 293

Description and Statistics of Province . . . 297

Nelson Amateur Musical Society . . . . 301

Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . 302

The Mineral Riches of New Zealand . . . 302

Black Ball Line of Packets from Liverpool to New Zealand—Liverpool Ships and Liverpool Merchants 310

Wellington . . . . . . . . . . 313

Characteristic feature of inhabitants . . . 313

Earthquakes—periodical shocks of . . . . 314

Society in the Province—description of . . . 317

Description and Statistics of Province . . . 318

Canterbury . . . . . . . . 329

Introductory description of Province . . . . 330

Capabilities of the land, &c., in New Zealand . . 332

Society in the Province—description of . . . 342

Progress and Statistics of the Province . . . 343

Akaroa—description of . . . . . 348

Lyttelton Coast Directory . . . . . . 349

PAGE

xvi

GENERAL INDEX.

Otago . . . . . . . . . . 351

Social condition of the Province . . . . 352

Progress and Statistics of the Settlement . . . 357

The Bluff . . . . . . . . 363

The Bishop of New Zealand . . . . . 364

The Governor of New Zealand . . . . 367

Concluding remarks . . . . . . 368

New Zealand Import Duties . . . . . . 374

Ships, Shipowners, and Ship Agents . . . . 383

English Insurance Companies . . . . 393

COLONIAL DIRECTORY . . . . . . 417

Geelong Trade Directory . . . . . . 419

Melbourne Directory . . . . . . 425

Melbourne Imports, 1854-5 . . . . . . 436

Sydney Directory . . . . . . . . 441

New Zealand Directory . . . . . . 447

Auckland . . . . . . . . 448

Wellington . . . . . . . . 456

Nelson . . . . . . . . 461

Canterbury . . . . . . . . 466

ENGLISH DIRECTORY—London . . . 473

Provincial. . . . 490

ADVERTISEMENTS . . . . . . 507

PAGE

VICTORIA.

FIRST IMPRESSIONS OF VICTORIA.

Port Philip was separated from New South Wales and created and proclaimed an independent Colony, under the title of "Victoria," on the 1st July 1851, —the period from which our observations on the progress of the colony commence.

Early impressions from works of art are generally considered of higher value than subsequent copies, because they represent the originals with greater fidelity, and in a stronger and more favorable light. Not so with the various works of nature, in which beauties, unseen at first, present themselves at each succeeding review, and prove to the human understanding that their primitive object and value are only gradually, and then only partially discovered by time, study, and experience.

Our first impression of Victoria was not a favorable one. But we take it to be the duty of those who would direct public attention to the position

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VICTORIA.

or important events of a country, not to advance opinions from a hasty or superficial view of the subject, nor to judge harshly of persons or places by their glaring habits or defects, but rather to trace, if possible, the source from whence the evil currents spring, so that a remedy may be applied in the proper quarter. While, therefore, we believe our first impression from the surface of society in Victoria to be substantially correct, a little penetration into the causes which gave rise to the social disorder of the country has subsequently lessened the surprise produced by the demoralised state of a people in a young and wealthy colony. But, without further preface, we will describe, or attempt to describe, the state of the colony, and a few of the sensations produced on our arrival.

In 1852-3, speculation, crime, excitement, and disorder in Yictoria had probably attained their greatest height; the yield of gold and the price of land had touched their highest points up to that period; robbers and murderers commanded extensive trades, which they prosecuted with impunity, and mostly without detection; land jobbers, many of whom were magistrates and the millionaires of the colony, made their thousands of pounds per diem, and were too much engaged in their profitable traffic to attend to the arrest or punishment of lawbreakers; merchants and storekeepers had too many additions to make on the profit side of their ledgers either to think of, or care about anything

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VICTORIA.

else; swindlers, grog-sellers, and gamblers were reaping an abundant harvest, and were too busily employed in gathering and storing the same, even to dream of anything like scarcity elsewhere; while agents, great and small, of every country and denomination, were growing rich at the expense of that sanguine but deluded class of friends or creditors at home, who forwarded their various wares with a view to those golden and long wished for remittances, which—we can vouch for—in a great many instances, have either miscarried, or have not reached their proper destination.

During this scene of excitement, crime, and confusion, in the year 1853, we first visited Melbourne. To describe Melbourne, as it appeared to us at that period, we will copy, in a few lines, a sketch we published elsewhere, and which has been generally acknowledged to be a correct one.

Melbourne, we said, as it appears to us, is a kind of modern Babel —a little hell upon earth—a city of rioters, gamblers, and drunkards—a crowded den of human iniquity—where, from the highest merchant downward, there appears to be but one object in view—where the very faculties of mind, body, and soul, are employed and directed to one worldly end—where thousands are anxiously and almost exclusively bent towards the consummation of their own selfish and ambitious desires —where delusive schemes are the pickpockets of honesty, and where the abuse of useful invention is too often

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VICTORIA.

the bane of its own utility—where calm reflection and all the higher attributes of the mind lose their proper influence in artificial excitement—where the ties of friendship, domestic duties, kindred obligations, intellectual study, and the immortal spirit of true religion are often neglected, if not entirely forgotten in the busy work of self-aggran-dizement—where, in fine, the priceless possessions of health, together with all those sweet enjoyments which constitute the real happiness of life, fall a sacrifice to an insatiable thirst for gain.

There are, of course, a few among the many whose thoughts and actions entirely differ from the multitude—citizens equal in every respect to any in the mother country —men who are entirely free from the colonial taint, and whose minds are not influenced by mercenary motives—men who are indebted for their position to the purity of their own character—who inherit their wealth not from their ancestors, but through their own merit—men whose unadorned and manly virtues would, by comparison, leave the gilded titles of our proud aristocracy completely in the shade—men whose benevolence of heart and integrity of principle set a noble example to the world. But while there are such, a few such men, can any one, except the busy actors themselves, whose thoughts are carried with the restless stream on which they are launched

—can any one stand for a few moments in the centre of this newly populated and agitated colony

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VICTORIA.

without being sensibly impressed with the reckless impetuosity of the wayward current —the infinite diversity of the busy scene —the varied and innumerable tricks and disguises of the dissembling actors, and the universal and ceaseless struggle to pass each other in their daily race towards that great and fathomless ocean —selfish ambition — to which there are countless rivulets, but in which there is no permanent safety —no security against the fickle elements of fortune—no fixed and solid termination, save in the entombment of those mortal spirits which for a season play upon its waters, or in the midnight calm or death-bed quiet which alternately succeed its own convulsions.

By comparing the above with the description of Melbourne on our second visit, it will be seen that in the interval of only two years considerable progress has been made in that city in the right direction. But, before proceeding to describe the rise and progress of the colony, of which Melbourne is the head, or giving figures of population, revenue and expenditure, which will be found under their respective heads, we will—in order to justify our previous remarks on the state of the colony at the period of our first visit—supply from our logbook a few specimens which were taken at the time from the extraordinary fleet of events that in a few months passed under our own immediate notice.

The sudden announcement and immediate confirmation of the internal wealth of the colony

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VICTORIA.

created a social revolution—for the like of which history may be searched in vain. It may be truly said that the recorded presence of gold and its magnetic influence, both on the minds of settlers and others, had within two years from the discovery of the precious metal entirely changed the commercial, social and moral condition of the country —although, so far as morality is concerned, the colony never stood high in that respect. But the little of that virtue it previously possessed soon became less. Husbands and parents left their homes and families; junior officers, clerks, and numerous officials attached to the Government quitted their avocations; mechanics and husbandmen flew from their labor, while from other lands a whole fleet of adventurers of every profession and denomination hastened to the golden region— each and all anxious to become shareholders in the distant prize.

With a change so sudden and complete, no wonder that the quiet and almost dormant state of the country was succeeded by convulsions. The influx of human beings was so great, and the house accommodation in a thinly populated district so small, that in most cases the grasping inhabitants would not dispose of, or part with anything either in the shape of merchandize, provisions, or shelter at treble their value—believing, as they did, that the cause which led to, and surprised them with such extravagant offers might, in a little while,

VICTORIA.

9

surprise and please them still more. But, in a greater or lesser degree, the overjoyed merchants, storekeepers, householders, or those who had anything for sale in the colony, were in a state of temporary madness. Bewildered, as it were, from the effects of the innumerable jets of fortune that suddenly blazed around them, and fearing that any picture with promises so dazzling and romantic in appearance might, after all, prove an optical delusion, they became the unhappy victims of instant success, and cursed themselves for any and every engagement, sale, or transaction entered into, or effected, at exorbitant profits—simply because, subsequent transactions produced, or might have produced them more. Like an obscure or lucky individual receiving favorable overtures for some work of art that had long been deemed valueless, even by its owner, the resident colonists at this moment frequently declined extravagant sums for articles of trifling value—on the vague hypothesis that the value of the article required must necessarily be greater than the amount tendered, or that a large offer might lead to one still larger. While all alike, from the merchant to the mechanic

—from the landowner to the laborer—were puzzled how to determine the maximum either of land, merchandize, or manual labor, each and all were desirous—however high and artificial might be the existing rate —to force the quotation for their commodities still higher. The merchant who would

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VICTORIA.

have readily disposed of his wares at a profit of twenty per cent., would now demand double, and, in a little while, treble that per centage, and so on —while the mechanic and laborer required more for one day's work than they had previously earned in six. Indeed, no one could determine, or even guess what on the morrow might be the sum offered, demanded, or exacted either for labor, or for anything else.

With a colony and its inhabitants in such a state of fomentation—with evidence both of the vast scope for labour and, to all appearance, the inexhaustible riches of the country, and with living and increasing proofs of the rapid tide of immigration which had already set in, no wonder that everything was suddenly forced to, and maintained for a time, an artificial value. But the figures of fact, which represent some of the incidents of the period, appear so much like those of fiction, that — although registered at the moment when the events to which they relate happened —we almost hesitate to transcribe them from our note book, for fear they might be deemed altogether fabulous.

Of one, out of a multitude of speculations which this eventful period gave rise to, most of our readers have probably either read or heard something about the great land imania, which at this time more particularly engaged the attention of capitalists and the fertile wits of colonial gamblers. When therefore we state that land in

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VICTORIA.

Melbourne was publicly sold in our presence at £160, £180, £200, and £210 per foot—prices which are probably five or six times higher than could be obtained for the choicest spots in London; —when these, and other things equally wild and excessive took place in a country where land is almost of unlimited extent, and only partially explored,—it needed not the predictions of a prophet, nor the profound reasoning of a Greek philosopher, either to prove the delusive height to which speculation had carried its votaries, or to premise how great and certain would ultimately be the fall thereof. The resident sharpers were themselves aware of the coming reaction, although it would not accord with their interests to have admitted the same. No. The colonial bears, like the bulls on 'Change, knew well enough what would be the result of the operations which, by personally promoting, they publicly enlarged—they clearly foresaw the fate of the prey they decoyed to the mart; but, with the sagacity peculiar to their race, —while they kept the field so long as their game was in the ascendant, they, of course, retired with the spoil in time to avoid the consequences of a reverse. Of our own knowledge, we can state that one of these land jobbers left the colony with £150,000 —the whole of which he had amassed in the space of six months ; and, incredible as it may appear, in one instance, this individual bought a plot of land and re-sold it within the same hour of

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VICTORIA.

the purchase, at a clear profit of £10,000, which sum was handed over to him merely for withdrawing his name from the undertaking in favour of another, and without a shilling having been previously employed in the transaction.

The knowledge of these extensive and, for a time, profitable speculations, produced immediate and immense excitement, both in the minds of those who had not yet ventured, but were now anxious to embark in the game, and likewise with others, whose palates had only been slightly sharpened by the flavor of success. The effect of this on a population already ripe for any new or promising adventure that might offer, soon became apparent. It gave birth to that unconquerable spirit for gambling, which manifested itself even in the ordinary occupations of life. More. The evils engendered and strengthened by its stimulating influence had a still more obstructive and baneful tendency. It not only increased a taste for gambling in the various grades and avocations of society, but it was likewise instrumental in arresting the progress of civilisation and art—by unsettling the minds of the people, and by driving thousands of artisans and others from those useful works of labor and

skill, by which alone the resources of a country can be beneficially developed, or the tastes, habits, and morals of the inhabitants gradually and permanently improved.

That the sudden acquirement of wealth has an

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VICTORIA.

injurious efFect on the minds of many persons we verily believe. Several striking illustrations of the same presented themselves during our stay in the Australian colonies. Men who rapidly rise from penury to affluence—that is, before time has prepared or matured their tastes and habits for the change—generally become either the slaves of intemperance or avarice. Drink is their snare, or gold their idol. It is difficult to determine which individual of the two is the more revolting—the miser or the drunkard. We have both seen and heard of men who in their lowly or middle stations of life in England have been regarded as kind husbands, affectionate brothers, or faithful friends—but who, under a colonial atmosphere, have in the space of a few months forfeited their claim to the character of either. Perpetual excitement and gold keeps the spendthrift poor, and makes the ignorant selfish and proud. The one has never had of drink enough, the other has never made of gold enough; the one degrades his friends, the other disowns them.

So soon as fortune lends her book to man, So soon does he forget where he began; Each rising page conceals what he has seen, Shows where he is and not where he has been; The scenes of yesterday are but a mass, Like something seen obscurely through a glass; The friends of yesterday are now forgot, He knew them then, but now he knows them not.

While gold distracts the mind and fires the hand, And care drives love and duty from command, The heart forgets its home and fatherland.

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VICTORIA.

The increased and still increasing numbers that thronged the auction marts on each occasion of a government "Land Sale," and the feverish anxiety manifested by the attendants to buy at any price, showed how great and immediate was the effect produced on the multitude by the temporary successes of the few. Men with capital, and others without capital; men with brains, and others without brains —all alike rushed to the arena, with the hope of improving or making their position; while the pennyless and unprincipled owner of mental stock would generally outstep his monied competitor in the race—frequently at the expense yet momentary satisfaction of the capitalist, to whom he would transfer his bargains, although in a manner which has proved, or will prove to his future chagrin.

But wherever the scene, or whatever the cause of artificial excitement and speculation, unscrupulous and talented adventurers are certain to participate in the spoil or plunder that may spring from the event. We would fain hope, however, that in no country but Australia, where no inconsiderable portion of the population are convicted felons, could there be found specimens of humanity prone to, or guilty of the innumerable and diversified forms of trickery, dishonesty, and villany that, in the space of a few months, appeared under our immediate notice —but with more than an allusion to which we will not shock our readers.

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VICTORIA.

To any lover of literature and the fine arts, the colony of Victoria, as it appeared to us during our first visit, would prove one of the most unattractive places—short of an uninhabited desert—that could well be imagined. Unless carried with the stream, and prostituted for the purpose of gain, the mind had nothing whatever to feed on, much less to be edified with.

For this unintellectual and half civilized state, more than one reason may justly be assigned— although the leading one is embodied in the preceding remarks, by which it will be found that all grades of society were at this excited period rather bent on improving the pocket than the intellect. Still, there was no lack of well educated and well informed men in the colony, the majority of whom however had but recently arrived; and these were too much devoted to the object of their mission—gain—to apply the faculties to any other purpose. Then, as regards the old colonists and their offspring,—they were, for the most part, illiterate and ignorant in the extreme. Uneducated adventurers, most of the former left the mother country at an early age, and their colonial issue grew up, of course, in the unintellectual path of parental obscurity—except, indeed, in those rare instances in which the self-sufficient root evinced a natural desire to enrich the branches. In such cases the children were generally sent to be educated in England; and, on the return of these

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VICTORIA.

marks of fortune's favor, the parents themselves caught the first glimpses of their own deficiency; and then, and only then, did they discover and appreciate the value of the boon they bestowed; for, by the improved and cultivated shoots of their own nature, they became gradually convinced that avarice, arrogance, and dishonesty were merely the overgrown and pernicious weeds of ignorance, and that, with the expansion and culture of the mind, generosity, modesty, and honesty supplied their place.

With the few exceptions to which we have alluded, the old and wealthy settlers seem to consider the higher branches of education to be entirely beyond the requirements either of their children, or their adopted country. They seldom, however, think or converse about anything so wide from what they pronounce the grand object of life; or when by chance they do touch on the subject of education, classical attainments are at once condemned as merely useless and extravagant appendages; because the cost of insuring their possession would involve an expenditure for which there is no certainty of a profitable return. Besides, they— the parents —had made money without the assistance of such mental finery; and, with the same amount of physical energy, what was to prevent the like success on the part of their children. These unlettered and much to be pitied individuals, consider the best lesson., and indeed the only one

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VICTORIA.

necessary for a child's welfare, to be one after the parent's own convictions, viz.: —"that all the energies of man, both mental and physical, are intended and required merely for the acquisition of gold, as its possession would insure, in the highest degree, the consummation of all worldly happiness." But, to give the reader a correct idea of these ministers of the "golden calf," we will furnish a momentary but unexaggerated sketch from the life and conversation of one of these idolaters of lucre.

During our short stay in a well known town in the colony, a literary gentleman was solicited by a few of his friends to give one of those lectures on the "beauties of the poets," which had been given by him with considerable success in the mother country. He at once assented, with the hope— vain illusory hope !—of conveying to the inhabitants a slight, if only a slight relish for intellectual food, by contributing the first morsel from his own mental garner. To this entertainment one of the wealthiest, and at the same time one of the most ignorant and most influential men—who was likewise a magistrate and an ex-mayor of the town— had, with some difficulty, been prevailed on to impart, by his presence, an importance to the occasion. The multitude, however, were not attracted even by the presence of this important public functionary, who was himself evidently ill at ease and totally out of place in the midst of the very small but select few by whom he was surrounded.

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VICTORIA.

During the lecture, and after the lecturer had recited "Wolsey's farewell to the world," the leviathan of wealth and power previously alluded to — the hero of the present sketch —the magistrate and ex-mayor of the town, innocently remarked to a gentleman sitting near him, that "Mr. Wolsey appeared to have been very badly used; but," he continued, "who was this Wolsey? I never heard of him before, —did you? —who, or what was he?" Our informant added considerably to our amusement on saying that he replied to his inquisitor by telling him that "Mr. Wolsey formerly held a commission in a large and important establishment at the West-end of London." "I thought so," rejoined the colonial millionaire; —"a commercial traveller, I suppose? But," he continued, "what did he mean by 'the tender leaves of hope?' I suppose he travelled for the firm of Hope in the tea trade?" The closing supposition proved too much for the gravity of his respondent, whose ingenuity was suddenly taxed to find some other than the real cause for a burst of laughter that followed an inquiry of so serious but stimulating a nature.

It were neither just nor generous to hold up to ridicule a mind whose lack of knowledge or wisdom might have originated in the neglect or poverty of those who were its guardians in youth. Unfortunately, ignorance is generally the parent of so many bad qualities of our nature, that it becomes the bounden duty—although by no means a pleasing

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VICTORIA.

one—of every faithful expositor of the human race to descant on and dissect such failings, simply for the consideration and benefit of the rising generation. We need no other than the case just mentioned to illustrate the sad effects of ignorance in an opulent and self-sufficient individual. Here we have a man who obtained the highest municipal honor his town could bestow —a man possessing almost monarchal influence in his locality—in wealth and power, a very prince; in knowledge, benevolence, and grace, a very pauper. Arrogant, selfish, and mean to the very verge of contempt, ho was at the same time capricious, overbearing, envious, and malicious. Miserable, irritable, and unhappy himself, he neither sympathised with, nor delighted in the ease and happiness of others. As a patron, he was courted by many, but respected by none. When his hand reluctantly tendered a gift it failed to inspire the recipient with gratitude for the favor. Without one virtue to secure the notoriety to which his vanity aspired—like the loss of his own blood was the sacrifice of that gold which alone could purchase his desire. True, an occasional handful was drawn from his immense store toward the erection of some public edifice that might emblazon the initials of the donor; but alas! while these ungenial and ostentatious gifts may possibly preserve and perpetuate the name of the giver, they want the imperishable qualities which can alone add a mark of respect to his memory.

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It is said this human type of wealth, ignorance, and power —this self-created and imperious monarch and owner of half a million sterling, intends to return to the mother country and the scenes of his youth, for the purpose of "lording it above his betters." When there, will Ms wealth alone be a passport to the select society for which he is in other respects unfitted? We think not. But time will furnish his colonial Highness with an answer.

Those of our readers who are unacquainted with the cause, may reasonably inquire why such men were appointed to the magistracy? The local government had no alternative in the matter. On the discovery of gold and the sudden increase of population in the colony, a large number of magistrates were immediately required; and, although a little more care might have been evinced in the selection, men of property, who felt a desire for the honour, were of necessity commissioned. As for municipal distinction, our great City of London may with equal propriety be required to answer why her first class merchants invariably decline the gingerbread decorations which are eagerly sought after by those Tom Tits of importance, whose puny pretensions to greatness would otherwise pass through their own circumscribed demesne unknown and unnoticed. Like their great prototype, therefore, are the towns and cities of our colonies; and those who aspire to civic honours therein are, for the most part, men with little

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minds, large pockets, and capacious stomachs. It is perhaps well that it is so. All things, however small, have their prescribed uses. The painted butterfly in its place and brief season may be as needful and useful to the creation as objects of greater magnitude; and were it not for the existence of common councilmen, aldermen, and lord mayors, England might lose the high rank and notoriety which —above other nations—she has long maintained, and still maintains, for civic display and its material adjuncts—turtle and venison. Without a lord mayor, what would become of our fat-bellied "diner out"—of ministerial city banquets—of political re-unions, elocutionary skyrockets, and harmless emblematic crackers—of cabinet toastmaking, personal whitewashings, and internal ablutions—of splendid fetes to foreign allies, and sumptuous entertainments, in turn, to the celebrities of all countries and of all orders? But, of greater importance than all these, what — without a chairman—would become of the numerous anniversary dinners, which have the double object of providing something of a substantial nature both for the patrons and the institutions with which they are connected. Unable, then, to solve propositions that involve matter of so much moment and consideration to the personal comfort of the parties more immediately concerned, we conclude, in the absence of contrary evidence, that lord mayors, aldermen, and common councilmen

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are useful as well as ornamental appendages to national greatness.

Selfishness is the natural ally of ignorance. Ignorant men are generally selfish men —at least our observations in the colonies lead us to that conclusion. All mankind are no doubt more or less selfish, but the uneducated portion—especially those on 'whom fortune has smiled—are unquestionably more selfish than their better informed or more intellectual kinsmen. Sensible men are averse to, and turn in silent disgust from that public show, empty ostentation, or private display which little minds alone delight in. Let a well informed man provoke a discussion with the best of our city showmen on any subject but those of feasting, self-importance, wealth, or those branches of commerce with which they may happen to be connected, and the argument will be brief indeed, for the mover would alone be equal to its continuance. If these men, however, were less vain of their little knowledge and great wealth; if they evinced a stronger desire to do good with what they possess, and displayed a little more modesty in publishing their own pretentions to greatness, but few persons, we think, would be disposed to find fault with them. But when some lilliputian tea or sugar merchant fills two or three columns of a newspaper with after-dinner small talk, bad grammar, or fulsome praise of some noble of whom he expects a favour, the public may well complain of the want of something better in its place.

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But in spirit, as in act, selfishness, above all other features, may be seen at every age and every stage in human nature. From childhood to manhood—from the cradle to the grave—from the ambitious monarch to the meanest serf—from the oppressive landlord to the unprincipled tenant— from the grasping politician to the cruel privateer —from the heartless profligate, who for personal gratification robs his family, to the wretched miser, who for love of gain robs himself —in every scene, as in every station —in every tribe, as in every nation—in the remote as in the immediate grades and stations of life —from the rude savage to the polished courtier, and from the Hebrew bagman to the Christian bishop, self is the great globular monster —the concealed or visible human spring that impels, guides, and regulates the movements of the world. While the majority of mankind are wholly or partially under its control, none are entirely exempt from its influence. Are not most of our thoughts and actions influenced by selfish motives? If all were to furnish an honest answer to the foregoing question the affirmatives we imagine would display a vast majority. Modelled as we ar e—or rather as we re-model ourselves, with earth our idol and its pleasures our chief delight— the result of such an inquiry would create no surprise in a reflective mind, although it might cause some regret. We cannot help thinking, however, if the human heart contained less of the

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stimulating nitre of selfishness it would possess more of real happiness. A very selfish man can never be a very happy man; for, as he ever pines for something more than he commands, his present state, whatever that state may he, is a discontented one, consequently an unhappy one.

But there is one social evil caused by unrestrained selfishness that is greater than all, for it merges from a natural failing into a positive crime. By the concentrated love of self we lose our affection for friends, and forget our duty to others. Selfishness, in fine, is not only the bane of our love and duty to others, but it likewise proves a blast to present enjoyment, and a barrier to future happiness. At the sacrifice of honor, of peace of mind, and of honesty of purpose, it incites the owners to an uncontrolable desire for personal aggrandizement. The opulent but selfish merchant, who has risen from some humble rank, forgets his former position and his present duty, when he declares himself cursed by the existence of his less fortunate and poor relations.

The humble peasant, while he ranks no higher, Will mix with others in the same attire; But, raised by fortune to the wealthy squire, You'll see how station regulates desire: His rustic joys by regal ones look dim, To whom he stoop'd, he'd now see stoop to him; So low do past to present friends appear, That each must keep his own and proper sphere.

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By twenty steps, and then by twenty more, The selfish squire attains the second floor; — The summit gain'd, the wish at length draws near That covers twenty thousand pounds a year; And this secured, ambition makes him try To raise his mansion nearer to the sky; But as the bubble lets his pride ascend, Death shows him the beginning as the end.

In continuation, and before the conclusion of our "first impressions of Victoria," we will make a few general but brief observations' concerning Melbourne, Geelong, the climate, &c, as noted by us in the year 1853. But these and other subjects will be found reviewed at greater length in the account of our subsequent visit to the colony.

On the discovery of gold in Victoria, Melbourne was not much larger than an English village, or small market town; and we were somewhat surprised to find that during a period of little more than two years it had grown to, and covered that immense space —the extent of which may be gathered from our comparative population tables. The site of the town —had it been for a moment anticipated by the founders at the time of selection, that it would ultimately become the seat of government and a great commercial city—is ill chosen. It lies low, and without any of the natural advantages possessed by places not far distant. All merchant ships, except those of very small tonnage are compelled to anchor in Hobson's Bay, a distance of about seven miles from the town, there

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not being a sufficient depth, of water in the narrow winding river, Yarra Yarra, to take them to the wharves. The evils arising from this necessity are many. All goods have to be taken from the bay to the town in barges or lighters; and this labor is not only attended with additional expense to the importer, but the delay occasioned thereby often entails a loss of a much more serious nature. It not unfrequently happens that after a ship has reached her destination, four, six, and even eight weeks elapse before the merchant can obtain the cargo of which he has received advices. In perishable articles, or goods suited to particular seasons, these delays often occasion heavy losses—while the immediate delivery of the articles in demand in the market might have insured handsome profits. Besides, a serious inconvenience that arises from the number of lighters required for the trans-ship-ment of cargo is, the great impediment to passenger traffic, produced by the crowded state of a narrow river. Steamers and other passage boats are invariably delayed, more or less, —in addition to frequent damage to life and property —in the narrow and intricate stream leading to or from Melbourne. If the reader would become more familiar with the personal inconvenience occasioned by the confused and overcrowded state of the Yarra Yarra, let him, on a busy day at noon, suppose Cheapside a river, and himself in an omnibus, or cab—steam, or ferry-boat—charged with some

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important and immediate dispatch, and anxious to leave town by the half-past twelve o'clock "express train" from Euston-square station; when, to his utter astonishment and dismay, he suddenly discovers the entire stream of conveyances perfectly motionless, and that every inlet, or rather outlet, is closed up with craft of all sizes and description, and therefore impassable. When a detention of half-an-hour, or more, has convinced him that he must fail in his mission and lose his "train," and that to calculate distance by time in a crowded thoroughfare is a dangerous practice, he will then have a tolerably correct idea of a scene daily presented on the Yarra Yarra, and painfully experienced by the actors who are compelled to appear therein.

Most of the streets of Melbourne are narrow. There are a few, however, of a good width and well arranged; for, being formed at right angles, they are easily found or regained. Of public edifices there are but few, a description of which we leave for our second visit, the buildings themselves and the purposes for which they are intended being alike incomplete. There are numerous large and excellent warehouses and store-rooms in different parts of the town. The substantial and extensive exterior of these invest the locality in which they stand with an appearance not unlike that of some parts of Manchester. But, with regard to dwelling houses, shops, &c, there is not

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throughout the entire town the slightest approach to uniformity, either in class, elevation, or design. It would be a difficult matter to twin any out of the immense miscellaneous collection of the township, as two houses alike are but seldom, if ever, seen, either jointly or separately. As a colonial wit remarked to us, "Australian builders, like glovers, pair their articles by making odd uns"— with this difference, he might have continued, that while the latter assort and classify the sizes of what they make, the former mix all together, from adults down to infants. In one place we find a handsome four or five storied building, having on the right a miserable looking edifice of half its dimensions, and on the left an iron or wooden shed standing not more than ten or twelve feet above its base. In another leading street and thoroughfare, we find a lofty and magnificent building, with shop and frontage of the Regent-street school, having for its neighbour either a single storied hut, or some dirty clothes shop that would disgrace old St. Giles, or our present Holywell-street.

To a stranger, and one accustomed to see something like uniformity in the design and elevation of English buildings, the appearance of the streets and houses in Melbourne presents a singular, although by no means an agreeable appearance. Whether the fault originated with the government, in not binding the original purchasers of land in a township to certain conditions, is a question we

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cannot at this moment decide. It is well known that when a man leases or purchases a piece of land in England for building purposes, he is compelled by articles in the lease or transfer from the original owner, or ground landlord, to erect buildings of a certain class or elevation—the violation of such articles invalidating the proprietor's claim to the property. In England the articles are even of a more stringent character on crown than on other lands. In Australia, however, a man may build how, or what he please—so long as he does so on his own property.

Such a license offers facilities for, and often causes social annoyances as well as public evils; for it cannot be an agreeable thing for the respectable proprietor of a handsome building to have the double annoyance of a dirty shed and its low unwashed owner for neighbours; neither are such approximate inequalities in person and property likely to improve or benefit society, or to add to the pleasures or beauties of the town or city in which they arise.

We have heard it stated that, prior to the discovery of gold, when the colony was but thinly populated, the government avoided any restrictions in the erection of buildings, for the purpose of inducing the—then poor —immigrants to build places in accordance with their means. But we will not vouch for the accuracy of this until we have better and official authority for its confirmation.

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Geelong lias been endowed by nature with, advantages which could not be secured by art, and which. Melbourne can never possess—advantages that in every respect would have entitled her to rank as the first city in Victoria, had Melbourne not been at the time of proclaiming the separation of the colony from New South Wales the more important place of the two, and consequently fixed on as the seat of government. In place of the narrow intricate river of Melbourne, Geelong is fronted by a fine expansive bay, of sufficient width and depth for the formation of docks that would equal in extent, and excel in their local proximity to the town, any in the United Kingdom. As a London journal justly observed, "Geelong will some day be the Liverpool of Australia." The situation is also vastly superior to that of Melbourne. There is a gradual ascent from the mouth of the bay to the summit of the town, the whole of which is refreshed, and the atmosphere purified, by the morning and evening sea breeze; and this, after a semi-tropical day, or a suffocating hot wind, is a luxury that may easily be imagined— independently of the benefit to health which the inhabitants derive therefrom.

At present, however, there is a temporary impediment to the commercial progress of this improving town. No ships, except those of small tonnage, can approach within five or six miles of the wharves, owing to the existence of a small

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shoal or sand bank—the removal of which would at once allow of five hundred ships to lie at anchor within as many yards of the town. That such an obstacle—admitted even by the ruling powers to be capable of removal at a trifling expense, compared with the benefits to be derived therefrom— should have been allowed to remain so long, is a positive disgrace to those who have the power to secure the accomplishment of an object of such immense importance to the colony.

This, and other evils of equal magnitude, will fail to exist so soon as the press and public opinion shall have acquired their legitimate corrective power, and are capable of exercising that wholesome influence over men and matter that has raised England to her present independent position, and made the freedom and liberties of her people the admiration and envy of other nations.

The streets of Geelong are well laid out and of good width; but the houses have the same singular appearance and are equally objectionable with those of Melbourne, owing to their want of uniformity in elevation and design. There are, however, some good substantial buildings; and so soon as the miserable sheds that adjoin or surround them shall be removed —a work which time and the requirements of the inhabitants will no doubt accomplish —Geelong will be superior in everything but the number of her inhabitants to her sister town. The market square—or rather the

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large open space assigned and left for the purpose of a square —for neither the place nor the surrounding houses have at present any claim to the title— might be made a really useful as well as an ornamental spot, for being situated in the centre of the town, a tasteful enclosure, in place of the few stumps of old trees that peep just above the surface, would not only have a pleasing effect and greatly improve the aspect of the locality, but would likewise benefit the fine open streets abutting therefrom. Altogether, the outline for a fine city has been supplied, and when time, taste, and labor shall have perfected the details—and the present obstruction to the shipping is removed—Greelong will not suffer by a comparison with any commercial town of equal size in the United Kingdom. Of the public institutions we defer our notice to a future period.

It is by no means an agreeable thing for public writers to find themselves opposed to public opinion. Public opinion on important subjects is generally the correct one. Occasional instances are recorded in which future generations of jurors quash the judgments of their forefathers, and, by reversing the verdicts given antecedent to their own time, pronounce former minorities to be right. These cases are of rare occurrence; still they go to prove that majorities are not always right. In addition to this the subject in question is not exactly a homemade one; for the opinion on which we suppose

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ourselves at issue with the British public is one founded by the latter on report only—and that from an opposite land.

By writers great and small, public and private, at home and abroad—from the prince to the peasant, and from the historian to the penny-a-liner—Aus-tralia has been pronounced, "the finest climate in the world." Unable to speak of all other climates from our own experience, but having traversed a larger portion of the globe than those whose pens —not persons —have compassed it, truth compels us to say, if Australia be the finest climate in the world, there are other climates—including those of Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand, of which we shall speak at a future period—that, in our opinion, belong to a better world. But, in speaking of the climate of Australia, our remarks are not exclusively confined to Victoria, but also to New South Wales, &c. Considered altogether,—having ourselves experienced the alternate seasons in each locality—we pronounce Australia, for reasons we shall assign, not only to be not the finest climate in the world, but to be inferior to any other with which we are personally acquainted. We are therefore totally at a loss to account for those favorable sketches and highly colored pictures of the country which not only impressed us with opinions contrary to our present conviction, but which, during our residence in the Colonies, prevented us for some time from arriving at conclusions directly opposed

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to former impressions. No doubt many of the extravagant eulogiums that have been written and circulated, either originated with, or were penned by private and interested persons. Some of the more prominent and influential accounts probably originated with a higher motive— that of populating a wealthy and extensive colony, by holding out every kind of temptation, real and imaginary, that would be likely to draw the surplus and unemployed population of the United Kingdom to a land in which they might benefit themselves as well as distant branches of the mother country. That writers in such a cause might successfully plead in justification of their praises, is not a question for us to decide. We have simply to record the truth, according to our belief; and this we will do, to the best of our ability, whatever opinions may prevail to the contrary. While speaking calmly and impartially of the Colonies and their inhabitants, or exposing the failings or defects of either, we do not for a moment wish nor intend to check emigration. On the contrary, it will probably be found that we are even stronger advocates for its extension than those whose unmeasured praises would rather tend to retard than advance it. God forbid that we should so forget our duty and neglect our advice to thousands of our half paid and half starved laborers and mechanics, as to say anything that would stay them from a country where they will not only find full employment, bid where they will receive that

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handsome remuneration for their labor which, with industry and sobriety, would enable them to live in present comfort and future ease. No. We will merely sketch the groundwork and objects of the vast and unfinished surface as we find them, so that our readers, or the future spectators of the scene may not be disappointed with the picture.

In pronouncing Australia an ungenial climate, we do not declare it to bo positively unhealthy. On the contrary, we believe it conducive to health for a season, only that the season is of short duration. The excessive heat of the summer months, and the want of atmospheric humidity are the holy stones that imperceptibly wear out the machine of life, although they may not produce any organic disease in the machinery so long as it lasts. Great age is but seldom attained either by the native or the settler. As for the early shoots of human nature which arrive from the mother country —they become like hot-house plants that are forced to maturity at an early age; but they appear deficient in that natural stamina which can alone preserve their beauty and prolong their existence. Colonel Munday justly observes that "the females attain maturity with a degree of precocity which is sure to react in after life. The fair, fresh rose-bud of fifteen or sixteen will be full blown next summer; but, alas! often shows the first symptoms of decay at an age when the English girl will scarcely have reached perfection. Doubtless a

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certain degree of atmospheric humidity is necessary for the preservation of the human skin; for where is to be seen such brilliancy of complexion as in our own misty native islands?—and it is a brilliancy that wears well, not a mere coruscation gone almost as soon as seen. But in a sultry and dry climate beauty and bloom are not so evergreen." The frequent ruinous disasters that befal the squatters, owing to the heat of the climate, want of water, and destructive bush-fires are so truthfully described by the same writer, who never fails to praise the country when he can, that a quotation will furnish our own evidence and opinion on the subject: —

"Of all the features of Australian climatology, drought is the most prominent and forbidding. I find in my diaries several periods of four and five months without one drop of rain; live stock and grain crops ruined; the country like tinder, susceptible to the smallest spark, and, at the back of every puff of high wind, blazing in all directions; well if the bush-fire encroach not on the farms, as is too often the case, consuming stacks, fences, standing crops, out-houses, cattle, and even human beings."

"In April 1849, the sun set at Sydney for several weeks successively in a lurid haze of smoke. During his last two hours above the horizon, the weakest eye might gaze unwinking at his rayless disk. The whole West was either in flames or smouldering.

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In January 1850, during a lengthened drought, the north shore of the harbour was on fire for ten or twelve days. At night it looked like a line of twenty or thirty huge furnaces, extending over some fifteen miles. The city was shrouded in smoke, and the air was pervaded with the aromatic odour of the burning gum-trees. Many poor settlers would have been ruined but for a liberal subscription raised for the sufferers. In 1851, hundreds of miles of country in the district of Port Philip were included in one vast conflagration, and as many families brought to destitution by the destruction of their property. The heavens were obscured for a long period by a canopy of smoke, the soot falling on board vessels at sea one hundred and fifty miles distant from the land. When the rain does come it comes with a vengeance, sometimes carrying away, in its torrents, roads, gardens, walls, palings, and bridges, which had proved invulnerable to the preceding bush-fires. Every highway becomes a river, every by-way a brook, every bank a cataract. The thunder cracks right over head like the report of a gun. Hailstones come rattling down an inch long, knocking over young live-stock and domestic poultry, levelling orange orchards and vineyards, breaking windows and human heads; still, in twenty-four hours, or less, the dust is blowing about as bad as ever. No one who has not lived in a country liable to drought can appreciate the eagerness with which every assemblage of clouds

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is watched; with what feelings of disappointment their breaking up without yielding a drop is accompanied; with what thankfulness the boon of moderate rain and showers is received when it does come. 'My word,' cries the inland squatter, 'this will fill the water-holes rarely, and save me a thousand or two head of stock, which would otherwise have died for want of water.' He is delighted with the gift, though he may possibly lose two or three horses, if not his own life, in attempting to cross the bottom, where yesterday there was nothing to be seen moister than a glaring white sand, hot enough to boil a retort."

But the long droughts, excessive heat, hot winds, bush-fires, &c., which are peculiar to Australia, are more serious and destructive to the agricultural interests and squatters stock, and have a more injurious effect on the landed proprietor's purse than his person. Although attended with considerable personal inconvenience and occasional injury, these atmospheric excesses and transitions tend rather to cripple or retard the progress of agriculture than to inflict any serious or immediate danger on the human frame. We entirely agree with the subsequent observations of the writer we have just quoted, who having truthfully described some of the inconveniences which arise from a semi-tropical summer, goes on to state that "the Australian autumn and winter will be found altogether delightful." These expressions are in unison with

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our own feelings and opinion on the subject. An Australian autumn is equal in all respects, if not superior to an English one; while an English winter is colder and altogether less agreeable than an antipodal one.

We have already described the causes which prevent the creation of a refined or intellectual taste on the part of the illiterate residents in the colony, as also the immediate and monetary object that retards the cultivation or advancement of any of the higher faculties of the mind on the part of those—although but a small minority of the population—by whom the fruit of useful knowledge had been tasted before leaving the mother country, and who are convinced of the superior advantages of what they nevertheless neglect for— gain. But the great cause, above all others, of the unintellectual as well as the immoral state of society in Australia may be found in the fact that a very large majority of her inhabitants are composed—partly of those who have been either bred in vice or contaminated by their association with it, and others whose minds have been abused or poluted before leaving their native land. Poluted by what, or by whom?— By the dregs of the press!

A large proportion of the inhabitants, as we have already stated, comprise those whose ignorance is their leading characteristic, and others who prove that "little knowledge is a dangerous thing," and that total ignorance were better than the

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unripened and bitter fruit produced by the earlyseeds of democratic and revolutionary doctrines, and the pernicious influence exercised by those who entertain them. But we advise those who question the permanent evils arising from trashy and immoral literature, and who require striking demonstration to dissipate their doubts, to traverse, as we have, the length and breadth of the populated parts of the Australian colonies; they will then discover from actual observation the demoralising effects produced on the minds and habits of the working classes, and the growing evils arising through having at an early age imbibed the intoxicating poisons dispensed and disseminated by low and unprincipled publications ; —they will then discover that thousands of the youthful branches of their own countrymen and of the present generation have had their minds polluted, their morals corrupted, and their talents partially, if not wholly perverted, by a mass of impure matter which during the greater part of the last thirty years has been vomited from the disorganised bowels of an unhealthy press, as wholesome food for an enlightened people! From the tent to the city—from the squatter's station to the storekeeper's cupboard— from the digger's hut to the merchant's drawingroom, they will find that the Reynolds or the Eugene Sue class of fables, and Lloyd's Sunday Newspaper, form the chief, and in many cases, the only literary feature of the resident's habitation.

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Yes; such, is the principal mental stock of these rich and extensive Colonies. One would suppose them to be the receptacle for all the accumulated literary sweepings of the United Kingdom. And such would appear to be the fact; for but little else is either imported or inquired for. Let the blame, however, for this depraved literary taste rest with the originators— the writers, not the readers.

The mischievous effects produced by the venal portion of the British press might naturally suggest the following question, viz.:—Did not the respectable part of the English press and people prove and exercise a superior power over the baser and poorer half, what at present would be the state of Great Britain? Instead of being above, would she not be on a level with, or below other nations? There may be found in England both writers, professors, readers, and pupils of democratic principles and revolutionary doctrines —to which low and immoral literature of any description has a direct tendency. But, fortunately for the security and welfare of the British empire, these persons form but a small minority of her population; and although the reduced ranks of this once rather formidable body still retain the names of a few influential individuals—influential with the poor and uneducated—and some public characters of the rabble creation, they judiciously disguise or conceal the inflammable side of their doctrines in order to avoid the fate of many of their predecessors—

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a total extinction in the tide of popular indignation. In ambush, there are doubtless some descendants of the O'Connell or O'Connor school; and there ever will be, so long as envy, unscrupulous selfishness, and great but prostituted talents conspire to make mob orators the deceived and the deceivers. The better the form of existing governments, the more abusive and malignant will be found those fiery demagogues who envy in others the honesty they want themselves, and who merely aspire to place for emolument; and to power with a view to create or perpetuate on an extended scale the abuses they decry. But these political mountebanks who study to delude the ignorant and unwary —these oratorical aeronauts and occasional disturbers of the peace would have but a short public existence, and would soon fall into merited insignificance and obscurity, if they were dependent on themselves alone for their popularity. Deprived of their paid trumpeters —writers to publish and defend their doctrines —the ringleaders in any and every unprincipled scheme—whether political, social, or commercial—would prove as harmless as butterflies, and lose their transient position and showy complexion at the close of their own brief season. Unfortunately, the leaders of any cause however dark, or the teachers of any theory however fallacious —the advocates of any practice, however base, will not fail in their designs for the want of literary organs to espouse

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their cause, so long as the consideration be equal to the importance of the matter in hand. Unassisted by the prostituted talents of his paid agents, O'Connell would not have inflicted such lasting misery on his country; nor would he for so many years have drawn the hard-earned pence from his starving countrymen whom he professed to benefit. Alas! for his departed greatness! Where shall we look for a single relic of his glory? Lot the millions whom he deceived and plundered answer; —let the undefiled consciences of his beloved and time-serving priests reply;—or above all, let those mortal meteors of the age who court popularity in order to obtain some selfish end—let them pause for a reply. The masked demagogues of the present day would find no difficulty—did the time favor their designs—in obtaining writers who, for a consideration, would not hesitate to direct their weapons against the constitution under which they hold their liberties, or even to malign the character or question the purity of one of the most amiable and virtuous monarchs that ever graced the English throne.

The lovers of notoriety and power whose merits may be unequal to their desires, and who may fail to realize their wishes by legitimate and honorable means, will not scruple to pursue any course by which their vanity may be gratified or their selfishness feasted. And in the by-lanes and corners of literature there may always be found certain small

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groups of literary cads or lookers out, ready on the shortest notice to do any little job that may be required of them. Englishmen would not be so often disgusted with the inflammable doctrines and trashy harangues of some low popularity hunter, were it not for the marketable services of those mercenary scribblers who would readily sacrifice a people's morals or a country's good for personal gain. The seed of the honest husbandman might take root and multiply without danger from abstraction, were it not for the existence of that blackfeathered tribe who are ever watching a favorable opportunity to pounce upon and destroy the hopes of the unguarded. So would the noble standard of our ancient literature retain and add to its former glory, were it not endangered by those literary crows whose polluted quills are ever ready to pander to a vitiated taste.

In none of the British dependencies —probably in no part of Great Britain —are the demoralizing fruits arising from the early seeds sown by the degraded portion of our press so painfully apparent as in the Australian colonies —more especially in the colony of Victoria. This proves that even the greatest blessings are open to the greatest abuses. While the daily and principal portion of the weekly newspaper press of this country may respectively and truly be termed the chief justice and the guardian of society, its unworthy followers the Sunday newspapers, with but few exceptions,

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tend rather to demoralize than improve it. If, with the respectable part of the press, they were more frequently to picture the foibles of their own readers, instead of for ever painting in the blackest dye their many persecutions, and the remorseless tyranny of their proud persecutors, it would then be but fair and reasonable to suppose that their columns were not tainted by sinister motives. But no; this would not be palatable to their patrons— the working classes. Equality! fraternity! together with every other revolutionary howl, or social or political delusion, are much more likely to accord with the feelings of their readers than anything of a more rational character; and the writers have a greater respect for their property than to lessen its value by a more exalted course —although they must be quite aware that their wholesale denunciations and fiery compositions are constantly sowing the seed of discontent and disaffection in the minds of those who, being too illiterate to form correct opinions of their own, are unfortunately too ready to receive and adopt the fallacious doctrines of others. In a word, the Sunday newspapers, with the exceptions alluded to, are a curse to society. They not only destroy, in many noble minds, loyalty to the throne, proper respect to superiors, and a brotherly love for each other; but they also turn them from their duty to God, by creating an improper feeling towards his creatures, and a total disregard for a proper observance of the Sabbath day.

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If the principal part of those connected with the low Sunday newspapers are not absolute infidels, their own writings would lead an impartial reader to consider them but one remove from the title, — while such writers cannot fail to draw their deluded patrons to the lamentable and hopeless condition consequent on their profession. Nevertheless, some of these men are popular. Popular!—with whom? Popularity in its unrestricted and proper sense is not merely favor with any particular class of individuals, unless that class should happen to represent a majority of the entire country or nation to which it belongs. And with whom are the editors alluded to popular? With those only whose favor is more readily and securely won by pandering to the passions than by appealing to the intellect. And although such writers cause mischief enough in their own immediate circle, and create most of the evils which tend to unsettle the minds of their poor subscribers, with no other class are their publications either read or recognised. Neither the papers nor the proprietors are either known or respected beyond their own circumscribed sphere. True; literary men of acknowledged talent occasionally connect themselves with, or are induced for a handsome consideration to prostitute their abilities in editing these low papers and trashy periodicals—a recent instance of which may be within the knowledge of some of our readers—but men who thus sacrifice the small claim to respect-

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ability that they may have previously acquired, are mostly those who are indebted for their public position rather to some prize in the fortunes of chance than to the exercise of genius; for—like a gorgeous stage spectacle that owes its success to the decorator's art—the transitory fame of these writers may generally be traced to circumstances apart from real merit.

Such strong and unqualified expressions on the part of those so humble and unaspiring as ourselves, will, no doubt, arouse the indignation of that part of the press to which our observations apply. We cannot help this. The certainty of provoking the united censure of the entire body would neither prevent us from publishing the effects produced by their perverted talents, nor induce us to modify in the slightest degree the tone of our honest opinion. Independent alike of party, party purpose, or place, our pen is not influenced by either; and we seek no higher return for our labor than that which is usually awarded to those who work for the public, and use only the materials of truth.

Having reverted chiefly to the pernicious tendency the venal portion of a newspaper press has on the minds of the uneducated part of the community, it may not be considered irrelevant to one of the leading objects of our work—that of tendering any suggestion by which the condition of the working and middle classes may be improved— to refer to another kind of literature which, with

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more refined and intellectual readers, may not produce evils of equal magnitude with the former, but which will nevertheless be found to exercise a demoralising, though indirect influence over the feelings and habits of its readers. Let it be understood, before we proceed, that we are not advocates for the total extinction of all works of fiction. On the contrary we consider that the better class of such productions which have no immoral tendency, may contribute to the welfare while they meet the requirements of the community, and that they are as necessary to the wants and enjoyments of a people, and add more to the amusements, if not to the comforts of life, than a course of fanciful tartlets and jellies, or a sumptuous dessert, after a substantial meal. Our remarks are intended to apply only to the large and increasing number of trashy novels which at present find a ready sale, and are eagerly sought after by persons in every grade of society —especially by the junior branches. Who can at present reflect with unalloyed pleasure on the rapid strides of invention of the nineteenth century —what literary man of the present day, who feels an interest in the intellectual progress of society beyond mere personal gain, can view with classic pride England's daily advances in science, while some beardless youth can readily command for a few sheets of fulsome romance a larger sum than the immortal Milton obtained for his "Paradise Lost?" While a host of romantic young

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ladies and "fast" young gentlemen dive with avidity into the "Mysteries of Paris," and feast freely, and with increased relish, on the revolting horrors and accumulated filth to be found in such productions, surely the most sensible part of the community cannot but feel bitter regret for the degenerate taste of the other half; and while so many of the senior branches—men of years and station—parents, guardians, employers, and others in good society—pronounce history "dry," and poetry "a bore," and declare that our best periodicals and first-class magazines are uninteresting, no wonder one of our best modern writers should declare that—" there is no country in the world the inhabitants of which know so little of the institutions, the laws, and the government under which they live as the English." The same writer goes on to observe that—" when the popular nature of the constitution is considered the ignorance of the people on this subject—and indeed on all other subjects but that of money-making—is almost miraculous. It is not confined to classes which are supposed to be ignorant and uneducated, but it extends to those in whom such ignorance is not only disgraceful but criminal. It is impossible to go into middle class society without hearing the strangest falsehoods propounded as facts, and the most absurd inferences drawn from them, whenever the conversation turns upon history or politics. A manufacturer, a wholesale dealer, a surgeon, or

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any other person giving employment to others, might be pardoned for knowing less of his own country and its institutions than a German or a Frenchman, were not his ignorance contagious, and sometimes fatal in its consequences." We will simply add to these remarks, which emanated from the editorial pen of one connected with a leading journal, our belief—for the consideration of those who neglect substantial literary food and useful knowledge for unwholesome garbage —that the majority of romantic adventures, uneven and unhappy love matches, elopements, seductions, and even suicides, which occasionally cause so much misery to parents and families, have their origin in, or are precipitated by the intoxicating but odious vapours inhaled from the unnatural and heated tales of the fulsome publications to which we have alluded.

By speaking in condemnatory terms of fulsome romances and trashy publications, let it not be supposed that our observations apply to all literature of a low price. We intend the word trashy to include unwholesome and immoral works of any and every description or price. Many of our cheapest rank with many of our best publications, because they have a moral tendency, and because they not only amuse but improve the mind—and, more than all, because they are within the reach of the poor and those with whom an increase of knowledge would be both a social blessing and a

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national boon. It would be unfair and invidious in us to particularise any periodical or periodicals, either for the purpose of praise or censure, although we could name several cheap and valuable publications which are largely patronised by the middle classes—publications which, if extensively known and read by the poor in place of low and scurrilous Sunday newspapers, could not fail to produce social and mental benefits where they are mostly needed. Half the grievances in the world are sentimental grievances; and half the virtues and vices in the world are either ancestral or parental ones. The youthful or junior part of a generation are the inheritors, rather than the originators. Example is better than precept; and a good example will insure a larger number of faithful followers than can be secured by a good sermon. Virtue being the cultivated vine, or conservatory shoot and household gem, rather than a wild and growing instinct of nature, we are more likely to follow good qualities than to generate them, although they may in some instances be neglected or abandoned in maturity. The taste, the habits, the manners, the failings—indeed the good or evil qualities of any class or complexion, which adorn or disfigure the human race, may—like some entailed inheritance—generally be traced to a former and relative owner, as the first step to or groundwork of their title but seldom originate with the immediate possessor.

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Who can doubt that the knavery, immorality, and all other social, commercial, and political evils which are to be found in Australia —not only in Australia, but in any and every other land —are the offshoots or after-crops which spring either from early association, bad example, or want of moral training? The history of an Australian murderer will generally prove the culprit to have entered on the highway to his awful goal at an early date —probably before he had left, or been expelled, the mother country. The rogue or gambler in a foreign land, had no doubt been one or the other, or perhaps both, in his own. Social serpents and political agitators at home will not be found family protectors or public peace-makers when abroad. No. The actors and the acts have, each and all, some antecedent to which they are related in a greater or lesser degree, and the first connecting link may generally be traced to the want of good or the influence of bad example at an early sage.

Those who feel an interest in the future welfare of their children and their country should remember that the liberal education of the former or an extravagant outlay in the latter will not — alone — accomplish what they desire. "By good moral training," says a modern writer, " by kindly actions which shun the guise of ostentation —by words of sympathy, genuine and unaffected —parents, masters, and employers may make those around and

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below them not only more diligent and faithful in their respective duties, hut they will also make them better men and better subjects." Parents often regard others as the originators of any imperfections which may present themselves in their children; and they frequently attribute to the monitor or commercial instructor of such children not only the discovery of any bad quality, but they also lay the cause entirely at the master's door, although it might have merely opened a stronger light on growing evils created or neglected under their own paternal roof. The earliest impressions on the mind are generally the most permanent; and although they may for a time be partially obscured, or even perverted by the changes and allurements of life, their effect is but seldom, if ever, wholly effaced. The sacred injunction of "Train up a child in the way he should go, and he will not depart from it" has been so fully and frequently exemplified by proof, that it will merely be necessary to refer our readers to our own simple and—to the best of our ability and belief—faithful account of the Australian population for a further illustration of the moral precept.

There are many, however, with whom the preceding remarks may suggest the following question —How does it happen that a prodigal or disobedient son frequently descends from the most affectionate and irreproachable parent? The exception or exceptions to every rule must, of course,

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yield an affirmative to such an interrogation; but it may be fairly assumed that the subjects of prodigality or disobedience are more numerous, in the proportion of at least five to one, in those gay or tinsel-minded circles in which the junior branches find no moral principle propounded, and have no good example to follow. Then let it be borne in mind by that parent who would shelter or doubt the appearance of any bad quality in his child, by attributing its discovery to the caprice of his tutor, that an impartial observer may possibly regard it as the ripening fruit of his own garden, or the growing weeds produced by neglect or mismanagement. Should a parent forget, at an early period, to prepare in his son's mind the way to a substantial foundation, or omit to cultivate the path by the force of good example, there will be but faint hope of its subsequent formation. If the proper principles be not instilled before the youth enters on his commercial or scientific career, the chance of their future installation will be but small indeed; for although, in the spring of life, opportunities occur for beautifying the intellect and increasing the amount of useful knowledge, they are but seldom, if ever, embraced, if a foretaste of their utility has not been previously acquired. Without the vital spirit of true morality be imparted by the parent in a child's progress through life, the chances are at least two to one in favor of the enemy.

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Those parents, masters, and employers who are anxious to see our Colonies peopled with a better— that is, a more upright and honest class of menshould endeavour to infuse into the minds of their dependants that which would prove a mental barrier —to stay them from those schools of vice with which the great English metropolis abound. Such places not only lead the mechanic, the young tradesman, the professional pupil, or the scholar from the sacred paths of virtue, but likewise pervert the mental faculties, prostrate the physical energies, and increase the distance and fortify the difficulties on the way to every great and honorable distinction in the drama of life. Such places deter and hold back the frequenters from noble aspirations—aspirations more wholesome, more legitimate, and in all respects more beneficial in their results both to mind, body, and soul; for the frequenters of such places not only waste their time and money, but they waste everything that can impart a bloom to the intelligence of youth, or vigour to the years of manhood. What are these saloons and casinos, which annually spring up in the metropolis in some new form, but the originators and harbingers of the very worst description of vice and immorality—where thousands of respectable youths are deprived of their honorable title, seduced by the allurements of the scene, and finally made the victims of dishonest and abandoned practitioners —the first step, in too many cases, to their total

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ruin. It must be a matter of regret to all morally disposed persons that there is no legislative enactment in which the authorities can arm themselves with power to close such dens of dissipation and obscenity. The mischief caused to youth by visiting these places—the nightly resorts of pickpockets and prostitutes—is incalculable. With young men and citizens—especially with those who have no protecting power, beyond the dictates of their own inclinations, to guide or govern them after the business of the day—such places generally lead to extravagance; and extravagance is often the precursor of dishonesty; and dishonesty, it is well known, is the parent of ruin.

We would briefly refer to another custom which tends to impair the morality, if not to weaken the probity of the practitioners—a custom which, within the last few years, has been gaining ground with many of our speculative 3 r oung men. We allude to the practice of "making betting books." True, the working and middle classes may plead, in justification of such a practice, that they arc only following the track of many of their betters—men of rank and station. We can only regret the existence of that fashionable species of gambling which will admit of such a plea being placed on record; and we regret still more that the recent legislative measure, which placed a temporary check on low betting houses, did not also apply to betting in general, without reference either to

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station or denomination. Can anything be more absurd—we might almost say dishonest, for such practices are a near approach to dishonesty —than a young man in a situation of fifty, seventy, or eighty pounds a year, making bets on a single race to the amount of several hundreds of pounds! We have known not only of one or two such cases, but of many. But apart from the general result of such folly, let us weigh the subject —as all such matters should be weighed—by moral principle. We would ask employers whether such juvenile trading without capital is not only wrong in principle, but whether it is not an absolute infringement of duty on the part of their servants? The individual disposition to serve oneself first is but natural, and when the servant becomes a secret trader on his own account, the master must be the sufferer—even if it be but in loss of time or labor. The youth whose whole faculties are at fever heat, in the hope of winning fifty or a hundred pounds on a single race, which the brief space of a few minutes will decide, will not —nay, cannot give his undivided attention to one whom he is pledged to serve faithfully at so much per annum. We would advise all employers who have a regard to their own interest, as well as for the welfare of their assistants, to look to this. Out of one evil spring many. And than this practice of betting nothing can have a more dangerous tendency on the mind of youth.

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Yet how are such, evils prevented and opposite results accomplished? It can hardly be expected that the junior part of a community should benefit by the force of good example, honest principles, upright dealing, and moral training, while so many parents, masters, and employers stand in need of these things themselves. It would be unreasonable to expect of a profligate or dishonest parent or master a well trained child, or a faithful and upright servant. Dependants take their tone from those above them; and the child who has vice for his father—to be virtuous, must be disobedient. And how many parents and employers are there in the commercial arena —some of whom stand high, very high with the world—who, deeming dishonesty the surest way to advancement, embrace it rather as a virtue than a vice. Mark, for instance, the innumerable tricks, puffs, and wilful falsehood practised by some of the modern tradesmen or bubble-blowers of the day —men who professing to vend their goods at ten, fifteen, or twenty per cent, less than their value, are in reality studying the most deceptive means for securing thirty, forty, or fifty more, or so much more than unpretending but more respectable neighbours. But, apart from every honest principle, we would ask, what does such a system effect? Does it not more frequently defeat than attain the object of the party adopting it? The liar at once sacrifices his own honor, and when detected, he also sacrifices

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the faith of his customer. Suspicion is, in most cases, attended with fear; and to suspect those with whom we wish to do business, is frequently to deter us from doing it. Even in the most trivial matters, exaggeration and falsehood are now so frequently resorted to, that their pernicious fruits seem almost to grow imperceptibly in men's nature. Dissimulation at its present pace will soon become habitual; for even in the ordinary discussions of social life—although there be no personal motive to serve —the speakers constantly employ falsehood, without even being aware of it. Yet many will note in others what they unconsciously, or willingly practise themselves. So much again for the influence of example. It proves that the want of moral resolution, as a ruling principle of action, is one of the greatest defects in human nature. Most of us know what is right—many feel disposed to do what is right—but, through the want of a little moral courage, there are but few indeed with whom wisdom and strength of mind are proof against temptation, and who are not sometimes induced to act contrary to what they know to be right. This proceeds not from a want of knowledge of a duty we owe ourselves, but from the abuse of it—originating in the neglect of our early obligations to our Creator. Why not a sufficient restraint on our actions to bridle our inclinations, or to resist the temptation of others? The influence of pernicious example, and the want of

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instant courage to resist it prepare the way to the ruin of thousands. Nor is this frailty in human nature a feature less prominent in manhood than in youth.

In concluding our "first impressions" of the colony of Victoria, it is necessary to remind those of our readers who may consider the gist of our observations to apply rather to the habits and character of the inhabitants than to the progress and position of the country, that it is usual to regard with greater interest the character than the habitation of a newly made acquaintance, and that visitors generally note the manners or sketch the vices or virtues of their host, before they proceed to review the style of his residence or the peculiar features of his domain. Besides which, the moral, social, political, and commercial greatness of a country spring from the people themselves, not from the land they inhabit—even though the region be a golden one. No country can arrive at, or maintain permanent commercial prosperity, unless the inhabitants possess and properly apply the elements of success. And to hold a high position with kindred states or spirits, nations, like individuals, must command and merit a character for honesty, not only in profession, but also in action. That an unprincipled and profligate community—however wealthy—can take a high rank in the scale of nations, we believe as impossible as that the world would consider an individual who

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had lost his character for integrity to be a person worthy of trust. The colony of Victoria has all the elements of greatness, but will never become great, so long as her inhabitants continue in their present course, and embrace and practice dishonesty rather as a virtue than a vice. Strong in this belief, we have in our preceding remarks dwelt at greater length on the barriers which impede the greatness of the colony than on the colony itself; and we shall only be too happy, after the abatement of the present excited and reckless state of the people, to note a favorable change in the settlers themselves—without which the country will remain an uncultivated, though not a barren land, and its residents nothing but unscrupulous gamblers.

SECOND IMPRESSIONS OF VICTORIA.

In newly populated countries or colonies a little time has been known to effect great changes. Even so with Australia—more especially with the colony of Victoria, of which we now speak. During the short space that divides the first from our present visit —a period of less than two years —not only great changes, but great and visible improvements have taken place both in persons and places. Indeed there has been a perceptible move in the right direction with regard to almost everything and everybody. From the digger in his tent to the merchant in his store; —from the governor and his attendants to the council and its members; — from the administrative to the executive, and from the highest in authority to the meanest official, a marked advance has been made toward the general interests of the colony and its inhabitants. In all —except the climate itself—a striking improvement is observable. True; the country has not

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been re-modelled, nor its people replaced, but the aspect of both, are more inviting than formerly. The elements of vice and immorality are still here, although they appear to have been somewhat checked—let us hope reduced. Instead of a curse, —misfortune sometimes proves a blessing; for it enables the sufferers to reflect on their present state and serves as a wholesome lesson in the future. The commercial crisis which we previously predicted, and which has now arrived and brought with it the fall of thousands of adventurers who speculated without capital and without principle, has been and will continue to be of great benefit to the colony, although it may produce a temporary pressure even with those whose means enable them to withstand the shock. A more healthy state of the country is already visible. Though colonial rogues have not grown upright, nor sabbath-breakers turned saints, nor profligates become pure, honesty and good conduct appear to be a little more respected. Swindling, dissipation, and other relative vices are not so openly and impudently practised and encouraged, nor allowed to remain so entirely unnoticed as heretofore. Travellers may now venture in many, or rather in most parts of the colony, and pursue their course without the fear of being "stuck up" (robbed) or murdered; and even a storekeeper on the diggings is permitted to take his rest at night without being compelled, as a necessary guard to his person and

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pocket, to fortify his pillow with a revolver. Personal and social comforts—formerly unattainableare occasionally within the reach of those who have the monetary means to secure them. A gentleman has not at all times to submit to the indignity of sleeping, or rather lying, in a room with some half dozen human strangers together with countless living things of a smaller but not less objectionable species. The requirements of the people may at present be satisfied with something at least approaching to civilization. Now that the condition of the colony has been calmly considered, and affairs have assumed a more settled state, that great leveller of monopoly, that commercial and social standard-bearer and public benefactor—Competition—has at length appeared, and satisfied masses as well as individuals that to secure a profitable and permanent position for themselves they must study the interests and contribute to the comforts of their customers. People have not, as formerly, to beg for accommodation anywhere at any price; neither have they so frequently to submit to such daring and unheard-of extortion, or be compelled at a moment's notice to leave their hotels, because some bull-headed and ignorant landlord chooses to tell them they "don't spend money enough."

There is likewise a perceptible, if not a considerable diminution of another monster evil—an evil the existence of which will seriously affect the

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well-being of any community. Than the love and excessive use of ardent and intoxicating drinks nothing impedes the progress of science and art and everything connected with the march of civilization more—while nothing can impair the health and corrupt the morals of a people so much. Intemperance in this respect has hitherto been and still is the self-generated curse that afflicts the Australian colonies. Like some pestilential and contagious disease, it seems to affect all classes and all ages. The working part of the population— that includes nearly all, for the aristocratic portion is confined to the several governors, their respective suites and a few others—appear to breathe the air or to be influenced more or less by the noxious vapour of the prevailing malady. The colony of Victoria, as will be seen by our comparative table on the consumption of spirits, is more largely impregnated with the deadly poison than either of the others. This, no doubt, is owing to her being the mistress of the great gold fields, on which the scum of English society, and a portion of American are located. The more respectable and educated class of persons who have within the last few years settled in the country are, of course, not so easily affected by the contagion; but these persons are represented by simple units under very large numbers, and which, if deducted therefrom, would not materially reduce the total. Indeed, it may be fairly assumed that two-thirds of the entire popu-

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lation either drink freely or excessively of intoxicating liquors. A very large proportion of the squatters and old settlers are great and habitual drinkers; and as drink is one of the great elements of, and is invariably associated with crime, all those who have either been expelled their country or selected self-banishment as a lenient punishment for some criminal or unlawful act, are drunkards by aid of their calling.

The persons in Australia more seriously affected than others by intemperance, and who enlist our pity, if not our sympathy, are those honest and hardworking artizans and naturally temperate men who want the moral courage or strength of mind to avoid "doing as others do," and who gradually become the victims of intemperance, not from the absolute love of drink, but through the seductive and pernicious influence of evil association. For the purpose of improving their position, hundreds of steady industrious mechanics have left the mother country for one in which—did they but continue in their former temperate career —their object might be easily and at once secured; but in the majority of cases the services of these useful adventurers are partially if not wholly lost to the Colony; and the men themselves will be found to have derived less profit in person and pocket from extravagant wages and dissolute habits abroad than they did by moderate wages and sobriety at home. For the good opinion of those indolent

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and drunken companions, whose good opinion is worse than worthless, many honest but weakminded men become their own executioners; for to obtain the applause and win the smile of some old and hardened culprit, they enter the path on which they not only destroy their hopes in life but in too many cases come to an untimely and unhappy end. If such persons at the outset were only to consider or weigh for a moment the good opinion of intemperate workmen against that matchless blessing — health —the value of whose presence is never known till needed, they would surely perceive that the empty gain of the one would not repay them for the irreparable loss of the other.

We seldom venture more than a passing opinion on political subjects, and then only so far as the matter referred to has some bearing on the work in hand. Had we however the good or ill fortune to belong to that class of politicians who advocate universal suffrage, equality, fraternity, &c., our experience in the Colonies would have been more than sufficient to convince us of the frailty of the materials on which such principles are formed. England would indeed be in a deplorable condition, were the respectable and well-educated portion of her people reduced to a level with those who furnish the most direct and unanswerable evidence of their incapacity to take care either of themselves or anything intrusted to their care.

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The man who cannot protect his own would be but a feeble guardian for the property of others; and if unfit to guard private rights, he would hardly be qualified for a public trust. Whether his protection be required for a political privilege, or a pound, the result would be identical; for although the coin might be more convertible than the vote, the incapacity of the holder with respect to the application would be the same in either case—for the influence of associates would prove a sufficient leading-string for any purpose or any point. On political questions, which contribute so much either to national greatness or national weakness, a man's capacity should be equal to his power; and while the poorer classes have not the power to comprehend and appreciate, nor the moral courage to protect political privileges, even absolutism with its attendant evils would, in our opinion, be preferable to universal suffrage.

Returning to the point that provoked the preceding remarks, we come to an important question: —when does a nation benefit most by the mechanical part of her population and working classes generally—when the return for their labor will supply them with all the necessaries and a few of the luxuries of life, or at a period when they can command wages sufficient either for accumulation or extravagance? Our experience enables us to supply something more than a speculative answer in favor of the lower scale; for we are satisfied

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that not only a nation or colony benefits by moderate rates but likewise the recipients or laborers themselves. With moderate wages the artizan devotes his services to his country or his employer, while his absence from the pot-house or gin-shop is one of the best guarantees for the preservation of his health. But with inordinate wages not only two-thirds of the mechanic's labor is entirely lost, but his constitution generally becomes a prey to intemperance, while the accumulated evils arising from indolence, vice, sickness, and misery follow. A man who can earn two pounds in one day, which he squanders in idleness and dissipation during the rest of the week would of course benefit both his employer and himself by having to work six days for the amount which he receives in one. The same rule applies alike to workmen and servants of either sex, and of any profession or denomination. The female domestic in Australia who receives fifty or sixty pounds a year is more indolent, impudent, extravagant, or dissipated, and regards the security of her situation with greater indifference than when she was in receipt of one-third of the amount. Still she is not richer at the end of the year than formerly. She spends the surplus in finery, while her male companion takes his to the public-house. The sailor who receives fifty pounds instead of ten for his services on the voyage to England will not be found to be a richer, but—in health and strength

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—a poorer man in less than a month after reaching his destination. Indeed, we might furnish cases to an indefinite number with the same results. Everything tends to strengthen our belief, that moderate but fair wages for the servant, the mechanic, and the laborer, contribute more to the welfare of themselves, their employers, and their country, than high or excessive rates.

By a singular coincidence, our remarks on the above head appear somewhat confirmed on (this 16th of April, 1855,) the day on which they were written, by a leading article in "The Melbourne Morning Herald," which we subjoin without abridgement —less on account of its following our view of the subject, than for the purpose—at some future page of our work —of contrasting the elastic and conflicting doctrines of a colonial press, and of showing how impulsive and accommodating writers, —like rash and unsubstantial speculators, —change, in the time of adversity, the cheerful tune or consequential air they are wont to play in a season of prosperity. "The Melbourne Morning Herald," from which the following article is taken, is perhaps one of the most consistent newspapers in the colony:-

"WHAT HAVE WE GAINED BY GAMBLING PRICES?

"Within our "brief career, as a separate colony, we have some experiences worth noting for future remembrance. The chief of these lessons from the past may be derived

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from the events produced by the gold discoveries, as influencing prices of real and personal property, labor, &c. With very few exceptions, the extraordinary prices of 1852 and the two succeeding have given way to fair and moderate rates, for all descriptions of property; and we may now look around, and ascertain what has been the actual advantage gained, either by individuals or the community, from the excited and highly artificial state of affairs that lately prevailed here.

"We commence with the Executive; and we find that, during the above period, they obtained for Crown lands rates which could scarcely have been realised even in the Great Metropolis of London. Building allotments went off at the rate of five to ten thousand pounds per acre, and suburban and country lands at ten to fifty times the upset prices,—rendering their profitable cultivation absolutely impracticable. At the same time, the general revenue of the colony advanced,—not at the rate of thousands only,— but of millions, during the three years in question. It is, therefore, evident that the Government had their full share of the golden gains of the period. Yet what is its present position? Has it, like the Executive of the United States, an overflowing treasury,—a reserved capital from the plethora of the golden era of revenue, prudently husbanded to meet the reaction which every man of common sense must have foreseen? The answer to these questions must be sought in the present bankrupt position of the public finances, with heavy debts unliquidated, and prospective wants far beyond prospective means.

"The mercantile body came in for the lion's share, in these unwonted sources of rapid wealth. Commerce was suddenly quadrupled, and commercial gains were increased in a still greater ratio. Established houses counted their profits by thousands, where hundreds had before represented them; and mushroom traders sprung up, to turn immense

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sums weekly, without a shilling of capital to commence with. If figures possess any value, in enabling us to estimate results, we should now look for a large class of capitalists amongst the merchants and traders, possessed of surplus wealth sufficient to carry on most of the great public works required in the colony, by investments of capital, such as we find in the mother country. Yet what has been the result of all this rapid money-making in commerce? Not only have the mushroom class wholly disappeared, leaving in most instances an ugly record in the Insolvent Court, but houses have been dragged down with them, which had previously stood on a firm foundation, and had ample capital to support their operations. About a score of this body, more selfish or far-seeing than their compeers, have indeed realised their gains, and carried them off to spend, amongst a more sober community on the other side of the globe; but these exceptions only increase the general loss sustained by the colony.

"The speculators in real property have been generally considered a leading class of gainers by the extravagancies of the golden era. They bought land at four times its value, to re-sell at twelve-fold that value; and they built houses at three-fold the average cost, to let them at rents which represented two and three years' purchase. Yet in this class we also look in vain for surplus capital,—for any number of men able and willing to expend extravagant gains in reproductive works, permanently beneficial to themselves and the colony. Their land investments are now wholly unproductive in many instances, and houses which cost three-fold their actual value to raise, now produce far less to their owners than the current rate of interest for money on loan; although, with rents reduced one-half, we still find tenements that would be considered exorbitantly high at £10 per year at home, have a rental affixed to them of £50 to £80 per annum. In this class, therefore,

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the general public are even now laboring under a disadvantage, which has, in a great measure, disappeared from current prices, while no counterbalancing advantages remain to any one.

"The laboring man, it will be said, surely profited by the enormous rate of wages which prevailed. But here, also, we fail to trace out any enduring evidence of that profit. Much of these unusual gains we know went into the tills of the publicans, and thereby created a temporary value in tavern property, which has since landed many of the latest speculators in the Insolvent Court. But where are we to seek the results of the surplus wages of the laboring class? Do we find the vicinity of Melbourne dotted with farms and market-gardens,—the natural channels for investment by this class? No such provident habit has been encouraged amongst them; and so blind to the future have the mass shown themselves, that a few days lack of employment plunges them in difficulty.

"Our late Governor, Mr. La Trobe, (of whom it is easier to speak with pity than anger,) plainly confessed his inability to stem the tide of improvidence which set in from the year 1852, and met every argument for ameliorating it by a plea of helplessness, on the part of the Executive, to control the tendency of the public to overlook the future, in dealing with their exorbitant gains. A statesman would have pursued a very different course. We have now very dear-bought experience to guide us in the struggle we have entered upon, to acquire anew the opportunities of progress that we have lost; and a statesman we must have to govern Victoria, and initiate for her population measures for her real advancement, and to set examples of prudence and patriotism to the community."

As the writer of the foregoing article justly observes, high wages failed to make the working

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classes in the colony of Victoria "provident." He might have added that moderate wages compels them—if not to he provident, to he less extravagant, therehy insuring their longer absence from the pot-house, and the consequent benefit to their health if not to their pocket. There is not half so much dissipation, drunkenness and riot, with the working classes at present as we found in the colony during our first visit. Why? Simply because the working classes cannot at present earn half so much as formerly, consequently have not half so much to spend. The decline of intemperance arises from no social advance in the habits and tastes of the people themselves. Their inclination and desire for drink are the same now as then, and only lie dormant for want of the means to indulge them. We occasionally recognise at the bar of our hotel, quietly taking a glass of ale, some familiar form whom we remember to have seen during our last visit shouting for "nobblers round," and with oaths and clamour spending five or ten shillings on a lot of strangers, instead —as at present —of calmly dispensing sixpence or a shilling on himself.

But great gains, suddenly acquired by the middle classes, appear to be as improvidently wasted, or at least to be quite as difficult to husband as the inordinate wages of the laborer or mechanic. Only two years since we had our attention directed to numerous fortunate land or

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mercantile speculators, who were worth some forty, fifty, or a hundred thousand pounds per man, many of whom at this present writing— instead of repairing to their native land with the substantial weight of their former sport, have their names entered for a passage through the Insolvent Court. One gentleman whom we had the honor—or rather misfortune, for he was a low person—to meet in 1853, and who then proceeded to England for the purpose, as he supposed, of enjoying a permanent income of £10,000 a year, has just returned to find that he is not worth as many shillings. Those to whom he had either sold or let his property having failed, ho discovers that his land is not worth the twentieth part of its former imaginary value. All—from the governor to the humblest mechanic—mistook and calculated on that revenue for an age which lasted only for a season; and the mistake has surprised, misled, or embarrassed one and all in a greater or lesser degree. Sudden and unheard-of successes drove the people mad, and in that state they were either unable or unwilling to anticipate a reaction; but by equally sudden reverses their senses have been partially restored—though not without a severe shock even to those whose means and credit have enabled them to maintain their position.

Notwithstanding the reaction which has taken place, the various branches of commerce in Victoria have at present the appearance of approaching a

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more healthy state. It will of course take some time before they continue periodically to yield the substantial fruit arising from prudence and care; for after the reckless speculation of merchants, companies, and private individuals during the last two years, it is scarcely possible for regular traders to ascertain what the actual requirements of the colony have been—what they are, or what they are likely to be. Such immense shipments of unsuitable merchandise from England and other parts of the globe have been daily, almost hourly, forced into the markets and sold or sacrificed without reservation, that large quantities both of unseasonable and unsuitable goods have been purchased by the inhabitants at one half their original cost, in place of others which they required. The extravagant price of almost everything for a short time after the discovery of gold, together with the flaming accounts which were immediately and extensively circulated throughout Europe, created that prodigious appetite for speculation, for the imprudent indulgence in which the actors have already paid a severe penalty. Almost everybody in England had heard that by sending goods to Australia a fortune was to be made; almost everybody tried to make it; and almost everybody has been disappointed with the result. Anything would do for Australia where everything was wanted—although but few have received anything in return. But an improvement is now observable

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—not with reference to commercial prosperity but with regard to the manner commercial matters are conducted in the colony. True; large fortunes have not been made during the last two years; on the contrary —through excessive trading, caused by former successes, a considerable portion, and in some cases all the profits previously acquired, have been lost to the original holders. But these reverses have already produced beneficial results. Eeckless speculation has partially if not wholly ceased; trade has reached a more settled and healthy state; while anything which is likely to prove of real service to the country —either with regard to persons or things—meets with more attention and encouragement than heretofore.

Of greater benefit to the colony than all—in a commercial point of view—is the diminution of that swarm of ephemeral or transitory class of speculators who, bike summer flies, are blown into existence during the heat of great commercial excitement. These trading nondescripts being of a migratory nature, no wonder that so many of them should have been found in Victoria. They are nothing more nor less than human bubbles that start without capital and end without character. Their antipodal season is now over, although the mischief caused during their presence remains. Fortunately, however, the persons on whom it chiefly falls are able to bear the burden. Rich merchants should remember that mites would not

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exist without matter; and when they lend their support to that which takes from their own. substance, they have only themselves to blame. Colonial banking houses are entitled even to less commiseration—indeed, to none at all; for had they not, during a brief period of commercial excitement and speculation, afforded assistance to persons without discrimination, and discounted paper at enormous rates without care or inquiry, the evil would have been nipped in the bud.

For the benefit of colonists generally, and for the information of those persons in the United Kingdom who are commercially connected with them, we here make mention of a system which is frequently complained of, not only in the colony of Victoria but in all the colonies we have visited. The custom has long existed, and although not so universally adopted as in former years, it still continues, and is often practised by English merchants at home to the great inconvenience, and sometimes at the serious cost of their colonial customers. The practice we refer to is one that is common with many of the manufacturing, commercial, and export houses, viz., —inattention to, or want of proper care in the execution of foreign orders. In some cases, the evidence would go to prove that inattention and carelessness are not the only things to be complained of, but that gross deception, or downright dishonesty are more appropriate terms for the evil. "Anything will do

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to go abroad," cries some Bread-street or Milkstreet warehouseman, as he selects the damaged, unfashionable, or dirty portion of his stock for shipment. "Here's an order from Australia," says a Birmingham manufacturer to his foreman, as he instructs him to send some lacquered rings, tenpenny brooches and unsaleable wares and charge them double price. That anything is often sent, but that anything will not do, those who are acquainted with, or have visited the colonial markets will at once confirm. No greater mistake can be made than to suppose that some worthless article at home can acquire a value by being sent abroad, or that the distance of a few thousands of miles will prevent our own countrymen or others from knowing what is or what is not worthless. And no greater mistake can be made by those English merchants who value their foreign connexion than to imagine that distance will prevent the detection of unfair or dishonest dealing, or that the discovery would not be the means of stopping "future orders." Some of our first-class houses appear to be aware of this, and devote as much care and attention in the execution of foreign as home orders. As may be supposed, such upright dealing leads to an increase in the number of customers on the part of those who practise it.

With regard to the principal towns in the colony of Yictoria—Melbourne and Geelong—we may observe that the improvements which have taken

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place since 1853 correspond with the favorable change manifested in the tastes and habits of the population. Melbourne can now boast of its University—with, at present, sixteen students—its Chamber of Commerce, and other Institutions that furnish evidence of the social and mental progress of the place and the people. The town is now partially, and will shortly be entirely lighted with gas, while the improved state of the streets, as well as the buildings, public and private, prove that neither the local authorities nor private individuals have been insensible to the advantages to be derived from the abolition of public nuisances and private hovels. The improvements in Greelong, although not quite so striking and extensive as those in the capital, have steadily and substantially progressed; and while Melbourne, as the seat of government, is likely to maintain the lead in a commercial as well as political point of view, the situation and salubrity of Geelong are infinitely superior, and may well cause all those connected with the government and its administration to regret that "head quarters" was not originally fixed in a place—the natural advantages of which are so superior to those of the capital.

In reference to the climate—either with regard to health, pasture, or agricultural pursuits, all the information we have gathered from others' and our own experience during our present visit merely tends to the confirmation of our previous remarks

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on the same subject. Long droughts, and the want of inland lakes and rivers are the chief drawbacks to this and indeed to all the Australian colonies. Although many parts of the country are very beautiful, so far as scenery is concerned, they would be still more beautiful if the creeks and valleys were undulated by streams and running brooks. During the summer months one may traverse a space of fifty or one hundred miles without seeing anything of a nearer approach to crystal fluid than that which may be found in some stagnant pool or gully hole. Indeed the want of water is one of the greatest wants in a semi-tropical climate, and one that is more severely felt than any other. During the six months antecedent to this present writing there has not been in many parts of the colony more than twenty-four hours rain, while in other parts there has not been a drop; and the sight of a piece of fat beef or mutton would at present be as great and as rare a dish on a colonial table as a basket of strawberries would be considered in England on Christmas-day. In a long dry season the squatters lose thousands of their sheep entirely through the want of water, and consequent absence of pasture.

There are many other drawbacks arising from the same and similar causes; but to the personal inconveniences produced by a warm climate, through hot winds, dust, flies, mosquitoes, together with myriads of insects of various sorts and sizes

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we consider it unnecessary to do more than refer— as such things are known to exist and are periodically looked for by old settlers, however unexpected or unpleasant they may appear to new comers.

The newspaper press in Victoria is neither impartially nor ably conducted—a truth that applies more especially to the loading organ, which is ever ready to pander to popular opinions, however extravagant or erroneous, without having either the influence to guide or govern them, or the ability to disguise its own subserviency. The editors mistake impudent assurance for power, and personal abuse for satire. After heading the cry of speculators and gamblers during two years of artificial success and predicting the most absurd and visionary pictures of Victorian glory, and after having assisted, by its advocacy of useless and extravagant outlays, to precipitate the colony and its inhabitants toward their present state of insolvency, the Melbourne "Argus"—the government organ for the present moment—displays the full extent of its power and its spleen in articles like the following—simply because a proposition emanates from a more respectable source, that the government of Victoria ought to seek the advice and assistance of the Officer at the head of the Australian Colonies, who is invested by her Majesty with special powers for supervision at any time his services may be required.

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"HO! DENISON, TO THE RESCUE!

"An idea has been set on foot by some sagacious gentlemen, that the condition of this Colony is so critical that it is necessary to call in extraneous assistance; and that the best course to be adopted is to send for Sir William Denison to come down, and endeavour to put us all to rights by a coup de main.

"Whatever we may think of the wisdom of this proposal, or of its efficacy, if adopted, there can be no doubt of the perfect originality of the suggestion; and those who have stumbled upon such a clew to lead us out of the labyrinth of our misfortunes, deserve credit for the fertility of their invention, at all events, be those who proceed to adopt their idea many or few.

"For ourselves, we must confess that, supposing any such step as that suggested to be consistent with the duties of a Governor-General, or at all compatible with the position of the Lieutenant-Governor of an independent colony, we demur to any such proceeding on several grounds.

"In the first place, we do not think it necessary. It is the fashion to represent affairs in the colony in a very desperate condition: and there is much, certainly, which requires prompt and energetic attention; but of all the prognostications which are likely to lead to their own verification, few are so likely as those of people who run about, incessantly proclaiming the advent of a crisis. Lead men's thoughts continuously to dwell upon the expectation of great and exciting events, and they begin to look for and insist upon them. The humdrum routine of every-day life becomes insipid, and they demand the gratification of the excited spirit in which they have been taught to exist. But national crises have rarely a beneficial tendency. They may sometimes be necessary to clear the political atmosphere, as a thunder-storm does that of the natural world; but if a

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country can get on without all the thunder and lightning, and earthquake and volcano, depend upon it that it is better for it in the end; and that "the calm health of nations" is much greater, more reliable, more satisfactory in every way, without the occurrence of such paroxysms at all. It is not the part of good citizenship to precipitate such crises, and therefore it is not good citizenship to constantly predict them. Men may run about, and urge their neighbor to look out instantly for great events; but, by doing so, they confer no benefits on such neighbor, or on the community of which they each constitute a part.

