veloped when the standard of home conditions is depressed in one section of the community. This has been argued out many times, and by many people it has been felt that these are inherited racial differences. But most evidence points to the fact that a child's I.Q. will not dvelop normally if it has not been properly fed and given a reasonable physical environment, even in the first twelve months of its life. Southern Negroes in rural districts for instance, have an I.Q. level of only 50 whereas in a city like Los Angeles, where Negroes are tolerated fairly well and have better standards of home conditions and opportunity of education, then their I.Q. level is about 102. 2. High Accident Rate. Liability to accident is usually classed with mental ill-health because it is associated with lack of co-ordination and lack of awareness of one's environment. We find also that the Maori clings to life a good deal less than the European does. I think that most Maoris have a firm belief in an after-life. They enjoy this life in a happy-go-lucky carefree way, but they are fairly certain in their own minds that life will continue in the same way among their ancestors. This certainty of the hereafter is not quite so marked in the European who tends to cling to the life he knows and to what is more certain to him, with an obvious lack of faith in the promises of an after-life. This factor, plus the rural background in which most Maoris live, with their rutted back roads, old ramshackle trucks crowded with people, and what the Statistics Book calls “general carelessness”, all produce a very heavy accident rate. 3. Anxiety Neurosis. In most countries in the world there is no increase in the amount of psychosis. This is a disease which results in a complete change of personality. All over the world, however, there is an increase in neurosis: a state where there is no change in personality but an alteration of the emotional centre of the brain, resulting in chronic tension and fear and a great variety of physical complaints. We do not know how frequently neurotic conditions exist among the Maori people, because if we examine their physical complaints, we see that very frequently he does not take his illness to his doctor. He suffers his illness until it is too late to do anything about it. This is the reason why, when he is attacked by a disease such as cancer or diabetes, he usually dies because the treatment comes to him too late for anything to be done. We know, however, that neurosis is increasing in countries such as China and Kenya. In most countries in the world, anxiety states arise in this way, and many points are applicable to the Maoris. Two-thirds of the world's population is underfed, and with easier communications between countries such as radio, planes and ships, these people realise that chronic hunger is by no means