"For our own part, we do not believe that any crisis is necessarily impending. We are inclined rather to hope that a considerable progress towards a better condition of things is perceptible; and we feel as indignant with those who would recklessly interfere with that progress, as we should feel with the man who should intercept a railway train, or blow one of our Liverpool clippers into the air, because she was not a mail steamer carrying us our letters in something under fifty days. The great and most imminent difficulty in the colony lately has been the management of the goldfields. The license-fee is done away with, —the obnoxious commissioner system is immediately to follow; an amount of representation as adequate as local legislation can secure, will be brought into operation without any delay; the land in the neighbourhood of the gold-fields must be brought more freely into the market; and any other reform which may be energetically and temperately urged will receive prompt attention. Meantime the yield from the gold-fields is increasing, as the rain comes. Quartz-crushing promises very great results indeed. Wages of various kinds are rising, and people are becoming more generally employed. The inhabitants of the towns and their suburbs are betaking themselves to the country —placing themselves in the way of becoming producers, instead of mere distributors; the

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plough passes merrily through many a sod—never yet turned up before; and genuine colonisation is going on more rapidly, and with a more promising aspect, than has ever yet been the case. The public is officially told that the revenue is increasing; and several large measures of retrenchment have been forced upon the Government, and still further economy is inculcated for the future. Already a feeling of greater confidence is prevailing amongst our trading classes; and many articles are, one after another, reaching a highly remunerative rate, and affording promises of adequate profit to all concerned in their introduction.

"These are hopeful features; and although there is still much to regret, and much to blame, there is nothing that necessitates a crisis. We may all set to work to treat ourselves to "a bit of row," if we choose; but it would scarcely be the act of an intelligent or civilised people; and we, therefore, think it would be better to postpone such an event till we cannot do without it; and, in the meantime, try to shame those who would bring it about, and those who too readily prophecy it, into the adoption of a more reasonable course of policy.

"But, however unsatisfactory, or even desperate, our condition might be thought, even by the least sanguine, we protest against the invitation to Sir William Denison, as one of the most preposterous suggestions we ever heard of. We are suffering from the want of Victorian experience of one governor, and we are to remedy the evil by appealing to the want of experience of another! We are complaining of mismanagement upon the part of one of our colonial representatives of Royalty, and one whom most people still believe to mean well to the colony, and we are to call in the assistance of another, whose whole Australian career has stamped him a reckless and unscrupulous tyrant. Nay, the very evils of an impoverished exchequer, and extravagantly expensive establishments, under which wo are groaning, are

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more immediately traceable to him, and his detestable convict policy, than to any other man or any other cause in existence. Our gaol penal and police expenditure last year amounted to £1,000,000; and one-third of this would have been sufficient, but for Victoria having been deluged with the felonry, introduced into the Australian colonies by the aid of his artifices and intrigues. And this is the man to whom we are to appeal for assistance! Are we mad, or blind, or sinking into a condition of fatuity, even to listen to such a piece of flagrant inconsistency?

"However, let us suppose the improbable case—that Sir William Denison should be asked to come, and would assent to that request. What could he do? Could he be expected to tell at a glance what was right and what was wrong? Could he select our good officials from our bad ones, by intuition? Would he, running down here for a fortnight, hang Smith, and promote Brown; elevate to honor the chief butler, and give the chief baker to the fowls of the air? By what peculiar art could all this be done? And what confidence can any man place in Sir William Denison, to intrust in his hands this sort of vice-regal Lynch law? He might possibly come, see, and conquer; he might visit us with all the authority of the prophet; "strike his hand over the place," and at once cure us of our leprosy. But we do not believe in the possibility of all this. The evils we suffer from are chronic ills. They have grown up under long years of the most abominable misgovernment and oppression; and it is simply absurd to fancy that they can be removed by any more ready process than that of patient and continuous reform. It would be a thing unprecedented, for the national diseases of years to be cured by the operations of a day. We must wade laboriously and perseveringly out of the mire of our difficulties, as we waded foolishly into it; and we must apply our own shoulders to the wheel instead of praying to such a very questionable Hercules as Sir William Denison.

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"In sober truth, that gentleman is, even in point of talent, one of the most over-estimated men in the Australian Colonies. His whole career in Tasmania was a great mistake; and the condition in which he left it was as little creditable to his capacity, as his vile pandering to convictism was creditable to his honor. That entire country is at this moment in a state of collapse! The dearth of labor is only equalled by the incapacity of the inhabitants to offer rates of wages which shall supply it. Commerce is stagnant: and the landowner, the householder, and the capitalist, look blankly at one another, and ask whether things are always to be so dull; whether the exhaustion consequent upon the rapid suspension of expenditure of imperial funds, is or is not to dwindle into an incurable disease? The attractions of the gold-fields of Victoria have, in their overflow, helped to populate every one of the adjacent colonies, except Deni-son-cursed Van Diemen's Land. New South Wales has greatly increased her population; that of South Australia has greatly increased; that of New Zealand has increased. Van Diemen's Land alone has retrograded; and her gaolergovernor most beautifully illustrated the effects of his benignant rule, by informing the people, a short time previous to his leaving, that, since the discovery of gold, the population had decreased to the extent of about ten thousand souls! A noble patriot, indeed, to put us in order!

"But, besides all this, what would there be in even the successful rule of such a colony as Tasmania, to justify expectation in dealing with the affairs of such a colony as this? The whole population of that island amounts to little more than that of the city of Melbourne. And is there anything in the control of such a number of people as that, to lead to very high hopes in our much greater affairs? Why, Mr. Town-Clerk Kerr rules all Melbourne with a rod of iron, and his subjects do not raise barricades, hoist standards, or otherwise rebel! But does anybody suggest

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that Mr. Kerr shall, therefore, be constituted DictatorGeneral of Victoria, to supersede the Lieutenant-Governor, and cut and carve our establishments at his pleasure?

"No! good people of Victoria! your true remedy lies with no one man! Loot not to England! look not to Sydney, for redress! If you cannot reform your own abuses, rest assured that no one will reform them for you. But you lean upon a broken reed if you trust to individual zeal, individual vigilance, individual integrity. The remedy for what is wrong amongst you rests with yourselves alone ; and you are not true to yourselves if you do not turn with a stout heart to the labor before you, and succeed in workingout your own redemption."

The writer of the above article reminds us of the timid patient, who on the approach of the physician, declares himself free from disease, yet with the next breath proposes to cure himself. If the colonists are in the healthy state the writer would lead them to suppose, why desire them to work out their redemption? This is but a mild specimen of the tone and inconsistency of "The Argus," compared with the majority of its leaders, some of which propose measures and propound doctrines in one issue which are utterly denied or repudiated in the next. It is a newspaper that may be truly termed the colonial weathercock; for it will join the rabble in any popular cry on any subject, however extravagant; but should the more intelligent part of the community, by the force of reason and common sense, turn the current in an opposite direction, it will immediately

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point its arrows against its former friends. For instance, —the large influx of Chinese immigrants during the last few months has created some alarm in the minds of the indolent, dissipated, and illiterate part of the inhabitants, lest those whose peaceful and industrious habits prove them to be a superior class of persons should reap the fruit of their own labor in a foreign land—a liberty and a right which in England are granted to men of any and every nation, so long as they respect and obey the laws of the country. Thinking, however, that popular opinion was with them, the editors and contributors to this liberal and enlightened newspaper were highly indignant at the increase in the number of persons from the Celestial Empire, and endeavoured to impress on the Government the necessity of at once introducing a measure for the total exclusion of any and all from the same region—or they, the writers, would not be responsible for the peaceful behavior of the diggers. After the columns of a largely circulated newspaper had been daily filled with articles and letters of so inflammatory a nature, it is not surprising to find that a body of emancipated felons, robbers, and diggers did actually, and without provocation on the part of the defendants, turn round on these inoffensive and unprotected individuals and violently drive them from the diggings. Fortunately however for the progress of civilization, and as a check to the public buzz and infectious blasts of

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literary blue-bottles, Melbourne has a Chamber of Commerce—whose members on this occasion have, by the influential expression of their opinion, put a stop to that monstrous and retrogressive step by which the rabble, and the leading newspaper of Victoria, proposed to check the intercourse and social improvement of nations. The following will explain the subject in all its bearings which the members were summoned to consider:—

"CHAMBER OF COMMERCE.—THE CHINESE QUESTION.

"A special general meeting of the Chamber of Commerce was held yesterday afternoon, at the Exchange Rooms, Collins-street, for the purpose, according to the circular issued, of considering the following questions: —

"1st. Whether under the treaty with China any British colony has power to exclude the natives of China. 2nd. To consider whether the government of Victoria can impose any restrictions on the passenger intercourse between China and this colony. 3rd. In case of passing any exclusive law relative to the Chinese, to what extent the lives and property of British subjects in China would thereby be affected. 4th. What effect such interference would have upon the commercial interests of Great Britain and the Australian colonies in connection with China. 5th. What measures might be beneficially adopted by this colony, with the view of securing peace and harmony between the Chinese and the inhabitants."

And to the lasting credit of the body, the following resolution, after full discussion, was carried by a very large majority: —

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"That, in the opinion of this Chamber, it is contrary to the spirit of the age, opposed to the interests of this colony, and opposed to the treaty with China, to pass any law peculiarly applicable to the prevention of the Chinese from landing in this colony."

Now let the reader observe, in the following leader, how an important Colonial newspaper, which had done all in its power to excite popular indignation against the Chinese, immediately turns round to compliment those by whom its doctrines have been defeated. Well may such tergiversation arouse the pity and disgust of the small body of sensible and thoughtful men in the colony:—

"CHINESE IMMIGRATION.

"The council in Collins-street has anticipated that in Bourke-street, and declared its opinion on the subject of Chinese immigration. It is a good omen for the country that a body like the Melbourne Chamber of Commerce should at last have begun to display such energy as has of late characterised their proceedings, although their discretion may sometimes appear questionable. It is satisfactory to find our merchants deliberating on the important points which from time to time arise, and expressing their views in reference to them. Often and often we have regretted the apathy in reference to public questions of vital importance which was displayed by the members of the mercantile community, and we rejoice in the proofs they are now giving of a somewhat livelier interest in matters which concern them as much, at least, as any other class. We are convinced that serious evils would have been averted had this energy been earlier displayed.

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"But it strikes us that in considering the Chinese question the Chamber have looked at it too exclusively in its commercial aspect. There is something rather remarkable in the almost unanimous decision of this body being in direct opposition to the also almost unanimous decision of the public meeting of the citizens, which was held the other day.

"The question, it is true, has great importance in a commercial point of view. The opening of a new stream of immigration into the colony, broader and more rapid, in all probability, than has hitherto flowed into it, would have an influence immediate, direct, and of the most decided kind on the commercial condition of Melbourne. Our Chinese visitors are not, it is admitted, by any means such good customers as those who come to Victoria from the United Kingdom, America, or the Continent of Europe. But, on the other hand, they are all customers, —not competitors. They do require supplies, and though they may not be as great consumers, even by two-thirds, as other immigrants are, yet, if they come in numbers three times as great, the effect upon trade will be the same. The Chinese may not be good customers to the importers of wines and spirits, and furniture, and ladies' dresses, and ornaments; but food they must have, and they have of late displayed a ready appreciation of British clothing, in preference to the rough cotton in which they reached our shores."

The following speech (translated) was written by one of the leading men among the Chinese immigrants, who hearing of the intended or threatened expulsion of his countrymen, felt anxious both on their account and his own to arrest the colonial persecution. The address is pregnant with such good feeling, common sense, and gentle forbearance,

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that we subjoin it without abridgment; and if our expectations were only equal to our hope, some of our bigotted and despotic colonists, and popularitybunting scribblers, would not fail to profit by the kindly expressions and manly sentences of those whom they so hastily and cruelly condemn: —

"SPEECH OF QUANG CHEW,

"LATELY ARRIVED, A MAN, BEING GOOD IN HIS SEASON AND AFFECTIONS, AND FIFTH COUSIN OF THE MANDARIN TA QUANG TSING LOO, WHO POSSESSES MANY GARDENS NEAR MACAO.

"Kind people of the Gold-enticing Country!—I, a man of some years beyond the rest of us Chinese who have recently disembarked upon the hospitable shores of your yellow fields; also a man, wishing very humbly to express the gratitude of his heart, and of all those who accompany him, or who have gone before us, and not forgetting all those who are humbly on the way; I, being, moreover, a man of moderation and cautious judgment, even after looking on both sides of the bridge, according to the wise laws and advice of Cung Foo T'see, and Lao Shang, cannot but give words to my surprise at some of the roughly-split and knotty bamboos which, as we are informed by the tongue of our interpreter, Atehai, have been swung threateningly above the shoulders of all the golden sea-crossing people of the Central Flowery Empire, our much-distant native land.

"Man being subject to many changes and dark clouds, must submit with resignation. Man must be patient; and likewise exceedingly respectful. All good laws teach this; and all dutiful Chinese reverence the laws, because they are the finest flowers and fruits which the heavenly sun extracts

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from the roots of wisdom. Therefore man must always bow before bis governors and superiors, because they are the roots of wisdom. "With all becoming ceremonies we wish to approach and bow before the governor of this town.

"But in what thing have we, the Chinese, humbly landing on your delightful shores, given just cause of offence? That is what lam desirous to know. We wish to be made sensible. Man at all times needs instruction, and particularly when he arrives in a foreign land. Our interpreter Atchai would not deceive us. Atchai is a respectable young man, formerly one of the agents of Howqua and Mowqua, merchants in tea; but Atchai may have made some mistakes in your words, and in the characters he places before us as representing your words. This is my opinion. It is also the opinion of Ayung Fi, a man of extensive judgment, and one of the principal tailors of Canton. I will say more. All the oldest men among us think the same as I think, and Ayung thinks Atchai has made a bad looking glass.

"Understanding, by the assurances of many respectable people in our own country, and additionally convinced by others who had voyaged to this land, and returned to the Central Flowery Empire, that, not only do the people of England come here, but the people of India, and Japan, and America, and also from French lands, and other places; and having been informed that there were no people of any country who were excluded, and that all those people were even welcomed with both hands, and the sound of triangles and kettles [meaning drums], who came from civilised places, where the arts and other useful labors were studied from the wisest and most ancient traditions, and were industriously cultivated; now, therefore, in all reverence, and with every proper ceremony, I, the speaker of this, Quang Chew, a very humble man, but having reason, do not think it will justly balance in your wise governor's hand, when bitter and unfruitful counsellors [more literally, mandarins made of orange-peel] propose that all nations shall be

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welcomed here, excepting the Chinese. I appeal to you all, diversified people of the gold-enticing country, if this would not be a hard-grained and distorted proceeding? At the thought of being sent home with disgrace, and for no wrong done, we blush, though innocent, we tremble excessively, though free from guilt.

"Among our numbers we have men well stilled in gardening, and the cultivation of all sorts of fruits and flowers; likewise carpenters, and workers in fine wood, and in ivory, which we hear abounds in your forests; also cunning agriculturists, who know how to manage the worst as well as the best soils, particularly Leu Lee, and his five nephews; also two men accustomed to make ornamental bridges, and a skilful man named Yaw, who can make the best kites, having wings and great glass eyes, not to bo surpassed; likewise Yin, who understands the breeding of fish, and birds, and dogs, and cats; also many excellent cooks who would allow nothing to be wasted; and, moreover, we have lockmakers, and toy makers, and many umbrella makers, greatly needed, and inventors of puzzles and fireworks, and carvers of fans and chessmen, and some who make musical instruments, which others can play. Why should all these things be sent back with disgrace?

"If it has, unfortunately, happened that any among our people, through ignorance of your laws, have committed any offences, let them suffer the punishment awarded, and due to ignorance. Man must be instructed, either by wise precepts, or by punishment. That is all I shall say on this matter. But it is necessary that I should speak about gold.

"Thinking very considerably on the subject, I can see very surely that it is not every man who can find much gold. Some indeed will find none at all. These poor men will need to live upon the labor of others, who will not be pleased with that arrangement. Therefore, these poor men will return to this town, and to all your smaller towns, and villages, and villas, and farms, and sell their skill and their

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services in their several ways for a little money, and perhaps rice. Why should all our gardeners, and coots, and fish and bird breeders, and conjurors, be driven away in scorn, when they might be of great use to many others, if allowed to remain here? Should it be deemed prudent not to allow above ten or twenty thousand more Chinese to come here, it surely would be a harsh proceeding to send away any of those who have already come so far, and are all full of respect.

"I will propose one thing in particular. Being aware that the governors of this place are always chosen as being most eminent in wisdom; also being well informed of the great extent of lands in the distant regions beyond the town, and that the greatest part of those lands have never been cultivated; I, the speaker of this, Quang Chew, a humble man, but having some little sense, feel very certain that most of those men of different countries who have found much gold, have purchased land from the governor of the soil. Man delights in having land, and also in orchards and gardens, and prosperous farms. If, then, these places have not been cultivated, it is because those who have bought, or perhaps been presented with all these small farms and fields, for good conduct, by your generous and rational governor, are men accustomed only to dig for gold, and not to till the soil, or else not numerous enough for the work of cultivation. Perhaps, also, not being cunning in those labors.

"If this speech have any reason in it, I know it will be heard with a close ear, and the head leaning on one side; and I most anxiously hope that the governor of this town, and all the towns and lands beyond, will condescend to weigh and measure, and reflect a little upon my words; in the belief of which, with all humbleness of heart, and respectful ceremonies, we await, in silence, the vermilioncoloured reply."

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We have before observed that a marked improvement has taken place within the last two years in this colony with regard to the inhabitants —from the governor down to the meanest official. But this improvement is to be attributed more to the subdued and settled state of the times than to anything else. During the brief season of speculation, riot, and confusion, that preceded this, each one was too busily engaged in the general scramble for gain either to think of his own social progress, or of the mischief caused to society by the unrestrained acts and dishonest practices of his neighbor or his superior. But the calm that has now succeeded this disorder affords sensible men time for reflection —and a social improvement is the result. It is the powerful voice of such thoughtful men — a small minority of the entire population—not the popular cry of the rabble and their organs, by which recent public benefits have been achieved and by which future ones may be accomplished. It is by such men and by such means that the press in this colony will discover its present sandy foundation; if it would hold that independent position it has not yet attained, or be invested with that power and influence becoming its high office writers must be employed who will mark out and pursue an honest course, without the influence either of party purpose or private intrigue.

The governor of Victoria, Sir O. Hotham, is not at present very popular, although about twelve

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months since—in the middle of 1854—the entire population of the colony pronounced him nothing less than a modern Cæsar, or a colonial Washington, not from their knowledge either of the man or his deeds—for they knew but little of either— but simply from the great things they predicted and expected him to achieve. Amid the roar of cannon and the strains of martial music, the new Governor first stepped on the land he was destined for a time to govern. Beneath triumphal arches, festoons of laurels, flags of all nations, but that of Russia, and surrounded by flowers of every hue, both natural and artificial, the Knight Commander of the Bath traversed his semi-province, and was welcomed alike both in the capital and in the bush—in the township and on the diggings, and by all persons and all ages, with loyal addresses, emblematic devices and demonstrations, popular ensigns, complimentary ovations, together with every imaginable mark of private attention and public favor. Like some Roman monarch or ancient warrior, he was led to the helm of state— although the majority of those by whom he was conducted had not previously heard even of the name of their hero. But, alas! for the brief existence of such popular and unsubstantial greatness! Our modern heroes and public idols might surely profit by the fate of their great forefathers—those whose noble deeds "live after them"-and not place much reliance on what too often proves

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merely the froth of popular feeling that disappears with the momentary blast by which it is created. The very men who applauded Cæsar's assassin— when addressed by another orator—vowed the next hour to be avenged for Caesar's death. And those in the present day whose musical voices and sweet caps rend the air as tributes of admiration on the advent of any great official "star" are no more to be depended on for the sincerity of their ovations than their rude and slippery ancestors.

We are inclined to think that the majority of public characters, in the spring of their career, and during the exhilirating but treacherous ray of a little popularity, are apt at the moment to forget the compliments usually conveyed to persons selected for exalted stations, and to mistake the respect due to their position for personal honors, or private esteem. Undeserved praise is often followed by unmeritted censure. The one provokes the other; and many men have been unjustly condemned through the mistaken kindness of those who in attempting to render them a service adopt the surest means of securing their downfall. "Be not deceived by the applause of false friends," says the honest critic to some new candidate for public favor, whom the lovers of novelty will applaud today, and as readily condemn to-morrow. Such advice may with propriety be applied to political no less than to any other public or professional actors —to the young statesman no less than to the

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young tragedian; for each alike are too ready to mistake empty salutations for substantial favor, and are often led by such mistake to say or do something which, on reflection, they wish unsaid or undone. Old stagers, or experienced politicians are aware of this; and those agitators who blame them for their evasion or their reserve would blame them still more did they commit themselves to some measure or measures which circumstances might afterwards compel them to abandon.

The popular and universal, yet at the same time extravagant acclamations that hailed the present governor, Sir C. Hotham, on his arrival in the colony, very naturally betrayed him into the error we have just described, and which has already proved a severe blight on his early-blown popularity. He commenced his career, like many others, by promising too much—more than was subsequently found convenient or desirable to perforin. Hence the reaction that has since taken place in public opinion. Having good-humoredly but injudiciously acknowledged the just as well as many of the unreasonable demands of those around him, and having, as a natural consequence, failed to fulfil all that was expected of him, the Lieutenant Governor is, of course, no longer pronounced the great man the people had previously pictured him. It is easier to make a fortune than to retrieve a fallen one. Even so with popularity; and whatever the amount of good the present governor,

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during his term of office, may accomplish—and we believe him capable of much—he will never hold the same rank in public estimation as that assigned to him before the failure of the performances which he led or allowed the people to believe he was able to accomplish. The stringent measures he caused to be adopted with and enforced on the diggers, immediately after listening to and promising to redress their grievances, produced much dissatisfaction—while it is generally believed that just and impartial dealing with the original aggressors at Ballarat would have prevented the riot and bloodshed that subsequently ensued. True; the officers, not the governor, might have been to blame, although the principal is of course held responsible for the acts of his subordinates— especially when their acts are approved rather than censured. The attorney-general could not find a jury that would return a verdict against any one of those who fired on the soldiers at Ballarat, and who were tried for "high treason;" for it is the prevailing opinion of all classes that the provocation the rioters received precipitated, although it might hardly justify their acts.

That the governor was and is beset with innumerable difficulties in administering the affairs of a colony like this, no impartial observer of the heterogeneous mass he has to govern, or of the men and matter at his command, will for a moment doubt. For our own part, we consider, as we

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previously stated, that he has erred, most in promising what he has been unable to perform. That his desire for doing good is equal to his profession and greater than the power at his disposal for doing it, all who are acquainted with his character will readily admit. To please all in so miscellaneous an assembly were impossible; and — as an old colonist one day sagaciously remarked to us —"if the folks at home were to send an angel from heaven to govern us, there be many devils here that would'nt then be satisfied." The governor is surrounded by men of opposite tastes and opposite interests; and he no doubt finds a greater difficulty than administering to the wants of the colony is that of ascertaining what those wants really are, or whose advice or opinion to take when each happens to be adverse to the other. Without the almost superhuman power to compass the various requirements of Victoria and the population, together with a determination to rule independent both of party or party purpose, the time is not, nor ever will be, when the colonists will be satisfied with their governor, or when the governor will be satisfied with those he has to govern.

Before we proceed to furnish tables of revenue, population, &c., we may briefly notice the great change that has taken place within the last twelve months, on the leading gold fields, which instead of having the surface irregularly covered

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by a number of unsightly tents and huts, as heretofore, have now assumed more of the appearance of commercial towns. Although the buildings are chiefly of wood, they form lines of streets, with substantial hotels, and shops with plate glass fronts, that might lead a stranger into the belief of being in a thickly populated borough, rather than in the midst of, and surrounded by hundreds of holes of various depths and richness, from which thousands of ounces of the precious metal are daily extracted. The estimated population at Ballarat at the present time is about 20,000; and the estimated yield of gold about 3000 ounces per day.

The aborigines, or native inhabitants of the colony are now fast disappearing, and will, no doubt, in the course of a few years become nearly if not entirely extinct. It would appear strange, but nevertheless true, that whenever or wherever the white man sets his foot as a permanent resident, the black man gradually disappears. One cause of this may be found in the love invariably displayed by the native population for stimulating drinks, with which they are supplied by European settlers in exchange for birds, animals, skins, and other articles of native produce. A strong desire and an increasing taste for such drinks soon prove fatal to consthuitions previously unaccustomed to them. Besides this, the indolence and other evils generated by their use, induce the

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lubras, or females of the tribe, to destroy their offspring in order to avoid the trouble of rearing them; and, as a natural consequence, the depopulation of the race generally follows.

MRS. EMMA WALLER.

For a few—they were altogether but very few —of the hours of intellectual enjoyment we passed at the Antipodes we were indebted to an occasional opportunity of witnessing some highlyfinished dramatic pictures, as embodied by the above-named lady; and we are pleased to observe that the professional abilities of this accomplished artist are at present being favorably recognised in the great English metropolis—where distinguished merit from any country or of any class will meet its due reward, or will only remain unrewarded while unknown.

Having previously described the general character of the entertainments which meet with encouragement in the colonies, we deem it an act of justice both to Mrs. Waller and the more intelligent part of the colonists by whom she was patronised, to record a success which cannot but be gratifying to all concerned—to none more so than to the humble individual who predicted for the actress a position in England which appears likely at no distant period to be obtained.

OFFICIAL AND STATISTICAL INFORMATION.

POPULATION.

Comparison of Population in Port Phillip (now Victoria.)

In 1841, there were for every 100 females, 239 males. „ 1846, „ „ „ 159 „ „ 1851, „ „ „ 148 „

1841. 1846. 1851. Population Ratio per cent. Population Ratio per cent. Population Ratio per cent. Males. Under 2 years .. .. 305 3.686 1691 8.378 3745 8.106 2 years and under 7 years 479 5.789 2520 12.485 5874 12.714 7 „ „ 14 „ 395 4.774 1500 7.432 4636 10.034 14 „ „ 21 „ 561 6.780 989 4.900 3172 6.865 21 „ „ 45 „ 6045 73.060 12198 60.434 24666 53.387 45 „ „ 60 „ 442 5.342 1122 5.559 3595 7.781 60 „ and upwards .. 47 0.568 164 0.812 514 1.113 8274 20184 46202 Females. Under 2 years .. .. 340 9.815 1689 13.304 3685 11.832 2 years and under 7 years 425 12.269 2465 19.417 5633 18.088 7 „ „ 14 „ 395 11.403 1352 10.650 4374 14.045 14 „ „ 21 „ 384 11.086 1001 7.885 3576 11.482 21 „ „ 45 „ 1828 52.771 5754 45.325 12273 39.409 45 „ „ 60 „ 86 2.483 393 3.096 1435 4.608 60 „ and upwards .. 6 0.173 41 0.323 167 0.536 ------ ------ ------ 3464 12695 31143 Total Males .. .. 8274 70.489 20184 61.389 46202 59.735 „ Females .. 3464 29.511 12695 38.611 31143 40.265 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 11738 100.00 32879 100.00 77345 100.00

POPULATION Increase and Decrease of the Population of the Colony of Victo (not including Aborigines,

Population on the 31st December, 1850 Popul Males. Females. General Total. Increase by Immigration ... ... ... 6179 4281 10760 ... 11657 „ Birth's ... ... ... ... 1350 1323 2673 ... 1571 ------ ------ ------ Total Increase ... ... ... 7829 5604 ... 13433 Decrease by Deaths ... ... ... ... 453 327 780 ... 651 Departures ... ... ... ... ... 2300 1004 3304 ... 2854 ------ ------ ------ Total Decrease ... ... ... 2753 1331 ... 4084 ------ ------ ------ Net Increase ... ... ... 5076 4273 ... 9349 Population on 31st December, 1849, 1850, 1851, and 1852 ... ...} 36631 23759 ... 60390 Population on 31st December, 1850, 1851, 1852, and 1853 ... ...} 41707 28032 ... 69739

OF VICTORIA. ng the Years ending the 31st December, 1850, 1851, 1852, and 1853, estimated at about 2500).

ie 31st December, 1851. Population on the 31st December, 1852. Population on the 31st Dec. 1853. Females. Total General Total Males. Females. Total. General Total. Males. Females. Total General Total. 6 15433 ... 74872 19792 94664 ... 66032 26280 92312 8 3049 ... 1868 1888 3756 ... ... ... 5000 ------ ------ ------ 5254 ... 18482 76740 21680 ... 98420 ... ... ... 97312 4 1165 ... 1236 869 2105 ... ... ... 5000 2 3706 ... 28620 2418 31038 ... 36532 5911 42443 ------ ------ ------ 1366 ... 4871 29856 3287 ... 33143 ... ... ... 47443 3888 ... 13611 46884 18393 ... 65277 ... ... ... 49869 28032 ... 69739 51429 31921 ... 83350 98313 50314 ... 148627 31920 ... 83350 98313 50314 ... 148627 ... ... ... 198496

To afford our readers an opportunity of knowing what was the Population of the Colony, and Number of Houses therein, ten years previous to the discovery of gold, we supply the following.

POPULATIO N.— 1841. Sex and Age of the Population in the District of Port Phillip, according to the Census taken on the 2nd March, 1841. NUMBER OF EACH AGE. COUNTY OR DISTRICT. Males. Females. TOTALS. under 2 years. 2 and under 7. 7 and under 14. 14 and under 21. 21 and under 45. 45 and under 60. 60 and upwards. Under 2 years. 2 and under 7. 7 and under 14. 14 and under 21. 2 and under 45. 45 and under 60. 60 and upwards. Males Females. General Totals. County of Bourke .. .. .. .. 242 384 304 387 3355 187 23 276 336 342 327 1485 67 5 4882 2838 7720 „ Grant .. .. .. .. .. 13 24 22 45 445 47 2 16 22 16 27 105 6 .. 598 192 790 „ Normanby .. .. .. .. 8 20 11 8 408 45 2 10 16 8 12 47 1 1 502 95 579 Commissioners' Districts{Western Port 18 30 37 68 972 58 7 20 27 16 15 95 8 .. 1190 181 1371 Commis{Portland Bay 24 21 21 53 865 105 13 18 24 13 3 96 4 .. 1102 158 1260 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total .. .. .. .. .. 305 479 395 561 6045 442 47 340 425 395 384 1828 86 6 8274 3464 11738 Melbourne .. .. .. .. .. .. 152 219 193 206 1829 60 17 176 205 225 212 947 36 2 2676 1803 4479 Geelong .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 21 15 25 222 10 1 15 17 9 23 85 1 .. 304 150 454

Number and Description of Houses in the District of Port Phillip (now the Colony of Victoria), according to the Census taken on the 2nd March, 1841.

HOUSES.— 1841.

COUNTY OR DISTRICT. HOUSES Stone or Brick. Wood. Total. Finished. Unfinished. Inhabited. Uninhabited. County of Bourke .. .. .. .. .. 433 701 1134 844 290 1129 5 „ Grant .. .. .. .. .. 10 94 104 104 .. 104 .. „ Normanby .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 42 42 .. 42 .. Commissioners Districts {Western Port .. 6 104 110 92 18 110 .. {Portland Bay .. 1 99 10 0 77 23 80 20 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total.. .. .. .. 450 1040 1490 1159 331 1465 25 Melbourne .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 394 375 769 533 236 767 2 Geelong .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 60 70 70 .. 70 ..

ESTIMATED POPULATION OF THE GOLD FIELDS, 1854.

CENSUS OF VICTORIA, 1855-6.

(From the Registrar General's Office.)

The following statement will show the actual population of the Colony at the commencement of the present year, so far as the same can be calculated from the Census of 1854, the Immigration Agent's subsequent returns, and the Registers of Births and Deaths.

The ascertained population of Victoria on the 1st January, 1855, consisted therefore of 273,792 persons of all ages.

Total population on the 1st January, 1856, 319,223.

Average of 1st Quarter. Average of 2nd Quarter Average of 3rd Quarter Average of 4th Quarter. Average of Year Men....... 57,871 77,123 77,186 62,982 68,790 Women .... 14,870 17,469 17,096 13,125 15,640 Children .... 11.177 19,079 18,765 14,662 15,921 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total 83,918 113,671 113,047 90,669 100,351

Males. Females. Totals. By the Census Returns there were on the 26th April, 1854 ....... 155,876 80,900 23,798 Subsequent arrival by sea to 31st December, 1854 ............ 39,386 17,245 56,631 Births registered same period .... .. .. 5,914 Departures by sea same period... 18,054 3,997 22,051 Deaths registered same period.... .. .. 3,500

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I

TABLE EXHIBITING THE COMPARATIVE COMMERCE IN IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF THE DIFFERENT PORTS OF THE COLONY OF VICTORIA, FOR THE YEARS 1853, 1854, 1855.

Imports in the year 1856, up to 10th May .. £4,556,878

Exports in the year 1856, up to 10th May .. 5,903,121 ------

Balance of Exports over imports.. .. £1,346,243

PORT. 1853. 1854. 1855. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. £ £ £ £ £ £ Melbourne ............ 13,873,426 9,082,574 15,250,563 10,188,527 9,924,838 12,548,538 Geelong ............ 1,702.341 1,426,657 2,070,285 1,089,720 1,160,103 458,016 Portland ............ 158,555 375,336 278,159 275,166 202,692 231,379 Port Fairy ............ 91,377 127,964 78,375 152,435 77,285 117,722 Port Albert ............ 16,938 49,012 30,865 79,628 24,517 68,051 Warrnambool ............ — — 34,051 1,751 52,379 9,192 Belvoir ............ — — — — 127,090 36,296 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total ............ 15,842,637 11,061,543 17,742,298 11,787,227 11,568,904 13,469,194

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THE FOLLOWING RETURN WILL SHOW THE TOTAL SHIPMENTS OF GOLD FROM THE COLONIES OF NEW SOUTH WALES AND VICTORIA FROM 1851 to 1855.

GOLD FROM AUSTRALIA.

A return moved for by Mr. Hankey, M.P., shows that in 1855 64,384 ounces of gold were exported from New South Wales (value £209,256) against 237,910 ounces in 1854, 548,052 ounces in 1853, 962,873 in 1852, and 144,120 ounces in 1851. The export of gold from Victoria was in 1855, 2,575,745 ounces (value £11,303,980), against 2,144,699 ounces in 1854, 2,497,723 ounces in 1853, 1,988,526 ounces in 1852, and 145,137 ounces in 1851. Some of this gold was exported to America and to foreign countries, but all the gold exported from New South Wales came to England. The grand total value of the gold exported from both colonies in the five years already mentioned amounts to £41,630,625.

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GOLD RECEIVED BY ESCORT FOR THIRTEEN WEEKS IN 1856, With the Total of the Corresponding Weeks of 1855.

eeks Ending Mount Alexander and Bendigo. Baĺarat. Ovens. Maryborough. M'Ivor. Daisy Hill and Avooa Total 1856. Total 1855. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Ozs. Feb 23 .. 24,655 22,359 — 2083 — 3367 51,156 25,042 March 1 .. 25,843 29,713 12,690 2552 1049 2406 74,778 31,282 „ 8 .. 26,624 28,473 — 2378 — 3418 60,391 23,092 „ 15 .. 28,809 36,323 15,085 3461 1117 2059 90,518 35,859 „ 22 .. 30,611 25,314 — 2567 — 2931 61,910 30,499 „ 29 .. 21,898 30,552 12,950 2476 1570 3885 73,331 39,257 April 5 .. 28,197 28,241 — 3446 — 2530 62,414 39,483 „ 12 .. 17,051 20,383 18,577 4459 890 7574 68,934 44,356 „ 19 .. 12,871 17,253 — 1295 — 1295 32,595 41,732 „ 26 .. 13,814 15,862 15,354 2495 727 1540 49,792 52,174 May 3 .. 15,135 19,400 — 2197 — 1953 38,685 13,147 „ 10 .. 19,868 18,798 14,635 2609 1803 2787 60,500 29,276 „ 17 .. 13,055 17,330 — 3249 — 2164 35,498 30,361 ------ ------ 861,700 495,460

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RETURN OF THE REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF THE COLONY OF VICTORIA, From the time of Separation 1st July, 1851, to the 31st December, 1854.

REVENUE. EXPENDITURE. Year. General Revenue. Crown Revenue. Total Revenue. Expenditure of General Revenue. Expenditure of Crown Revenue. Total Expenditure. From 1st July to 31st Dec. 1851. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1851. 114,931 5 0 201,829 6 4 316,760 11 4 67,317 5 8 145,474 3 2 212,791 8 10 1852. 914,594 5 6 720,900 12 2 1,635,494 17 8 695,761, 17 0 285,604 15 4 981,566 12 4 1853. 1,645,540 10 3 1,623,456 10 6 3,268,997 0 9 2,940,426 5 2 312,172 7 3 3,252,598 12 5 1854. — — — — 6,154,928 7 3 — — — — 6,043,049 8 7

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EXPLANATORY ABSTRACT OF THE EXPENDITURE OF THE GOVERNMENT OF VICTORIA, AS ESTIMATED AND VOTED RESPECTIVELY, FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED SERVICES, FOR THE YEAR 1856:-

AMOUNT ESTIMATED. AMOUNT VOTED. Salaries. Contingencies. Works, &c. Total. Salaries. Contingencies. Works, &c. Total. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Houses of Legislature ... ... ... 6,050 0 0 1,200 0 0 .. 7,250 0 0, 5,600 0 0 1,200 0 0 ... 6,800 0 0 Executive Departments ... ... ... 44,300 0 0 6,280 0 0 ... 50,580 0 0 45,500 0 0 6,780 0 0 ... 52,280 0 0 Administration of Justice ... ... ... 74.390 0 0 28,100 0 3 ... 102,490 0 0 76,740 0 0 28,410 0 0 ... 165,150 0 0 Trade and Customs ... ... ... 62,579 8 0 2,310 0 0 ... 64,889 0 0, 63,154 8 0 1,860 0 0 ... 65,014 8 0 Public Lands ... ... ... 124,070 0 0 26,760 0 0 ... 150,830 0 0 120,685 0 0 28,460 0 0 ... 149,145 0 0 Gold Fields ... ... ... 33,800 0 0 4,800 0 0 ... 38,600 0 0 34,150 0 0 4,800 0 6 ... 38,950 0 0 Post Office ... ... ... 31,526 18 0 2,558 2 6 48,000 0 0 82,085 0 6 34,501 18 0 2,640 12 6 48,000 0 0 85,142 10 6 Ports and Harbors ... ... ... 25,624 12 0 12,932 0 0 ... 38,556 12 0 26,171 0 0 14,032 0 0 ... 40,203 0 0 Police ... ... ... 234,240 18 0 76,800 0 0 ... 311,040 18 0 234,240 18 0 65,500 0 0 ... 299,800 18 0 Gaols and Penal Establishments ... 65,112 2 0 61,153 14 6 ... 126,265 16 6 65,478 2 0 63,203 14 6 ... 128,681 16 6 Military and Naval ... ... ... 78,473 18 7 69,350 0 0 ... 147.823 18 7 78,169 18 7 69,350 0 0 ... 147,519 18 7 Public Works and Buildings ... ... ... 16,865 0 0 33,255 0 6 677,500 0 0 727,620 0 0 16,865 0 0 33,495 0 0 750,000 0 0 800,360 0 0 Stores and Transport ... ... ... 6,200 0 0 625 0 0 20,000 0 0 26,825 0 0 6,200 0 0 625 0 0 20,000 0 0 26,825 0 0 Education ... ... ... 135,000 0 0 ... 135,000 0 0 138,500 0 0 ... 138,500 0 0 Medical ... ... ... 8,393 0 0 16,210 0 0 ... 24,603 6 0 8,993 0 0 16,710 0 0 ... 25,703 0 0 Immigration ... ... ... 7,185 0 0 9,530 0 0 101,500 0 0 118,215 0 0 7,385 0 0 9,130 0 0 101,500 0 0 118,015 0 0 Miscellaneous Departments ... ... ... 31,670 0 0 5,750 0 0 ... 37,420 0 0 33,698 0 0 16,120 0 0 ... 49,818 0 0 Grants in aid of Charitable and Useful Institutions and Municipalities ... ... ... ... 74,000 0 0 ... ... ... 73,550 0 0 Miscellaneous ... ... ... ... ... ... 61,248 0 0 ... ... ... 150,925 0 0

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COMMERCIAL SUMMARY. The following Table (compiled by Mr. Westgarth), will show, at a glance, the Commercial, and to a great extent, the Social, Progress of the Colony, since 1851— the year preceding the discovery of Gold.

1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854. 1855. Ordinary Revenue ............ £ 124,469 180,004 864,214 1,648.310 1,775,021 1,809,765 Territorial Revenue ............ „ 136,852 199,820 730,967 1,553,829 1,426,354 148,906 Total Revenue ............ „ 261,821 379,824 1,577,181 3,302,139 3,201,385 2,658,671 Imports ............ „ 744,925 1,056,437 4,043,896 15,842,637 17,659,051 11,568,904 Exports ............ „ 1,041,796 1,423,909 7,451,549 11,061,543 11,775,204 13,469,104 Total external trade ............ „ 1,786,721 2,480,346 11,495,445 26,904,180 29,434,255 25,038,098 Shipping .. {No. 555 669 1,655 2,594 2,596 1,897 {Tons. 108,030 126,411 408,216 721,473 794,604 549,376 Bank deposits, 4th quarter £ — 823,709 4,834,957 6,271,373 5,068,790 4,869,241 Note circulation, 5th quarter „ — 180,058 1,327,311 1,919,086 2,191,115 2,014,292 Coin in banks ............ „ — 310,724 1,905,118 3,478,154 2,322,441 2,737,001 Number of banks ............ 2 3 5 7 7 8 Valuation of Melbourne (annual value) ............ £ 123,140 154,063 174,723 638,824 1,553,965 1,077,725 Population, 31st Dec. ... No. 69,739 95,000 148,627 198,496 273,866 319,245

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TARIFF OF VICTORIA.

IMPORT DUTIES.

RATE OF DUTY.

s. d.

Ale, porter, spruce, and other beer, cider and perry, the gallon . . . . . . . . 0 6

Cigars, the lb. . . . . . . . . 3 0

Coffee and chicory, the lb. . . . . . . . . 0 2

Spirits, or strong waters, of any strength not exceeding the strength of proof by Syke's hydrometer, and so on in proportion for any greater or less strength than the strength of proof, the gallon . 10 0

Spirits, cordials, liqueurs, or strong waters, sweetened or mixed with any article so that the degree of strength cannot be ascertained by Syke's hydrometer, the gallon . . . . . . . . 10 0

Spirits, perfumed, the gallon . . . . . . . . 10 0

Sugar, raw and refined, and sugar-candy, the cwt. . . . . . . . . 6 0

Molasses and treacle, the cwt. . . . . . . . . 3 0

Tea, the lb. . . . . . . . . 0 6

Tobacco and snuff, the lb. . . . . . . . . 2 0

Wine, the gallon . . . . . . . . 2 0

All other goods, wares, and merchandise, free.

*** Spirits in bulk under 25 gallons cannot be imported, nor of tobacco under 80 lbs.

EXPORT DUTY.

s. d.

Gold, manufactured and unmanufactured, and foreign coin, the oz. . . . . . . . . 2 6

120

BONDED GOODS. Deliveries for Home Consumption at Melbourne for Twelve Months.

Brandy. Gin. Rum. Whiskey. Cordials and Perfumed. Other Spirits. Tobacco. Cigars. Snuff. Tea. Coffee. Wine. Beer. Cider. Sugar. gals. gals. gals. gals. gals. gals. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs lbs. gals. gals. gals. cwt. 1855. June.. 38,909 13,770 15,629 6,674 336 1,854 61,995 7,057 202 93,682 47,578 21,981 95,992 182 8,192 July.. 40,776 13,552 13,845 6,034 178 1,262 74,778 6,977 — 93,443 14,252 11,303 65,878 — 20,921 August.. 44,598 17,641 15,887 8,641 334 1,311 72,579 14,719 140 165,147 56,492 24,124 116,145 — 13,469 September 50,296 16,915 14,931 7,790 438 1,722 85,655 14,433 — 146 292 3,358 11,474 51,585 — 8,447 October.. 47,562 18,216 14,890 7,377 276 2,405 103,490 10,581 — 231,594 188,205 25,855 187,327 — 14,196 November 43,212 19,831 16,014 7,644 628 1,678 103,042 13,651 — 382,847 280,274 35,141 216,617 — 15,969 December 36,645 15,176 16,600 5,569 657 1,917 63,112 6,311 — 386,769 82,279 50,253 307,573 — 13,684 1856. January.. 54,123 19,760 17,778 5,941 535 2,582 111,576 21,918 — 392,835 70,990 50,427 226 ,688 — 39,882 February 41,292 14,600 13,905 4,695 1025 1,417 92,530 22,545 108 547,298 191,452 46,554 218, 659 — 20,425 March .. 47,619 17,311 14,947 3,889 485 1,036 95,496 16,645 208 348,812 192,667 44,219 128,857 60 17,380 April .. 52,279 17,748 17,096 5,366 197 1,345 86,909 13,995 237 360,167 143,448 34,334 92,516 511 13,230 May. .. 50,343 16,519 19,426 7,198 778 1,828 68,882 10,044 1410 335,093 108,039 40,734 174,079 — 20,809

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RETURN OF BONDED GOODS IN MELBOURNE.

For the week ending 31st May, 1856, showing the Receipts, Issue, and Stock.

BONDED WAREHOUSE CHARGES.

Repack, 2s. 6d.; sample, 2s. 6d.; regauge, 1s. Both Free and Bonded Warehouse Room is very plentiful, and lower rates are taken for quantities. * Less 10 per cent, allowed in this charge to importer.

Description. Stock on 24th May, 1856. Warehoused during the week. Delivered for Home consumption Delivered for Exportation Stock on 31st May, 1856. Brandy............gals. 136,166 4,404 11,229 61 126,768 Rum ............ „ 40,987 — 4,362 142 36,456 Geneva ............ „ 17,437 — 2,801 4 14,350 Whiskey ............ „ 4,127 1,334 2,393 — 3,037 Cordials ............ „ 8,146 — 94 — 8,052 Perfumed ............ „ 542 — — — 542 Other Spirits ............ „ 5,047 259 154 — 5,152 Wines ............ „ 59,487 — 1,208 — 58,279 Beer ............ „ 37,278 — 550 — 36,728 Tobacco ............ lbs. 939,720 5,306 26,577 749 917,700 Cigars ............ „ 65,630 — 2,400 — 63,230 Snuff ............ „ 9,277 — 140 — 9,137 Tea ............ „ 517,266 — 58,811 — 458,455 Coffee ............ „ 504,288 — 18,362 — 485,926 Sugar ............ bags. 20,874 1,078 1,407 64 20,481

* Housing and Marking Rent. Delivery. s. d. s. d. s. d. Pipe or Puncheon ............ 2 6 1 6 3 6 Hogshead ............ 1 6 0 6 2 0 Quarter Cask ............ 1 0 0 3 1 6 Tierce of Tobacco ............ 2 0 1 0 3 6 Keg or box, 2501bs. ............ 1 0 0 6 2 0 Large case Cigars ............ 2 6 1 0 2 6 Box of Cigars, 1000 ............ 0 2 0 1 0 2 Four gallon case ............ 0 3 0 1 0 3 Chest of Tea ............ 0 2 0 2 0 3 Coffee and Sugar, per ton ............ 1 6 1 6 2 6

122

MELBOURNE STOCK AND SHARE LIST, JUNE, 1856.

Shares. Paid Up. Last Dividend. Latest Sales. BANKS. £ s. Australasia ............ 40 40 0 20 p. ct. £92 to 94 Union ............ 25 { 25 2 0 10 {30 do. £70 to 72 £8½ New South Wales ............ 20 20 0 10 do. £33 Victoria ............ 50 15 0 10 do. £24 London Chartered ............ 20 20 0 6 do. £17 Oriental ............ 25 25 0 .. £40 English, Scottish, and Aus. .. 20 20 0 .. £17½ 18 Colonial Bank of Australia .. 10 2 0 .. 5 p. c, dis. PUBLIC COMPANIES. City Melbourne Gas ............ 5 5 0 .. par. 1st Issue ............ 5 4 0 .. par. 2nd Issue ............ 10 2 0 .. 10p.c.dis. 3rd Issue ............ 5 0 15 Colonial Insurance............ 25 12 10 10 p. ct. & £2 15 bonus. £13 Victoria Insurance PUBLIC LOANS. City of Melbourne (6 per cent.) .. .. .. Town of Geelong (do).... .. .. .. Melbourne Gas (10 per cent.) .. .. .. RAILWAYS. Melbourne and Hobson's Bay 50 50 0 .. 4 to 5 dis. Melb. and Mount Alexander.. 25 15 0 .. no sales. Geelong and Melbourne.... — 20 18 0 .. l0 p.c.dis

123

RATES OF PILOTAGE.

Office of Commissioner of Trades and Customs, Melbourne, 21st January, 1856.

In accordance with the provisions of the 11th section of the Act 17 Victoria, No. 28, intituled, "An Act to Consolidate and Amend the Law relating to Ports, Harbors, and Shipping in the Colony of Victoria," his Excellency the Officer administering the Government, with the advice of the Executive Council, has been pleased to approve of the rates of pilotage set forth in the accompanying schedule, which have been fixed by the Pilot Board of Victoria, in lieu of those published in the supplement to the "Government Gazette" of the 12th January, 1855, page 126. These rates will take effect, with respect to all vessels reporting inwards or clearing outwards, as the case may be, on and from Friday, the 1st February next.

By his Excellency's command, Hugh C. E. Childers.

Schedule A.

124

Vessels forced back after having been piloted to sea, one-half of the above rates.

PORT PHILLIP. Sailing Vessels. Steamers and Vessels towed by Steam. Per Ton. Max. Min. Per Ton. Max. Min. d. £ £ d. £ £ 1. From without the Heads to Mel bourne or Geelong, and vice versa . 8 60 7 5½ 40 5 2. From within the Heads to Melbourne or Geelong ............ 5 40 5 3½ 27 3 3. From without the Heads to outer an chorage, Hobson's Bay,* or anchorage at Point Henry, and vice versa 7 50 6 4½ 34 4 4. From within the Heads to outer an chorage, Hobson's Bay, or anchorage at Point Henry ............ 4 30 4 3 20 3 5. From without the Heads to any an chorage within the Heads, and below the channels, and vice versa .. 3 20 3 2 14 2 6. From Melbourne to Point Henry, and vice versa ............ 3 20 3 2 14 2 7. From Melbourne to Geelong, and vice versa ............ 4 24 3 3 16 2 8. For each remove from one place of anchorage to another in Hobson's or Corio Bays ............ 1 10 1 1 7 1 9. From Hobson's Bay to Melbourne, and vice versa ............ 3 5 2 2 4 2 10. From Point Henry to Inner Harbor, Geelong, and vice versa ............ 3 7 2 2 5 2 * N.B.—A line bearing from the lighthouse on Gellibrand's Point, and running through the St. Kilda white buoy, divides the inner from the outer anchorage of Hobson's Bay. OUTPORTS. Into or out of Port Albert ............ 4 30 4 3 20 3 „ „ Portland Bay ............ 3 20 2 2 14 2 „ „ Belfast ............ 3 20 2 2 14 2 „ „ Warrnambool ............ 3 20 2 2 14 2

Schedule A.

125

EXEMPTIONS.

All vessels under fifty (50) tons.

All ships belonging to her Majesty, all ships employed in the coasting trade, all ships regularly trading between any port of Victoria, and any of the colonies of New South Wales, Van Dieman's Land, New Zealand, Western and South Australia (the master of any such ship holding a certificate from the Pilot Board that he is competent to act as pilot to such vessel), unless the services of a pilot shall have been actually received, and all ships not having actually received the services of a pilot.

(Signed)

Chaeles Ferguson, President of the Pilot Board.

BALLASTING, &c.

River ballast, delivered in the Bay, per ton, 4s. 6d.; beach, do., 4s.; stone, do., 7s. 6d.; water, 15s, per ton.

LIGHTERAGE.

From Hobson's Bay (the Port) to Melbourne Wharf, measurement goods, per ton, 8s.; bonded goods, bricks and dead weight, 10s.; to Geelong, 8s. to 10s. 6d. Steamers, 12s.

HARBOR REGULATIONS.

Vessels entering or departing from Port Phillip are required to hoist their numbers or distinguishing flag, on approaching the Electric Telegraph Stations at Shorthand's Buff and Gellibrand's Point. A heavy penalty can be inflicted for a breach of this regulation.

Schedule A.

126

TONNAGE.

On all vessels arriving in Victoria, per ton, 1s.

Note.—No vessel snail pay the above duty more than once in six months; from January to June, both inclusive, and from July to December, also both inclusive.

TOWING CHARGES.

Towing up from Hobson's Bay to Melbourne—under 20 tons, 2s. 6d per registered ton; under 200 tons, 2s.; above 200 tons, 1s. 8d. From Melbourne to the Bay, two thirds of the above rates. Towage in the Bay as per agreement. Towage to or from the Heads, 500 tons and under, inside £40; five miles outside, £60—under 750 tons, inside, £50; outside, £70 —under 1000 tons, inside, £60; outside, £80— under 1,500 tons, inside, £90; outside, £120—under 2,000 tons, inside, £105; outside, £135—above 2,000 tons, inside, £120; outside, £150. All towage not paid within fourteen days to be charged 10 per cent, additional, unless by special agreement.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

In bringing our observations on the Colony of Victoria to a close, we would willingly modify the opinions we have previously expressed, if experience and the love of truth enabled us to do so. A calm and impartial review of an important subject will sometimes lead to the discovery of an error in judgment, and afford the lover of justice pleasure in correcting his mistake. Time and reflection, however, by which our "First Impressions of Victoria" have been duly weighed, convince us that they are substantially correct. The improvements which have taken place during the interval that divides the first from our second visit have been faithfully recorded; but these improvements constitute a finer cloak or external gloss over the body of Victorian society, rather than a radical change in the system. In the city, as in the bush, there is an absence of those strict principles of integrity and high moral training by which the movements and actions of good society in England are regulated. The great feature in colonial life, so far as our experience goes, appears to be that of deception;

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VICTORIA.

and he who displays the greatest ingenuity in itaking-in his friend or his neighbor, is called a "smart fellow," and is complimented by his less sagacious kinsmen for his superior ability. As for the good opinion of others —in the colony of Victoria this is a matter, with the multitude, of secondary importance, or more frequently of no importance at all; for a resident's qualification for any office is determined by the balance at his banker's. A man without influence or capital is nobody, although his character may be unimpeachable; but the capitalist—be his character what it ma y — C an ascertain the extent of his power by the extent of Ms riches. This, no doubt, is in a great measure caused by the utter impossibility of ascertaining the true characters of so miscellaneous a population, the majority of whom have arrived within the last four years from the opposite side of the globe.

Even the laudable endeavour of a few of the more intellectual part of the inhabitants to benefit the junior branches by an University in Melbourne has proved a decided failure. The desire of the few was too much in advance, not of the means, but of the minds of the many. True, they have a splendid building, built at an enormous expense; and all for what? —for the accommodation and instruction of sixteen pupils! And such is the number at present aspiring to future mental greatness in the colony of Victoria, with a population

VICTORIA.

129

of more than three hundred thousand. To enrich the pocket, not the mind, appears to be the grand object of life with at least seven-eighths of the population of this colony, for anything of an intellectual character is totally unappreciated, except by a very small minority. We have read, although we had not the pleasure of hearing the author deliver, a beautiful and most instructive lecture given at the exhibition building in Melbourne, by Mr. George Foord, than whom we have not met a more talented man south of the line. But where is this gentleman now? Has he met with even a semblance of that encouragement—to say nothing of the just reward due to distinguished merit? We will spare the reader trouble, ourselves sorrow, and the lecturer a deeper sense of wrong by suppressing the indignation that suggests a reply.

Finally, we have only to repeat that throughout all our observations on the colony we have expressed, as we now express, our opinion with reference to society in general—on the character and habits of the majority of the inhabitants, not on all. Hundreds, probably the chief number of the really respectable settlers have arrived since 1851. But the extraordinary cause that led to the sudden increase of 200,000 to a population of only half that number, leaves the respectable portion of the arrivals—men of character and position—in a small minority. Whether this small

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VICTORIA.

but influential body may or may not have the power of creating in the minds of the multitude a superior tone of action, in a commercial and moral sense, is a question to be solved by time. The greatest events both of ancient and modern times have originated with, and been accomplished by a few individuals; and if the small knot of spirited, and independent merchants, who have recently taken the initiative in a good cause, in opposition to the dangerous power of a venal and unprincipled press, should succeed in advancing the interests of their adopted land, by improving the habits and elevating the minds of those around them, they will indeed deserve well of their own and other nations, in having made a great colony worthy of a great country.

THE GOVERNOR OF VICTORIA.

With more than ordinary facilities for arriving at a just conclusion respecting the increasing unpopularity of Sir Charles Hotham, we are reluctantly compelled to declare our opinion in favor of the public verdict; for after a residence of twelve months in the Colony we leave with the painful conviction that the present Governor is in no way qualified for the high position assigned him by Her Majesty's ministers. Indeed, the selection of such a man for an office so lucrative, impor-

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tant, and responsible as that of administering the government of a great colony, clearly proves that aristocratic influence—that great barrier to the development of human greatness—still reigns supreme. Sir Charles Hotham has furnished the colony with ample evidence that he is indebted for his appointment rather to the interest of some friend "at Court" than to his own individual merit. While his every official act has proved him to be totally unfit to govern a country, it has also proved that the command of a 16-gun boat would more nearly accord with his limited capacity than that of a "colonial ruler." Imperious, without being dignified, he is likewise austere, reserved, and unaffable. Add to these failings selfishness, and miserly parsimony, together with the minor ingredients necessary to individualise such a compound, and the reader will be furnished with a figurative type of Sir Charles Hotham, the present governor of Victoria.

Those persons who allow their sympathy to interfere with their duty would probably advise the suppression of the preceding remarks, which were penned prior to the demise of the person to whom they refer. But a public character, though dead, will live in history; and his past deeds will be his future robes, let his friends fashion them as they may.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

NEW SOUTH WALES.

New South Wales—as might be expected from its priority—is considerably in advance of the other Australian Colonies. Its chief harbor—Port Jackson—is hardly surpassed, if equalled, by any in the world, while the city of Sydney, the mistress of this noble harbor, and the capital of the colony, is, with regard to its geographical position, as in every other respect, very superior to Melbourne. Even in the appearance of the two cities, there is as much difference as would be furnished by comparing the city of Westminster to the borough of Southwark —or Regent-street to Whitechapel. This however can hardly be wondered at, when it is remembered that Sydney was founded some fifty or sixty years before Melbourne. Time may possibly make the uniformity and splendour of the buildings of the latter equal that of the other, although the superior situation of Sydney must ever defy comparison.

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

By the adjoining colonies, Sydney has been designated the "Queen of the South," and is, in our opinion, fully entitled to the favorable distinction. Many of the warehouses and shops rank with some of the best in London, and the leading banking establishments, so far as the buildings are concerned, are superior to any of the private or joint-stock banks of the English metropolis, and are not unlike some of our noble West-end club-houses.

Owing to the extensive and extravagant commercial speculations of the last two years, occasioned by the great gold discoveries in Victoria, and those of less importance in New South Wales, very heavy losses have been sustained by a large number of the Sydney merchants, and those in England by whom many of the colonial houses were assisted or supported—although the panic has neither been so general nor so serious in its character as that which has just taken place in Melbourne, where two-thirds of the speculators were composed of unsubstantial adventurers and professional and unprincipled gamblers. Still, the commercial failures in Sydney during 1854-5 have been greater than any that have taken place in the same space of time within the preceding ten years, prior to which the disaster that befel the colony through the vast alterations of property was greater than that which has recently occurred.

"During the three years, 1842-3-4, when the

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

population of New South Wales was only 162,000 —owing to the wild spirit of speculation and ruinous facility of credit—there were 1,638 cases of sequestration of estates, the collective debts of which amounted to three-and-a-half million sterling." *

Before proceeding to describe, agreeably with our own impressions, the social condition, habits of the people, &c., of New South Wales, we will extract a faithful description of the colony, together with a few observations on the peculiarities of the soil and climate of Australia, from a work by the talented author of "The Three Colonies of Australia," remarking however that our own opinion of the climate is somewhat less favorable than that of any and every writer we have met with—the majority of whom appear to us rather in the character of colonial pleaders than that of impartial reviewers.

"Port Jackson is the fittest centre from which to take a survey of the settled and inhabitable districts in Australia; being the finest harbor and the port of the greatest Australian city.

"The usual course to Sydney for sailing-vessels is through Bass's Straits, and in fair weather, with a favorable wind, ships frequently pass sufficiently near the shores to afford an agreeable but very tantalizing view of the scenery.

"The shore is bold and picturescrue, and the country behind, gradually rising higher and higher into swelling hills of moderate elevation, to the utmost distance the eye

* Braim's History of New South Wales.

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

can roach, is covered with wide-branching, evergreen forest trees and close brushwood, exhibiting a prospect of neverfailing foliage, although sadly monotonous and dull in tone as compared with the luxuriant summer foliage of Europe. Grey rocks at intervals project among these endless forests, while hero and there some gigantic tree, scorched dead by the summer fires, uplifts its blasted branches above the green saplings around.' *

"Approaching Port Jackson, the coast line consists of cliffs of a reddish hue. Where the land can be seen, shrubs and trees of strange foliage are found flourishing on a white, sandy, barren soil destitute of herbage.

"The entrance to the Port is marked by the north and south heads, about three quarters of a mile apart. On the southern head a stone lighthouse, bearing the often-repeated name of Macquarie, affords a revolving flame at night and a white landmark by day to the great ships from distant quarters of the globe, and to the crowd of large-sailed coasters which ply between innumerable coast villages and Sydney.

"Steering westerly, the great harbor, like a landlocked lake, protected by the curving projecting heads from the roll of the Pacific storms, opens out until lost in the distance, where it joins the Paramatta River. The banks on either hand, varying from two to five miles in breadth, are sometimes steep and sometimes sloping, but repeatedly indented by coves and bays, which, fringed with green shrubs down to the white sandy water-margin, when bathed in golden sunlight, present dainty retreats as brilliant as Danby's Enchanted Island.

"On one of the first and most romantic coves in Vaucluse the marine villa of William Wentworth is situated.

"Five miles from the heads, on "Sydney Cove," stands the city of Sydney, the head-quarters of the Governor General, the residence and episcopal city of the Bishop of

* Cunningham.

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

Australia, and the greatest wool port in the world. The still waters, alive with steamers passing and re-passing, with ships of English and American flags, and a crowd of small craft, yachts, and pleasure-boats, betoken the approach to a centre of busy commerce, even before the church spires show themselves against the sky. In this city, which has been too often described to need any detailed account here, every comfort and every luxury of Europe is to be obtained that can be purchased with money.

"The entrance to Port Jackson is so safe and easy that the American surveying ships ran in at night without a pilot; and when the inhabitants rose in the morning they found themselves under the guns of a frigate carrying the stripes and stars.

"Vessels of considerable burden can unload alongside the quays.

"Sydney Cove is formed by two small promontories, between which the rivulet flows which induced Governor Phillip to choose this site for his settlement, as it possessed a safe harbor, wood, and water, three essential points, although not alone sufficient to support a nourishing colony. The first—harbor—is of little value, unless it is the outlet to a country capable of producing some exports.

"Tanks were out for storing the water of the fresh-water stream during the summer; but, the increase of the town having rendered this supply insufficient, water was brought from Botany Bay; and, recently, further extensive works have been executed, by which an aqueduct is brought from Cook's River, where a dam has been built to exclude the salt water.

"Along the hollow formed by the two promontories or ridges, where the native track through the woods down to the water's edge, formerly George-street, extends, and which holds in the colonial metropolis the relative ranks of the Strand and Regent-street, London, combined, there,

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

until recently, stately shops with plate-glass fronts were to be found side by side with wooden huts.

"The harbor of Port Jackson affords an almost unlimited line of deep water, along which, when needed by the extension of commerce, quays and warehouses may be erected at a very trifling expense, so great are its natural dock advantages; many of the coves in Port Jackson are even now as much in a state of nature as when Captain Phillip first discovered it. As a central point for the commerce of the Australian seas, it is not probable that it can ever be superseded as a maritime station even by any other colonies planted in a more fertile situation, although it may be asserted that, with rare exceptions, the land for a hundred miles round Sydney is a sandy desert. But roads, railroads, and steamers will afford Sydney the advantages of the produce of districts which have no such harbor as Port Jackson.

"Cumberland and Camden were the two counties first settled. Cumberland is the most densely-populated district in Australia, and has the poorest soil; a belt of land parallel to the sea, from twenty to forty miles in breadth, is either light sand dotted with picturesque, unprofitable scrub, or a stiff clay or ironstone, thickly covered with hard-wood timber and underwood. After passing this belt, to which the colonists confined themselves for more than ten years, with a few spirited exceptions, the soil improves a little; that is to say, narrow tracks of a rich alluvial character are found on the banks of the rivers, but the greater proportion consists of forest on a poor impenetrable soil, which defies the perseverance of the most skilled agriculturist: the deeper you go the worse it is.

"Camden has a moderate extent of cultivable land, including the singular district of Illawarra, which is at once one of the most beautiful and fertile spots in the world, in regard both to the luxuriance and variety of its vegetable productions. The pastures of Camden are extensive, and

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

were considered important until the discovery of the western and southern plains.

"These are almost the only counties much named colonially; other parts of the colonies are chiefly known as districts, and the counties which fill up so much space on the maps are seldom named.

"The dryness of the counties of Camden and Cumberland, in which, in the course of the year, nearly as much rain falls as in the counties of Essex and Sussex, is greatly owing to the stiff clay of which the soil is chiefly composed, through which the rain cannot easily filter, or from which springs can with difficulty burst forth. Boring on the artesian plan has been recently adopted with success.

"To describe in detail the character of each county and each district would be a difficult, an interminable, and, to the reader, a wearisome task. Many, after being charmed with the exquisitely picturesque appearance of Port Jackson and Sydney, on a very cursory inspection of the surrounding country, come to the conclusion that the whole province of New South Wales is a barren desert, only fit for feeding sheep,—a conclusion which is not more correct than to judge of the agricultural capabilities of England by Dartmoor, or of France by the 'Landes.'

"Within the Sydney district are the towns of Paramatta, Windsor, and Liverpool; but, in consequence of the dispersion incident to the pastoral pursuits which have hitherto formed the chief employment of Australia, there are really no towns in the European sense of the word, with the exception of the three capitals, Sydney, Melbourne, and Adelaide, and Greelong in Victoria, which, being the port to a rich district, is likely to rival Melbourne. The other towns with imposing names are mere villages, with a gaol, a magistrate's office, some stores, and a great many publichouses.

"Taking Sydney as the starting-point, we propose to

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survey the general features of the settled and pastoral districts, proceeding first towards the north, and returning to Port Jackson, travelling along the coast to the other two colonies.

"The three great colonies of New South Wales, Victoria, late Port Phillip, and South Australia, occupy a continuous coast line, extending from Wide Bay, in New South Wales, to Cape Adieu, in South Australia. With the exception of the small and unsuccessful colony of Western Australia, or Swan River, the remaining coast line of this island-con-tinent is unsettled, inhabited hy wandering savages or stray parties of whalers and sealers. Attempts have been made more than once to form settlements in Northern Australia, but they have been abandoned, and will not probably be renewed until the older colonists find the need of further extensions inland, or some coal stations are established for the numerous steamers which are now plying between England and the gold regions.

"The three colonies are only divided by imaginary lines, so easy are the means of inland intercommunication. Overland journeys have been executed between all by parties driving great herds over an untracked country.

"The principal ports to the north of Port Jackson are Broken Bay, the mouth of the River Hawkesbury, up which vessels of one hundred tons can proceed for four miles beyond the town of Windsor, which is one hundred and forty miles by the river, and about forty miles in a direct line from the coast. Broken Bay is not a safe harbor, being much exposed to the east and south-east as well as the north-west winds.

"Port Hunter is the mouth of the Hunter River, which receives the waters of the Rivers Williams and Paterson. It is navigable for about thirty-five miles by waterway, and twenty-five miles in a direct line from the coast. This stream was formerly called the Coal River. On the bay

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sheltered by Nobby Island stands Newcastle, town which, owes its name of importance to the coal-fields by which it is surrounded. The soil in the neighbourhood is for the most part barren. On the opposite northern shore of the bay are East and West Maitland, the outports of the great squatting district of Liverpool Plains; and, four miles further, Morpeth, the port of the Hunter's River Company. A regular steam-boat traffic in all the produce of the Hunter's River district is carried on between Morpeth, Maitland, Newcastle, and Sydney, from which they are distant about eighty miles, the cheapness of steam communication having led to the abandonment of the road formed at immense cost by convict labour over the mountainous barren country inland between Sydney and the Hunter's River.

"The Hunter's River is subject to droughts, but otherwise one of the oldest and finest agricultural districts. Vine cultivation is carried on there successfully, on a large scale. Its tributaries, the Williams and Paterson Rivers, are both navigable for a greater distance than the Hunter, the Williams uniting at twenty miles and the Paterson at thirtyfive miles from Newcastle. They give access to districts which are cooler and better supplied with rain than the Hunter.

"Maitland owes its double name to the government having laid out East Maitland during the land-buying mania, with its usual infelicity, three miles up the river, at a point too shallow for steam-boats to approach; on which shrewd speculators laid out West Maitland alongside the deep water. Thus a town of a single street, with inns for the accommodation of squatters, sprang up.

"The country around is flat, sometimes flooded, and produces fine crops of wheat and Indian corn. Along the Paterson the country is undulating and fertile, surrounded by hills which attract rain, and render it better adapted for cattle than sheep. Tobacco cultivation has been successfully

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pursued: thriving farms occupy the banks of the rivers, which fetch a good price, either to sell or rent. Kangaroos, plentiful a few years ago, are becoming scarce; but wild ducks may be shot on the river, and good fish caught.

"In April the winter sets in and continues until September, with nights cold enough to make a fire pleasant, and sharp frost at daybreak.

"In October the summer commences, and the wheat harvest in November. Then in the Hunter district the hot winds commence, blow for three days, and not unfrequently blight wheat just coming into ear: they are usually succeeded by a sharp southerly gale, accompanied by rain, which soon makes everything not actually blighted look green again. This more particularly refers to the Paterson. At Segenhoe, one of the most beautiful estates in New South Wales, which extends in romantic park-like scenery for six miles along the River Hunter, in the county of Brisbane, three years have sometimes elapsed before the fall of rain.

'' The Hunter River may be considered a favorable specimen of an accessible and long-settled district. The river is now not only the means of communication by the sea for the produce of its immediate territory, but also for all the wool and all the supplies interchanged by the great squatting district of New England and Liverpool Plains, to which access is obtained by a deep cleft through a spur of the Australian Cordilleras, called the Liverpool Range, which bounds the Liverpool Plains in a northerly direction. A great and increasing steam communication exists between Sydney and the River Hunter.

"Port Stephens is a large estuary fifteen miles in length and contracted to about a mile in breadth in the centre, into which the Rivers Karuah and Myall flow. The Karuah is navigable for twelve miles only for small craft to Booral, a village built by the Australian Agricultural Company. The valley of the Karuah, in the county of Gloucester, is chiefly

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in the possession of the Australian Agricultural Company, and pronounced by Count Strzelecki one of the finest agricultural districts in the colony. The company in England were desirous of opening it to colonization, as they found farming and stockfeeding at the distance of sixteen thousand miles an unprofitable pursuit; but their resident servants threw so many obstacles in the way that the project failed, and within one hundred miles of Sydney colonization is cheeked by a monopolist oasis.

"Australia is the largest island in the world, so large that it is more correctly described as an island-continent, situated between the 10th and 45th degrees of south latitude, and the 112th and 154th degrees of longitude east from Greenwich. It may be said to be nearly three thousand miles from west to east, and two thousand miles from north to south, of a nearly square form, were it not for the deep indentation formed by the great Gulf of Carpenteria. But this superficial extent, which is sometimes compared with that of other continents, affords no true index to the area really available, or ever likely to be available, for colonization. A great portion of the interior is more hopelessly barren and impassable than the deserts of Africa, being in dry weather a hollow basin of sand, in rainy seasons a vast shallow inland sea, alternately and rapidly swelled by tropical torrents, and dried up by the tropical sun,

"Comparisons are frequently instituted between the relative areas and populations of Europe and Australia; but nothing can be more fallacious or dishonest.

"The resources of Australia have been as yet barely discovered; a century of active colonization can scarcely develop them to their fullest extent. Even without the appliances of science and combined labour a vast population may be subsisted in comfort; but, without some change more extensive and material than it is possible to foresee, there can be no such dense multitudes concentrated in

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Australia as are found in the more civilized states of Europe, and as may be found at some future period in North America. The absence of great rivers and the means of forming inland water communication, and the quality of a great proportion of the soil, settle this point.

"The surface of this island is depressed in the centre, hounded by an almost continuous range of hills and plateaux, which, varying in height from one to six thousand feet above the level of the sea, in some places approach the coast and present lofty, inaccessible cliffs to the ocean, —as, for instance, the heads of Port Jackson, —and in others tend toward the interior of the country, at a distance of from twenty to eighty miles; but, these elevations being all of an undulating, not a precipitous, character, no part of the country can be considered strictly alpine.

"The features of the country on the exterior and interior of this range differ so much as to present the results of climates usually found much further apart, especially on the eastern coast where between the mountains and the sea, as, for instance, at Illawarra, Port Macquarie, and Moreton Bay, the vegetation partakes to a great extent of a tropical character; and on the rich débris washed down from the hills we find forests of towering palms and various species of gum-trees (Eucalypti), the surface of the ground beneath clothed with dense and impervious underwood, composed of dwarf trees, shrubs, and tree-ferns, festooned with creepers and parasitic plants, from the size of a convolvulus and vine to the cable of a man-of-war. These dense forests, through which exploring travellers have been obliged to cut their way inland at the rate of not more than a mile or two a day, are interspersed with open glades or meadow reaches, admirably adapted for pasturing cattle, to which the colonists have given the name of apple-tree fiats, from the fancied resemblance between the apple-trees of Europe and those (Angophora) with which these glades are thinly dotted.

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"Within the ranges, on the other hand, are found immense open downs and grassy plains, divided by rooky and round-hacked ranges of hills, and interspersed by open forest without undergrowth and detached belts of gum trees (Eucalypti acaciæ), presenting a park-like appearance, which, advancing towards the interior, are succeeded either by marshes, or sandy and stony deserts, perfectly sterile and uninhabitable, except by a few reptiles and birds which prey upon them.

"The rivers of Australia are few in number, and insignificant in a navigable point of view. The one series, rising from the seaside of the mountain range, flow deviously until they reach the coast, seldom affording a navigable stream more than twenty miles inland, usually rushing down with such rapidity during the rainy season as to fill up their seamouths with a bar which excludes all except boats of slight draught of water. The other series, falling toward the interior, are lost in quicksands, marshes, or shallow lakes; after a course varying from a score to many hundred miles of zigzag current, now flowing with a full, deep stream, and then suddenly diminishing to a depth of a few inches, or even totally and suddenly disappearing."

One of the many signs in the capital of New South Wales which seem to indicate an approach to inational greatness, is the recent construction of a mint, which—as will be observed by the following article—is on the eve of commencing operations consequent on the formation of such an establishment.

The Home Government pay Sydney a wellmerited compliment by assenting to the establishment of the first colonial mint in that city

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the oldest and most advanced in the Australian colonies. That it will create a little jealousy elsewhere we have not the least doubt. Time will show.

THE SYDNEY MINT.

(From "The Sydney Herald."]

"It will be remembered that, a short time ago, we gave a lengthy description of the buildings and apparatus then in course of construction, for the purpose of carrying on the Sydney Branch of the Royal Mint.

"In that notice it was stated that the establishment would be brought into operation about this time, and we find that our information was correct. In pursuance of a proclamation in last Friday's Government 'Gazette,' the Mint was opened yesterday for the first time, and will be ready to receive gold bullion for coinage until the 29th of June next. From that time a different scale of charges will be framed, and due notification of the fact published in the Government 'Gazette.'

"The conditions on which gold bullion will be received for coinage are as under: —

"1st. Importations of bullion, in quantity from one thousand ounces upwards will be admitted daily (Saturdays and holidays excepted), between the hours of 11 o'clock a.m., and 3 o'clock p.m.

"2nd. The value of the bullion will be calculated at £3 17s. 101½d. the ounce standard, and determined on the reports of the Mint assayers. It will then be converted into coin with all convenient despatch.

"3rd. Payment for importations will be made in the order of their receipt, subject to a deduction of three-fourths per cent, as a Mint charge.

"4th. The Mint will also issue, if required, gold bullion, ingots, or bars, at £3 17s. 10½d. the ounce standard.

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"It would be premature at present to express any decided opinion as to the advantages which may be likely to result from the facility thus afforded us of coming our own money. It is a subject on which a great diversity of opinion prevails, even among the members of the Legislature, to whom we are mainly indebted for the costly gift. In mercantile circles we believe the general opinion is adverse, or in other words that a mint in this colony 'will not pay.' The experiment which is now to be tried will soon prove the fallacy or soundness of this impression, and therefore we may leave the matter to time. 'The advantage,' says the proclamation, 'anticipated from the introduction of a Branch of the Royal Mint in Sydney, is the facility such an establishment will offer for the conversion of standard gold bullion, and of bullion, the produce of Australian Colonies, into the legal coin or tender for payment; to this every assistance will be given. The Sydney Mint is not open for melting and refining plate and jewellery or bullion which has been previously wrought, or for converting such into coin. Any importations therefore, which, after being melted and assayed at the mint, shall appear to the Deputy Master to have been brought to a state difficult or expensive to restore to standard purity, will be returned to the importers, subject to a charge of three-fourths per cent, on its value, reckoned at £3 17s. 10½d. the standard ounce." The establishment has already cost the colony a large sum of money, and if there was no other consideration, the knowledge that this expense can only be reimbursed by the successful operations of the Mint ought to secure the support and friendly co-operation of the public.

"It is satisfactory to be able to state, that the quantity of gold received at the Mint yesterday was unexpectedly large, being between ten thousand and eleven thousand ounces, or from £40,000 to £50,000 worth. All the necessary arrangements for coining have been nearly completed, and it is not

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at all improvable that we shall see our own sovereigns in circulation in the course of a few days. The erection of the machinery, and the construction of the necessary buildings, are already finished, so that there is nothing to be done now but the perfecting of those minor and interior appliances which are essential to the successful operation of every great undertaking of the kind."

By advices just received (August 1856) we find that the New South "Wales mint has more than realized the favorable anticipations of the colonists; but, as will be seen by a remark of "The Times" correspondent, the operations of the establishment would have been on a still more extended scale but for the contracted policy and commercial jealousy displayed in the adjoining colony of Victoria— many of the merchants in which would readily bear the entire loss of a penny or a pound rather than allow the Sydneites to derive either benefit or honor by a division of the coin. Our former prediction in this matter would appear to be realized to the letter:—

"The New South Wales Mint appears to be a subject of great congratulation. Last year from the date of the opening, on the 14th of May, the coinage was £512,000 in sovereigns and half-sovereigns, and this year it has already reached £644,500. Its operations would be much greater but for the non-recognition of this coinage in Victoria and the duty of 2s. 6d. per ounce levied in that colony both on imports and exports. South Australia seemed about to favor the more rational course of admitting it as a legal tender."

In a subsequent issue of the same paper, the

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following letter of "A Colonist" assigns a reason why the New South Wales sovereign should become a legal tender north of the line, but the writer omits to state why it is not made so by Victoria and other of the Australian colonies—for the joint benefit of which we presume the mint was established. If "A Colonist" had signed himself "A Victorian," the cause for his attempting to foster the blame on the Home Government would have been too clear a matter for surmise:—

"Sir, —You have recently given facts and figures showing the success that has attended the establishment of a branch of the Royal Mint in Sydney. It appears that upwards of £1,157,000 were coined during the first year of the Mint's existence.

"Are you aware that a large number, possibly one-half, of the coins thus made have now no existence, haying been sent to England, where they are purchased as bullion and melted and transmitted to the continent in bars and ingots? "I shall be obliged if you will allow me to ask why the Australian sovereign has any device on it to distinguish it from the sovereign cast on Tower-hill?

"The Royal Mint has an establishment in London and one at Sydney, both under the same control.

"The Lords of the Treasury appoint the officers and issue the regulations for both establishments. The colonial authorities have no power in either ease. The Legislature of the colony votes the supplies, and if it ceased to do so the Mint in Sydney would be closed; but while it remains open they have nothing more to do with it. Even the pyx is sent to England to be tried. In short, it is in reality what it is in name, a branch of the Royal Mint, superintended, as it

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ought to be, by officers of the Imperial Government, and the coin vouched for by the Crown.

"Why should not the natural consequence follow, and the coin have the same currency throughout the Queen's dominions as if made in London?

"A Colonist.

"Berkeley-street, August 18."

Society in New South Wales may be said to be classified, while the lines which are drawn to distinguish the respective grades are rigidly adhered to. In Victoria, where the population has trebled itself in three years, it is a matter of difficulty, if not impossibility, for one man to ascertain the former character or position of another; and a property qualification is the only one that makes a distinction in the social intercourse of the inhabitants—excepting of course the illiterate and low and the educated and refined, whose dissimilar habits and tastes would prove a barrier to friendly association in any country or any colony.

In Sydney men of property and position hold themselves distinct—except on matters of business —from men of property without character. In Melbourne all mix indiscriminately together, like a mob at a fair, or figures at a masquerade. In Sydney, the emancipated felon and the English outlaw have no locus standi within the threshold of those whose characters are untainted. In Melbourne few men know the private character of their neighbors or fellow-citizens; and the wealthy rogue is accepted as an honest man and a gentle-

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man —so long as there is nothing in his acts to unmask the disguise. But in Sydney, where the increase to the population has been gradual, each one seems to know the character of the other, while each knows where he will and where he will not he received.

In New South Wales, as in Van Diemen's Land, there are many wealthy merchants who in early life were convicts, and who have either served out their term of imprisonment or obtained "tickets of leave," and who, by commercial or other speculations, have amassed considerable fortunes. But these persons are strictly excluded from social circles —save and except with their own class.

In 1840 New South Wales ceased to be a place to which convicts might be transported from the United Kingdom, since which period the number of "bondmen" have gradually decreased. In the year 1840, upwards of 21,000 convicts were assigned to private service, at which time the entire population of New South Wales was about 150,000.

Since 1847, emigration has been constantly flowing towards Australia; but in 1846-7 the tide appeared almost exclusively turned toward the American colonies. In the latter year the emigration from the United Kingdom was as follows:

To the North American Colonies . 109,600

To the United States . . . . . . . 142,500

To the Australian Colonies and New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 4,900

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Reference to our Population Tables will show the extraordinary change which has taken place in favor of the last named places from and after the period to which the above figures refer.

In an intellectual point of view, the inhabitants of New South Wales are greatly in advance of those of Victoria, as may be inferred from the well-stocked libraries and superior habits and tastes of the former. But in New South Wales, as in each of the colonies we have at present visited, there appears to be an immense amount of vice and immorality, although perhaps not so dark and overwhelming in its character as that which prevails in Victoria.

To correct past abuses and reform existing ones, the new governor, Sir William Denison, has an herculean task to perform. That he has the moral courage to attempt the task, and the ability to accomplish much, if not all of what he attempts, few persons seem disposed to doubt. But our readers will perceive by the following article from "The Sydney Empire" what are the opinions of the press —a very superior press to that of Victoria —with reference to the capabilities of Sir William Denison, and of the hopes entertained of his future government: —

"THE HEAVY RESPONSIBILITIES OF SIR W. DENISON.

"That we have a clever man to govern us now is indubitable—at once a soldier, a man of science, a thinker, and

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one not unused to rule. Nor is there any certain ground on which any one can impeach his good intentions, though in one or two instances already, there is too much reason to suspect that evil influences have had the ascendancy, or that the probity of our new ruler can only be strictly maintained at the expense of his sagacity. Much, therefore, ought to be hoped for. But when we look at the times and the country, at internal affairs and external relations, at society and its wants both physical and moral, it is impossible not to feel convinced that he has a task before him from which a hero might well shrink. It is not because it is pleasant to raise causes of anxiety that this subject is introduced, but because it is necessary to look all things fairly in the face.

"Some of the difficulties which must beset his Excellency's administration rise out of a system common to all the Australian colonies, and inveterate in its vicious qualities, originating as it did in the corrupt times of George III. Others rise out of the mischievous courses uniformly pursued by his Excellency's predecessor. We know not whether Sir William aspires to the glory of being a true and complete government reformer, or whether, like almost all his predecessors, he will propose to himself merely the distinction of new plans with but little reference to their character. That he will make alterations everything seems to indicate; but whether he will set himself seriously to put the whole colony on a good footing, is as yet at best a matter of mere conjecture. But this we say, that everything calls for revision, and that there are faults so deep that the most penetrating research bids fair to be baffled and confounded. Should the present Governor, therefore, do well for the colony, he will be a hero indeed.

" In Sir Richard Bourke and Sir George Gipps the colony had shrewd and well-intentioned, but not faultless Governors. Whatever may have been vicious, however, in their

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administrations must be attributed, rather to the vices of the whole system of Colonial government, incorrect theories and principles, mistaken views of the relations of rulers and people, than to personal imbecility or profligate disregard of right. A considerably higher praise than this is due to Sir George Gipps. His intellect was comprehensive and exact, his power of thought equal to almost any emergency, and his struggles against a rising and greedy faction were incessant. His treatment of Maori rights in New Zealand shows that his political philosophy was not perfect ; but his views on that subject, though we deem them to have been erroneous, were rather to the advantage of New South Wales than otherwise, if they had not been too successfully resisted, for they tended to impede the establishment of the present squatting system. On this ground we have, therefore no cause to complain of his error; and this apart, he was by far the completest and most sagacious Governor, to say nothing of his high moral reputation, which New South Wales ever had. What the Imperial Cabinet meant by sending such a man as Sir Charles Fitz Roy to supersede him, it would be hazardous to insinuate. We have recently read a short article on Australia in "The British Banner," in which Sir Charles is applauded in contrast with Sir George, with something resembling a sneer on the death of the latter, and the authority appears to be some statement of "The Sydney Morning Herald!" We must hold Dr. Campbell's knowledge of Australia very cheap after such a proof of its value. Sir Charles undid, if that was his discretion, almost every wise thing that Sir George Gipps martyred himself to do. His course of government was one course of official indulgence and self-indulgence, at the expense of the most sacred rights and interests of the colony. The land system, which Sir George would have prevented if he could, was Sir Charles's stronghold. In it he found his friends, and in its opponents he saw Ms foes. The reckless

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conduct of our squatting Council on recent occasions was to Ms mind, for it flattered his vices, and promoted his predilections. He has thus " established iniquity by law," and made it almost coincident and commensurate with all that we know of government in this colony ; so much so, indeed, that it is a question now with the wisest and best men, among us, whether we shall procure amendment by reform or by revolution.

"It is such a government, and in such circumstances, Sir William Denison has assumed, and he must either proceed in the beaten course and be blasted with the evil auspices of his predecessor; or introduce mere glosses of reform to deceive the eyes of observers, and so to beguile the colony into ill-placed confidence; or set himself seriously to rectify the fundamental wrongs of the whole system, with all it accessory vices. If he do not do this latter thing, the day is not far distant when the colony will reform itself without asking leave of its blind and infatuated rulers. His responsibility, therefore, is in a crisis.

"But without reference to the past, and merely to take the colony as it is—there are subjects sufficient to make any reflecting man's heart ache, much more that of a Governor. It cannot surely be quite satisfactory to a man of Sir William's penetration, and that speaking of him merely as a political economist, without regard to those religious feelings which are commonly attributed to him, that the revenue is so largely made up of destructive elements, that the money which is applied for the support of churches and educational systems is only a fraction of an amount supplied by intemperance. Will a wise and soberminded man, a friend to his species, or even one who is ambitious of the honour of a good politician and reformer, acquiesce in such a state of things as this, or congratulate himself upon it p And will he fail to trace out one of the great causes of national vice in the quality of the existing Magistracy, and another in the cheek

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upon legitimate industry which the present land system exerts ? Will he not see that it is utterly in vain to vote sums of money for education in resistance to such appalling powers of profligacy as exist all abroad?

"The subject now touched on is of a very broad hearing, and has also many collaterals, and all of them are matters which must lie with a heavy incumbency on the conscience of an enlightened ruler. But the economies of the colony are not unworthy of a passing notice. It is no slight task the government has undertaken in the whole railway enterprise of the colony, which is now upon its shoulders, and that, whether the work or the funds he considered. The tendency of the last three years has been to multiply government commissions, and every one of these must he a source of anxiety. The multiplication of patronage is not always the enlargement of pleasure ; and if it were, even pleasure has its toils and its deteriorations. And if all this were not yoke enough to gall the shoulders, the departments are an Augean stable ; or to change the figure, they will be a huge stone which will roll back on the Sisyphus who labors to force it up the hill."

We have often heard that talent of the first order when allied to modesty, will prove of little service to its possessor in the Australian colonies, while the owner of a little ability and a great deal of bombast or impudent assurance would leave his less pretending but more deserving kinsman considerably in the rear.

Our own observations on the subject will not permit us to question or doubt the foundation for the prevailing opinion—especially with regard to old settlers or natives of European descent. As a

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body, those persons are either devoid of a superior order of talent, or they deem its application, as the means to colonial success, unnecessary; for ignorance and impudence appear to be the chief characteristics of many of Australia's wealthiest sons. Old settlers and natives are generally very ignorant or very impudent—or both. But a little talent makes their egotism even less bearable than their ignorance; and we have rarely met an Australian native that was not either an egotist or a bully. True, there are men, like Daniel Cooper, modest, great, and generous, but in Australia such persons are rare exceptions.

Want of good breeding—or positive ill-breeding —is another striking feature with these Australian natives.

Dining one day at the house of a highly respectable gentleman in the neighbourhood of Geelong, we were introduced to an Australian native of European descent, who was not only a man of property, but was likewise considered one of the leading men of the town —for his name generally figured on any and every committee for conducting complimentary or public dinners. This in itself was sufficient to prove the importance of the individual, as only those who have an exalted opinion of themselves are solicited for, or expected to fill an office of such responsibility—especially in a colony where any successful imposter may, with certainty, expect to receive, at the hands of his

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brother townsmen, a good dinner and a piece of plate prior to his departure from the colony.

Well; it might reasonably be expected that a gentleman —a native too!—who had assisted in conducting so many public dinners, would at least know how to conduct himself at a private one. After the following facts, let the reader decide the question. Not only did the individual alluded to misconduct himself at the dinner table, but at the close of his own dinner, and previous to the removal of the cloth, he suddenly rose without excuse or apology, and quietly seated himself before the fire in company with a colonial newspaper, to which he directed his undivided attention for about an hour; after this he played so many fantastic and unmanly tricks, that a mere reference to them must suffice for their disposal. This, then, is another native specimen of degenerated humanity. Than the worthy host himself—a gentleman who had been but a few years in the colony—no one was more ashamed of the fellow's behaviour; but being related to him by marriage, he was sometimes compelled, as it were, to suffer the infliction occasioned by the presence of so disagreeable a guest.

But what will English lawyers—even those accustomed to sharp practice —think of the following case, which is a fair sample of colonial effrontry.

A governess to a respectable family in the colony

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had for some time been engaged and was on the eve of being married to a wealthy merchant, who however thought proper to transfer his hand, if not his love, to a lady of fortune, whom he subsequently espoused.

Acting on the advice of the family with whom she lived, who had no further use for her services, the discarded governess sought the assistance of one of the first lawyers in the locality. The young lady possessed considerable personal attractions. The lawyer was struck with her appearance. Being a widower and a man of family as well as fortune, a lucrative situation as superintendent in and over his household might possibly suit the lady better than the uncertain award to be obtained for her disappointment on the termination of a law suit ? Those who seek the advice of a lawyer generally adopt it—except where future consideration makes the issue doubtful. The lady disliked law, and, like other of her sex, felt disposed rather to forget or forgive the man who had wronged her than to prosecute him. The proffered situation would enable her to abandon her former intention if not to forget her lover. She became an inmate of the lawyer's house—and the lawyer subsequently seduced her. One would have supposed that this would have been the climax to the lawyer's knavery. No ; having obtained the lady's love letters, with the answers thereto, he brought an action and obtained a verdict against her former

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suitor for "breach of promise of marriage." It may be unnecessary to add, that he obtained the verdict for the lady, and the damages for himself.

We have no occasion however to refer alone to individual faults, or to merely a few out of the endless specimens of unfair dealing which are daily practised in the Australian colonies by particular persons, while, at the same time, institutions, companies, or collective bodies are no less guilty than individuals. The following letter will furnish the particulars of a case in which the writer himself on his first visit to the colony happened to be the victim :—

"COLONIAL BANKS.

"TO THE EDITOR OF 'THE SYDNEY MORNING HERALD.'

"Sir, —I have been but a short time in this country, on a literary mission, and only arrived here (from Geelong) yesterday, when I became the victim of the following act of injustice, committed by one of the leading banking houses of the colony, and which act I feel in duty bound to publish —less on account of my own individual annoyance than for the information of the public.

"During my stay in Geelong I kept an account with the Bank of New South Wales, on closing which I informed the cashier of my intended departure for Sydney, and requested him to give me the small balance of £200 standing in my favour in cash. To this he made no apparent objection; but politely inquired "whether a draff on the bank in Sydney wouldn't suit as well?" Finding, however, that to procure cash for such a draft would entail a loss to the holder of one per cent., I declined the offer, and repeated my former desire,

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when the obliging cashier in question said, "then there will be no occasion for yon to take more gold than you require for the voyage, as you can get our notes cashed at Sydney without any charge whatever for the exchange." With this assurance I pocketed the notes, and (as I supposed) the cashier's word of honor, never for a moment supposing that for such belief in printed paper and a gentleman's word, I should have to pay the penalty of misplaced confidence. "So much for the want of colonial experience, my own simplicity, and future chagrin; for, judge of my surprise and disappointment, when, waiting on the bank here with the said notes, indorsed as I told them with the assurance of their branch at Geelong of "immediate cash"—judge, I say, of my surprise on being told I should have to pay two-and-half per cent, for the exchange, whatever might have been the assurances or promises of their agents at Geelong to the contrary. Never in my life was I so completely mulct of £5. This may be colonial honesty! That, however, is a point I leave with yourself, the public, and the Bank of New South "Wales.

"I am, Sir, your obedient servant.

"D. P.

"Petty's Hotel, January 14.

"P.S.—For your own satisfaction I enclose my real name, and beg to add as a postscript to my former communication that, although the Bank of New South Wales refused to cash their own notes for less than two-and-half per cent, on withdrawing the said notes at the advice of a respectable firm here, and paying them into another bank, they were immediately placed to my credit at a charge of one per cent."

By the quarterly returns of the banks—which will be found under the head of "Statistical Information"—made up to 31st March 1856, it will

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be seen that the dividend usually declared by an established bank in the colony is about twenty per cent., although on the part of one establishment thirty per cent, figures in the space devoted to profits.

Our surprise on this subject is, not that the profits are great but that they are not much greater than they are —and they would be greater but that occasional private financiers and public speculators outwit board-room gentlemen, by pinching them in a part in which such gentlemen unmercifully pinch the public—the pocket. But for the drawback caused by the failure of colonial wits, in whom confidence is sometimes allowed to repose a leetle too long, what is to prevent the shareholders in colonial banks from periodically dividing a profit of fifty or sixty per cent? "We leave arithmeticians to determine what would be the rate of per centage per annum exacted by an establishment which for cashing its own paper—"PAYABLE ON DEMAND" —retains for itself fifty shillings from one hundred pounds.

When in New Zealand, we were informed that in the early stage of one of the provinces of that colony, and previous to the establishment of a bank, a shrewd merchant was in the habit of issuing his own I. o. U.'s for cash deposits received for the convenience and security of the public. Such I. o. U.'s were either returnable, at par, in exchange for goods, or at a discount of two-and-

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half per cent, for cash. The gentleman, it appears, traded in the double capacity of banker and merchant. He had a goods department as well as a money department. With that difference, what is there to distinguish this private banker from the Bank of New South Wales? The one issues paper and goods at a profit, the other issues paper only. The private banker grows rich at the expense of the few; the public bankers grow rich at the expense of the multitude.

Uninfluenced in the slightest degree by the trifling case in which we were personally concerned —an incident that only tended to strengthen an opinion previously formed and subsequently confirmed—we do not hesitate to subscribe to the general belief that the colonial banks are in a great measure responsible for the reckless speculation and consequent depression which so frequently take place in the Australian colonies. Ever ready by liberal but temporary advances to inspire new customers with false notions of credit, they facilitate speculation on the approach of a promising season, merely to reap their own harvest and crush the husbandman at the close. More than this ; not content to confine themselves to their peculiar calling, by imposing excessive rates of interest for discounting local bills of exchange, and large premiums for issuing foreign ones, they absolutely monopolise a profitable part of their customers' business, by outbidding them for the staple

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commodity of the country. They despatch to the diggings a large staff of agents, who, like wandering Jews at a country fair, open their stalls and money boxes, in order to snatch from the legitimate trader every ounce of gold that comes to market. Indeed, they have only to extend their purchases to hides and tallow to perfect their qualification for the term of "colonial merchants." That all transactions in their joint capacity would be consistent with good faith and fair dealing, our own illustrated case might lead one to infer.

Finally, suppose a gentleman from Ireland or Scotland, on presenting at the Bank of England some notes from one of the branches of the said bank, received—instead of the required cash—an intimation from the cashier that two-and-half per cent, would be the charge for cashing their own paper. Great no doubt would be the surprise or consternation of the stranger; but greater still would be his surprise, on finding that some jointstock or commercial bank would grant him the accommodation at two-fifths of the charge.

Considered collectively, the inhabitants of New South Wales are much more respectable than those of Victoria —evidence of which is furnished by the superior tastes, habits, and manners of the population of the former colony as compared with that of the latter. A celebrated writer has said, " the press of a country is a faithful index to the minds, morals, and habits of the people." Supposing this

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doctrine partially correct, New South Wales is considerably in advance of Victoria —the press in which is not for a moment to be compared with that in the senior colony, either with regard to its influence, its ability, or its respectability. The leaders of the press in Victoria, like the members of any other trade or profession in that colony, propound their doctrines, advocate their claims, or descant, on their grievances by a species of colonial slang, or low Irish bullyism. In New South Wales a brighter spirit of independence, reason, and moderation, would appear to regulate both the press and the people. Compare, for instance, the tone and temper displayed in the leading papers of the respective colonies—the contrast with respect to which is generally more striking than that presented by the following leading articles from two of the respective newspapers:—

(From the Melbourne " Morning Herald" of May 30th.)

"Our columns below contain a Summary of the Colonial Statistics for the past month, so far as they are likely to be useful to our correspondents in England; and, as for our politics, there is little to interest people who are living at the head-quarters of the civilised world, in anything that we can have to say, or in any grievances that we have to complain of. They get our gold, it is true, by the ton weight, and they very kindly send us, in return for it, a vast quantity of goods, including the refuse of their warehouses and manufactories; hut they have displayed no eagerness to comply with our wishes as to a new Constitution, and they

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seem almost to regard it as an importinence, that we should trouble them with any application on the subject.

"We only request of the mother country either to attend to our affairs with zeal and promptitude, or to leave us, without any more of their foolish dictation and ignorant interference, to manage them ourselves. We sympathise with our countrymen, and our gracious Queen at their head, in their chivalrous efforts to save Turkey from falling under the yoke of that egregious tyrant and oppressor, the late Emperor Nicholas ; but we beg to assure them that we are actually living under a despotism quite as odious to us as that of Russia would be to the Turks, and not as formidable, only because we have learnt to regard it with a feeling of unanimous contempt. So perfect is this unanimity that it affords us almost the same protection that a free constitution would. Anybody may say what he likes, in this colony, against the Government, and people may carry their resistance to the verge of rebellion and high treason, with absolute impunity; because no jury would bo found willing to convict, under such circumstances. So profound and universal is the hatred and contempt, felt in this colony, for the Executive, that it serves as a protection to them, against any violent attack. They stand so isolated by their unpopularity, that nobody thinks it worth while to approach them, even for the purpose of inflicting chastisement. They are like great criminals who have fled for sanctuary, and their real punishment is that no one will dare to succour them, and no one will take the trouble to put an end to their misery.

"Such is the position of our local Government—secured against the attacks of individuals by the hatred of the community; a curious phenomenon of political life, which it would require a Tacitus to delineate.

"We can, at the same time, give our friends in Downingstreet one gratifying piece of intelligence, and that is—if we cannot secure the favor of their attention, very speedily,

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we will not trouble them with importunity. We will relieve them from the onerous task of governing us, and we will do this upon the slightest indication they may afford us, of their desire to get rid of the very thankless undertaking.

"A ball and supper, given by his Excellency and his lady, at the Government House, is another topic of discussion, which has, for the time, superseded all others, and it appears to have made a deeper impression upon large numbers of colonists than the danger of a national bankruptcy, or the mischief of an arbitrary Government. Her Majesty's representative is charged with a niggardly economy, in his arrangements for the festivity. It is even reported that, before the supper, there was no better beverage than sour Marsala and colonial beer, and that the costliest dresses were spoiled by the liquefaction of tallow candles. All this—or a part of it—may be exaggeration; but there can be no doubt of the fact, that the most intense dissatisfaction has been created by the manner—the personal hauteur of a very offensive kind—in which the guests were received —or rather not received at all; for people seem to have been left to themselves, as completely as they would have been at any subscription assembly.

"A most unaccountable, and as it appears to us, very flagrant act of injustice, has been perpetrated towards an old and highly respected colonist, Dr. Campbell, in his sudden, arbitrary, and insulting dismissal from the office of Coroner. We reserve this topic for a full discussion; but, in the mean time, we must refer our readers to the correspondence on the subject, published by us on Tuesday, as a fair illustration of what we mean by the evils of a bureaucratic government.

"The Government officers, themselves, when faithful, diligent and conscientious, like Dr. Campbell, are frequently the first victims to intrigue, and the most signal examples of

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injustice. There is one comfort,—that we shall soon have a ' noble army of martyrs'—men of the greatest capacity and most eminent station in the colony—all either sacrifices or scapegoats—who will be quite ready to join with the humblest of us, in the final assault we are determined to make on the stronghold of a bad and base Government. Their wrongs, and their undoubted sincerity in seeking redress, if not revenge, will give them great value in the public camp; and we shall forget all their errors, in their future devotion to the common cause."

(From the "Sydney Empire" of May 26th.)

" THE RULE OF SIR WILLIAM DENISON.

"The reputation of the present Governor General had already awakened strong hopes of a vigorous administration under his hands, even before his arrival to assume the higher powers of his new office, for it was known that in the government of a neighbouring colony he had displayed ability and character which were likely to be improved by time and experience, and which must necessarily be called out into full play by the disordered state of our public affairs. The first movements of Sir William Denison were, therefore, watched with no ordinary interest by many who, though they stood aloof from Government House, were resolute in demanding fair-play for his government among the outer circles of the population. All seemed to shrink from word or deed that should embarrass his action or prejudge his policy. Without manifesting any undue reliance on his wisdom, the people expressed no doubt of his patriotism. He had been called to a high post by his Sovereign; they were willing to discover in him worthy qualities to fill it. By common accord, Sir William was put upon his trial; and every bystander was prepared to insist on justice to both governor and governed.

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"During the four months Sir William Denison has been amongst us, he has succeeded in strengthening his hold on the respect and confidence of the colonists. Manly and unpretending in his personal conduct, easily accessible to the public, painstaking in matters of business, and severe in Ms notions of duty in the departments under him, he appears to be fearlessly working out his mission. But, hitherto, his hand has been seen only in the economy of small things—in the ludicrous details of clerical reform in the departments— torturing official sloths into pitiable activity, and trying to reduce administrative blunders to order and arrangementIt is now understood among persons possessing the best means of information, that Sir William is about to give a nobler pledge to the colony of his determination, not only to infuse vigour into the routine of government, but, to the fullest extent of his power, to base his administration on constitutional principle.

"The hateful incubus of Schedule A, under which the principal expenditure for the State machinery was held without the consent and in defiance of the Legislature, is to be cast to the winds. We believe the event will prove that we are correct in stating that the first Estimates of Expenditure submitted by Sir William Denison to the Legislative Council will embrace the whole public service, inclusive of the establishments reserved by the tyrannical Parliamentary Schedule, thus subjecting the appropriation of the Territorial Revenue to the popular vote. Under this Schedule of the Constitution Act, it will be recollected, the salaries of Governor, of the Judges and other officers in the administration of justice, of the Colonial Secretary and his subordinates, of the Colonial Treasurer and his subordinates, of the Auditor General and his subordinates, together with a considerable pension-list and an enormous fund for the support of public worship, are secured to the Executive authority. These were among the principal grievances

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against which Mr. Wentworth's famous Remonstrance was repeatedly levelled. 'The material powers exercised for centuries by the House of Commons are still withheld from us,' was the burden of that document; and never was any protest more just than that which was raised against this despotic appropriation of the public revenue and its associated grievances. Sir William Denison has assigned to himself the task of liberating the colony from the irksome bondage of which we have so long and so loudly complained. Whether his Excellency has received despatches from home advising a course more in accordance with the constitutional government of England, or whether he has striven, in the exercise of a higher faculty of statesmanship than our rulers have hitherto displayed, to interpret the law and his instructions in favor of the rights and liberties of the governed, rather than in support of the dry prescriptions of red-tape rule, we, of course, have no means of knowing ; but the people of this colony will accept the fact as a fair augury of the future, that their representatives, in the next session of Council, will be asked to vote every salary and every penny required for their government.

"A course of enlightened policy such as seems to be indicated by this intention of his Excellency, carrying with it decisive and unbiassed action in the development of our natural resources, will make Sir William Denison a great ruler of a great country. We do not know where we could look to find a fairer field for a pure ambition. For the Australian colonies, this concession to popular demands of a principle so vital, and powers so important to government, will be hailed as the dawn of liberties, the full blessing of which cannot be long withheld."

If additional evidence were required, nothing could perhaps furnish stronger proof of the advanced state of New South Wales, as compared

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with Victoria, than the ready perception and just appreciation of real merit by the inhabitants of the former colony, and the acuteness with which they detect and expose an attempt at " cramming," or the false praise of anything by the numerous puffs of the day. We may instance, for example, a case or two that came under our own notice—in which the gullibility and want of taste on the part of the Victorians received a merited reproof by the inhabitants of the senior colony.

An actor and manager named Coppin, whose success in Victoria at the time of the gold discovery, when money was easily made and foolishly squandered, led many of the play-goers of the colony to consider the object of fortune's favors— what the gentleman evidently considers himself— a first-rate comedian. In our humble opinion this person is nothing more than a second or third class representative of low characters. This opinion appears to be shared by more competent judges than ourselves; for, if we have been correctly informed, the retention of the southern star was not considered desirable by the sagacious London managers —notwithstanding the opportunity afforded them of witnessing at the Haymarket Theatre the gratuitous performance of the " celebrated Australian comedian," who with characteristic generosity announced in all the London newspapers that the proceeds of such performance would be devoted to a charitable purpose.

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Finding little room for the display of his genius on the London stage, this gentleman engaged the celebrated G. V. Brooke—whose arrival in Melbourne was prefaced by puffs, copies of requisitions, and testimonials that not only covered all the spare walls within the city boundary, but were likewise to be seen in every grog-shop as well as in every hole and corner of the Victorian capital. The bait was taken; and the inhabitants nightly crowded the theatre, at the advanced price of 12s. 6d., during a period of some five or six weeks. That the fame acquired by Mr. Brooke through the talent he displayed on the English boards slightly contributed to such a result, we do not for a moment doubt. But the puffing that preceded his appearance was no doubt the chief cause; for it is only fair to presume that the majority of those who visited the theatre had not previously heard of the actor's name.

Elated by success, some persons—friends we presume —adopted in Sydney a plan which had been found to succeed so well in Melbourne—but with a very different result. In Sydney, as in Melbourne, every imaginable form of the "puff preliminary" was resorted to. The theatre was illuminated, and complimentary devices and mottos might be seen in all parts of the city,—"He's coming, he's coming," in a thousand places announced the advent of the great luminary; and "he's come, he's come," subsequently proclaimed

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175

the presence of the "star" that was pronounced "incomparable." If the bills which, prior to the actor's professional appearance announced in large type that "Mr. G. V. Brooke would honor the theatre with his presence," had substituted Sis Majesty for plain Mr. the title of the individual would have been more in keeping with the ostentatious and gorgeous preparation made for his reception.

But how great must have been the surprise of those immediately concerned, on finding that the inhabitants of the most respectably populated city in Australia failed—in large numbers—to acknowledge or appreciate the potent brilliancy or magnetic influence of the evening "star" that condescended to illumine the Sydney boards for the gratification of those who might be disposed to pay the price stipulated for the promised pleasure.

The truth is, the Sydneites would have readily bestowed on Mr. Brooke, or Mr. anybody else, both the attention and reward due to merit; but they appeared determined to mark in an unmistakeable manner their objection to have anything or any one fostered on them by the ephemeral puffs of the time. The consequence was that the actor failed to receive that encouragement which his ability would have otherwise insured for him. Perhaps some of the more critical of the Sydney people might have been of our opinion—that Mr. Brooke is a talented but not a great actor; that

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nature endowed him with more of the external than the internal advantages of the human form ; and that the owner wants the genius for the conception of a great character, as well as the nice discrimination of light and shade requisite to illustrate it. Nevertheless, Mr. Brooke is a showy and effective melo-dramatic actor; and had the Sydneites not been disgusted with the fulsome eulogies that prefaced his appearance and contributed to his success elsewhere, he would have received a larger amount of patronage than was accorded to him in the capital of New South Wales.

If we simply refer to, it will be unnecessary to enlarge on, other of the many cases with which we are acquainted, in order to show the advanced state of the colony of New South Wales over that of Victoria.

In Melbourne, we have known the lowest character as a man —the veriest buffoon as an actor— a mere clown from the ring at Astley's or some strolling English company —to be in the receipt of a salary of £75 a week from a low mountebank establishment that has been nightly crowded with the elite of the capital, while a professor of the fine arts, has been delivering a talented and intellectual discourse in another part of the city to empty benches.

In Sydney, we have known the very reverse of the above to be the case.

If additional evidence were required, not only

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of the superior taste, but likewise of the nobleness of action and benevolence of heart of the inhabitants of New South Wales over those of Victoria, the munificent contribution to the Patriotic Fund by the former colony, as compared with the paltry sum collected in the latter, would alone serve as a convincing proof. With a population of 300,000, Victoria, —the golden country and by far the richest of all the Australian colonies—has to this date, October 1855, contributed to the above-named fund about £7,000, while the colony of New South Wales, with a smaller population stands on the list of donors for £60,000!*

With regard to the self-generated colonial disease—the human rot, arising from the excessive use of ardent spirits—New South Wales, is fearfully infected with the destructive malady, although not to the same extent as Victoria, in which colony the consumption of spirits and tobacco has been at the rate of nearly £10 per head, per annum, for man, woman, and child. Were the inhabitants of England to absorb these stimulants and narcotics in a proportionate degree the value of the consumption would exceed £100,000,000 sterling, per ann.

Colonists would do well to ponder the above. Those who may deem the vices of Australia undeserving the strictures they provoke, may, at least, discover the origin of the one, if not a justification for the other.

*Since our return to England we And that the Victorians—probably ashamed of the repeated proclamations of their immense wealth by side of figures that told of their charity—have made an addition to their former bounty.

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COMPARATIVE POPULATION TABLE

From 1851 TO 1854.

The Total Population of New South Wales was—

On 31st December, 1853. . . . . . . . . . 231,288

On 31st December, 1854. . . . . . . . . . . 251,315

Increase, being 8 .7 per cent.... 20,027

The Number and Increase of the Respective Sexes were—

In the year 1853 the Centesimal Increase of Females was about one per cent, above that of the other sex; last year the increase was about two-and-half per cent, in favor of the males. This alteration was caused by the greater number of male immigrants in proportion to that of female. The nett addition to the population from this source, being the Surplus of Arrivals over Departures, was—

The excess of 1854 being above that of 1853 by more than two to one.

Males. Females. 1853. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,368 99,920 1854. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,121 107,194 ------ ------ Increase. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,753 7,274 ------ ------ Do. per cent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 7.3

1853. 1854. Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,499 10,436 Female. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,851 4,439 ------ ------ Excess of Male. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,648 5,997

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

The Proportions of the Respective Sexes to each Ten Thousand of the Population were—

The Number Added to the Population last year by the Excess of Immigration oyer Emigration, and of Births over Deaths, were as follows:—

Immigration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,212

Deduct departures. . . . . . . . . . . . 12,337

Nett increase by Immigration ----- 14,875

Births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,663

Deduct Deaths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,511

Nett Increase by Births .... 5,152

Total nett Increase, as above . . . . . . . . . . 20,027

We have now to trace the Progress of the Population since the last Census, which was taken on the 1st March, 1851 :—

Males. Females. Total. 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,684 4,316 10,000 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,735 4,265 10,000 ------ ------ ------ Increase . . . . . . . . 51 Decrease . . . . . . . . 51

Males. Females. Total. 1st March, 1851 . . . . . . . . . 106,229 81,014 187,243 31st Dec., 1851 . . . . . . . . . 113,032 84,136 197,168 1852 . . . . . . . . . . 118,687 89,567 208,254 1853 . . . . . . . . . . 131,368 99,920 231,288 1854 . . . . . . . . . . 144,121 107,194 251,315

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

The Numerical Increase of the Respective Sexes was—

The Centesimal Increase upon their own Respective Numbers was—

The Total Increase during the four years and ten months which have elapsed since the Census was as under : —

So that during this period the population has increased full one-third; and the proportional increase of the sexes has been nearly on a par.

Males. Females. Total. 1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6,803 3,122 9,925 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,655 5,431 11,086 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,681 10,353 23,034 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,753 7,274 20,027

Males. Females. Total. 1851 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 3.9 5.3 1852 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 6.5 5.6 1853 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.7 11.6 11.0 1854 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.7 7.3 8.7

Per Cent. Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,892 35.7 Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,180 32.3 ------ ------ Total increase . . . . . . . . . . . 64,072 34.2

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The Numbers in Proportion to each Ten Thousand of the Population throughout the period were as follows: —

It is thus shown that on the 31st December, 1854, the proportion of females was 62 less than it was on the 1st March, 1851.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE OF NEW SOUTH WALES, From 1851 TO 1854.

ABSTRACT OF THE REVENUE OF THE COLONY OP NEW SOUTH WALES, In the under-mentioned periods, ending 31st March, 1856, compared with, the corresponding periods of the preceding year.

Males. Females. Total. 1st March, 1851 5673 4327 10,000 31st Dec., 1851 5733 4267 10,000 185 5699 4301 10,000 185 5684 4316 10,000 185 5735 4265 10,000

REVENUE. EXPENDITURE. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1851 . . . . . . . . 486,698 4 0 444,108 9 10 1852 . . . . . . . . 682,137 1 7 600,322 0 2 1853 . . . . . . . . 987,476 15 8 682,621 5 10 1854 . . . . . . . . 1,239,147 8 0 1,136,568 16 11

QUARTERS ENDING 30th June 1854. 30th Sep. 1854. 1st Dec. 1854 31st March 1855. £ £ £ £ Customs ................ 98,164 87,838 107,915 94,358 Colonial Spirits ................ 10,546 9,899 7,556 12,167 Post Office ................ 6,081 6,795 5,445 5,861 Land Sales ................ 54,076 83,265 67,866 52,860 Miscellaneous ................ 59,244 58,097 35,318 27,655 Special Receipts ................ 981 1,328 19,733 15,767 ------ ------ ------ ------ Totals ................ 229,092 247,222 243,833 208,668

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

INCREASE AND DECREASE IN THE QUARTER AND YEAR.

QUARTERS ENDING 30th June 1855. 30th Sep. 1855. 31st Dec. 1855. 31st March 1856. £ £ £ £ Customs ................ 146,816 97,587 82,975 102,568 Colonial Spirits ................ 15,490 10,919 13,040 14,774 Mint ................ — 1,181 4,227 4,697 Post Office ................ 6,103 6,126 6,556 6,520 Land Sales ................ 62,096 77,949 79,411 52,493 Miscellaneous ................ 59,982 63,216 35,040 39,490 Special Receipts ................ 21,459 10,404 9,683 9,351 ------ ------ ------ ------ Totals ................ 311,946 267,382 230,932 229,893 YEARS ENDING 31st March, 1855. 31st March, 1856. £ £ Customs ................ 388,275 429,946 Colonia Spirits ................ 40,168 54,223 Mint ................ — 10,105 Post Office ................ 24,182 25,305 Land Sales ................ 258,067 271,949 Miscellaneous ................ 180,314 197,728 Special Receipts ................ 37,809 50,897 ------ ------ Totals ................ 928,815 1,040,153

QUARTERS ENDING 31st March, 1855. 31st March, 1856. Increase. Decrease. Increase. Decrease. £ £ £ £ Customs ................ 8,210 — 41,671 — Colonial Spirits ................ 2,607 — 14,055 — Mint ................ 4,697 — 10,105 — Post Office ................ 659 — 1,123 — Land Sales ................ — 367 13,882 — Miscellaneous ................ 11,835 — 17,414 — Special Receipts ................ — 6,416 13,088 — ------ ------ ------ ------ Totals ................ 28,008 6,783 111,338 — ------ ------ ------ ------ Nett Increase ................ 21,225 — 111,338 —

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TARIFF OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

IMPORT DUTIES.

RATE OF DUTY,

s. d.

Tea, the lb. . . . . . . . . . . 0 3

Coffee, the lb. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2

Sugar, raw, the cwt. . . . . . . . 5 0

Sugar, refined, the cwt. . . . . . . 6 8

Molasses, ditto, ditto ...... 3 4

Chicory . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2

Beer, in wood, the gallon . . . . . . 0 1

Ditto, in bottle, ditto . . . . . . 0 2

Wine, not more than 25 per cent, alcohol 1 0

Brandy and gin, Sykes' proof, ditto . . 10 0

Whiskey and rum, ditto . . . . . 7 0

Liqueurs, cordials, and brandied fruits,

ditto . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0

Perfumed spirits, ditto . . . . . . 10 0

Colonial ditto, from sugar . . . . . 6 5

Ditto, ditto, grain . . . . . . . 7 0

Tobacco, the lb . . . . . . . . 20

Cigars . . . . . . . . . 3 0

Snuff . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0

Drawback on Refined Sugars, 6s. Bd. the cwt.

Drawback on Bastard Sugar, 5s. ditto.

All other Imports are Free.

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IMPORTS. Return of the Value of Imports into the Colony of New South Wales, from the Year 1845 to 1854, inclusive.

From British Colonies. YEAR. From Great Britain. From British Colonies. From South Sea Islands. From Fisheries. From United States of America. From Foreign States Total New Zealand Elsewhere. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1845 624,931 34,094 110,247 40,048 43,503 7,416 125,322 985,561 1846 905,912 23,183 152,064 21,799 56,461 4,459 151,073 1,314,951 1847 1,028,817 26,971 259,678 6,919 41,557 1,550 178,835 1,544,327 1848 840,743 8,982 139,988 2,642 73,715 2,065 114,739 1,182,874 1849 1,014,387 25,244 107,095 3,202 44,516 3,961 115,384 1,313,589 1850 1,070,511 12,385 61,210 31,827 11,052 8,143 138,285 1,333,413 1851 1,152,421 15,609 174,250 6,771 23,033 14,127 177,720 1,563,931 1852 1,395,091 40,124 134,862 4,501 25,770 29,690 270,398 1,900,436 1853 4,679,435 90,065 539,114 29,702 15,600 218,795 769,686 6,342,397 1854 4,354,268 60,650 484,840 47,065 14,611 146,337 873,292 5,981,063

185

EXPORTS. Return of the Value of Exports from the Colony of New South Wales, from the Year 1845 to 1854, inclusive.

To British Colonies. YEAR. To South Sea Islands. To Fisheries. To Unites State of America. To Foreign States. Totals New Zealand. Elsewhere. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 1845 878,330 76,857 112,855 17,656 1,593 .... 5,068 1,092,389 1846 805,898 105,531 122,471 13,441 590 .... 8,407 1,056,338 1847 936,674 121,195 112,448 14,231 .... 16,987 1,201,535 1848 901,869 163,938 78,210 6,944 .... 4,048 1,155,009 1849 898,854 91,255 76,075 10,160 .... 55,611 3,989 1,135,944 1850 1,038,340 96,003 97,359 17,537 .... 95,473 13,072 1,357,784 1851 1,477,452 94,046 146,805 15,334 .... 33,784 29,491 1,796,912 1852 3,607,269 74,759 904,271 6,271 .... 5,081 6,383 4,604,034 1853 2,980,763 236,713 1,245,947 10,928 .... 3,028 45,967 4,523,346 1854 2,307,609 370,629 1,254,088 61,025 .... 3,408 53,367 4,050,126

186

ABSTRACT OF THE QUARTERLY RETURNS OF THE VARIOUS BANKS IN THE COLONY, Made up to the 31st March, 1856.

* And Victoria Branch. † On £400,000.

LIABILITIES. ASSETS. CAPITAL & PROFITS. BANKS. Notes and Bills in Circulation. Deposits & c. Total Liabilities. Coin and Bullion. Total Assets. Capital Paid up. Rate percent per Annum of last Dividend. Amoutn of Reserved Profits after Paying Dividend. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ £ s. d. New South Wales... 654,394 2 5 2,053,230 18 4 2,737,625 0 9 851,437 10 10 3,382,131 19 3 500,000 20 105,000 0 0 Commercial... ... 182,102 14 7 843,935 3 8 1,026,037 18 3 420,853 4 8 1,328,853 18 9 235,625 20 39,703 17 11 Australasia... ... 118,267 0 5 599,605 3 8 717,872 4 1 257,320 7 11 970,139 19 11 900,060 20 384,246 18 2 Union of Australia ... 156,494 19 4 598,280 9 7 754,775 8 11 250,916 13 5 796,276 1 2 820,000 30 208,295 19 5 Australian Joint Stock 197,292 16 9 198,268 18 8 395,561 15 5 135,537 8 9 664,016 3 9 250,000 8 16,356 10 10 London Chartered of Australia... ... 16,578 3 2 74,819 0 11 91,397 4 1 47,738 17 4 184,128 6 10 550,000 English, Scottish, and Australia Chartered 23,096 13 10 63,803 1 7 86,899 15 5 107,737 17 9 337,646 0 9 500,000 4+ 6,217 7 7 Oriental Chartered... 44,575 8 8 574,832 4 11 619,407 13 7 157,986 7 11 725,000 9 11 1,256,325 10 251,265 0 0 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Totals ... ... 1,392,801 19 2 5,036,775 1 4 6,429,577 0 6 2,229,528 8 10 8,388,193 0 4 5,011,950 1,006,085 13 11 And Victoria Branch. + On £400,000.

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

AUSTRALIAN DEBTORS AND ENGLISH CREDITORS.

"Their loss is our gain." A remark as familiar as "household words" to any one who may have resided for a short period in any of the Australian colonies. It is an observation invariably provoked on the occasion of any great failure or failures in which those good-natured creditors north of the line happen to be the victims of liberal-minded debtors on the south side. So often has the sound met our ears that we believe it a national term of consolation in bad times. They say, and say truly, "if you send us goods nothing for them, your loss is our gain."

It would now appear by the following account, copied from "The Times," that in future it will be a difficult matter for those in the mother country to obtain the trifle they may suppose themselves entitled to, even from an insolvent estate. Get, did we say? Should their claims resemble that of the respectable firm in question, they will not only not get anything, but they will not be allowed to prove that they are entitled to anything. It seems there are so many persons so much alike in the colonies that although one may represent many in many cases, the plural number cannot represent any particular one in any case, except for the purpose of administering colonial justice to absent Englishmen.

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

"COMMERCIAL LAW" IN AUSTRALIA.

"'The Sydney Morning Herald' of the 26th of April reports a judgment of the Insolvency Court of that colony which appears of some importance to the interests of English merchants. An application was made to the Chief Commissioner in the insolvent estate of G. C. Tuting and Co. to allow the sum of £6,175 3s. 4d. to be ranked against the said estate as a debt alleged to be due by them to the firm of Copestake, Moore, and Co., of London, for goods sold and delivered. This application was opposed by counsel for the colonial creditors upon the following grounds:—

"1. That no priority of contract originally existed between the insolvents and Copestake, Moore, and Co.

"2. That by no subsequent act of theirs was the original debt (for which, he contended, Mr. Tuting alone was liable), so adopted, or recognized, as to render their estate liable for payment to Messrs. Copestake, Moore, and Co.

"On the other hand, it was contended by the counsel for Messrs. Copestake, Moore, and Co., that even if the evidence taken before the Chief Commissioner was not sufficient to establish the original liability of the insolvents (which he by no means admitted), yet that by their subsequent conduct and dealings they clearly adopted the original contract, and were therefore liable for payment of the original debt.

"The facts of the case, as they appeared in evidence, were shortly these: —Mr. G. C. Tuting, of Sydney, had for many years been extensively engaged in importing goods from London for the Sydney market. Among others, he imported largely from the house of Messrs. Copestake, Moore, and Co., of London, and up to the Ist of September, 1853, carried on the business in Sydney in his own name, and (so far as appears from the evidence) on his own account. On the 1st of September, 1853, Mr. G. C. Tuting entered into a partnership with two gentlemen named Cousens and Vallack (neither

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

of whom was a capitalist), and who were formerly employed, by Mr. Tuting when conducting business oil his own account. The partnership thus formed was carried on under the name, style, and firm of G. C. Tuting and Co., of Sydney. One of the express stipulations of this partnership, however (as proved by the evidence of Mr. Tuting, as also that of Messrs. Cousens and Vallack), was that Mr. Tuting was to reserve to himself the exclusive right of importing goods from London as heretofore, and to be at liberty to dispose of such goods on arrival in Sydney at his own discretion, and to whom he pleased. The partnership being thus formed, Mr. G. C. Tuting continued to order goods from Copestake, Moore, and Co., in his own name, as before, which, on arrival in Sydney, were in every instance sold by Mr. Tuting to his copartners, Cousens and Vallack, sometimes for cash, and sometimes without making any express agreement either as regards price or payment, which was left as a matter for future arrangement. From the books of the firm produced at the examinations of the insolvents it appeared that Mr. G. C. Tuting was duly credited by the firm with all goods thus purchased from him, and debited with all moneys drawn on account of the said goods. In the month of May or June, 1855, a power of attorney from Copestake, Moore, and Co., of London, to Mr. William Wise (then in the employ of Messrs. Ray, Glaister, and Co., of Sydney), arrived in the colony. This power is dated London, 5th of February, 1855, and under the power of substitution therein contained, Mr. Wise (by indenture of the 16th of November, 1855,) duly appointed Mr. Tom Ray as attorney for Copestake, Moore, and Co. Mr. Ray, in pursuance of the power thus vested in him, called on Mr. Tuting and handed him an account current with Copestake, Moore, and Co. In his evidence of the 10th of March, Mr. Ray says, 'I saw Mr. Tuting in May or June, 1855, with reference to Copestake and Co.'s claim against Tuting; a few days afterwards I

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furnished him with an account current, which he said was quite correct; he said he had a scheme to propose for paying it off, which was to pay off the whole debt with interest in sixteen months, at £300 to £400 per month. In consequence of that conversation the bills were drawn about the middle of June, which (with interest) amounted to £6,171 3s. 4d. I sent the bills about the middle or the 20th of June to Tuting, and on the 14th of August I received back sixteen bills accepted.' The first of these bills was paid at maturity by a check of the firm ; but it also appeared from the books in evidence that the amount so paid was carried to the debit of Mr. luting's private account. On the 20th of October last the firm of Tuting and Co. became insolvent, and their estate was duly placed under sequestration, and the whole of these bills (with the exception of the one paid) have since been returned to the official assignee, the new claimants (through their attorney, Mr. Ray) declining to prove upon these bills, merely using them as evidence of the adoption of the debt by Tuting and Co.

"The question therefore which the commissioner had to determine was this,—whether under the circumstances already stated Mr. George C. Tuting alone was liable for the payment of these goods, or whether Messrs. Copestake, Moore, and Co., could prove their debt against the joint estate of G. C. Tuting and Co.

"The learned Commissioner, in an elaborate judgment, reviewed the evidence, and concluded as follows :—'Looking at all the circumstances of this case, and seeing that the authorities referred to establish the principle' that in order to convert a separate into a joint debt there must be the deliberate and mutual assent of three parties,' and being unable to discover that assent here, I am of opinion that I ought not to allow this claim to be ranked as a debt against the estate of Tuting and Co., and I therefore reject it accordingly.'"

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

THE GOVERNOR OF NEW SOUTH WALES.

Within the region of civilised society there does not perhaps exist two members of the human race in whom ability, character, disposition, and taste present a more striking contrast than that furnished by the late and present Governors of New South Wales, Sir Charles Fitzroy, and Sir William Denison. While the former was all that a Governor ought not to have been, the latter would appear to be all, or nearly all, that a Governor should be. Indeed, the official incapacity and self-indulgence of the one are succeeded by the comprehensive faculty and prudent habits of the other.

If, as is generally admitted, the working classes take their tone from their superiors, or at least from those in a superior station of life, the public abuses and social evils for which the colony of New South Wales was notorious during the rule of Sir Charles Fitzroy, may still continue to create regret, but cannot longer cause surprise—even on the part of strangers. The extravagant doings of the Governor and his profligate "Court" are patent to every colonist. As their exposition here would only be interesting to those who are curious in such matters, we close the subject. Simple reference to past failings or follies may sometimes

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NEW SOUTH WALES.

suggest a profitable lesson for the present or future. But the rule as well as the misrule of the late Governor, so far as the colony is concerned, are for ever closed. And to expatiate, without a laudable object, on things of the past were to display something more censurable than a want of judgment.

The business of the colony—the business of the English government —is no longer with the late, but with the present Governor. That the rule of Sir William Denison will satisfy the colonists, so far as they are capable of satisfaction, few if any impartial persons are disposed to doubt. That his rule will satisfy those to whom he is more immediately responsible there can be no doubt whatever. In free countries the official acts of public men are public property, and are not unfrequently judged and commented on, not by their merits, but by the peculiar fancies, interested and otherwise, of the commentators.* Honest men may, and often do for a time, excite popular indignation, and become themselves the objects of general condemnation. But those who regard the public weal as of greater value than the empty sounds of praise which proceed from the advocacy of class or partial measures, will either survive an unjust verdict, or feel assured that it will be reversed by posterity.

*At one period, the Tasmanian public denounced Sir William Denison as a very demon. Before Sir William's departure from Tasmania, the public proclaimed their ruler as nothing less than a man, and little less than an angel.

TASMANIA.

(LATE VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.)

TASMANIA.

(LATE VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.)

Presuming the reader to be an Englishman, we would ask whether he is acquainted with the natural beauties of his own country —or rather with the combined beauties of the United Kingdom? for it has been the practice of late years with a certain class of British subjects, whose means, rather than their accomplishments, second their desire to rank with the fashionable world, to arrange and execute a continental tour, without having seen more of their own country than the distance from the point of embarkation compels them to cross before leaving the English shore for another. Should the reader, however, be familiar with the grandeur of the Scottish mountains, the romantic views on the Irish coast, the charming beauties of the Cumberland lakes, the fertile valleys of the South, and the bold scenery of the North of Devon, he may then draw on his imagination for a series of views to be found on and around an island on the opposite side of the

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globe; for, in beauty and grandeur, many if not all the delightful spots previously named are equalled, if not surpassed, in this distant and comparatively unknown land —Tasmania. Both the land and lake scenery in the island must be pronounced by any true lover of the beauties of nature to be superbly grand —so grand as almost to baffle an attempt at description. The climate, too, is no less beautiful than the country. "Why so delightful an island should have been selected as a penal settlement, we are at a loss to conjecture. Probably the selection was made for the purpose of improving or restoring constitutions previously steeped in vice, and impaired by dissipation. If so, we presume the desired end has been obtained, for in no part of the habitable globe can be seen a more healthy body of individuals than the criminals at present under sentence in this penal settlement.

But what a fearful drawback to this lovely country and climate is the criminal part of the population—those whose terms of imprisonment have expired or who have tickets of leave, and others whose morals and habits are contaminated by association with them. It is only necessary to refer to the Police Summary under the head of Statistical Information, to satisfy the reader of the fearful amount of crime with which the colony is still pregnant. It will be found that the number of offences committed in the city

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of Hobart with, a population of only 23,000, exceeds by fifty per cent, that of Liverpool with its 296,000 inhabitants.

Although the colony is no longer to he the receptacle for convicted criminals from Great Britain, it will require a very lengthened period —probably a century or more —to purge or even partially to purify the social atmosphere of the infectious vapour with which it is impregnated.

The following descriptive account from a little work published, some years since, will give our readers a correct idea of the leading features of the colony : —

"This interesting island lies between the parallels of forty-one degrees twenty minutes south, and between the meridians of one hundred and forty-four degrees forty minutes, and one hundred and forty-eight degrees twenty minutes of east longitude. Its most northern points stretching into Bass's Strait towards New Holland, are Cape Grim on the western extremity, and Cape Portland on the eastern, distant from each other about one hundred and fifty miles, and its most southerly projections are the South-west and South Capes, and Tasman's Head, at the south end of Brune Island, stretching out lite three immense rocky buttresses into the great Southern Ocean to defend as it were, the island against the incursions of that stormy sea. Its greatest extent from north to south may thus bo estimated at about two hundred and ten miles, and from east to west one hundred and fifty miles, calculating the degrees of longitude in that parallel at the average of about fifty miles each, and covering an extent of surface of about twenty-four thousand square miles, or fifteen millions of acres.

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"The general character of this surface is hilly and mountainous, the mountains rising to the height of from three to four thousand feet; the hills "being mostly covered with trees. The climate in the very lofty and exposed regions checks vegetation, the tops of the mountains "being for five or six months in the year, from April till October, more or less covered with snow. A range of lofty mountains runs across the island from north to south, attracting towards it a corresponding elevation of surrounding land, the highest points of which are Quamby's Bluff, overhanging Norfolk Plains, the Peak of Teneriffe, Mount Field, Mount Wellington, and the great southern mountains near Port Davey. The other most lofty points of land in this range, are the extreme Western and Platform Bluffs, and the Table Mountain, Jericho, and in more insulated positions, stretching along the eastern side, the beautiful and picturesque eminences of Benlomond, and St. Paul's Dome, on the northern quarter of the island, and the Three-thumb Mountains, near Prasser's Bay, and the singular rooky heights on Maria Island called the Bishop and Clerk. Besides these a minor range of lofty mountains extends from the western coast at Mounts Heemskirk and Teehan along a high rugged chain towards the Western Bluff, where it joins the north and south range.

"The hilly character of the country, especially on the southern side of the island, admits of but little interruption. The hills are not only frequent, but continuously so, the general face of the island being a never ending succession of hill and dale, the traveller no sooner arriving at the bottom of one hill than he has to ascend another, often three or four times in the space of one mile ; while at other points the land swells up into greater heights, reaching along several miles of ascent. The level parts, marshes, or plains, as they are called in the colony, that

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TASMANIA.

give relief to this fatiguing surface are comparatively few. Among the first of these, Beginning at the south, and on the opposite side of the Derwent to the east of Hobart Town, may be mentioned the rich and highly cultivated country round Pittwater; the cultivated tracts of Brushy and Prosser's Plains, towards Oyster Bay; the level spot around where the town of Brighton is built, originally called Stony Plains, and extending with little interruption to the bottom of Constitution Hill, a distance of about six miles in length, and from two to three in width; the fertile farms at the Green Ponds and Cross Marsh; and further to the west, on the banks of the Derwent and River Ouse, the beautiful tract of country called Sorell Plains; and higher up, the extensive district of the Clyde, St. Patrick's Plains on the banks of the Shannon, and other extensive tracts of level country round the lakes; on the east of the road to Launceston, York, Salt Pan, St. Paul's, and Break-o'-day Plains, the fine country round Ross, and along the banks of the Macquaria and Elizabeth rivers; and, lastly, the noble tract of rich land on the banks of the South Esk, the Lake River, Norfolk Plains, as far as the eye can reach, bounded on the east by the picturesque heights of Benlomond, and on the west by the no less romantic range of the Western Mountains, and extending to the north as far as Launceston, forming a tract of nearly forty miles in width, and in a great measure overspread with valuable and extensive farms, many of them in a high state of cultivation.

"The reader, however, must not conclude from this description either that the hills of this island are all sterile or the plains all fertile. On the contrary, though most of the larger hills and mountains are either too steep and rocky, or too thickly covered with timber to admit of cultivation, a large proportion of the more moderately sized hills and gentler undulations are thickly covered

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with herbage, presenting to the view an agreeable succession of moderately wooded downs, and affording excellent pasture to sheep and cattle. Many of the most thickly wooded and steep hills nevertheless possess a rich soil, which though difficult of access, and too expensive and laborious in the present state of the colony to be cleared, may at some future period be brought under cultivation. Indeed this has already in part been done on several of the hills round Hobart Town, where though the surface is too deep to admit of the operation of the plough, yet it amply repays the labor of the spade and hoe by the luxuriance of its vegetable productions. On the other hand, many of the more extended plains are either too bleak, or have been so washed and swept by the prevailing westerly winds to which their unbroken surface exposes them, that much of the soil is cold, thin, and comparatively valueless. Altogether, and on the most liberal computation, the productive surface of the island cannot fairly be estimated at more than one-third.

"To one accustomed to the moist climate and plentifully watered countries of England, Scotland, or Ireland, Tasmania at first sight may present a dry and unproductive appearance; but upon a nearer acquaintance it will put on a more inviting aspect. Although, however, the rivers and streams may not bo so large nor so frequent as in England, they are sufficiently so to answer every purpose of agriculture; and water —clear wholesome water, unlike that in Victoria—is more or less to be found in every part of the island. With the exception of the two inlets of the sea at the mouths of the Derwent and Tamar, there is no inland navigation in the colony. The chief rivers in the settled parts of the island are the Derwent, with its tributary streams, the Jordan, Clyde, Shannon, Ouse, and the Huon, flowing into the ocean on the southern side of the island; and on the northern the Tamar, being

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the collected waters of the Worth and South Esk, the Lake, and Western Rivers. In addition to these, in the higher regions of the interior are several extensive lakes or sheets of water.

"According to the lattitude of Tasmania it ought to enjoy a climate equal to that of the southern parts of France, or the northern parts of Spain and Italy along the coasts of the Mediterranean. But the general temperature of a country is affected by other circumstances besides that of latitude, and geographers have generally agreed that the great extent of the uninterrupted ocean round the South Pole, compared to that in the northern hemisphere, where land so much more abounds, makes a difference in the climate equal to several degrees of latitude. It would however appear that this difference is scarcely sensible under the fortieth degree of latitude, for while the summer heat at Buenos Ayres, the Cape of Good Hope, and Sydney, is as great as at Gibraltar, Tunis, or Charleston, or Bermuda in America; Patagonia, New Zealand, and Tasmania have a temperature almost as cold in the summer season as that of London, Brussels, or, at least, as Paris or Vienna. While therefore Tasmania has a portion of the sun's rays, and a length of day equal to that enjoyed by the inhabitants of Rome, Constantinople, or Madrid, in the mildest winters, its summer heats are so moderated as to be not only congenial but delightful to a person who has lived to maturity in an English climate, and whose system has become habituated to it. However warm the middle of the day may be, it is invariably attended by a morning and evening so cool as completely to brace and restore any enervating effects that the meridian heat might have occasioned; and while the summer heat is thus moderated, the inclemency of winter is equally dissipated by the equality of temperature diffused from the extent of ocean surrounding its insular position.

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TASMANIA.

"Except on the days when rain actually falls, which on an average do not exceed fifty or sixty out of the three hundred and sixty-five, the sky is clear and the sun brilliant. The atmosphere is, consequently, for the most part dry, pure and elastic, which renders the system in a great measure insensible to the sudden changes of temperature that so frequently occur, especially at Hobart Town, under the influence of Mount Wellington, and which otherwise must prove injurious to the health, especially of persons with delicate constitutions. The extreme of summer generally shows itself in two or three sultry days when a hot wind from the north-west at times prevails, so oppressive as to raise the mercury for three or four hours in the middle of the day to ninety and even one hundred and one hundred and ten degrees. It is however to be remarked, that the extensive fires which frequently occur in the woods in the heat of summer, when the accidental dropping of a spark will spread the flames for miles along the hills, may be reasonably supposed to have the effect of. increasing the heat of the air, especially if the absence of winds, and the relaxed torpid state of the atmosphere at the time should arrest and, as it were, beat down its heated volumes on the valleys and lower regions, where the towns are generally situated. In winter the frost at night, except in the higher regions of the interior, or in some deep dell, where the sun's rays scarcely ever reach, is never so severe as to withstand the heat of the ensuing day. Sleet or snow generally falls once or twice a year, but never lies on the ground above a day or two, except on the tops of the mountains, or in the central parts of the island, where it has been known to continue for a week or ten days.

"In such a climate, especially with the settlers or farmers, owing to the active life they lead, the health of the inhabitants, as might be supposed, is of the best kind. The

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TASMANIA.

atmosphere, as we have said, is for the most part dry and elastic, the effect of which is to fortify and promote both animal and vegetable life ; for as it contains a larger proportion of oxygen than most countries of the old world, the stimulating effect of this gas taken into the lungs, naturally communicates with the stomach, and tends to keep in a healthy state, the digestive action of that grand organ on which the habit and temperament of the body mainly depends. The aromatic herbs and shrubs also, which everywhere cover the island, impregnate the air with their perfume, and cannot fail in some degree to spread a certain feeling of health and comfort over the human frame."

Than Sir Henry Young a more prudent and conciliatory Governor could hardly ho found in any of the English colonies. His letter to "The Times" however will explain how any officer on duty in a distant part of Her Majesty's dominions may, through the selfish motives of a few demagogues, when ingeniously disguised by the venal part of an unscrupulous Colonial press, become the subject of unmerited reproof or injury. Had "The Times," or any other respectable part of the English press been in possession of full particulars of the late illegal political proceedings in Tasmania, Sir Henry Young would have had no occasion to pen the following letter : —

"TO THE EDITOR OF 'THE TIMES.'

"Sir, —In your powerful and world-known journal ' The Times,' of the 10th of April last, you have, for lack of full and correct information, injuriously libelled me as 'a

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Governor dissolving Ms Council with a precipitation and violence which recall the days of the Oxford Parliament of Charles 11., or the attempt to seize the five Members by Charles I.'

"I notice the libel as soon as it reaches me at the antipodes, yet the injustice which your philippic does me necessarily retains the 'vantage ground of being without reply or refutation for six or seven months. I trust that this consideration will prompt you to be generous to the extent of having the whole case before you whenever in future you assail under the advantage of so long an exemption from the possibility of defence or contradiction.

"The system of appointing naval and military governors is not, as you insinuate, illustrated in my case, for the honor of having ever belonged to the army or navy I do not possess. The civil service has been from early youth my sole profession, and I appeal confidently to official records as abundantly proving that, as a colonial ruler in the eastern districts of the Cape of Good Hope and in South Australia, my policy and practice have been liberal and constitutional, and in keeping with that of the great popular statesman whose name I bear as one of my own, owing to my late father's connexion with the family of Fox.

In South Australia upwards of thirty popularly elected district councils were formed in my administration. In Tasmania, by the constitutional prerogative of prorogation (not dissolution, as you state), I upheld the respect due to the supreme judicature and the sanctity of the writ of Habeas Corpus as a time-honored guarantee of the liberty of an Englishman against an illegal warrant; and by the prorogation I preserved the public peace. The prorogation was most deliberate, unexceptionable in tone, language, and manner, and opportune, for it quietly in the evening prevented the violence of an impending riot, publicly threatened and announced to take place the next morning.

TASMANIA.

205

"When Mr. Duncombe's question on Tasmania was imperfectly answered in the House of Commons the whole of the correspondence had not reached Downing-street; it has now, and I refer you to it as confirmatory of the above account. For my own part, lam most willing to quit the office of Governor whenever I am unable to exemplify the axiom—on which my policy hitherto has been founded— that Englishmen can be constitutionally governed by their own will and consent.

"I beg to subscribe myself your obedient humble servant

"H. E. F. Young.

" Government House, Hobart Town, July 5,"

With reference to the Government of Tasmania, we will merely observe that the present able and upright Governor appears to be encompassed by many difficulties. His own honesty is the very thing that produces envy and hatred in those persons of an opposite character, and may alone account for the malignity of the turbulent spirits by whom he is at present surrounded. Should Sir Henry Young, without much opposition and many obstacles, succeed in his desire to administer the government of Tasmania in a manner the most conducive to the welfare of the colony and its inhabitants, he will surprise many able and intelligent men, and, among the number, if we mistake not, will be—himself.

RETURN SHOWING THE POPULATION OF THE COLONY On the 31st December 1851, 1852, 1853 and 1854, together with the Numbers, as ascertained by Census, taken on the 31st December 1841, 31st December 1847, and 1st March 1851, respectively; exclusive of the Military and their Families.

According to the Cenus of 31st Dec. 1841. According to Census of 31st Dec. 1847. According to the census of 1st March 1851. Population on 31st Dec. 1851. Population on 31st Dec. 1852. Population on 31st Dec., 1853. Population on 31st Dec., 1854. Free ..... {Men ... 15,454 17,063 21,008 16,713 10,221 13,353 14,253 Women ... 8,688 10,122 11,959 12,013 11,779 12,127 13,208 Children ... 12,946 16,545 19,111 20,702 22,340 23,729 25,695 Convicts ..... {Men ... 17,632 20,687 13,062 15,514 14,672 12,575 8,408 Women ... 2,700 3,501 4,037 4,555 4,433 4,170 3,310 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total ... 57,420 67,918 69,177 69,497 63,445 65,954 64,874 Total Population of the Colony, 1st January, 1856, 67,396.

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TASMANIA.

RETURN OF THE VALUE OF IMPORTS INTO, AND EXPORTS FROM, THE COLONY, From 1844 TO 1855.

POLICE SUMMARY.

The following Summary, at the present moment, may be considered useful as showing the actual strength of the Police of this Colony before and after the reduction of 1853 and 1854. The number of Petty Constables for eighteen districts, exclusive of Hobart and Launceston, is only 145; and for Hobart and Launceston 89, including those for outstations. The working of this Police Force by the number of cases brought before the Magistrates in 1851, was 16,807; in 1852, 22,030; in 1853, 25,904; in 1854, exclusive of Emu Bay, 24,007; and for the half-year up to the 1st July, 1855, 12,058; of these there were:—

*The year in which reduction was made.

YEAR. VALUE OF IMPORTS. VALUE OF EXPORTS. £ £ 1844 . . 442,988 408,799 1845 . . 520,562 422,218 1846 . . 561,238 582,585 1847 . . 724,593 600,876 1848 . . 594,154 490,281 1849 . . 573,730 558,682 1850 . . 658,540 613,850 1851 . . 641,609 665,790 1852 . . 860,488 1,509,883 1853 . . 2,273,397 1,757,596 1854 . . 2,604,680 1,433,021 1855 . . 1,559,797 1,428,560

For Launceston. For Hobart. In 1851 .. 2,244 7,616 " 1852 .. 4,361 7,806 " 1853* .. 5,061 10,075 " 1854 .. 5,233 8,240 Half-year 1855 .. 2,634 3,544

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TASMANIA.

This statement is important, as it shows the enormous work, independently of escorts, &c., &c., performed by the Police, and the fallacy of taking the amount of population as the basis upon which to apportion it. The nature of the population and the extent of territory to be protected is the true criterion. To illustrate this, we find by the Returns of 25th December, 1841, that: —

Thus it will be seen that the amount of business at the Police Offices here exceeds that of Liverpool, with its 296,000 inhabitants, by fifty per cent; that the City of Hobart, with its comparatively small population, furnishes in number, cases nearly equal to Manchester, with its 235,139 inhabitants, and the cases tried throughout the territory being equal to almost one-third of the number in the Metropolitan District, with a population of 1,500,000.

Population. Area of Miles. No of Police. Cases. Bristol .. .. .. 120,688 7 228 5,314 Liverpool .. .. 296,000 13 616 16,460 Edinburgh .. .. 146,133 5½ 274 10,917 Manchester .. .. 235,139 6¾ 317 13,345 Leeds .. .. .. 113,632 12½ 133 2,320 Glasgow .. .. 215,365 5 299 14,768 Birmingham .. .. 182,698 13 1/8 391 5,556 Metropolitan District, 1,500,000 — 4,323 70,717 in 1840}

TASMANIA.

209

CONSTABULARY OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND. (NOW TASMANIA.)

SYNOPSIS OF OFFENCES COMMITTED IN THE COLONY OF VAN DIEMEN'S LAND.

P

DATE. Petty Constables. Field Police. Police Sergerants. Chief and Districts. Total. 31st July, 1853, authorised strength .. .. .. 390 62 38 47 537 With power to employ 50 extra constables on emergencies, £600. 1st August, 1853, reduc tion by Government .. 100 1st Jan., 1854, reduction by Legislative Council. 55 And since .. .. 1} 156 12 3 .. 171 Allowance to employ extra constables reduced from £600 to £200. ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Present Strength .. 234 50 35 47 366 Petty Cons. Sergs. District Cons. Deduct for Hobart .. 63 24 7 Do. Launceston 26 8 4} 89 .. 32 11 132 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total force for 18 Country Districts .. .. .. 145 50 3 36 234

PERIODS. Free. Bond. Total. Number of offences in 1851 .. 5,632 11,175 16,807 Do. 1852 .. 9,841 12,189 22,030 Do. 1853 .. 12,574 13,330 25,904 Do. 1854 {15,137 8,870 24,007 Do. ½ year June 1855 {8,632 3,422 12,058

210

* Includes Land Revenue. † Not including Land Revenue.

RETURN OF THE AMOUNT OF THE REVENUE OF THE COLONY, From 1844 to 1854.

YEAR. AMOUNT. LOANS. REMARKS. £ s. d. £ s. d. * 1844 .... 164,332 6 5 50,000 0 0 From Commissariat. * 1845 .... 136,983 0 0 32,000 0 0 From Commercial Bank. * 1846 .... 123,199 9 10 6,000 0 0 From Bank of Australasia. † 1847 .... 150,474 1 9 † 1848 .... 129,545 5 5 .. .. † 1849 .... 153,306 7 4 .. {Includes £15,048 18s. transferred from Land Fund to pay off portion of debt to Commercial Bank, and also a further transfer of £637 11s. 10d. in aid of the General Revenue. † 1850 .... 135,429 7 4 .. {Includes the sum of £2176 15s. 5d. transferred from Land Fund in aid of the General Revenue. † 1851 .... 140,282 2 6 .. .. † 1852 .... 181,079 10 8 .. .. † 1853 .... 257,872 15 6 .. .. † 1854 .... 275,554 15 10 .. ..

211

RETURN OF THE AMOUNT OF THE EXPENDITURE OF THE COLONY, From 1844 to 1854.

YEAR. AMOUNT. DEBTS PAID OFF. £ s. d. 1844 .... 160,629 15 9 1845 .... 138,753 7 8 1846 .... 122,776 11 7 1847 .... 142,497 19 3 {£6000 principal, Bank of Australasia; £9441 8s. 9d. ditto with interest, Commercial Bank. 1848 .... 136,193 0 0 £1754 15s. 7d. interest. 1849 .... 154,634 15 3 {£15,048 18s. principal and interest, Com mercial Bank; £1577 8s. 3d. interest. £261 15s. 7d. interest. 1850 .... 135,429 7 4 £261 15s. 7d. interest. 1851 .... 139,414 19 5 1852 .... 177,467 7 4 1853 .... 191,443 3 10 1854 .... 276,650 5 10

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TARIFF OF TASMANIA.

RATE OF DUTY.

s. d.

IMPORT DUTIES.

Brandy, the gallon ............ 12 0

Rum, and all other spirits and strong waters, the gallon, and so on in proportion with respect only to spirits and strong waters in bottle, or for any greater or less quantity than a gallon, not being less than one-eighth part of a gallon ............ 9 0

Wines, in wood, the gallon ............ 1 0

Ditto, in bottle, the dozen reputed quart bottles ............ 4 0

Ditto, the dozen reputed pint ditto .. 20

Tobacco (snuff excepted) and cigars, the lb ............ 2 0

Tea, ditto ............ 0 3

Raw sugar and molasses, the cwt . . . 3 0

Refined sugars, ditto 6 0

Coffee, the lb ............ 0 1½

Dried fruits, ditto ............ 0 1

Hops, ditto ............ 0 2

Malt liquors, in wood, the gallon ... 0 2

Ditto, in bottle, the dozen reputed quart bottles ............ 1 0

Ditto, the dozen reputed pint, ditto ..0 6

EXEMPT FROM DUTY.

Wines imported or purchased in bond for the supply of regimental messes. All articles imported for the supply of her Majesty's land or sea forces. All articles imported for the use of her Majesty's Government.

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TASMANIA.

By the following Table (compiled by Mr. Westgarth) it will be seen that a large quantity of Agricultural Produce annually leaves this colony for Victoria.

Comparative view of the value of Imports into, and Exports from, the colony of Tasmania, for the years 1853, 1854, and 1855, respectively.

IMPORTS. Distinguishing the place from which sent.

EXPORTS. Distinguishing the place to which sent.

Remark.—The exports to "British Colonies" are chiefly the supplies of Agricultural Produce to Victoria.

From 1853. 1854. 1855. £ £ £ United Kingdom ............ 1,506,093 1,776,694 920,695 British Colonies ............ 595,792 696,613 540,824 Foreign States ............ 171,512 131,373 98,278 ------ ------ ------ Total ............ 2,273,397 2,604,680 1,559,797

Where sent. 1853. 1854. 1855. £ £ £ United Kingdom ............ 581.815 424,575 445,557 British Colonies ............ 1,167,786 1,007,287 969,070 Foreign States............ 7,995 1,159 13,933 ------ ------ ------ Total............ 1,757,596 1,433,021 1,428,560

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TASMANIA.

(FOR WHICH WE ARE INDEBTED TO THE TALENTED WORK OF MR. WEST.)

BRIDGEWATER

A village and post station on the Dorwent, in the parish of Wellington and county of Buckingham, twelve miles above Hobart. The Derwent, which is about three-quarters of a mile in width at this place, is crossed by a bridge of wood, which forms a part of the main road from Hobart to Launceston, and is said to be the largest work of the kind in the Australian colonies. The river is spanned to a length of 2,300 feet by an earthen causeway, and the length of the bridge from the end of this to the northern shore is 1,010 feet, with a breadth of roadway of twenty-four feet; the whole length of the work being 3,310 feet, or nearly three-quarters of a mile. The navigation of the river is preserved by means of a moveable platform near the northern shore. The timber was procured from Mount Dromedary, seven miles from the bridge, which was begun in January, 1848, and opened in April, 1849. The cost was £7,580.

BEN LOMOND.

A mountain in Cornwall, 5,000 feet high, about forty-five miles from Launceston, and fifteen from Fingal. A rivulet of the same name rises here, and falls into the South Esk, about thirty miles from Launceston. About fifteen miles north of this mountain is Ben Nevis, 3,900 feet high. During winter these elevated points, which are named after celebrated mountains of Scotland, are covered with snow, and seen from a distance, they present a magnificent appearance. They form parts of a chain of mountains extending inland from St. Patrick's Head to the northern coast.

LIST OF CHIEF PLACES IN TASMANIA.

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TASMANIA.

BRIGHTON.

A town in the parish of Drummond and county of Monmouth. It is on the eastern side of the Jordan, on the main road, seventeen miles from Hobart, and one-hundred-and four from Launceston. The country around Brighton is cultivated and fertile, and was early occupied. On the right is a branch road to Jerusalem and Jericho, districts on the Coal River. On the left is the district on the Jordan, called the Broadmarsh. Brighton has a resident magistrate, a post station, several inns, small stores, and retail shops. The church (St. Mark's) and police office are at Pontville, near the town. The population of the town and police district is 2,582, and the number of houses 427, half of which are of stone or brick.

CAMPBELL TOWN.

A town in the parish of Campbelton and county of Somerset, eighty-nine miles from Hobart, and forty-two from Launceston. It is situated in a level pastoral country, on the Elizabeth River, and the main road from Hobart to Launceston passes through it. The town consists chiefly of one long street, in which are four large inns, a brewery, some stores, small shops, and an assembly room. There are in the town an episcopal and presbyterian church (St. Luke's and St. Andrew's), a Wesleyan chapel, and schools. The river is crossed by a bridge or causeway, 200 yards long, and on the southern side are numerous fine farms. The road to Avoca, Frugal, and the eastern coast here branches off from the main line. In the town there are also a gaol and police and post offices. There is a resident police magistrate. The population of the town and police district is 2,319, and the number of houses, 255 of which are of stone or brick, is 386. Campbell Town is also an electoral district. It is considered to be the middle district of the

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TASMANIA.

colony, and the Midland Agricultural Association originated here.

HOBART.

In the parish of Hobarton, and county of Buckingham, is the chief town of the colony, and is in lat. 42°. 53'. S., and long. 147°. 21'. E. It was named after Lord Hobart, once secretary for the colonies; and stands on the shores of Sullivan's Cove, about fifteen miles from the entrance of the Derwent. It is finely situated on a rising ground, and covers a surface of nearly two square miles. On the western side it is bounded by a range of wooded hills, with Mount Wellington, a snow-capped mountain, 4,000 feet high, in the back-ground. On the southern side of the harbor there are many beautiful residences, and, on a commanding eminence, fine military barracks. Close to the harbor, on the western side, stands the government-house, an extensive range of wooden buildings, erected at different times. Mulgrave Battery is on the southern side of the harbor. The streets are regular and well made; and many of the buildings—some built of freestone—are commodious and handsome. The wharves are extensive and well constructed, and are lined with numerous large stone warehouses and stores. St. David's church is a large well-built brick edifice, in the Gothic style, stuccoed, and well fitted up. The court house, nearly opposite the church, is a large stone building, containing various offices. The hospital and prisoners' barracks, on the north-eastern side, are extensive buildings. The police office is a substantial edifice. The female factory and orphan schools, a short distance from the town, on the western side, are commodious buildings. The commissariat stores, the treasury, the bonded stores, the custom-house, and other public buildings are built of freestone. The legislative council chamber is included in the custom-house. On the north side of the harbor are situated the engineer

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TASMANIA.

stores and other government buildings. On this side also is the government domain, a large open piece of ground, used as a place of amusement and exercise. The magnetical observatory is erected here. Many of the shops are large and handsome. Besides St. David's (the cathedral church), there are three handsome episcopalian churches—Trinity, St. George's, and St. John's. There are two prosbyterian churches—St. Andrew's and St. John's—both commodious buildings—one Roman catholic church, two Wesleyan chapels, three congregational churches, a baptist chapel, a free presbyterian church, and a synagogue. There are four banks and a bank for savings, three local and two English insurance companies, and a company to establish steam communication with the adjoining colonies. The educational establishments are the High School and Hutchins' School, besides private schools. The public institutions are the Mechanics' Institute, the Tasmanian Society of Natural Science, the Royal Society, the Public Library, Gardeners' and Amateurs' Horticultural Society, St. Mary's Hospital, Dispensary and Humane Society, Dorcas Society, Hebrew Benevolent Institution, Asylum for the Protection of Destitute and Unfortunate Females, Branch Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge and for the Propagation of the Gospel, Auxiliary Bible Society, Wesleyan Library and Tract Society, Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, Auxiliary London Missionary Society, Wesleyan Missionary Society, Colonial Missionary and Christian Instruction Society, Infant School, Auxiliary of British and Foreign School Society, Wesleyan Strangers' Friend Society, Sunday School Union (including eight schools), three Masonic Lodges, Masonic Benevolent Fund, three Odd Fellows' Lodges, with Widows' and Orphans' Funds attached, Independent Order of Rechabites, Hibernian Benefit Society, four Temperance Societies, Society of Licensed Victuallers, Choral Society, Mercantile Assistants' Association, Turf

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TASMANIA.

Club, Bathing Association. There are a wet dock and a patent slip, and 170 vessels belonging to the port, their collective tonnage being 14,640. The population is 23,107, and the number of houses 4,050; 2,932 of which are of stone or brick. Five bi-weekly newspapers and a Government "Gazette" are published in Hobart.

LAUNCESTON.

In the parish of Launceston and county of Cornwall, is the second town of the colony, and is in lat. 41°. 24' S., and lon. 147°. 10'. E. It stands at the confluence of the North and South Esk rivers, which here discharge their waters into the Tamar. It is one-hundred-and-twenty-one miles from Hobart, and forty from the sea at Port Dalrymple. On the east and west it is bounded by hills, and on the north stretches the valley of the Tamar. The town is well laid out, and viewed from the hills which overlook it, or from the Tamar, it has a picturesque appearance. The wharves, which afford accommodation to vessels of large tonnage, extend along the river which forms the northern boundary. Farther up are numerous spacious stores and other commercial buildings. There are two large episcopalian churches, a handsome presbyterian church, a Roman catholic church (all built in the Gothic style), a Wesleyan. chapel, two congregational chapels, a free church, a baptist chapel, and a synagogue, all neat and commodious buildings. The court house, the gaol, the house of correction, female factory, and several other government establishments, are large and well built. Many of the shops, offices, inns, and private buildings are of considerable size and respectable appearance. On the hill which bounds the town on the eastern side, and commands a splendid view of the town and river, are many private residences and gardens. There are four banks, four insurance offices, three printing establishments, and two biweekly newspapers. The principal public offices are the

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TASMANIA.

police office, the custom house, the post office, and the port office. The population of the town is 10,855; the number of houses, 2,181; 798 of which are of stone or brick. There are an episcopal grammar school, a Wesleyan day school, an infant school, three episcopal day schools, a catholic school, seven Sunday schools, and numerous private schools. The public institutions, besides the banks and insurance offices, are a mechanics' institute and reading room, a literary society, several circulating libraries, two horticultural societies, a benevolent society, auxiliary bible society, two masonic lodges, odd fellows' society, Rechabite society, and a teetotal society. There are seventy vessels belonging to the port, their collective tonnage being 8,564 tons. There is also a floating dock.

MOUNTAINS.

The principal mountains are the western range in Westmoreland, of which the highest point is Quamby's or Dry's Bluff, 4,590 feet above the sea; a high rocky range in Cornwall, of which Ben Lomond and Ben Nevis are the highest points, and the Eldon range. A range extends along the western coast, and another farther inland, of which the highest points are the Frenchman's Cap, 3,800 feet above the sea; Mount Arrowsmith, east of the former 4,075 feet high; Mount Humboldt, 5,520 feet; Cradle Mountain, 4,700 feet. St. Valentine's Peak, on the Van Diemen's Land Company's estate, is 4,000 feet high; Mount Wellington, near Hobart Town, 4,195 feet.

NEW NORFOLK.

A town in the parish of New Norfolk and county of Buckingham, on the Derwent and Lachlan rivulet, twentyone miles from Hobart, and one-hundred-and-nineteen from Launceston. It has a resident police magistrate and post master, and contains an episcopal church (St. Matthew's)

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TASMANIA.

and school, a Wesleyan chapel, and another place of worship, a police office, a government house, an asylum for insane persons, and several inns. The population of the town and district is 2,226, and the number of houses 389. The district contains several fine farms. Coaches run daily to New Norfolk from Hobart, and communication between the two places is also carried on by means of boats on the Derwent.

OATLANDS.

A considerable town in the parish of Oatlands and county of Monmouth, fifty-one miles from Hobart, and seventy from Launeeston. It contains an episcopal (St. Matthew's) and Roman catholic church, a Wesleyan chapel, several schools, a gaol, police and post offices, a military station, several inns, and other large buildings. It has a resident police magistrate, and courts of request and quarter sessions are held in the town. The supreme court sits twice in a year. The population of the town and police district is 1,873, and the number of houses 279.

RICHMOND.

A town at the mouth of the Coal River, in the parish of Ulva and county of Monmouth, fifteen miles from Hobart, and one-hundred from Launceston. It contains an episcopal and a catholic church, a congregational chapel, a police office, post station, a gaol, and court house, and several inns. It has a resident police magistrate, and the population of the town and district, which consists of farms, is 1,344, and the number of houses 545, nearly half of which are of stone or brick. The Coal River, which here falls into the bay of Pittwater, is crossed at the town by an excellent stone bridge of six arches.

ROSS.

A township on the Macquarie, in the parish of Ross and

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TASMANIA.

county of Somerset, seventy-three miles from Hobart, fortyseven from Launceston, and six from Campbell Town. It contains an episcopal church and school, a chapel, a police and post station, and two inns. The police magistrate of Campbell Town holds a court here once in a week. There is a bridge across the Macquarie at this township. The district is chiefly agricultural.

WESTBURY.

A town in the parish, of Westbury and county of Westmoreland, one-hundred-and-forty miles from Hobart, and twenty from Launceston. It has a resident police magistrate, a post-master, and other officers, and contains an episcopal church and school, a Roman catholic church and school, a Wesleyan chapel, and three inns. The town and district has a population of 2,842, and 420 houses.

THE GOVERNOR OF TASMANIA.

We presume that Sir Henry Young has not found the convict island a "bed of roses." If however he has made so pleasing a discovery, he has succeeded in doing what none of his predecessors did before him. The romantic country and delightful climate of Tasmania must, we imagine, prove the most pleasing features to a mind like that of the present Governor. He can find but little else to be pleased with; for never was a gentleman surrounded by so many ignorant, turbulant, and conceited spouters as those which at present constitute a body called the "Legislative

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TASMANIA.

Assembly." Pompous lawyers, or lawyers' clerks, vainly aspiring to place and emolument, and illiterate settlers who "split the ears of the groundlings" and murder the Queen's English, make up a knot of as self-satisfied orators and political grumblers as ever played the game of speculation for party purposes; while, in importance, they can only be equalled by the magpies on Lilliputian Island, or the stentorian debators in the back room of some Tom and Jerry shop.

Encompassed by these would-be patriots, who are not without literary scribblers and penny-a-liners, with petty quills to indorse the noble doctrine of their leaders, Sir Henry Young's situation is by no means an enviable one. But with the high principle, just determination, and moral courage he is known to possess, and which won for him a noble name while Governor of South Australia, we have no doubt he will overcome all obstacles; and although he may fail to quiet the factious opposition of a few discontented individuals, he will deserve well of the English government, should he ultimately succeed in his sole desire —that of administering to the prosperity and advancing the welfare of the colony of which he is Governor.

NEW ZEALAND.

INTRODUCTION.

A longer residence in New Zealand might have made the author of the following sketches more familiar, not only with the natural capabilities of the country, but likewise with the political dissensions of the people—although a longer period for praise of the one, or censure of the other, would not have increased the writer's present high opinion either of the colony or its incomparable climate.

To the interest taken in the progress of New Zealand, may be attributed the reprehension of those local evils by which that progrees is impeded.

In New Zealand, as in other colonies, may be found a swarm of political blue bottles, incapable of good themselves, although they seriously affect what has been or might be prepared and dispensed for the public weal. But these lilliputian statesmen, in attempting great characters, present the world with an unenviable picture of their own littleness.

Q

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NEW ZEALAND.

With the exception, however, of a few of these provincial trumpeters, and certain members of the house of clamour and confusion, by which some of the provinces are misgoverned, and the commercial expansion of others retarded, the inhabitants are in every respect superior to those in either of the Australian settlements. And if asked to name the first colony in the southern hemisphere, as a desirable home for the intending emigrant, the writer, with the most impartial sincerity, would answer—New Zealand.

Of greater interest than a long editorial preface will be found the following pointed and sensible address of the new Governor; and if certain New Zealand politicians only profit by a gentle rebuke for past mischief, by following good advice for future action—if they will only evince a little more regard for the general welfare of the country than for private purposes or provincial squabbles -they will prove themselves more worthy of a colony which is indeed worthy of nature's noblest sons.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY.—LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

The fourth session of the General Assembly of New Zealand was opened on the 15th of April, by his Excellency the Governor, with the customary formalities. At two o'clock, his Excellency entered the Legislative Council, and the members of the House of Representatives having been sent for, his Excellency read the following address:—

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INTRODUCTION.

"Honorable Gentlemen of the Legislative Council, and Gentlemen of the House of Representatives.

"Various causes prevented the last Assembly from legislating on many subjects materially affecting the welfare of the colony, and it has been reserved for you to undertake that important duty.

"Questions involving numerous conflicting interests remain for your consideration and adjustment, and in the solution of these difficulties an arduous task awaits you.

"To enable me to call to my Councils advisers possessing the confidence of the General Assembly, is naturally a subject which will engage your earliest attention. This may be considered the corner stone on which all other legislation should be built; and I now repeat in the most explicit terms the assurance which I gave on the prorogation of the last Assembly, that I would give my confidence to the gentlemen, who possess that of the Legislature, and that whenever changes become necessary I would allow no personal feelings to influence my public conduct.

"I doubt not that the gentlemen who accept from you a responsibility conferring such an honorable distinction on themselves, will consign to forgetfulness all of the past which has no reference to the future; that they will arm themselves with a determination to disregard all private interests; and, devoting themselves heart and soul to those of New Zealand, they will declare what ought to be enacted for the welfare of the colony at large.

"Such conduct will ensure respect from opponents and the esteem of Englishmen, not only in this colony but throughout the empire; not only at the present time but in the future, when party feelings and local interests have been obliterated and forgotten, and history records the strength or weakness of those who guided the infant steps of a great country.

228

NEW ZEALAND.

"If, on the contrary, the men chosen for this honorable trust should prove unequal to it, looking for the applause and preferring the interests of a party or a province to that of the colony at large, then will the power they are unable to wield remain but a moment in their nerveless grasp, and, once released, it will oscillate backward and forward until seized on by some statesmen worthy of their adopted country, strong in the rectitude and integrity of their intentions, and regardless of all considerations which can in any way hinder the progress of the public weal.

"Such are the men whose counsel I desire, and by whose advice I hope to be guided.

"I rely entirely on your patriotic aid, and feel assured that, however divided you may be by political or party feelings, your best efforts will always be directed to secure the interests of the inhabitants of this country, mindful that their welfare depends on our efficient and faithful exercise of the powers vested in us by the Imperial Government.

"My recent visit to the different provinces has enabled me to bear testimony to their general prosperity, and to the evident signs of progress and improvement in each and all of them.

"I have witnessed with great satisfaction the strong feelings of loyalty and attachment entertained throughout the colony to the throne and person of our gracious Sovereign; and I feel deeply grateful for the cordial reception everywhere accorded to myself as her Majesty's representative.

"Information has been prepared on various subjects, with a view to enable the gentlemen honored by your confidence to lay before you certain measures of importance: among them I may mention a proposal to extinguish the claim of the New Zealand Company, on terms which are therein explained; another for a uniform postal communication with the mother country; the improvement and extension of our own overland posts; and an alteration in the custom laws;

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INTRODUCTION.

and I trust you will lose no time in authorising the formation of a commission, with full powers to settle the many vexed questions connected with land claims, and for the quieting of disputed titles.

"Another subject will, I trust, engage your early attention, namely, the propriety of adopting some plan of final audit for the accounts of the General Government which will be more satisfactory than the one at present in force.

"Gentlemen of the House of Representatives.

"The utmost economy has been practised in the expenditure of the funds placed at my disposal by the late House of Representatives. The fullest accounts shall be submitted for your approval, and the most complete information afforded to your inquiries.

"I have to request you to make an early provision for the repayment of £14,086 11s. 5d. advanced by the Union Bank of Australia, being part of a sum of thirty thousand pounds obtained under sanction of a resolution of the late House of Representatives.

"Gentlemen of the Assembly."

"Your deliberations will be viewed with interest in the mother country; for whether in Great Britain or the colonies, Englishmen watch the proceedings of their legislative bodies with the greatest attention.

"But the Legislature of this colony has no reason to shrink from such a scrutiny, for while adopting all that is good in the laws and usages of our native land, it has a cause for congratulation of which few other lands colonized by Europeans can boast.

"In order to form this flourishing and rapidly increasing colony, no property has been wrested from its native owners; no hospitality has been violated; no laws of humanity or justice have been trampled under foot. The land enriched

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by the sweat of our brows has been honestly acquired and is rightfully enjoyed. Nor, when we consider that, in place of a dreadful form of idolatry, we have communicated to the natives a knowledge of the blessings of Christianity, and of the arts and appliances of civilization, can it be urged that the advantage has been exclusively on the side of those who gave money and received land alone in exchange for it.

"These are considerations which make England proud of her youngest colony—and she has reason to be so. Situated in the same relative position in the southern hemisphere; similar in size to Great Britain; like her, separated from other lands by broad seas; possessing the same natural advantages and colonized by the same hardy race—New Zealand cannot fail to become the Britain of Australasia.

"Free institutions, deeply graven in the hearts of Englishmen, the glory of the British nation, framed, amended, and maintained by the wisdom and perseverance of successive generations, have devolved on you as an inheritance. To them we owe much of that enterprise and independence which have been and are the characteristics of our nation in all parts of the world. They have been transplanted for you in their maturity, and their broad shadow spreads already over this favored land.

"The history of the growth of these institutions during a thousand years in our native country would be but a tale that is told, and the retrospect of the past but an idle dream, if they teach us no lessons of wisdom. May we profit by them; and when time has consigned all who now hear me to the stillness of the grave, and children's children have succeeded to the inheritance of their fathers, may those who will then review the acts of this Assembly feel for you that admiration and esteem which we cannot withhold from the time-honored men to whom we owe our origin and our laws.

"Thomas Gore Browne.

"Auckland, April 15, 1856."

NEW ZEALAND.

"Though last, not least in our estimation." —Hamlet.

In describing the Australian Colonies agreeably with a matured judgment, and with the painful conviction that our own feeble but impartial sketches would be in direct opposition, not only to the majority of accounts previously published by visitors and settlers, but likewise to impressions created by the fluent pens and imaginative pencils of absentee poets and painters, we availed ourselves of every opportunity, consistent with fairness, to qualify the unfavorable opinions formed from personal observations during a residence of twelve months in the golden region. The country, the climate, the social and intellectual condition of the people—Australia and all we beheld therein, save and except the precious metal, appeared so completely to negative everything we had either heard or read on the subject, that we paused for a time in penning a verdict

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NEW ZEALAND.

which might cover the recorder with colonial abuse. But as the united indignation of the entire population of Australia would have caused us less pain than that which would spring from the disguise of an honest opinion, we preferred the chance of a penalty from the least painful alternative, and entered our verdict accordingly.

We now find ourselves placed in another dilemma—although one of an opposite character. The hesitation caused by an unfavorable impression of Australia confronts our mind like the apparition of some condemned criminal, now that New Zealand compels us to furnish of this more favored land, a sketch the very reverse of that which forms the subject of the neighbouring colonies. If in a social point of view we reluctantly pronounced Australia to be the most objectionable of all British dependencies, and the inhabitants, as a body, to be the most depraved, immoral and reckless of any and every European country with which we are acquainted, we may possibly be accused of prejudice when we declare New Zealand to be the finest colony in the world, and the majority of its people to be equal in respectability, intelligence, temperance, and honesty, to those in a similar scale of society in any part of Europe. The fear however of reproach, or the false accusation of prejudice in no way influenced our judgment in the former case, and the certainty of either, or both, or of a more bitter censure

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NEW ZEALAND.

still, would be insufficient to check the expression of an honest opinion in the present instance. As stated in our prefatory remarks, we write neither for party nor party purposes, and being entirely independent of and uninfluenced by either, our simple motto is—truth.

We once either read a prediction or heard it predicted that "New Zealand would at no very remote period become the Great Britain of the southern hemisphere." Although we have but little faith in modern prophets and prophecies generally —least of all in those theological and political compounds of the Cumming creation— we confess ourselves sufficiently credulous to accept and believe in the above prediction as an exception to the rule.

Comparatively little known, as she is at present, New Zealand will, no doubt, some day become an important and populous country, if not a great nation. She possesses all the elements to warrant such an opinion and to justify such a belief. With a fine, if not the finest climate in the world, the colony has every corresponding advantage. The capabilities of the land are so great and the produce therefrom so astounding that a stranger and an eye witness is almost afraid to record what, to distant landowners, will naturally appear more like fiction than fact. But as no imaginary sketches —nothing but facts collected from and authenticated by the best authorities will find room in the

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pages of this volume, the reader may be assured of dealing with truths, however strange or extraordinary may appear the matter they reveal.

Having visited and personally inspected each and all the provinces of New Zealand from Auckland to Otago, we intend, after a few general remarks on the colony, to transcribe our observations in the chronological order in which they were taken—supplying at the same time, through the kind assistance of the leading settlors, those valuable statistical and other records of the respective settlements which —without such aid—it would have been impossible to furnish after a hasty visit of barely six months.

The following brief but able description of the position, &c., of New Zealand (from "Chambers' Papers for the People") so completely accords with what we have gathered from personal observation and other authentic sources, that we will not vary or mystify so concise an account for the purpose of obtaining credit for originality:—

"New Zealand lies in the immense Austral Ocean between New Holland and Cape Horn. On the east that ocean rolls to South America, on the south to the Pole, on the west to Van Diemen's Land, and on the north it stretches boundlessly away to the Arctic Circle. The group is situated between 34 and 48 degrees south latitude, and between 160 and 179 degrees east longitude. It consists of two large islands—the North and the Middle, otherwise New Ulster and New Munster, with a lesser one called Stewart's, or New Leinster, and several scattered islets. The extreme

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length from North, to South Cape exceeds 1100 miles; its breadth varies from 300 to 1 mile, though 100 is the average. The larger islands are separated by Cook's Strait, and Stewart's is divided from the Middle Island by Fourneaux's Strait. The North Island contains, it has been computed, about 31,174,400 acres of area; the Middle 46,126,080; and Stewart's 1,000,000.

"To afford the reader an idea, by familiar comparison, of their extent, we may say that the North Island is about a thirty-second part less than England, exclusive of Scotland and Wales; that the Middle is about a ninth less; and that the whole group contains 78,300,480 acres, or not more than 50,000 acres less than the whole of Great Britain and Ireland with all the adjacent isles: consequently we have in New Zealand an extensive country, capable, in respect of its size, of accommodating 25,000,000 persons at the least. Its natural capabilities are by no means of inferior proportion. Tracts of barren hills, irreclaimable bogs, naked sandflats, and considerable expanses of water-surface, there certainly are; but amply allowing for these, it appears no exaggeration to assert that at least two-thirds, or about 52,000,000 acres, are fitted for settlement, and might yield abundant sustenance to a population, whether by herds and flocks, or vintage and grain. New Zealand is most nearly of all countries the antipodes of Great Britain. It lies 1200 miles east of the mighty island of New Holland; and if we suppose an immense semicircle formed by the continents of Asia, Africa, and America, extending in a sweep from Cape Horn, by Behring's Strait, to the Cape of Good Hope, encompassing the Indian and Polynesian Archipelagos, and comprising the greatest oceans on the globe, New Zealand occupies nearly the centre.

New Zealand, like many other groups in the Southern Sea, is of volcanic origin. A chain of lofty hills, broken into high sharp peaks, runs along the Middle Island from

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north to south, their summits towering in some instances to a height of 14,000 feet. The most elevated pinnacles are wrapped in a robe of everlasting snow; and during the winter season, when the whole ridge is clothed in this magnificent covering, its effect is beyond the power of art to describe. The mariner has compared it to a gigantic crest of foam rolled up by the billows of the Austral Ocean, and appearing ever ready to sink down and disperse over the waves. In the North Island the hills are lower and less distinctly connected; but a few of their isolated peaks invade the regions of perpetual snow. One of them, Mount Egmont, is an extinct volcano, reckoned to be 8840 feet high: it is situated at the South-West Cape, near Cook's Strait. The first person who ascended it was the intelligent traveller Dr. Dieffenbach in 1839. Tongarroo, a volcano still active, and Ruaperhue, whose fires have long been extinguished, stand in the centre of the island—one 6200, the other loftier, both crowned with perpetual snow, and forming, with two or three others, a magnificent group of mountains, reared in the middle of a more level but picturesque country. Mount Edgecombe is an extinct volcano near the of Plenty. No one has ever been known to ascend its summit, which is supposed to be about 7000 feet high. Hence the surface of the island north-east to Mount Egmont wears the traces of violent volcanic action, chiefly proceeding from the crater of Tongarroo. Boiling fountains break from the ground in many places, geysers spout up their foam, fumeroles emit columns of sulphury steam, solfataras shoot forth clouds of luminous vapour, and hot springs in constant ebullition spread over the district in an extended line. In White Island, lying in the Bay of Plenty, exists a low crater, with the rim composed of alloyed sulphur. A chain of lakes, closely connected with the volcanic agencies we have enumerated, gives additional proof of the formation of the region. Lake Tago, in the south-west, is the most

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extensive. Of an irregular triangular shape, its greatest length is about thirty-six miles, its width twenty-five. Many little creeks indent its borders, and several streams feed it from the south; while the "Waikato River, flowing away westward, bears to the sea the superabundant waters. Around spreads a broad level tract or table-land, beyond which the surface is depressed, and gradually formed into hills and valleys, where the drainage of the peaks, ranges, and plateaus, accumulated in the beds of streams, is carried to the ocean. Detached ridges, more or less elevated, diversify the aspect of New Zealand, lying almost invariably in one direction—from north to south—and dividing the low alluvial plains from the high table lands.

"As in most other countries presenting similar geographical features, New Zealand presents numerous indications of mineral wealth. Copper, silver, and iron, with coal, sulphur, and manganese, have been discovered, each in at least one spot, and worked with considerable success. They already form articles of exportation, and will probably furnish materials for manufacturing on a large scale. Leadore, tin-ore, and what is supposed to be nickel, have been detected, but not hitherto procured in any extraordinary abundance. Many other riches remain, doubtless, for further research to discover; but it will be well if what has been already brought to light is developed even to a moderate extent. Compared with the geological formation of the Andes, the ranges of New Zealand present very similar characteristics, and it is believed they may contain even the more costly metal which is found in the giant chain of South America.

"In these mountains are traced the sources of streams and rivers which flow into the sea at various points along the extensive coast-line. Some rise from many springs, play down the slopes in rivulets, accumulating and meeting until their associated waters form a river. Others gush

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from copious fountains, and break into many brooks, which ramify until they shoot like threads of silver over the surface of the plains, Rising, as all the streams do, at a considerable elevation above the level of the sea, into which they discharge themselves after a very abrupt course, or long windings through a rugged country, they are not generally navigable for any great distance. Some, however, tortuous and broken as they are by falls and rapids, flow one, and even two hundred miles. The high peaks of the hills, intercepting masses of cloud formed by the congregated vapours of the surrounding ocean, bring them down in floods, which supply the rivers with a perennial flow, affording an exhaustless water-power in every hollow and valley of New Zealand. Advantageous as they would thus be were the region densely peopled in the more elevated tracts, they are in the lower provinces blessings to the population, spreading out wide alluvial flats, fertile beyond exaggeration, large spaces of which are now ready for the plough and the drill; while in others the axe of the woodman and the task of drainage still remain to render the land susceptible of cultivation.

"Few regions in the world—in comparison with the extent of coast-line, about three thousand miles —equal New Zealand in the excellence and abundance of their harbors. Here a commodious, safe, and central rendezvous is offered to the vast shipping trade of the Southern Seas, including myriads of islands, many of them the most fruitful in the world. It might form the entrepot of commerce between the Indian and Polynesian Archipelagoes; and will probably, when its affairs have been liberally settled, literally become, as many orators, writers, and economists have prophesied, another Great Britain in the Austral Ocean.

"To the British emigrant, however, one consideration is paramount above all views of profit. It is nothing to him that a region abounds in harbors, ports, and bays; that it

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has a fertile soil, is rich in minerals, abounds with timber, and promises wealth to the industrious settler, unless its climate be genial to the European constitution. A mine of gold or an estate near Cape Coast Castle would not induce him to make his habitation there; the gold-washings of Borneo will not allure him to live amid its marshes; but in New Zealand soil and climate equally invite his enterprise. We have with respect to this subject heard many erroneous statements; but a careful examination of accounts by the most competent authorities imposes on us but one belief. We maintain without reserve that the climate of New Zealand is better adapted to the English constitution than that of any other British colony. The immense preponderance of water over land in those latitudes causes a less degree of average heat than in the northern regions, where the land greatly preponderates over the water. In temperature, therefore, New Zealand resembles that of the country between the south of Portugal and the central departments of France, or rather that which, from its insular character, Great Britain would enjoy if its centre lay twelve hundred miles to the west of Cape Finisterre."

Previous to a distinct review of each locality, we will make a few general remarks —such as would naturally occur to the mind of a stranger or any one who has noted or may note the political and social atmosphere of New Zealand in visiting the respective provinces. In the first place (without inquiring into or suggesting a remedy for the cause of the disease or attributing blame to any particular class of persons) our honesty compels us to declare that politics, politicians, and petty jealousies, constitute the great if not the only

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barrier to the rapid progress of the colony, and to the social and mental elevation and prosperity of the inhabitants. Although prosperity and material wealth are within the grasp of, and easily obtained in a few years by the humblest individual in New Zealand, it is to be regretted that such desirable acquirements are not more frequently accompanied with peace of mind to the owners and good will towards others. Men aspire to, or are elected to fill seats in the legislative assemblies who are in no respect qualified for the senatorial and (in the colony) anything but peaceful honor. But while these persons are not qualified for their position they obstruct others that are. It appears to us that many of these gentlemen would make a larger and more substantial provision for their families and a smaller number of enemies for themselves if they would attend to their private affairs instead of obstructing public ones. Without venturing a positive opinion on the subject, it appears to us not unreasonable to submit the question, whether the cause of this may not be traced to the form or forms of government provided by the mother country rather than to the colonists themselves; for where opportunities occur for petty statesmen to fill great parts in a little play, the farce will not fail for want of characters to represent it. With six local governments and a general assembly, in place of one efficient government for the entire colony, it is perhaps not to be

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wondered at that the general good is sometimes retarded or sacrificed to the local or provincial elements of jealousy, malice, or ambition.

The contracted or selfish views of certain influential tradesmen or merchants will likewise strike a close observer, as something to be regretted, if not deserving of censure, as the want of favor or unity on the part of a few of the leading settlers in a province, has to our own knowledge often been the means of losing what would have advanced the general interests of the country. Suppose for instance an opportunity offers to benefit the colony by increased local or distant steam communication, on a plan proposed by Messrs. Patriot and Co.; Selfish, Brothers and Co. at once oppose the plan —of course on public grounds—because increased facilities for the passage of persons and goods from one place to another might at the same time have a prejudicial effect on periodical consignments received by Selfish, Brothers and Co. from a distant part of the world.

With the New Zealand provinces, as with jealous and ill-natured individuals, the same unfortunate rule is found to exist; and it would be easier to mix oil with water than to induce the spirits in one province to unite with those in another, although the want of unity might be injurious to all. These evils however are but trifles in a country where the advantages possessed by a settler are greater by tenfold than the

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disadvantages; for while such impediments may obstruct for a time the rapid progress of small communities, they will gradually disappear as the districts become more thickly populated, and when the public voice for the public good grows too powerful to be suppressed by the influence of a few selfish and bigoted individuals.

Nothing but some unforeseen and dire calamity, emanating from a higher power than man, can check the gradual progress of the finest colony in the world, or prevent the immense resources of New Zealand from being more generally known, so soon as, through increased enterprise and additional manual and other appliances, her resources are more fully developed.

The internal and dormant riches of a country, like real sparks of genius in the retiring mind of man, may be obscured for a time by the smoke and steam of more imposing but less sterling objects, but flashes from concealed merit occasionally attract attention, till the strength of the flame dispels the surrounding vapour and finally obtains for its possessor the public recognition of true worth.

New Zealand is essentially a poor man's country, although there are but few poor in it. It is a country to which those of the working classes in England who have the means or intend to emigrate should direct their steps; for it is a colony in which nine out of every ten who land therein

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rise in the course of a few years from poverty to affluence, or from a poor to a good position. With industry and sobriety, the artisan, or laborer, soon becomes his own master, landowner, or farmer; and the majority of the most wealthy men in the colony are those who landed a few years since without any capital beyond that which is most valuable in New Zealand—individual labor. At the present time the colonial government are trying, in vain, to obtain common laborers to work on the roads at eight shillings a day. A good mechanic can obtain treble that amount per diem. Indeed the laboring classes—even while laborers—may be termed the independent gentry of the colony. Their wives have never been waited on by servants in the mother country, and have not to experience that loss which is severely felt by those accustomed to good society, and who, owing to the difficulty of obtaining domestic servants, have frequently to undertake any and every menial office. We have known kind and considerate husbands— solicitors merchants, and some of the leading men in a province—rise early in the morning, and as a singular prelude to their professional or commercial duties, open the business of the day by lighting the fire, washing the dishes, or scrubbing the floor for their amiable ladies. Servants are so scarce and so independent that the difficulty of obtaining them is exceeded by that of keeping them when obtained. We have more than once dined with

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a family of respectability who have themselves cooked and served the dinner, presided at the dinner table, and afterwards favored us with a little instrumental or vocal music, or joined their friends in a polka or quadrille. To a few heavily taxed and good-natured husbands in the United Kingdom we take the liberty of suggesting that twelve months residence in New Zealand might prove of infinite service to those gentle partners whose fair features dare not enter their own kitchens, from the fear of being smoked or overheated. Yet strange to say, we have never in New Zealand met a well educated lady who was less the lady on account of having for a time to submit to social discomforts and privations, the very mention of which would make some of our English drawing-room dolls turn pale in disgust, or red with shame. A sensible lady not only submits with good grace to the requirements of an altered position, or the necessities of the moment, but she likewise retains her title and her dignity, even though circumstances compel her to become her own waiting-maid or cook.

With a working man in England a large family is not unfrequently regarded as a social calamity. In New Zealand a large family proves a source of ultimate wealth, as any lad of twelve or fourteen years of age can, in return for his services, readily obtain a comfortable home with a salary of £20 or £30 a year. On this subject there is one im-

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portant fact, the knowledge of which may be found useful to or taken advantage of by a few married but childless individuals in the mother country. While many or most parts of the colony under consideration are highly favorable to agricultual or pastoral purposes, the invigorating effects of its delightful climate would appear to be equally favorable to a local increase in the population. We have met with settlers who for many years in England had despaired of ever becoming parents; but since their arrival in the colony they have been blessed with the parental title—a title without which man's estate, however bountifully supplied with the periodical riches of the land, would be still poor without those tender saplings which can alone perpetuate the seed of domestic bliss.

The newspaper press in New Zealand is certainly not calculated to lessen our unfavorable opinion of colonial periodicals and colonial literature in general. With two worthy, independent, and honorable exceptions, to which we will not more particularly allude, the New Zealand newspapers represent all those petty jealousies and political animosities with which so many of the inhabitants are infected, and which the residents of one province evince towards those in another. European intelligence and occasional extracts from the English papers comprise the leading matter of interest —or rather only that which is at all likely to interest any one unconnected with local squabbles.

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Whatever is said or done by one party, or the leaders of a party, is sure to be disapproved or condemned by another. It occurs to us that these journals, which should rather endeavour to subdue than irritate the public mind on trifles, would prove of greater service to the colony and the settlers, if in their repeated attacks on persons and places they were to display less violence and more moderation—which would be news indeed.

Returning however to the advantages of New Zealand, as the most desirable home for those who are about to emigrate from the United Kingdom, we deem it desirable to be clearly understood on this point. While we are anxious to afford useful information to all intending emigrants, the entire worth of New Zealand would not (intentionally) induce us, in stating our own opinion, to allow anything to escape in the shape of praise which might either create a false impression in the minds of others, or justify some future colonists in saying (what thousands in Australia, who have been deluded by false representations, have had occasion to say) "that book deceived us."

If any poor but well educated families—and in England there are unfortunately hundreds of such families—who prefer the fascinations of polite society to the more substantial rewards of industry and social retirement—families, the male branches of which regard the interior of a billiard-room or a casino as indispensable margins on the page of

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life, while the female members of such families would rob their craving stomachs of a good dinner for the latest fashion in the shape of a bonnet or a boot —if such, or any such persons would rather prolong their lives than die with melancholy we earnestly advise them to remain where they are.

For a colonial life, threadbare notions of refined gentility will be found useless appendages in an emigrant's outfit; and those who are still anxious for the display of such ornaments will do well to keep them and themselves away from a land where these things and a variety of conventional forms have no existence, or are of no avail. But if such persons can submit, without murmur and without regret, to hard work, and to the loss of artificial pleasures, they may then derive profit by a change which, without ready submission to the sacrifices enumerated, would otherwise lead to disappointment.

Well educated persons whose means enable them to live in moderate ease should likewise remain at home —presuming that home to be England. To people accustomed to good society and the independence arising from an experienced and attentive suite of servants, the discomforts of a colonial life will be found great and many. But, on the other hand, if those needy ladies and gentlemen whose brains are heavily taxed to keep up a respectable appearance on a hundred or a hundred and fifty pounds a year, derived from funded or

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other property, are disposed to submit to a few inconveniences (many of them temporary ones) for a delightful climate and an increased revenue, by taking their three or four thousand pounds to, and residing in New Zealand, they may attain the summit of their desire; and at the expiration of a few years they may, if they choose, return to their native land with their capital doubled, or probably trebled.

In most, if not in all the provinces of New Zealand ample landed security can be obtained for money on loan at ten, twelve, and in some instances, fifteen, or even twenty per cent, per annum. The ultimate ruin of the borrowers may probably be predicted by those residing in a country where money is more abundant, and where people are unacquainted with the circumstances which justify so large a rate of interest. A few words will satisfy the reader that such a prediction would prove quite fallacious, and that the security named for loans at the rates quoted will be ample, while the interest is justifiable. For instance, the owner of a piece of land of the value of four or five hundred pounds may wish to purchase a few sheep. He has no ready money, but obtains on the security of his land three hundred pounds at fifteen per cent. The increase of his live stock will yield, on the smallest computation, from forty to fifty per cent., which would leave a surplus profit over and above the interest paid of from twenty-five to

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thirty-five per cent. This will be yearly augmented by the compound increase in his stock, which in a few years will leave the owner thousands for hundreds, or in other words, a pound sterling for every two shillings previously invested. We are acquainted not with one only, but with many persons who at the present time are owners of ten, fifteen, or twenty thousand sheep, and who but five or six years since dated the commencement of their rise with an investment of fifty, one hundred, or a hundred and fifty pounds.

For making capital in New Zealand, by lending and borrowing money, various other modes might be instanced, but the cases above alluded to will be sufficient to prove that in one part of the world at least—though not in the United Kingdom — people may pay or receive a handsome income for a small investment, or give or take a high rate of interest without danger of ruin cither to themselves or others.

Respectable society on a limited scale may, but good society—that which in England is termed good society—cannot be found in New Zealand. In speaking of society we must be understood to refer to the want of a sufficient number of persons in any particular district or community to constitute the society alluded to. To this there are of course many individual and family exceptions. But we speak of the rule not the exception; and

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although on certain occasions large numbers of the inhabitants are invited to Government House, the majority of such persons are regarded rather as favored visitors than friendly guests. Some of the provinces can boast of better society than can be found in others; but this and other social matters we leave for notice under the head of the respective localities.

This great preponderance both in the capital and in some of the provinces of uneducated or illiterate people will fully account for the absence of a refined taste with regard to anything of an intellectual character, either in the shape of amusement or instruction. As in Australia, a lecture on poetry or the fine arts would be alike unappreciated and unattended, or attended only by a select few—while a mountebank on the back of a horse would prove a source of attraction and delight for the multitude. Unless a public entertainment be of an exciting character, such as a farewell dinner to Tom Stiles or Harry Stokes— although neither of the honored guests would be allowed to utter half a dozen sentences without interruption—it would cease to be attractive. Professor Thimblerig can at all times insure a large audience, while Doctor Mental's classical dissertation commands an empty house. It is however the poorer classes—or rather the working classes, for there are no poor in New Zealand—by which amusements are chiefly patronised. The educated

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portion of the community derive their pleasure in their own family circles. In addition to this, their minds and minutes are so entirely devoted to money-making, that their time appears to be entirely absorbed in this and this object only.

There is one rather remarkable fact respecting the movements of those who have resided a few years in New Zealand, and who during their residence therein have—like the majority of colonists —endeavoured to amass a large amount of money in a short space of time, for the purpose of returning to live in peace and plenty, if not in luxury, in their own native land. The fact alluded to, or rather the revelation therefrom, is simply this—those to whom it relates talk of going home for a considerable time before they actually go; and having gone, nine out of every ten, after a short absence, return again to the land of their adoption. Making allowance for the loss of friends and acquaintances, and many other unattractive features which might cloud the imagination on the emigrant's return, the simple fact of his having the means to procure every pleasure where every pleasure is procurable, and that he finally leaves all for a climate, friends and habits more in accordance with his feelings and his taste, furnishes a truth, the evidence from which, in favor of New Zealand, is stronger than any other we can adduce.

The Maori or native race of New Zealand are in every respect superior to any colored race with

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which we are acquainted. Through the interest and attention of the present indefatigable Bishop, many schools have been established; and not only can a large number of natives at present read and write, but some of them have been ordained as ministers of the gospel. Though they want the industry and perseverance of the European, even the uncivilised portion of them are not deficient in honesty; and most of their evil propensities have been copied from their civilised but bad companions from the mother country. If honestly dealt by, the dealer may be sure of an equivalent in the transaction; but if treacherously dealt with, they will, if possible, retaliate. We have travelled amongst them (unarmed) into the interior, and would not hesitate to journey for any distance in any part of the colony, satisfied not only of hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives, but also of perfect security both with regard to life and property.

But like other native races in countries where Europeans have permanently settled, the New Zealanders are annually on the decrease, and will no doubt in the course of time—perhaps forty or fifty years, become nearly, if not entirely, extinct.

We will at present briefly observe —it being our intention to notice the subject more fully at a subsequent stage of our work—that an erroneous opinion prevails in England with regard to the earthquakes which periodically take place in one

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part of the colony. It is generally supposed that the Whole of New Zealand is subject to those convulsions of the earth, which in reality seriously affect one province only. The extreme provinces in which extinct volcanoes prove the complete exhaustion of internal commotion, may note, as the rumbling of distant thunder, or by a slight vibration from the effect of the shock, the periods at which the most violent convulsions take place, although, as we previously stated, their effects are chiefly confined to the locality in which they occur.

Although New Zealand cannot at present boast of rich gold fields fully developed, like those of Australia, a treasure more valuable and inexhaustible may be found in the periodical riches of her soil. The excessive draughts of Australia, by which thousands of sheep perish and whole crops decay, are totally unknow nhere. Whether the coming season may or may not reward the Australian settler for his labor andhis outlay is entirely a matter of speculation; while here the crops are as regular and as luxuriant as the seasons themselves. Rivulets and running streams of the purest water, unknown in Australia, are here everywhere to be found. The comparative condition of the cattle in the respective colonies is alone a sufficient proof of this. Poor and emaciated, like the aboriginal tribes in the golden region, the oxen of that country present a miserable spectacle. But here, through the

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invigorating effects of a pure atmosphere, rich pasture, and an abundant supply of water, the cattle, like the Maori, or human native race, are everywhere healthy, robust, and in excellent condition. Of vegetable and other productions we shall speak in due course; and the English farmer will no doubt be somewhat surprised to hear of unmanured land producing fifty, sixty, and seventy bushels of wheat to the acre, not for one year only but for several years in succession. But these and all subjects relating to figures will be confirmed by the signatures of the respective and most competent authorities in each province.

Having thus given in a few prefatory and cursory remarks a rough and general outline of what will be embodied in detail in the progressive stages of the work, we will proceed with a description of the capital and the respective provinces.

But in penning the attractive and other features of New Zealand, it is not our intention to extend the description beyond the actual requirements of the subject, nor to tax the patience of the reader with a rigmarole of personal adventures, which are generally uninteresting and of little value to the public. We will merely furnish a simple record of facts, gathered from our own observation and corroborated by those whose experience is called on to attest their accuracy. And although we earnestly advise those industrious persons who are about to leave England for another home, and

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who value health, sure advancement, and ultimate independence, to choose the colony above all others in which, with temperance and industry, a moderate hope of future success in life would be certain of realization, we will not recommend any particular province to the prejudice of another, but, after a distinct though brief description of each, we will leave those who may adopt our advice, in the selection of this fine colony for their future abode, to select the province they may deem the best adapted to their calling or their wants.

For the information of those who cannot afford the entire amount required for their passage to New Zealand, we may observe that resident London agents, as the representatives of some parts of the colony, are empowered to assist respectable and suitable applicants.

New Zealand is divided into six provinces, viz., Auckland, Taranaki (or New Plymouth), Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, and Otago. Each province is governed by a superintendent (elected by the local residents) and a provincial council. And each province contributes its proportionate share of members to the House of Representatives which legislates for the entire colony, the members of which meet annually for the purpose of general legislation.

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With regard to the probable extent of the mineral riches of New Zealand, or the value of the recently discovered gold fields, it would, at present, be impossible for any one to venture more than a speculative opinion. But from all we saw and heard during our stay in the colony, as well as from private advices received since our return, we are inclined to think that not only gold, but likewise copper and other minerals will shortly be found and exported in considerable quantities — that is, so soon as a supply of labor will enable explorers and settlers to turn recent discoveries to the best advantage. It will however be unnecessary to do more than direct attention to a few brief but more general remarks on the subject, which will be found in our review of the province of Nelson.

New Zealand is open alike to foreigners of every nation without reference to country or creed. We merely revert to this subject for the purpose of supplying what we omitted to state elsewhere— that in the colony of Victoria a recent legislative enactment imposes a tax of £8 or £10 per head — the latter we believe—on all immigrants arriving from at least one country with which England has extensive commercial transactions. The reason for the Executive omitting from the "Victorian Tariff" this duty on human flesh is obvious.

AUCKLAND.

In the town of Auckland is at present the seat of government. We say at present, because the great bone of contention in the ensuing session will be an attempt to remove the same—Wellington and Nelson being the chief contentionists. We predict not only the failure of both, but likewise the usual waste of public time by the antagonists, and the natural result of the dispute—that the speakers, like the seat of government, will be just in the same position at the end as they were at the beginning of the debate.

In a commercial point of view, Auckland is at present the most important town in New Zealand; but whether or not she will long maintain that supremacy is a question rather for time than for us to determine. She is now indebted to traffic with the natives for the greater portion of her trade; and as the natives are gradually on the decrease, and as land in the province of Auckland, either in extent or fertility, will not bear com-

S

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parison with that in the southern provinces, it appears to he a matter of considerable doubtwhen some of the other districts have the benefit of an increased population, and additional steam communication, &c.—whether Auckland will still retain the position she now holds.

The military, government officers, and a few families excepted, the quality of society in Auckland, if such a term be applicable, is inferior to that in any other province in New Zealand. The majority of merchants and tradesmen here are exceedingly coarse both in manner and education, many of them being the dregs or sweepings of Sydney. This fact may justify the use of the doubtful term, as in the southern hemisphere there is no doubt whatever respecting the refuse of Sydney society.

Monthly steam communication with Australia which is in course of formation, but not yet established by some of the other provinces—gives Auckland a great advantage over her neighbors, as it insures a periodical traffic between that port and New South Wales, although, as we before observed, some of the live stock from the lastnamed colony—cattle excepted—add to the quantity rather than to the quality of the inhabitants.

Making allowance for a natural leaning in favor of the province of Auckland, the reader will gather a tolerably correct idea of the town, district, climate, &c., of the northern settlement in the

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following graphic sketch, from the pen (as we are informed) of a well-known and talented officer attached to the government of New Zealand. The want of a Government House, alluded to by the writer, will no longer be felt, as a very handsome building is now nearly if not quite complete, and will greatly surpass that which was destroyed by fire:—

"The Town of Auckland is built on the Northern side of the Isthmus which divides the Waitemata from the Manukau, and is bounded on the North by the shores of the former harbor. The site of the Town, as laid down on the Official Plan, has a frontage on the water of about a mile and a half, and extends inland to the distance of about a mile. At present, the greater number of the houses have been built near the water, in the bays and on the headlands with which it is indented. These bays are backed by small valleys which run inland to the distance of about half a mile, terminating in narrow gullies, and are separated from each other by spurs which run in the harbor and terminate in low headlands. The lower parts of the Town being thus separated, the roads which connect them with each other are somewhat steep and inconvenient,

"Seen from the Harbor, the Town makes a considerable appearance, and suggests the idea of expansiveness. St. Paul's Church, with its neat spire, occupying a prominent position on the centre headland is an ornamental feature. The Barracks, the Scotch Church, the Colonial Hospital, the Wesleyan Institution, the Roman Catholic Church, and the Windmill on the hill, with Mount Eden in the back ground are the most prominent objects. Approaching the shore, Official Bay, commanded by St. Paul's Church, and with its detached cottage-like houses built on a sheltered slope, each

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snugly nestled in the luxuriant shrubbery of its surrounding garden, looks pretty and picturesque. Commercial Bay, seen from the water, presents the appearance of a large Town, having a mass of houses closely packed together. Mechanics' Bay is as yet but little built upon; a large ropewalk, a ship-builder's yard, a native hostelry, and a few small shops are the only buildings. This Bay is the principal place of encampment for the natives visiting Auckland in their canoes; here they land their native produce, in fine weather bivouacing in the open air, or under their sail-made tents; and, in bad weather, seeking shelter in the neighbouring hostelry. Freeman's Bay, to the westward of Commercial Bay, is occupied chiefly by saw-pits, brick-kilns, and boat-builders' yards.

"The principal streets are Princes Street, Shortland Crescent, Queen Street, and Wakefield Street. The first is a broad, straight, spacious, well-made street, on a gentle slope; St. Paul's Church, the Treasury and the Bank, and the Masonic Hotel are its principal buildings. Shortland Crescent, which connects Princes Street with Queen Street, is built on rather a steep ascent. It is less broad than Princes Street, but much longer. On one side it is almost wholly built upon; shops and stores are here to be found of every description, and of various forms and style. No attempt at uniformity has been made; every one has built according to his means, fancy, or the size and shape of his ground. The only approach to uniformity is in the material with a few exceptions, all are of wood. The roadway of the street is an even Mc'Adamized surface; but no attempt has yet been made to form footpaths on a general level. Some of the shops would not disgrace a small provincial town in England; but taken altogether as a street, Shortland Crescent is irregular and unfinished. Queen Street is the least built upon, but in other respects it is the best and most considerable street in Auckland. It is about

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half a mile long, nearly level, and almost straight, and terminates at its northern extremity in a pier or quay, which runs into the Harbor, and alongside of which small craft can land, on this stage, their cargoes. At its southern extremity it is overlooked by the Wesleyan Seminary, or Boarding-school for the education of the children of the missionaries in these seas —a spacious brick-built and substantial structure. The Gaol is badly situated, and is by no means a conspicuous building; but by a diligent search it may be found on the west side of Queen Street, partly screened from view by the Court-house and Police-office, which abut immediately upon the street. Several shops of superior description, two and three stories high, have recently been erected, and Queen Street, as well as being the longest, is certainly just now one of the most improving streets in Auckland. Wakefield Street ascends from its southern extremity until it joins the Cemetery Road; and is the newest and most increasing street in the town. Many of the houses are built of brick, and it already bears a considerable resemblance to a new street in the outskirts of a modern English town.

"The want of a Government House is a serious drawback. Even beyond the circle of the visiting world, the destruction of the Old House has been, in every respect a public loss. Few men possess in their own persons qualities of an order so commanding as to fit them to represent Majesty without the aid of its outward trappings. The want of a suitable residence, operates injuriously on society in many respects: it is a loss to the public, a detriment to the place, and heavy blow and great discouragement "to that dignity which ought to hedge about" the Queen's Vicegerent. The grounds on which the Old House stood, is planted with English oaks and other trees, which already afford both shade and shelter; the lawn and walks are neatly kept; the situation is pretty and convenient, commanding a view of

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the Flag-staff, and of the entrance into the Harbor; it is close to the Town, too, without being of the town; and it excites in all who take an interest in the place a feeling of regret that it has not yet been restored to its legitimate purpose.

"The most considerable public buildings are the Britomart and Albert Barracks, having together accommodation for nearly 1000 men. The former are built on the extremity of the headland dividing Official from Commercial Bay, and form a conspicuous, but by no means an ornamental feature. The building's are solid and substantial, mostly of scoria— a dark, grey, sombre colored stone—square, heavy-looking and unsightly. The Albert Barracks, the larger of the two, are built upon the same ridge, but about a quarter of a mile inland. The Stores, Hospital, Magazine, and Commissariat Offices are built of scoria. The rest of the buildings are of wood, plain in style, and of a sombre color. The various buildings, together with the parade-ground, occupy several acres, the whole of which is surrounded by a strong scoria wall, about ten or twelve feet high, loop-holed, and with flanking angles. The position of the Albert Barracks is healthy and cheerful, overlooking the Town and Harbor, and commanding an extensive view of the surrounding country; but being commanded by a rising ground within a few hundred yards, and being within view from ships in the Harbor, and within range of their shot and shell, the site, in a military point of view, is not happily chosen. Although much more extensive than those at Wellington, the Auckland Barracks have by no means the same neat, cheerful, and compact appearance. It is not probable however that so large a portion of almost level ground will for many years be allowed to be taken from the site of a town having too generally a broken and uneven surface.

"Seen from the neighbourhood of St. Paul's Church, the Harbor presents the appearance of a land-locked, lake-like,

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sheet of water: the Flaff-staff Hill, and North. Head of mound-like form, bound it on the left. Over the low neck of land which connects them appears the rugged volcanic island of Rangitoto, with its triple peaks; in front are the islands of Motukoria and Waiheki, forming the middle distance, with the range of high land which divides the Gulf of the Thames from the open sea, and which terminates in Cape Colville, forming the back ground. On the right, the outline is broken by numerous little bays, and the low headlands which divide them; the Sentinel Rock forming at all times a conspicuous object.

"On the shore of the Harbor on which the Town is built, the water is shoal, and its several bays, at low water, are left uncovered. Except at high-water the landing generally along the shore is inconvenient. For several years, Auckland, in this respect, enjoyed a bad pre-eminence; but the reproach has at length been removed by the erection of a neat wooden jetty, five hundred feet in length, which affords a convenient boat landing-place at nearly all times of the tide. It also forms an ornamental feature in Official Bay, and affords to the public an agreeable promenade. At a short distance from the foot of the pier is a brick-built tank, supplied by a spring of excellent water. Pipes are laid on to the tank, and run along to the extremity of the pier, where water-casks can bo filled and taken off to the shipping at all times of the tide. A quay or landing-place is also in course of construction in Commercial Bay, alongside of which vessels in the coasting trade will be able to land and to take in their cargoes. On the North Shore—across the harbor, opposite the town, distant somewhat less than a mile—the water deepens rapidly, the landing is good, and the shore is a dry, clear, shelly beach.

"There are no port charges, harbor dues, or taxes levied on shipping; and the harbor is open to all the world to enter and depart free of any charge. There is a pilot, but

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it is optional with masters of vessels to employ him. If not employed, no pilotage is chargeable. The port is supplied with almost everything necessary for refitting and refreshing vessels—and both ships' stores and provisions can be obtained at a moderate price.

"The Suburban District comprises the rising ground by which the town is sheltered. Many of the choicest spots are already occupied by neat-looking private houses. Overlooking the town and the harbor—and commanding a view of the Gulf, with the "Great Barrier" and "Little Barrier" Islands in the far distance, and the nearer islands which give shelter to the Waitemata—these rising grounds possess numerous pretty sites. But generally speaking the scenery in this district is neither bold nor picturesque; and is altogether unlike the general character of New Zealand scenery —comparatively bare of trees, and distinguished only by the number of its volcanic hills. The surrounding country is open, undulating—intersected in all directions by the numerous creeks of the Waitemata and the Manukau, and easily available for agricultural purposes; but it presents few of the characteristics of a New Zealand landscape, and it has nothing to mark it as a foreign country. Nor should the scenery of New Zealand be hastily judged: for no comparison can properly be made of the scenery of countries occupying the opposite extremes of cultivation, except as to natural features. It would be unreasonable, for instance, to compare the jungle forests, the fern clad hills, and the swampy plains of a new and unsettled country, with the rich pastures, the green meadows, the forest glades, and the highly cultivated features of an English landscape. But in beauty of natural scenery I think New Zealand will bear comparison with England in most of its principal featuresmountain, river, coast and harbor. There is nothing in England, for instance, to equal the snow-clad, silverypeaked Mount Egmont—or the Alpine ranges of the South-

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ern Island. The lower part of the Waikato River—the upper reaches of the Thames—the scenery about the narrow pass of the Manawatu—and the wild grandeur of the Wanganui, fully equal in their natural beauty, any of the river scenery of England. The scenery of the West Coast, between Waikato and Mokou, and that of the Southern Island, in the neighbourhood of Milford Haven, will bear comparison with the finest views of the British Coast; while Monganui, the Bay of Islands, Port Nicholson, Queen Charlotte's Sound, and Akaroa, are unequalled in their natural features by the harbors of Great Britain. But in lake scenery, New Zealand must yield the palm. True, indeed, there are some pretty gem-like lakes in the district of Roturua, but there is nothing in New Zealand to equal the lake scenery of Westmoreland and Cumberland, combining so exquisitely as it does, the beauties of nature and art. It may be too much to say that the same degree of beauty will never be found in any part of this country: but at present, in its natural uncultivated state, New Zealand contains no such views as Grassmere, seen from Butter Crags, or Loughrigg Fell—Rydal, from Rydal Park—and the thousand beauties of Derwentwater, Barrowdale, and Langdale.

"Strangers, however, are frequently very unreasonably disappointed with the natural beauties of New Zealand. They are landed at some port which possesses, perhaps, 110 great natural beauty—they never travel twenty miles from home, and they conclude that the accounts which have been written of the country—so far, at least, as beauty of scenery is concerned—have been written in a spirit of gross exaggeration. A foreigner having heard much of English scenery, put down in Lincolnshire or Suffolk, and, not travelling beyond the borders of the county, would be equally disappointed, and with as much reason.

"The country in the neighbourhood of the town —com-

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prising the isthmus which divides the two harbors, is much of it cultivated. Not a stump of a tree is left in the ground. Solid stone walls and quick-set hedges are generally taking the place of temporary wooden fences of posts and rails. The greater part of the land is laid down in permanent pasture. At Epsom, distant about two and a half-miles from the town, and in the Tamaki district, distant six miles, there are grass and clover paddocks, as large, as rich, as well laid down, and as substantially fenced as any grass land in England. Owing to the neat and uncolonial style of cultivation, and to the absence of trees having a foreign appearance, the country around Auckland presents the appearance of a home-like English landscape. One half of the road across the isthmus, from Auckland to Onehunga, has been MacAdamised, and the remaining half is good during the greater part of the year. With scarcely any exception, the whole of the land on each side of the road is already fenced and cultivated; and the traveller, as ho passes along, is never out of sight of a house.

"The town and suburbs of Auckland extend across the isthmus for the greater part of a mile; and the Village of Onehunga, on the other side, spreads itself inland for nearly an equal distance: almost adjoining the suburbs of Auckland, too, is the Village of Newmarket, and the remainder of the road is studded here and there by wayside houses. At no very distant period there can be little doubt but that the opposite coasts of New Zealand will thus be connected by one continued line of street.

"Upwards of forty thousand acres of land within the Borough of Auckland are the property of private individuals, held under grants from the Crown. About ten thousand acres have been cultivated, of which the greater part is substantially fenced. The most noticeable feature of the country is the large quantity of cattle to be seen grazing in the district. Nearly five thousand head, besides horses and sheep are depastured on the isthmus alone.

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"Immediately adjoining the boundaryof the Borough, to the south-east, is the Papakura district, extending along the eastern shores by the Manukau Harbor for a distance of ten or twelve miles: this district is bounded on the west by the waters of the Manukau, which deeply indent it in various directions, with its numerous creeks. The centre of the district comprises a plain or flat valley, running inland, in an easterly direction, from the Papakura Pah, for many miles, until it reaches the Wairoa River. About one-half of this plain is densely timbered—the remaining portion being clear and open, but agreeably diversified with clumps and belts, which give it a park-like appearance. These belts and clumps consist of a rich variety of wood; the graceful tree-fern, and the deep-green, glittering-leafed karaka, clustering, in unusual profusion, around the tall stems of the statelier forest trees. Surrounded by these ornamental woods, melodious with the song of birds, are here and there clear open spots of ground of various size, sheltered from every wind—choice sites for homestead, park, or garden. The soil of the plain is of various character— a considerable portion, consisting of a light dry vegetable soil, well adapted for clover paddocks, or for the growth of barley; about an equal quantity is dark-colored, good, strong flax land, suitable for wheat and potatoes, the remainder being rich swampy land, for the most part, capable of drainage. On the north and on the south, the plain is bounded by rugged ridges, densely covered with kauri and other timber—and it is watered by a small, but never-failing, stream of excellent water. The plain of Papakura is best seen from the highest point of the southern ridge, about four miles to the south-east of the site of the old Pah. There may be seen on a bright sunny day, a panoramic view, than which, in the whole of New Zealand, there are few more beautiful.

"The general salubrity of the climate of New Zealand has

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now been established by the experience of years. For persons of delicate constitution, pre-disposed to disease of the lungs, it is unequalled, save by Madeira. Compared with that of Nice, one of the most celebrated continental climates, the climate of Auckland is more temperate in summer— milder in the winter—equally mild in the spring—but a little colder in the autumn: —with this advantage, too, over all the boasted continental climates, that it is not so liable to the very great variations of temperature common to them all from sudden shifts of wind. The climate of New Zealand is doubtless less charming and delightful than that of Italy and the South of France, but it is certainly more salubrious, and probably better suited to the English constitution, generally, than even the climate of Madeira. For although it has its share of wind, rain, and broken weather, it has the advantage over Italy and France, in being more limited in range of temperature—embracing a less oppressive summer heat, and less sudden changes of temperature during the twenty-four hours, and a more gradual change of temperature from month to month.

"Many of the Continental and Mediterranean climates are, during certain seasons of the year, finer, steadier, more agreeable than, and equally salubrious as, that of New Zealand, but their summer heat is in some cases too great; their autumn weather frequently unhealthy—winter, too cold—and spring objectionable from being liable to gusts of cold and chilling winds. By moving constantly about throughout the year—traversing continents and seas, it would no doubt be possible to be always in a fine and salubrious climate. But, as a fixed and permanent residence, there are probably few places to bo found, in all respects, more suitable to the English constitution than New Zealand; and if that be so, then, few more suitable for persons of delicate chest or lungs; the true theory being, that for preventing the development of diseases of the chest, that is

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the best climate which will admit of the greatest and most constant exposure to the open air, and which is at the same time best calculated to promote the general health; a tendency to disease of any kind being best warded off by keeping the bodily system in a vigorous tone of health.

"Compared with Great Britain, New Zealand, so far as its general salubrity can be ascertained, possesses a marked superiority. From the results of observations made by Dr. Thomson, of the 58th Regiment, for a period of two years, from April 1848, to April 1850, when the strength of the troops stationed in the colony amounted to nearly two thousand men, it appears from the following valuable Tables compiled by him, that, taking diseases generally, out of every thousand men, twice as many were admitted into hospital in England as were admitted into hospital in New Zealand. And the mortality, amongst equal numbers treated was about 8½ in New Zealand to 14 in England.

"Cases of fever in New Zealand are rare. From the same Returns, it appears there are six cases of fever in Great Britain for one in New Zealand; and out of fortyseven cases in New Zealand there was but one death. Of diseases of the lungs, three eases were admitted into hospital in Great Britain to one in New Zealand; and out of an equal number treated, seven terminated fatally in Great Britain, and but four in New Zealand. Diseases of the stomach and bowels are more prevalent by half in Great Britain than in New Zealand. Diseases of the liver and brain are nearly the same in the two countries. The only class of cases in which the comparison is unfavorable to New Zealand are complaints of the eye, which are more than twice as numerous here as they are in Great Britain. Small-pox and measles are as yet unknown in New Zealand.

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Classes of Disease. Total Admission among the Troops during the yrs. ending Mar. 1849 and 1850. Total Deaths among the Troops during the yrs. ending Mar. 1849 and 1850. Annual Ratio of Admissions into Hospital fro different classes of diseases out of 1000 Soldiers stationed in N. Zealand. Gt. Britain Annual Ratio of Deaths per 1000 dufferent classes of Diseases among Troops stationed in N. Zealand. Gt. Britain. Fevers ............... 47 1 13 75 0.3 1.4 Eruptive Fevers ............ 2 .. 1 3 .. 0.1 Disease of Lungs ............ 211 16 51 148 4.3 7.7 Disease of Liver ............ 24 2 7 8 0.4 0.4 Disease of Stomach ............ 222 3 60 94 0.9 0.8 and Bowels ............ .. .. .. 4 .. 1.2 Epidemic Cholera ............ 22 .. 6 6 .. 0.7 Disease of Brain ............ 5 3 2 1 0.9 0.3 Dropsies ............ 152 .. 41 50 Rheumatic Affections ............ 84 .. 23 181 Veneral ............ 335 3 90 133 Abscess and Uleers ............ 278 1 75 126 1.9 1.4 Wounds and Injuries ............ 180 .. 48 19 Disease of Eyes ............ 22 .. 6 29 Disease of Skin ............ 152 3 41 44} All other Diseases ............ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total ............ 1736 32 464 921 8.7 14.0

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"Comparing New Zealand with the healthiest Foreign stations of the British army, it will appear from the following Table, compiled by the same authority, taking into account all classes of disease receiving hospital treatment, that the comparison is greatly in favor of this country. And with reference to pulmonary disease, there are in Malta two cases for one in New Zealand. In the lonian Islands there are three cases to two in this country. At the Cape of Good Hope there are ten cases for six in New Zealand. In the Mauritius there are the fewest number of cases treated after New Zealand—the proportion being about eight in the Mauritius to six in New Zealand; but the mortality from pulmonary disease is twice as great in the Mauritius as it is in New Zealand. While in Australia there are twice as many cases of pectoral disease as in New Zealand, and the disease being, at the same time, twice as fatal:—

"In cases of Fever, there are at least five in Malta, the Cape, and in Australia, to one in New Zealand.

"Of Complaints of the Liver, there are two cases in the above-mentioned places to one in New Zealand.

"And of diseases of the Stomach and Bowels, there are more than two cases at each of the above-mentioned places for one in this country.

STATIONS. Annual ratio of Mortality per 1000 among the Troops form all diseases Number of men attacked annually out of 1000 by Pectoral Complaints. Average number of deaths out of 1000 men during a year from Pectoral Diseases. Malta ............ 18 120 6.0 Ionian Islands ............ 28 90 4.8 Bermuda ............ 30 126 8.7 Canada ............ 20 148 6.7 Gibraltar ............ 22 141 5.3 Cape of Good Hope ............ 15 98 3.0 Mauritius ............ 30 84 5.6 United Kingdom ............ 14 148 8.0 Australian Continent ............ 11 133 5.8 New Zealand ............ 8¼ 60 2.7

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Table showing the Annual Ratio of Admissions and Deaths among 1000 Troops at the following Stations from the undermentioned Classes of Disease:—

* From seven years observation, ending March 1850, kindly furnished by Staff-Surgeon Shanks, Principal Medical Officer, New South Wales.

"But assuming the above Returns to show correctly the comparative healthiness of our troops in Great Britain, and at the various Foreign Stations, it doos not necessarily follow that they correctly exhibit the comparative salubrity of the climates of the countries to which they relate, so far at least as regards the community at large—and for this reason, that our troops are for the most part lodged in barracks; and that the health of the men is influenced by the manner in which they are lodged, as well as by the climate of the country in which they may be stationed; and that barracks vary considerably in the several important particulars of size, ventilation, construction, and position. This result, therefore, might easily follow—that men stationed in a bad climate but lodged in barracks erected on a well chosen site, spacious, dry, well ventilated, well drained, and supplied with good water, may have fewer hospital cases and less mortality, than men stationed in a good climate,

DISEASES. Cape of Good Hope. Malta. Australian Continent.* New Zealand. Attacked. Deaths. Attacked. Deaths Attacked. Deaths. Attacked. Deaths. Fevers ............ 88 1.9 173 29 65 1.2 13 0.3 Liver Complaints ............ 22 1.1 21 11 15 .1 7 0.4 Disease of Stomach and Bowels ............} 126 3.1 155 36 153 1.5 60 .9 J

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but lodged in barracks in a bad situation, close confined, ill drained, and badly constructed. But, making allowance for all such disturbing causes, there can be no doubt that the foregoing Tables afford satisfactory proof of the general salubrity of the country.

"Compared with an English summer, that of Auckland is but little warmer, though much longer. But the nights in New Zealand are always cool and refreshing, and rest is never lost from the warmth and closeness of the night. It is also much warmer here both in the spring and autumn; and the winter weather of England, from the middle of November to the middle of March, with its parching easterly winds, cold, fog, and snow, altogether unknown. Snow, indeed, is never seen here; ice, very thin and very rarely; and hail is neither common nor destructive. The winter, however, is very wet, but not colder than an English April or October. There is a greater prevalence of high winds, too, than is personally agreeable: but with less wind the climate would not be more healthy. There is most wind in the spring and autumn; rather less in the summer; and least of all in winter."

The European Population in the province of Auckland in 1853 was 11,033, and, so far as can be gathered from the imperfect returns recently made, the population of the entire province is at present about 13,000, or probably rather over than under that number. In 1851 the Revenue of the entire colony of New Zealand was only £78,495 8s. 8d. In 1854 the Revenue was £226,901 16s. 6d., and has since been, and still continues, rapidly on the increase, although the Government, owing to the difficulty (they say) of getting the

T

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returns from the distant provinces cannot supply us with the figures for 1855. While it is our intention as we proceed to furnish the number of inhabitants residing in each province, as nearly as that number can be ascertained, at a rough calculation, we believe the European Population of the entire colony to be about 50,000. The number of the Aboriginal Tribes, we have heard variously computed, but we imagine it does not now exceed 40,000, and the number is rapidly decreasing.

The native flax of New Zealand is an article which ere long will be extensively cultivated, and exported from the colony in large quantities. Mr. Whytlaw, a most enterprising and intelligent gentleman, who favored us with the following explanatory letter, has devoted his time, talent, and capital to the subject for several years; and he is now, we believe, on the eve of being amply rewarded for his labor, by the complete success of his experiments. We personally inspected his numerous buildings and extensive domain, distant about thirty miles from Auckland, in the Matakana district. The beautiful machinery for the preparation of the flax prior to its exportation, which was completed after Mr. Whytlaw's design, is declared to be an excellent invention, and one in every way adapted for the completion of the designer's purpose on an extended scale. Other gentlemen are waiting the result of the experiment, in order (if successful) to take advantage of

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the originator's plans, and embark in a similar undertaking. No less for the future interests of the colony than as a just return for the talented exertions of one of her spirited and upright citizens, we wish every success to Mr. Whytlaw and his noble enterprise:—

"The native flax of New Zealand (Phormium Tenax) of which there are several varieties, has always attracted much attention from those who have visited the country, as an article which ought to form a valuable colonial export. The beautiful samples which have frequently been prepared by the manipulation of the natives, show the great degree of fineness to which the fibre can be reduced, and its strength has been long considered as much greater than that of European flax.

"The chief, if not the only reason why it has not been more extensively used in British manufactures is, that the supplies of the raw material, as prepared by the natives, have been extremely limited and uncertain; affording no encouragement to the parties at home disposed to use it, to alter and adapt their machinery to the peculiar character of the article.

"The mode of preparing the flax by the natives, which has been often described, is very tedious, an expert hand not being able to produce, on an average, more than 10lbs. weight per day. The work is chiefly done by the women. A simple and efficient method of dressing the flax by machinery has, therefore, been long felt a desideratum, and numerous have been the efforts to supply this. Hitherto, none of these attempts have been productive of more than mere samples. With the stronger inducements of mercantile and agricultural pursuits to realize speedier returns for capital, few have had the courage to persevere in their

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attempts to accomplish the important object. Of late, however, as the war in Europe has raised the value of flax so much, there is now the greatest encouragement to establish a trade in this article; and I am glad to say that one gentleman who has for many years past, devoted his attention to the subject, has recently brought out from England the matériel of a large factory, which is in process of erection at a short distance from this; and that his method of preparing the flax by machinery of his own invention, on an entirely novel principle, appears to be of the simplest and most efficient description. He expects to have his produce in the market in about a year from this date; a short time therefore, will prove whether his anticipations will be realized. If this establishment succeeds, doubtless many will follow the same course; and I do not despair of seeing this interesting and delightful country possessing in a short time, an export that may ultimately rival some of the most valuable of those of the neighbouring colonies.

"M. Whytlaw.

CENSUS RETURN FOR THE PROVINCE OF AUCKLAND, MARCH 31, 1855.

Two-thirds, or probably more, of the native or Maori race of the entire colony of New Zealand are to be found in this and the adjoining province

"Auckland, 14th Nov., 1855."

Males. Females. Total Children between 5 and 15. In Day Schools. In Day and Sunday Schools 6701 5218 11,919 1776 979 216 459

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of Taranaki. In the province of Wellington there is a moderate number; in Nelson less; in Canterbury still less; and in Otago only about 500.

For the information of intending emigrants we will, as nearly as we can, give the relative distances (by water) between the respective provinces, commencing in the north, at Auckland, and proceeding southward in the order in which the settlements are described. But emigrants should endeavour, if possible, to secure their passage in a ship bound direct to a province in which they intend to settle; otherwise they will find the delay great, the opportunities few, and the expense considerable, in getting from one settlement to another.

Distance from Auckland to Taranaki, about 130 miles; Taranaki to Nelson, 160 miles; Nelson to Wellington, 120 miles; Wellington to Canterbury, 160 miles; Canterbury to Otago, 170 miles; Otago to the Bluff, or the newly-opened southern port of Invercargill, 120 miles.

With regard to vegetation in New Zealand, the remarks of those whose evidence is founded on considerable personal experience require from us but little in the way of confirmation. We will merely observe that whatever is grown in England may be grown in an equal, if not in a greater degree of perfection in the colony —where may be seen in full bloom flowers and plants which in any part of the United Kingdom would require from

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the florist or botanist the most sedulous care, together with the artificial warmth of a hot-house.

Good fish is something that neither of the Australian settlements can boast of True, the harbors and rivers both of Australia and New Zealand abound with fish of various sorts; but, with one or two exceptions, these sorts are either dry, insipid, or tasteless. There is nothing to compensate for the want of salmon, turbot, sole, cod, &c. Indeed, the best fish on the Australian or New Zealand coast is not equal, either in flavor or quality to the most inferior description peculiar to the British Isles. Of sharks there may be found an extraordinary quantity; and so daring and so plentiful are these monsters, that sea bathing is not unattended with considerable danger. On two occasions we have been near a bathing spot at a period when human life was sacrificed by the sea vipers.

TARANAKI, OR, NEW PLYMOUTH.

New Plymouth or Taranaki, the native name by which it is more generally known, is distant from Auckland—or rather from Manakan harbor, six miles from Auckland—about 130 miles, or from fifteen to twenty hours' sail. The journey may be taken overland, but as there is no public road, and as the task involves a considerable amount of labor and time, it is but seldom undertaken, except by the excursionist or those anxious to see the interior of the country.

During our short stay in the province we were much pleased with its appearance. The land is equal, if not superior, to that in any other part of New Zealand; but it is at the same time more circumscribed, New Plymouth being the smallest settlement in the colony. Here, as in Auckland, the price obtained for land near the township appears extravagantly high. That it has reached its maximum, and something more, many persons are disposed to believe. So long, however, as the

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colony continues in its present flourishing condition, and districts become more thickly populated, money will continue to be made by speculation and investments in land in all parts of the country; and, strange as it may appear, there is not a province in New Zealand in which land may not be found near the townships—purchased a few years since for one, two, or three pounds an acre— which at this moment would find a ready sale at one hundred, two hundred, or three hundred pounds an acre. In some cases much larger amounts have been or might be realized. We may instance a case within our own knowledge in which a gentleman with whom we are acquainted (an absentee) came over from Melbourne, only two years since, and invested £600 in the purchase of twelve hundred acres of land in a district which gave promise of a future important township. The lucky purchaser has just now, for the first time since the purchase, visited his property, and finds that by dividing it into small sections, for building and other purposes, he can realize a sum of at least £3,000 over and above the original outlay. In two or three years hence, as the district becomes more thickly populated, the collective purchasers of these allotments will in all probability have to divide a much larger profit than that realized or about to be realized by the original owner. The property here referred to is in the neighbourhood of Whanganui, about 110 miles from Wellington.

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The case itself is not an exceptional one; for, extravagant and artificial as the prices appear which are sometimes paid by the sub-purchasers of property, up to the present time we have not known nor heard of an instance of any one losing money by the purchase of land in New Zealand.

With reference to the facilities and opportunities for the purchase of land by strangers, a few words may not be out of place. Newly arrived immigrants are frequently most unreasonable in their wants and expectations on this subject. Landed at one of the ports in the colony, they expect to obtain any spot in any district at their own, or at merely a nominal price. On being told that all the land within a circuit of ten or fifteen miles of the spot on which they stand has been purchased, but that plenty of unpurchased land may be obtained in the interior, or in districts where new townships are contemplated, or are in course of formation, they declare themselves deceived, and rail at the Government and their imaginary deceivers accordingly. If they were only to look around them (as they ultimately do) and fix on some spot, of which there are scores in the colony, that gives promise of a future township, and embark their means in a judicious manner, a few years would enable them to exclaim with an air of exultation to other new comers— "Bide your time, and your turn will come as ours has done." It is totally unreasonable for new

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hands to hope, without time and labor, for the benefits reaped by old ones.

In New Plymouth, as in all other parts of the colony, plenty and prosperity are everywhere visible. During the whole of our stay in New Zealand, we never saw nor heard of such a being as a beggar—a creature by no means a novelty in the United Kingdom.

Contrary to the opinion of Mr. Earp, an old colonist, from whose work we have extracted a sketch of this province, we consider the want of a harbor a serious barrier to the commercial progress of Taranaki. The author's remarks with reference to the assistance rendered by this to other parts of the colony were no doubt correct at the time they were penned, and when some of the southern districts, with regard to population, were yet in their infancy; but those provinces to which the observations apply not only at present yield fruits of the earth in greater abundance now than formerly, but considerably greater than is required for their own consumption; while large shipments of the surplus are made to the Australian colonies.

Society in New Plymouth is much superior to that in Auckland; and although the natives are rather numerous here, and are sometimes a little troublesome, the province is altogether a very delightful one, and would become a much more important one if it had the advantage of a good harbor.

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The following is an extract from Mr. Earp's description of Taranaki:—

"The district of Taranaki, which comprises the country around Mount Egmont, has with justice been termed the garden of New Zealand," and whether we regard the serenity of its climate, the fertility of its soil, or the extent of land available for the agriculturist, it is surpassed by no other locality in cither island, though in extent alone, the New Plymouth district must yield to the huge plains which reach from Banks' Peninsula to the southern extremity of the Middle Island.

"The attention of the early settlers was first drawn to the Taranaki district by the lamentations of the Port Nicholson natives, who a few years only previous to the colonization of New Zealand, had been driven from their former homes by Te Whero Whero, the chief of the powerful Waikato tribes. By this chief, Taranaki was regarded as a hunting ground, whenever his propensities for cruelty and cannibalism urged him to harass the wretched inhabitants —his game being men instead of animals. Harassed by his constant incursions—for he never destroyed more than would satiate his bloodthirstiness, carefully preserving sufficient for the ensuing season's excursion—the natives were persuaded, with much difficulty, to evacuate their cherished locality and to fight their way southward, where they might find a locality beyond the power of their tormentor. Their adviser was Mr. Richard Barrett, who subsequently afforded efficient aid to Colonel Wakefield in the acquisition of the territory now in the possession of the New Zealand Company. Mr. Barrett having defeated Te Whero Whero in the last attack made by that chief, the latter retired for a short time to his own district, to recruit his forces, and to devise such means as should utterly annihilate the tribes from whom he had received a check so

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unexpected. This interval was taken advantage of by Mr. Barrett to evacuate the place, and to make a rapid retreat southward; the retreating natives were, however, intercepted at Wanganui, another fight ensuing, in which Te Whero Whero was again defeated, and, after various vieissitudes, the fugitive tribes settled in Port Nicholson and its vicinity, the feeble inhabitants of which locality fled at the approach of their invaders, compelling the master of a vessel lying in their harbor to carry them to the Chatham Islands, where they in their turn hold the aborigines in abjeet slavery to this day. Such was the state of the native tribes previous to the colonization of the islands.

"The attention of Colonel Wakefield was speedily drawn by the Port Nicholson natives to the rich district from which they had been driven, numerous requests being made of him for a passage in his ship, that, to use their own expressions, "they might once more look upon the land of their fathers." This, of course, could not be complied with, but on visiting Taranaki, he found that the glowing accounts of the natives had not been exaggerated. The representations which he made home respecting the district led to a company being formed at Plymouth for the purpose of occupying Taranaki, and with such vigour were their measures carried out, that a considerable colony, composed for the most part of gentlemen from the south of England, with a numerous body of Devon and Cornish peasants, was speedily on its way to Taranaki, where, amidst all the past troubles of the colony, they have remained, prosperous and increasing, nor do we ever remember one single instance of complaint from any, whilst the commendations of both district and climate abound, from those of the humblest settler to the merited eulogiums of the Bishop of New Zealand.

"New Plymouth, though a small settlement in comparison with others, was the first in New Zealand, not only to feed itself, but to export its own produce. While the

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commercial settlements of Wellington and Auckland were importing corn from Sidney and the West coast of South America, New Plymouth was exporting corn to both. Like Nelson, New Plymouth owed nothing to the expenditure caused by the troops, which have been so extensively employed in the other settlements; it was isolated from the disturbed districts, and not a single soldier was necessary for its defence. The inhabitants having no resources of this nature, and but few of a commercial kind beyond the export of their surplus produce, steadily applied themselves to agriculture and sheep-farming, and with such success that a poor or a disappointed man is scarcely to be found amongst them, every man literally living "under his own vine and fig-tree."

"The New Plymouth people are well aware of the productive powers of their own settlement. When the Canterbury Settlement was first projected, it was the recomendation of the Bishop that it should be located at New Plymouth, but the committee of the Canterbury Association decided otherwise. On this a New Plymouth settler shrewdly remarked—"It is no matter, wherever they may settle, we shall have the pleasure and the profit of feeding them till they can run alone, and thus find another market for our rapidly increasing surplus produce." And it is a fact that this, the least of the older settlements, has for many years past fed the larger, there being no limit to its productiveness, but want of small capitalists to reclaim new lands.

"Testimonies to the capabilities of this favored district are abundant—one or two will suffice, as carrying an authority not to be disputed. Sir George Grey, the present Governor of New Zealand, thus spoke of it in a despatch to the Government —"I have never, in any part of the world, seen such extensive tracts of fertile and unoccupied land as at New Plymouth." The Bishop, in his journal of 1848, states—"No one can speak of the soil or scenery of New

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Zealand till he has seen both the natural beauties and the ripening harvest of Taranaki." Dieffenbach, in his travels, states —"The whole district of Taranaki, as far as I have seen, rivals any in the world in fertility, beauty, and fitness for becoming the dwelling-place of civilized European communities." And again—"In future times, this picturesque valley (Waiwakaio), as well as Mount Egmont and the smiling open land at its base, will become as celebrated for their beauty as the Bay of Naples, and will attract travellers from all parts of the globe." Mr. Fox, the successor of Colonel Wakefield, also thus writes to the New Zealand Company—"Of the capabilities of the district, in an agricultural point of view, it would be difficult to speak too highly. I was much struck with the fertility of the soil. Some idea of it may be formed from the fact that thirtyfive acres of grass and white clover, during last year, carried nearly three hundred sheep for a twelvemonth in excellent condition —a quantity, I believe, double to what the best pastures in England will carry."

"The drawback to the settlement is the want of a harbor, as usually understood by a land-locked bay. The roadstead is, however, an excellent one, though for three months in the year requiring a vessel to be ready for sea, in the event of a sudden north-west gale. At all other periods of the year the roadstead is as safe as are any of the harbors in the colony; whilst in the dangerous season, the opposite side of the Strait affords harbors of the finest description in abundance, a few hours sufficing to place a vessel in safety, the very gale which compelled them to quit their anchor becoming a fair wind for gaining a port of shelter; the southern shore of Cook's Strait forming a continuous chain of such harbors, the most easily approached being Port Hardy, and the far-famed series of havens forming Queen Charlotte's Sound.

"With this want of a land-locked harbor, it will be long

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before New Plymouth becomes a place of any considerable commercial consequence, nor is it desirable that it should be so. The land is the true wealth of the colonists, and to this they have wisely and solely directed their attention, reaping their reward long before those settlements which have for the most part depended on commerce. Not that the roadstead of New Plymouth is unsuited to the purposes of commerce; on the contrary, there are many ports in the British dominions, which are of great commercial consequence, to which access is of tenfold more difficulty than the port of Taranaki. No one, for instance, who knows Madras, would for a moment take into account the difficulty of landing at New Plymouth. Neither would the seaman who has rode out a gale of wind at the Cape of Good Hope, where safety depends altogether on the strength of the ship's cables—escape, in the event of these fairing, beingnext to impossible—make any difficulty of the worst position in which he could be placed at New Plymouth. When the settlement has attained that commercial standing to which its rapidly increasing exports will, at no distant date, entitle it, we shall hear no more of the drawbacks to what is, in reality, an excellent anchorage; and when it shall have become rich enough to improve the natural facilities for forming an artificial harbor at comparatively a trifling expense, there will be an end to the fancied difficulties of the Taranaki roadstead. Still, in the present state of the settlement, the settler will do well to bear in mind, that it would be unwise to form an establishment at New Plymouth for other than agricultural or pastoral purposes; and he may also bear in mind, that in no part of the colony will his reasonable expectations be more surely fulfilled, or his exertions more bountifully rewarded.

"Like Nelson, the society of New Plymouth is of a superior order. The commercial ports of any colony partake in no slight degree of too many of the characteristics of

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Portsmouth or Wapping: these are inseparable from them, and their evil influences extend, more or less, to no inconsiderable portion of the population. The party squabbles, too, which invariably characterise a mixed and heterogeneous population, such as is usually found in great colonial seaports, render them anything but desirable localities for the quiet agriculturist; and the better prices which he obtains, in consequence of his vicinity to a seaport, scarcely compensate for the interruptions to progress and the temptations to non-progress which so frequently beset him.

"Though the population of the New Plymouth settlement scarcely reaches 2,000, its social institutions are very excellent. The means for religious worship are ample and of great efficiency, as regards the various denominations of Christians, who here work together in a harmony not usually found amidst sectarianism. The educational resources of the place are equally excellent, and no man, other than wilfully, can complain that his children are out of the reach of instruction. The only useless social institution is the jail, which happily stands rather in terrorem than in usum; nor, judging from the character of the inhabitants, does it seem likely to be applied to any other use at present.

"The settlement, though in point of climate and soil, unquestionably the finest in New Zealand, has been much neglected. It was originally founded by a body of Devonshire and Cornish gentlemen, and to them it has been chiefly indebted for its present inhabitants. On the cessation of the Plymouth Company, it was turned over to the New Zealand Company, by whom it has been unaccountably neglected. One of their first measures was to raise the price of its waste lands, thus practically prohibiting emigration to it. A restoration of the original price—now that the power of this is in the hands of the Government—would be a boon to the settlement which would speedily produce a marked result."

NEW PLYMOUTH.

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For the compilation of the following Returns we are indebted to one of the leading merchants in New Plymouth—Mr. Llewellyn Nash:—

IMPORTS AND EXPORTS.

Until July quarter of 1853, all our surplus produce went coastwise, and consequently swelled the returns of those ports, viz., Auckland and Wellington, when the goods were shipped out of the colony.

CUSTOMS REVENUE FOR THE FOLLOWING PERIODS.

CONSUMPTION OF SPIRITS During the period from 1st January, 1851, to 31st March, 1856; duty paid at the port of New Plymouth.

U

Imports. Exports. £ S. d. £ s. d. 1851 ............ 9,088 15 9 1852 ............ 20,362 10 6 1853 ............ 30,010 9 0 8,713 3 6 1854 ............ 35,333 18 3 14,170 9 6 1855 ............ 34,967 15 0 20,982 1 0 1856. Jan. to Mar. 7,559 9 0 2,756 18 0

£ 8. d. 1851. ............ 1,508 3 0 1852. ............ 2,491 19 5 1853. ............ 3,311 9 0 1854. ............ 4,284 10 7 1855. ............ 5.256 7 3 1856. January to March. ....... 1,201 10 11

Gallons. Duty. £ 6. d. 1851. ............ 1,750.13 473 15 10 1852. ............ 2,538.8 761 9 2 1853. ............ 3,222.11 966 14 3 1854. ............ 4,132.15 1239 15 1 1855. ............ 7,755.9 2326 12 1 1856. {1st Jan. to 31st Mar.} 1,945.24 583 14 6

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NEW ZEALAND.

QUANTITIES AND VALUES OF SPIRITS Imported under Bond, during the period from the 1st January, 1851, to 31st March, 1856.

Revenue and Expenditure of the Provincial Government of New Plymouth, for the Year ending the 31st December, 1855.

Total Revenue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £10,981 9 10

Total Expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,107 8 10

POPULATION.

The Population Tables, now in course of compilation in this district, have not reached us in time for press; but we believe the entire European Population of this small and flourishing province to be about 3,000. There is room enough for ten times that number—with a fair prospect of an early fortune for each.

Gallons. Value. £ s. d. 1851. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,719 626 16 0 1852. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,442 1248 5 9 1853. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,605 1765 6 2 1854. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,449 1964 7 0 1855. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,236 3639 19 6 1856. {1st Jan. to 31st Mar.} 1,366 674 15 0

NELSON.

That which Torquay is considered in the West of England, Scarboro' in the north, Matlock in Derbyshire, Tunbridge Wells in Kent, Ventnor in the Isle of Wight, Inverary in Scotland, the Lakes of Killarney in Ireland, or Aberyswith in Wales, Nelson may be considered in New Zealand—the most charming spot in a charming country.

While we are familiar with nearly every part of the United Kingdom, and, for beauty of scenery, climate, and society, give the preference, as occasional visitors at the respective seasons, to the places enumerated above, if fortune decreed that we should select some part of New Zealand for our future residence, we would at once and without hesitation fix on Nelson as our permanent abode.

With a climate even superior to that in any other part of the colony, with respectable society, with a people infinitely more hospitable than any in the southern hemisphere, and with a smaller amount of political animosity and social strife than

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may be found in any other province—apart from her commercial advantages and mineral wealth, and considered merely as a delightful retreat for those who would wish to live happily, and who can derive happiness themselves by seeing those around endeavouring to dispense it to others, Nelson above all other places south of the line, is a home where the honest heart will meet with kinsmen, kindness, and friendship, and where every good deed will find a responsive virtue.

Jealous as the provinces are of each other on most matters, the superiority of the climate of Nelson is a fact but seldom if ever questioned. It is so generally admitted, that the writer whom we previously quoted merely observes: —

"It is almost unnecessary to say anything of the climate of Nelson. The extreme salubrity and excellence of that of the whole colony is universally known and admitted. The test which King Charles applied to the English climate, that there were more days in the year when people could be in the open air than anywhere else, applies with considerably more force here. With a very great amount of sunshine, the heat is never excessive, or ever disagreeable; while, with an abundance of rain, there is no continual wet season. The only defect in any part of New Zealand is, that there is too much wind to be agreeable; not that it blows harder than it blows on the English coast at times, but it blows hard oftener. In this respect, however, Nelson is, I believe, the most favored place in the country. The wind, though for about three months in the spring and summer blows fresh for days together, is seldom violent

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or tempestuous, and in the winter it blows very little indeed; days and even weeks almost perfectly calm, with brilliant sunshine by day, and magnificent moonlight at night, occurring at that season. In the other settlements of New Zealand, it is not unusual, in extraordinarily fine weather, to hear the observation—"This is Nelson weather," though their own is much above the average of English weather. Of the general mildness of the climate, an idea may be gathered from the fact that the flocks of sheep frequently lamb in mid-winter in the open country; and unless there happens to be an unusually heavy rain or severe frost at the very time of lambing, a very small per centage of losses—perhaps not above five to ten per cent —will occur. Geraniums, fuschias, Oenotheras, picotees, and other summer flowers of England, continue to bloom in Nelson during the winter months. One peculiarity of the climate may be noticed, which is, that there are in fact only two seasons —the summer, and what we call winter. There are no transition seasons of spring and autumn, or at all events, hardly perceptible as such; and their absence is the more observed from the fact, that nearly all the indigenous trees are evergreen, so that there is no periodical fall or renewal of the leaf—a circumstance to be regretted by the admirer of the picturesque, were it not compensated by the fact that the forests maintain their usual verdure all the winter long."

From our own experience, we are enabled to remark on one striking feature by which the leading men of Nelson are distinguished from those in many other parts of the colony. The leaders and self-created patriots in some of the provinces—to whom we shall hereafter allude— make their professed patriotism and love of country

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merely a vehicle for party or political purposes, while their amount of real interest in the welfare of the colony may be correctly ascertained by the extent of land they possess in their own locality, or by the political capital, in the shape of official revenue, which they derive therefrom. A claptrap speech of some half a dozen foolscap folios may secure for the sham professor a few of those scattered sweets of human "aye," which he places in his political garner to serve his own particular time and purpose. But ask such an one —as we have had occasion to do—for statistical or other information which might interest the British public, and prove of ultimate benefit to the colony, and the colonial gleaner politely declines a service from which there is no prospect either of present fame or future reward.

The very opposite of the selfish motives described inspire the principal residents of Nelson, each of whom would appear anxious to excel the other in a desire not only, by personal sacrifice, to render any and every assistance which might tend to benefit the province and its inhabitants, but in the still more disinterested wish to lend a helping hand, or to volunteer any aid that might be useful to the position, or grateful to the mind of a stranger.

We might instance a variety of remarkable acts of sympathetic hospitality peculiar to the province; but there came under our own immediate

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notice one case which we consider worthy of record. In the ports of New Zealand there are not at present any wharves or piers at which the depth of water is sufficient to enable passengers to disembark even from coasting vessels, without the aid of boats. On arriving in Nelson, after a tempestuous passage, from one of the southern settlements, we were soon on our way to the shore in a small boat, in company with a widow lady and her two children (one an infant), of whom we had seen nothing during the voyage, as the mother's strength had been completely prostrated from the effects of sea sickness. They were on their way to join their friends in the North Island, but were compelled for a few days, to take up their quarters on shore till the time appointed for the steamer's departure for Taranaki. Presuming we were familiar with the people and locality, the disconsolate looking lady wished to know whether we could direct her to respectable apartments in the town. Having informed the lady that in the want of knowledge she sought might be found our own reason for not supplying it, we accompanied her through the town, and succeeded with the aid of the ship steward, who carried one of the children, in obtaining for herself and little ones apartments in the house of a humble but respectable family. Leaving our hotel on the following morning, we proceeded to inquire after the sea-sick voyagers; but we were not a

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little surprised to learn from the domestic of the house in which they had passed the night, that after discharging the cost of their lodging, they accompanied a lady and gentleman by whom they were driven away in a chaise; but whither they went, or the names of the persons with whom they departed could neither bo given nor ascertained; and we closed for ever, as we then imagined, our knowledge, if not our interest, in the domestic drama, with the word—mysterious.

A day or two after the period of the incident related, we happened to dine with a gentleman of note in the province. On taking our seat at the sumptuously supplied table of Mr. and Mrs.

our surprise on the occasion was exceeded by gratification, on recognising as our vis-a-vis, the former disconsolate, but now cheerful looking widow, whose sudden disappearance from her lodgings, had, till now, been unaccounted for. We subsequently discovered that the worthy host and hostess had accidentally heard of the widow's arrival and friendless position, and having in early life had some slight knowledge of her deceased husband, they at once, and without ceremony waited' on the lady, and insisted not only on conveying her to their house, but also on making that house a home for herself and children during their stay in Nelson.

This simple but truthful story requires no comment from us, beyond a hope that the spontaneous

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act of hospitality it reveals, may open a way to the hearts of those of the human kind who need a lesson from a page of life, copied in its pure yet potent simplicity from nature's noble work of charity.

Except that her inhabitants are in a position rather to bestow than to receive alms, Nelson may be compared to an extensive circle of comfortable alms houses, in which, though strangers by birth, the inmates are all members of one family —the introduction to whom of any respectable new comer, will at once enable the stranger to participate in the ordinary fare and family festivities of those whoso only kindred tie is that of faith with good fellowship.

For the following description and statistics of the province we are indebted to a local publication.

"The province of Nelson comprises all that part of the Middle Island which lies between Cook's Straits on the north, and the Mawera or Grey, in 8. latitude, 42° 32' and Hurunui rivers on the south; and contains about 18,000,000 of acres of very diversified character. On the west a range of lofty mountains of bold and rugged outline extends along the coast, here and there pierced by valleys of various width, through which several rivers and streams find an outlet to the sea. Of these the Wakapori, Haihai, Karamea, Buller, Ngawaipakiro, and Grey, are the principal. None of these rivers are navigable for vessels of any size, and the Buller and Grey are the only ones which have yet been entered by boats; nor is any harbor known to exist between Cape Farewell and the Grey, except at

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West Wanganui, where there is a safe harbor for moderatesized vessels. From the generally precipitous character of the coast range, the land available for tillage along the west coast is of comparatively small extent, and is contained within the limits of the several valleys which intersect the mountain chain. The valleys of the Karamea, the Buller, and the Grey, are the largest, and contain respectively about 10,000, 30,000, and 50,000 acres of fertile land, chiefly wooded. Towards the head of these and the parallel valleys the country, though rough and broken, is adapted for pasturage. From the head of the Grey, according to native report, there is a communication with the Port Cooper Plains. Along the western portion of the northern boundary of the province formed by Cook's Straits, is Massacre Bay, containing about 60,000 acres of level, or slightly undulating land, much of it, especially in the Aorere, Takaka, and Motupipi districts, of most fertile character, the soil on the banks of the rivers of the same name being alluvial, in many places covered with heavy timber of the mast valuable kinds. Good anchorage for vessels of all sizes is found at the Tata Islands, and small vessels can lie at the mouth of the Motupipi, and Pakawau rivers. Coal has been found in various places in these districts, and at Pakawau and Motupipi it is regularly worked for domestic purposes and for the use of steamers. Limestone of very superior quality abounds at the Tata Islands, where it is easily conveyed away, and in the mountain range separating Massacre Bay from Blind Bay. At the southern extremity of the latter bay the town of Nelson is situated, where, and in the adjoining districts of the Waimca, Moutere, Motueka, and the smaller valleys bordering the bay, enjoying a delicious climate, the principal amount of the population of the province is settled. Here flourishing and productive farms, yearly increasing in number and extent, are fast taking the place of the natural wilderness,

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and considerable quantities of surplus produce have for some years been exported thence to the neighboring colonies. A few miles from the town of Nelson is the Dun Mountain, where rich specimens of copper ore crop out on the surface, to work which a company has been formed and a preliminary staff of miners introduced from England. Copper ore also exists in the hills in the neighborhood of the bay.

" Inland, the valleys of the upper Motueka, Motupiko, and Lake Arthur districts, have long been occupied as stock runs. Eastward from Blind Bay, Port Hardy in D'Urville's Island, the Pelorus at the south end of Admiralty Bay, Port Gore, Queen Charlotte's Sound, and Port Underwood, all opening from the Straits, present with their numerous ramifications a continuous succession of noble harbors of great size, unrivalled for accessibility and safety.

"These harbors are surrounded by hills and mountain ranges, which are the spurs, modified in height, of the great central range, which, except where broken by various valleys and gorges, extends the whole length of the middle island from Cook's Straits to those of Foveaux. In many places, however, in the vicinity of the harbors, especially at the head of the Pelorus, and at the south west extremity of Queen Charlotte's Sound, are blocks of fertile land, the more valuable from the facility of access afforded by the deep hays along which they lie. On the south east side of Queen Charlotte's Sound, is the harbor of Waitohi, or Newton Bay, where a township has been laid out as a port for the Wairau and Awatere, to which districts a road through a nearly level wooded valley of about twelve miles in length is now being formed by the local government.

"The plains and tributary valleys of the Wairau and Awatere, contain about 200,000 acres of land, and are bounded by the prolonged spurs of the Kaikora mountains and the central chain, which towards the coast sink into

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low rounded Mils, gradually rising thence as they extend southward. Both lower and higher hills are covered with rich natural pasture, and may contain about 400,000 acres occupied as stock runs, where already about 200,000 sheep, and from 8,000 to 9,000 cattle are depastured. From the Wairau and Awatere respectively, two passes (discovered by Mr. Weld,) through the mountain ranges admit of a communication with the Port Cooper Plains; —one by the head of the Awatere over 'Bearfell's Pass,' and crossing the valleys of the Acheron and the Clarence rivers, leads to the Wai-au-ua plain; the other along the Wairau by 'Turndale,' and thence to the Clarence, where it joins the former line. Both routes are easily traversed by stock, and when a track has been cut through about nine miles of comparatively open wood, the journey between the towns of Nelson and Christchurch may be made on horseback in four or five days.

"From the southern base of the Kaikoras to the Hurunui, which here forms the southern boundary of the province, is a tract of about 350,000 acres, within the limits of which are the Wai-au-ua and Hurunui plains, divided and surrounded by hills and mountains of more or less height. Much of the level portion of this country is fitted for tillage, while all of it, hills and plains alike, is covered naturally with grass, and is fast being occupied by stock.

"By the Census Returns for 1854 the population of the province amounted to 5,858 souls, of whom 3,186 were males, and 2,672 females. By the Returns of Immigration and Births, since the above were taken, upwards of 1000 souls have been added to the population, which thus amounts to about 7000 souls.

"The Agricultural Returns for 1854 showed 16,538 acres fenced; of which there were, besides other crops, in wheat, 2378 acres; oats, 1738 acres; barley, 809 acres; potatoes, 460 acres; garden and orchards, 514 acres.

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"The Returns of Stock at the same period were as follows:— horses, 1190; horned cattle, 10,559; sheep, 183,231; pigs, 4401; goats, 3005; mules, 10,

"Appropriation out of the revenue of the province £32,933 6s. 7d. for the service of the year, viz— £6,392 2s. 4d. for the charge of the civil government, and £26,541 14s. 3d. for public purposes."

From the performances of the " Nelson Amateur Musical Society" the public derive so much pleasure and intellectual enjoyment, that in sketching the social habits and tastes of the settlers in a colony where entertainment of a superior order is but seldom found, it may not be out of place to mention, that at present no other part of New Zealand can boast of a body of gentlemen who possess, or at least display a tithe of the musical talent which the members of the class in question are masters of. Mr. Bonnington, their able composer and leader, is himself one of the most talented musicians, while he is certainly one of the most modest and unassuming men in the colony; and it is gratifying to know that the musical concord of sweet sounds, dispensed by the leader and his amateur friends for the delight of others, is symbolical of the social harmony by which the gentlemen of the society are themselves united. One or two of the most pleasant evenings we passed in New Zealand were those which were enlivened by dulcet strains from the agreeable and talented performances of the "Nelson Amateur Musical Society."

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In bringing our remarks on the province to a close, we have only now to tender our warmest thanks to those gentlemen who kindly aided the prosecution of our work and rendered us other valuable assistance. To Doctor and Mrs. Renwick for affording us every facility for visiting as many parts of the interior as our limited stay enabled us to take advantage of, our grateful thanks are due. But for other individual acts of kindness and generosity, surpassing any within our experience as travellers, a private acknowledgment would be more suitable than a public one. And should we, at some future period, re-visit New Zealand—an event by no means improbable—for the purpose of recording the vast changes and improvements which a few years cannot fail to effect in her social, political, and commercial position, we should endeavour to prolong our stay in the Torquay, or model town, of the Antipodes— Nelson.

THE MINERAL RICHES OF NEW ZEALAND.

Gold, copper and other minerals have at present been found in New Zealand only in small quantities, and in particular localities. The search has hitherto been partial, and may account for the absence of more general and important information on a subject which we have reason to believe

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will determine the future commercial position of the colony. Mineral treasures have not yet been secured here in large quantities—each discovery, for reasons hereafter assigned, having been postponed or abandoned almost as soon as made. In the like manner gold was previously found, and the discovery for a time neglected, in another region in the South Pacific. The fruitful working of the Californian mines, however, changed Australian apathy into action. In one of her Majesty's (then) comparatively unknown dependencies, a small but spirited band of adventurers was induced to prosecute, within the bowels of the earth, a search for the material portions of that treasure which had only been found in small quantities near the surface. The success of the enterprise soon became generally known. But the extraordinary commercial results to which the knowledge of the first and subsequent successes have given birth are already matters of history. The heads may be given in a few words.

In the brief space of six years about 300,000 human beings, chiefly from Great Britain, have been attracted to the colony of Victoria, in Australia. The magnet of attraction has been, as all the world knows, —gold. The effect of this, the greatest social event of modern times, has been truly wonderful. At the antipodes of England cities and towns have sprung up where none previously existed; and these cities and towns have

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been peopled by European (chiefly British) subjects. In exchange for each ton weight of gold, received by the mother country, the colonial offspring has annually taken hundreds of tons of merchandise. In this manner, and in the space of time previously named—six years —England has received of the precious metal nearly £50,000,000 sterling, in or for a corresponding return of merchandise. So far as it goes, the following Table (compiled by Mr. Westgarth) will show the comparative yield of gold, and the extent of mercantile demand arising therefrom, of the two great gold producing countries, California and Victoria:—

Comparative Table of the product of Gold, Shipping Inwards, and Population of California and Victoria.

* For the first six months only.

Of the important benefits derived and still likely to be derived by England and America through the commercial expanse indicated by the above figures we will not speak, as the figures speak for themselves. A chapter either on Australia or California would at present be out of

Years. Gold Product. Shipping Inwards. Population. California. Victoria. California. Victoria. Califor. Victoria Tons. Tons. Tons. Tons. Number. Number. 1848 £11,700 18-19 1,600,000 1850 5,000,000 1851 8 000 000 £1,208,011 ... ... 669 126,411 1852 11,200,000 14,866,799 1003 445,014 1657 408,216 ... 148.627 1853 12,600 000 11,588,782 1028 555,794 2594 721,473 329,500 198,496 1854 13,600,000 8,770,796 358* 226,674* 2596 794,604 ... 273,865 1855 ... 11 856,292 731* 206,160* 1897 549,376 ... 319,245

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place. A simple reference to the rapid growth of these national dependencies, rather than to the value of the fruit arising therefrom, will ho sufficient to illustrate our subject. And what other event of modern times would enable us to deal with realities whose vast proportions invest them with so fabulous an appearance. Jointly, Victoria and California may at the present time boast of a population of about one million. In that vast number there could not probably be found ten thousand persons who, ten years since, were familiar, even by report, with the respective regions they now inhabit. In the ordinary course of things, and without the aid of that great magnet of attraction which is decried by many yet worshipped by most, centuries would be required by new countries and colonies to accomplish, commercially, what has been achieved by California and Victoria in the brief space of a few years. By these comparatively new but mighty settlements the usual work of an age has been performed in a shorter space of time than is sometimes devoted to a youth's apprenticeship. Still, in this, as in all great or more gradual undertakings, one particular appliance has been found indispensable; and the rapid attainment of Californian and Victorian greatness may be traced to the additional application of that great vital power— labor. Without a supply of labor the golden countries would at this moment have been in a comparative state of

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insignificance; and, without the gold discoveries, that labor would have still been wanting. This touches at once on the leading question with regard to the colony more immediately under consideration.

In New Zealand gold and other minerals have occasionally been, and still are found; but the want of labor has hitherto prevented anything like a systematic, or, indeed, more than a temporary prosecution of such discoveries. Until the supply of labor be sufficient to determine the probable value of her mineral resources, the simple question whether the colony will or will not become a great gold producing country must necessarily remain a matter for speculation. Presuming, however, the extravagant prophecies or gloomy forebodings of strangers to be somewhat more speculative than an opinion founded on the personal experience of those who have just returned from the colony, we may venture a few words, rather from our own knowledge of the past and present, than from vain predictions, either with regard to golden harvests or blighted hopes of the future. Founded on ocular demonstration in the country, and confirmed by advices just received, our humble opinion prompts us to declare that gold and other minerals are to be found not only in one but in many parts of New Zealand — although the province of Nelson is the only one in which professional mining operations have at

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present commenced. The copper on the Dun Mountain, within nine miles of Nelson, is declared to be of the very best description, and promises a remunerative return for the investment of the fortunate individuals to whom the property belongs, as also to any future body of shareholders who may turn such valuable property to the best account. However great may be the temporary successes or failures of a few individuals, or of a few hundreds, who dig to the extent of two or three feet and then abandon the search for other employment, we shall still indulge the belief that the mineral riches of New Zealand will ultimately prove of immeasurable value. Until the country has been scientifically and systematically explored, and the value of the mineral discoveries properly tested, there will continue to be, as there now exists, a variety of conflicting opinions on the subject. Until the test has been applied, which can alone dispel speculation, our own opinion will remain unchanged. But when, or in what manner, will the problem be solved? The manner of applying the test is well known; but the only power by which the application can be made is wanting. "What is that power ? Not capital; yet at the same time the great and only capital required for the undertaking— labor. At present, the entire population of the colony will not number more than about one-half the inhabitants located on a single gold field in Victoria, while the laboring

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portion is not a tithe of what is required for agricultural or domestic purposes. Male servants, who can readily obtain 10s. or 12s. a day for a few hours easy employment, find a more agreeable way of making gold than by digging for it; and the settlers themselves, who at present make plenty of money by sending their vegetable productions to other golden regions, appear somewhat indifferent about obtaining a market and a return for their produce nearer home. With a little reflection, this indifference would surely disappear; for, as the time is already passed when some of the New Zealand provinces required assistance from others, the time will soon come when Australia will yield, in abundance, vegetable food for her population — be the increase of that population what it may. Socially, the presence of large numbers of gold diggers, with their attendant vices, may not add to the respectability of the (now) respectable inhabitants of New Zealand; but rich gold fields, with the appliance necessary to their immediate development, would (commercially) make the colony, in a few years, what, with or without other than her agricultural and pastoral gold fields, she ultimately will be—" the Great Britain of the southern hemisphere." But either in the rapid or gradual progress to that end, a large or moderate supply of labor is needed. Without the application of an extensive supply of labor, mineral treasures will remain concealed, even though their hiding places

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be discovered; and without a moderate supply of labor, the more homely fruits of agriculture will be neglected, or will at least fail to extend and multiply. Whether, therefore, the mineral treasures of New Zealand be great or little—confined to particular localities, or extending to all —labor is still wanted, and is, indeed, the great and almost only want of the colony. Beyond this fact, there remains but one question —how is that labor to be supplied ? We direct attention to the want, but cannot ourselves furnish it. The English press, however —capable of great things because worthy of great things —by calling public attention to the subject, may accomplish on an extended scale what we can only perform on a limited one. By the aid of the press the golden region of Victoria was first peopled; and by the same aid the still more golden region, because more favored climate of New Zealand may be populated. It requires some such power to direct the tide of emigration towards this comparatively unknown but incomparable colony. But any human power that may ultimately turn the tide in this direction will, if we mistake not, subsequently find itself powerless in stopping it. Labor is the only capital required by New Zealand. Assist her to this, and the boon will not remain unrequited, although your assistance will no longer be needed.

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BLACK BALL LINE OF PACKETS FROM LIVERPOOL TO NEW ZEALAND.

Liverpool merchants appear to be living types of a progressive age. They are owners not only of a fine fleet of ships, hut also of a most enterprising spirit; and if not actually in advance of the requirements of the time, they will assuredly not be found much in the rear. Certain lethargic old members of a fleeting class, who regard every innovation on ancient forms or exploded principles as a retrogade movement, may possibly view with amazement and horror these modern spirits of "express," and may condemn them as daring shoots of the fast, or Manchester school. Well; be the school in which they were tutored what it may, the graduates, by assisting to develop the resources of other countries, have tended in no small degree to the commercial advancement of their own. As pioneers, these gentlemen, with their floating palaces, have played an important part in conveying to the rich valleys and creeks of Victoria the innumerable actors who now figure on that golden region; and the announcement embodied at the head of these remarks is a visible sign that these same Liverpool merchants will not

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direct the spirit of their enterprise exclusively to the supply of labor for one colony, when another cries aloud for aid. Let us, at least, hope that their own success has been, and may continue to be, equal to their desert. In leading countless debutants across their boards, as a preliminary step to fortune, the conductors or promoters of the movement deserve to be, if they have not been, suitably rewarded.

Acting for one of the Provincial Governments of New Zealand, the respectable firm of Gladstone, Morrison and Co., of London, have made arrangements with James Barnes and Co. for the conveyance of one thousand emigrants. But we can state, on the best authority, that James Baines and Co., will continue to start (monthly) first class ships to all or nearly all the New Zealand settlements. Such a movement has been long wanted, and the want severely felt by the colony. Hitherto there has been no regular line, or rather no regular time of starting ships from England. Such or such a vessel is advertised to leave about such or such a date—which is no date at all. If the announcement has any definite meaning, it means when the vessel is full, or when the time of her departure may suit the convenience of the owners. To expatiate on the delay and uncertainty arising from this vicious system will be unnecessary, as the inconvenience thus caused both to shippers and passengers must be obvious.

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James Baines and Co. are about to remedy the evil, as the regularity of their line will insure either punctuality or commercial extinction elsewhere.

Note.—For the benefit of intending emigrants, we intended to hare given a statistical and detailed account of the rise and progress of the interesting province of Nelson; but in this, as in other provinces of New Zealand, we unfortunately trusted for local information to the volunteered services of others, instead of gleaning from various sources any scattered fragments of evidence for ourselves. The postal arrangements, however, between England and New Zealand are neither so expeditious nor so safe as to induce us to conclude, by the non-arrival of the expected papers, that such papers have not been sent. As there is room for doubt on the subject, our respected volunteers, rather than our readers, shall have the benefit of it.

WELLINGTON.

The province of Wellington has been so ably described, and the statistics of the settlement so recently compiled—although with a little of that partiality peculiar to this part of the colony—by a local government official, that, with the publication in this work of the leading features of the account, our own remarks will be few and brief: for while it would be impossible for us to furnish a more favorable picture of the province than the one in question, it will merely be necessary, for the information of our readers, to supply that sketch with one or two rather important omissions.

In a court of justice, an impartial judge may sometimes be heard informing a timid or reluctant witness that he is not bound to commit or criminate himself. In this respect, nations and provinces are no doubt entitled to a privilege possessed by the humblest of their citizens. It is therefere only right to suppose that the Wellington historian, whose account we shall publish, fairly

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recorded the feelings and wishes of the community, by remaining silent on a subject the proclamation of which would have been regarded by the inhabitants of the town as a serious crime. And by such an error the public commissioner would have abused his trust and misrepresented his constituents, by saying too much, and by truly representing the city instead of the citizens.

On the subject under consideration, the employé. performed his part with more discretion, if not with greater fairness than the employer. While the former remained silent on a disaster, the discussion of which might have proved injurious to the interests of the province, the latter gave publicity to the matter in a way which, if not intended, was certainly calculated not only to deceive strangers, but also to benefit Wellington at the expense of her neighbours, by leading foreigners to suppose the entire colony of New Zealand to be the victim of a periodical local disease, which, in reality, only seriously affects the province of Wellington.

Wellington is, and has been subject to severe shocks of earthquake, which occur with more or less severity at intervals of six or seven years. Slight shocks are frequently felt; and during our stay of six weeks in the province we experienced several of these gentle vibrations which, beyond a feeble or tremulous motion of the earth, in some instances scarcely perceptible, produce neither per-

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sonal inconvenience nor alarm. We believe that life and even personal property would have been secure from the effects of the severest of these convulsions, if proper precaution had been adopted in erecting wooden instead of brick houses; for although the majority are built of the lighter material, it is only in the latter where the loss has been severely felt. The last severe shock, which took place on the 23rd of January, 1855, destroyed property in the town to the amount of £20,000. The original proprietor and landlord of the hotel at which we were located during our stay in Wellington was we believe the only life lost on this occasion, although one or two persons of delicate health subsequently died of fright arising from the effects of the shock. Between this and the preceding earthquake of any serious importance there was an interval of about seven years, the previous one having taken place in 1848.

Patent as the foregoing facts are to every person in New Zealand, it being well known that the province of Wellington is the only one in the colony seriously affected by these convulsions of the earth, the leading men of the place, in their published manifestos, modestly admit that " New Zealand is subject to periodical or occasional shocks of earthquake"—thereby leading foreigners to suppose the colony and all parts thereof to be equally liable to the visitation, although, in reality, the other five settlements are as free from the

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danger as Greenwich or Gravesend. It is for the purpose of correcting a false impression in the minds of some of our English friends that our duty enforces a prominent notice of the subject.

Unfortunately, it is not on this subject only, but on nearly every other, that the great men of Wellington, either by attempting to disguise a bad position or by assuming a false one, provoke the merited censure of their neighbours; while, by ill-feeling and want of unity amongst themselves, they do more than their worst enemies could effect to retard the advancement and prosperity of their own province.

In little, as in great things, the Wellingtonians find it impossible to conceal their proverbial desire to benefit themselves at the expense of their brother colonists. As one case out of many, we may instance the production of a local work from which that able description of the province, which will herein appear, was extracted. The work is named or rather misnamed "The New Zealand Almanack;" and any one unacquainted with the country would, on looking over the book, reasonably pronounce Wellington the metropolis of the colony. While, as may be seen by the extract, no point is left untouched which could place more prominently before the public the leading features of this province; and while the work gives a brief review of three other settlements—Auckland, the seat of government, and the capital of the colony,

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and Taranaki, are thrown overboard altogether. Beyond giving the names of the officials, not & word is said about either of those provinces. Our readers can only imagine a parallel case, by supposing a work issued at St. Alban's, or some other third-rate town, entitled "The English Almanack and Gazetteer," giving a lengthy description of the town in which it is published, and a few others, but leaving London and Greenwich entirely out of the question.

The elements of respectable society are not wanting in this province, but those elements are divided and subdivided by so many under currents of "envy, hatred, and malice," that it would be next to impossible to find in any given number of the inhabitants that gentle concord and unity of action of which the atmosphere of good society and the key to social harmony are composed. The local press, which comprises a couple of newspapers, may be pronounced the worst conducted in the colony. Indeed the press and the acrimony of the people are typical of each other, while both are as bad as anything in a civilised country can be. The military, their friends, and a select few, are the only exceptions to the cross-grained group.

Apart from the terrestrial and social drawbacks we have enumerated, the province of Wellington shares in an equal degree the advantages of the other settlements. She possesses more and finer land than can be found in the province of Auck-

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land; and although not to be compared with the last-named settlement in a commercial point of view, her imports and exports are considerable; and her laborers, mechanics, merchants, and landowners, make as much money as that made by the inhabitants of any other part of the colony.

The following account will enable our readers to form a tolerably correct idea of the extent and resources of the province:—

"Wellington was founded in January, 1840, the first emigrant ship, the Aurora, having arrived on the 22nd of that month. It was the first settlement in New Zealand.

"Port Nicholson, as fine a harbor as any in the world, and the most central in New Zealand, was most judiciously chosen as the site of the settlement; judiciously not so much with a view to immediate progress, as to its ultimate importance among the settlements of the colony. The neighborhood of the harbor is rugged, and heavily timbered, affording, except in detached valleys (of which the Hutt is the largest and best) little land suitable for either agriculture or pasture. But at the distance of about forty miles on the N. E., and sixty miles on the N. W., commence some of the finest districts for both purposes in the whole colony; the Wairarapa valley extending from the head of Palliser Bay for sixty miles inland, and thence by a series of fertile plains to Hawke's Bay and the boundaries of the Taupo country, some one hundred and fifty miles further in the first direction; the Manawatu, Ranghitikei, and Wanganui districts in the other, offer as fine fields for settlement as any that human industry has ever reclaimed. Port Nicholson is the commercial depot for these vast districts of many million acres of fertile land, with a coast

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line of full four hundred miles. Its advantageous position in reference to the other settlements of the colony is apparent on a glance at the map. Its rapidly increasing revenue, imports, and exports, prove the impression which is being made on its back country, and foreshadow a future greatness for its commercial enterprise which will probably not be surpassed by that of any other port in the colony.

"The subsidiary settlement of Wanganui, within the province of Wellington, is fast growing into importance.

"Its fine river, navigable for good sized brigs and schooners, flowing through a tract of unbounded fertility, and now being connected with other districts of equal goodness, such as the Ranghitikei and Manawatu, by a government road, has already drawn a considerable population to it. The Wairarapa valley is fully occupied with sheep and cattle stations, and two small farm settlements have been established in this district, pioneers of the agricultural future of the valley. At Hawke's Bay, sheep stations are being rapidly formed, and the port town of Napier cannot fail before long to become a place of considerable importance

"As regards the Provincial Government of Wellington, everything has worked smoothly and well under the new Constitution. I. E. Featherston, Esq., M.D., who had earned the confidence of the public by a long and consistent political career, was elected Superintendent in July, 1853, without opposition. The elections for the Provincial Councils were held in August. On meeting the Council (which assembled on the 28th October), his Honor the Superintendent avowed his intention of adopting the principle of Responsible Government, and the gentlemen whom he appointed to his Executive Council were forthwith sent back to their constituents for re-election. The success of the experiment is admitted by all (even by those who

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originally opposed it) to have been complete, and to have established beyond a doubt the feasibility of working the machinery of Government on the responsible principle in any community however small.

"The legislation of the Council was generally of a useful and practical character, and only one measure (the Superintendent's Absence Act) was vetoed by the officer administering the Government. To Wellington and to its first Superintendent will belong the credit in the history of the colony of having been the first to establish the principle of Ministerial Responsibility. The Council was prorogued on the 17th of February to meet again on the 21st of November, 1854.

"So better test of the efficiency of the free institutions bestowed on the colony can be appealed to than the expenditure of the revenue. To take 1849 and about the middle of Governor Grey's administration, as a fair average year, it appears that in the northern province, with an estimated revenue of £30,000, no less than £28,000 was appropriated to official departments; only the contemptible balance of £2,000 being expended on public works or undertakings, and nothing whatever on immigration. Under the new Constitution the provincial revenue of Auckland for 1854, was estimated at £28,000, of which no less than £13,000 was appropriated to public works. In the Southern Province in 1849, the revenue was estimated at £28,000, of which all but £4,019 was expended on official departments. The provincial revenue of Wellington for 1854, under the new Constitution, was estimated at £18,000, and of this £8,950 was appropriated to public works and undertakings; and the revenue having greatly exceeded the estimates, nearly two-thirds of its amount have actually been expended on public works, or reserved to pay for the passages of assisted emigrants, of whom 280 have been sent for. During the latter years of absolute government all

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public works had ceased, or all but ceased in the colony. In the Wellington province alone, during last year, upwards of eleven miles of road, chiefly metalled, and for carriages were constructed; so forcible is the contrast between the results of self-government and colonial office rule. "

STATISTICS.

"The following statistical information relative to the province of "Wellington has been collected in part from the Census Returns of the province for the year 1855, as published, by direction of his honor the Superintendent, in the "Provincial Gazette" of the 26th September, 1855; and in part from other official documents to which the writer has been enabled to obtain access.

POPULATION.

"The total European, population of the province of Wellington, exclusive of the military and their families, amounted, at the commencement of the present year, to 8,124 souls; of whom 4,504 were males, and 3,620 females. In 1545, live years after the foundation of the settlement, the total population was 4,383; in the next five years it increased to 5,911; so that the population is now nearly double what it was in 1845, and nearly fifty per cent, higher than it was in 1850; the last five years having made an addition to the population of 2,213 souls.

AGRICULTURE.

"In 1845 there were under crop in the several districts in the settlement 1,244 acres; in 1850 the number had

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increased to 4,504¼ acres; and in 1855 to 10,530½ acres. We gather from this, that the amount of cultivated land in the province is more than double what it was in 1850; and as the price of agricultural produce has, in that period, doubled also, the market value of the agricultural produce of the province has been multiplied fourfold. The two small farm settlements, situate in the Valley of the Wairarapa, and distant about sixty miles from Wellington, are progressing favorably; and when the high road is completed to them, which it is fully expected will be the case in the course of the present summer, the agricultural wealth of those districts, and, in consequence, of the province, will be rapidly augmented. Under the amended land regulations, which are now in force, ample and suitable reserves for the sites of agricultural and small farm settlements arc to be made in every district, before the lands in such districts arc thrown open to general purchase; and whenever any reserve has been made for the site of a small farm settlement, a block of the adjacent land, to the extent of one third of the reserve will be annexed to it as common land, upon which, as well as upon all unsold lands within the reserve, every resident occupier will have a right of pasturage for a limited period. The lands of the province will continue to be disposed of at the price of 10s. per acre; but no land in these reserved blocks is to be sold until it has been accurately surveyed, allotted, and mapped. Any individual is competent to purchase as small a quantity as forty acres; and no allotment is to exceed 320 acres, or half a square mile in extent. The great drawback to the agricultural progress of the province, is the want of roads to convey the produce to market; but as these are now in rapid process of formation, and as 'Wellington furnishes a good market for all the productions of the soil, there can be no doubt but that the agriculture of the province will be ere long greatly extended.

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STOCK.

"In 1845 the total number of sheep in the settlement of Wellington was 12,002; in 1850 this number had increased to 42,652; and in 1855, the Returns give a total of 193,701 ; though there is reason to believe that this number has been considerably under-estimated. The Returns of Nelson, previous to those of the present year, always shewed that that province, in comparison with all others, possessed the largest number of sheep; hut a reference to the Returns for the year 1855, of the number of sheep in the provinces of Nelson and Wellington respectively, will shew that there are in the latter province 10,380 more sheep than in that of the former. In 1845, the number of horned cattle in this province was 2,298; in 1850 they had increased to 8,068 ; and in 1855 to 18,400. The Nelson Returns give 10,599 cattle for the year 1855; hut it will be seen that there are in this province nearly 8,000 more cattle than there are in that of Nelson. In 1845 Wellington possessed 260 horses; in 1850 they had increased to 909; and in 1855 the Europeans owned 1,608, exclusive of a very large number helonging to Maories. In 1845 the total live stock in the Wellington settlement amounted to 15,125; in 1850 to 52,828; in 1855 the total live stock belonging to Europeans alone amounted to 220,134, or exclusive of pigs, to 215,987. By far the largest number of sheep are in the Hawke's Bay and Wairarapa districts; there being in the former 80,869, and in the latter 74,373. The Wairarapa and WanganuiRanghitikei districts possess the largest number of horned cattle. The Hutt and Wanganui the largest number of horses.

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ELECTORAL DISTRICTS.

"The following table shows the total population, the resident qualified voters, the amount of live stock, and the quantity of land under crop in the five electoral districts of the province.

"The total number of voters on the Electoral Roll of the province amounts to 1858 ; the total number which appears on the printed roll for the year 1855-6 is 1896; but a number of persons whose names appear on the printed roll are either dead or have left the province. The difference between the number of persons resident in the several districts who are entitled to the franchise, and the number on the Electoral Roll, is owing in a great measure to one person in many cases being registered for several districts. The number of persons, however, who really possess the requisite qualification is much larger than is shewn by the above returns.

Electoral District. Total population. Residents entitled to the franchies. Live stock. Land under crop. Wellington City . . . . . . . . 3208 580 1,799 245¾ Wellington Country dis trict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216 238 20,390 4308J Wanganui-Ranghitikei do . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1057 183 25,582 2039¼ Hutt . . . . . . . . . . 1625 347 8,858 3555½ Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008 230 165,305 401¾ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Total . . . . . . . . 8124 1578 221,934 10.550½

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WELLINGTON.

IMMIGRATION.

"The Harbor Master's Returns for the year 1854 give an excess of Immigration over Emigration of 523 souls. Nearly 500 persons were introduced into the province in the beginning of the year 1855, by the Provincial Government, partly under the loan, and partly under the bounty system. In the year 1854, 319 souls arrived at the port of Wellington from Great Britain, and 697 from Australia. The total number of Immigrants in 1854 was 1055; but owing to the arrangements made by the Provincial Government, there is reason to believe that the number this year will be much greater.

EDUCATION.

"The Returns give 2153 of the population as unable to read; 1176 who can read only; and 4705 who can read and write; but there can he no doubt that the number of this latter class has been considerably over-estimated. The total number unable to write is 3329, from which, if we deduct the population under seven years of age—1998 — the total number above seven who are unable to write will he 1331; hut this will be below the real amount by the number under seven who are able both to read and write. There is too much reason to fear, unless the Government vigorously takes up the matter, and meets in its efforts with the co-operation of the settlers, that while the returns will annually exhibit an enormous increase in the resources and material wealth of the province, the education of the people, and the educational establishments of the province, will be left miserably in the rear.

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EXPORTS.

"The province of Wellington can now boast of three ports of entry, viz.—Wellington, Wanganui, and Napier. The following returns of exports of New Zealand produce are from the port of Wellington only, the approximate value of which last year was £78,494 2s. 6d. The wool exported from Wellington in the year 1854, was 622,384lbs., valued at £38,447 2s. 10d; potatoes, 1242 tons, valued at £13,645 19s.; sawn timber, 734,249 feet, valued at £4,734 5s.; flour, 111 tons, 9 ewt., valued at £3,617; butter, 70,262lbs., valued at £4,992 Os. 2d.; oil, 46½ tuns, valued at £2,496; oats, 6454 bushels, valued at £2,652 16s.; rope and cordage, 47 tons, 16 cwt, valued at £2,664 15s.; and cheese, valued at £694 2s. 8d. The total estimated value of the exports from the province of Wellington in the year 1854, amounted to £83,547 2s. 5d. The total shipping entered outwards at the port of Wellington last year, amounted to sixtythree, of 15,021 tons, and 757 men. The far greater portion of the exports of Wellington are sent either to Sydney or Melbourne. Even in the article of wool little more than one third is sent from that port direct to London. The value of the exports of Wellington is now four times greater than it was in 1848.

THE LAND.

"The amount of the available land of the province, over which the native title has been already extinguished, may be estimated, in round numbers, at 3,000,000 acres; of which, in round numbers, 300,000 acres have been alienated; leaving 2,700,000 acres now available for pasturage

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or agriculture. Under the original scheme of the Company, 120,900 acres of land were sold at Wellington and Wanganui, of which 92,900 acres were bought by absentees, and only 28,000 acres by residents. Scrip, in 1853, had been issued to absentees to the amount of 47,000 acres, and to residents to the amount of 46,000 acres. From June 1847, to the 4th March, 1853, there was scarcely any land disposed of in the province either by the company or the Crown. Since the new land regulations came into operation, which reduced the price to 10s. an acre, viz.—from the 4th March, 1853, to the 31st December, 1854, the total quantity of Crown lands sold amounted to 119,726¼ acres. That is, in the Wellington district 13,277½ acres were sold. At Wanganui, 19,009¾. At Ranghitikei and Turakina 34,355. In the Wairarapa and East Coast 32,234, exclusive of that sold by the Land Commissioner in the Hawke's Bay district. In these sales nearly £50,000 worth of scrip, representing 50,000 acres, were absorbed; and £38,793 received in cash by the Crown Land Commissioner.

REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE.

"The revenues of the province consist of Customs' Receipts, of the proceeds of the Land Sales, and of the incidental receipts, such as Licenses, Fees, &c., &c. Of the revenue derived from the two first mentioned sources the General and Provincial Governments each, under existing arrangements, receives half; the receipts from all other sources of revenue are paid into the provincial chest. The gross customs' receipts of the year 1855 may be estimated, in round numbers, at £30,000. The net customs' receipts were estimated by the Provincial Government at that amount; but the high prices which have been obtained for bread, meat, and fuel, and the other chief necessaries of

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life, have diminished the funds which would have been otherwise expended in the purchase of duty paying articles. The total ordinary revenue of the province for the year 1855 will most probably amount to £30,000, and the territorial revenue to £8,000; the total income of the province for the year 1855 will thus be £38,000. The civil expenditure of the province for the current year will amount to about £12,000; leaving £26,000, or more than twothirds of the whole revenue of the province, to be expended on immigration, roads, bridges, and other works of public utility."

There is stationed in Wellington a considerable detachment of H.M. 65th Regiment. The presence of this fine body of men (with an excellent band) occasionally enliven an otherwise exceedingly dull and uninteresting town.

Note.—To Mr. James Gray, of Melbourne, who has made himself acquainted with most parts of New Zealand, and who is the owner of no inconsiderable portion of land in the colony, we were indebted for a graphic and highly interesting sketch of Wanganui, the finest and most flourishing district in the Wellington province. But, by the unaccountable loss or absence of that paper, (with others) we are prevented for the present from placing the details before our readers.

CANTERBURY.

Had we to name one of the divisions of New Zealand in which to fix on some spot for our future home —next to Nelson, and as a settlement whose rapid and fruitful growth gives promise of early greatness, we should select the province of Canterbury.

The progress made here since the foundation of the settlement (about six years since) is truly surprising. In the infant stage of a settlement, and in the early development of rising importance, as an agricultural and pastoral district, no other part of the colony has displayed greater foresight, intelligence, and vigour, than Canterbury. Probably neither of the other settlements, on their formation, could boast of similar advantages with regard to capital, &c. At the same time, Canterbury has turned every point in her favor to the best account; and, like her well-educated and intelligent sons, she promises at no distant period to obtain and dispense some of those substantial

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prizes peculiar to the colony, which will enable her children to cultivate elsewhere, if not here, that flower of the mind that may lead to fruitful prizes of a still higher order.

Lyttleton, which takes its name from its excellent harbor, is the seaport or commercial town of Canterbury, while Christchurch, the capital of the province, which is separated by a lofty range of hills, and at a distance of about seven miles from the port, is at present the chief or only town in an agricultural district, which altogether contains about 4,000,000 of acres, two-thirds of which are immediately available for agricultural and pastoral purposes.

Canterbury plains, in extent, differ from any other part of New Zealand. They comprise about 3,000,000 acres of level or nearly level land, nearly the whole of which is of the very best description. The plain is about 130 miles in length, and in some parts 40 miles in width. In 1853 the population of the province numbered about 4,000, and, judging by the increase of 704 immigrants for the year just ended, the population at present may be roughly estimated at six, or between six and seven thousand. But the difficulty we experienced in obtaining statistical information from the local authorities, proves a barrier to that exactness at which we have invariably endeavoured to arrive.

Had we been furnished with information re-

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specting this province equal to our desire to obtain it, or to the facilities possessed by others for affording it; or had the promised assistance of volunteers reached us before our departure, it would have given us much pleasure in supplying our English friends with a more interesting and minute account of a settlement which, ere long, will rank with any in New Zealand. But on applying to the all-important superintendent of the province for statistical information, his honor majestically observed, —"I have not time to give the required information, nor am I in favor of any book on the colony by a stranger ; but if a work were needed on the province of which I am the head, the superintendent himself is the only person qualified for its production." Such observations were not then considered, nor do we now deem them, worthy a reply —beyond wishing the settlers well of one whose persuasive eloquence and refined blarney induced a majority of voters to repose, for a season, an important trust to a no less important individual.

Every word in the following interesting account —taken from "Chambers's Papers for the People" —with reference to the capabilities of the land, &c, in New Zealand, we, from our own personal observations, readily indorse. But without such attestation, the respectable source from whence the account originates is a sufficient guarantee for the truth thereof:—

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"The fecundity of the earth is wonderful: it springs easily into cultivation. Some small tracts have only a slight layer of mould lying on a rocky, untractable substratum, but even here the verdure thrives thick and rank. Sandy flats, which in regions less profusely irrigated would be naked and valueless, are here speedily overgrown, while the salt spray of the sea showering upon the green mantle that in some parts overlays the islands to the water's edge, does it no injury.

"In this mild and agreeable climate man attains old age without pain, nor is he compelled ever to be on his guard against the influences of the weather. During three-fourths of the year the settler in the neighbourhood of Cook's Strait may sleep with his bedroom window open; but when violent winds and showers prevail, a small fire is by no means a superfluous luxury, especially as the colonists' residences are very often no more than partially wind-and-water-tight. With the exception of these intervals, occupation under the open sky is before all others the most healthy and pleasant. The luxuriant vegetation, the everlasting green of the trees and pastures, the atmosphere so transparent that objects can be discerned at an amazing distance, the varying tints of the sky, with the picturesque landscapes afforded by the harmonious mingling of hills, plains, lakes, and woods—all these delight the eye, and kindle the animal spirits. Herds and flocks may wander unhoused at all seasons of the year without excess of wet or bitter frosts to injure them.

"Every climate of course has its incidental diseases; and in New Zealand the humidity causes sometimes ulcers, boils, abscesses, and eruptive affections, which, however, never assume a malignant character, and disappear without medical aid. Among the natives, from various causes foreign to the climate, carbuncles occur. The Europeans, when acclimatised, may be all but sure of health. Inflammatory

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complaints, strictly so called, are unknown; they almost always assume, when their symptoms do appear, the form of catarrh, No endemic disease exists. Influenza and croup occasionally appear as epidemics, and with careless people rheumatism is not uncommon. But, on the whole, no country on the earth is more salubrious. We do not find in it, as a traveller has observed, the bilious planter of the East or West Indies, or the aguish settler in the forests and on the river banks of South America. There are no epidemic or endemic fevers, as in the East and West Indies, and parts of the United States; no ague, no dreary winters, as in Canada; no hot winds, long droughts, conflagrations, snakes, and vermin, as in Australia. The pure air, continually in motion, invigorates the frame and buoys up the mind. Invalids rapidly recover. The thermal springs in. the North Island indeed, with the attractive scenery and delightful atmosphere, present it as a healthy and picturesque place of sojourn, for those who have worn down their constitution in the dangerous climates of the East.

"The value of New Zealand consists rather in its soil, its climate, its position, and its commercial capabilities, than in its natural productions. The indigenous fruits of the earth are few, and not important; while those that have been introduced render it one of the richest countries in the world. It does not yield, indeed, spices or camphor, or all the luscious delicacies of the Oriental orchard; but it affords the growths of Europe, and that which will purchase from the neighbouring East every rarity its inhabitants could desire to enjoy. Besides the mineral treasures we have noticed, it contains others most valuable to the English settler—abundance of water, timber, coal, lime, and stone of various kinds, the chief materials of industry. The soil is variously distributed over the surface of the country, supporting, as we have already remarked, various classes of indigenous vegetation. On the banks of streams

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among the hilly tracts, a deep, rich, alluvial mould prevails, and in some of the valleys—that of the Hutt in Wellington District in particular—a pure black or brown sandy loam lies in a stratum so thick as to appear inexhaustible. Wherever dense forests exist, the same soil abounds. When the woods are cleared from parts covered only by a thin layer, this is often washed away by the rains, leaving nothing but a cold, clayey earth fit only for pasturage. To illustrate the effect, however, of climate or weather upon the soil, it may be mentioned that this, which is spread over the drier, hilly, and undulating districts, when well turned over, and subjected to the influence of the atmosphere, becomes extremely fertile. In other respects the same influence is remarkable. Sandy strips of land, which from their nature would in many other countries remain sterile and naked, are here by the natives planted with potatoes very successfully; stony hills, most impracticable in appearance, flourish with abundant crops of that nutritious vegetable.

"One great drawback, nevertheless, to the agricultural capabilities of New Zealand is the fact, that even in the richest valleys or plateaus, where the forests have been cleared, the waters wash away the upper soil, laying bare the less liberal clay; but an improved system of husbandry, with the judicious rotation of crops, the use of proper fertilising appliances, and, above all, the careful regulation of the water-flow by drainage, all such inconvenience can be remedied: such at least is the opinion of well-informed residents in the group. Industry can afford, however, to be vigorous in its exertions when the soil is so ready to reward it.

"We may now approach the subject of the natural and acquired wealth of the province, and here its peculiar character should be remembered. We shall find it possessing many of the characteristics which Adam Smith pointed out

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with respect to England, and Sir Stamford Raffles, with modifications, in reference to Java. It is an agricultural, pastoral, and mineral country. First among the productions of the soil we may reckon timber, which in regions destined, as Lord John Russell once said, to give laws to a great part of the southern hemisphere, deserves to be considered as of great importance. The indigenous trees tower, many of them, to a prodigious height, producing timber in unequalled perfection — some close-grained, heavy, and durable, for domestic and public architecture; some fit for ship-building ; others hard, light, of fine texture, and elegantly veined for cabinet-work, and others indeed for every variety of purpose : the white, yellow, and red pine— the last with leaves like ostrich plumes; the totara, a reddish wood, with roots that take a beautiful polish; and many others, not known in Europe, which it would be useless minutely to describe. Some of the timber-trees bear fruit; others rich clusters of flowers, like the purple honeysuckle; others leaves like the myrtle, and blossoms with crimson petals and golden stamina. One produces leaves, affording a fragrant beverage resembling tea. All are in immense variety and abundance, yielding materials for every kind of work. Beautiful furniture has been made in Edinburgh and London from some of these finely-grained, hard-textured, brilliantly-polished woods, several of which yield rich dyes, while others emit a grateful perfume. Among the trees which have been introduced are the oak, the ash, the horse-chestnut, the Spanish chestnut, the walnut, and several species of the mimosa. They appear to thrive well; but the experiment is not yet sufficiently mature to decide on the quality of the timber in its full development.

"Equally important with the timber is the native flax of New Zealand, a peculiar plant, of which ten or twelve varieties have been found—some in the low marshes, others

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NEW ZEALAND.

on the surface of rich alluvial plains, others on hill-sides barren of everything else. The largest kind has leaves ten or twelve feet in height, and tapering from three or five inches to a point. These never lie open, hut are folded in a graceful curve, like huge eccentric sea-shells. Bunches of flowers grow from the stem with purple chalices full to the brim of a delicious syrup. Though it grows wild everywhere, it must be planted and cultivated with care, to bo made available for manufacturing purposes. Fifty or sixty fern-plants exist in New Zealand. Their roots once formed an important article of food with the natives; but since the settlement of Europeans, so many materials of subsistence superior to them have been introduced, that the lordly Maories have abandoned to the wild hogs this humble provision, together with the root of the bulrush. From an edible pulp contained in the stem of one variety the early colonists used to make a very respectable imitation of apple-tart. The fruit of one shrub, called tutu, affords the natives an insipid but harmless wine; the seeds, however, are poisonous, and at particular seasons the leaves highly injurious to cattle. A few indigenous grasses occur, all of them perennial; but the scrub-flax and fern occupy the wide plains and slopes, where myriads of sheep and cattle might find pasture. An indigenous anise-seed grows in many parts, greatly improving the flesh of the animals feeding on it. European grasses, however, spread rapidly, and the native species promise soon to be altogether extinguished.

"Like Australia, therefore, New Zealand is on the whole poor in natural vegetable growths. Only one indigenous fruit of any importance is known—the kiekie, a parasitical plant, bearing a cucumber-shaped fruit, said to come to perfection only once in three years. Poor as it is, however in this respect, the country now possesses almost every vegetable produced in Great Britain, with many others

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transplanted from the exhaustless soil of the East. Captain Cook, it is believed introduced potatoes more than seventy years ago: new varieties have been added from time to time to improve the quality. The root flow thrives in great perfection, and the natives subsist principally upon it. In the poorer soils two crops are annually obtained. During the prevalance of the California gold-fever, speculators in "Wellington bought large quantities of this vegetable for £5 a ton, shipped them, and sold them at San Francisco with a profit of 700 per cent.! A small sweet potato is also grown, and a small but delicious yam, which some suppose was brought by the Maories when they came to New Zealand from their original country, undetermined by ethnographers, in Polynesia. Maize was introduced before the islands were systematically colonised, and flourishes in great abundance except near Wellington, and in some of the more southern districts, where there is scarcely sufficient hot weather to ripen it. Melons, pumpkins, gourds, and others of the same class, wild oats, yellow trefoil, and other grasses, now prevail plentifully, affording abundant subsistence to man and the creatures which minister to his necessities. Every sort of grain known in Europe, with its numerous varieties, has been introduced. Wheat from an Egyptian mummy has been sown with great increase, and the black-bearded wheat with solid straw, so plentiful in the south of Spain. The corn grown in the Valley of the Hutt is of a quality so fine that it might be exported with advantage even to England. Its straw is nearly six feet high, and it yields an average of from forty-five to fifty bushels per acre. The ordinary qualities thrive to rich perfection in the alluvial valleys, and along the borders of streams where a fine soil prevails.

"Oats are cultivated as much for the straw as the grain. Two crops of oaten straw are frequently cut in the course of a single year—the first yielding four tons and a half per acre. Hops and barley grow in great profusion, and if

z

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industriously cultivated would prove of immense importance to the colony. Free as the climate is from injurious electrical phenomena, and abounding as the islands do with pure wholesome water, they might supply Australia, India, and South America with malt liquor, of which it is calculated more than 100,000 barrels are annually exported from England. The moderately rich soil on the hill slopes is best adapted to this description of husbandry. As we have already said, almost every grass in the pastures of Great Britain has been introduced into New Zealand. Twentyfive species mingle on the Hawkshead Plains in "Wellington District, carpeting them with a soft, beautiful covering, where herds of sleek cattle and thickly-fleeced sheep fatten all the year. When the curing of flesh for exportation to the neighbouring regions is undertaken on a large scale, this branch of husbandry will prove of eminent importance, and every emigrant carrying out good seed will be a benefactor to the colony.

"Clover, saintfoin, trefoils of various kinds, vetches' tares, lupines, lucerns, beans, peas, buckwheat, lintseed, mustard, rapeseed, and mangel-wurzel thrive extremely well; and though coriander, caraway, and cress—which grow so abundantly on the fertile hundreds of Essex—have hitherto been neglected in New Zealand, they would no doubt afford an ample profit to the proprietors of land in the alluvial districts.

"In the vegetable garden we find peas, broad beans, French beans, cauliflowers, carrots, turnips, broccoli, potatoes, celery, cucumbers, strawberries, tomatos, radishes, lettuces, parsnips, beet-root, spinach, onions, asparagus, sea-kale, artichokes, cardoons, rhubarb, capsicums; indeed everything of the kind grown in Great Britain.

"Picottees, carnations, geraniums, polyanthuses, primroses, cowslips, crocuses, tulips, hyacinths, roses, pinks, pansies, dahlias, balsam, China asters, peonies, honeysuckle,

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violets, and almost all other European flowers flourish richly; and in December no sight can be more beautiful than the bloom of a New Zealand garden.

"The orchard contains plums, apples, pears,figs, peaches, nectarines, grapes, currants, the common gooseberry, quinces, filberts, raspberries, apricots, cherries, and the Cape gooseberry—a wholesome, pleasant fruit, whether raw, cooked, or preserved, which thrives like a weed wherever it is introduced. The banana, and a few others of an Oriental character, form immense orchards. Many fruits which are annual in England are biennial, or even perennial, in New Zealand ; while others which we delicately rear in the hothouse, grow there vigorously in the open air. If the flowergarden be managed well it will shew a fine bloom all the year round. Geraniums, as in Portugal, take the shape of shrubs ; hedges even are formed of them; and if the varieties are judiciously mixed, this beautiful fence of verdure will throughout all the season be spangled with bright flowers. Considerable plantations of tobacco have been raised by the natives; but the manufacture of it, oven for consumption among themselves, has not yet been attempted by the colonists.

"If Australia bo poor in the animal creation, New Zealand is still more so. No beasts or reptiles native to its soil, except bats and lizards, are found upon it. In the neighbouring seas, however, abound those mammalia which crowd all parts of the Pacific Ocean—the sperm, the humpback, the fin-back, the pike-headed, the large-tipped, and the black whale, frequent its coasts, and their capture for the valuable oil and bone, afforded to the early colonists their most adventurous and profitable occupations. Seals of numerous kinds formerly abounded in Cook's Strait and off the shores of Middle Island, but the sealers since 1827 have nearly exterminated them: this has doubtless been through an inconsiderate plan of fishery; for by judicious arrange-

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meats, leaving the seals in breeding seasons unmolested, this source of profit might have been perpetuated. The conger-eel, sole, plaice, and flounder, inhabit the waters, with an infinite variety of others unknown to Europe —a kind of shark or dog-fish, some like the cod, others the doree, others the mullet. Immense fisheries might be established, especially as salt is easily procured by evaporation; and a large and lucrative market is offered among the Roman Catholics of the west coast of America, of Manilla, and of Australia.

"Several kinds of birds are indigenous to the woods and neighbouring waters of New Zealand—among them a gigantic albatross, the oyster-catcher, the bittern, the kingfisher, cormorant, quail, wild-duck, mocking or parson bird, parrots, paroquets, woodhen, pigeon, and others; some of them with superb plumage. There have been introduced peafowl, pheasants, turkeys, geese, ducks, common fowl, Guinea-fowl, canaries, and bullfinches. The varieties kept in cages for their song are continually increased by the favorites which emigrant families carry out with them.

"A degenerate mongrel-breed of dogs exists in the islands. It was probably introduced by the early voyagers, and is used by the natives in the chase of the wild-hog. The skins of those with silky white hair are made into garments by some of the wilder Maorie tribes, and tufts from them adorn their spears. Bulldogs, kangaroo-dogs— a mixture of greyhound and mastiff —Scotch deer-hounds, German boar-hounds, Scotch colly sheep-dogs, Newfoundlands, terriers, and spaniels, thrive well, and are rapidly multiplying. It is remarkable that distemper and hydrophobia have been hitherto unknown among the dogs of New Zealand. Horses are already supplied in considerable numbers to New South Wales, and a swift, strong, hardy breed is furnished to the cavalry regiments in India. Cattle have been introduced from Australia and Van Diemen's Land, as

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well as some Devon bulls and cows. Beef and pork might be cured in great quantities, to supply the whaling and trading ships. Goats are still few. Sheep will probably furnish at no distant time one of the most important articles of export. The country is peculiarly well adapted to them, even more so than the neighbouring pastures of New Holland. In New South "Wales the average weight of a fleece is two pounds and a half; in New Zealand it is from three to four pounds. Few burrs exist, and the wool is silky, long, and fine. The annual increase is from 90 to 100 per cent. Cats, rats, mice, pigs, asses, mules, locusts, caterpillars, ants, centipedes, spiders, flies, mosquitos, and maggots, enter into the animal kingdom of New Zealand. In the native villages or pahs, where the people are dirty, vermin abound, as they do in all communities distinguished by habits of uncleanliness. Colonisation has introduced also besides some insects not particularly valuable, others extremely useful to the settlers; among the most important are bees. In New Zealand the months make little difference to this valuable insect. The bee-keeper is often overwhelmed by the multitude of swarms. The land may indeed be one day overstocked, but such is not yet the case, and the quantity of honey yielded is amazing. A single swarm was, in the summer of 1843-44, placed in a good situation, near an extensive flowery tract of woodland. In September 1844, it yielded 30 lbs. of honey; in 1845, 205 lbs.; in 1846, 721 lbs.; and in 1847, 1211 lbs.; or altogether, 2167 lbs. in four years. Hollow trees are very numerous in the woods: these are quickly occupied by the industrious little colonists whose industry is so beneficial to the country. With all these natural advantages, without extending our speculations to others still to be discovered, we may without hesitation assert that New Zealand possesses every qualification which it can require to become one of the most prosperous and noble provinces of the British empire."

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In our description of Kelson, most of our remarks in reference to society in that charming province, may be applied with equal force to this settlement. The majority of the inhabitants here are exceedingly kind and hospitable, while in point of education and intelligence they are superior to those in every other part of New Zealand, the province of Nelson not excepted.

In civilised communities, nothing perhaps marks more strongly a distinction in the grade or scale of society, or denotes more immediately the amount of refinement of any particular class, than a taste for music, and the character of music for which that taste is displayed and cherished.

In Canterbury, as in Nelson, a refined taste for music is at once discernible. Although this young settlement cannot at present boast of a large number of instrumentalists—excepting, of course, the fair sex —the "Lyttelton Choral Society" is an honor to the pretty town whose name it bears, while the talented performances of the society confer equal honor on the able and indefatigable leader, to whose training, patience, and perseverance, the efficiency of the members may be attributed. We had the honor of being present, with the Governor and suite, at a performance given by the "Lyttelton Choral Society." At the conclusion of that performance, and as a just return for the pleasure it afforded those present, his Excellency personally and publicly compli-

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mented Mr. McArthur on the proficiency and talent displayed by his fair pupils, the majority of whom, as our readers may suppose, were ladies.

Here also, as in Nelson, may be found another sure indication of a respectable community. " The press is a mirror by which the prominent features of a people are represented," says a modern writer. We have certainly obtained by our observations in New Zealand, a striking confirmation of this doctrine. "The Lyttelton Times," and "The Nelson Examiner," are the only respectably conducted newspapers in the entire colony; and the inhabitants of the provinces represented by those journals are unquestionably superior in every respect to those in the other settlements. There is, however, a newspaper published in Christchurch which must not be included in our general verdict, as our stay in that part of the Canterbury settlement did not enable us to form an opinion on the subject. But we may fairly presume, from the respectability of the inhabitants by which that journal is surrounded, that the honorable exceptions to which we have referred may be increased by the addition of one.

To Mr. Shrimp ton, the talented editor and proprietor of "The Lyttelton Times," we are indebted for the following summary of events, published in his paper of December 29, 1855: —

"The fifth anniversary of the foundation of this settlement slipped away in the midst of the excitement of a general election, without affording us an opportunity of

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noticing, as is our custom on such occasions, the degree of progress made by the settlement during the proceeding year. All the principal occurrences are so fresh in the reccollcetion of our readers that we need not allude to them at length; we will merely notice the prominent changes which have taken place.

"The important alteration in the constitution of the provincial legislature has been very successful. The enlarged Council of twenty-four members has met twice during the year, and has enacted several useful and necessary laws. It is not, of course, possible that twenty-four men could assemble anywhere, for any purpose, without wasting a considerable amount of time in useless talk. The Provincial Council has its share of talkers; but the general good sense of the House tends to discourage would-be-orators. The most important business transacted during the past year by the Council, has been the settlement of the affairs with the Canterbury Association, and the framing of a set of land regulations. We have so often enlarged upon the first of these questions when it was under discussion, that we need not do more than allude to it now. The manner in which accounts were closed between the Canterbury Association and the province must be gratifying to that body after the unscrupulous and undiscriminating attacks which have been made upon them. As to the latter question, there are few, we suppose, who do not look upon the land regulations as a make shift, in default of larger powers of dealing independently with the Crown lands for the benefit of the province. The first draft was disallowed by his Excellency; of the fate of the second, the province is now anxiously expecting to hear.

"With respect to the revenue, we are not able now to enter into particulars, as the financial year does not end until the 31st of March. Notwithstanding all the untoward circumstances which have tended to decrease the

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balance available for the use of the province, we have nevertheless been very prosperous. Immigration and public works, the two great drains upon the treasury, have not been checked during the year. The prospect for the future is more doubtful; but we do not despair of seeing a satisfactory arrangement of the financial questions of the colony come to during the next session of the General Assembly. At the end of last year there was a balance of about £22,000 (in round numbers) in the provincial treasury; at the close of this month there will not be above £2,000 or £3,000. The difference has been spent for the most part on immigration and public works; the ordinary revenue having covered (in or about) the ordinary expenditure. We do not take the late payments from the Land Department into account, as they do not do much more than cover the advances which have been necessary to meet the first year's interest on the Canterbury Association's debentures.

"The total exports for eleven months of the year, being bona fide the produce of this province, amount to a value of £40,000. We give below a detailed account compiled from Custom House records.

"The Sumner road will soon bo open from the Ferry to the Shag Rock; a banking has been cut the whole way into Lyttelton, such that a horseman need not dismount between Christchurch and Lyttelton on the track of the new road. Even the partial completion of the Sumner road will tend to improve the state of communication between the port and the plains.

"The arrival of a coasting steamer has done more towards inter-communication than anything else. We are glad to be able to state at the close of the year that the experience wo have already had of the "Alma" leads us to look forward to the speedy establishment of a successful line of trading steamers between the port and the plains.

"The visit of the Bishop of New Zealand has gone far to

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put Church affairs on a more satisfactory footing. His lordship expressed his confidence in the sufficient endowment of the bishopric of Christchurch, and we may hope that the petition of the churchmen in the province that the Rev. H. Harper may be at once appointed, will meet with immediate attention, hacked as it is by the recommendation of Bishop Selwyn.

"Want of space compels us to conclude. We would willingly have enlarged upon several topics of interest—such as the change in the composition of the Executive Council; the local contributions to the Patriotic Fund; the survey of the bar by Captain Drury, of H.M.S. Pandora; the establishment of a Savings' Bank at Lyttelton; the largo and steady increase in the cultivation on the plains and in the bays; and many other subjects immediately connected with the province. We may, however, congratulate our readers upon the fact, that every thing around us denotes prosperity, and that there is not an individual in the province, who has exerted himself in agriculture, sheep-farm-ing, or in business, who is not far better off now than he was twelve months ago.

IMMIGRATION. "The Returns give a total of 704 persons who have immigrated to this province during the past year, from the following places:—

From Great Britain .. .. 543

New South Wales .. .. .. 126

Van Dieman's Land .. .. .. 35

Total 704

"This number was classified as follows: —adult males, 358; adult females, 191; children, 155.

"Three vessels arrived in this province during the past year direct from England, viz., the Grasmere, with 107 immigrants; Caroline Agnes, with 186; and the Cashmere, with 146."

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AN ACCOUNT SHEWING THE QUANTITIES AND ESTIMATED VALUE OF THE GOODS (BEING BONA FIDE THE PRODUCE OF THIS PROVINCE), EXPORTED During the period from the 1st January, to the 30th November, 1855, (inclusive), distinguishing' Goods sent Coastwise from those Exported to the Neighbouring Colonies.

Compiled from Custom House Records.

Articles Exported. Coastwise. Sydney. Melbourne. Total. Valve. £ s. d. Ale and Beer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 gals. - 108 gals. 10 16 0 Bacon and Hams . . . . . . . . . . . . 902lbs. - - 209 lbs. 45 15 0 Butter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,720 lbs. 1,568 lbs. 3,024 lbs. 11,312 lbs. 707 0 0 Carrots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 3 tons. 3 tons. 15 0 0 Cheese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,720 lbs. 10,955 lbs. 14,100 lbs. 73,775 lbs. 3,688 15 0 Corn and Grain, viz., Barley .. 1,719 bush. 463 bush. 524 bush. 2,706 bush. 711 16 0 Bran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 „ 524 „ 1,062 „ 1,697 „ 83 7 0 Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,441 „ 3,008| „ 3,051 „ 9,500* „ 2,612 12 9 Sharps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 „ 80 „ 92 „ 11 10 0 Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,829 „ — 859 bush. 3,688 „ 2,212 16 0 Grass Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140„ — — 140 „ 21 0 0 Firewood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 cords. 5 cords. — 17 cords 25 10 0 Flour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26½tons. — 1 ton. 27½ tons. 1,015 0 0 Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 gals. — — 200 gals. 50 0 0 Onions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 2,464 lbs. 2,464 lbs. 41 1 4 Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . - - 1 case. 1 case. 10 0 0 Potatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128½ tons. 135 tons. 590¾ tons. 854¼ tons. 6,834 0 0 Stone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 blocks. — — 16 blocks. 3 0 0 Timber, sawn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,100 ft. 50,000 ft — 55,100 ft. 551 0 0 Wool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,448 lbs. 399,308 lbs. — 427,756 lbs. 21,387 16 0 ------ Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . £40,037 15 1

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NEW ZEALAND.

Between the province of Canterbury and Otago, at a distance (by water) of about sixty miles from Lyttelton, and in the Canterbury settlement, is the beautiful harbor of Akaroa, at the inner part of which, and at the base of a lofty range of hills, the small town stands.

The inhabitants of Akaroa comprise only a few English and French families, some natives, and a solitary Russian. At, or before, the period when New Zealand was declared a British dependency, a French band of explorers landed here with the intention of taking possession of the island. But a duly commissioned English officer arrived just in time to proclaim his authority and defeat the intention of our (now) worthy allies.

In a commercial point of view, the place is of little importance, being completely cut off from the Canterbury plains by a continuous range of lofty mountains. The Governor of New Zealand, on his first trip (by steamer) round the colony, being anxious to see this place, we availed ourselves of an opportunity which but seldom occurs —of visiting a spot with which the communication from other parts is not of frequent occurrence.

The visitors, however, on this occasion, were amply rewarded for their trip. While the harbor is one of the finest and most romantic in the colony, the scenery around is beautiful in the extreme; and the luxuriant foliage of the various trees by which the surrounding gardens are

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349

studded, together with the variegated flowers, and the great abundance and perfection of every kind of fruit, render the place one of the most charming retreats that could well be imagined. Were it possible to make a road hence to Christchurch, Akaroa would be to Canterbury what Brighton is to London—a delightful watering place.

LYTTELTON COAST DIRECTORY.

"PORT VICTORIA, OR PORT COOPER.

Latitude of Godley Head . . . .43° 35' 52" S.

Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172° 48' 20" E.

Lat. of Well on Norwich Quay 43° 36' 42" S.

Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172° 45' 47" E.

High water F. and c., 4 hours 30 minutes. Springs rise 6 feet and a-half.

"This excellent harbor is situated in the north-west angle of Banks' Peninsula, having a common entrance with Port Levy or Albert.

"The entrance is about two miles wide, between Godley Head on the north-west and the south-east head.

"Adderley Head, between the two harbors, lies back from the other two.

"The course up Port Victoria is about south-west by west half-west by compass; the width between Adderley and Godfrey Heads is about a mile, with deep water close to on either hand, till within view of the town on the north shore, when vessels should anchor in three to three and a-half fathoms. There is good anchorage outside, in case

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of calms or southerly weather, soundings from seven to ten fathoms, extending four or five miles from the shore.

"In approaching the harbor from the north, Mount Herbert, the highest peak of the peninsula, is a leading mark; Port Cooper lying to the westward or landward side of it. On a nearer approach, Mount Cavendish, the highest peak on the north side of the harbor is easily distinguished, being bluff towards the port, and sloping off gradually to the low land of the plain. It has a small signal staff on its summit, and a house in front of a patch of wood a little way down the north-cast face. Under the peak, Godley Head is distinguished as a bluff cliff about 100 feet high. Cooper's Knobs, at the head of the harbor, are two or three remarkable round, wooded, over-hanging peaks, and form a good mark for steering up the harbor, with Ward's farmhouse on Quail Island under them.

"Vessels coming from the southward, after rounding the peninsula, should keep close along the land until they open out the two harbors, Port Cooper trending nearly due west, and Port Levy nearly due south. There are no dangers, except the reefs close to the different points.

"Immediately after entering, between Adderley and Godley Heads, the first bay to the south is Simeon Bay, or Little Port Cooper, a safe berth in case of too strong a south-west wind for boating up. The first houses seen on the north shore are in Gollan's Bay, one of the usual landing places for stock. Nearly opposite is Camp Bay, another place also used for landing stock, but with no houses. The other bays higher up are too shoal for any but small craft."

OTAGO.

Otago is the most southerly settlement in New Zealand; and, including the Bluff, or port of Invercargill, (to which we shall presently allude) contains a larger quantity of land than any other province in the colony. The rain here being more frequent, and the cold greater, the climate in our opinion, is inferior to that of any of the other settlements. Such, however, may not be considered objections by those who have been accustomed to the bleak winds and drizzling rains of Scotland, from which country the majority of the Otago settlers have been drafted.

Within a large but inconvenient harbor, close to the small but unimportant village of Port Chalmers, all vessels of any importance are compelled to anchor, there not being a sufficient depth of water for them to approach nearer the town of Dunedin, the capital of the province.

This town is nine miles from the port, and all goods have to be conveyed thither in small boats or lighters.

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NEW ZEALAND.

The social condition of Dunedin, the capital of Otago —to what shall we compare it? In the present civilized state of society, the inhabitants of that town puzzle us to find any class in any country with whom to institute a comparison. Of the human kind, we know of no body of a similar character; and, for want of a better simile, we will compare the town to a fenced inclosure or large ring, within which a number of unhappy and spiteful creatures are like so many strange cats, that constantly endeavour to tear out each other's eyes. To avoid the daily encounter of the antagonists, the few respectable wanderers and peaceably disposed of the group, who might have been unconsciously drawn into the social turmoil, have only one way of escape, viz.—to leap the barrier, and fly the province for another, or to go into the interior of their own till something approaching to harmony shall reign in the discontented city.

Seriously, the political, theological, and social animosities displayed by the inhabitants of Dunedin towards each other baffles description. Some years since when the unhappy differences arose in the Scotch Kirk, a tour through Scotland made us unwilling spectators of the agitated state of that part of the United Kingdom. But bad as it was, the virulence of the north was of a mild character compared with that by which the majority of the Otago settlers are at present incited—a

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virulence that turns the sanctity of their professed Christianity into ridicule, and makes religion a subject of discussion for arousing the worst passions of man, instead of a consecrated medium for conveying evidence of a placid submission to the will of a superior Being.

By a few Scotchmen of contracted minds, possessing little beyond a local knowledge of one part of their own country, and less of mankind generally, the province of Otago was selected as a class settlement, i.e. —a settlement in which only those of the same country, and holding the same religious faith as the original settlers are admitted, or entitled to admittance on equal terms. But at the outset, and at the foundation of Otago, there was an attempt, as we are informed, to make the exclusive law still more stringent and exclusive; and the natives and immigrants from one part of Scotland only were to be deemed eligible for participation in the imaginary benefits which, in a free country, subject to British rule, a small band of sectarians supposed they had power to confer.

On the failure of an undertaking the projectors frequently attribute the want of success to other than the real cause. In a paper recently published in Otago, with a few statistics, &c., of the province (which we will copy without abridgment) the authorities state that " the object of the original association was not to confine colonization to any particular religious denomination." Unable to

2 a

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effect their desired end, they deny having had any such end to effect, although their friends and others do not attempt to disguise the matter. Here is the first sentence descriptive of the province by Mr. Earp, whose work was published soon after the foundation of the settlement:—

"The Otago settlement, the most southerly of those at present established in New Zealand, is the first of what have been termed "class settlements;" i. e., such as are composed, at the commencement at least, of men of the same country, holding the same religious faith, and observing similar social customs."

The failure of the undertaking has only tended to kindle that bitter and unconquerable spirit of ill will which the old hands invariably display both towards Englishmen and a few liberal minded Scotch settlers, who, on the principle of religious and commercial freedom, opposed from the first the proceedings of their narrow minded countrymen. We need not travel far for evidence of the party spirit alluded to, or the length to which it is sometimes carried. On our arrival in Dunedin, a letter, of which the following is a copy, was addressed and forwarded to the Superintendent of the province:—

"Royal Hotel, 14th January, 1856.

" Sir,

"I am at present compiling a work on the rise and progress of New Zealand; for confirmation of this fact, I beg to refer you to his excellency the Governor, to whom I

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have been introduced by a letter from the English Government.

"If you will favour me with the name of some gentleman (for your own time will, no doubt, be fully occupied previous to the departure of the steamer), who can furnish me with any information that would be likely to interest the English public, and benefit the province of which you are the head, you will much oblige

" Tour obedient servant.

(The writer's name in full.)

"His Honor the Superintendent."

Although this epistle was considered sufficiently deferential to merit some sort of notice, it failed to command a reply. The reason is obvious. The writer was an Englishman, and belonged to a country from which an importation of live stock was not deemed desirable, as it would not, as a matter of course, be found to amalgamate with, or add to the strength of the dominant party. Had the writer applied for information for a certain class of the Scotch instead' of the English public, all the Mc'Neddies by whom a crotchetty superintendent and master —now in his dotage —is surrounded, would have responded to the call.

"We should indeed be sorry to confound the party spirit of those Sectarians who retard the advancement of their province, with the more enlightened and liberal policy of other settlers, who are evidently striving for the party liberation and

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NEW ZEALAND.

commercial expansion of an extensive and promising settlement. We have no prejudice either for country or creed. Some of our best and dearest friends are Scotchmen; and we consider the Scotch, as a people, equal in every respect to any other community. But there are certain hypocritical clanish bigots —the settlers in Otago to wit —who merit and receive from the liberal minded of their own country a more severe and unqualified condemnation than we have, through a sense of duty, been compelled to pronounce. Even Otago may boast of its public censors. On hearing a gentleman in that province condemn the proceedings of his own countrymen, we politely reminded him that he was himself a Scotchman. "Yes," returned our respondent, " but, thank God, not an Otago Scotchman ! " Enough. In pity, not unmixed with contempt, we dismiss the Otago Scotchmen—but not their province.

Otago, as we previously stated, contains a larger quantity of land than any other settlement in New Zealand; and although the climate is not so mild and agreeable as the more northern parts of the colony, the province, as an agricultural and pastoral district, cannot eventually fail to become an important one. The following statistics and land regulations, from a paper recently published by the authorities, will furnish the present position of the province, while the succeeding review from

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OTAGO.

the local newspaper will show the progress made by the settlement since its foundation.

"The Scotch colony of Otago was founded, in 1848 by the New Zealand Company, in conjunction with an Association of Lay Members of the Free Church of Scotland. Under the auspices of this association, the foundation has been laid of an orderly and industrious community. The object of the Association was not to confine its colonization to any one particular religious denomination, but to secure a careful selection of emigrants, and to provide for their religious and educational wants at the outset. The success of their efforts will be best understood on reference to the statistics annexed. The colony having now been fairly set a-going, the functions of the Association have ceased, as being no longer necessary.

"The province has a surface of above 16,000,000 acres —the whole of it acquired from the natives, whose number is only 633 souls (viz., 348 males, and 285 females,) and who, in small and widely separate parties, are in a state of peaceful progression upon lands that were reserved by themselves when they sold to the Crown, and which reserves amount in the whole province to about 16,000 acres.

"Land sales are fixed at the lowest price of 10s. per acre, but with conditions, for the purpose of excluding monopoly.

"All purchasers, from least to greatest, are on the same footing of right and freedom of choice.

"The low price of 10s. per acre leaving nothing for public improvements, roads will have to be made by means of an adequate land tax.

"Lands not otherwise required are appropriaied for cattle runs upon leases of fourteen years.

"The whole administration of land is at the hands of a Waste Land Board, whose proceedings are open to the public.

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NEW ZEALAND.

"The province is governed, according to the New Zealand Constitution Act, by a Superintendent and Provincial Council—all of them elected by the people.

"The climate is temperate and remarkably healthy; free from draughts or anything like excessive summer heats.

"The following statistics of the Province of Otago, New Zealand, are taken from the Report of P. Proudfoot, Esq., Commissioner of Crown Lands:

"Area of province from 16,000,000 to 20,000,000 acres.

"Land sold, about 38,222 acres.

"Runs for depasturing purposes, one hundred and twenty-four applications. Licenses granted for depasturage purposes, seventy-three applications.

"Estimated extent of country granted under above licenses, 1,190,360 acres."

EUROPEAN POPULATION OF THE PROVINCE OF OTAGO.— December 1854.

RELIGION. DISTRICT Grand Total of Males and Females. Presbyterians. Independents. Chruch of England. Methodists. Baptists. Roman Cathol. Others. Total. REMARKS Dunedin, Port Chalmers, and their vicinities . . . . . . . 1513 1159 20 263 14 18 2 37 1513 { Rev.Thomas Bruns of the Otago Presbertery. Rev. J.A. Fenton, Chruch of England. N.B,—A second Minister in connection with the Otago Presbytery is expected. Taipri, East . . . . . . . . 173 {Rev. William Will, of the Otago Presbytery, whose visits are received by all, and his ministrations accepted (Roman Catholics of course excepted, though in neighbourly harmony and the funds are also contributed to in common with the mass of the people. Taieri, West . . . . . . . . 95 Taieri Village and Waihola . . . 99 Tolwmairiro . . . . . . . . 121 88 .. 25 .. .. 8 .. 121 {Rev. William Bannerman, of the Otago Presbytery, who preaches on consecutive Sundays in each of three districts. All receive his visits, and contribute in one shape or other to the expenses; and all attend his ministry, except the Roman Catholics, who are in neighbourly harmony with their fellow settlers Inch Clutha and north bank of Clutha River . . . . . . 75 28 8 27 9 .. .. 3 75 South of Clutha River to Popotunoa 66 56 .. 7 .. .. .. 3 66 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ Totals of Otago Settlement. 2142 1623 29 382 24 18 23 43 2142 Remainder of the Province south of Popotunoa . . . . . . 124 22 .. *86 .. .. 13 3 124 *Of this number 44 are half-castes. The families of this district, with nine exceptions, are squatters of old standing. A German Missionary (the Rev. J. F. H. Wotlers) is stationed at Ruapuke, having a general supervision of this district and Stewart's Island. North of Port Chalmers, &c. Waikouaiti . . . . . . . . . 108 11 .. 36 3.. 3 The totals are not extented because of this part of the Returns being incomplete Goodwood . . . . . . . . . 76 16 .. 15 5 .. 2 The people of these districts have applied to the Otago Presbytery for a Minister, and made satisfactory arrangement for his support. The Minister has been sent for accordingly. A Wesleyan Missionary (the Rev. W. Kirk) take charge of natives only at Waikouaiti, Moeraki, Waitaki, Purakanui, and Otakou. Moeraki . . . . . . . . 59 14 .. 15 5 .. 2 Waitaki . . . . . . . . 48 3 1 25 3 2 .. Grand Totals of the Otago Province 2557

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RETURN OF CULTIVATIONS AND LIVE STOCK IN THE PROVINCE OF OTAGO, NEW ZEALAND, Decemeer, 1854.

September 25th, 1855.—10,269 Acres have been taken up since April last under the new Regulations, by 257 several parties, all on the spot. Much of this land is now under the plough, and preliminary operations for the whole of it are in full activity. Resident Colonists being thus supplied for the extension of their cultivations, the increase upon the above Return for 1854 is already large. But new Colonists (from Australia in the first place) are also beginning arrive and supply themselves on the same terms.

Number of Acres under different kinds of Crop, &c. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Potatoes. Turnips. Fallow. Hay, Pasturage, &c. Gardens. Fenced, but not cultivated. Total number of acres in crop. 1077 728 9½ 276¾ 37¾ 74½ 711¾ 52 331¼ 3168 Amount of Stock. Nature and Average Quantity or Produce per Acre. Horses. Horned Cattle. Sheep. Goats. Wheat. Oats. Barley. Potatoes. Turnips. Hay. bushls bushls oushels. tons. 435 6511 58,902 251 32 37 37½ 7½ Wheat. Oats. Barley. Potatoes. Turnips. Hay. Pasture. Wool. Rye Grass. Fruit Trees and Bushes. per bushel. per bushel. per bushel. per ton. per ton. per acre. per bale. per acre. value. s. d. s. d. s. d. £ s. £ s. £ s. £ £ £ 10 9 5 1 6 6 7 10 2 10 2 10 13 9 130

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FROM THE "OTAGO WITNESS."

Dunedin, Saturday, March 29th, 1856.

"The eighth year of our existence as a colony has just closed, and many are the changes we have witnessed. In truth it docs appear that the world progresses at a railroad pace, and even in this, the most remote portion of the British Empire, somewhat of the onward progress begins to he felt. We say begins, for during the first five years of our existence we seemed scarcely to advance at all. At a great distance from the home country, unsupported by Government aid, unassisted by powerful private patronage like our neighbours, almost unknown, neglected, if not despised—our earlier days were days of struggle. For the first two or three years Dunedin made rapid progress, and it was not unusual to hear exclamations of surprise from those who returned to the settlement after a brief absence. Since that period the town has been almost stationary, and the onward progress has been visible in the rural and pastoral districts. But notwithstanding the fact that the extent of the town has not greatly progressed, the amount of business done, and being done, in the town has augmented, and is augmenting, at a rapid pace, giving an unmistakable evidence of the prosperity and extent of productive efforts in the real work of colonization —the subduing of the wilderness.

Abstract of the Value of the Imports, Exports, and Customs Revenue foe the Ouarter ending 31st March, 1856.

Imports. Exports. Revenue.

£22,648 £8907 £1278

"The amount of shipping entered inwards and outwards has materially increased.

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The subjoined table of the imports and exports for the last eight years, shews the gradual and satisfactory increase of trade:—

"Abstract of the Value of Imports and Exports, and of the Customs Revenue, for the province of Otago, in each year, from the establishment of Customs in May, 1848, to 31st December 1855.

"The returns of immigration and emigration for the last year shew a balance of immigration of 223 souls, and for the first quarter of the present year, 275 souls, making an increase of the population from this source of 498 souls. Unfortunately we have no statistics of the extent of land under cultivation, or of the increase of stock since last year; but from, the quantity of land sold during the last twelve months (since the reduction in price), amounting to about 16,000 acres, and which has been wholly purchased by bona fide colonists, we have every reason to believe that a very considerable breadth of land has been brought under cultivation.

"The amount of stock at the average rate of increase upon the ascertained quantity last year is about the numbrs stated in the following table:—

Cattle. Sheep. Horses.

8,133 78,536 545

Imported . . . . 721 4,660 309

8,854 83,196 854

"From the foregoing statement it will appear that the progress of the province of Otago has been gradually acce-

Year. Imports. Exports. Revenue. 1848 £11,869 11 6 £0 0 0 £824 19 4 1849 8,932 17 0 444 0 0 1,835 5 9 1850 13,819 18 0 803 10 0 1,802 7 3 1851 14,148 10 546 2 0 2,197 3 10 1852 15,579 8 6 131 10 0 2,386 17 10 1853 11,074 5 0 770 0 0 2,276 15 0 1854 43,692 7 0 6,481 19 0 5 781 14 10 1855 44,545 11 0 24,182 15 0 4,375 11 0

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lerating. The imports have greatly increased, and the exports have made strides during the last year exceeding the exports of the whole of the previous seven years; and when we take into consideration the amount of land sold, and the great extent of country we have yet for sale, we cannot but feel that there is a glorious future before us."

THE BLUFF

Is a large district in a southerly direction, in the province of Otago. There is an excellent harbor here, and the port, which was publicly proclaimed during our stay in Otago, and named by the Governor "Invercargill," is about 120 miles south of Port Chalmers, or the town of Dunedin, the capital of Otago. We had not an opportunity of visiting this district, but we have good authority for stating that it contains a large tract of excellent land, available both for agricultural and pastoral purposes. When a township shall be formed near the port, and so soon as sheep owners and farmers become located here, and gather from the soil the periodical riches that await manual labor and commercial enterprise, this will no doubt become an important place in the southern part of New Zealand. It matters but little what part of the colony is selected by that immigrant who is determined to keep himself aloof from the political and social broils that agitate certain settlements; and we quite agree with the following closing sentence on the subject from "Chambers's Papers for the People":—

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"Whether, therefore, he choose Wellington, Nelson, Otago, Auckland, or Canterbury as the field of his enterprise, the emigrant will find in New Zealand all the materials which industry can desire to work upon. He will enjoy a fine climate, a ready soil; a land where coal, iron, copper, stone, and wood are in abundance; where sweet, pure, wholesome water is plentiful; where corn, and all other kinds of grain, may easily he raised in splendid crops; where his labor may be well rewarded; where he will have few taxes to pay, and few of the unnatural restraints imposed by our old society to observe. Shortly, doubtless, he will be admitted to a share in those free institutions which are the peculiar pride of the British people; and thus, with every natural aid to his energies, he may enjoy independence in a region which of all others on the face of the earth, most nearly resembles his parent country."

THE BISHOP OF NEW ZEALAND

As a noble, unselfish, and highly gifted member of the human race, is one of the most remarkable men not only in this, but in any other colony, country, or community. The versatility of his talent is only exceeded by the excessive toil, daily application, and personal endurance by which that talent is applied and regulated for the present and future welfare of his scattered flock. The zeal thus displayed in the constant exercise of his love for the benefit of others, makes him forgetful of his duty to himself; for by taxing his physical powers beyond their means of endurance, the

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robust form, if not the health, of a fine constitution occasionally betrays symptoms of distress.

A biography of Bishop Selwyn, however, is alike out of our province and our power. But how can we refer to any human source from whence the colony has been benefitted, or to deeds by which good has been accomplished, without reference to the author? And never was more done to extinguish the savage customs, allay the bad passions, and improve the social, moral, and mental condition of a native race, than what has been accomplished among the Maori tribes of Now Zealand by the individual exertions of the right reverend and learned divine in question. A man who refused the lucrative see of Sydney with no other hope or expectation than that his gratuitous and unrewarded labors might effect more good in a country where much had already been effected by him; —a prelate who travels on foot and unattended from one end of the colony to the other, penetrating uninhabited forests, swimming rivers, and preaching the Gospel to the local tribes in their own native tongue; —a man who not only advocates self denial in others, but who sets a noble example of it in himself; — such a man is surely worthy of note—note by a higher authority and by a more able pen than ours.

Should we not exceed our duty in referring to so grave a subject, we would suggest that a

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NEW ZEALAND.

page from the life of Bishop Selwyn might be copied, or perhaps studied, with profit, by a few right reverend prelates residing in a part of the world the opposite to that of New Zealand.

Conjointly with Bishop Selwyn, and as a worthy co-patriot in the public weal of New Zealand, may be named Chief Justice Martin, a gentleman whose varied knowledge and strict impartiality in his public character, and whose benevolence, gentle demeanor, and affability in private life, fully entitle him to the high rank he has obtained in the country, and to the highest honor man can obtain from his fellow men, viz.—public respect won by equity, and private love secured without favor. In a colony like New Zealand, where even families and friends are divided and subdivided by political elements, it is gratifying to learn that the Bishop and Chief Justice merit and possess the respect of all.

That his honor the Judge, with renewed strength and vigour, and accompanied by his amiable lady, may soon return to New Zealand, cannot fail to be the wish of all who have the well-being of the colony at heart.

NEW ZEALAND.

367

THE GOVERNOR OF NEW ZEALAND.

A celebrated writer once observed —"a momentary glance will enable me to take stock of an individual." Without arrogating to ourselves the knowledge or keen perception of the learned author in question, it will only be necessary to remark that we are favorably impressed with the appearance and manner of Colonel Gore Browne, K.C.B., the newly appointed Governor of New Zealand. As a gentleman, we can aver from our own personal knowledge, ho is all that could be desired 1 by the most critical observer. As a Governor, the eminent statesmen of the respective provinces will in due course pass judgment on him. Should he obtain a favorable verdict from so many contrary elements, he will add to the character of a gentleman that of a marvellous ruler—in having obtained under his administration a concord of sweet voices that never yet graced the most praiseworthy efforts of any predecessor. His task is not an easy one. "We wish him well in the impartial exercise of a somewhat onerous duty; and with a hope that favorable appearances may lead to the enlightened policy which we imagine will be persued by his Excellency, we will merely say —esto quod esse videris.

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

In closing the complex task imposed by our antipodal mission, a brief review of the feeble, but—to the extent of the writer's ability—faithful sketches in the preceding pages, affords confirmatory evidence of the difficulty, if not of the impossibility, of supplying in so limited a space, more than a mere outline of the subject treated therein. A retrospective and momentary glance at the vastness of the Australian continent, and the strange compound of mind and matter revealed in its early history, would appear again, as at first, almost to paralyze the pen and bewilder the imagination; while reflection on such mingled matter tends only to a confusion of ideas, symbolical of the varied difficulties encountered in our endeavour to render a vivid and condensed illustration—on a few sheets of paper —of a country and a community composed of so many elements, and pregnant with so much wealth and wickedness.

As a work of reference, however, in which a rough draft, rather than a highly-finished picture

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

369

of the places and people described, may afford useful information to the intending emigrant, this volume will represent, though somewhat crudely, the author's original design. It remains for the historian—a resident native, not a foreigner—to record the late extraordinary fleet of Australian events, and to present the public with a faithful and minute exposition both of the cause and effects of the sudden rise and population of a country, for which the historical annals of British dependencies may be searched in vain for a parallel.

To a reflective mind what infinite matter for opposite emotions—for pain and pleasure, hope and despair—does this Australian drama of five years disclose! The scene, the action, and the actors, would have puzzled the learned philosopher, as they astonished the humble spectator. In knowledge of mankind we confess ourselves to have been merely in infancy previous to witnessing the representation of this great commercial yet, in other respects, fearful spectacle of the nineteenth century. Conscious of the vice and virtue to be found in settled and civilised communities— acquainted with the conventional forms of polite society, and aware of the coarse exhibitions peculiar to the opposite class, we were totally unprepared for those painful realities in human nature which the dawn of colonial wisdom presented to our astonished vision. If, as the moral tells us, "from evil good may arise," we will indulge the

2b

370

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

hope that others, with ourselves, may profit by the light of colonial experience.

Without doubt, the primary cause of the concentration in one part of the Australian continent of so many bad characters, and the great amount of vice and immorality consequent thereon, may be traced to the gold discovery, which, in the words of a Reverend Divine, "has proved both a benefit and a curse to the country."We believe, however, that this, as every other great event or important change in the world, has been wisely ordered for some purpose beyond the knowledge or calculations of the human mind. The welldisposed and more respectable members of the Australian community will, no doubt, correct many of the monster crimes of the baser half, so soon as a more settled state of society, and just laws for the protection of commerce, shall aid the correction.

Some of the mercantile gamblers and commercial swindlers who have given a bad name to Australia have already found that their dishonest practices only serve them for a season, and that the actors, once known by their friends on the opposite side, are not again trusted.

Haters of hypocrisy or any and every outward show in which there is a want of sincerity, we at the same time entertain a sincere conviction that those persons who are utterly regardless of their duty to God and man cannot finally prosper—even in this world. The acquisition or retention of

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

371

wealth by dishonest means does not necessarily insure its enjoyment to the possessors. The frailty of human nature will occasionally give place to a consciousness of guilt that must assuredly keep from its bondmen that unalloyed enjoyment of life which is the very height and essence of prosperity. Let it not be supposed that we are qualified or wish to make a profession of honesty ourselves, or to define its rules of action for the guidance of others. Men may express a sincere regard for good qualities although they do not possess them. Shakspeare says, "assume a virtue if you have it not." That, however, is a piece of advice on the part of the great poet which we either misinterpret or disapprove. Sinful persons may inwardly regret what they are, without adding to their offences by outwardly assuming what they are not. Though far, very far, from what we ought to be, we nevertheless believe that true prosperity proceeds alone from the Great Giver of all good, and we pity rather than condemn those who hope for any real happiness without such faith.

In conclusion, however, we will venture a few words of advice,—not to colonial adepts, but to those of our young friends on our own side the globe, who are at present unskilled in the dark ways of the world—to those who in the spring of life may have been deprived of a father's aid, or a mother's care, and who contemplate leaving their own for a distant country, in the hope of improving

372

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

or making either a position or a fortune. In earnest and respectful sincerity, we advise such young persons not to follow the example of the majority of those who have preceded them, by regarding dishonesty as a virtue rather than as a vice. Be assured, young emigrants, before your departure from friends and home, that upright and fair dealing will finally prove triumphant, even in countries or colonies where the opposites prevail. In your commercial transactions, honesty will be found your best and most profitable bookkeeper, and will insure for you a balance on the right side of the ledger, even in your dealings with rogues. This is not a mere poetical fiction, but a palpable truth—a truth unaffected by the change and flight of ages, and confirmed by the history of nations as well as of men, Take this truth for your motto, and follow it, and you will prosper; disregard it, and failure, either in purse or peace of mind, will be the result. With faith for your bulwark, and truth for your guide, your bark will bear you with honor and in safety through the storms and calms of life—

Though anchored firmly on your native strand, You seek for fortune in your father-land, Or, in the writer's track, with sails unfurl'd, You breast the waves and journey round the world; — Whate'er your course—whatever storms attend, — In honesty you'll find a faithful friend.

And whether on sea or on land, you will derive the great satisfaction of being able to reflect on

373

CONCLUDING REMARKS.

your past career without producing the pain which would arise from such reflection, by the adoption of an opposite course. And the pleasure thus derived from the past will stimulate you to increased exertion and higher honors in the future, in which you will enjoy, as the just reward of your own labors, that blossom of prosperity here that will ripen into the fruit of happiness hereafter.

Note .—The above remarks are only partially applicable to NewZealand, as there is probably less crime in that colony, by twothirds, than either in Australia or Tasmania.

NEW ZEALAND IMPORT DUTIES.

FIXED JULY 3, 1851.

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Agricultural Implements, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Ale, Porter, and Beer of all sorts, in casks, per gallon. 0 0 4

In bottle, per dozen, of two gallons ............ 0 1 0

Alkali—

Pot and Pearl Ash, per cwt............ 0 2 4

Soda, per cwt............ 0 2 4

Alum, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Animals, (living)............ Free.

Apothecary Wares, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Apparel, not otherwise described, for every £100 value. 10 0 0

Arms and Ammunition—

Ordnance of brass or iron, Muskets, Fowling Pieces, Pistols, Gunpowder, and Percussion Caps, (importation prohibited, except under license from the Government,) for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Arrowroot, per cwt............ 0 3 6

Arsenic, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Artificial Flowers, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Bacon and Hams, per cwt............ 0 2 0

Baggage of Passengers............ Free.

Bags (empty)

Gunny bags, per dozen............ 0 0 6

Corn Sacks, per dozen............ 0 1 0

Bark, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Beef, salted—

„ „ per tierce............ 0 6 0

„ „ per barrel............ 0 4 0

375

IMPORT DUTIES.

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Blankets (see Woollens)

Blacking, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Blocks, for ships' rigging, and Dead Eyes ............ Free.

Boats ............ Free.

Books, Printed, not being Account Books............ Free.

Account Books, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Boots and Shoes—

Boots (Wellington and other long), per dozen pair.. 0 8 0

Half Boots, per dozen pair ............ 0 4 0

Shoes, and Women's Boots and Shoes, per doz. pair. 0 3 0

Children's Boots and Shoes, per dozen pair ......... 0 2 0

Bran and Pollard, per bushel............ 0 0 1

Brass Manufactures, of all sorts, for every £100 value. 10 0 0

Bread and Biscuit ............ Free.

Bricks, Bath and Flanders, per 100 ............ 0 2 0

„ Fire and other, per 1000 ............ 0 3 0

Bottles, Glass and Stone, (empty) per dozen. .......... 0 0 1

„ full............ Free.

Butter, per lb............ 0 0 1

Bullion............ Free.

Cabinet and Upholstery Wares, for every £100 value. 10 0 0

Cables ............ Free.

Candles —

„ Cocoa Nut, Palm, Spermaceti, Stearine, and Wax, per cwt............ 0 14 0

„ Tallow, per cwt............ 0 4 8

Canvas Duck, per bolt............ 0 3 0

Canes and Sticks, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Caps—

„ Cloth, per dozen............ 0 2 0

„ Woollen, per dozen ............ 0 0 8

Carpeting, (see Woollens)

Carraway Seeds, per lb............ 0 0 1

Carriages —

Carts and Waggons, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Carriage Wheels of all sorts, for every £100 value.. 10 0 0

Casks (see Wood)

Cement, Roman, per barrel............ 0 2 6

Chalk, per ton............ 0 2 0

Charcoal, Animal and Vegetable, for every £100 value. 10 0 0

Cheese, per cwt............ 0 4 8

376

NEW ZEALAND

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Chocolate and Cocoa, per lb............ 0 0 1

Cyder and Perry, in bottles, per dozen of two gallons. 0 1 3

Clocks and Watches, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Coals............ Free.

Coal Pitch and Tar............ Free.

Coin. ............ Free.

Confectionery, for every £100 value............ 10 0 0

Copper and Composition, Sheathing, Nails and Bolts.. Free.

„ Wrought of other sorts, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Cordage and Cables ............ Free.

Coffee, per cwt. ............ 0 4 8

Corks, for bottling, per gross. ............ 0 0 3

Corn, Grain, Meal, Flour-

Barley, per bushel ............ 0 0 4

„ Hulled, (see Pearl and Scotch Barley)

Barley Meal. ............ Free.

„ Malt, per bushel. ............ 0 0 8

Beans, per bushel. ............ 0 0 8

Oats, per bushel. ............ 0 0 4

Oats, Hulled (see Groats or Grits)

Oatmeal ............ Free.

Peas, per bushel. ............ 0 0 8

„ Split, per bushel. ............ 0 1 3

Rye ............ Free.

Wheat ............ Free.

„ Flour ............ Free.

Maize, per bushel. ............ 0 0 3

Cotton Manufactures—

Calicoes and Cottons, white or plain, over 36 inches wide, per yard ............ 0 0 0¾

„ 36 inches and under, per yard ............ 0 0 0½

„ Printed, checked, stained, or dyed, wide, per yard ............ 0 0

„ Narrow, per yard............ 0 0 0½

Dimities, Ginghams, Nankeens, Damasks, Diapers, Quilting, per yard ............ 0 0 1

Cotton Shawls and Handkerchiefs, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Muslins, Cambrics, Lawns, Laces, Gauzes, Crapes, Muslin Shawls and Handkerchiefs, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Velvets, Velverets, Velveteens, and Cords, per yard. 0 0 2

377

IMPORT DUTIES.

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Fustians, Jeans, Jeanets, &c., per yard ............ 0 0 1

Counterpanes, each ............ 0 2 0

Bed Quilts, each ............ 0 0 6

Lace and Patent Net, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Hosiery,—Stockings, per dozen pair ............ 0 1 0

„ Of all sorts, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Tapes and Small Wares, for every £100 value .... 10 0 0

Cotton, for stitching or sewing, per lb............ 0 0 1½

„ On Reels, per gross ............ 0 0 1

Cotton Twist and Yarn, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Earthen and China Ware, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Engravings, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Fish, dried and pickled, per cwt. ............ 0 2 0

Fishing Tackle, including Nets, Lines, and Twines, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Fruit, Apples, Apricots, Peaches, Pears, &c., fresh per bushel. ............ 0 1 3

„ Dried, per lb. ............ 0 0 0½

„ Almonds, per lb. ............ 0 0 0½

„ Shelled, per lb. ............ 0 0 1½

„ Currants, Raisins, Dates, Nuts, Walnuts, Filberts, Figs, and Prunes, dried, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

„ Oranges, Limes, and Lemons, fresh, per dozen. 0 0 2

Glass, Crown and Sheet, per 100 feet ............

Glasses, Looking and Mirrors, for every £100 value .. 10 0 0

Glue, per lb. ............ 0 0 0½

Groats, or Grits, per cwt. ............ 0 2 4

Haberdashery & Millinery, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Hardware and Cutlery, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Harrows ............ Free.

Hats—

Beaver, Castor, and Silk, per dozen ............ 0 12 0

Chip or Willow, Felt, Leather and Straw............ 0 1 6

Hay, per ton ............ 0 8 0

Honey, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Hops, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

378

NEW ZEALAND

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Iron, Bar, Bolt, Rod, Sheet, and Hoop, per ton .... 1 0 0

Nails, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

Anchors, Chains, and Chain Cables, for ships.... Free.

Chain, per ton ............ 2 0 0

Holloware, per ton ............ 2 0 0

Not otherwise described, for every £100 value .. 10 0 0

Jewellery, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Juice of Lemons and Limes, per gallon ............ 0 0 9

Junk ............ Free.

Lard, per lb. ............ 0 0 0½

Lead, manufactured, per cwt. ............

Lead, black, red, and white, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

Leather, sole, per cwt. ............ 0 7 0

„ Kip and calf, per lb. ............ 0 0 1½

„ Basils, per dozen ............ 0 0 9

„ Kangaroo, „ ............ 0 3 0

„ All other sorts, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Linen Manufactures, White or Plain, per yard ............ 0 0 1

Checked, Striped, Printed, Stained, or Dyed, per yd. 0 0 1

Cambrics and Lawns, per yard ............ 0 0 2

Damask and Diaper, per yard ............ 0 0 1½

Sail Cloth and Sails ............ Free.

Linen Manufactures, Ticking, per yard ............ 0 0 0½

„ Hosiery,—Stockings, per dozen pairs ............ 0 1 0

„ All other sorts, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

„ Tape and small wares, for every £100 value .... 10 0 0

„ Thread, for stitching or sewing, per lb. ............ 0 0 2

„ Yarn, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Litharge of Lead, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

Macaroni and Vermicelli, per lb. ............ 0 0 2

Machines, Thrashing, Winnowing, and Draining ... Free.

Machinery for Mills ............ Free.

Matches, Lucifer or Congreve, per gross ............ 0 0 8

„ Vestas, per gross ............ 0 1 6

Molasses, per cwt. ............ 0 1 2

Musical Instruments, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Mustard, bulk, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

„ in 1lb. bottles, per dozen ............ 0 1 6

„ in ½lb bottles, per dozen ............ 0 0 9

379

IMPORT DUTIES.

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Mutton, salted, per cwt. ............ 0 2 0

Oakum ............ Free.

Oil Cloth, per square yard ............ 0 0 3

Oil, Cocoanut, Linseed, Rapeseed, Hempseed, Neats'foot, per gallon. ............ 0 0 4

„ Olive, Castor, and unenumerated vegetable, per gallon ............ 0 2 0

„ Blubber, and Bone, the produce of Fish, or creatures living in the sea ............ Free.

Oil of Turpentine, per gallon ............ 0 0 6

Paints, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

Painters' and Dyers' Colors and Materials, not otherwise described, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Paper, Brown, Wrapping, or Blotting, per cwt. ............ 0 4 0

„ Printing and Cartridge, per cwt. ............ 0 7 0

„ Writing, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Paper Hangings, per dozen yards ............ 0 0 1

Parchment and Vellum, per skin ............ 0 0 2

Perfumery of all sorts, for every £1 00 value ............ 10 0 0

Perry, (see Cyder.)

Pickles and Sauces, in quart bottles, per dozen ............ 0 1 6

„ „ in pint bottles, per dozen ............ 0 0 9

„ „ in half-pint mid smaller bottles, per dozen ............ 0 0 6

Pitch ............ Free.

Plants, Bulbs, Trees, and Seeds ............ Free.

Ploughs ............ Free.

Pork, salted, per barrel ............ 0 5 0

Rice, per cwt. ............ 0 2 0

Rosin, per barrel ............ 0 2 0

Saddlery and Harness, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Sago, per cwt. ............ 0 3 6

Salt, Coarse, per ton ............ 0 6 0

„ Fine, per ton ............ 0 10 0

Saltpetre, per cwt. ............ 0 3 6

Silk Manufactures —

Silks and Satins, per yard ............ 0 0 6

Hosiery—Stockings, per dozen pairs ............ 0 5 0

380

NEW ZEALAND

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Silk Manufactures—

Not otherwise described, for every £100 value .. 10 0 0

Stuffs, Ribbons, Lace, Fringe, Trimmings, &c., for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Sewing Silk, per lb. ............ 0 1 0

Twist and Yarn, per lb. ............ 0 1 6

Stockings of Silk and Cotton, per dozen pairs ............ 0 2 0

„ of Silk and Linen, per dozen pairs ............ 0 2 0

„ of Silk and Worsted, per dozen pairs ............ 0 2 0

Silk Velvet, at per yard ............ 0 1 6

Slates, (see Stones) in frame, per dozen ............ 0 0 6

Slops—Trousers, Moleskin and Tweed, per pair ............ 0 0 4

Shirts, blue and red serge, per dozen ............ 0 4 0

„ Regatta and Cotton, striped, per dozen ............ 0 1 6

„ White, per dozen ............ 0 2 0

Soap, common, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

„ fancy, per cwt. ............ 0 6 0

Spades and Shovels, per dozen ............ 0 3 0

Specimens illustrative of Natural History ............ Free.

Spices—Cassia, Cinnamon, Cloves, Mace, Pimento, and Nutmegs, per lb............. 0 0 6

Ginger, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Pepper, Red or Cayenne, per lb. ........... 0 0 1

„ Black and White, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Spirits of Tar, per gallon ............ 0 0 6

„ Turpentine, per gallon ............ 0 0 6

„ Brandy, Gin, Rum, and Whiskey, not exceeding hydrometer proof, and so in proportion for Spirits of a greater strength. All Cordials, sweetened Spirits, and Liqueurs, being rated as proof Spirits, at the rate of for every gallon, imperial measure ............ 0 6 0

Scotch and Pearl Barley, per cwt. ............ 0 2 4

Starch, per cwt. ............ 0 4 8

Stationery, not othewise described, for every £100 val. ............ 10 0 0

Steel, per cwt. ............ 0 4 8

Stones—Hearth, Flag, and Slab, per ton ............ 0 5 0

„ Grindstones, per foot ............ 0 0 8

Slates—Ladies, per 1000 ............ 0 10 0

„ Countess and Duchess, per 1000 ............ 0 15 0

Stone Blue, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

IMPORT DUTIES.

381

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Sugar—Refined, Loaf, Crushed, and Candy, per cwt. ..0 4 8

„ Raw, per cwt. ............ 0 2 4

Syrup, in bottles, per dozen ............ 0 1 6

Tapioca, per cwt. ............ 0 4 0

Tar ............ Free.

Tea, per lb. ............ 0 0 2

Tin, in plates, per cwt. ............ 0 3 0

„ Block, per lb. ............ 0 0 1

„ Ware, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Tobacco, Cigars, and Snuff's, per lb. ............ 0 2 0

„ Manufactured, per lb. ............ 0 1 0

„ Unmanufactured, per lb. ............ 0 0 9

„ Stems ............ 0 0 9

„ Sheepwash ............ Free.

Tobacco Pipes, common clay, per gross ............ 0 0 4

„ Other sorts, not described, for every £100 val. 10 0 0

Tongues, per barrel ............ 0 5 0

Toys, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Treacle, (see Molasses.)

Turpentine, (see Oil or Spirits of.)

Twine, (except Sewing Twine,) per lb. ............ 0 0 1

Varnish, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Vinegar, per gallon ............ 0 0 2

Watches, (see Clocks and Watches.)

Wines, in cask, per gallon ............ 0 1 0

„ bottled, per dozen of two gallons ............ 0 5 0

Wood, Board, Plank, and Scantling, per 100 feet .... 0 1 0

„ Cedar, per 100 feet ............ 0 2 0

„ Casks, empty ............ Free.

„ Handspikes, Masts, Yards, Bowsprits, Oars, Trenails or Trunnels ............ Free.

„ Shingles and Laths, per 1000 ............ 0 1 0

„ Palings, per 1000 ............ 0 10 0

Wooden Ware, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Wool, unmanufactured ............ Free.

Woollen Manufactures —

Cloths, Broad, per yard ............ 0 1 3

Kerseymere, per yard. ............ 0 0 8

Baizes of all sorts, per yard ............ 0 0 3

382

NEW ZEALAND.

DUTY.

£ s. d.

Woollen Manufactures—

Pilot and Flushing, per yard ............ 0 0 4

Flannel, per yard ............ 0 0 1

Tweeds, per yard ............ 0 0 3

Blankets, per pair ............ 0 2 0

Blanketing, per yard ............ 0 0 9

Carpets and Carpeting, per yard ............ 0 0 3

Bugs or Coverlets for Beds, each ............ 0 0 4

Stuffs, Woollen or Worsted, for every £100 value .. 10 0 0

Hosiery—Stockings, per dozen pairs ............ 0 1 0

„ All other sorts, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Tapes and Smallwares, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

Woollen or Worsted Yarn, per lb. ............ 0 0 0½

Wool packs, each ............ 0 0 6

Zinc, per cwt. ............ 0 3 6

All Goods, Wares, and Merchandise, not otherwise enumerated, for every £100 value ............ 10 0 0

** * The repeal of some, and the modification of other, of these Duties are subjects now under consideration with the New Zealand Government.

SHIPS, SHIP OWNERS, AND SHIP AGENTS.

As a supplementary subject, we purpose making a few brief remarks on the general management of passenger ships—their comparative comforts and inconveniences. We do this less on account of any pleasure or annoyance we have ourselves experienced on our numerous aquatic trips, than for the information of the public and benefit of those who may contemplate a long sea voyage.

A long voyage is either very delightful or the very opposite—conducive to the health, vigor, and enjoyment of the voyagers, or fraught with personal inconveniences and social discomforts that are bearable only because incurable. In a good ship, well provisioned, ably commanded, and peopled, but not overcrowded, with agreeable passengers, two or three months may be passed on the ocean as a charming summer of relaxation and

384

SHIPS, SHIP OWNERS.

repose —a season to be envied by the merchant as by the mechanic, by a mind previously oppressed with care, or by a body enfeebled with exertion. By landsmen nature may at such a period be seen and enjoyed as she was never seen or enjoyed before. Withdrawn for a time from the excitement of city life, or freed from the formalities and vanities of the fashionable world, the mental faculties, turning to higher objects, will expand with the sublimity and grandeur of the surrounding scene, while the invigorated body strengthens the mind for its exalted reflection. True; the votaries of pleasure, the nightly frequenters of the opera or the ball-room, regard the poop or quarter-deck of a ship as altogether too circumscribed for their notions of enjoyment; and the ethereal and ever-changing elements, with the boundless space above and below, are scarcely deemed worthy of a thought—except with regard to personal inconveniences that occasionally arise therefrom. But to men of the world, sensible, thoughtful beings, the change from the busy mart to the placid or foaming ocean affords time both for pleasure and instruction. How can it be otherwise. With fresh air, wholesome food, and agreeable society by day, and refreshing repose at night, what so delightful or half so healthful as sailing for a couple of months on the expansive ocean. Here we pause. In journeying through life—in the commercial and social, as in the

AND SHIP AGENTS.

385

natural world—there will be found fine pictures and fair seasons; but these fine pictures and fair seasons are unfortunately—or rather wisely for their just appreciation—alternated by others which are neither so fine nor so fair. These truths have not a partial but universal reference; they apply alike to all countries and all communities, and may be confirmed in any land or on any sea. A sea voyage, as we before observed, will be found to be something either very bright or very gloomy —a brilliant and fruitful summer, or a cheerless and hungry winter. With fresh air—for fresh air, except by day, is not obtainable in overcrowded ships—wholesome food, and genial society, nothing can be more delightful than an aquatic trip. Wanting these or any of these things, than a sea voyage nothing can be more objectionable. Experience both of the one and the other will enable us to say a few words descriptive of either. But every effect may be traced to a cause; and previous to a further description of the effects to which we have alluded, let us for a moment turn to the source from whence they spring.

Ships, ship-owners, and ship-agents, have in no small degree tended to establish, as they still tend to maintain England's pre-eminence as a mercantile nation. The owners and agents form a part, and no inconsiderable part, of Great Britain's first-class merchants. As a body their position and respectability are indisputable. It is, there-

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fore, unnecessary to dwell on this part of the subject —a part composed of historical facts which are patent to every Englishman who knows anything of his own country. But, in one respect, ship-owners are like other great commercial bodies. They are not immaculate. Mighty as a whole, the body is not exempt from its connexion with mean or unworthy parts—and to these our observations are chiefly directed. Connected with the shipping interest may be found individuals — brokers, or agents, or whatever they may please to call themselves, —who, under a systematic plan of deception, would appear to ensnare and delude intending emigrants without the slightest compunction or fear. The snare they adopt is of the most seductive and frequently of the most heartless description; for the fair promises by which unsuspecting persons are seduced generally prove false when they are defenceless. The person who is induced by the plausible puff of a resident tradesman to enter his wareroom with the hope of obtaining a bargain, has a perceptible advantage over one who, by similar representations, is enticed and secured as passenger on board a ship. The one has the privilege of taking or declining the goods submitted to his notice, agreeably with his own inclination or judgment. The other can only inspect the apartment in which his fare is to be provided; and being at once compelled, by prepayment, to discharge his part of the contract, the

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fulfilment of the other part, as also the quality of the articles to which he is entitled, are matters over which he has no control, and leave him entirely at the mercy of others—not a very tender mercy either we regret to say. Even in the case of purchase from a tradesman, the purchaser on discovering a fraud, and proving false representation, can obtain immediate redress. Not so the deluded passenger who has entered on a long voyage. He has first to bear in his own person the infliction of an injury, and to discover on the termination of the same that to attempt a remedy for the benefit of others would prove a more serious matter than that from which he has been released. On arriving in a distant land one is more disposed to look to future comfort than to review past grievances; besides which, one of the remarkable features of human nature goes to prove that privations and suffering, which provoke their victims to bitter lamentation and sad complaint at the time, are but seldom thought of when they are over. With a serious determination we vow—at the time —to bring to the bar of justice the poor cabman who has defrauded us of a threepenny piece; but the early dissolution of our intention, and the escape of the delinquent, are merely typical of events of greater moment. Nevertheless, it becomes the duty, as also the privilege, of one man to expose and endeavour to check all or any evil that may come under his notice—if only

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for the benefit of others. And with regard to passenger's fare, &c., on board ship, we have ample materials for illustrating cases of premeditated and gross deception. Our object, however, in this as in other matters, is not to particularize, by supplying individual cases for illustration, but simply to direct the attention of intending emigrants and others to existing evils, and to suggest —if not a remedy —at least the mode by which such evils may be avoided or mitigated. For those who have the means to apply it, the remedy for the evil in question will be found simple enough, viz., in the selection of first-class ships, or ships belonging to, and sailing under the flags of first-class owners. As a rule, avoid chartered ships —ships chartered by cheap brokers and agents —those who, by tempting baits, solicit cabin passengers at half fares. The hook will be found —to the sorrow of those who take it—the only reality attached to the offer. Of our own knowledge we can aver that a second-class passenger in a ship owned by a first-class firm is better accommodated, better fed, and better attended to, than a first-class passenger in a second-class ship. The charges for accommodation, &c., in these vessels —like those in first and second-class hotels —will, of course, be found somewhat higher in the one than in the other; but the difference in this respect is by no means in proportion to the comfort and convenience obtainable in the one

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over the filth and misery to be found in the other. In the cabin and at the head of the table in the one we have an agreeable and intelligent commander. Each meal is served by competent stewards, and in a manner that would not disgrace a first-class hotel. In the cabin and at the head of the table in the other we have a coarse ill-bred skipper, with everything else in keeping with the same. The chief repast is served by dirty cuddy boys, and the meal itself is composed of dishes and messes which, both with regard to the cooking and the matter, would disgrace a shilling ordinary. Again—in the one there will be order and attention during the week, and a proper mark of respect to distinguish the seventh from other days. In the other all will be confusion and riot, while little or no regard will be paid either to persons, days, or things. Indeed, were the reader suddenly to shift his quarters from a West-end club-house to an East-end pothouse, the contrast produced by the change would not be greater or more striking than that presented by these ships. And such is the contrast suggested by first and second-class ships—ships belonging to first and second-class merchants — that sail from the port of London. We cannot, from personal experience, speak of the numerous ships that sail from Liverpool and other ports; but we presume the case described to be applicable anywhere. The lowest in price is not always the

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cheapest article, although necessity may compel its selection; but where a purchaser has the power or the privilege of choice, he will do well—either with regard to ships or anything else—to consider the value as well as the price of an article.

Those who have never made a long sea voyage have little idea of the good things, besides fresh air, that are to be found on board a liberally provisioned, ably commanded, and well conducted ship. The mere recital of our usual dinner-fare on board the Windsor (owned by Messrs. Green), by which we made a delightful passage from Sydney to London, may enlighten our readers on the subject. First course—mock turtle, ox tail, or other excellent soup, alternated by preserved salmon. Second course—fowls or ducks, or both, turkeys, geese, or a sucking pig occasionally, with sundry joints of roast and boiled (fresh) meat. Third course—a variety of puddings, tartlets, &c., which for quality could not be surpassed anywhere. Lastly, cheese, followed by an excellent dessert. In addition to bottled ale and stout, and the usual dinner wines daily, the table would be supplied with claret in warm weather, and champagne twice a week in all weathers.

Well, reader, would you, as a voyager, be disposed to grumble or frown at a dinner-fare similar to that comprised in the above list? Until we know you, or have made your acquaintance as a

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fellow passenger, we beg leave to entertain considerable doubt on the subject. "It's not the world that's so strange, but the people that make it so," said a celebrated writer. There are people who have just cause for complaint; those who have been deceived by others, in the manner described at the commencement of this article. There are others again, who will find fault with perfection itself —men who

Wherever they may be, On land or on the sea,

are never satisfied, but who are ever disposed to make themselves disagreeable to others, a plague to themselves, and objects of annoyance on all subjects and on all occasions. These persons are to be met with on sea as on land; although in the latter region they are sometimes compelled, through the dread of approaching shame and contempt, to restrain their natural foibles for a time, and to fall in with the views of those who insure their own comfort and enjoyment, by endeavouring to contribute to the amusement and happiness of others. Commanders of ships are frequently censured or condemned by over-exacting and troublesome passengers. True, commanders may not always be blameless; but the love of truth and justice compels us to say that in our bumble opinion—an opinion founded on the experience of some half dozen long voyages—the passengers

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in first-class ships have, in the majority of cases, only themselves to blame for the evils they complain of. To escape the unmerited censure of every passenger, a commander must be something more than mortal: he must be invested with the power to satisfy those who have never yet been satisfied with anything or anybody—but themselves. With kindness, combined with justice and independence he will please the majority —not all. In conclusion we will merely observe that the three great things to insure comfort on a sea voyage are as follow:—Firstly, good ships, owned by first-class men; secondly, able commanders; and thirdly, agreeable passengers. Good ships and good owners generally insure able commanders; but neither the one nor the other, nor both, will always insure agreeable passengers. Nevertheless, intending voyagers may deem our remarks worthy of some consideration; and those who really are agreeable, and who are anxious for everything on the voyage to be in unison with their own good qualities, have only to seek the primary objects after the manner and by the means suggested. Whether sailing from London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Southampton, Bristol, or elsewhere; or as first, second, or third-class passengers, our friends will find that first-class ships are the best; and, for a sea voyage, the best ships will be found the safest and quickest, consequently the cheapest.

ENGLISH INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Probably, a few of our English readers—disposed, through interested motives, rather to quarrel with us for the introduction of the subject than to discuss it—will say, what have English Insurance Companies to do with the "Rise and Progress of Australia?" Our reply in such a case would be definite and brief. While British institutions which involve a large amount of capital give rise to, influence, and regulate local ones or branches in British dependencies, the character and security of such institutions or associations become a matter of some, if not equal importance in the English colony as in the English capital; a great commercial crisis or monetary panic in the one, not failing in a greater or lesser degree to affect the other. Should the answer be deemed insufficient, we would claim an Englishman's privilege—that of fearlessly expressing an opinion on any public

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matter, or directing attention to a subject, the neglect or calm consideration of which may seriously or beneficially affect the future of thousands.

Of late, there has been a growing disposition on the part of the public to effect life insurances, by which provision may be made for surviving friends, aged relatives, or rising branches of the present generation. Such a desire reveals a noble trait in the English character, and is worthy of encouragement; for the object is a laudable one, and the means of its accomplishment ample and just. But, unfortunately, the greatest blessings are open to the greatest abuses; and so soon as a ready disposition is evinced by the public to invest money in some substantial institution, or honorable undertaking, so soon will arise a number of gingerbread establishments and wily adventurers, each and all—so far as outward appearances go —fully equipped and prepared for legitimate action, although in reality, only ready with delusive schemes, plausible devices, and artificial baits to tempt the weak and mislead the unwary. Has this been the case, and to what extent, with regard to the so-called public institutions under review? Although the materials on which our opinion is founded may not at once determine the question, or dispose of a subject where secresy and mystified accounts are known to prevail, they may nevertheless assist those of our

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readers who are personally but not officially interested in arriving at a correct conclusion.

In 1848 the number of Insurance Companies in London was 145; in 1851 the number had increased to 165; and in the present year (1856), there are 254 offices, which represent more than double the number that existed ten years since. Should the increase multiply at the same rate during the next twenty years, London in the year 1876 will contain more than one thousand Insurance Companies. The question suggested by such a table is simply this —has the late extraordinary increase in the number of companies to which the figures refer been justified by the requirements of the public? If so, it will be well for those, or the descendants of those whose faith on the subject is at present intact; if not, the ultimate fate of many, if not the majority of the institutions themselves —in which innocent subscribers will be the victims —must be obvious. If these flaming establishments are only kept open and supported at the expense of the shareholders and a few luckless captives, the crash, though distant, will be great and certain. Of the action of public companies, as of private individuals, where the expenditure is greater than the income, the result may be anticipated with certainty, although time can alone determine the extent of the operations, or the period of their final development. A man whose sole capital is one hundred thousand

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pounds in the funds, and who spends ten thousand a year, must in the course of a few years, or so soon as his capital and credit are exhausted, come to a stand; and the society, however rich, that may continue to expend forty thousand a year, while its income amounts to only one half that sum, will, sooner or later, find itself in a similar fix. It may be said, however, that these are only presumptive cases in which certain specified operations would lead to certain results, and that it is necessary to prove the existence of a cause before supplying evidence of the effect. Well. Without summoning to our aid the apparitions of departed Insurance Companies, in order to show the withering effect of previous baneful action on the part of deceased adventurers, we will deal only with objects that have still some lingering sparks of vitality; and without attempting in our examination to say or insinuate more than has been said by themselves, their own figures will, if we mistake not, clearly prove our proposition, viz.—that there are Insurance Companies at present in operation, both Fire and Life, as will be seen by the following statement from "The Times" of July 24th, which, by continuing in their past course, will eventually ensure their own ruin, if not the immediate poverty or future destitution of the subscribers or their descendants. It will, however, be gathered from their own plea, that the

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past is not to be their future course of action; and that although one office has exceeded its income by the small sum of about £20,000 a year, its income in the course of time may be in excess of its expenditure. We will only say with "The Times," "it will be for the public to judge how far the argument is to be carried, and whether it will justify such figures as are now presented."

"The Return recently published of the accounts of Assurance Associations contains all the documents furnished to the Registrar of Joint-Stock Companies by the offices established since the Joint-Stock Companies Act of 1844, and which alone are required to prepare annual statements for public registration. Owing to the deficiencies of the Act, which provides neither the form of balance-sheet to be submitted, nor any proper means of enforcing compliance with its provisions, these accounts are in many instances of the most vague and unsatisfactory description. They give some leading figures, however, which are sufficient to indicate the general progress of each office, the extent to which its funds have been drawn upon, and the plans it has pursued in order to gain business. As regards fire insurance companies, these particulars will be found condensed in the following table. It shows the operation of nine offices for the specific periods over which their latest returns extend. In three oases—namely, the Royal, the Manchester, and the Lincolnshire—the transactions appear to have been of a perfectly satisfactory character, a surplus of profit being exhibited after the payment of dividends. In the six remaining cases—namely, the Equitable, the Lancashire, the Unity, the British Empire Mutual, the National Provincial, and the Times—the expenditure has been largely in excess of the receipts. This result is the most striking in the instance of the Unity, because the accounts of that company

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extend over a longer period than those of the National Provincial and the Times, which would otherwise be still more remarkable. In three years, during which the receipts of the Unity have been £59,521, an expenditure has been incurred of £115,106, including £10,789 distributed in dividends. The plea for this system is, that by a large outlay for advertisements, agencies, &c., a connexion is formed which in future years will more than repay the money at first risked, and that the amount should consequently be placed under "preliminary expenses," and be provided for by appropriations out of future profits through a long period. It will be for the public to judge how far the argument is to be carried, and whether it will justify such figures as are now presented. It is certain that if every other insurance office, in order to meet this kind of competition, were to pursue a similar course, they would all speedily be ruined.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSACTIONS OF SOME OF THE EXISTING FIRE INSURANCE COMPANIES, Registered under the Joint-Stock Companies' Act, 7 and 8 Vic. c. 100, abstracted from the Parliamentary Return of Assurance Companies just issued.

Receipts. Expenditure. Period of Accounts. Name of Company. Premiums, Interest, &c., lsess Re-assurance, &c. Losses. Expenses of Management and Commission Dividends Totoal Proportion of Expenditure to Receipts. Yrs. £ £ £ £ £ 3 Royal ..... 371,957 221,767 74,253 55,203 351,223 94.42 3 Manchester ..... 148.615 76,701 32,982 30,500 140,183 94.32 4½ Equitable ..... 114,075 80,253 48,487 4,340 133,080 116.66 3 Lancashire ..... 98,135 65,333 37,289 6,840 109,462 111.54 3 Unity ..... 59,521 35,244 69,073 10,789 115,106 193.39 3 British Empire Mutual 15,567 10,152 11,518 - 21,670 139.20 1½ National Provincial ..... 7,705 6,011 9,031 621 15,663 203.28 2 Lincolnshire 4,774 557 2,610 250 3,417 71.57 1 Times ..... 4,575 5,227 8,827 575 14,629 319.76 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ 824,924 501,245 294,070 109,118 904,433 Law Fire ..... Anchor ..... North of England Defender .....} The accounts of these companies are rendered in such manner that no distinct details can be given.

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From the above tabular statement it appears that the total losses and expenses have averaged on the net premium receipts, &c., 9 6.41 per cent.; including dividends, 109.64 per cent.

"Annexed are the paid-up capital and funds of the above-named Fire Offices

* These amounts include duty due to the Government, and other items.

† Including Life Funds.

"The following Fire Companies have not registered any accounts—viz.:—

"The Athenicum (winding up in Chancery), the Emperor, the London Mercantile, and the Saxon."

"And the following have been dissolved'—viz.:—

"The British; English and Cambrian; Halifax, Bradford, and Keighley; Legal and Commercial; National Guardian; National Mercantile; Preston and North Lancashire; Protestant; Sceptre; Star; and Times Fire and Property."

Capital Paid Up. Funds Invested, &c., and in hand. £ £ Royal ............ 277,515 372,394 Manchester ............ 100,000 189,271 Equitable ............ 49,608 33,002 Lancashire ............ 144,840 146,482 Unity ............ 138,032 86,903 British Empire Mutual ............ — 8,601 National Provincial ............ 25.000 18,471 Lincolnshire ............ 8,709 10,344 Times ............ 13,310 4,880 Law ............ 125,000 171,170 Anchor † ............ 50,777 89,579 North of England † ............ 35,601 59,763 Defender † ............ 31,787 47,828 ------ ------ 1,000,179 1,238,688

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If the entire body of London Insurance Associations are fairly represented by the thirteen named in the foregoing statement, a similar classification would present the following results: —

Number of offices stowing a profit over and above expenses ............ 59

Number of offices showing the expenses to be greater than the profits ............ 118

Number of offices showing accounts in such manner that no distinct details can be given to the public 77

Total ............ 254

After the perusal of accounts furnished by few companies only, those persons who, without inquiry, may place faith in any and every newly established Assurance Association, will not, we think, deserve much sympathy on account of any future loss or disappointment they may experience through their own simplicity. The following brief account of an expiring body furnishes rather a cheerless prospect for those whose policies bear the stamp of some insolvent institution. It is but poor consolation for the surviving friends or relatives of one who insured his life, to find their single claim greater than the entire assets of the company in which the assurance was effected.

VICE CHANCELLOR'S COURT, July 12.

(Before Vice-Chancellor Wood.)

IN THE MATTER OF THE ATHENÆUM LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY.

Mr. Roxburgh (with whom was Mr. Daniel) appeared in support of a petition by the directors, praying that the

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company might be wound up in chambers under the provisions of the Joint-Stock Companies' Winding-up Acts.

The company which had been formed in 1851 had incurred liabilities to the amount of £28,000, arising from policies and annuities granted by them, one of their heaviest losses being upon a policy for £13,000 upon the life of a gentleman, which was now due. The assets of the company were stated to be £10,000. A meeting of the shareholders had been held on the 27th of June last, at which it was resolved that the directors should be authorized to take such steps to wind up the company as should be deemed expedient. A meeting of the directors was held on the same day, at which it was agreed to wind up the company under the provisions of the Winding-up Acts.

Mr. Selwyn, on behalf of some of the shareholders, though he looked with the greatest suspicion upon any proposition coming from the directors, admitted that there was no possibility of the company being carried on with advantage, and was content that an order for winding up in chambers should be at once made. He asked that the costs should be reserved.

Mr. Willcock and Mr. Freeman, upon a similar petition by some of the shareholders, characterized in strong terms the reckless manner in which the business of the company had been conducted by the directors.

Mr. H. Stevens was instructed to oppose the petition on behalf of other shareholders.

The Vice-Chancellor made the order for winding up the company in chambers upon the two petitions, reserving the costs.

When, after so brief a career, symptoms of disorganisation, failure, and dissolution appear in the camp of the newly formed forces, what will

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any disinterested person think of the remaining body, the heads of which—like certain of the Crimean heroes —have a special interest in declaring their own professional solvency and invincibility to the last. Secret associations are remarkable in this respect, and often succeed for a time in inducing a belief in their efficiency and power. But fortunately, as a general warning, occasionally internal commotions force some scattered fragments of their doings to the surface; and the Press, being the mirror through which these misgivings are reflected, conveys to the public a tolerably fair estimate of the body beneath. But with regard to Assurance Companies, our surprise is, not that so few of those recently established have come to a stand, but that any of them should so soon be compelled to declare themselves in such a position. With men of the world, even with those who have private property at stake and may sacrifice it in the struggle, there is generally a desire to prolong their commercial existence, although all reasonable hope of recovery may be extinct. But board-room gentlemen, or self-constituted directors and managers of public companies, who deal with public funds, are still more tenacious of life, and seldom finally retire from their well furnished official quarters —as a host of defunct societies have fully proved— while the balance at their bankers is considered sufficient to pay for—"another champagne lunch!"

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Without consideration, it would therefore seem strange that any one of these recently formed associations should have expired so soon after birth. Such premature fatality might induce a stranger to inquire whether the numerous diseases incidental to babes and sucklings attack, without distinction of class or complexion, all newly formed bodies? Or is it that the innocent lives accepted by these large but lax bodies have, in too many instances, represented the feeble structures on which the promoters' hopes were founded, while the dissolution of the one has unexpectedly involved the other in a similar fate? Anxious for business and its immediate substantial reward, have they not accepted any life, from the puny infant to the diseased and drooping centenarian? Hence the sudden stoppage of a few of the least wealthy of the establishments—see the case reported —in which the claim on a single policy is sometimes larger than the reputed assets of the company that granted it.

The public however feel more interest at present in the stability of existing institutions than in the defalcations of those which have ceased to exist. The doings and doom of the latter are no longer secrets, unless those who have paid or are paying the penalty of misplaced confidence wish to preserve them as such. But in the state of the former, the future position of thousands and tens of thousands of respectable families in this

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country is staked; and the success or failure of the stake-holders will of course determine the fate of the subscribers —whether prize or blank, whether plenty or poverty is to be their future lot. Having, then, briefly noticed a few past events connected with this subject, let us for a moment consider whether the minor misgivings to which we have alluded are likely to be succeeded by a more healthy state of things, or whether they merely denote similar events of greater magnitude, or a crisis fraught with danger to the public at large. We have resided for a time in a country of volcanic origin, in which earthquakes are of periodical occurrence, and where a great convulsion is invariably preceded by minor indications of the coming calamity. We trust this fact may not influence our opinion, and induce us, unjustly, to institute a comparison between those terrestrial commotions and the commercial or monetary disasters which periodically take place in this country. No. Although there are certain precursory signs in these occurrences which resemble each other, our forebodings in the present instance are founded on something stronger than a mere recognition of such a resemblance. They spring from facts and figures, and from a reasonable presumption for the cause ichy facts and figures are so mystified as to be unintelligible to the public. Our premises are not shaped by private but public information;

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and any of our readers have themselves equal opportunities for making their own deductions from official documents or occasional reports from our law courts. But Englishmen, as a body, seldom trouble themselves to inquire into the real state either of private debtors or public companies, in whom they may be personally interested, until the inquiry, as a precautionary measure, becomes unnecessary. When a great crash does take place, or a bubble suddenly explodes, then the dormant but sanguine creditor may be heard to exclaim, "ah! who'd a' thought it!" And have we not every reason to fear that, sooner or later, such will be the general exclamation with respect to a large number, if not the majority, of newly formed Assurance Societies? Do not past events and present statistics justify such a presumption with regard to the future? If not, all human calculations and predictions, as suggested by the commercial barometer, are unworthy of consideration or trust; and people have no right whatever either to foretell, guard against, or try to avoid a coming storm; but simply to dwell on mischiefs after they have taken place, or endeavour to repair damages that, with many, may be found to be irreparableAccording to this doctrine, an Insurance Company or any other company whose expenditure may be in excess of its income by twenty thousand a year, cannot be questioned as to the

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probable result of such a game so long as the game is not ended. The players may make fresh moves in favor of the shareholders or their supporters; and until the game be declared at an end, those of the public without the ring have no right to speculate as to the period or nature of its termination. The author of the following extract from an article on "New Speculations," a list of which appeared in "The Times" of July 4th, surely merited, if he has not received, severe reprehension for expressing, without reserve, his opinion on a subject of vital importance the community.

"The fever of speculation now gradually commencing will be watched with anxiety by all who regard the permanent welfare of the country. Every one can see that with the influx of bullion the demand for new investments will increase, that this demand will be met on all sides, and that the majority of the schemes introduced will call not merely for the surplus funds seeking employment at the moment, but will pledge the community to a continued outlay long after the tide may have turned. They can also recognize that the final result will be a crash such as was witnessed in 1825, 1836, and 1847, and which in this country may be looked for with absolute precision once every eleven years. The whole population will nevertheless go on, each man believing that he will pause in time, and that his neighbour is to be the person who must suffer. In such a state of affairs all warnings are useless, since there is no difference of opinion as to the end. The only service that can be rendered is to remind the public from time to time of their actual position, so that, if they increase

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their commitments to an extravagant extent, they may at least do so with a full knowledge of what they are undertaking. Tims far no danger has been incurred, but a retrospect of the enterprises of the past half-year, will show that the amounts already engaged to be furnished are considerable, and that when these shall have been doubled or trebled—as will, perhaps, be the case during the next six months—they will make an aggregate sufficient to absorb the disposable means of England for three or four years thereafter."

After furnishing a list of the companies introduced on the Stock Exchange since the 1st of January, 1856, the writer goes on to state the aggregate capital required by them to be £23,490,000. But in a subsequent issue of the same paper an additional list is given, which augments the previous amount by about ten millions, making a total of £33,490,000. A tolerably fair amount of English capital this—a large portion of it for the continent —arranged for by a few companies—independent of assurance associations —which have been formed during a period of little more than six months. These figures would appear large enough without being doubled or trebled, as predicted by "The Times" writer, to precipitate a crisis, which the brief space of a few years, or probably less, cannot fail to bring about.

With regard to some of the recently formed assurance associations, however unsound in construction, artificial in design, or reckless in action such institutions may be, the probability of an

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immediate or general wreck is not so great as with delusive schemes of a different character. Yet, the more remote the period of a smash the greater the amount of the disaster. A man who subscribes for two or three years only to an undertaking that will yield him nothing in return, is clearly not so great a loser as he would be on continuing his subscription for a longer period with a similar result. And if any existing insurance office—like some departed relative—should keep open until its assets are not sufficient to cover the claim on one policy, what, we would ask, will be the share for others? Free at present— as Heaven grant this country may continue to be —from the cholera, or any such fatal malady, the large numbers of persons who have recently insured their lives are not, it is to be hoped, so near their exit from this world as to test the solidity of the institutions in question for the next few years. And during the lives of its valuable subscribers will any such office voluntarily close its doors against its unselfish and noble-minded directors and ingenious officials—and, above all, against the material matter on which the nobility of the one and the ingenuity of the other are found to thrive? Enough. Ten or fifteen years will disclose more than we have either said or intend to say on this subject. Of the manner in which some of the companies are formed, and of the character and doings of those by whom they are formed, our

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INSURANCE COMPANIES.

readers may themselves judge by the following extracts from the examination of an ex-manager, who recently (August 7, 1856,) brought an action against the directors of a company at present in existence:—

"Plaintiff, cross-examined by Mr. James. —Witness was not formerly connected with the Equitable Life-office, but with a fire-office of that name, and he travelled about the country as their agent. The directors who were appointed in March, 1856, to manage the offices of the Athenæum Society were an entirely new set of gentlemen. Mr. Harris, one of the old board, by whom witness was appointed, was a solicitor. He had been insolvent. Did not know where he was now, but believed he was in some lunatic asylum. Mr. Howard, another of the old board was a surgeon. Did not know what had become of him. Mr. Carrington Jones, another director, he believed, was now engaged some way in the army, and he believed was at Malta. He was formerly secretary to the Athenaeum Life-office. Witness once had a promissory note from him for £257 10s. It was a security for money advanced to him by the society. The Rev. Mr. Bartlett and a person named Sutton were also directors of the society in 1853. Sutton, ho believed, was the promoter of the company. The Rev. Mr. Bartlett lived at Fulham, but he did not know of his having any benefice. Witness was not to be paid his full salary until 2,000 preference shares were paid up. The society had no money until he found them some. Their revenue in 1853 was not more than £70 or £80. Sutton was what was called the "getter-up" of the company. He was formerly a clerk in an insurance-office. Soon after he was appointed the directors gave him shares to the amount of £1,000, and they lent him £750 from the funds of the society, to pay a deposit of 15s. upon each of the shares, and this was entered

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in the books as a real transaction, and it was made to appear that he was the actual holder of that number of shares, and that he had paid the deposit upon them. In point of fact he did not pay a single farthing.

The Chief Baron (to the witness) —Why, in point of fact, the "transaction" was all fudge, was it not?

Witness. Well, my Lord, it was very much like it. (A laugh.)

Cross-examination continued.—The object of the proceeding undoubtedly was to make the public believe that the nominal capital of the company was larger than it really was. Did not think that the proceeding was adopted at his suggestion. There were only five directors at this time, and each of them had £2,000 worth of shares given to him in the same manner, and the deposits were taken from the capital of the company, and none of them paid a farthing of their own money for the shares. These transactions were all entered in the books as though they had been genuine ones.

The witness was then further cross-examined by Mr. James.—He said that at the time he was appointed there were other shareholders than the five directors whose names he had mentioned. The directors and the shareholders were, in point of fact, one body. He was then questioned upon several money transactions, and he admitted that a sum of £250, which appeared on the books as having been lent to the Athenseum Life-office was, in point of fact, advanced to Mr. Carrington Jones, one of the directors, who gave a promissory note as security, and he was to pay six per cent, interest. The same gentlemen who were directors of the fire-office, were also directors of the life department, and the money was entered as having been lent to that department. The entry was undoubtedly fictitious. He objected to the proceeding at the time, but the directors persisted on it, and he considered he was bound to obey their instructions.

411

INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Mr. James.—Was any portion of this £250 ever repaid to the society?

Witness. —No.

The Chief Baron asked what had become of Jones.

The witness said he did not know. The last time he heard of him he was serving in a foreign regiment at Malta.

A private ledger kept by the witness was here handed to him, and he was asked to explain how it was that the date appeared to have been altered in one of the entries, and September, 1855, substituted for June, 1853, in relation to a sum of £250. The witness said he knew nothing about it—the alteration had been made by the accountant of the company.

The Chief Baron said it appeared to him that there had been gross fraud, and that some of the persons concerned ought to have stood on the other side of the court.

The plaintiff, on further cross-examination, said that Jones was paid the dividends upon the shares that were placed in his name. The two offices—the Athenæum Life, and the Athenæum Fire were carried on in the same building. They were in the habit occasionally of borrowing money of each other. In May, 1853, there was a proposition for the fire-office to advance £400 to the lifeoffice upon a deposit note at six per cent. The money was drawn on two checks, one for £300, which was crossed to the life company's bankers, and another for £100. The latter was not crossed, and it never came into the possession of the life company, and no one knew what had become of it. Field, the detective officer, was employed to investigate the matter, but no trace of the £100 check was ever discovered. He could not say why he did not cross the £100 check, but he supposed the board told him not to do so. Mr. Sutton, one of the directors, told him not to put the name of the Athenæum Life Company's bankers on the

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check, and to put his own bankers, the London and Westminster, instead. The loss of the £100 check was very annoying, and he was told by Field that he had traced the notes that were paid for it to within twenty yards of the Athenæum-office. He believed that Mr. Sutton was at present in London, and that he was engaged in getting up another company. (A laugh.) There was another entry on the books referring to a sum of £107 16s 6d., which was represented to have been lent to the Athenaeum Life Company, and which was fictitious. In point of fact, this money was employed to pay a bill incurred by another society, called the Security Mutual, with which witness was connected. The money was employed to take up a bill, to which witness and Mr. Coyne, who was a director of the Athenaeum, were parties; but it was represented in the books that the money had been advanced to the Athenæum Life-office.

The Chief Baron remarked that the operations of the company appeared to be very extraordinary. The same set of gentlemen appeared to be shuffling the money backwards and forwards to each other.

Mr. James.—The fact was, my Lord, that, whenever any of the directors wanted to borrow any money, they took it out of the funds of the company, and it was entered as a loan to the life-office. (A laugh.)

Cross-examination continued. —Witness was the projector of the Security Mutual-office. It was now in process of being wound-up. (A laugh.)

In answer to a question put by the jury, the witness said that several of the directors of the Athenæum Life and Fire-office were also directors of the Security Mutual Company.

By Mr. James.—The Security Mutual gave him the same number of shares that he received in the Athenæum, and it was also made to appear that he had paid up £750 upon

INSURANCE COMPANIES.

413

his shares. This was not at all an extraordinary proceeding, and the only thing that was remarkable about the transaction was the smallness of the amount. (A laugh.)

Will any sane person, after reading the statements in the preceding examination, be disposed, without the strictest scrutiny, to invest money in newly formed Insurance Companies? For our own part, we should be very loth, as a commercial speculation, to give a shilling in the pound for the sole right to supposed sums that may hereafter become due on policies granted by the majority of life-offices of recent formation. Why? After the evidence, not ours, but of others, furnished in this brief review, can an answer be necessary? Can any who attentively peruse that evidence have the slightest faith in the majority of recently formed life associations? Impossible. If, with us, our readers have no faith in the majority of such institutions, they might perhaps wish our information to extend a little further to enable them to learn the number and names of the minority. But however desirable such information might be for the future security of others, it is alike beyond our power and province to furnish. Having supplied what we deem a necessary caution on an important subject, we should exceed our duty by naming for public support particular objects from a large number recently established, without being able to distinguish from the general body those which

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contribute to dangers that make this warning necessary. Where, however, there are no such doubts, there need be no such scruples; and for the information of those who may require it, we furnish the names of a few London and country establishments which—to use an expressive term of assurance where no doubt can possibly exist — we believe to be "as good as the Bank of England." Personally we are unacquainted with any one connected with such institutions. The simple fact that they have ever been and are still respectably conducted, while the majority if not all of them have been in existence for more than thirty years —some for more than a century —is our only inducement to name, as worthy the confidence of uninformed branches of the community, those institutions which experienced members of the public consider worthy of trust without our recommendation.

Royal Exchange, Fire, Life, Marine.

London Assurance, Fire, Life, Marine.

County and Provident, Fire, Life.

Atlas, Fire, Life.

Guardian, Fire, Life.

Westminster, Fire.

Equitable, Life.

London Life Association.

Pelican, Life.

Economic, Life.

Liverpool and London, Fire, Life.

Sun, Fire, Life.

Phœnix, Fire.

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INSURANCE COMPANIES.

Imperial, Fire, Life.

Alliance, Fire, Life.

Globe, Fire, Life.

Union, Fire, Life.

Hand in Hand, Fire, Life.

Law, Life.

Law, Fire.

Rock, Life.

Amicable, Life.

North British, Fire, Life.

Manchester, Fire.

Norwich Union, Fire, Life.

Leeds and Yorkshire, Fire, Life.

National Mercantile, Life.

Scottish Union, Fire, Life.

Scottish Equitable, Life.

Scottish Provident, Life.

City of Glasgow, Life.

Edinburgh, Life.

Standard, Life.

Argus, Life.

Scottish Amicable, Life.

Scottish National, Life.

Alliance British and Foreign, Fire, Life.

There may be, as no doubt there are, offices of recent origin, the solidity and respectability of which entitle them to a place by side of the above. But how or by whom can such offices be named or identified, when only three out of thirteen —as represented by their own accounts — have shown their revenue to be in excess of their expenditure? It may be said that all must

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ENGLISH INSURANCE COMPANIES.

necessarily have a beginning, and that small beginnings often lead to great results. Very true. But such beginnings have generally a forward tendency. Had the above named institutions, like those of recent formation, commenced by a retrograde movement, such institutions would long since have ceased to exist.

But even as thoughtless children will, on the morrow, forget the timely advice or gentle admonition of to-day, the adult or more experienced part of the population would appear to be equally forgetful of, or to profit little by, the severe monetary lessons of the past. Were it otherwise, the recent failure of the Royal British Bank would furnish a lasting sign of the danger of placing much, if any, faith either in institutions or directors which are not well known to the public at large—such as occasionally become known to be found wanting in the only essentials necessary to their respective positions.

1857.

A COLONIAL DIRECTORY, INCLUDING GEELONG AND MELBOURNE, IN VICTORIA; SYDNEY, IN NEW SOUTH WALES; AUCKLAND, NELSON, WELLINGTON, AND CANTERBURY, IN NEW ZEALAND.

Note.-Future editions of the Colonial Directory will include Hobart Town, New Plymouth, and Otago, together with corrections and numerous additions now in course of preparation for this work. For a considerable portion of the inforamation contained in the present issue, the Compiler is indebted to local publications; but the necessary means have been taken to insure, for the future, prompt and direct intelligence, which will be furnished to the latest period.

GEELONG TRADE DIRECTORY.

ARCHITECTS.

Backhouse, B., architect, surveyor, &c. Chambers, Market square

Dowden, R. A., architect, civil engineer, land surveyor, valuator, &c. 106 Yarra street

Ferrier, W. H., C.F., architect and surveyor, land agent, holding auctioneer's license, 49 Ryrie street east

Mac Williams, A., civil engineer and architect, City chambers, Malop street east

Reed, J., architect and surveyor, City chambers, Malop st. west

Shaw, J. L., C.E., architect and surveyor, Yarra street

Snell and Prowse, architects, surveyors, &c. Chambers, Market square

Young, J., architect & surveyor, 48 Moorabool st.—M'Donold's auction rooms

Allen and Cakebread, builders, &c., Town Hall

Cumming, R., Sculptor & builder, Yarra street

AUCTIONEERS.

Bowness and Cane, auctioneers & commission agents, Ryrie st.

Browne, Bigwood & Co., auctioneers & commission merchants, Market square

Carver and Dalton, auctioneers, &c, Moorabool street

Davison, J., auctioneer, &c., Malop street west

Donnolly, P. J. & Co., auctioneers, &c., Market square

Forster, T., auctioneer and commission agent, Yarra street

Hutton, J. B., auctioneer, &c., Yarra street

Inglis Brothers, auctioneers, &c., Little Malop street west

Lascelles and Tannock, auctioneers and stock agents, Ryrie st.

Levy, M. S., auctioneer, &c., Kardinia street

Main, D. F., auctioneer, &c., Market square

O'Farrell and Son, auctioneers, Stock Bazaar, Ryrie street

Ogilvie & Robinson, auctioneers and commission agents, Moorabool street

Rattray, J., auctioneer, &c., Little Malop street west

Wright, George, auctioneer, &c. Ryrie street

BANKS.

Australasia, Bank of, Yarra st. Market sq.; J. R. Morris, Esq. manager

London Chartered Bank, Market sq.; J. Gellatly, Esq. manager

Union Bank, Yarra st. Market sq.; C. Robertson, Esq. manager

420

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Victoria, Bank of, Moorabool st.; V. Giblin, Esq., manager

BOOKSELLERS & STATIONERS.

Brown, T., commercial and general stationer, account book manufacturer, paper ruler and printer, Moorabool street

Heath and Cordell, printers and stationers, Yarra st. Market sq.

Mercer, &., bookseller, stationer, account book manufacturer and paper ruler, opposite the Tank, Market square

Paterson, T., printer, bookseller, stationer, paper ruler, and account book manufacturer, 15 Great Malop street

BUTCHERS AND BAKERS.

Cullen, Brothers, butchers, Yarra street

Lowe, J., butcher, Moorabool st.

Couves & Co., bread and biscuit bakers and family grocers, opposite the Treasury, 121 Moorabool street

Blair, J., bread and biscuit baker, Malop street east

CARRIERS.

Crabb, S. S., merchant and general carrier, 1 Yarra street

Fare, W. & R., general carriers, Blossoms yard, Yarra street

CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS.

Archer, W., chemist and druggist, Moorabool street

Goulter, H. J., chemist and druggist, Yarra street

Kernot, C, chemist and druggist, Moorabool street

Matthews' Medical Dispensary, La Trobe terrace, opposite St. Paul's, Ashby

McDonald and Colquhoun, chemists & druggists, Ryrie street

Poynton and Co., chemists and druggists, Yarra street north

Richardson, J., chemist and druggist, corner of Union street, next the Post office, Market sq.

Walton, T., chemist and druggist, 39 Saffron street, Chilwell

DENTISTS.

Heath, R., dentist, 43 Yarra st., Market square

Lugg, Mr., surgeon dentist, at Richardson's, druggist, Market square

Selim.Mr., dentist, Market square

DRAPERS, ETC.

Alexander, G., importer & warehouseman, wholesale and retail, Market square

Anderson, James, draper, &c. 3 and 5 Malop street

Andrews, (late Towle and Turpin's), wholesale and retail draper, Market square

Batten, W. Roberts, draper, &c., Yarra street

Bray, T. & J., importers of every description of drapery and clothing, wholesale and retail, Moorabool street

Bright, William, & Co., wholesale and retail drapers and clothiers, corner of Moorabool street, and Market square

Brown Brothers, drapers, Malop street west

Morris and Stephens, general drapers & outfitters, Ryrie street

Ross, John, & Co., silk mercers, linen drapers, &c. Market sq.

Williamson and Hiles, wholesale and retail drapers, Yarra street, Market square

Wood, Mrs. E., baby linen warehouse, &c., Market square

421

GEELONG.

Young and Skarratt, wholesale and retail drapers, Victoria House, Market square

ENGRAVERS, ETC.

De Gruchy and Leigh, engravers, lithographers and copper-plate printers, Little Malop st. east

Marriott, W. H., engraver, lithographer & copper-plate printer, Little Malop street west

FURNITURE WAREHOUSES.

Ashmore, W. and Sons, upholsterers, bedding manufacturers and general house furnishers, 125 Moorabool street

Dixon, C., furniture warehouse, Malop street

Stirling, Henry, cabinet maker, Union street

Stoneham, J., furniture warehouse, Providence Rise, Yarra street

Wilson, J. W., cabinet maker and undertaker, 58 Moorabool street, Market square

FAMILY GROCERS.

Brown and Vines, family grocers, wine and spirit merchants, Yarra street, Market square

Bryan and Bannister, merchant grocers and Italian warehousemen, 8 Market square

Brydon and Hedrick, wholesale and retail grocers and wine and spirit merchants, 62 Moorahool street

Gosling and Shepherd, wholesale grocers, &c. Malop st. west

Griffiths, Brown & Co., tea dealers and grocers, Ryrie street

Jones, David, Commercial Stores, 36 Yarra street

Lowe, F., wholesale grocer and provision merchant, corner of Kardinia and Corio streets

Rose, Henry, wholesale and retail grocer and provision merchant, Little Malop street

Sinclair and Riddoch, wholesale grocers, &c. Malop st. west

Telford, J. C., wholesale grocer, wine and spirit merchant, opposite the Tank, Market square

Williamson and Murray, family grocers, wine and spirit merchants, &c. Yarra street

Cantor, B., store, 1 Yarra street Richardson, S., storekeeper, Byrie street

HOTELS, ETC.

Birdsey, J., British Hotel, Corio street

Carman, F., Gamekeeper's Hotel, Yarra street, Market square

Fossert, Charles P., Terminus Commercial and Family Hotel, corner of Mercer street and Brougham place

Holding, W. J., Royal Mail Hotel, Yarra street

Hooper's, (late Mack's) Hotel, Corio terrace

Jones, Abel, Lord Nelson of Malop street east

Keane, Charles, Steam Packet Hotel, Yarra street

Kelly, T., Crown Hotel, Mercer street, Ashby

Knight, E., Australian Inn, Ryrie street

Mclnnerney, D., Daniel O'Connell Hotel, Yarra street

Nash & Majastre, Preston's Hotel, Ryrie street

Neville, Richard, Britannia Hotel, Yarra street

Rooke, J., Great Western Hotel, Mercer street

Semken, J., Hay Market Hotel, Little Myer's street

422

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Sillett, J. W., wholesale and retail wine & spirit merchant, Steam Coach Hotel, Mercer street

Southey, G., Family Hotel, Yarra street

Story, T., Victoria Hotel, Moorabool street, Market square

Whitaker, Albert, Watchmakers' Arms Hotel, Corio street

IRONMONGERS, ETC.

Bauer, F., general ironmonger, &c. Ryrie street

Denmead, N., wholesale and retail ironmonger, 94 Moorabool st.

Harris, T., ironmonger, &c., Moorabool street

Hawkes, T., wholesale and retail ironmonger, 108 Mercer street

Parker, R., general ironmonger, Market square

Reed, A. R. & Co., general ironmongers, &c. Moorabool street

Tonkin, Mr. iron bedstead maker, locksmith and bell-hanger, 123 Moorabool street

White, G., general ironmonger, &c. Ryrie street

LABOR MARKET.

Fitchett's, Victoria Labor Market and Shipping Office, Market sq.

Hendy, James, and Co., Labor Market, Shipping and Land Offices, 22 Ryrie street

Waldock, T. M., agent, Labor Market, Ryrie street

Brebner, J., broker and general agent, Little Malop st. west.

LIVERY STABLE KEEPERS.

Christie, T. livery stable keeper, Ryrie street east

Edols, R., Horse Bazaar, Malop st. Gibson, T., livery stable keeper, Kardinia street

MacLean,Mr. livery stable keeper, Little Malop street east

Searles, R., livery stable keeper, Bellarine street

Thompson, J., livery stable keeper, Little Malop street west

Whiteman, J., shoeing smith and veterinary surgeon, Ryrie st.

MERCHANTS.

Bell, W. M. and Co., merchants, Yarra street

Board, G., merchant, Little Malop street

Dalgety, Ibbotson and Co., merchants, Moorabool street

Douglas, A., merchant, Victoria terrace

Dunsford, H., merchant, Yarra st. Griffiths, Fanning, and Co., merchants, Little Malop street

Henty, J. & Co., Little Malop st.

Holmes, White, & Co., merchants, Gheringhap-street

McKellar and Wood, merchants, Little Malop street west

Nicol, Scott and Co., merchants, Ryrie street

Sheppard, T., merchant, Moorabool street

Smith, C. M., merchant and agent for Victoria Fire Insurance Company, Moorabool street

Smith, Sidney, ship chandler, &c. Moorabool street

Staveley, N., commission & shipping agent, Gray's Mill

Swanston, Willis and Stephen, merchants, Gheringhap street

Thome, Kimber & Co., merchants, La Trobo terrace

Warner, G., merchant, Ryrie st.

Wood, E., house and commission agent, Market square

PAINTERS, ETC.

Foulkes, Mr., house, sign and ornamental painter, glazier, paper hanger, &c. opposite the Brian Boru, Moorabool street

423

GEELONG.

Lang, J., house, sign and ornamental painter, glazier, paper hanger, &c. Moorabool street

Mackintosh and Thompson, painters, glaziers, gilders, &c. Malop street west

PASTRYCOOKS.

Grey, C., cook, pastrycook, and confectioner, Moorabool street

MeLeod, A. R., cook, pastrycook, and confectioner, Moorabool street and Mercer street

PAWNBROKER

Bevan, W., pawnbroker, Union st.

SADDLERS, ETC.

Hewitt, Mr., saddler and harness maker, Moorabool street

Howard Brothers, saddle and harness makers, 57 Mercer street

McCallum and McKenzie, saddlers & harness makers, Market sq.

Marsh and Johnstone, saddlers, &c. Malop street west

Wood, James, saddler & harness maker, Market square

SOLICITORS, ETC.

Ashworth, T., solicitor, Little Malop street

Combe, H., solicitor, Ryrie street

Fraser, Alex., solicitor, 30 Wills buildings, Market square

Gregory and Fraser, solicitors, 53 Yarra street

Garrett and Doyle, solicitors, Eyrie street

Kildahl, John, solicitor, 30 Wills buildings, Market square

King, G., solicitor, Ryrie street Lane and Staveley, solicitors, Yarra street

Martyr and Taylor, solicitors, and notaries public, Yarra street, Market square

Manby, Edward, solicitor, 53 Yarra street, Market square

Sanford and Harwood, solicitors, Yarra street, Market square

Vincent, Mr., solicitor, 57 Yarra street, Market square

Speed, Henry, law stationer, 43 Yarra street, Market square

Talbot, Alfred John, accountant and agent, Ryrie street

SURGEONS.

Baylie, Dr., Market square

Day, Dr., Yarra street

Gunn, Dr., Ryrie street

Lawrence, Dr., Yarra street

Martyr, Dr., Yarra street

Syder, Mingay, Dr., Celsus Cottage, Skene street

Towle, Dr., 57 Yarra st. Market sq. Walsh, Dr., Ryrie street

TIMBER MERCHANTS.

Buxton, John, builder and timber merchant, La Trobe terrace, and Mercer street

Tait & Wright, timber merchants, Ryrie street

Tannock, J., timber merchant, Ryrie street

WATCHMAKERS, ETC.

Bishop, P., watchmaker and jeweller, Ryrie street

Finlay, James, watchmaker and jeweller, 43 Yarra st. Market sq.

Kitz, Louis, watchmaker, &c. Moorabool street

Waddleton, J., watchmaker, &c. Ryrie street

WINE & SPIRIT MERCHANTS.

Gibson and Curie, wine and spirit merchants, Moorabool street

Griffiths, Frank, and Co., gold brokers, wine and spirit merchants, and commission agents, Market square

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COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

MacMullen, W., wine and spirit merchant, Ryrie street

McPhillimy and Baird, wine and spirit merchants, Malop st. west

Nantes, Brothers, and Co., wine and spirit merchants, Ryrie st.

Sayers and Co., wine and spirit merchants, Moorabool street

MISCELLANEOUS.

Amiet, S., Swiss Boarding House, 89, Moorabool street

Baths.—Warm, Cold & Shower Baths, Yarra street, corner of Ryrie street

Brearley, Brothers, leather warehouse, Yarra street

Daws, W., hairdresser and perfumer, Corio st., near the Bank

Howell, W. S. & R., Coal Depot, land & house agents, 25 Malop street, Market square

Jones, Noah's Ark Boot and Shoe Warehouse, Malop st. west.

Mitchell and Howell, Bowling Saloon, Malop street west.

Rushbrook, F., wholesale and retail tobacconist, importer of foreign goods and toys, Yankee Notions, Moorabool street

South Sea Oil Company, 41 Yarra street north

Law and Tanner, wholesale and retail seedsmen, James street, Ryrie street, opposite O'Farrell and Son's Horse Repository

Wilkinson, T. & J., hat manufacturers, adjoining Bray's Drapery Warehouse, 66 Moorabool street.

Newspapers.—"Geelong Advertiser" (daily); "Weekly Observer."

MELBOURNE DIRECTORY.

LEADING MERCHANTS, WAREHOUSEMEN, AGENTS, ETC.

A

Adamson, Harvey and Co., merchants, 111 Little Lonsdale st. west

Age newspaper, 67 Elizabeth st.

Alexander, John Nightingale, merchant, 20 Queen st.

Amsberg and Co., importers, 110 Flinders lane west

Amschel and Co., merchants, 59 Flinders st. west

Anderson, Thomas, 22 King st.

Argus newspaper, 78 Collins st. east

Arnot & Carnie, wholesale & retail family grocers, 200 Bourke st. east

Ashford, E. F., commission agent, 41 Collins st. west

Austin & Co., shipping and commission agents, 25 William st.

Aylwin and Jobson, merchants, 20 King st.

B

Balfour, Down & Co, merchants, 99 Collins st. west

Ball, J. & Co., grocers, 90 Brunswick st., Collingwood

Bank of Australasia, D. C. M'Arthur, manager, 77 Collins st. west

Bank of New South Wales, Collins st. west

Banks Brothers and Henderson, importers and warehousemen, Flinders court, Flinders lane west

Barker and Co., merchants, coach and saddlers ironmongers, 84 Russell st.

Barnard, J. V., and Co., merchants, 83 Queen st.

Barratt, W. M. and Co., merchants, 82a Swanston st

Barnett Brothers, auctioneers and general importers, 56 Swanston st.

Beckwith & Bancroft, merchants, 32 Flinders lane west

Beckx, Gustave and Co., merchants, 64 Flinders lano west

Begg, Mitchell and Webb, merchants, 124 Collins st. west

Bell and Beauchamp, furniture warehouse, 38 and. 40 Collins st. east

Belinfante, S. and Co., importers and merchants, 45 King st.

Berens, H. and A., wholesale jewellers, importers, and general merchants, 14 Lonsdale st. west

Beyfus, William, merchant, 17 Elizabeth st. south

426

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Bial, A., wine and spirit merchant, 106 Bourke st. west

Benjamin, M. & Son, merchants, 36 Little Collins st. west

Bennett, F. C. & Co., importers of and wholesale dealers in boots, shoes, clothing, haberdashery, &c., Bourke st. east

Benson, Brothers, wholesale druggists & drysalters, 124 Russell St.

Berghoff and Touzel, commission merchants, La Trobe st. east

Bischoff, A., merchant, 118 Collins st. west

Bishop, J. wholesale ironmonger, & general merchant, 5 Flinders lane west

Black, J., M.D., 97 Bourke st. west

Blair & M'Eacharn, grocers, wine spirit, produce and provision merchants, 256 Elizabeth st.

Bligh and Harbottle, merchants, 21 Flinders lane west

Boyd and Anderson, merchants, rear of 11 Market st.

Bright Brothers, merchants, 6 Flinders lane west

Briscoe & Co., wholesale & retail ironmongers, 66 Elizabeth st. opposite the Age office

Brookes and M'Dougall, shipbrokers, 97 Collins st. west

Brooks and Cooper, wine merchants, 9 Queen st.

Brooks 11., importer of and wholesale and retail dealer in window glass, paper hangings, &c., 13 Stephen st.

Brown and Noyes, merchants, 25 Market st.

Brown Charles, general merchant, 71 Flinders lane west

Brown, George, and Co., grocers, and provision merchants, 156 Bourke st. west

Brown, Ralston and Co., merchants, 23 Market st.

Brown, J. C. and Co., merchants, 107 Collins st. west

Buchanan, Kramer and Wilson, merchants, 6 Elizabeth st.

Buckley and Nunn, drapers, 27 Great Bourke st. east

Budge Brothers, wholesale warehousemen, 55 to 61 Russell st.

Burstall, Brothers, merchants, Bank place

Burstall and Co., soap and candle works, Saltwater River, and Bank place, Collins st.

Bushby, J., wine and spirit merchant, 73 Great Lonsdale st. east

Butt, J. T., boot and shoe dealer, and commission agent, 125 Swanston st.

Butterworth Brothers, merchants, 6 Elizabeth st.

Bryne, R., Auctioneer and merchant, 46 Elizabeth st., and Bay st. Sandridge

c

Cairns, A. and Co., timber merchants, 72 Flinders lane east

Callender, Caldwell, & Co., merchants, 41 King st.

Campbell Brothers and Co., merchants, 9 Market st.

Campbell, D. S., and Co., merchants, 89, Collins st. west

Campbell, J. and Co., coffee merchants, 17 Little Bourke st. east

Carlton and Hocknell, merchants, 62 William street

Carr, John, City of Melbourne Steam Coffee Roasting and Grinding Mills, 1 Flinders lane, west

Carter, E., merchant, 61 Swanston st.

Caspar and Wolff, merchants and commission agents, 52 Flinders lane east, and Elizabeth, st. Hobart Town

427

MELBOURNE.

Chaine Edward, and Co., importers, 43 Elizabeth st.

Chambers Brothers, and Co., merchants, 100 Flinders lane east

Chisholm Brothers, wine, spirit, and provision merchants, 268 Elizabeth st.

Clarke, J. J., commission agent, 69 Flinders lane west

Clarke, Capt. A., R. E., SurveyorGeneral's office

Clarke, H. J., importer, 104 Bourke st. west

Clove Brothers & Co., merchants, 114 Lonsdale st. west

Clough, J. H., and Co., woolbrokers, 47 King st.

Clowes, R. and J., ironmongers, 18 Lonsdale st. west

Cobb, E. W. and Co., merchants, 112 Collins st. west

Cohen and Moses, merchants, 38 Little Collins st. west

Cole, Bruce & Norton, merchants, and ship agents, Wharf

Collyns and Co., merchants, 17 King st.

Connor and Phelan, wine, spirit, and provision merchants, 214 Elizabeth st.

Cooper, R., and Sons, merchants, 9 Queen st.

Cooper, John, commission merchant, 87 Collins st. west

Corcoran, M., merchant, 147 La Trobe st. west

Cowell, J., boot and shoemaker, 123 Elizabeth st.

Crawford and Gray, merchants, 203 Swanston st. north

Creeth, Hicks, and Creeth, merchants, 37 La Trobe st. east

Crockford Brothers, wine, spirit, and general commission merchants, Bay st. Sandridge

Crombie, Clapperton, & Findlay, drapers, &c, 41 Lonsdale st. west, and 5 Bourke st. east

Cumming Brothers and Co., importers and general merchants, 20 Collins st. east

Curcier and Adet, wine and provision merchants, 127 Bourke st. east

D

Dardanelli and Co., brokers and commission agents, 121 Flinders st. east

Dalgety, Cruikshank & Co., merchants, 54 Bourke st. west

Davis and Co., merchants, 24 Queen. St.

Davis, T. H., merchant, 13 Market st.

Davis, C. and I. S. and Co., merchants and general importers, 35 Market st.

Degraves and Co., merchants, 11 Flinders st. east

De Pass Brothers and Co., merchants, 107 William st.

De Young, A. S., tent maker, 71 Bourke st. east

Detmold, W., bookbinder, 163 Swanston st.

Devas, Routledge, and Co., merchants, 83 Bourke st. west, and Cannon st. west, London

Devlin and Crawford, merchants, 3 Queen st.

Dickson and Co., cordial manufacturers, 41 Flinders lane east

Diez, J., merchant, 20 Flinders lane west

Light, John, merchant, 13 Elizabeth st.

Dingle, Francis, wholesale grocer & spirit merchant, 169 Swanston st.

Dixon, H. R., auctioneer, 15 Bourke st. west

Dove and Oswald, ship chandlers, 95 Flinders st. west

Downing, Griffith, and Co., merchants, 20 Queen st.

428

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Dredge and Thomas, merchants & commission agents, 68 Flinders lane west

Dreutler, A. and Co., merchants, 118 Collins st. west, & George st., Sydney

Drummond and Co., merchants, 94 Flinders lane west

Dyer and Co., merchants, and lime, plaster, & cement stores, 7 Queen st.

E

Eaton, A., provision merchant, 105 Swanston st.

Elliott, J., tailor and habit maker, 78 Brunswick st., Collingwood.

Elliott, S., ironmonger, corner of Bourke and Russell sts.

Elliott, G. B., and Co., shipping grocers, wholesale and retail, 128 Flinders st., opposite Cole's Wharf

Ewart and Ginn, merchants and ship brokers, 128 Flinders lane west

F

Falk, D. & P., wholesale jewellers, 62 William st.

Fallenstein and M'Kechney, merchants, corner of Bond st., and Flinders st. west

Fawns and Smith, clothiers, &c., 232 Elizabeth st.

Fell, Geddes, and Walton, wholesale druggists, 63 Collins st. east

Ferguson, A. & W., warehousemen, 101 Collins st. east

Fisher, Ricards & Co., meroliants, 114 Collins st. west

Fiske & Co., grocers & provision merchants, 96 & 97 Swanston st.

Fletcher, R. P. W., importer, 65 Little Collins st. east

Foxton, J. G., bonded stores, 111 Flinders lane west

Francis, Brothers, merchants, 225 Elizabeth st.

Franklyn, F. B., and Co., merchants, Flinders st. (three doors west of Queen st.)

Francis, J., merchant, 20 King st. Fratzscher & Leddin, merchants, 135 Bourke st. west

Freer, W. H. and &., iron merchants, 191 Elizabeth st.

Fuchs, Schlemm and Co., Little Bourke st. (opposite Arcade)

Fulton and Smith, agents for the Cornwall Fire and Marine Insurance Company, 133 Flinders st. west

Fyffe, Barr, and Co., 118 Little Collins st. west

G

Galt and M'Kenzie, grinding and roasting mills, 35 Lygon st.

Gorgeson and Son, boot and shoe importers, 143 Bourke st. east

Gibson, James, merchant, 69 Collins st. west

Gill, Fowler and Co., merchants, 13 Little Collins st. west

Glover and Edwards, commission merchants, 72 Flinders st. east

Goldsborough, R., wool broker, Market st.

Gould, W., engraver, printer, and lithographer, 111 Russell st.

Graham, Lamb & Co., merchants, 92 Little Collins st. east

Graham, Sands & Co., merchants, 118 Collins st. west

Gray, Marshall, and Co., general commission merchants, ship & insurance brokers, and foreign agents —warehouse and stores near the Custom House

Gregory, S. and R., ironmongers, 20 Collins st. west

Greig, James, and Co., merchants 31 Flinders lane west

Griffon and M'Gee, produce merchants, 189 Swanston st.

429

MELBOURNE.

Grove, William, commission merchant, 45 La Trobe st. east

Gunn, Dundas & Co., merchants, 45 Flinders lane west

Gruthridge, N. & R., general merchants, 76 Flinders lane east

Guthrie, G. D., merchant, 27 Flinders lane west

H

Hadley, T. H. and Co., steam flour mills, 4 A'Beekett st.

Halfey, J., merchant, 104 Bourke st. west

Hamilton and Co., merchants, 129 Bourke st. west

Hammill and Co., merchants, 198 King st.

Hampton, W. W. J., and Co., importers and warehousemen, 70 Flinders lane east

Handasyde, G., commission merchant, corner of Elizabeth st., and Flinders lane

Hardy, S. T., and Co., merchants, 26 Queen st.

Hargroaves and Co., 7 Flinders lane west

Harte, Withers and Co., wholesale clothiers & warehousemen, 81 Queen st.

Harley, F. and Co., importers of hardware, 305 King st. Flagstaff

Harley, Steane, and Co., coffee dealers, 44 La Trobe st. west _

Harvey, M'Cullum, and Co., ship chandlers, Bay st. Sandridge

Harvey and Occleston, wholesale provision dealers, iron store, 30 Little Collins st. east

Harris, A. and Co., importers of boots & shoes, 42 Great Bourke st. west

Hayes, J., flour importer, 36 Queen st.

Heape, Brothers, merchants, 9 Lonsdale st. west

Heap, C. R. and Co., brokers 68 Flinders lane west

Hemphill and Co., merchants, 185 Elizabeth st.

Henningham, W. J., auctioneer, 71 Collins st. west

Henriques, Brothers, and Co., 71 King st., and 119 Flinders lane east

Henty, Jas., and Co., merchants, 11 Little Collins st. west

Herring & White, merchants and ship brokers, 35 & 37 Flinders st. west

Heynemann, West and Co., merchants, 107 Flinders lane east

Holland, A., wholesale grocer and produce merchant, 105 Swanston st.

Holmes, C., broker, 4 Great Collins st. west

Holmes, White and Co., 93 Flinders st. west

Hood, J. and Co., brokers, 127 Russell st.

Hooper, H., Prince of Wales Hotel, Little Flinders st. east

Hopf, Wiedemann and Co., merchants, 135 Bourke st. west

Hope and King, importers and dealers in china, glass, and earthenware, 2 Collins st. west, and 49 and 51 Elizabeth st.

Hopkins and Banks, brokers and auctioneers, 81 Collins st.

Horton, Thompson and Co., merchants, 148 Flinders lane west House, S. & Co., corn merchants, 264 Elizaheth st.

Hull, W. and Sons, merchants, 70 Little Collins st. east, and 33 Swanston st.

I

Ingles, Adam, & Gresham, merchants, 6 King st., and at Bay st. Sandridge

J

Jeune, W., Victoria Bookingoffice, Bull & Mouth Bourke st.

430

COLONIAL DIRECTORY,

Johnson, T. H., plumber, and gas fitter, 231, Elizabeth st. north

Jones, J. W., wine merchant, 129 Bourke st. west

Joske, Brothers, wine & spirit merchants, 2 Little Collins st. west

Joost, Jaeger and Co., general merchants and brokers, 32 King st., and 41 Hinders lane east

Joephs, Langdon and Co., merchants, 55 Little Collins st. east

Joseph, Samuel & Co., importers, 35 Elizabeth st. south.

Joshua Brothers, merchants, 43 William st.

K

Kaufmann, McCallum and Co., 30 Little Bourke st. (opposite the Arcade)

Katzenstein, J.& Co., merchants, 24 Little Collins st. east

Kaye and Butchart, cattle salesmen, 41 Bourke st. west

Keogh, E. and M., chemists and wholesale druggists, 29 Lonsdale st. east

Kidson, Jas., commission agent, 20 Queen st.

Kilpatrick and Co., goldsmiths, London, and 20 Queen sir.

King, M. L., auctioneer, 48 Flinders lane east

Kirchner, Sharp and Co., merchants, 103 Flinders st. west

Kruge and Co., merchants, 20 Queen st.

Kyte, Ambrose, provision merchant, 153 Bourke st. east

L

Laby, T. J., produce merchant, 17 Flinders lane west

Lahmann & Erskine, merchants, lighterage, &c., 101 Collins st. west

Lane, Timothy, merchant, 122 Flinders lane west

Laing and Co., hosiers, &c., 72 Little Collins st. east

Langwill, P. and Co., wholesale and retail ironmongers, 12 Collins st. west, and Elizabeth st.

Lang & McCredie, wine & spirit merchants, 234 Elizabeth st.

Lange & Ploos van Amstel, merchants, 152 La Trobe st. west

Langmuir and Co., seedsmen, 201 Elizabeth st.

Lattin and Co., provision merchants, 43 Swanston st., opposite the Bank of Victoria

Latham, Meyer and Co., general carriers, 46 Elizabeth st.

Laurie, P., general merchant, 101 Collins st. west

Laurie, Layton and Co., gas engineers, 190 Flinders lane east

Lawrence,W., ship & produce broker, 90 & 92 Flinders lane west

Ledger & Co., general merchants and commission agents, 34 King st.

Leveson and Smythers, produce merchants & commission agents, 47 Elizabeth st.

Levin, D. and Co., merchants, 68 Flinders lane west

Levy, Brothers, importers of British and Foreign toys and fancy goods, wholesale and retail, Queen's Arcade

Little, W., draper, 9 Collins st. east

Little, James, and Co., Universal Transit Office, 40 Bourke st.east

Levicks and Piper, merchants and wholesale ironmongers, 113 Flinders lane west

Levy, Danzenger and Co., jewellers, 115 Queen st.

Lewis & Bowen, chemists, druggists, and perfumers, Collins st. east

Lewis, G., and Co., shipping and general agents, 72 Flinders st. west

431

MELBOURNE

Lloyd and Hunt, merchants, &c. 63 Flinders st. west

Loughnan, B., produce merchant, 41 Flinders lane east

M

Macfarlan, Bogle and Co., general importers, 49 Flinders lane west

MacLachlan, C. T., merchant, Hall of Commerce

Macredie, Wm., commission merchant, 66 William st., next the Electric Telegraph

Mailer, McKersie & Love, warehousemen, 47 Collins st. east

Maine, Crawford, merchant, 70 Flinders lane west

Mallaeh, Clarke & Mcikle, Scotch and Manchester warehousemen, Flinders st. east

Martin, J. and G., steam coffee and spice mills, 124 and 126 Bourke st.

Martin, G., and Co., merchants, 108 Little Bourke st. west.

Martin and Monash, merchants, 45 Flinders lane west

Martin, Caughey and Co., merchants, 34 La Trobe st. east

Mason and Firth, Commercial Printing Office, 7 Flinders lane west, four doors from Elizabeth st.

Masterton, D., wholesale grocer, oil and color merchant, 5 Little Bonrke st. east

Mathews, Capt. B. R., merchant, and Lloyd's Agent, 1 & 2 Orr's buildings, Flinders lane west

Mathews, B., commission merchant, & agent for the Waterloo Life Assurance Company, 2 Orr's bldgs., Flinders lane west

Mayfield, W. (St., spirit and provision dealer, Albert place, off 163 Bourke st. east

M'Bean, Hayward and Co., merchants, 49 Flinders lane west

M'Calla, A., draper and outfitter, 88 Elizabeth st.

M'Clure, Valentine, & Co., wholesale grocers, 240 Elizabeth st.

M'Cowen & Co., general carrying agents, 6 Collins st. east

M'Crae and M'Farland, saddlers, 82 Elizabeth St., and. 5 Lonsdale st. west

M'Craeken & Robertson, brewers, 120 Little Collins st. west

M'Dougal, T. D., commission merchant, 10 Bourke st. west

M'Donough, W., Mercantile Hotel, 1 King st.

M'Ewan, James, and Co., ironmongers, 79 Elizabeth st.

M'Ewan & Co., importers, wholesale wine merchants & grocers, 21 & 29 Monahan's buildings, Swanston st., and at 247 Swanston st. north

M'Greoch, Alex., wine and spirit merchant, 31 Howard st. north

M'Gonagle, J., wine merchant, 226 Elizabeth st.

M'Meckan, Blackwood and Co., merchants and shipping agents, 2 King st.

M'Micking and Co., merchants, Bond st.

M'Pherson, Francis and Co., merchants, 26 King st.

McCausland & Hart, commission agents, 91 Hinders lane west

M'Lauclilan, L., merchant, 17 King st.

McWey, John, importer, off 163 Bourke st. east

Mechanics' Institution, 81 Collins st. east

Melbourne Morning Herald, 9 Bourke st. east

Melehior and Co, merchants, 38 Flinders lane west

Meyer and Robertson, merchants, 35 Lonsdale st. west

432

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Meyer and Weiss, commission merchants, 10 Commercial Chambers, 41 Swanston st.

Michaelis, Boyd & Co., merchants, 35 Flinders lane east

Miller Brothers, importers and wholesale grocers, 5 Bond st.

Miles, Kington & Co., merchants, 101 Flinders lane west

Mollenbaeck, Uhlborn and Co., general merchants, 43 William street

Mongredien and Hodges, merchants, 53 Minders st. east

Montefiore, Graham & Co., merchants, 54 William st.

Moore, David, merchant, 106 Bourke st. west

Moore, J. S., and Co., merchants, 140 La Trobe st. west

Morgan and Mackintosh (successors to Gessner and Heyde) tobacconists, 11 Collins st. west

Morley, J. L., hay and corn merchant, Bay st., Sandridge

Mouritz, Poole, and Co., general commission merchants, 16 King street

Muir Brothers & Co., merchants, 107 Flinders lane east

Murcutt & Phillips, ærated water and cordial manufacturers, 91 Little Bourke st. west

Murphy, H. M. & Co., merchants, 81 Flinders st. west

Murphy, J, R. and J., brewers, 86 Flinders st. west

N

Neuhauss, Woolley & Co., merchants, 110 Flinders lane west

Newell, Hooper and Stephens merchants, 28 King st.

Nicol, A., broker and commission agent, 107 Flinders lane east

Nichols, G., bookseller, stationer, and printer, 105 Collins st. west

Nicholson, A., grocer, 149 Elizabeth street

Nicholson, G., merchant, corner of Collins and Swanston st.

Nicholson, W., merchant, 13 Flinders st. west

Noltenius, P. A., merchant, Bond street

O

Omental Bank, F. A. Cargill, manager, 26 Queen st.

Osborn, Cushing & Co., importers of American cooking stoves, 149 Swanston st.

P

Palmer, Walter, wine and spirit broker, valuer and surveyor, Hall of Commerce

Parrot, Theodore, merchant, 118 Collins st, west

Parke and Walter, brokers and commission merchants, 32 Collins st. west, near Hall of Commerce

Pascoe, J. R., merchant, Collins st. east

Passmore and Cosgrave, wine and spirit merchants, 141 Swanston street

Patton, H. W., and Co., shipbrokers and commission merchants, 91 Flinders st. west

Pattison, J. and W., general merchants, 220 Elizabeth st., and 52 and 54 Swanston st.

Pettigrew, G. H., merchants' broker and general commission agent, 27 Russell st.

Perkins, A. M., broker, 49 Elizabeth st.

Peterson, Pole & Co., merchants, off La Trobe st. west

Phillips, Magnus and Co., general merchants, 37 Flinders st. east

Pigott Brothers & Co., merchants, 104 Collins st. west

Pokorney, J. J. and Co., commission agents & general brokers, 68 Flinders lane west

MELBOURNE

433

Politz and Rose, wholesale tobacconists, 69 Queen st.

Porter, Buchanan and Co., merchants, 114 Bourke st. west

Porter, Brothers and Davis, 95 William st.

Powell, Walter, ironmonger, 5 Swanston st.

Primrose, E. B., merchant, 30 La Trobe st. west

Pynsent, Burton, merchant, 205 Elizabeth, st.

Rae, Dickson and Co., merchants, 53 Flinders st. west

Rae, J., merchant, 1 Queen st.

Raleigh, Locke, Thorp and Co., merchants, Raleigh's wharf

Ramsay, Flint and Co., merchants & importers, 30 Little Bourke st. east

Raven, James, shipping agent, 68 Collins st. west

Ray, Glaister and Co., general merchants and importers, Flinders lane

Reid and Co., wholesale coffee dealers & roasters, 1 La Trobe st. east

Reid, Peebles and Co., merchants, 93 Bourke st. west

Rennie, T. W., bookseller and stationer, 39 Lonsdale st. west

Riordan, N., importer and merchant, 23 Flinders lane west

Robertson, G., general agent, 107 Flinders lane east

Robertson and Stevenson, wholesale provision and wine merchants, 14 Elizabeth st., corner of Flinders lane

Robertson, J., accountant, 82 Collins st. east

Robinson, Edward L., paper merchant, 39 Flinders lane east

Robinson, T. & Co., agricultural implement makers, 319 Elizabeth st.

Roche, Houghton and Co., general factors and brokers, 65 Little Collins st. east

Rogers, Warfield, Lord and Co., merchants, 116 Collins st. west

Roosen and Co., merchants, 37 Little Collins st. east

Rosenthal and Unger, import and export tobacconists, cigar and fancy snuff dealers, 65 Elizabeth st., and Great Bourke St., next the Theatre Royal

Ross, John, and Co., importers of British and foreign dry goods, wholesale & retail silk mercers and drapers, 25 Bourke st. east

S

Sargood, King and Co., warehousemen, 31 Flinders st. east

Sawell & Co., merchants, Bond st.

Scherff and Co., merchants, 137 Bourke st. west, and 96 Little Bourke st. west

Searle, Owen & Co., wine, spirit, & general importing merchants, Little Bourke st. east

Service, James, & Co., merchants, 139 Bourke st. west

Sibbald, James S., corn factor, 63 Queen st.

Sichel and Co., merchants, 20 Flinders st. west

Simmers, Pullar & Co., merchants, 108 Collins st. west

Simmons, J. W., produce factor and auctioneer, Launceston

Simpson, James, general smith, 19 King st.

Slaney, H., merchant and commission agent, 6 Queen st.

Slater, J. T., coffee merchant and roaster, Bay st., Sandridge

Slater, Williams and Hodgson, letterpress printers, booksellers & stationers, 94 Bourke st. east

Sloane, Gibson & Co., merchants, 39 Market st.

2f

R

434

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Smith, G., grocer and commission agent, Spencer st.

Smith, H. A. and Co., merchants, 27 William st.

Smith, Cannon & Co., merchants, 9 Market st.

Smither, J. L., produce merchant, 31 Queen st.

Stairway, J., china, glass, and earthenware rooms, 175 Bourke st. east

Stead, John C., broker, Hall of Commerce

Stevenson, L. & Sons, merchants, 106 Flinders lane west, and 5 Barge yard, London

Stevenson, T., house and estate agent, 2 Neave's buildings, corner of Collins & Swanston st.

Steward, H., importer and wholesale dealer in china, glass and earthenware, 31 Flinders lane east

Stitt, McGilvray and Co., merchants, 29 Flinders lane west

Swallow, T., ship bread & biscuit baker, Rouse St., Sandridge

Swire, Brothers, merchants, Flinders lane west

Sydes, Edward, merchant, 35 Flinders lane west

Symons and Perry, auctioneers, Bourke st.

T

Tallehmatw, Samuel, merchant, 34 Little Collins st east.

Taylor, Joseph, merchant, 37 Market st.

Teale, Davson and Bruce, merchants, 109 William st.

Teillard and Co., merchants, 118 Collins st. west, and George st. Sydney

Tennant, W. M. and Co., auctioneers, &c., 50 Collins st. west

Tewsley, H., draper and outfitter, 135 and 137 Brunswick st. Collingwood

Thistlethwaite and Sayers, commission agents, 8 Queen st.

Thomson, T. and Co., merchants, 40 Little Lonsdale st. west

Thompson W., accountant, 82 Collins st. east

Thompson, J., ironmonger, 194 Elizabeth st.

Thompson, Joseph and Co., merchants, 60 William st.

Thorp, S. warehouseman, 49 Collins st. west

Thorpe, Robert P., merchant, 100 Little Bourke st. west

Thrale, J., general broker, Howard st., and 69 Bourke st. west

Timbury, J. R. & Co., auctioneers and produce brokers, 33 Flinders lane west

Timms, Wilson and Co., merchants, 1 Queen st., Melbourne, and Corio Terrace, Geelong

Tondeur, Lempriere & Co., merchants, 8 Elizabeth st.

Tootal, Browne & Co., merchants, 126 Collins st west.

Towns, R. and Co., merchants, 26 William st.

Train, Geo. F. & Co., merchants, 5 Flinders st. east

Treusein, Bertheauand Co., merchants, 36 Flinders lane east

Tuckett, J. R., broker, Hall of Commerce

V

Vaughan & Wild (late Bear and Son), auctioneers and estate agents, and stock and share brokers, 66 Queen st.

Vincent, H. and. J., gun and truss makers, 77 Little Collins st. east

Virgoe, W. R., agent for Crosse & Blackwell, 41 Collins st. west

Von Ende, Charles William, commission agent and broker, 113 Great Collins st east.

435

MELBOURNE

W

Wallen and Sons, F. R., merchants, 16 and 18 Flinders lane west

Wallis, Owen and Wallis, timber merchants, Howard & Victoria sts., North Melbourne

Walker, P. N., wool, tallow, and produce broker, 31 Flinders lane west

Walker, Alexander, 101 Collins st. west

Walker, Duncan, grocer, 111 Brunswick st. Collingwood

Walter, W., accountant, 32 Collins st. west

Walters, J., Marine Family Hotel, Nott st. Sandridge

Watson, C., merchant, 19 Flinders lane west

Watson and Sons, merchants and importers of drapery, &c., 131 Flinders st. east

Watson, Passmore and Co., merchants, 121 Flinders st. west

Watt and Gordon, corner of Gardner's Creek and Punt roads, Prahran

Webster, Brothers, bakers & grocers, 14 Flinders lane west

Wells, A. B., merchant, 64 Flinders lane west

Were, Kent and Co., merchants, 46 Flinders lane east

Westby and Co., merchants, 13 Flinders lane east

Westgarth, Ross & Co., 30 Market street

Wharton, Caird and Little, merchants, 3 Queen st.

Whitby, E., merchant, 25 Flinders lane east

White, W. P. & Co., merchants, 81 Flinders st. west

White, Brothers & Co., merchants, 65 Little Collins st. west

Wright, Harper and Ross, merchants and commission agents, 47 Flinders st. east

Wigley, J. F., commission merchant, 41 William st.

Wilkinson, Brothers, merchants, 103 Collins st. west

Williamson and Co., importers, 47 Collins st. west

Wills, Holden & Co., merchants, 49 Collins st. west

Wilshin & Leighton, merchants, 87 Flinders lane west

Wilson, Alexander, Nephew and Co., merchants, 11 Flinders st. west

Winstanley, Buckley and Co., wholesale coffee & spice dealers 266 Elizabeth st.

Winter, R. and Co., merchants, 20 Minders lane west

Woodhouse, Burns and Co., 36 Flinders lane east

Wolfen, A. and Co., merchants, and agents for the Home News, 44 Elizabeth st.

Woolley & Robinson, 8, 9, and 10 Queen st., merchants

Wright, Harper and Ross, merchants and commission agents, 47 Flinders st. east

Wymond and Vasey, tailors and drapers, Brunswick st. Collingwood

Y

Young, G. and L., merchants, 7 Market square

Youngman, M'Can and Co., importers & wholesale druggists, 123 Russell st.

BANKS.

Bank of Australasia

Union Bank of Australia

Bank of Now South Wales

Bank of Victoria

London Chartered Bank of Australia

English, Scottish, and Australian Bank

Colonial Bank of Australia.

PORT OF MELBOURNE.

IMPORTS

For the Tear 1855 compared with the previous Year, according to their declared values.

[In the space appropriated to Statistics the following Returns were accidentally omitted.]

1854. 1855.

£ £

Agricultural Implements ................ 30,089 29,054

Alkali Soda ................ 21,524 3,781

Apparel and Slops ................ 801,031 391,637

Arms and Ammunition ................ 42,868 42,205

Arrowroot and Sago ................ 9,820 2,742

Bags and Sacks ................ 62,972 36,059

Bark ................ 1,185 105

Beef, fresh ................ — 6

Beer and Cider ................ 725,439 516,447

Blankets and Woollens ................ 361,336 61,188

Bran ................ 154,090 112,375

Bricks ................ 70,160 9,708

Brushware ................ 15,462 15,005

Building Materials ................ 163,044 67,004

Butter and Cheese ................ 352,181 466,775

Candles ................ 112,917 244,785

Candlewick ................ 1,087 —

Canvass ................ 66,136 53,939

Carpeting ................ 17,271 6,347

Carriages, Carts, etc. ................ 142,476 69,536

Casks, empty ................ 964 627

Cement ................ 13,707 2,549

Chinaware ................ 8,050 2,195

Chicory ................ 5,276 963

Coals and Fuel ................ 281,553 192,980

Cocoa and Chocolate ................ 5,643 1,622

Cocoa Nuts ................ 1,097 528

Coffee ................ 81,481 39,021

Confectionery, etc. ................ 116,943 48,765

Copper ................ 6,323 22,234

437

MELBOURNE.

1854. 1855.

£ £

Cordage ................ 56,569 85,500

Corks ................ 16,006 5,600

Cornmeal ................ 2,388 5,577

Cottons ................ 377,416 76,701

Cutlery ................ 21,276 5,839

Drugs ................ 213,776 91,584

Earthenware ................ 131,702 32,936

Eggs ................ 4,085 1,788

Felt ................ 1,825 731

Fireworks ................ 210 -

Flax ................ 282 76

Fish ................ 139,464 27,099

Flour and Bread ................ 903,787 1,433,984

Fruit, dried ................ 149,566 69,354

Do. green ................ 86,550 11,086

Furniture ................ 321,331 144,518

Furs ................ 4,016 795

Glassware ................ 136,835 49,038

Glue ................ — 8

Grain-Barley ................ 29,297 48,362

Gram ................ - 13,599

Maize ................ 44,992 28,493

Malt ................ 52,670 28,046

Oats ................ 502,960 594, 24 8

Rice ................ 56,957 155,342

Wheat ................ 72,562 116,354

Other ................ 11,427 8,995

Grindstones ................ 1,368 1,697

Guano ................ 4,110 15,859

Gum ................ 3,645 1,156

Gutta Percha ................ 422 —

Haberdashery ................ 1,339,490 480,848

Hardware ................ 652,792 369,190

Hats and Caps ................ 78,069 39,457

Hay ................ 247,617 24,941

Holloware ................ 32,336 250

Hops ................ 39,026 33,692

Horsehair ................ 2,460 300

Hosiery ................ 162,450 15,207

Houses, wooden ................ 190,699 9,617

Do. iron ................ 247,165 24,118

Instruments, Musical ................ 46,164 25,674

Do. Scientific ................ 3,720 8,206

Do. Surgical ................ 230 175

438

IMPORTS.

1854. 1855.

£ £

Ice ................................. 1,040 17,932

India Rubber Boots .................... 1,226 650

Iron and Steel ........................ 268,609 309,773

Ironmongery .......................... 205,546 —

Iron, galvanized........................ 60,912 7,494

Do. pig.............................. 1,364 —

Jewellery and Plate ................. 77,055 47,695

Lard .................... 61,674 21,525

Leather, Boots, etc. ............... 513,580 336,952

Do. unmanufactured .................. 6,899 3,245

Lacquered Ware ................. 735 —

Lard ........................ 200 —

Lime .......................... 19,758 511

Lime Juice ...................... 1,784 154

Linens ......................... 6,653 14,788

Lire Stock .......................... 57,215 125,852

Machinery ......................... 129,628 121,998

Marble ................. 3,822 1,790

Matches ................... 26,747 14,223

Mats and Rugs ................... 11,201 3,788

Millinery ........................... 94,183 26,205

Millstones .......................... — 110

Molasses and Treacle .................. — 945

Nails ................... 45,595 27,522

Naphtha ........................... 620 —

Oatmeal ................... 18,458 16,045

Oakum ................ 1,120 150

Oils ........................... 42,525 57,720

Oil-cloth ................... 9,246 3,514

Oilmen's Stores .......................... 329,739 213,486

Oil Paints ................. 55,911 —

Onions .................. 22,986 25,843

Paintings and Engravings ......................... 22,511 9,753

Paints, Varnish, etc. ................. — 30,917

Paperhangings ........................... 45,614 10,326

Papier Maché ........................ 1,190 291

Peas, split ................. — 414

Perfumery .......................... 7,965 2,917

Petrifactions ................... — 150

Pipes, Tobacco ........................... 14,266 8,607

Pitch, Tar, etc. ........................... 8,022 7,788

Plants and Seeds ........................... 5,548 6,199

Plaster of Paris ......................... — 150

Plate and Plated Ware ......................... 15,179 15,163

Potatoes ......................... 294,528 316,816

439

MELBOURNE.

1854. 1855.

£ £

Provisions, preserved ................. 15,596 24,884

Do. salted ................... 143,198 178,029

Printing Materials ............................... 19,778 16,140

Quicksilver .......................... — 5,711

Railway Materials ......................... 11,013 16,648

Bags ........................ — 56

Saddlery ......................... 107,830 49,538

Salt .......................... 41,657 18,956

Saltpetre .................. 1,118 61

Ship Chandlery ............................ 6,385 6,226

Silks ................... 90,898 19,682

Skins ................... — 206

Slates ............................ 117,774 25,761

Soap ............................... 43,931 58,624

Spicie ............................. 87,480 457,014

Spices ......................... 22,365 11,862

Specimens of Natural History ............................ 420 100

Spirits—Brandy ............................ 530,342 298,836

Cordials ............................. 14,304 8,188

Gin .................................. 153,299 69,880

Perfumed ............................ 6,664 2,592

Rum ............................. 81,607 71,553

Whiskey .............................. 28,192 27,361

Alcohol .............................. — 30

Other ................................ 18,570 7,021

Spirits of Wine .............................. — 608

Syrups .............................. 979 -

Sponge .............................. — 100

Starch and Blue .............................. 3,864 8,620

Stationery ............................ 314,591 180,608

Stone ............................ 23,554 23,724

Stoneware ............................. 14,914 1,290

Sugar and Molasses ............................. 430,287 358,557

Tallow ............................. 12 1,056

Tiles .............................. 2.753 —

Tea .............................. 295,467 197,764

Tents and Tarpaulins .............................. 7,571 1,628

Timber—Bamboos .............................. — 10

Batten .............................. 7,138 4,616

Boats ............................. 1,952 470

Deals .............................. 347,038 138,436

Fittings ......................... — 3,215

Laths ............................ 26,089 9,000

Oars ................................ 1,335 2,129

440

IMPORTS.

1854. 1855.

£ £

Timber—Naves and Felloes .............. 2,444 2,171

Palings .................. 113,889 40,943

Posts and Rails ................. 41,736 12,412

Piles ........................... 19,185 220

Pickets ................... — 2,410

Rattans ........................... — 767

Sawn ............................. 886,392 284,934

Sandal Wood .......................... — 15

Shingles ......... 22,603 1,982

Shooks ................... — 380

Spokes and Stowes ................ 11,139 2,691

Treenails ......................... 110 —

Spars ............................. — 529

Logs ........................... — 1,137

Lumber .................... — 23,338

Tinware ............................ 36,415 7,122

Tobacco .............................. 96,224 140,553

Cigars ................... 98,530 53,003

Snuff ................... 3,146 2,219

Tools and Utensils ................... 33,790 19,908

Toys and Turnery ................... 22,895 6,146

Turpentine ........................ 2,866 2,110

Twine and Thread ............................. 5,888 3,261

Undescribed Articles ................... 2,699 3,180

Vegetables .................. 3,605 11,224

Vinegar .................. 11,894 7,928

Do. Raspberry ................... 4,111 162

Watches and Clocks ............................. 54,403 21,214

Whiting .................. 17,993 3,102

Wickerware .......................... 1,859 1,431

Wine ................... 411,229 229,564

Woodenware ............................. 82,249 19,462

Wool .......................... 6,351 16,866

Zinc ............................ 28,706 2,917

SYDNEY DIRECTORY.

LEADING MERCHANTS, WAREHOUSEMEN, AGENTS, ETC.

A

Abercrombie, C., 58 Sussex st.

Agars and Stabler, 18 Kent st.

Allen, Thomas, 47 King st. west

Alexander, John, 152 George st.

Alexander, James, 1 Church Hill

Alger, John, 3 Bent st.

Allardice, Archibald, 20 George street

Ames, C. B., 14 Market st. west

Anderson, Samuel, Pitt st.

Anderson, C. B. and Co., Pitt st.

Anderson, John, 232 Liverpool st.

Anderson, Brothers & Co., Pitt st.

Armitage, J. T. and Co., 66 King st. west

Aspinwall and. Co., Bank Court, King st.

Atterly, Joseph, Mount Lachlan

Austen, Charles, 117 Kent st.

B

Barnes, A. M., 348 King st.

Barr, James, New Pitt st.

Barnett, S., 44 King st. west

Barrington, F., 30 Bridge st.

Barton, William, 221 George st.

Bayley & Patterson, 1 Sussex st.

Bayley, Marshall, 4 Macquarie st.

Beauchamp, H. H., 41 King st. west

Beer, Bernard, 17 Jamison st.

Bernard, Beddome and Co., Macquarie place

Barnett, Lewis, 3 Jamison st.

Beames and Keele, 59 Hunter st.

Bert and Sons, 8 Maequarie place

Benjamin & Moses, 246 George st.

Berens, Scholstein, and Co., 28 George st.

Berry, Alexander, 23 George st.

Billerwell, John, 564 George st.

Bird, John, Campbell's Wharf

Birkin, Sons, and Huskinson, Wynyard square

Blake, J. E. and Co., Blake's Wharf, Barker st.

Black, Alexander, 2 Erskine st.

Bogue and Co., 8 Pitt st.

Bosen, Theodore A. and Co., 21 George st.

Bowden, Thomas, 212 George st.

Brady, William, Harrington st.

Brierly, Dean, & Co., 76 Sussex st.

Brodie and Craig, 7 Barker st.

Brook, Robert, 5 Druitt st.

Brown and Co., 16 O'Connell st.

Brown, Samuel, 45 Hunter st.

Brown, Moses, Old South Head road

Browning, Samuel, 26 Upper Fort st.

Brassnell, William, 2 Bellevue st. Surrey Hills

Brooks, William, 14 Dixon st.

442

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Brookes, W. and F., general merchants

Brown, William, Flour Company's Wharf

Busfield, William, 18 Macquarie place

Buyers and Learmouth, 4 Charlotte place

Buttrey, John, 7 Bligh st.

Buckley, James, 172 Clarence st.

C

Campbell, R. and J., Campbell's wharf

Campbell, R., 6½ Sussex st.

Caird, Patterson, and Co., 4 Essex st.

Cantor, Simon Moses, 4 Charlotte place

Church and Molison, Bridge st.

Clarke, F. W., and Co., 9 Jamison st.

Close, Robert C., Campbell's wharf

Cohen, J. C., and Sons, Macquarie place

Cohen, Samuel H., 230 George st.

Cohen, A., 203 Castlereagh st.

Cohen, Henry, George st.

Comrie, James, 11 Crown road

Constable, Burhell and Co., 5 Wynyard st.

Cooper, D. and Co., Waterloo stores, George st.

Cowan and Israel, Jamison st.

Cramer, C. A. & Co., 17 Greorge st.

Crawley & Smith, 286 George st.

Groom, A. F. & Co., Moore's road

Crisp, John B., 1 Margaret place

Cruten, P., 160 George st.

Curell and Wood, 243 George st.

D

Dacre, Ranulph, George st.

Davis, Joseph, 86 Castlereagh st.

Dean, James, 18 Macquarie place

Dalton, William, 1 Cresent st.

Davies, E. S., 37 King st. west

Dean, William, and Co., 282 George st.

Delahery, C., 20 Bathurst st.

Dibbs, J. C. & G., 177 George st.

Dolman, William, bookseller, 21 Market st.

Donaldson and. Co., 3 Pitt st.

Dransfield, J., 224 Pitt st.

Duffin, James, 58 Sussex st.

Duguid, John and Co., Flood's wharf

Dhains, Joseph, and Co., 177 George st.

Dreutler, Augustus and Co., 2 Wynyard st.

Drynan, William and Co., 6 Pitt st.

Dickson & Co., Lloyd's Buildings, Sydney, High st. West Maitland, & 4 Broad st. Buildings, London.

E

Ebsworth and Co., 76 Harrington st.

Ede and Robely, Wynyard lane

Eland, William, 13 Queen's place

Elwill, Richard, George st.

Eskells & Lowry, Wynyard lane

Elliott, James E., 14 Bathurst st.

Ellis, Edward, 300 Castlereagh st.

Erlam, R. G., 17 King st.

Evans, William, 79 Crown st.

F

Febbis, Edward, Dawling st.

Fisher, William, 344 Kent st.

Flinn, E., 137 Castlereagh st.

Ford, John, 19 Bathurst st.

Ford, Robert T., 30 Bridge st.

Faulkes, E., 181 Castlereagh st.

Fawcett, Richard, 8 George st.

Feez and Co., 10 Macquarie place

Ferris, Henry, 132 George st.

Fischer, Tange and Co., 15 Jamison st.

Fisher, Henry, 5 Argyle st.

Flower, Salting & Co., 39 Hunter street

443

SYDNEY.

Franc, Brothers and Co., 18 Macquarie place

Frazer, John, 187 Liverpool st.

Frith, Charles, Queen's place

G

Gardere, Lewis & Co., 12 William st.

Garbon and Co., 240 George st.

Geard, Thomas F., 2 Barrack st.

Gill, Robert, 49 King st. west

Gillchrist, Watt and Co., 152 George st.

Goldsmith & Co., 15 Jamison st.

Gollan, M'Kenzie & Co., George st.

Gordon, Samuel D., J.P., M.L.A., Bridge st.

Grieve & Co., 80 Harrington st.

Griffiths, Fanning and Co., 27 Bent st.

Gerbaulet, Reubens and Co., 8 York st.

Giles, Francis, 292 Pitt st.

Grant, Gorden, Jamison st.

Greenfell, H. S., Taylor's wharf

Grocott, James T., New Pitt st.

Guyton, William, Commercial chambers

H

Haigh, Wm. B., 197 George st.

Harnett, Richard, 288 George st.

Harris, George, 137 Sussex st.

Hart, Asher, 128 Castlereagh st.

Harte, John, 121 Princes st.

Hilder, A., Patent Slip, Sussex st.

Hilder, Beeman and Co., 58 Sussex st.

Hockings, Henry, 62 Kent st.

Hughes, Geo. J., 612 George st.

Humphrey, Thos. Bott, George st.

Hurford, Lewis Wm., 76 Castlereagh st.

Haege and. Prell, York st.

Haigh, Monday and Co., 68 Hunter st.

Hamburger & Sons, 196 George st.

Hamel, Etienne B., 35 Pitt st.

Harris and Barlow, 4 Sussex st.

Hart, Philip, 208 Greorge st.

Hasell, Wm. H., Adolphus st.

Hebblewhite, S., 100 York st.

Henfrey, Wm. G., 3 Bligh st.

Holt, Thomas, Queen's place

Hougumont, H., 11 Argyle place

How, Walker & Co., Circular quay

I

Illidge, Josiah M., 315 George st.

Ironside, Jas., 58 Castlereagh st.

J

Jacobs, John, 182 George st.

Jones, D. & Co., 250 George st.

Jonbert, D. N., 132 George st.

Joy & Leathes, 8 Macquarie place

Johnson, S. D., 21 Riley st. north

Johnson, Wm., 150 Sussex st.

Jolly, William, Circular quay

Jones, T., Johnson st., Balmain

Jones, Thos. E., 114 Crown st.

K

Kellerman, Brothers and Co., 3 Church hill

Kinnear, John, 8 Jamison st.

Kirchner and Co., 10 George st.

Korff, F. & G., 8 Charlotte place

Kummerer, Rodolph, 17 Bridge st.

Keane, Charles, 6 Palmer st.

Kelly, Thomas, 68 Bourke st.

King, Henry, Bon Accord wharf

L

Laidley, Ireland and Co., 199 George st.

Layard, Albermarle, 55 Hunter st.

Lee, Benjamin, 314 Kent st.

Lees, William L., 58 Sussex st.

Lennon, Wm. Jas., 25 Pitt st.

Lockhead, Wm., 213 George st.

Lamb, Spry & Co., Lower Fort st.

Lamb, G., 190 Liverpool st. west

Lamont, Curson & Co., 291 Pitt st.

Lang, Gideon, Waterview Bay, Balmain

444

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Lark, Bennett & Co., 225 George st.

Levi, Simeon M., 30 Hunter st.

Levey, Isaac, 133 George st.

Levicks & Piper, 119 George st.

Lindsay, Matheson and Co., 35 George st.

Lindsay, R. M., 17 Elizabeth st.

Lipman, Lewis, 95 Philip st.

Lloyd, George A., 213 George st.

Longmore, F., 142 Clarence st.

Lunn, James, 4 Macquarie place

Lyall, Scott & Co., 175 George st.

M

Macdonald, Wm., 192 George st.

Mackey, John, Pitt st.

Mackintosh and Hurst, Queen's place

Macnab, F. & Co., Queen's place

Macnab, Brothers and Co., Macquarie place

Macnamara, John, Macnamara's wharf

Mahoney, Jeremiah, 8 Union st.

Manning, Eyde, Phœnix wharf

Marks, Jacob, 219 George st.

Marks, L., 227 Castlereagh st.

Marsden, George, Queen's place

Marsh, H. & Co., 171 George st.

Marshall, H., 1 Queen's place

Martyn & Coombes, 6 George st.

Mathews and Marsden, 6 Queen's place

Maurice, S. & Co., 11 Wynyard st.

M'Arthur & Atkinson, 95 Pitt st.

M'Diarmid, A., 562 George st.

M'Donald, J. F., 457 George st.

M'Donald, Richard, and Co., 74 Harrington st.

M'Gaa, Allen, 4 Queen's place

M'Kenzie, J. P. & Co., 43 Druitt st.

Mealey, Hugh C., 3 Henrietta st.

Melville, William, Vincent st., Balmain

Metcalfe, Michael, Custom House

Meyer, Soloman, Wynyard lane

Middleton, James, 249 Pitt st.

Milligan, Tempest and Co., New Pitt st.

Montefiore, Graham and Co., 5 O'Connell st.

Moore, Henry, Moore's wharf

Moore, Charles, 89 Pitt st.

Moses, A. & M., 38 Castlereagh st.

Moss, Moses, 214 George st.

Mullendorff & Co., Wynyard lane

Murnin, M. E., 76 Harrington st.

Myers, Israel, 275 George st.

Myers, A., 229 Castlereagh st.

Magnus, S., 44 Castlereagh st.

Martin, W., Darling st., Balmain

May, Alexander, 132 Clarence st.

M'Annally, Geo., 175 Sussex st.

M'Carthy & Co., 318 George st.

M'Donnell, T. F., George st.

M'Guire, William, 55 Pitt st.

M'Innes, Daniel, 1 Munn st.

Melbado, Daniel, 243 George st.

Metcalfe, John Bell, 28 Bridge st.

Middleton, J. M., 36 Bourke st.

N

Nash, Wm., 58 King st. east

Nathan, Alfred, 29 George st.

Newman, Henry H., Redfern st.

Nicholls, Isaac D., George st.

Nightingale, C., 313 Elizabeth st.

Nixon, Wm. & Co., Union wharf

Nixon, J. H., 20 Elizabeth st.

Nixon, William, 119 Kent st.

Northwood, William, 4 Shelly st.

Nutter, Stephen, Jacques wharf

Meholls, Brothers and Co., 283 George st.

North, Rutherford and Co., 28 Sussex st.

Noufflard, H., 7 Bligh st.

Nugent, Nicholas, 3 Jamison lane

P

Park & Strachan, 21 George st.

Parrott, Brothers, 76 Hunter st.

Paul, E. & W., 8 Macquarie place

Peacock, J. J., 49 Windmill st.

Pearse, John, 23 Pitt st.

Peters, J. C., 39 Harrington st.

Phillips, Moore and Co., 9 Wynyard lane

445

SYDNEY.

Priestly, Samuel, Victoria wharf

Prince, Bray & Ogg, 223 George st.

Puissant & Kresser, 195 George st.

Puzey, Greorge, 25 Pitt st.

Pyne, Charles, Redfern st.

Packer, Richard, 4 Dixon st.

Patterson, Henry, 1 Sussex st.

Peek, Richard, Macquarie place

Perry, Frederick W., 29 Pitt st.

Prescott, Henry, 24 Union st.

Purser, John, 74 Harrington st.

R

Rooke, Charles H., Bridge st.

Rattray, G. J. P., 21 Bathurst st.

Rawack, Brothers & Co. Spring st.

Ray, Glaister and Co., 31 Market st. east

Rees, George, 5 Spring st.

Reid, J. G., 192 George st.

Renabean, J. G., 21 George st.

Renwick, Bate & Co. 238 George st.

Rickards, John, 15 & 17 Pitt st.

Ridley, John P., 8 Charlotte place

Robinson, Alfred A., Bon Accord wharf

Robinson, C.R. & Co. 35 Hunter st.

Rottman, E. & Co., 1 Church hill

Rowe, William W., Elger st.

Rowley & M'Lean, 15 Bridge st.

Rundle, Danger & Co., Queen's place

S

Samuel, L. and S., 42 Pitt st.

Sandy, James, 17 Jamison st.

Scales, Brothers, 17 York st.

Scott, Walter, 9 Upper Fort st.

Scott and Co., 80 Harrington st.

Scougall & Protheroe, 22 George st.

Sharwood and Co., 181 Pitt st.

Short & Bowman, Victoria wharf

Sichel, Sons & Co., 18 Macquarie place

Simmonds, Jos., sen., George st.

Skead, Henry P., George st.

Skinner, Thomas, 152 George st.

Smith, Charles, Smith's wharf

Smith, Croft & Co., 229 George st.

Smith, Campbell & Co., 16 Macquarie place

Smith, Brothers & Co. 66 Sussex st.

Solmitz and Lilienfeld, 18 Macquarie place

Solomon, Vaben & Co., Park house

Solomon, John, George st.

Solomon, Lewis, 57 Hunter st.

Spark, Alex. B., 45 King st. west

Sparrow, Robt., Campbell's wharf

Speer, Wm., Commercial wharf

Spyer, L. & S., Wynyard square

Stern, Boar and Co., 82 Pitt st.

Stewart, J. & Co., 201 George st.

Stirling, JoHn, 14 Jamison st.

Sutton, Joseph, 253 George st.

Swain, Webb & Co., Macquarie place

Syers, John, George st.

Sawkins, T. G., 80 Harrington st.

Seager, F. L., Jacques wharf

Seymour, Wm., 56 Clarence st.

Shea, Francis, 3 O'Connell st.

Simpson, James, 7 Argyle place

Skedmore, Wm., 6 Brown's lane

Smetzer, J., 49 Hunter st.

Smyth, Samuel, 152 George st.

Soares, Brothers, 58 Sussex st.

Speer, Wm., Commercial wharf

Sykes, John, 78 Riley st.

T

Thorpe, C. J., 18 Macquarie place

Treeye, J. R., 231 George st.

Taylor, Thomas, Phœnix wharf

Taylor, Agustus B., Cleveland st.

Tebutt, Edward J. 227 Kent st.

Thacker and Co., 168 George st.

Thompson, J.W. & S., 109 Pitt st.

Thompson & Caporn, New Pitt st.

Thompson, Jos., 11 O'Connell st.

Thorne, George & Co., 16 York st.

Tidswell, Wilson & Co., 76 Harrington st.

Towns, Robert, Miller's Point

Travers, J.L., 10 Macquarie place

446

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

V

Vial, d'Aram, and Milliere, 7 Wynyard st.

W

Wadley, Edward, 160 George st.

Walford, Thos., 12 King st. east

Watson, Thos. Geo., 29 Kent st.

Way, Edward F., King st. west

Wells, W. C., 49 Hunter st.

Williams, J. A., 8 Charlotte place

Wilson, Andrew, 213 George st.

Wills, William, Hunter st.

Wolfen, William, 38 Pitt st.

Wagner & Foell, 78 Harrington st.

Walker, Wm., Walker's wharf

Walker, Thos., Campbell's wharf

Walton and Co., 201 George st.

Warren, D. S. & Co. 160 George st.

Watkins, John, 104 York st.

Watson, Thomas, 8 Clyde st.

Webb, Henry R., 6 Victoria st.

Were & Pritchard, Circular quay

Wilkinson, Brothers and Co., 2 Macquarie place

Williams and Co., 27 Erskine st.

Willis, Merry & Co., Lower Fort st.

Wilson, G. L. & Co., Blake's wharf

Wilson and Blair, Market wharf

Wilson, Andrew, 213 George st.

Wilson, Wm., Macquarie place

Wilson, T., 1 Abercrombie place

Wood, Jas., 11 Francis st. glebe

Worms, Matthew A., 1 York st.

Wyatt, Wm., and Sons, Pitt st.

Y

Yencken, Barber & Co., 1 Church hill

Young and Co., 225 George st.

BANKS.

Bank of New South Wales, 242 George st.

Union Bank of Australia, 1 Pitt st.

Bank of Australasia, 162 George st

Commercial Banking Company of Sydney, 248 George st.

The London Chartered Bank of Australia, 170 George st.

English, Scottish and Australian Chartered Bank, 324 George st.

Oriental Bank Corporation; office, corner of York & Barrack sts.

Savings Bank of New South Wales; office, Barrack st.

LEADING NEWSPAPERS.

The Sydney Morning Herald The Sydney Empire.

NEW ZEALAND DIRECTORY.

AUCKLAND.

GENERAL GOVERNMENT.

Governor and Commander-in-Chief,

His Excellency Colonel Thomas Gore Browne, C.B.

Private Secretary & Clerk of the Executive Council—Capt. Steward.

Aide-de-Camp—Lieut. William D. Shipley, 58th Regiment.

Clerk —James Holt, Esq.

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL.

The Officer Commanding the Troops.

The Honorable the Colonial Secretary.

The Honorable the Attorney General.

The Honorable the Colonial Treasurer.

GENERAL ASSEMBLY.

LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL.

Hon. W. Swainson, esq. . . . . . . Auckland

— W. H. Kenny, esq. . . . . . . Onehunga

— F. Whitaker, esq. . . . . . Auckland

— J. Salmon, esq. . . . . . Auckland

— J. A. Gilfillan, esq. . . . . . . Auckland

— T. H. Bartley, esq. . . . . . Auckland

— Sir S. O. Gibbes, Bart. . . . . . . Auckland

— H. Petre, esq. . . . . . . Wellington

— H. St. Hill, esq. . . . . . . Wellington

2 g

NEW ZEALAND DIRECTORY.

450

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Hon. J. Y. Lloyd, esq. . . . . . . New Plymouth

— R. Richardson, esq. . . . . . . Nelson

— H. Seymour, esq. . . . . . Nelson

— M. Richmond, esq. . . . . . . Nelson

— E. H. W. Bellairs, esq. . . . . . . Otago

— P. D. Bell, esq. . . . . . . Wellington

Speaker—Hon. William Swainson, esq., Auckland (absent)

Do. Hon. F. Whitaker, esq., Auckland (acting)

Clerk—James J. Piercy, esq., Auckland.

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

PROVINCE OF AUCKLAND.

J. L. Campbell, esq.

W. Lee, esq.

R. Graham, esq.

T. Beckham, esq.

W. C. Daldy, esq.

C. J. Taylor, esq.

F. W. Merriman, esq.

J. Williamson, esq.

W. Brodie, esq.

J. Greenwood, esq.

T. Henderson, esq.

H. Carleton, esq.

Speaker —

Clerk—F. E. Campbell, esq.

COLONIAL SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT.

Colonial Secretary—The Hon. Andrew Sinclair, esq.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—William Gisborne, esq.

First Clerk—G. E. Eliott, esq.

Second Clerk—Mr. Alexander C. P. M'Donald.

LAW OFFICERS OF THE CROWN.

Attorney General—The Hon. W. Swainson, esq. (on leave)

Do. The Hon. F. Whitaker, esq. (acting.)

TREASURY.

Colonial Treasurer—The Hon. Alexander Shepherd, esq.

Clerk—James S. Baylis, esq.

AUDIT OFFICE.

Auditor General—Charles Knight, esq.

Chief Clerk —W. Dover, esq.

Second Clerk—Mr. G. E. Friend. Third Clerk—Mr. T. Godfrey.

451

AUCKLAND.

LAND PURCHASE DEPARTMENT.

Principal Commissioner—Donald M'Lean, esq.

District Commissioners—Bay of Islands: H. T. Kemp, esq.

Whangarei: J. G. Johnson, esq. Waikato & Mokau: J. Rogan, esq.

Hawkes Bay: G. S. Cooper, esq.

Senior Clerk—Mr. W. B. Baker. Junior Clerk—Mr. A. A. M'Innis.

CENTRAL BOARD OF VACCINATION FOR ABORIGINES.

Chairman—Rev. G. A. Kissling

Medical Secretary—H. J. Andrews, esq.

NATIVE SECRETARY'S DEPARTMENT.

Secretary—D. M'Lean, esq. (acting)

Inspector of Mills—Mr. H. Boyton

Clerk and Translator—Mr. C. O. Davis

Editor of Native Newspaper—D. Burns, esq.

SURVEY DEPARTMENT.

Surveyor General—Charles W. Ligar, esq.

Deputy ditto—Reader Wood, esq.

District Surveyor—Mahurangi: Charles Heaphy, esq.

Senior Draughtsman—James Baber, esq.

Second Draughtsman—Charles H. Mc'Intosh, esq.

Clerk—Mr. A. Sinclair.

SUPREME COURT.

Chief Justice & Deputy Vice Admiral—W. Martin, esq. (on leave)

Chief Justice of the Northern District (acting)—S. Stephen, esq.

Chief Justice of the Southern District (acting)—D. Wakefield, esq.

Registrar—Thomas Outhwaite, esq.

Sheriff—Loughlin O'Brien, esq.

BANKS.

Government Bank of Issue—Princess-street, Manager—C. Knight, esq.

Union Bank of Australia—Office: Princess-street, Local Manager—Alexander Kennedy, esq.

Savings' Bank—Office: At the Colonial Bank of Issue, Accountant—Mr. Francis E. Stewart.

452

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

PLACES OF PUBLIC WORSHIP.

St. Paul's, Princes-street; Rev. J. F. Lloyd. St. Matthew's, Hobson-street; Rev. F. Thatchar. St. Barnabas, Parnell; Rev. G. A. Kissling. St. Barnabas, Parnell, Maori Services; Rev. G. A. Kissling.—Presbyterian, Waterloo Quadrant; Rev. D. Bruce. Wesleyan, Victoria Quadrant; Rev. J. Fletcher.—Primitive Methodist, Edward-street; Rev. R. Ward.—Independent, Highstreet; Rev. A. Macdonald.—Independent, Albert-street; Rev. T. Hamer.—Baptist, Mechanics' Institute; Rev. E. Thomas. —St. Patrick's (Roman Catholic), Chapel-street.

AUCKLAND STREET DIRECTORY.

PRINCES STREET.

Lambert, W., printer & bookseller

Hampton, R., tailor

Sauerbier, J., baker

Droz, P. H., watchmaker

Rochfort, S., solicitor

Cavanagh, J., shoemaker

Brookfield, F., solicitor

Gilbert, Mrs., grocer

Hooker, J., grocer

Waste Lands Board Office

Andrews, H. J., surgeon

Colonial Treasury

Colonial Secretary's Office

Audit Office

Claremont Boarding House

Union, Bank of Australia

Survey Office

Masonic Hotel

Retreat Boarding House

SHORTLAND STREET.

Hadlow, H., grocer

Mielatz, J. F., working jeweller

Chisholm, A., butcher

Southern Cross Office

Coleman, J., ironmonger

Winch, C., watchmaker

Holmes, J., tailor

Reading, J. W., tobacconist

Young, J., butcher

Fielding, J., confectioner

Harking, P., dealer

Joslin, C., hairdresser

Magnusson, Mrs., dealer

Budgman, J., draper

Russell, H., dealer

Rattray, W., draper

Scheidel, F., dealer

Bolous, J., tailor

Langford, J. A., merchant

Weston, T. & Co., auctioneers

Henderson & Macfarlane, timber merchants

Custom House

Engine House

Sims, J., grocer

Smith, W. H. & F., shoemakers

Bell, J., Homœopathic Pharmacy

Newman and Ewen, ironmongers

Tattersall, W., painter & glazier

Watt, J., jeweller

Williamson and Wilson, printers, New Zealander Office

Williamson, J., bookseller

Webster, H., saddler

Keiley, M., plumber

Coleman, W., merchant

Fletcher, F. W., flour factor

453

AUCKLAND.

Melbourne Boarding House

Richardson, J., engraver

Wallis & Jackson, watchmakers

Dunne, W., ironmonger

Smith, H., baker

M'Pherson, A., tinplate worker

Webster, —, draper

Halyday, J., cabinet maker

Sewell, W., dealer

George, E., butcher

Hardington, H., Exchange Hotel

Lundon, P., grocer

Hansard, A. W., auctioneer

Gibson, T., saddler

Cummings, Mrs., grocer

Clark, A., draper

Cleveland, A. M., dealer

Brown, S., grocer

Ellis, H., draper

Brown & Campbell, merchants

Macready & Stirrat, watchmakers

Gibson & Mitchell, ironmongers

Hallamore, T. C., draper

George, J., baker

Keesing, A. and. R., dealers

Matthews, R., chemist

Brighton, W., dealer

Asher, A., dealer

Keesing, H., jun., dealer

Nathan, D., auctioneer

Keven, T., bootmaker

Stitchbury, C., dealer

Levy, S. H., Russell Wine Vaults

Graham, D., draper

Collins, S., dealer

QUEEN STREET.

Somerville, M., grocer

Augustus, E., hairdresser

Williams, T. J., draper

Henderson, J. and W., drapers

Boylan, J. T., ironmonger

Rees, Mrs., butcher

Wayte, E., dealer

Patterson, R., draper

Kirby, Mrs., milliner

Somervell, H., shoemaker

Short, T., draper

Cameron, R., grocer

Robertson, P., baker

Otto, A., grocer

Walters, W., butcher

Dennet, W., innkeeper

Lundon, D., baker

Percy and Kennedy, saddlers

Shalders, R. B., draper

Petschler, C., merchant

Low and Motion, flour factors

Wood, M., storekeeper

Forsaith, T. S., draper

Young, Mrs., grocer

Rogers, T., boarding-house keeper

Morrin, W., grocer

Bunting, R., greengrocer and dairyman

Howes, G., cabinet maker

Dinnin, M., grocer

Thompson, R., Greyhound Inn

Platt, T., merchant

Webster, A. S., merchant

Stevenson, J., merchant

Macfarlane, J. S., merchant

Odd Fellows' Hall

Bourne and Dove, engineers

Sims, F., Wheatsheaf Inn

Somerville, A., grocer

Westwood, J., cabinet maker

Hobbs, R., draper

Buller, E., tailor

Hamilton, M., grocer

Hannken, F., storekeeper

Connell & Ridings, auctioneers

Jones, A., draper

M'Garvey, W., cooper

Sheehan, D., Trafalgar Inn

Waddel, W., baker

Steel, R., shoemaker

Jones, T., ropemaker

Ward, R., grocer

Miller, W., shoemaker

Day, H., butcher

Snodgrass, D., baker

Robinson & Co., saddlers

Neale, W. H., bootmaker

Francis, J., tinman

Scott, R., shoemaker

Vaile, S. and J. R., drapers

Hair, G. B., watchmaker

454

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Hoop, J., bootmaker

Andrews, K., butcher

Levy, L. and J., library

Levy, P., Union Hotel

Somerville, T., corn merchant

Brown, J., boarding-house keeper

Sheddan, R., cooper

Weston and Keightley, livery stables

Johnson, J., cabinet maker

Ireland, G., turner

M'Dowell, J., storekeeper

Court House

Tutty, S., White Hart

QUEEN STREET WHARF.

William Denny Hotel

Woodhouse and Buchanan, merchants

King, G., dealer

Bruce, Mrs. draper

Tonks, B. & Co., ironmongers

Lorigan, P., dealer

Rout, J., merchant

Davis, C., merchant

Macky, J., merchant

Grilfillan, J. A. & Co., merchants

Salmon, J., merchant

Bain, J. W., merchant

Robbins, T. G., ship chandler

Duke, G., commission. agent

Schultz, R. & Co., auctioneers

Owen and Graham, merchants

White and Rogers, merchants

Roe, Street and Co., timber merchants

Coolahan and Canning, bakers

Edmonds, S. J., dealer

Combes and Daldy, merchants

Macky, T. & Co., merchants

Macky, H., carpenter

Graham, G. S., merchant

Williams, Hinckley & Co., merchants

WEST QUEEN STREET.

Beard, J., surgeon-dentist

Temple and Russell, painters

Allen, E., boarding-house keeper

Hemmings, T., cabinet maker

Dillon, M., confectioner

Grimley, J., dealer

M'Ewan, I., baker

Chapman, G. T., bookseller

Courting, H., bootmaker

Christopher, H., grocer

Pilkington, W. J., Crown and Anchor

Doyle, T., dealer

Purcell, P., bootmaker

M'Carthy, E., boarding-house keeper

Mullens, P., cutler

M'Carthy, J., butcher

Gallagher, G., baker

Dingwall, A., dealer

Curtis, R., surgeon, Harp's bldgs.

VICTORIA LANE.

Phillips, J., painter and glazier

Philips, P. A., dealer

Barehard, A., outfitter

Scott, W., Victoria Hotel

FORT STREET.

Wall, E., shipsmith

Brewer, H. N., mastmaker

Carr, J. W., boat builder

Grahame, W. S. & Co., merchants

Harris, C. A., ship chandler

Robertson, J., ropemaker

Brodie, W., commission agent

Le Roy, E., sailmaker

Lillewall and Rattray, ship chandlers

Reynolds, G., Caledonian Hotel

Rich, E., agent

Hunt, R. J., merchant

Phillips, G. P., dealer

HIGH STREET.

Robottom, J., bootmaker

Kelly, J., baker

Crosbie, D., tailor

Hair, J., dealer

Letham, S., baker

King, J. H., innkeeper

Hanlen, M. F., grocer

455

AUCKLAND.

Dunning, J., grocer

Post Office

Stratford, S. J., surgeon

Leech, J., carver and gilder

Holdsworth, D., dealer

Spalding, A., tinsmith

Marston and George, solicitors

Ogilvy, J., tailor

Holmes, T., butcher

Palmer, J., tailor

M'Caul, W., tailor

Rawson, J., dealer

WYNDHAM STREET.

Parte, J., grocer

O'Donoghue, M. C., grocer

Richardson, J., printer

Sansom, T., grocer

Merriman, F. W., solicitor

Ormsby, A. S., civil engineer

Lowson, Mrs., milliner

Londergan, T., tailor

Otto, Mrs., grocer

ALBERT STREET.

Dignan, P., Clanricarde Hotel

Carson, J., baker

Leighton, J. F., bookbinder

Dingwall, J., bootmaker

Lee, W., surgeon

Williams, J., painter

M'Leod, J., smith

DURHAM STREET.

Webb, J., hairdresser

WAKEFIELD STREET.

Brennan, P., bootmaker

Halstead, L. D., veterinary surgeon

De Velle, B., butcher

Thorne, W., bootmaker

Ansell, G., carpenter

Bischoff, —, portrait painter

Davies, W., surgeon

Main, Mrs., milliner

CHAPEL STREET.

Cadman, J., carpenter & builder

Culpan, J., turner

Currie, W., Aurora Tavern

Porter, E., storekeeper

Hamilton, J., baker

VICTORIA STREET.

Combe, W. and Sons, builders

Adams, A., shoemaker

Haymes, T., shingler

PARNELL.

Smith, G. H., grocer

Wells, J., corn dealer

Law, C. E., general dealer

George, W., butcher

Mitchell, J., storekeeper

Lawford, R., baker

Johnson, T., New Windsor Castle

Symes, S., baker

MECHANICS' BAY.

M'Nab & Co., steam saw mills

Gillingham, R., storekeeper

Hornby, J., ropemaker

Grattan, A., slater

Haydon, M., dealer

Leech, G., storekeeper

OFFICIAL BAY.

Moffitt, C. H., surgeon-dentist

WELLINGTON DIRECTORY.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Superintendent—His Honor Isaac E. Featherston, M.D.

Clerk—Richard Wakelin.

Provincial Secretary—William Fitzherbert.

Clerk—H. S. Knowles.

Provincial Treasurer—William Fox.

Clerk—John Wallace.

Provincial Solicitor and Crown Prosecutor—A de B. Brandon.

Board of Audit—J. Kelham, C. J. Pharazyn, Jonas Woodward.

Members of the Executive Council—The Provincial Secretary, Treasurer, and Solicitor, with S. Revans, M.P.C., constitute His Honor's Executive Council, and hold office on the principle of Ministerial Responsibility.

Messenger—Sydney Mason.

MAGISTRATES FOR THE PROVINCE OF WELLINGTON.

Col. A. Mc. Cleverty

Alfred Domett, esq.

Daniel Wakefield, esq.

Lieut. Col. C. E. Gold

F. Dillon Bell, esq.

Stephen Carkeek, esq.

Donald Mc Lean, esq.

Henry St. Hill, esq.

D. S. Durie, esq.

Robert R. Strang, esq.

Major James Patience

Charles Clifford, esq.

E. Daniel, esq.

W. Swainson, esq.

W. Hickson, esq.

W. Fitzherbert, esq.

A. Ludlam, esq.

A. Hort, esq.

J. C. Raymond, esq.

J. Johnston, esq.

W. Mc Leod Bannatyne, esq.

G. Hunter, esq.

G. Moore, esq.

T. Kebble, esq.

F. Robinson, esq.

J. King, esq.

M. Campbell, esq.

G. Rees, esq.

J. Kelham, esq.

W. B. Rhodes, esq.

H. Churton, esq.

A. Alexander, esq.

E. S. Curling, esq.

John Cameron, esq.

A. De Bathe Brandon, M.P.C.

John Dorset, M.P.C.

N. Levin, esq.

W. Lyon, M.P.C.

S. Revans, M.P.C.

C. J. Pharazyn, esq.

457

WELLINGTON.

MAGISTRATES FOR THE ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND IN THE PROVINCE OF WELLINGTON.

A. Domett, esq.

S. Carkeek, esq.

D. Wakefield, esq.

D. Mc Lean, esq.

Col. Mc Cleverty

H. St. Hill, esq.

D. S. Durie, esq.

Col. Gold

R. R. Strang, esq.

F. D. Bell, esq.

PROVINCIAL COUNCIL.

Speaker—Charles Clifford, esq., J.P.

For town of Wellington—C. Clifford, J. Dorset, W. Fitzherbert, W. Lyon, W. Fox, W. Hickson, J. Woodward.

For Hutt—G. Hart, A. Ludlam, A. Renall, E. G. Wakefield.

For Wellington Country District—A. de B. Brandon, C. W. Schultze, W. Bromley.

For Wanganui—W. Watt.

For Wairarapa and Hawke's Bay—F. D. Bell, S. Revans.

Clerk to Council—H. S. Harrison.

Serjeant-at-arms —J. H. Marriott.

John Robert Godley, esq., Political Agent for the Province in London.

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT.

Engineer of Roads—John Roy. Inspector of Roads—H. Stilling.

HARBOUR DEPARTMENT.

Harbour Master—C. Sharp. Pilot—D. Dougherty.

Signal Station—M. France. Keeper of Lighthouse—M. Bennett. Resident Magistrate and Sheriff—H. St. Hill.

Clerk to Bench—R. S. Cheesman.

Native Interpreter—E. F. Harris. Serjeant of Police—W. Styles. Gaoler—R. Mills.

Resident Magistrate—Wanganui: D. S. Durie.

Ditto Hawke's Bay: A. Domett.

Colonial Surgeon—Dr. Dorset. Coroner—Geo. D. Monteith.

Inspector of Sheep—J. Webster.

Registrar of Brands—J. H. Marriott.

Post Master—John F. Hoggard. Clerk—J. Kirton.

Trustees of College Reserves—Mr. Justice Stephen, Hon. H. Petre, W. Fox, H. St. Hill, W. Fitzherbert.

Trustees of Public Cemetery—W. Lyon, R. R. Strang, John May, G. Hart, E. Robert. Sexton —I. Fuller.

Medical Board—John Dorset, President; C. France, Secretary.

458

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Visitors of Lunatic Asylum, Karori—W. Hickson, J.P., W. Fox, J. C. Raymond, J.P.

Visiting Justices of the Gaol—A. Hort, J.P., W. Hickson, J.P., W. B. Rhodes, J.P.

MEDICAL PROFESSION.

John Dorset, Colonial Surgeon.

G. D. Monteith, Manners Street, Coroner.

T. S. Ralph, M.D., Wellington Terrace.

Drs. Hayes and France, Willis Street.

Drs. Knox, Welch, and Buck, Hutt.

LEGAL PROFESSION.

Daniel Wakefield, Judge for Southern District.

R. R. Strang, esq., Registrar.

A. de B. Brandon, M.P.C., Provincial Solicitor.

C. R. D. Ward, Barrister-at-Law.

Messrs. R. S. Cheesman, R. Hart, J. King, J. Pearce, J. E. Smith.

AUCTIONEERS.

W. Allen, P. M. Hervey, I. Smith, G. Hunter, J. Johnson, Wellington; J. Broughton, Powell and Co; J. Kells, Wanganui.

MILITARY.

SOUTHERN PROVINCE. —NEW ZEALAND.

Staff.

Colonel Mc Cleverty, Commanding Troops.

Brigade Major—Captain H. I. Coote.

Brigade Office Clerk—Serjeant John Atkinson.

Staff Surgeon—R. K. Prendergast.

Staff Assistant Surgeon—H. F. Robertson.

65th Regiment.

Wellington-Colonel: C. E. Gold. Captains: D'Arcey and Blewit. Lieutenants: Turner and Buck. Ensigns: Lewis and Wrixon. Adjutant: Lieutenant Strange. Paymaster: J. W. Marshall. Quartermaster: E. Withers.

Wanganui—Lieutenant Colonel: Patience. Captains: Bazalgette and Paul. Lieutenants: Still, Priestly, and Wemyss. The remainder of the Regiment is stationed on detachment at the Bay of Islands, Auckland and Taranaki.

COMMISSARIAT DEPARTMENT.

Assistant Commissary General—J. C. R. Wood, esq.

Clerk—W. P. Pickering. Storekeeper—George Gray.

459

WELLINGTON.

ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT.

Deputy Ordnance Storekeeper—J. O. Hamley, esq.

Clerk—R. Lucas.

BARRACK DEPARTMENT.

Barrack Master—J. O. Hamley, esq.

Barrack Serjeant—R. Grigg.

Wanganui: Acting Barrack Serjeant—John Crowder.

ENGINEER DEPARTMENT.

Clerk of Works—Mr. G. Single.

LIST OF OFFICIATING MINISTERS.

United Church of England and Ireland.—The Revds. Arthur Baker, and I. Hamlin; The Ven. Archdeacon Octavius Hadfield; Revds. Thos. B. Hutton, C. H. S. Nicholls, Samuel Poole, Arthur Stock, Richard Taylor, Edwin Wheeler, Samuel Williams; The Ven. Archdeacon William Williams.

Church of Scotland.—The Rev. W. Kirton.

Roman Catholic Church.—Revds. I. Forest, A. Gavin, Jos.

Lampila, Very Rev. I. I. P. O'Reilly, Revds. I. B. Petit Jean, Stephen Pezant, E. Regnier, Jos. Seon, Right Rev. Bishop Viard.

Free Church of Scotland.—Revds. John Moir, W. Dron.

Presbyterian Congregation.—Revds. David Hogg, James Duncan, (Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland.)

Wesleyan Methodist Society.—Revds. James Buller, Charles Creed, George Stannard, James Watkin, W. Woon.

Congregational Independents.—Rev. Jonas Woodward.

Primitive Methodist Society.—Rev. Henry Green.

OFFICERS OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT.

Judge for Southern District—D. Wakefield.

Registrar Supreme Court—R. R. Strang.

Deputy Registrar—J. E. Smith.

Crier—J. Spiers.

Officer Commanding the Troops—Lieutenant Col. W. McCleverty.

CROWN LANDS DEPARTMENT.

Commissioner—Francis D. Bell.

Chief Clerk—D. Lewis. Second Clerk—William Holmes.

SURVEY DEPARTMENT.

Surveyor in Charge—Wellington: R. Park.

Assistant ditto —G. F. Swainson.

Surveyor—Wanganui: D. Porter.

Chief Surveyor—Wairarapa: Capt. W. M. Smith, R. A.

Ditto—Ahuriri: M. Fitzgerald.

Assistant—Mr. Bousfield.

460

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT.

S. Carkeek, Collector.

E. Catchpool, First Landing Waiter.

C. Sharp, Tide Surveyor, (also Harbor Master).

S. E. Grimstone, Collectors' Clerk and Accountant.

R. E. First Clerk and Warehousekeeper.

F. Meier, Second Landing Waiter.

T. W. Hoggard, Second Clerk.

C. Ward, First Locker. C. H. Stutfield, Second Locker.

G. Hawkins, Weigher and Gauger.

WANGANUI.

Chas. C. de Veux, Sub-Collector, and Post Master.

AHURIRI.

W. Seed, esq., Sub-Collector, (also Deputy Post Master).

Post Master—Wellington: J. F. Hoggard.

Bank of Issue—Manager: H. St. Hill. Clerk: J. Partridge.

Commissioners of Crown Lands—F. D. Bell, Wellington: A.

Lomett, Port Napier, Ahuriri.

WANGANUI.

Resident Magistrate—D. S. Durie.

Collector of Customs—Chas. C. de Veux.

Commander of Troops, Her Majesty's 65th Regt.—Colonel Patience.

Colonial Surgeon—Gro. Rees, M.D.J.P.

Magistrates—Capt. M. Campbell, John Cameron, H. Churton,

John Nixon.

Clergy—Church of England—Rev. R. Taylor.

Presbyterian —Rev. J. Hogg.

Roman Catholic—Rev. Father Pesant.

LEADING MERCHANTS, ETC.

Messrs. Hervey, Smith, and Co.

G. Crawford and Co.

Bethune and Hunter

Schultz and Co.

Bowler, Son and Co.

Waring Taylor

John Varnham

Jonas Woodward

Johnston and Co.

Levin and Co.

R. J. Duncan and Co.

A. Hort, sen.

Jacob, Joseph and Co.

J. Walden

J. H. Wallace

Stuart, Kinross and Co.

Worsley and Co.

W. M. Bannatyne and Co.

NELSON DIRECTORY.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Superintendent—His Honor Edward William Stafford.

Executive Council —Henry Adams, John Poynter.

PROVINCIAL COUNCIL.

Speaker—Donald Sinclair.

For the town of Nelson—H. Adams, G. F. Bush, W. Hough, J. Poynter, T. Renwick, D. Sinclair.

Suburban Districts—J. Ward, E. Wastney, W. Wells.

Waimea East—J. W. Barnicoat, T. Butler, W. O. Cautley, S. L. Muller.

Waimea South—E. Baigent, J. W. Saxton, A. Saunders.

Waimea West—D. Monro.

Motueka—F. Jacka, E. Fearon, C. Parker.

Massacre Bay—J. P. Robinson.

Wairau—C. Elliott, Jos. Ward.

Amuri—G. L. Lee.

Clerk to Council—G. White. Messenger—L. Nattrass.

Provincial Secretary—S. L. Muller.

Clerk to ditto—A. Greenfield.

Provincial Solicitor —H. Adams.

Provincial Treasurer —J. Poynter.

Board of Audit—D. Sinclair, T. Renwick, J. Sharp.

Commissioner of Public Works—A. Dobson.

Assistants—C. Goulter, F. J. Clarke.

Provincial Surgeon and Coroner —J. F. Wilson.

Registrar of Deeds—J. Poynter. Clerk to ditto—B. O. Hodgson.

Sheriff—B. Walmsley. Gaoler—W. Rodgerson.

Serjeant Major of Police—J. Fagan.

Harbor Master and Pilot —J. S. Cross.

Resident Magistrate—J. Poynter.

Ditto at Wairau —H. G. Gouland.

462

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.

H. Bedborough

M. Richmond

N. G. Morse

D. Sinclair

J. D. Greenwood

Sir William Congreve, Bart.

H. Martin

W. Collins

J. Mackay

R. Richardson

D. Sclanders

J. H. Blundell

G. Duppa

B. Walmsley

C. M. Gascoyne

G. White

D. Monro

S. L. Midler

A. C. Clifford

E. W. Stafford

E. D. Sweet

F. Jollie

W. O. Cautley

F. L. Wickerman

B. Woolcombe

C. B. Wither

C. Thorp

E. Jollie

J. W. Saxton

G. L. Lee

R. K. Newcome

Hon. J. S. Wortley

H. Seymour

H. G. Gouland.

F. A. Weld

Clerk to the Bench —J. Sharp.

Native Interpreter—W. Jenkins.

Trustees of Trust Fund—A. Fell, D. Sclanders, C. Elliott, D. Monro, W. Wells, J. W. Barnicoat.

Auditors of Trust Fund—H. C. Daniel, H. Seymour.

Education Commission—D. Monro, F. A. Weld, C. Elliott,

J. D. Greenwood, W. Wells.

OFFICERS OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—M. Richmond.

Chief Clerk—H. C. Daniel. Assistant ditto—V. Jones.

Surveyor—T. Brunner.

Collector of Customs—E. H. E. Blackmore.

Landing Waiter—D. Johnston.

Clerk—W. Cottow. Locker —J. Percy.

Tide Waiters—G. C. Lemming, H. B. Farquhar.

Post Master—B. Walmsley.

Deputy Registrar of Supreme Court —J. Sharp.

Registrar of Marriages—J. Poynter. Ditto at Motueka —(vacant).

Ditto Wairau —F. L. Vickerman. Ditto Amuri—E. Jollie.

OFFICIATING MINISTERS.

Church of England—The Revds. R. B. Paul, Archdeacon of

Waimea; H. T. Butt, T. L. Tudor, R. J. Lloyd, Meyrick Lally, G. Bagshawe.

Free Church of Scotland —The Rev. T. D. Nicholson.

463

NELSON.

Wesleyan Methodist Society—Rev. J. Warren.

Baptist—Rev. D. Dolamone.

Church of Rome —Revds. A. M. Gavin, D. Moreau.

German Lutheran —J. W. J. Heine.

SOCIETIES, ETC.

Literary and Scientific Institution, &c. —President: D. Sclanders.

Vice President: C. Elliott. Hon. Secretary: H. Adams. Librarian: G. Jackson.

Nelson School Society—Secretary: W. M. Stanton.

Horticultural Society—Secretary: H. Adams.

Literary Debating Society—President: J. Rollison. Secretary: G. Jackson.

Amateur Musical Society—Secretary: W. M. Stanton.

Total Abstinence Society—Secretary: B. Crisp.

Chess Club—President: J. Elliott.

Turf Club—Secretary: E. Elliot.

Wairau Jockey Club —Secretary: F. L. Vickerman.

Cook's Straits Mining Company—Secretary: W. T. L. Travers.

Working Man's Sheep Association—Secretary: C. Sewell.

Nelson Mining Company-Secretary: W. R. Nicholson.

Nelson Coast Steam Navigation Company —Provisional Committee: W. R. Nicholson, G. Riding, E. Fearon, A. Le Grand Campbell, C. Parker, H. E. Curtis.

Independent Order of Odd Fellows, M.U.—Loyal Nelson Lodge,

Odd Fellows' Hall, Nelson. Howard Lodge, Odd Fellows' Hall,

Nelson. Travellers'Rest Lodge, Plough Inn Richmond. Motueka Lodge, Motueka Hotel: P.G.M., William Jennings. P.C.S., R. Sutcliffe.

Ancient Order of Free Masons—Southern Star Lodge, Nelson. T.

Sullivan, W.M.; J. Sharp, Secretary.

MANUFACTORIES, ETC.

Flour Mills—M. Campbell, G. F. Bush, Nelson; A Sanders, and W. White, The Union Flour Mill Company, Waimea; J. Mickee, Rewaka.

Saw Mills—H. Martin, Waimea South; E. Baigent, Glen Eti; J. P. Robinson, and Co., Massacre Bay; D. Frazer and Co., and J. D. Greenwood, Motueka.

Malthouses and Breweries—C. Harley, Hooper and Dodson, Smith and Co., Nelson; T. Kidd, Stoke; H. Hubbard, Richmond.

Nelson Tannery—G. W. Lightband and Son.

Flax Dresser-E. VVastney, Suburban Worth.

Newspaper—The Nelson Examiner, published, every Wednesday and Saturday.

464

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

HOTELS, ETC.

Town of Nelson—Trafalgar Hotel, G. Taylor; Wakatu, T.

Sullivan; Commercial Hotel, J. Winterburn; Odd Fellows' Arms,

J. Miles; Royal Hotel, C. Gentry; Bakers' Arms, M. Simpson;

Sir Charles Napier Inn, A. McGee; Ship Hotel, W. Crowther.

Stoke—Turf Hotel, I. Ingram.

Wakapuwaka—Black Horse, W. Wastney.

Richmond —Star and Garter, W. Dale; Plough. Inn, W. Cleaver.

Waimea—Wakefield. Arms, T. N. Trower; Waimealnn, J.

Palmer; Travellers' Rest, W. White; Holly Bush, T. Kinzett.

Motueka—Motueka Hotel, Shipley and McKenzie; Swan Inn,

W. Harding; Ferry Inn, E. McNab.

TRADES, PROFESSIONS.

Aitken, Alexander, auctioneer, bookseller, and stationer

Appow, T., hairdresser

Adams, H., legal practitioner

Aitken, A., land and estate agent

Askew, T., storekeeper

Aitken, A., storekeeper

Aikins, G., storekeeper

Atkins, T., storekeeper

Bird, J., butcher

Blythe, Mark, maltster

Boyle, W., gardener

Bush, G. F., medical practitioner

Black, J. P., draper & cap maker

Boardmen, T., painter, plumber,

Banks, A., cooper

Bachelor, T., storekeeper

Batchelor, T., ironmonger

Betts, A. G., storekeeper

Batchelor, G., boot & shoe maker

Blick, W., tanner

Barret, J., carpenter and builder

Burn, R., tin plate worker

Bright, T., carpenter and builder

Burns, D., carpenter and. builder

Carter, Mrs., board and lodging house, Bridge st.

Crowther, W., boat builder and shipwright, Calder

Carston, J., carpenter & builder

Coleman, E., cabinet maker

Creasy, R. J., land & estate agent

Clarke, H. L., saddler, &c.

Coates, G., watch. & clock maker

Curtis, Brothers, merchants

Drew, Mrs., milliner and dressmaker

Dertnell, W., storekeeper

Elliot, C. & J., booksellers, stationers, printers, & publishers

Elliott, Mrs., board and lodging house, Trafalgar square

Epps, T., gardener

Fell, A. and Co., merchants

Filby, F., medical practitioner

Fell, A. and Co., auctioneers

Fleming, R., tailor

Freeman, T., boat builder and shipwright

GibliN, D., storekeeper

Grorrie, J., carpenter and builder

Gaukrodger, T., carpenter and builder

Gardiner, W., rope and twine spinner

Greenwood, J. D., medical practitioner

NELSON.

465

Griffin, J., baker

Green, Mrs., milliner and dressmaker

Hargreaves, H., butcher

Hargreaves, J., carpenter and builder, and cabinet maker

Hall, W., gardener

Hill, J. M., ironmonger

Hough, W., storekeeper

Hunter and Son, watch, and clock makers

Jennings, W., baker

Jacobsen, H., boatbuilder and shipwright

Jones, W., saddler, &c.

Jenkins, W., upholsterer

Laney. W., baker

Lloyd, R., boot and shoe maker

Lucas, C., boot and. shoe maker, and storekeeper

Ladd, J., bricklayer & plasterer

Lakin, T., medical practitioner

Lonasson, J. T., painter & plumber

Lightband, G. W. & Son, tanners

Lockhart, W. T., storekeeper

M'Gee, boot and shoe maker

Macshane, C., chemist & druggist

Morrison & Sclanders, merchants

Moore, D. and. Co., merchants

M'Glashen, G. R., rope and twine spinners

Macshane, C., storekeeper

M'Glashen, T., storekeeper

M'Artney, A. and J., tin plate workers

M'Kenzie, J., tailor

M'Donald, A. C, manager of the Union Bank of Australia

Morrison and Sclanders, bankers —Union Bank of Australia

Nicholson, R. & Co., auctioneers

Northwood, — painter & plumber

Page, W., bricklayer & plasterer

Pratt, T., carpenter and builder

Peddie, D., carpenter & builder

Patterson, J., carpenter & builder

Pritchard, E., chemist & druggist, and storekeeper

Pahl, W., cooper

Poynter, J., legal practitioner

Phillips, J. C., storekeeper

Palmer, J., Waimea West

Ridings, G., auctioneer

Ross, R., baker

Rankin, A., baker

Rollison, T., blacksmith

Renwick, T., M.D., medical practitioner

Rule, — M. D., medical practitioner

Ridings, G., merchant

Stanton, W. M., storekeeper

Stanton, W. M., bookseller and stationer

Steel, T., bricklayer & plasterer

Schumaker, J., carpenter buildr. Snow, E., tailor

Symonds, —, ironmonger and storekeeper

Stamper, W., legal practitioner

Sinclair, D., legal practitioner

Stellard, H., painter, plumber, &c.

Smith, E., storekeeper

Stanton, W., storekeeper, Richmond

Taylor, Mrs., board and lodging house keeper, Selwyn place

Tarr, G., butcher

Taylor, Jos., cutler & gunsmith

Travers, W. T. L., legal practitioner

White, J., boot and shoe maker

Wimsett, J., blacksmith

Watson, J., blacksmith

Wilson, J. T.,medical practitioner

Wilkie, W., storekeeper

Wilkie, J., storekeeper, Motueka

Webb, James, tailor

2 H

CANTERBURY DIRECTORY.

Superintendent—His Honor Edward Fitz Gerald.

PROVINCIAL COUNCIL.

Speaker—Charles Bowen.

For Christchurch—S. Bealey, A. Packer, C. B. Fooks, R. Westenra, A. C. Barker, J. Brittan.

For Lyttelton—I. T. Cookson, C. E. Dampier, W.J.W.Hamilton, C. R. Blakiston, H. Sewell, W. Donald.

For Christchurch Country District—C. Bowen, J. Hall, H. J. Tancred, J. Ollivier, J. R. Moore, J. Bealey, W. B. Bray, W. Thomson.

For Akaroa—R.H. Rhodes, C.Ward, W.S.Moorhouse, R.Davis. Clerk to Council—G.A.E.Ross.

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.

Executive Council—H.J.Tancred, President; J. Brittan, W.J.W.Hamilton.

Provincial Secretary —Joseph Brittan. Provincial Treasurer —Charles C.Bowen.

Provincial Auditor—J.Marshman.

Provincial Solicitor—H. B. Grcsson.

Provincial Engineer—C.E.Dobson.

Resident Magistrate and Commissioner of Police—H.J.Tancred.

Sheriff —H. J. Tancred.

Returning Officer—C.C.Bowen.

Registrar of Deeds —C. A. Calvert.

Chief Clerk in Secretary's Office —T. B. Keele.

Harbor Master, Immigration Agent, Tide Surveyor, &c.—J. Parsons.

Colonial Surgeon and Coroner—W. Donald.

467

CANTERBURY.

Keeper of the Public Records—H. J. Tanered.

Clerk to the Bench at Lyttelton—D.Mundy.

Under the Scab Ordinance—lnspectors of Sheep: Sir W.Congreve, Bart., J.Rule, T.Meldrum.

Registrar of Brands—Sir W.Congreve.

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE.

His Honor J.E.Fitz Gerald

J.C.Watts Russell

R.H.Rhodes

H.J.Tancred

W.G.Brittan

Conway L.Rose

E.J.Wakefield

W.B.Bray

J.Campbell

I.T.Cookson

J.Watson

C.Bowen

M.Stoddart

C.H.Brown

R.Westenra

C.R.Blakiston

John Hall

B.Woolcombe

W.J.W.Hamilton

H.Phillips

C.O.Torlesse.

OFFICERS OF THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PROVINCE.

Collector of Customs—W.J.W.Hamilton.

Commissioner of Crown Lands—W.G.Brittan.

Clerk and Warehouse Keeper in the Customs—C.E.Cooper.

Landing Waiter—W.Eades.

Post Master—Lyttelton : W.L.Howard.

Sub-Post Master—Christchurch: C.W.Bishop.

Surveyors—Thomas Cass, C.Davie.

Deputy Registrar of Supreme Court—C.A.Calvert.

AKAROA.

Resident Magistrate, Sub-Treasurer, Deputy Registrar of Births, &c., and Deputy Port Master—J.Watson.

Sub-Collector of Customs and Post Master—Robt. Greaves.

CLERGY OF THE CANTERBURY SETTLEMENT.

Bishop of the diocese —George Augustus Selwyn, D.D., Consecrated October 17, 1841.

Archdeacon of Akaroa, and Commissary of the Lord Bishop of New Zealand—Venerable O. Mathias.

OFFICIATING CLERGYMEN.

Christchurch—Ven. Archdeacon Mathias, B.A.

Riccarton—Ven. Archdeacon Mathias, B.A.

468

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Papanui—Rev. C. Mackie, M.A.

Avonside—Rev. C. Mackie, M.A.

Upper Heathcote, or Lower Lincoln Road—Rev. W. W. Willock, M.A.

Lower Heathcote, or Christchurch Quay—Rev.J.Wilson, M.A.

Sumner and Governor's Bay—Rev. G. Cotterill, B.A.

Lyttelton—Rev. B. W. Dudley, M.A.

Port Levy, Pigeon Bay, and other Bays of Banks's Peninsula— To be served by a Cycle.

Akaroa, with Piraki—Rev. W. Aylmer, M.A.

Sheep Stations—Rev. W. W. Willock.

Sub-Warden of Christ's College, and Head Master of the Colle-

giate Grammar School—Rev. H. Jacobs, M.A.

Catechist—Mr. F. Knowles, Pigeon Bay.

Surrogates for granting Marriage Licenses—Yen. Archdeacon Mathias, Rey. B. W. Dudley, Rev. W. Aylmer, Key. W. W. Willock, Rev. J. Raven.

Wesleyan Minister—Rev. John Aldred.

CHRIST'S COLLAGE, CANTERBURY

Visitor—Metropolitan Bishop of the Province.

Warden—The Bishop of the Diocese.

Sub-Warden—Rev. H. Jacobs, M.A.

Fellows—Ven. Archdeacon Paul, M.A.; Ven. Archdeacon O.

Mathias, B.A.; Rev. J. Wilson, M.A.; Rev. W. W. Willock,

M.A.; His Honor J. E. Fitz Gerald, B.A.; H. B. Gresson, Esq.,

B.A.; J. Bealey, Esq., M.A.; W. J. W. Hamilton, Esq.; C. R. Blakiston, Esq.

Watts Russell Professor of Divinity—Rev. H. Jacobs, M.A.

Hulsean Chichele Professor of Modern. History—

Rev. J. Wilson, M.A.

Rowley Scholar—B. T. Dudley.

Christ's College Grammar School—Head Master: Rev.

H. Jacobs, M.A.

Assistant Master—Mr. F. Thompson.

Christ's College Commercial School—Master : Mr. J. Bilton.

SOCIETIES, ETC.

Ancient Order of Freemasons—Lodge of Unanimity, Lyttelton: A. A. Dobbs, W.M., &c. St. Augustine's Lodge, Christchurch: C. B. Fooks, W.M., &c.

Chistchurch Agricultural, Horticultural, and Botanical Society— W. G. Brittan, President; C. Davie, and C. B. Foots, Hon. Secs.

469

CANTERBURY.

Lyttelton and Port Victoria Horticultural Society—A. E. White, Hon. Secretary.

Christchurch Cricket Club—A. C. Croft and Crosbie Ward, Hon. Secretaries.

Lyttelton Colonists' Society—W. Donald, Chairman: J. G. Fyfe, Hon. Secretary.

Christchurch Colonists' Society—H. J. Tancred, Chairman; H. W. Packer, Hon. Secretary.

Lyttelton Loan Society—S. Gundry, Hon. Secretary.

Odd Fellows—Lyttelton: J. Stout, Secretary. Christchurch: T. Kent, Secretary.

Lyttelton Choral Society—J. F. M'Cardell, Conductor; H. Allwright, Hon. Secretary.

Christchurch Harmonic Society—J. Bilton, Conductor; Rev. J. Wilson, Hon. Secretary.

Canterbury Jockey Club—Hon. Secretary, T. Cass.

Lyttelton Chess Club—Hon. Secretary, F. E. Wright.

Lyttelton Savings' Bank—Hon. Actuary,C. W. Turner.

HOTELS, TAVERNS, ETC.

Akaroa —James Bruce.

Christchurch —Royal Golden Fleece, White Hart, and Smart's Caversham House, (boarding house.)

Ferry Road—Heathcote Arms.

Hagley Park—Traveller's Home.

Kaiapoi Hotel—G. Hamlet.

Lyttelton —Mitre, Canterbury, Robin Hood, Universal Inn, Steadfast, (board and lodging house.)

Papanui—Sawyers' Arms.

Pigeon Bay—Mrs. Knowles, (boarding house.)

Waikirikiri—A. C. Lake.

Waimakariri Ferry—Jackson and Baxter.

Waipara—Foulkes.

470

COLONIAL DIRECTORY.

Alport, A. J., auctioneer

Allen, Messrs., boat builders

Alport, A. J., merchant

Allwright, H., painter, &c.

Ashby, J., tailor, &c.

Bayfield, A., chemist

Ballard, J. F., merchant

Campbell, F. Noble, auctioneer

Collier, J., baker, storekeeper, &c.

Cryer, Moses, butcher

Cookson, Bowler and Co., Messrs., merchants

Campbell, N., and Co., merchants

Cummins, W., painter, &c.

Cameron, Mrs., storekeeper

Dimond, D., carter

Dimond, D., storekeeper & linen draper

Derry, Mrs., linen draper

Donald, Dr., medical practitioner

Dudley, Dr., medical practitioner

Derry and Childs, smiths

Dampier, E. C., solicitor

Eades, J. R., linen draper

Ford, Mrs., linen draper

Fyfe, J. G., storekeeper

GENET, E., storekeeper, agent for the Canterbury Standard, &c.

Gee and Co., bakers

Grubb, Mr., boat builder

Gee and Co., storekeepers

Hargreaves, E. A., auctioneer

Hargreaves and Co., merchants

Hutchinson, W., shoemaker

Hare, J., tailor, &c.

Harrison, W. W., tailor, &c.

Iles, A., shoemaker

Josling, J., carpenter

Le Cren, J. and Latter, R., merchants

Leake and Tayler, storekeepers

McCardell, J. F., auctioneer

Mason, F., baker, storekeeper, &c.

Marshall, M., boat builder

Mutton, J., carpenter

Mollett, J., carpenter

McCheane, Dr., medical practitioner

Nurse, E., carrier

Pearson, —, carter

Pepper, G., storekeeper

Rule, James, butcher

Rutland, J., carpenter

Rose, —, hairdresser

Spowers, J., manager of the Union Bank of Australia

Scott, Mr., butcher

Stout, J. B., carpenter

Stone, Mr., carpenter

Stout, J., carter

Shalders, T., shoemaker

Swinbourne, R., shoemaker

Smeaton, R., smith

Taylor, R., carpenter

Turnbull, J. F., storekeeper

Thomson, W., auctioneer

Ward, —, butcher

Wheeler, J., carrier

Willcox, J., carpenter

Wheeler and. Nurse, carters

White and Co., A. E., merchants

Wormald, R., solicitor

LYTTELTON DIRECTORY.

471

CANTERBURY.

CHRISTCHURCH DIRECTORY.

Anderson, —., smith.

Ashby, —.,tailor

Austin, —.,butcher

Allen, —.,dairyman

Bailey, —.,butcher

Barker, A., medical practitioner

Bishop, C. W., storekeeper and sub-post master

Birmingham, Mr., carpenter

Brittin and Jagger, brewers and maltsters

Chapman, W., M.D.

Cridland, H. J., architect & surveyor

Clarkson and Atkinson, linen drapers

Coxhead, —.,carpenter

Cosier and Adams, liqueur manufacturers

Clarke, —., cabinet maker and paper hanger

Dorset, W., painter, &c.

Dann, J., storekeeper

Dorset, —., paper hanger

Fisher,, T., M.D., medical practitioner

Gosling, —., smith

Gresson, H.B.Esq., barrister at law

Gould and Miles, storekeepers

Griffith, R., tin plate worker

Hilbourne, E., chemist

Hunter, —., shoemaker

Hobbs, —., tailor

Hicks, —., carter

Inwood, —., baker

Inwood, D., storekeeper

Joyce, —., butcher

Johnson, —., carpenter

Jagger, —., cooper

Kiver, C, baker & storekeeper

Kessal, W., saddler

Luck, T., agent for the Lyttelton Times

Longden, J., auctioneer

Lewis, —.,butcher

Lowther, H., storekeeper

Luck, I., architect and surveyor

Lowther, Mrs., milliner

Moore, J., shoemaker

Mountford, B. W., architect and surveyor

Moule, —., carpenter

Marley, —., carpenter

Parkerson, B., medical practitioner

Prichard, C. E., esq., solicitor

Packer, R., brewer and maltster

Rees, F. L., painter, &c.

Reese, —., carter

Rees, —., paper hanger

Stringer, —., baker, &c.

Skillikorn, Miss, linen draper

Smart, Mr., carter

Skillikorn, Miss, milliner

Thacker, J. E., storekeeper

Thomson, W., accountant

Thompson, W., hair dresser

Thompson, —., carpenter

Tombs, —., carpenter

Tayler, R., brewer and maltster

Tombs, —., cooper

Townshend, Mr., paper hanger and cabinet maker

Turner, butcher

Wilson, G., baker, &c.

Wilson, W., nursery & seedsman

Watson, —., tailor

Williams, Mrs., linen draper

Wright, —., carter

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

NAMES OF SOME OF THE LEADING ENGLISH MERCHANTS, MANUFACTURERS, WAREHOUSEMEN, EXPORTERS, &c.,

CONNECTED WITH, OR WHOSE GOODS ARE SUITED TO, THE COLONIAL MARKETS.

LONDON.

A

Allan & Badges, manufacturers of straw hats, bonnets, flowers and millinery, 157 and 158 Cheapside

Alexander, Alexander, wholesale manufacturing goldsmith and jeweller, 16 Hatton garden

Ashton, Thomas B. & Co., general commission merchants and continental emigration agents, 4 Charlotte row, City

Abraham, Ann and Gardiner, general outfitters, baby and family linen warehouse, 53 Houndsditch, and 9 St. Mary Axe

Australian Agricultural Company 5 Cannon st., City

Allan, Wm., foreign bookseller and publisher, 13 Paternoster row

Alcock, Hilton and Co., oil merchants and drysalters, Three Cranes Wharf, Upper Thames st.

Allcoct, George and Co., bullion dealers, 1 Cox's court, Little Britain

Andrews, EL, Sons & Gee, calico printers, 55 Friday st.

Adnam, J. and J. C., spice merchants and manufacturers of patent groats & barley, Maiden lane, Queen st., Cheapside

Aylott and Co., wholesale booksellers and publishers, 8 Paternoster row

Atkin, Brothers, manufacturers of britannia metal and electro silver plated goods, 39 Ely place, Holborn

Atkinson & Heath, leather merchants, 19 Duke st., Borough.

B

Baiss, Brothers and Co., wholesale and export druggists, manufacturing chemists, and government contractors for chemicals, 102 Leadenhall st.

Benson, Robert & Co., merchants, Gresham House, Old Broad st.

Bridges, Sir Henry, gunpowder manufacturer, Ewell Mills, Surrey; office, 35 St. Swithin's lane, City

Brindley, Thomas, manufacturer of writing desks, &c., wholesale and for exportation, 2 Leonards square, Finsbury

Bradley, John, wholesale and export shoe warehouse, 2 Church st., Spitalfields

Blyth, Charles and Co., manufacturers of shirts, clothing, &c., 4 Cripplegate buildings, Cheapside

476

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Besemeres, John, & Co., manufacturers of shirts, under clothing, and baby linen, 120 Wood St., Cheapside

Buckler, Henry Peach, foreign and colonial wool broker, 79 Basinghall st.

Burgon, John Towry, general whetstone warehouse, 35 Bucklersbury

Ball and Co., manufacturers of artificial flowers, fancy feathers, trimmings, baby linen, millinery, &c., 7 and 8 Foster lane

Bradbury, Greatorex, Beall & Co., general merchants, 6 and 7 Aldermanbury

Blackwood and Sons, publishers, 37 Paternoster row

Bishop and Gissing, exporters of paper, account books, & paper bags, 76 Cannon st. west

Barnett, Wm. & Co., commission merchants, colonial, shipping, emigration and general agents, 25 Philpot lane. (See Advertisement.)

Bulman, Robert, wholesale publisher, 13 Paternoster row

Bright and Co., carpet manufacturers (patent power loom), 20 Skinner st., Snow hill

Bennock, Twentyman and Rigg, silk agents, &c., 77 Wood st., Cheapside

Batty & Co., export oilmen, Leadenhall st. & Finsbury pavement

Bunn, L. and Co., india rubber merchants, Walbrook

Brett, Brothers and. Co., woollen warehousemen, 74 Wood st.

Brand, James and Son, wholesale brush manufacturers, 43 Blackman st.

Baum, Sons & Co.,bullion dealers, 58 Lombard st.

Baker, Tuckers &Co., silk manufacturers, 30 & 31 Gresham st.

Bousfield, Sam. & Co., linen warehousemen, 15 King st., City

Boyd, John & Co., wholesale warehousemen, 5, 6 and 7 Friday street

Bagster and Sons, biblical publishers, 15 Paternoster row

Brown, Sharps and Tyars, muslin manufacturers, 18 Watling st.

Bouch and Coath, wholesale warehousemen, 7 and 8 Bread st.

Benetfink & Co., wholesale ironmongers, 89 and 90 Cheapside

Blenkiron, Wm. and Son, stock manufacturers, 123 Wood st., Cheapside

Bohn, H. Gr., wholesale bookseller and publisher, 4 to 6 York st., Covent garden

Bult, Jas., Son and Co., bullion dealers, 85 and 86 Clieapside

Bowman & May, wholesale warehousemen, 3 Wood st., Cheapside

Bower and Trigg, oil merchants and refiners, White Lion st., Bishopsgate

Bischoff, Beer and Co., merchants, 12 Bucklersbury

Bauer and Co., bullion dealers, &c., 113 Leadenhall st.

Benda, G. & Co., general factors, 79 Basinghall St.

Brown, Davis and Halse, warehousemen, 1 Gresham st.

Booth & Fox, feather merchants, 80 Hatton garden, and at Cork

Bartlett, Charles A., wholesale bookseller, 32 Paternoster row

Brandeis, E. and Co., general factors, 5 St. Dunstan's till

Bryce, David, publisher & bookseller, 48 Paternoster row

Bailey, D. & E., ironmongers and makers of emigrants' stores, 272 Holborn

Barry, Dykes and Co., chocolate manufacturers, 6 Type st., and 30 Ropemaker st., Finsbury

Bentley, R. and Co., wholesale warehousemen, 136 Cheapside

477

LONDON.

Burney and Bellamy, makers of iron tanks for ships, houses and oil stores, also cilo's for corn, &c., Millwall, Poplar

BlasMeld, John Marriott, terra cotta and cement manufacturer, Mill wall, Poplar, and No. 1 Wharf, Paddington Basin

C

Candy, Charles and Co., foreign merchants, 4 & 5 Watling st.

Caldecott, Sons and Willcocks, Manchester warehousemen, 19 to 25 Cheapside

Campbell, Brothers, iron merchants and manufacturers of metallic casks, kegs, pails, &c., William st. Blackfriars

Colman, J. & J., mustard, starch, and blue manufacturers, for the home and colonial markets, 26 Cannon st.

Copestake, Moore, Crampton and Co., (late Groucock, Copestake, Moore and Co.), lace and sewed muslin manufacturers, 5 Bow Church Yard, & 50 Cheapside

Cook, Son and Co., Manchester warehousemen, 22 St. Paul's Church Yard

Courtauld, Samuel and Co,, crape manufacturers, 1 and 2 Carey lane, London, received the only Medaille d'honneur awarded to their Class (XXI) at the Paris Exhibition of 1855

Copeland, William Taylor, manufacturer of earthenware, china, and glass, 160 New Bond st.; manufactory, Stoke-upon-Trent

Cosens, Frederick Wm., wines, &c., for exportation, 67 Mark lane

Coombe and Co., wire weavers and workers, French mill stone builders, and manufacturers of all descriptions of flour machinery, 30 Mark lane

Child, G., ship broker & shipping agent, 2 Dunster Court, Mincing lane

Crosse & Blackwell, export pickle and fish sauce manufacturers, 21 Soho square. (See Advertisement.)

Croker, J. and A., calico printers, 51 to 54 Friday st.

Chambers, W. & R., publishers, 47 Paternoster row

Coster, Jas., Beater and Dennant, warehousemen, 4 Aldermanbury

Cash and Ledgard, woollen & stuff warehousemen, 39 Wood st.

Capper & Gray, chocolate manufacturers, 396, & 397 Strand

Cuthbert & Wotherspoons, wholesale furriers, 60 Cheapside, and 54 Bow laue

Crawford & Lindsays (W.lngram, manager), linen and damask manufacturers, and bleachers, 3 Lawrence lane, Cheapside, and Banbridge, Ireland

Cadbury, Brothers, chocolate manufacturers, 148½ Fenchurch st., and. 3 Hornford buildings, Fenchurch st.

Crescens, Robinson and Co., paper bag manufacturers, 79 Upper Thames st.

Cooke & Crawley, china and glass manufacturers, and wholesale dealers, 4, 5, 6 and 7 Raven row, Spitalfields

Crawley, John, manufacturer of linen collars, dress and mohair caps, and fancy goods, 66 & 67 Wood st., Cheapside

Carley, G. & Co., wholesale watch manufacturers, 30 Ely place, Holborn

Cortissors, Henry B., indigo and cochineal broker, 38 Mincing la.

Chambers and Limby, chocolate manufacturers, 4 Tower Royal, and 7 Cannon st. west

478

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Cohen, Simon and Co., manufacturers of, and wholesale dealers in, all kinds of jewellery and watches, for the home trade and for exportation, 34 (late 37) Hatton garden

Cameron, Wm. O., export oilman, 9 Camomile st.

Cox, Richard S. and Co., ribbon & handkerchief manufacturers, 7 St. Paul's Church Yard

Curtis, John Lewelyn, merchant and agent for New Zealand, 9 Aldermanbury

D

Dungar and Co., merchants, 30 Great St. Helens

Davies, James and Son, manufacturers of boots and shoes of every description, suitable for the Australian colonies, 9 Graccchurch st.

Davison, Robt., brewery engineer, machinery agent, &c, 8 London st.

Dent, Allcroft and Co., glove manufacturers, 97 Wood st. : Manufactories, Worcester; St. Mary's place, Nottingham; 21 Rue Hautville, Paris; and 4 Place Grenette, Grenoble

Dickson and Co., merchants, 4 Broad st. buildings, City; Lloyd's buildings, Sydney ; and High st., West Maitland, New South Wales

Dewar, D., Son and Sons, table linen and table cover manufacturers, and warehousemen, 12 Wood st., Cheapside, and Dunfermline, N. B.

De La Rue, Thomas & Co., wholesale manufacturing stationers,' 110 Bunhill row

Dignam, Jas., general agent and warehouseman, 8 Watling st.

De Mattos, Wm. N., merchant, 6 Jeffreys square

Davenport & Co., wholesale china and glass merchants, 82 Fleet st., and 28 Wharf road, City basin

Davis, E., coach builder, 6 Long Acre

Dawson, Wm. and Son, wholesale, retail and export booksellers, newsvendors, & dealers in periodicals, music, &c, 74 Cannon st.

Davy, Mackmurdo & Co., manufacturing chemists and wholesale druggists, 100 Upper Thames st.; Chemical works, Bermondsey

Dolman, Charles, bookseller and publisher, 61 Hew Broad st., and 22 Paternoster row

Devas, W. & T., Minchener, and Routledge, warehousemen, 23 and 28 Bread st., Cheapside

Drayton, John B. and Co., merchants, 30 Great St. Helens

Dalgety and Co., merchants, 13 Gresham st.

Deane, Dray and Co., wholesale ironmongers, 46 King William st., City

Dixon, Henry J. and Co., carpet manufacturers, 71 Aldermanbury

Dobree and Tomlinson, bullion dealers, &c., 254 Strand

De Lannoy and Nash, Manchester warehousemen, 14 Friday st.

Dray, Wm, and Co., agricultural implement makers, Swan lane, Upper Thames st.

Dawson, Joseph and Sons, wholesale boot & shoe manufacturers, Old Jewry

Dingwall, Portal and Co., importers of wines and spirits, 2 Idol lane, Tower st.

Downing, Henry Bourne, sole shipping agent for Sir R. Burnett & Co.'s Old Tom gin, and general merchant, 11 Mark lane

LONDON.

479

Dobbs, Kidd & Co., wholesale and export stationers, and envelope manufacturers, 134 Fleet st.

Defries, Jonas and Sons, glass, chandelier, earthenware, lamp, and lamp cotton manufacturers, 1, 2, 3, 6 & 111 Gravel lane, & 147 Houndsditch.

E

Ede, Feancis, Son & Co., general merchants, 34 Great Winchester st.

Edmiston & Son, waterproofers, and manufacturers of india rubber goods, 69 & 416 Strand. (See Advertisement.)

Ellam, B. (from Swaine and Co.), saddler & whip manufacturer, for the home and colonial markets, 213 Piccadilly

Ellis, Everington and Co., warehousemen, 3 St. Paul's Church Yard.

Ellington & Ridley, bedding and fringe manufacturers, & carpet warehousemen, 45 and 48 Newgate st., and Brooks' wharf, Upper Thames st.

Elder, Alexander Lang, Australian general commission merchant, 2 Fenchurch buildings, City

Ellerby, Moor & Co., silversmiths, jewellers, & general warehousemen, 8 Ave Maria lane

Evans, J., Son & Co., stove-grate manufacturers and manufacturing and export ironmongers, cutlers and hardwaremen, 33 and 34 King William st., and 10 Arthur st. west

Evans, Richard & Co., trimming manufacturers, 24 Watling street

Evans, D. and Co., bandanna printers, 121 Cheapside

Evans, Thomas & Co., wholesale umbrella manufacturers, 10 Wood st., Cheapside

Edmonds, A. E-. & Co., lightermen, custom-house & shipping agents, 17 St. Dunstan's hill

English, James, card, and pasteboard maker, 23 Budge row

Eldrid, John and. Co., wholesale and export saddlers, & saddlers' ironmongers, 21 Fore st., Cripplegate

F

Faessler, Charles, &Co., general merchants, 4 Bow lane

Favell and Bousfields, export clothiers and warehousemen, 12 St. Mary Axe

Farina, Jean Marie, distiller of the genuine Eau de Cologne, 1 Salters Hall Court, Cannon st., and at Cologne on the Rhine. (See Advertisement.)

Field, Jas. and Sons, importers of Leghorn hats, French millinery, manufacturers of straw hats & bonnets, English millinery, felt and Paris hats, 114 ana 116 Fore st. Cripplegate

Fisher, William, silk merchant, Union Court, Old Broad st.

Foot, Joseph, & Sons, silk fringe, and trimming manufacturers, 30 Spital square

Foster, Rutty, Hall & Co., warehousemen, 64 and 65 Friday st., and 40 Cheapside

Friend, Frederick & Co., bottlers of Allsopp's ale for exportation only, 2 Abchurch lane

Frith, Sands and. Co., merchants, & East India agents, 8 Austinfriars

Farivig, A. H. and W. F., tin plate and metal merchants, and agents, Paul's wharf, Upper Thames st.

480

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Pox, Henderson & Co., engineers, Spring Gardens, and at Birmingham

Faure, James, & Co., (of Cognac), brandy merchants, 79 Great Tower st.

Fletcher & Co., factors and commission merchants, 40 Hemingford road

Fownes, Brothers and Co., glove manufacturers, 41 Cheapside

Fry, Joseph, and Sons, chocolate manufacturers, 7 Windsor place City road

Fenton, Son and Co., linen manufacturers, 120 Wood st. Cheapside

Foster, Porter and Co., wholesale hosiers, &c.,47Wood st. Cheapside

Frinnety, Frederick R., wholesale brush manufacturer, 63 Cannon street

Filby and Co., ship and insurance brokers, and general shipping agents, 63 Fenchurch st.

G

Gladstone, John and Co., merchants, 3 White Lion Court, Cornhill

Gordon, Samuel D., merchant, 5 Broad st. buildings, City, and Bridge st. Sydney, New South Wales

Grissell, Henry and Martin, D., engineers, Regents Canal Iron Works, 1 Eagle Wharf road, New North road, Hoxton

Grimley, Robert Maxwell, merchant, 71 Cornliill, and. New Plymouth, New Zealand

Green and Niner, lamp, lustre, and out glass manufacturers, 16 and 17 King William st. London Bridge, 138 Regent st., & 43 Baker st. Portman square. (See Advertisement.)

Glover, Brothers, ship brokers, 34 Great St. Helens

Grissell, Brothers and Co., timber merchants, 2 Royal Exchange buildings

Green, James, earthenware, china, and glass warehouseman, and importer of French glass and china, 35 Upper Thames st., & 48 Faubourg St. Denis, Paris

Goodyear, Frederick & Co., straw hat manufacturers, & importers ofLeghorn & Panama hats, &c., 52 Old Change, & 35 St. Paul's Churchyard

Gregory, Thompson and Co., carpet manufacturers, 2 Yictoria st. Holborn Bridge

Gilbert & Frasi, engineers, founders, and smiths, 25 Golden lane, Barbican

Gregory, Cubitt and Co., straw hat manufacturers, 15 Aldermanbury

Gatti, Joseph, and Co., chocolate manufacturers, 13 Aldgate, City, & 67 Blackman st., Borough

Groombridge and Sons, wholesale booksellers and publishers, 5 Paternoster Row

Gosnell, John & Co., perfumers by appointment to Her Majesty, 12 Three King Court, Lombard st. (See Advertisement.)

Green, Benjamin L., wholesale bookseller, 62 Paternoster Row

Gill, Henry and Co., merchants, 37 Crutckedfriars

Gutta Percha Company (The) Wharf road, City road. (See Advertisement.)

Gillott Joseph, steel pen manufacturer to Her Majesty, 37 Gracechurch. St., and at Birmingham (See Advertisement.)

Gregory, Blenkinsop and Co., lace & sewed muslin manufacturers, 27 Cheapside

LONDON.

481

Grimes, T. R. & Co., export lamp and cut glass manufacturers, and general merchants, 83 New Bond st.

Greenwood, Charles and Co., importers of foreign and dealers in English toys, baskets, brushes, combs,perfumery, cabinet ware, jewellery, and fancy articles, 14 & 15 Great St. Thomas Apostle, Queen st. Cheapside

H

Hambro, C. J. & Son, merchants, 70 Old Broad st.

Hutton & Co., embroidery, trimming, & fancy warehousemen, 5 & 6 Newgate st., & 12 Angel Court

Hutchinson, T. & M. and Spiller, carpet manufacturers & warehousemen, 5 Bread st. Cheapside

Hadland, Shillingford. and Co., warehousemen, 114, 115, & 116 Clieapside

Hart, Joseph & Son, ecclesiastical metal workers, and export ironmongers, 53, 54, 55, and 56 Wych st. Strand. ( See advertisement)

Hast, Frederick, E. D., commission merchant, & manufacturer of small arms for British and foreign governments, 18 Aldermanbury

Hoffman, Henry and Co., merchants, 7 Broad st. buildings

Hasluck, Brothers, goldsmiths and jewellers, and Gibraltar merchants, 104 Hatton Garden

Higgins, Eagle and Hutchinson, lace manufacturers, 73 Cannon st. west

Holden, Wm. Lloyd, brush manufacturer, dressing-case, cutlery, comb and general warehouseman, 12 Finsbury pavement

Hitchcock,Geo. & Co., merchants, St. Paul's Church Yard

Holworthy, Joseph Matthew, Australian merchant & commission agent, 30 Great St. Helens

Hicks and Gadsden, merchants, 13 Great St. Helens

Hamilton, Adams and. Co., booksellers, 33 Paternoster row

Hanson, Smiths and Stephens, warehousemen, 31 St. Martin's-le-Grand

Hall, Arthur, Virtue & Co., publishers, 25 Paternoster row

Hadden, G. & J. A., merchants, 8 Copthall court, Throgmorton st.

Hayne & Cater, merchants, manufacturers & wholesale silversmiths, and silver spoon & fork makers, 16 Red Lion st., Clerkenwell

Horder, T. W. and Co., export druggists, 95 Minories

Hiller and Co., merchants, 46 Lime st.

Hine, W. B., Parker & Co., wholesale hosiers, Milk st. : manufactory at Loughborough

Haakman, Jansen and Co., merchants, 4 Water lane, Great Tower st.

Honychurch, Thomas, ship and insurance broker, 17 London st.

Hodgkinson, Tongo and Stend, druggists and merchants, 213 Upper Thames st.

Hood, Thomas and Charles, iron merchants and founders, and manufacturers of gas, steam and hydraulic machinery, 18 Earl st., Blackfriars

Heylin, Alexander, bookseller and publisher, 28 Paternoster row

Horrockses, Miller and Co., cotton manufacturers, 9 Bread, st., Cheapside

Howse and Mead, woollen warehousemen, 19 St. Paul's Church Yard

2 I

482

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Hopkinson, John & James, patent pianoforte maker, 235 Regent st.

Hocking, Hitchcock, and Ridley, woollen warehousemen, 2 Gresham st.

Hubbard and Stutter, hop merchants, 58 High st., Borough

Hubbuck and Son, lead and zinc merchants, white lead, color and varnish manufacturers, oil refiners and tar importers, and patentees of the white zinc paint, 157 Fenchurch st., and Hubbuck's wharf, Broad st., Ratcliff. (See Advertisement.)

Hyam, Lawrence, manufacturer and export clothier, 36 Gracechurch st.

I

Ingram, Johes and Co., oil importers and general merchants, 215 Upper Thames st.

Innes, Robert, shipping agent & general commission merchant, 1 Riches court, Lime st.

Inglis and Wakefield, delaine printers, Mumford court, Milk st.

Isaacs, Edward A. and Co., glass and china manufacturers, and wholesale dealers, 9 Houndsditch, and 11 and 12 Duke St., Aldgate

Isenberg, Louis, boot and shoe manufacturer, 54 Lime st., & 21 Leadenhall st.

Ind, Coope and Co., Romford brewery: office, Great Garden st., Whitechapel

Iliffe, Jas., hardware warehouseman and factor, 53 Watling st.

J

Johnson, Robert & Co., Scotch, Manchester, Leeds & Bradford warehousemen, importers of Irish and French cambrics and

cambric handkerchiefs, French merinos, plumets and tarlatans, Swiss curtains, and embroideries, 95 and 96 Watling st.

Jones, Henry and Co., merchants & commission agents, 2 Broad st. buildings, New Broad st.

Johnson & Sons, assayers of bullion, &c., 18a Basinghall st.

Jackson, W. H. & S., wholesale watch and chronometer manufacturers, Red. Lion st., Clerkenwell

Jackson & Graham, upholsterers, carpet manufacturers, &c, 35, 37 & 38 Oxford st.

Jones, Hugh and Co., wholesale warehousemen, 108 and 109 Wood st.

Joy, Wm., bookseller & publisher, 44 Paternoster row

K

Kiddell, John Dawson, export wine, brandy and general merchant, 48 Mark lane

Kerckhoff, Hermann, merchant, 4 Broad st. buildings

Kilner, John, glass bottle manufacturer, Brooks' wharf, 48 Upper Thames st.

Kennard, A. W., cork manufacturers for exportation, 24 Eastcheap

Kidd, David and Son, importers and shippers of British spirits, 70 Mark lane

Knight, Bevan & Sturge, Portland cement manufacturers, Belvedere road and Northfleet

Keen, Rippen and. Co., wholesale warehousemen, 122 Wood st., Cheapside

Keith, Daniel & Co., silk manufacturers, 124 Wood st., Cheapside

Kynaston, John & Sons, carpet, &c, factors, 4 Gresham st.

LONDON.

483

Kent, Henry and Charles, silk manufacturers and agents, 17 Gresham st. west

Kent, Geo. Barton & Co., wholesale brush manufacturers, 11 Great Marlborough st.

Kreeft, S. C. and Co., merchants, 124 Fenchurch st.

Kennard, Stephen and Co., Australian and foreign merchants, 27 Austinfriars

Kent, W. & Co., booksellers, &c., 51 & 52 Paternoster row, and 2 & 4 Paul's alley

L

Loader, Richard A. C, wholesale and export upholsterer and cabinet maker, 23 & 24 Pavement, Finsbury. (See Advertisement.)

Ledger & Riddiford, wool brokers, 14 Basinghall st.

Lund, William, razor maker and cutler, manufacturers of Lund's patent spirally wormed & spring collar pencils, in wood & ivory, Lund's London lever for drawing corks, the London rack corkscrew, decanterery machines, &c., &c., 56 and 57 Cornhill, and 23, 24 and 25 Fleet st.

Lovegrove & Leathes, merchants, 34 Dowgate hill

Langton, Brothers, Scott & Edden, wholesale druggists, 226 Upper Thames st.

Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans and Roberts, wholesale booksellers, 39 Paternoster row

Leonards, Francis, merchant, 1 Salter's hall court, Cannon st., and at Cologne

Leslie, Andrew, merchant, 9 Paternoster row

Lachlans and MacLeod, ship and insurance brokers, 62 Cornhill

Luckie, Edward, merchant, 33 Great St. Helens

London, (The) Manchester and Foreign Warehouse Company (limited), wholesale drapers, 89, 90 & 91 Watling st., and 13 Friday st.

Leaf, Sons & Co., warehousemen, 39 Old Change

Lewellin, Truman and Hitchcock, wholesale warehousemen, 23 Wood st., Cheapside

Lubbiner, Joseph (see Cohen and Co.), wholesale jeweller, 34 Hatton garden

Lupton, Hooton & Burdett, Manchester warehousemen, 53 & 54 Wood st., Cheapside

Lethem, Blyth & Lethem, muslin manufacturers, 3 Friday st.

Liddiard & Co., printers, 61 Friday st.

Ladley, John and Co., wholesale brush manufacturers, 24 Old Burlington st., and 3a Clifford st., Bond st.

Low, Son and Benbow, wholesale brush manufacturers, 120 Cheapside, and 330 Strand

London (The) Sabbath School Depository for the Mimpriss' system of graduated simultaneous instruction in the Gospel narratives of Our Lord's life and ministry. Manager: W. J. Henry, 13 Paternoster row

M

Morrison, Dillon & Co., shippers and wholesale warehousemen, 104, 5, 6 & 7 Fore st.

Morley, John & Richard, wholesale hosiers, glovers, haberdashers, flannel factors and warehousemen, 18 Wood st., Cheapside

M'Nair and Brand, merchants, 9 Paternoster row

484

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Macintosh, Chas. & Co., patentees and general manufacturers of india rubber goods, 3 Cannon st. west, and Cambridge st., Manchester

Morrison, Alexander, merchant, 3 White Lion court, Cornhill

Moses, H. E. and M., merchants and clothing manufacturers, 87 Tower hill

Munt, Brown and Co., manufacturers of straw hats & bonnets, artificial flowers, millinery, mantles and baby linen, 85 Wood st., Cheapside

Milburn, Robert and Christopher, silk warehousemen & importers, 36 and 37 Newgate st.

Mansbridge, Thos., manufacturing milliner, 68 Wood st., Cheapside

Martin, Richard, cork manufacturer, 16 John st., Crutchedfriars

McDonald, James, Australian merchant, 30 Moorgate st.

McArthur, W. & A., merchants, 43 Moorgate st.

McArthur, Alexander & Co., Sydney

Finley, Samuel & Co., Melbourne

McArthur, Kingsborough & Co., Adelaide

Matthews and Drew, wholesale and export stationers, and Australian merchants and agents, 38 High Holborn

Mendes, Da Costa and Co., merchants, 88 London Wall

Macnaught, Thomas, Robertson and Co., iron and metal merchants, Bankside

Morton, John Thomas, export oilman and provision merchant, 121 Leadenhall st.

Martin and Balfour, silk manufacturers, 21 Spital square

Melhuish, Sons & Co., merchants, 29 St. Swithin's lane

Magnus, Samuel, merchant and commission agent, 127 Fenchurch st.

Monteaux, Brothers, bullion dealers, 2 Broad st. buildings

McClure and Son, merchants, Gresham House, Old Broad st.

Matthew, David, wholesale brush manufacturer, 106 Upper Thames st.

Mair, John, Son and Co., muslin manufacturers, 58 and 60 Friday st.

Murchison, J. H., agent for mining companies, &c., 117 Bishopsgate street within

N

Nevill, J. B. and W. and Co., wholesale hosiers, haberdashers, &c., 11, 12 and 13 Gresham st. west

Nevill, Jourdain and Co., wholesale shirt & tie manufacturers, 124 Wood st., Cheapside

Nestle, Andreae & Co., merchants, 19 St. Dunstan's hill

Novelli, A. H., merchant, 2 Crosby square

Nathan, John, manufacturing clothier and general warehouseman, 153 Houndsditch

Nathan, Samuel L. & Co., wholesale jeweller and watch maker, 29 Thavies Inn, Holborn

New Zealand Emigration Office & Colonists' Room, 74 Cornhill

0

Overend, Gurney & Co., bullion dealers, &c., 65 Lombard st.

Ovington, Jeffreys and Welsh, fancy dress and shawl manufacturers, 137 Cheapside

Orr, Wm. S. and Co., publishers & wholesale booksellers, Amen corner, Paternoster row

485

LONDON.

Ortelli, J. & D., looking glass manufacturers, 49 Hatton garden

P

Pawson, John F. and Co., warehousemen, St. Paul's Church Yard

Pearson, Wm. Ogilvy, silk merchant, 77 Aldermanbury

Prince, Bray and Ogg, merchants, 40 King st., Cneapside, and George st., Sydney, New South Wales

Parker, J. D. & Co., warehousemen and merchants, 11 & 12 Goldsmith st., Cheapside, and at Geelong, Victoria

Penny, Alfred H., merchant, 73 Queen st., Cheapside

Pirie, Alexander & Sons, paper and envelope manufacturers, 42 Upper Thames st., & Stoneywood Works, near Aberdeen, Scotland

Pike, Leake & Co., hop merchants, 6 Wellington St., Borough

Phillips, John, commission agent, 5 Queen st. place

Partridge & Co., publishers and wholesale booksellers, 34 Paternoster row

Patey & Co., wholesale perfumers, 37 Lombard st.

Pitman, Frederick, bookseller & publisher, 20 Paternoster row

Pollard, Geo., wholesale envelope and paper maker, 10 Walbrook, and Foot's Cray Mill, Kent

Pfungst, Wm., leather merchant, 7 Bury court, St. Mary Axe

Pellatt, A. & Co., china & glass manufacturers and wholesale dealers, Holland st., Blackfriars and 58 & 59 Baker st., Portman square

Pardoe, Hoomans and Pardoe, tapestry and velvet carpet manufacturers, 32 Southampton st., Strand

Palmer E. & Son, booksellers and printers, 18 Paternoster row

Pfieger, Chris., custom house, ship and insurance agent, 6 Railway place, Fenchurch st.

Partridge & Price, calico printers, 4 Gresham st.

Pratt, Felix Richard & Co., china and glass manufacturers and wholesale dealers, 4 Great St. Helens

Peel (The) River, Land & Mineral Company, 5 Cannon st.

Pearee, Thomas & Son, china and glass manufacturers, & wholesale dealers, 23 Ludgate hill, and Primrose st.

Piper, Stephenson and Spence, wholesale booksellers and publishers, 23 Paternoster row

E

Ray, Glaister & Co., merchants, 19a Coleman st., and at Sydney and Melbourne, Australia

Rigge, Henry (late Rigge, Brockbank & Rigge), perfumers to the Queen, 35 New Bond st.

Robertson, Wm. & Co., lead and color merchants, Falcon Wharf, Blackfriars

Rose, Wm. Anderson, lead, oil, varnish, color & railway grease manufacturer, 66 Upper Thames st., & Queenhithe

Richardson, Brothers & Co., merchants, 17 St. Helen's place

Richardson and Co., export perfumers and fancy soap manufacturers, 30 Bishopsgate st. without

Rosenthal, L., merchant, 28 Mincing lane

Rowland, A. & Sons, merchants, & wholesale perfumers, 20 Hatton garden. (See Advertisement.)

Routledge, George and Co., publishers & wholesale booksellers, 2 Farringdon st.

486

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Rossiter & Gray, manufacturing milliners, 21 Aldermanbury

Redman & Klamberg, ship & insurance agents, 58 Old Broad st.

Robinson, Andrew Augustus, slate merchant, Stratford, near London

S

Sadler, Samuel, linen factor & sole agent for the sale of the Gourook Ropeworks Company's sailcloth, rope, &c., 24 Ironmonger lane, Cheapside

Sampson, Low, Son and Marston, American & Colonial booksellers and publishers, 47 Ludgate hill

Sadgrove & Ragg, wholesale and export cabinet makers & upholsterers, 18, 20 & 21 Eldon st., Finsbury

Swaine & Adeney, whip manufacturers, &c., wholesale and for exportation, 185 Piccadilly

Sangster, James & Co., wholesale booksellers and publishers, 36 Paternoster row

Swayne & Bovill, engineers, millwrights and ironfounders, Millwall, Poplar, and 19 Abchurch lane, City

Solomon, Henry & Co., hardware merchants, general importers & factors, and manufacturers of goods for the home & colonial markets, 134 Houndsditch

Smith, Eusebius, wholesale and export leather merchant, tanner and currier, 35 & 36 Camomile

St., Bishopsgate Stobart, J. M. & Co., merchants, 29 Great St. Helens

Stauffer, Son & Co. (of Chaux de Fonds, Switzerland), watch manufacturers, 12 Old Jewry chambers

Spaeth, Charles B., general commission merchant, 4 Brabant court, Philpot lane

Simpkin, Marshall & Co., booksellers, 4 Stationers' hall court

Swinburne, R. W. & Co., plate, crown & sheet glass manufacturers, Red Bull Wharf, Thames st., and South Shields

Silberrad, Richard, commission agent for goods to all parts of the continent & colonies, 5 Harp lane, Great Tower st.

Spalding, Hodge & Co., wholesale stationers, Drury lane

Stewart, Lewis, exporter of silver and plated ware, cutlery, &c., 13 Birchin lane, Cornhill

Solomon, Joseph J., wholesale optical and photographic warehouse, 22 Red Lion square. Manufactory: Chateau Thiery, France.

Silver, S. W. & Co., clothiers, outfitters, waterproofers, &c., 66 & 67 Cornhill, 3 & 4 Bishopsgate st., Berners st., Commercial road, & India Rubber Works, North Woolwich

Smith, Elder & Co., East India, Colonial & Army agents, export booksellers, stationers, &c., 65 Cornhill, & 4 White Lion court

Stiebel & Co., foreign merchants, 32 Nicholas lane

Swift & Co., wholesale shoe manufacturers, 98 Hatton garden

Sturt and Sharp, wholesale warehousemen, 91 Wood st., Cheapside

Salomons, B. & Sons, Foreign and British warehouse, 42 to 46 Old Change

Stafford, Horthcote and Co., lace and muslin warehousemen, 96 Watling st.

Samuel & Montagu, bullion merchants & bankers, 21 Cornhill

Sacks, M. & Co., export & import merchants, 18 Ironmonger lane

Smith and Dewey, lace manufacturers, 9 Wood st., Cheapside

487

LONDON.

Soper, Henry, parasol and umbrella silk manufacturer, 32 Spital square

Sharpus and Callum, china and glass manufacturers, & wholesale dealers, 13 Cockspur st.

Spielman, Adam and Co., bullion dealers, 79 Lombard st.

Snow, John, wholesale bookseller & publisher, 35 Paternoster row

Sugden, Borras & Co., wholesale warehousemen, 12 and 16 Aldermanbury

Smith, Geo. and Sons, wholesale furriers, 9 to 11 Watling st.

Southwell and Co., carpet manufacturers, 29 Cannon st. west

Selim, Dean & Co., bullion dealers, 9 Coventry st.

Saunders, Wm. Henry Patten (of St. Petersburg) merchant, 93 Hatton garden

Short, John, Sheffield warehouseman, 15 Lime st.

Stamford, Edward, colonial bookseller, 6 Charing Cross

Thomas, John & Sons, merchants, bedding manufacturers, 72, 73, and 74, Bishopsgate st. without

Tindall, Peter, Riley and Co., ship and insurance brokers, 17 Gracechurch st.

Tipping, Chansard and Co., merchants, 79 Great Tower st.

Taylor, Brothers, chocolate manufacturers, 211 Brick lane, Spitalfields, and 66 Wentworth st.

Templeton, J. and Co., carpet manufacturers, 7 Skinner st., Snow hill

Tupper and Carr, galvanised iron merchants and manufacturers, Limehouse, and Berkley st., Birmingham; office, 3 Mansion house place. (See advertisement)

Twentyman, L. H. and Co., merchants, 30 Bucklersbury, and Cape Town

Towler, Rowling & Allen, Norwich manufacturers, 46 Friday st.

Thomas, William, and Brothers, stay, shoe, and bag manufacturers, &c., 128 and 129 Cheapside

Tylor, J. & Sons, manufacturers of soda water machines, diving apparatus, water closets, taps, and every description of brass work for the water supply of towns; manufacturers of well engines, pumps, baths, patent moderator lamps, &c., Warwick lane, Newgate st.

T

Tapling, Thos. and Co., carpet manufacturers and agents, 105 Wood st., Cheapside, and 1 to 8 Gresham st.

Trencher, Osborn & Co., wholesale druggists and merchants, 27 and 28 Wilson st., Finsbury square

Tenaud, John Baptiste, merchant commission agent, 65 Lower Tames st.

Townley, Chas. A., fruit & colonial broker, 14 Mincing lane

Taylor, Chas. and Son, merchants, exporters of watches, plate, plated goods, 30 Ely place, Holborn

Twallin, H. & Co., (late Richards and Co.,) manufacturers of agricultural implements, and tools for the Colonies, 117 and 118 Bishopsgate st. within

U

Uncilla, Frederick & Co., wine & brandy merchants, 26 Bush lane, Cannon st.

V

Yyse and Sons, straw & Leghorn hat and bonnet manufacturers, 76 Wood st.

488

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

Vaughan, William and Co., merchants, 57½ Old Broad st.

Vavasseur and Rix, silk manufacturers, 8 and 9 Trump st. Cheapside

Vardon, John and Son, wholesale & export ironmongers, 3 Gracechurch st., & St. Peter's Alley, & Corbet court, Gracechurch st.

Virtue, James S., wholesale bookseller, City road, & 26 Ivy lane

Von der Heyde John, tobacco merchant and manufacturer, 80 Lower Thames st.

Voss, I. and M., and Co., merchants and ship brokers, 12 Billiter square

,

Welsh, Margetsonand Co., shirt and stock manufacturers, and silk printers, 16 and 17 Cheapside

Wotherspoon, Mackay and Co., confectioners, & makers of the Glenfield Patent Starch, 66 Queen st. City

Wisdom, Thomas, wholesale hosier 4 Wood st. Cheapside

Ward and Co., wholesale booksellers and publishers, 27 Paternoster row

Weston and Westall, salt merchants, 115 Lower Thames st.

Woodrous and Rowe, wholesale shirt, collar, & clothing manufacturers, 59 Wood st.

Wood, Field and Hanbury, hop merchants, 25 Mark lano

White, Benjamin, wholesale toy importer, 79 Houndsditch

Whittaker & Co., wholesale booksellers & publishers, Ave Maria lane

Wolfhagen, F. F., merchant, 14 Liverpool st. City

Watson, H. S., merchant, 2 Crosby square

Wright, Robert William, wholesale and export china, glass, and earthenware manufacturer, and foreign importer, 8, 9½, & 10 Tokenhouse yard, near Bank of England

White, J. and C. and Co., wine merchants, 10 Lime st.

White, Henry & Co., merchants, 17 Mincing lane

Walters, Stephen and Sons, silk, velvet, & plush manufacturers, and merchants, 15 Wilson st., Finsbury

Waterman, T., and Co., hop merchants, 264 High st. Borough

Williams & Geils, ship, shipping, insurance and general agents, 168 Fenchurch st.

Wolley, Thomas, ship and insurance brokers, and provision merchants, 15 Fenchurch st.

Waterlow and Sons, wholesale stationers, 66 to 68, London wall

White, William, wholesale shirt and collar manufacturer, 70 Wood st. Cheapside

Wilson, William, wholesale and export stationer, and account book and envelope manufacturers, 82 Hatton Garden

Warwick, Chas., junior and Co., fancy dress manufacturers, and warehousemen, 46½ Friday st.

Ward, Richard, wholesale saddlers, &c., 29 Queen st. Cheapside

Wood, William, silk merchant, 36 Basinghall st.

Watson and Co., window glass, white lead, oil and color merchants, 11 Cloak lane

Walch, Chas. Edward, book exporter, 27a Bucklersbury

Walker, H., needle manufacturer to the Queen, patentee of Penelope crochets, and fancy warehouseman, 47 Gresham st.

489

LONDON.

Walters, Daniel and Son, silk manufacturers, 14 Wilson st. Finsbury

Webber, A., and Co., wholesale wine merchants, 15 Mark lane, & 8 Davies st. Berkeley square

Woollen (The Patent) Cloth Company, felt, carpet, and cloth manufacturers, 8 Love lane, Aldermanbury

Walford, Fairer and Harrison, corah printers, &c., 27 Lawrence lane, and 3 Trump st.

Watson, Lowe and Bell, carpet manufacturers, 35 and 36 Old Bond st.

White, Son and Co., carpet warehousemen, 78 Watling st.

White, Son and Co., Manchester and silk warehousemen, 107 and 108 Cheapside

Wretford, John, Son and Co., wholesale haberdashers and lacemen, 17 Aldermanbury

Williams, Coopers & Co., wholesale stationers, paper makers, and paper stainers, 85 West Smithfield

Wilson, John & William, carpet manufacturers, 43 Skinner st. Snow hill

Wilda & Co., cocoa nut fibre matting & mat manufacturers, 7 Holland st. Blackfriars

Whittingham, Brothers & Wilkin, coach lace, cloth, silk, morocco, carpets, floor cloths, canvasses, bent timber, American cloth & leather warehousemen & manufacturers, 136 Long Acre

Westley, W., export boot & shoe manufacturer, 23 Bartlett's buildings

Woolley, Sanders & Co., wholesale straw hat manufacturers, 127 Wood st. Cheapside

Wood, Stuart & Sharp, wholesale hosiers, 89 Wood st. Cheapside

Waller, Son and Co., straw merchants, 103 Wood st. Cheapside

Wilson, Joseph, John & Isaac, wholesale hosiers & glovers, 116 Wood st., Cheapside

Watt, Alexander, general commission merchant, & shipping, insurance, and custom house agent, 5 Grocers hall court, Poultry.

Y

Young, Thomas, merchant, 57 Cheapside

Young, D. Hill, merchant and agent, 14 St. Benet place, Gracechurch st.

Young, Archibald & Co., seed merchants, 15, Mark lane. (See advertisement)

PROVINCIAL.

A

Adams, Edward, export saddler, and harness maker, Bridge st. Walsall

Anderson, J. B., home & foreign merchant, factor, & wholesale ironmonger, Walsall

Atkinson, Charles F. & Co., general merchants, home & colonial agents, & agents to manufacturers, 32 Usher's Quay, Dublin

Alcock, Samuel and Co., china & earthenware manufacturers, Hill Pottery, Burslem

Ansdell, H. W. and Co., merchants, Dale st. Liverpool

B

Brace, Henry, wholesale manufacturer of all kinds of saddlery and harness, saddlers' & coach ironmongery, axles, lamps, &c., for the Australian colonies, Walsall

Beach & Minte, commission merchants, 4 St. Mary's row, Birmingham

Briggs, Henry, commission agent for all kinds of Yorkshire goods, Huddersfield

Biggs, John and Sons (partners John Biggs, M.P. for Leicester, and William Biggs, M.P. for Newport,) manufacturers of all kinds of plain & fancy hosiery, under clothing and gloves, Leicester

Brinton and Sons, manufacturers of carpets and rugs. Works, Kidderminster; warehouse, Gresham st. London

Billycald, Thomas and Co., manufacturers of lace and glove fabrics, St. Mary's Gt., Nottingham

Brown and Co., manufacturers of patent metallic casks for oil, metallic pails, &c., 5 Graham square, Glasgow

Bartleet, Thomas & Sons, manufacturers of buttons, thimbles, needles, &c., and general warehousemen, 126 Great Charles st. Birmingham, & Falcon hall, Silver st. London

Blundell, Spenee, and Co., paint, color, & varnish manufacturers, and seed crushers, Hull, and 9 Upper Thames st. London

Blunt, G. V., general hardware merchant, Charlotte st. Birmingham

Boyd, W., merchant, Armagh, Ireland

Bush, James and Robert, public bonded warehouse keepers and coopers, Baldwin st. hall and quay, Bristol

Brooks, Henry & Thomas, general and commission merchants, Walsall, Staffordshire, and at Sydney, New South Wales

Brooks, W. and C, Australian merchants, and saddlers' ironmongers, Walsall, Staffordshire

491

PROVINCIAL.

Bell, Thomas, merchant and manufacturer, Belmont factory, Dundee

Bell, J. H. and A., export merchants and commission agents, Royal Exchange Buildings, Dundee

Burt and Whalley, commission merchants, Manchester

Burton, Edward, wholesale saddler, Bridge st. Walsall, Staffordshire

Barr, A. P., and Co., commission merchants, 26 Castle st. Liverpool

Brebner, James, ship broker and agent, 14 Water st., Liverpool

C

Chawner and Newman, saddlers' ironmongers, saddlers and harness makers, (jurors for saddlery at the Great Exhibition of 1851,) Walsall, Staffordshire

Cowley, John & Co., (established 1830) manufacturers of patent welded iron tubes, metallic bedsteads, and all kinds of gas fittings, brass founders, &c., Walsall, Staffordshire

Clegg, Charles and Co., merchants, Liverpool

Coulthard, Thomas, bottle manufacturer, Newcastle-on-Tyne

Cowlishaw, Richard, hardware merchant, Orchard place, Sheffield

Corbyns Hall Malleable Iron Company, manufacturers of sheets, plates, hoops, and bars, near Dudley

Cope, David and Son, manufacturers, of nickel silver, British plate and German silver spoons and forks, soup ladles, sugar tongs, &c., Bartholemew st. Birmingham

Crawley and Parsons, metal merchants, 43 Arm st. Birmingham

Cumming, Wallace & Co., manufacturers, by power, of Scotch holland, window holland, white and colored, twisted cotton, sheeting, &c., &c, Queen st. Glasgow

Crooks, Gray and Co., commission merchants, 5 Molyneaux place, Water st. Liverpool

Cadman, Charles and Sons, file & steel manufacturers, Andrew st. Sheffield

Claypole, H. K. and Co., merchants, Liverpool

Cunningham, Josias and Co., commission merchants, foreign agents, and stock and share brokers, 41 Waring st. Belfast

Currie, Brothers, and Sisson, commission merchants and brokers, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Cross, John and Co., merchants, Ely Quay side

Cumming, Anthony, merchant, Liverpool

Carter John, iron and commission agent, Liverpool

D

Duthie, William, ship owner and merchant, Aberdeen

Day and Watkinson, woollen manufacturers, and merchants, Huddersfield

Dundee, Perth and London Shipping Company, (The) Midshore

Dumville, John & Co., wholesale wine & spirit merchant, Belfast

Davies, David, commission merchant, and West India agent, 9 St. James' walk, Liverpool

Dingle, W. W., timber and flour merchant, Fowey

Drummond, Thomas, merchant, Dundee

Davis, Bloomer and Son, iron masters, Pelsall, near Walsall, Staffordshire

492

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

E

Eadie, William, coal fitter, ship broker, and commission merchant, Dundee

Elsmore and Fonster, earthenware manufacturers, Tunstall, Staffordshire

Ecroyd, William & Son, worsted spinners, and manufacturers of Cobourg cloths, &c., Burnley, Lancashire

Estell, Edward, commission merchant, 9 Orange crt., Liverpool

F

Fozier, M. I., merchant, 46 Renfield st. Glasgow

Fozier, M. T. and Co., manufacturers, merchants, and agents, 46 Renfield st. Glasgow

Fisher, William and Sons, ivory, horn, bone, shell, & hard wood merchants, Orchard place, Sheffield

French and Co., merchants, Plymouth, Devon

Fell, J. W. and Co., rope and sail makers, Glasgow

Fletcher, Alexander and Co., flax spinners, and manufacturers of linens, cambrics, and threads, St. Rollox flax mills, Glasgow

Flemming, R. P. and J., millers, and corn merchants, Armagh, Ireland

Fison, C, manufacturer of plain and fancy stuffs, &c., &c., Bradford, Yorkshire

Fisher, Wilson and Co., shipping agents, Liverpool

Fairley, Matthew and Co., gingham and cravat manufacturers, 85 Queen st. Glasgow

G

Qraham and James, merchants and packers, 21 Ludgate hill, Birmingham

Gray and Cay, shipping and insurance agents, 19 Dock st. Dundee

Garrard and Barham, wholesale wine merchants, Bristol

Green-well, William N. and Son, ship and insurance brokers, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Grierson, Russell and Co., commission merchants, 29 Cowgate, Dundee

Goldsborough Richard (John Parker) wool broker, and general merchant, Windhill, near Bradford, Yorkshire, and Market st. Melbourne

Gillott, Joseph, patent pen manufacturer; manufactory in Graham st.; warehouse, 55 New st. Birmingham, 37 Gracechurch st. London, and 91 John st. New York. (See advertisement)

H

Hill, Brothers & Co., merchants, and manufacturers of saddlery & hardware, of every description, for exportation, Walsall

Hartley, Barnard, merchant, Halifax, Yorkshire

Hawkeworth, Eyre & Co., manufacturers of silver and electroplated wares, Sheffield and London

Hine, R. Edmund, silk manufacturer, St. George's mills, Sutton, Macclesfield, Cheshire

Harker, William, fancy stuff manufacturer, Victoria mill, Bradford, Yorkshire

Hobson, Francis, manufacturer of steel, (east, shear, spring, and blistered,) and files of every description, Sheffield

Huntley and Palmer, wholesale biscuit manufacturerers, Reading, Berkshire

Haddon and Paterson, merchants, Dundee

493

PROVINCIAL.

Heynemann, W. & Co., lace manufacturers, High. Pavement, Dundee

Hall and Colley, cutlery manufacturers, 9 Eyre lane Sheffield

Hartley, R. H., merchant, Straw hill, Halifax, Yorkshire

Helm, Lammens and Co., commission merchants, Manchester

Hine, B. H., Mundella and Co., manufacturers of hosiery and lace, Nottingham

J

Johnson, Brothers & Townshend, merchants, Manchester, and New York, U. S.

James Foundry Company (The) general iron founders, & manufacturers, Walsall, Staffordshire

Johnson, Christopher, merchant and manufacturer, Sheffield

Johnson, Samuel and Co., merchants, and commission agents, Dundee

K

Kaufmann, Morris, merchant, and commission agent, Manchester, & Bradford, Yorkshire

Kulp, H. N. and Son, lace manufacturers and merchants, Nottingham

Kirk & Co., linen manufacturers, near Armagh, Ireland

Keiller, James and Son, wholesale confectioners, Dundee

Kenyon, J. & J., fancy & woollen manufacturers, Dogley mills, Huddersfield

Kerr, P., commission merchant and emigration agent, 10 Dock st. Dundee

Kizitaff Schindler and Co., merchants and agents, 8 Aytoun st. Manchester

L

Lewis, T., commission merchant, 12 Marsden st., Manchester

Langer & Co., export and general merchants, Havre, France

Lloyd, W. R., general commission merchant, 7 Newhall st. Birmingham

Linley, Arthur and Co., general hardware merchants, & manufacturers of gasaliers and gas fittings of every description, Atlas works, Sheffield

Lindburg and Hornung, merchants, Middleborough

Lamb, David, merchant, 4 Rumford place, Liverpool

Lowson, John & Son, merchants, Dundee

Low, Andrew, ship owner, Dundee

Low, A., flax spinner, and linen manufacturer, Dundee

Laird & Thomson, manufacturers, Glasgow

M

McClure, John & Son, insurance agents, and Australian commission merchants, 2 Bond st. Manchester

Mort, Henry, and Co., hardware merchants, steel converters, and refiners, and manufacturers of saws, files, edge tools, cutlery, &c., Phœnix works, Sheffield

Mandley, George F. & Co., merchants' factors, 1 Moult st. Royal Exchange, Manchester

Milner, Van Hees and Co., merchants, 8 St. James' square, Manchester

Miller, Brothers & Co., merchants, & commission agents, Glasgow, and Melbourne

Miller, H. H., merchant, Glasgow

Muir, R. S. & Co., colonial wholesale clothiers, 17 John st. Glasgow

McCrea & Co., manufacturers of damasks, table covers, ponchos, &c., Trinity road, Halifax

Mileses and Kington, merchants, and ship owners, 61 Queen square, Bristol

494

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

McClure and Co., flax spinners, and general merchants, Belfast

Maccallum, Graham and Black, merchants, Glasgow; and Graham, Sands & Co., merchants, Melbourne

Muir and Co., manufacturers of export clothing by steam power, 38 Queen st. Glasgow

McGee, John G. & Co., merchant clothiers, Belfast

Matthew, P., merchant, Dundee

Mitchell, Henry, stuff manufacturer, Prospect hill, HEbden bridge, Yorkshire

Martin, David & Co., commission merchants, Dundee

Mitchell, Brothers, mohair spinners and manufacturers, Bradford, Yorkshire

Marsh, Brothers and Co., manufacturers of steel, edge tools, files, saws, cutlery, &c., Ponds works, Sheffield

Moor, James, wholesale wine merchant, Armagh, Ireland

Mackenzie, Ramsay & Co., merchants, Dundee

MoCallagh, R., merchant, Armagh, Ireland

Mac Nab, Francis, and Co., of Sydney, merchants; represented by Cowan and Co., London and Edinburgh

N

Naylor, Vickers and Co., iron merchants and steel manufacturers, River Don Works, Sheffield

Naylor, Vickers and Co., 6 Cook st., Liverpool

Naylor and Co., 99 and 101 John st., New York, U. S.

Naylor and Co., 80 State st., Boston, U. S.

(Steel marked "Naylor and Co." or "Marshall.")

Neustadt and Barnett, merchants & general factors, 12 Bennett's hill, Birmingham

Nicholson and McGill, merchants and shipowners, Liverpool

Newham and Hamilton, tar and turpentine distillers, and oil merchants, Hull

Nicholson, Wm, and Sons, shipowners, Sunderland

0

Oerton, Francis B., coach and saddlers' ironmonger & harness manufacturer, axles and carriage lamps, Walsall, Staffordshire

Orr, Jacob, linen manufacturer, Loughgall, near Armagh, Ireland

P

Pownall and Sons, merchants, Liverpool

Panton, G. and Son, general merchants, 32 Stockwell st., Glasgow

Parariso, Benno, merchant, 1 Summer row, Birmingham

Parker and Sons, Ebenezer, merchants, Sheffield

Petrie, J., forwarding and commission agent, 10 Rumford place, Liverpool

Provincial Bank of Ireland— (Branch) Robert Trotter, manager, Belfast

Porter, Thomas, foreign commission merchant, 9 Spring gardens, Manchester

Priestley, Job, moreen and stuff manufacturer, Prospect Mill, Allerton, near Bradford, Yorkshire

Potts, J. and R., iron merchants, 31 North st., Belfast

R

Rice & Hills, cotton and linen manufacturers, Manchester

495

PROVINCIAL.

Roe, James, drysalter, 8 Chapel st., Liverpool

Rickard & Co., merchants, Woolbridge, Suffolk

Rendle, Wm. E. and Co., seed merchants, Union road, Plymouth

Ransome, F. and Co., manufacturers of artificial stone, filters, and filtering media, Ipswich.

Reid, A. P. and Co., power loom cloth manufacturers, 12 Washington st., Glasgow

Rossell, H. and Co., steel and file manufacturers and merchants, Wallace Works, Shefileld

S

Salt, Titus, Sons & Co., spinners of mohair and alpaca yarns, manufacturers of alpaca lustres, linings, moreens, &c., Saltaire, Bradford

Shaw, Jas. merchant, Birmingham

Scotland, Patrick and Co., wholesale Scotch, woollen warehouse, and blanket manufacturers, 145 Argyle st., and 11 St. Enoch square, Glasgow

Shield, John and Co., merchants, and wholesale grocers, 66 Grey St., Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Service, James & Co., commission merchants, Melbourne, represented by Thomas Corbitt, Glasgow

Spear and Jackson, merchants, and manufacturers of steel, saws, files, edge-tools, &c., Etna Works, Sheffield

Sherwood, John and Son, electro plate works and show rooms, 28, 94, 95 & 96 Lichfield st., Birmingham, and Thavies Inn, Holborn, London

Smith, F. J. & Co., export ironmongers & general commission merchants, 8 & 9 Weaman. St., Birmingham

Stewart, A. C. & Co., merchants, 16 North John st., Liverpool; agents for F. R. Wallen and Sons, Melbourne, and Frost, Kohler and Co., Sydney

Sollitt, Monday and Co., general merchants and agents for the sale of all descriptions of German produce and manufacture suitable for the Australian market, Hull

Steinthall and Co., merchants, 47 Peter st., Manchester, and Hall Ines, Bradford, Yorkshire

Sheldon, Thomas and Son, saw manufacturers, Sheffield

Stannard, Jeremiah, merchant & miller, Nayland, Suffolk

Simon, May & Co., commissioners for lace & hosiery, Nottingham

Sewell, John & Co., importers and exporters of British & Foreign fancy merchandize, 99 Maxwell st., Glasgow, and at London and Paris

Simms, George, publisher and exporter of books and stationery, Manchester

Samuelson, S. & J. H., shipping agents, Hull

Stevens, Brothers, merchants and agents, Liverpool and Bombay

Souter and Shepherd, wholesale druggists and drysalters, Cruden's court, 22 Broad st., Aberdeen

Skeul, Alexander, wholesale tea merchant, 21 Regent quay, Aberdeen

Scholefield, Joshua & Sons, hardware merchants, 9 Orange court, Liverpool

Sugden, J. drysalter, Halifax

Stewart, Robert, emigration, ship and insurance agent, Meadowside, Dundee

Stoven, John, merchant, 14 Bain square, Dundee

Sturrock, Robert, flax and jute spinner, Ramsay Mill, Dundee

496

ENGLISH DIRECTORY.

T

Thorneycroft, G. B. & Co., iron masters, Wolverhampton and London

Taylor, J. G., manufacturer of plain and fancy worsted goods, Brook st., Bradford, Yorkshire

Tindall, Enoch Oldfield, agricultural implement, patent mangle and washing machine makers, Iron Works, Scarborough

Taylor, Thomas and Sons, cotton spinners, Grecian Mills, Bolton

Tillie & Henderson, shirt manufacturers and linen bleachers, 191 Argyle st., Glasgow

Thornton, Jas. & Sons, manufacturers and merchants, Bradford st., Birmingham

Turner, Thomas, plane manufacturer, 35 and 37 Queen st., Sheffield

Tubb, Joseph, and Sons, woollen manufacturers, Batley, near Dewsbury, Yorkshire

Thornton, Ewing and Co., linen merchants, Belfast

Thompson and Co., merchants, Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Taylor, Brothers, Adelaide Works, Sheffield. (See Advertisement.)

V

Venables, Mann & Co., earthenware and china manufacturers, Burslem, Staffordshire

Vickerman, B. and Son, woollen manufacturers, Taylor hill, Huddersfield

W

Westhead & Co., general merchants, manufacturers of small wares, haberdashery, &c., for the home and colonial markets, 49 Piccadilly, Manchester

Wotherspoon, Robert and Co., manufacturers of the Glenfield patent starch, 40 Dunlop st., Glasgow

Wothcrspoon, James & Co., purveyors of confectionery & preserves to Her Majesty, 46 Dunlop st., Glasgow

Webster, Wm., manufacturer of all descriptions of cutlery, Sycamore Works, Sheffield

Windle, Blyth & Windle, hardware and general merchants, Walsall, Staffordshire

Whitterkin, John & Sons, manufacturers, Ashton-under-Lyne

Winther and Co., merchants and ship agts., Cowes, Isle of Wight

Woolfield, S., bagatelle board and fancy cabinet maker, for exportation, 61 Buchanan st. Glasgow

Woodhouse, James, cutlery manufacturer, Old Rockingham Works, Sheffield

Wood, Benjamin & Co., stuff merchants and manufacturers, 11 Cheapside, Bradford

Wilkinson & Co., sheep shear manufacturers, Australian Works, Sheffield, (See Advertisement.)

Y

York, Samuel & Co., merchants, Wolverhampton & Birmingham

Young, Peddie & Co., iron & wire work establishment, 12 Royal Exchange square, Glasgow.

Warren Hah & Co., Steam Printers and Stationers, Camden Town, London.

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GREENE & NINER, Lamp, I/ustre, and Cut Glass Manufacturers, 16 & 17, KING WILLIAM STREET, LONDON BRIDGE, 138, REGENT STREET, AND 43, BAKER STREET, PORTMAN SQUARE, LONDON.

GREENE & NINER

Respectfully invite attention to their Imm ense Stock of Crystal Glass Lustres for Gas or Candles Metal Chandeliers and Lamps of all kinds manufactured expressly for the Colonies, India, or the Home trade; as also their extensive assortment of Rich Cut Table Glass, unequalled for its superior quality, style, and lowness of price.

FAMILY CHESTS AND REGIMENTAL BADGES ENGRAVED.

MANUFACTURERS OF GAS FITTINGS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION

1

STEAM COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ENGLAND AND AUSTRALIA,

BY THE STEAM SHIPS OF THE

EUROPEAN & AUSTRALIAN MAIL COMPANY,

(LIMITED.)

Oneida ..... 2400 Tons. 530 H.P.

European ..... 2350 „ 530 „

Columbian .... 2300 „ 530 „

Australasian ..... 2900 „ 700 „

Tasmanian ..... 2300 „ 550 „

Asian ..... 2300 „ 550 „

African ..... 1000 „ 330 „

Simla (chartered) ... 2450 „ 650 „

The European and Australian Royal Mail Company Limited, (under contract with Her Majesty's Government for the conveyance of the Australian Mails), will despatch the undermentioned Steamers from Southampton for Melbourne and Sydney, carrying Cabin Passengers, only, as follows: —

European . Friday, 12th December, 1856.

Columbian . Monday, 12th January, 1857.

Fare to Melbourne ..... Sixty-five Pounds.

Ditto to Sydney ..... Sixty-five Guineas.

The regular communication between England and the Australian Colonies, via Suez and Point de Galle, will commence from Sidney in January, and Southampton in February 1857.

The Fares by this route will be as follows:—

FARES FROM ENGLAND.

To Melbourne - - - £75 to £95.

„ Sydney - - - £80 to £100.

All the above rates are exclusive of Wines, Spirits, and Malt Liquors, which may be had on board.

Further information will be given, and Rates for Parcels, Specie, &c., ascertained by application at the Company's Offices, in London, at 12, St. Helen's Place, Bishopsgate Street; in Southampton at 7, St. Lawrence Road; and in Glasgow at 33, Renfield Street.

2

John Gosnell and Co's. Unequalled Perfumery, Patronized by the Queen and Prince Albert.

JOHN GOSNELL & Co., (Perfumers to Her Majesty,) EXPORT PERFUMERS, FANCY SOAP MAKERS, And Patentees of THE TRICHOSARON HAIR BRUSH, 12, Three King Court, Lombard Street, London, Invite attention to the following Select Articles for the Toilet, universally admired by the fashionable world.

JOHN GOSNELL & Co.'s COURT PERFUMES

Comprise the very choicest assortment of Perfumes for the handkerchief, viz.:-

Jockey Club

Victoria Bouquet

Guard's Own

Frangipanni

Ess. Bouquet

Empress Eugenie

Opera Bouquet

Princess Royal

Jenny Lind

Wood Violet

Napoleon III.

&c., &c.

JOHN GOSNELL AND Co.'s

FOUNTAIN PERFUMES,

The latest novelty in perfumes for the ball room. The Fountain Perfumes, on pressure, emit a jet of most refreshing perfume, are extremely portable, and most grateful in crowded assemblies, and especially adapted for the ball room. Price 1s. each.

John Gosnell & Co.'s Ambrosial Shaving Cream, In pots, 1s., 1s. 6d.; Tubes, 1s.

John Gosnell & Co.'s CHEERY TOOTH PASTE, 1s. 6d. per pot.

JOHN GOSNELL AND Co.'s

Unique Preparations for the Hair.

Macassar Oil, Genuine Bear's Grease, Circassian Cream, Pommade de Macassar, Sicilian Cream, Golden Oil.

FANCY SOAPS.

J. G. and Co.'s Real Old Brown Windsor, Family Brown Windsor, Ladies Toilet Soap, Honey Soap, Floating Soap, Almond Soap, &c.

J. G. and Co.'s Extra Scented Violet Hair Powder.

THE PATENT TRICHOSARON HAIR BRUSH,

(The only perfect Hair Brush.)

Ivory Hair Brushes, Tooth, Nail Brushes, &c., Combs.

To Merchants and Shippers. John Gosnell and Co.'s Celebrated Perfumery, Fancy Soaps, Hair Brushes, &c., in suitable assortments for India, China, America, &c., may always be had ready for shipment at the Manufactory,

12, Three King Court, Lombard Street, London.

*** Payment for goods shipped to order may be made in the Colonies, but all orders must be accompanied by a reference to a firm of known respectability in London.

3

WILLIAM BARNETT & Co., MERCHANTS, COLONIAL, SHIPPING, EMIGRATION, AND GENERAL AGENTS.

This Firm having been established for some years in England,

Importers of Colonial Produce,

and extensively connected throughout the Manufacturing Districts, as well as with the leading Houses in London, Liverpool, Glasgow, and Bristol, (from which Ports they have vessels sailing regularly to the Australian and other Colonies); also the Principal having been practically engaged in Agricultural and Commercial pursuits during thirteen years' foreign residence, they are enabled confidently to offer many unusual advantages to those favoring them with commands.

Passages arranged for Families, &c., to proceed, on receiving advice from their friends abroad; Advances made on consignments; Letters of credit and cash transactions negociated; Merchants', Storekeepers', Settlers', and Emigrants' orders executed on the most economical terms; Life and Marine Insurance effected; Goods and Parcels forwarded to all parts of the world, and every description of Agency Business conducted.

Address 25, Philpot Lane, London.

4

HART & SON, MANUFACTURERS,

Bronze Medal at the Exhibition Hyde Park, 1851.

Silver Medal at the Exhibition Amsterdam, 1852.

Silver Medal at the Exhibition Paris, 1856.

*** ILLUSTRATED PRICE LISTS ON APPLICATION.

5

JOSEPH HART & SON, EXPORT & MANUFACTURING IRONMONGERS, AND ECCLESIASTICAL METAL WORKERS, 53, 54, 55, 56, and 57 Wych Street, STRAND, LONDON.

W. WILKINSON AND CO., AUSTRALIA WORKS SHEFFIELD, MANUFACTURERS OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF PLAIN & PATENT SHEEP SHEARS, Suitable for all Countries.

Docking, Horse, Fellmongers, Thatchers, Grass, Rag, Glovers, Trowel, Mat, Weavers, American, Trascular or Mule, and other Shears.

W. W. & Co. beg to observe that their Shears are made from the Best Double-refined Steel, and in their long experience in the Hardening and Tempering, they have adopted such decidedly superior principles as to retain a sharp cutting edge, which render them invaluable to the experienced Sheep Clippers.

N.B.—Wilkinson's Sheep Shears stand unequalled for their superior quality of make.

6

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.

Metallic Pen Maker to the Queen,

BY ROYAL COMMAND.

JOSEPH GILLOTT,

Begs most respectfully to inform the Commercial World, Scholastic Institutions, and the public generally that, by a novel application of his unrivalled Machinery for making Steel Pens, and, in accordance with the scientific spirit of the times, he has introduced a NEW SERIES of his useful productions, which, for EXCELLENCE OF TEMPER, QUALITY OF MATERIAL, and, above all, CHEAPNESS IN PRICE, he believes will ensure universal approbation, and defy competition.

Each Pen bears the impress of his name as a guarantee of quality; and they are put up in the usual style of boxes, containing one gross each, with label outside, and the fAc-similE of his signature.

At the request of persons extensively engaged in tuition, J. G. has introduced his

WARRANTED SCHOOL AND PUBLIC PENS,

which are especially adapted to their use, being of different degrees of flexibility, and with fine, medium, and broad points, suitable for the various kinds of Writing taught in Schools.

Sold Retail by all Stationers, Booksellers, and other respectable Dealers in Steel Pens.—Merchants and Wholesale Dealers can be supplied at the Works, Graham Street; 55½, New Street, Birmingham;

91 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK;

AND AT

37 Gracechurch Street, London.

7

8

Galvanized Iron Sheets and Tiles.

Galvanized Iron Roofs & Houses.

Galvanized Iron Cisterns & Tanks.

Galvanized Iron Wire, Screws, Nails, &c.

Corrugated Iron, Painted & Plain.

TUPPEP & CARR,

Manufacturers.

OFFICES:

3 MANSION HOUSE PLACE,

LONDON.

WORKS:

Limehouse ................ LONDON.

Berkley Street ................ BIRMINGHAM.

9

YACHTS.

CUTLASSES, TOMA-HAWKS, BOARDING PIKES, MUSKETS, PISTOLS AND BELTS, AT THE CHEAPEST PRICES.

ESTIMATES SENT.

Henry Taaham, 37 Charing Cross.

TATHAM'S DOUBLE-BARRELLED MINNIE RIFLE.

FOR CORRECTNESS, PORTABILITY, AND PRICE, Only requires to be known to recommend itself

TO EVERY SPORTSMAN AT HOME AND ABROAD.

HENRY TATHAM, 37 Charing Cross, begs respectfully to thank the Officers of the Army and Navy, not forgetting his friends of the Hon. East India Company, and the Planters and Gentlemen resident at the Mauritius, for the numerous favors he is daily receiving.

H. T. begs to add, that he has always the greatest variety of DoubleBarrelled Guns, Rifles, and Pistols, New and Second-hand, with all the Modern Improvements, at the Lowest Prices, for ready money.

Patent Air Guns, with all the Modern Improvements for Shot and Ball.

H. T. takes this opportunity of informing his friends, Members of the Senior and Junior United Service, and the Army and Navy Clubs, that he has Opened a Shop in the Opera Arcade, No. 3, for the accommodation of those gentlemen who may require their Guns cleaned and repaired, and for the supply of Powder, Caps, Waddings, Shot, and all descriptions of Ammunition, at wholesale prices.

Agent for Deane and Adams' Patent Revolvers, and Colt's.

Guns of every description sold on commission, or exchanged.

PRESENTATION SWORDS MADE TO PATTERN: ARMY AND NAVY SWORDS.

BLADES WARRANTED TO STAND THE HIGHEST PROOF,

HENRY TATHAM, 37 CHARING CROSS.

ARCHIBALD YOUNG & Co., Seed Merchants. 15 MARK LANE, LONDON.

SHIPMENTS MADE UP FOR The Colonies,

AND PACKED WITH THE GREATEST CARE.

RED CLOVER, WHITE Do. TREFOIL,

COW GRASS, ITALIAN RYE GRASS, HOME RYE GRASS,

AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL SEEDS, Caraway, Canary, Hemp, &c., &c., &c.

10

11

JEAN MARIE FARINA, Cologne, on the Rhine, AND AT 1 SALTER'S HALL COURT, CANNON STREET, CITY, LONDON.

LIST OF PRICES.

For Exportation. Free in Bond.

PER DOZEN. s. d.

Eau de Cologne, single ................ 5 6

Do. double ................ 9 0

Extrait d'Eau de Cologne ................ 24 0

Lavender Water, second quality ........ 5 6

Do. premiere quality ....9 0

Extrait de Portugal, do Limette, de Citron, de Cedra, d'Orange and de Bergamote . 6 0

Extrait de Rose ................ 12 0

PRICES, DUTY PAID.

Eau de Cologne, double ................ 21 0

Extrait d'Eau de Cologne ................ 40 0

Lavender Water, double ................ 21 0

In Wicker Bottles of 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 Ounces.

ALSO STOCK OF

STILL AND SPARKLING

HOCK AND CHAMPAGNE, IN BOND.

WATERPROOFS For India and Australia.

TO SPORTSMEN, TOURISTS, AND TRAVELLERS.

EDMISTONS'

POCKET SIPHONIA, OR WATERPROOF OVERCOAT.

SOLE Manufacturers of this celebrated Garment, remarkable for its lightness, of texture; easily folded to carry in the Pocket or on Saddle. The advantage of this Waterproofing consists in a new patent process, effectually resisting the heat of the sun, and obviating the unpleasant smell common to all other Waterproofs. Price 405.; all silk throughout, 455. to 555. Measurement: length of coat, and size round the chest, over the coat. Stout Siphonias, 21s. to 35s. Yacht Jackets, 18s. 6d. Leggings, 10s. 6d. Reversible Alpaca Coats, from 25s. to 33s. Waterproof Dust Coats, Tweed Capes and Sleeves, and ditto Ladies' Capes and Hoods, in great variety.

"Waterproofs.—The lightest and most effectual is the Siphonia, made by Edmiston and Son, of 69 Strand: they may be carried in the hat or pocket."—Bell's Life, April 20, 1851.

WATER BEDS FOR INVALIDS,

£3 13s. 6d.; £5 55.; and £6 16s. 6d.

Inflated Hoops for Ladies' Dresses.

PORTABLE INDIA-RUBBER BOATS,

Suitable for Fishing and Shooting, in shallows at home or abroad, carried easily by one person.

Knapsacks, Folding Baths, Fishing and Shooting Boots, Gloves, Ground Sheets, Folding Bedsteads, Overland Trunks, Pack-Saddles, &c.

EDMISTON & SON, 69 and 416 STRAND.

ADELAIDE WORKS SHEFFIELD.

TAYLOR BROTHERS,

MANUFACTURERS

OF EVERY DESCRIPTION OF

Sams, Steel, Files,

MACHINE KNIVES, ETC.,

(MADE FOR USE.)

ADELAIDE WORKS, SHEFFIELD.

13

14

CABINET FURNITURE FOR Australia, The Tape, AND OTHER COLONIES.

RICHARD LOADER, OF 23 & 24 Finsbury Pavement, City, LONDON,

Having had long experience in the class of Furniture required for the above purposes, begs to call the attention of the public to his Extensive Assortment at his Warehouses as above.

QUALITY IS GUARANTEED.

MERCHANTS & SHIPPERS

ARE PUT ON THE BEST OF TERMS, To whom R. L. would recommend his recently published

BOOK OF NEARLY 300 NEW DESIGNS,

AND KEY OF PRICES ATTACHED,

As being most useful in selecting. Sent post free on receipt of 7s. 6d.

PICKLES, SAUCES, &c., Free from Adulteration.

Extract from the 'Lancet.' February 4th, 1854, and from Dr. Hassall's recent work on FOOD AND ITS ADULTERATIONS :—

"The Samples of Messrs. CROSSE & BLACKWELL were entirely free from Copper."

CROSSE & BLACKWELL,

Purveyors in Ordinary to Her Majesty, in soliciting attention to the above extract, beg to state that in order to effectually remove the objections formerly existing against the consumption of Pickles, Bottled Fruits,' Preserves, &c., they have, at a very considerable expense, entirely re-fitted their Factory, in such a manner as to ensure the fullest obtainable extent of purity in their various preparations.

Their Pickles and other manufactures requiring the application of heat, (with the exception of a few articles which being of a delicate nature demand a more peculiar care,) are now prepared in vessels thickly coated with Patent Glass Enamel. For the most delicate preparations a Silver Tan has been fitted up, but this metal is not available for any article containing either Salts or Acids; for which the Enamelled Vessels are found preferable.

The Pickles and such of the Tart Fruits as were formerly of a brilliant green, will now be found of a perfectly natural color, and although perhaps less attractive in appearance, decidedly more wholesome and better flavoured.

C. and B. respectfully invite attention to the following, all of which are of the very highest quality.

Pickles of various kinds; prepared in pure malt vinegar.

Bottled Fruits, for Tarts and Puddings ; preserved in their natural state.

Jellies of unequalled brilliancy and purity; consisting of Calf's Foot, Orange, Lemon, Noyeau, Punch, Madeira, &c. In pint and quart bottles, for the convenience of Families.

Royal Table Sauce; of a warm and delicious flavour, peculiarly adapted for cold meats, and greatly improving hashes, stews, and made dishes.

Essence of Anchovies ; produced solely from the Real Gorgona Anchovies, and superior to all other preparations sold under the same name.

Essence of Shrimps; manufactured on the sea coast where the Shrimps are caught. This Sauce being milder in flavour than the Essence of Anchovies is preferred by many epicures.

The Celebrated Soho Sauce; for Game, Venison, &c.

Sir Robert Peel's Sauce ; for genera] purposes, manufactured by J. Carstairs, Edinburgh. Each bottle bears a fac-simile of the late Eight Honorable Baronet's letter of approval.

Anchovy Paste, Bloater Paste, Strasbourg and other Potted Meats ; for the Breakfast and Luncheon Table.

Orange Marmalade, Jams and Jellies; perfectly pure, and prepared by a process which effectually retains the fine aroma of the Fruit.

Of Marmalade, the "Lancet" of 22nd Jan., 1853, remarks, "6th Sample, purchased of Crosse and Blackwell, 21 Soho Square. Ash of a yellow color: does not contain Copper."

C. and B. are also Wholesale Agents for M. Soyer's Sauces, Relish, and Aromatic Mustard, all of which the "Lancet" declares to be pure: and for Barrie and Co.'s Curry and Mulligatawny Pastes and Chattnys, which are shipped direct from Madras.

The above, together with all other Condiments and delicacies may be obtained at the principal Stores in India, America, and the Colonies: and Wholesale of

CROSSE & BLACKWELL, BY SPECIAL APPOINTMENT, PURVEYORS TO THE QUEEN, SI Soho Square, London.

15

WATER POISONED BY LEADEN PIPES.

"The above engraving represents accurately a section of a leaden pipe which was employed for a short time in conveying water from a well on the grounds of Mr. Dick, of Bonchurch, Isle of Wight. The water has cut these deep pits almost through the pipe, and not only upon the portion which we have illustrated, but has formed similar chasms throughout the entire length."— Expositor.

POISONED WATER PREVENTABLE BY THE USE OF GUTTA PERCHA TUBING.

The Gutta Percha Company have been favoured with the following letter

From Dr. MURRAY, Hull.

"It is impossible to conceive of anything more injurious or destructive to the health of the community than the use of leaden pipes for the conveyance of water. The poisonous salts of lead thereby communicated are most insidious and subtle. I hail with gratitude the substitution of Gutta Percha Tubing. I have had the leaden pipe of my own house removed, and its place supplied with one of Gutta Percha. Nothing can be better. I have also recommended it to others, who have adopted the expedient."

RESISTANCE OF FROST.

The Gutta Percha Company have been favoured with the following Utters in reference to the non-conducting property of Gutta Percha Tubing in the resistance of frost.

From J. ARMSTRONG, Esq., M.D., Gravesend.

"My private house, which was supplied with your Gutta Percha Tubing some five or six years ago, has never required the slightest attention, and previously there was no winter passed that we were not almost deluged in consequence of the bursting of the old leaden pipes."

From HENRY BROWN and SONS, Western Works, 108 Rockingham Street, Sheffield.

"We have now a positive proof of the frost-resisting properties of Gutta Percha Piping. On our premises we have a leaden pipe and a Gutta Percha one lying side by side. The leaden one has been completely frozen up at least ten days, and the Gutta Percha one is still unaffected."

DURABILITY OF GUTTA PERCHA TUBING.

Many inquiries having been made as to the durability of Gutta Percha Tubing, the Gutta Percha Company have pleasure in giving publicity to the following letter

From Sir RAYMOND JARVIS, of Ventnor, Isle of Wight.

(second testimonial. )

"In reply to your letter received this morning, respecting the Gutta Percha Tubing for pump service, I can state, with much satisfaction, it answers perfectly. Many builders and other persons have lately examined it, and there is not the least apparent difference since the first laying down, now several years; and I am informed that it is to be adopted generally in the houses that are being erected here."

Every variety of Gutta Percha Articles, such as Mill Bands, Tubing, Soles, Goloshes, Sheet, Pump Buckets, Fire Buckets, Bosses, Union Joints, Flasks, Bottles, Bowls, Chamber Vessels, Toilet Trays, Sponge Bags, Curtain Rings, Galvanic Batteries, Talbotype Trays, &c., &c., manufactured by the Gutta Percha Company, and sold by their wholesale dealers in town and country.

Submarine and Subterranean Telegraph Wire Insulated with Gutta Percha.

THE GUTTA PEECHA COMPANY, PATENTEES, 18 WHARF ROAD, CITY ROAD, LONDON.

10

THE LONDON SABBATH SCHOOL DEPOSITORY. ALDINE CHAMBERS, PATERNOSTER ROW.

"The Mimpriss System of Graduated Simultaneous Instruction."

COMPLETE APPARATUS FOR SABBATH SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT AND EXTENSION.

"Is it desirable to have uniformity of Subject in the Sabbath School?"

See the Sunday School Teacher's Magazine, for June, 1855.

s. a.

1 100 EASY LESSONS,—The Gospel History of our Lord's Life and Ministry. fep. 12mo., for Classes, in the 1st. 2nd. 3rd. Grade, mixed ................ per 100 20 0

2 MANUALS FOR TEACHERS 1st. and 2nd.and 3rd. Grades................each 1 6 DITTO DITTO with pocket and map, Cloth, CUt lettered ................ 3 0

3 A HARMONY OF THE FOUR EVANGELISTS fep.Svo., Cloth, ditto ................ 3 0 DITTO DITTO, with pocket and map. ditto ................ 4 0 N.B. This is the book for the Scholars in the 4th. and 5th. Grades.

4 'THE STEPS OF JESUS.' A Narrative Harmony of the Four Evangelists, Demy 48mo., Cloth, Gill lettered ................ 1 0 DITTO DITTO, cut flush, Limp cloth ................ 0 8 DITTO in large type, Demy 18mo ................ 1 6 *** This book is admirably adapted for Reward or Class reading, -with the Third Grade Teacher's Manual for an advanced Testament class.

5 HOME STUDY, OR CLASS PAPERS, for Bible Scholars. For classes in Grades 4 and 5 of 'The Mimpriss System,' fep. 8vo. ................ 1 6 N.B. These papers are suitable for all classes studying the Gospel Narratives of our Bleassed Lord; apart from 'THE MIMPRISS SYSTEM.'

6 'THE TREASURY HARMONY OF THE FOUR EVANGELISTS.' Crown Svo., 2 vols, in one. Printed on very thin paper, for the pocket, containing matter equal to TEN ordinary Demy Svo. vols. Bound Half Roan, Cloth ................ 9 0 DITTO DITTO— ................ do. in Calf, gilt edges ................ 12 0 DITTO DITTO— ................ do. Morocco, ditto ................ 16 0

7 THE TREASURY HARMONY AND PRACTICAL EXPOSITION OF THE FOUR EVANGELISTS. Library Edition, Large Type, Medium Quarto,—with 8 maps, &c.— Bound in Cloth, Gilt lettered* ................ 42 0

8 100 LESSONS—The Gospel History of our Lord's Life and Ministry, in Large tablet type, with metal frame—1st. Grade, Royal Quarto ................ 5 0

9 100 DITTO DITTO. 2nd. ditto do. folio ................ . 10 0

10 100 DITTO DITTO. 3rd.'ditto do. sheet ................ 16 0

11 THE TEACHER'S CLASS CHART'of our Lord's' Life and Ministry. Exhibiting every event Chronologically Localised, and adapted to all the above, in sheets ... 0 6 DITTO DITTO, on Rollers, unvarnished ................ 1 6

12 THE SCHOOL ROOM CHART, ditto ditto— size 5ft. 6in. by 4ft. on Rollers, unvarnished ................ 12 0

13 THE COMBINED MANUAL FOR SUPERINTENDENTS ................ 4 6

14 THE AMALGAMATED DITTO DITTO ................ 5 0

FOR INFANT AND RAGGED SCHOOLS :---

Beautifully printed in Large hold type, cut expressly for this edition.

15 100 LESSONS; THE GOSPEL HISTORY of our Lord's Life and Ministry.— Size, Demy Sheets, colored paper; in a portable iron frame ................ 15

16 THE ACTS OF THE APOSTLES. 66 Lessons in the same bold type,— in a portable iron frame, size, Royal Sheets ................ 15 0 N.B. These Lessons are so boldly printed, and in such beautiful type, as to be visible to ordinary Gallery Classes at 30ft. distance.

SPECIMENS of the above Lessons, with an outline of "The Mimpriss System of Graduated Simultaneous Instruction," and numerous testimonials to its excellence, simplicity, and complete adaptation to the 'desirable arrangement in Sabbath Schools, for Improvement and Extension,' will be forwarded by Mr. R. Mimpriss, Aldine Chambers, Paternoster Row, London, on receipt of one penny postage stamp.

* About 2,408 copies of this work have just been delivered to the subscribers.

Mr. Mimpriss respectfully informs Sabbath School Superintendents and Ministers, that he will be happy to supply, as specimen, ONE copy of any of his publications, POST FREE, on receipt of postage stamps amounting to two thirds of the Catalogue prices, if under five shillings—or Post Office Order if exceeding FIVE SHILLINGS.

17

18

HUBBUCK'S

PATENT WHITE ZINC PAINT:

The only White Zinc Works in the United Kingdom.

Hubbuck and Son, the original manufacturers, are enabled by a process, which is patented, to supply their Pure White Zinc Paint, at the price of White Lead.

For all marine uses—for painting both the inside and outside of ships, lighthouses, sluice-gates, iron roofing, and bridges, the interior and exterior of buildings, and for all ornamental, decorative, and sanitary purposes, Hubbuck's Patent White Zinc Paint has proved to be superior to every other Paint, and equally adapted for all climates.

CHEAPNESS.—Two hundred-weight of this Paint, with six gallons of boiled or raw Linseed Oil, covers as much surface as three hundred-weight of White Lead, and twelve gallons of Oil and Turpentine. It thus becomes cheaper in the first instance, as well as desirable on every other consideration. To a Contractor, for works, taken at competition prices, this is important —cheapness with him depending not alone on the price per hundred weight. The saving on the cost of the Paint is 25 per cent, whilst on the Oil it is equally great. This applies to Drab, Buff, Lead Color, and every purpose for which White Lead was formerly used.

ADULTERATIONS.-Specially avoid the numbers two and three qualities, which have been so generally sold instead of the best. The inferior disgusts every workman, and if he is imposed upon by believing it to be the best, he must necessarily condemn Zinc Paint altogether. Inferior Zinc Paint is even worse than inferior White Lead.

CAUTION. —The Officers of the H. E. I. Company are requested to observe that real Zinc Paint is totally different from what has lately been sent out for the Company's Service in India; that being obtained by public competition among the Paint Grinders at a less price than that at which the raw metal could be bought.

To prevent the prejudice against White Zinc Paint, which the adulterated article must produce, it is now sold by the wholesale Paint Dealers in original packages. Each cask stamped

"HUBBUCK, LONDON PATENT;"

and when so marked, the quality is guaranteed.

THOMAS HUBBUCK & SON, PAINT AND VARNISH WORKS, 157 FENCHURCH STREET, LONDON.

Removed from Upper East Smithfield, (opposite the London Docks.)

"For public schools, and all rooms occupied by children, there will now be no excuse for using poisonous paints. Parents have remarked that their children, on returning from the country to newly-painted houses, have suffered in health. The reason is evident; the breath extracts the poison from paint even after several months' drying, and the lungs draw in the deadly vapour."

"Amongst other tests to which it has been subjected, has been that of painting the hold of a sugar vessel; which, after a voyage to St. Kitt's and back, is found as white as the first day the paint was applied."— John Bull, Sep. 14, 1850.

N.B.— Old Zinc and Zinc Cuttings, bought to any extent for Refining.

To Merchants, Captains, and Others.

ROWLANDS' UNIQUE PREPARATIONS

Are universally held in high estimation, and the fact of the distinguished patronage they enjoy, their general use in all Countries, and the numerous testimonials constantly received of their efficacy, sufficiently prove their value and render them well worthy the attention of Merchants & Shippers.

Under the Patronage of The Courts of Europe,

The Aristocracy, and The Upper Classes,

ROWLANDS' MACASSAR OIL, For the Growth, Restoration, and for Improving and

Beautifying the Human Hair, the Beard, Whiskers, and Mustachios.

For Children it is especially recommended as forming the basis of a BEAUTIFUL HEAD OF HAIR.

Price 3s. 6d.; 7s. ; Family Bottles, equal to four small, 10s. 6d.; and double that size, 21s.

CAUTION.—To prevent imposition A NEW LABEL from Steel, by Messrs. Perkins, Bacon and Co., is now used, bearing the words "Rowlands' Macassar Oil," &c., in white letters, and their signature in red ink "A. Rowland and Sons." The whole covered with a lacework pattern in colourless ink.

ROWLANDS' KALYDOR, AN ORIENTAL BOTANICAL PREPARATION

For Improving and Beautifying the Complexion, Eradicates Cutaneous Defects and Discolorations, and renders the Skin Soft, Fair, and Blooming.

It obviates all the effects of Climate on the Skin, whether with reference to cold and inclemency, or intense solar heat, and affords immediate relief in cases of sunburn, stings of insects, or incidental inflammation. Gentlemen after shaving will appreciate its softening and ameliorating properties.

Price 4s. 6d. and 8s. 6d. per bottle.

Caution.—The words "Rowlands' Kalydor" are on the wrapper, and their signature, "A. Rowland & Sons," in red ink, at foot.

ROWLANDS' ODONTO, OR PEARL DENTIFRICE,

For Preserving and Beautifying the Teeth, Strengthening the Gums, And for rendering the Breath Sweet and Pure.

Price 2s. 9d. per box.

Caution.—The words "Rowlands' Odonto" are on the label, and "A. Rowland & Sons, 20 Hatton Garden," on the Government Stamp affixed on each box.

SOLD BY A. ROWLAND & SONS, 20 HATTON GARDEN, LONDON, AND BY CHEMISTS AND PERFUMERS.

Beware of Spurious Imitations !!!

10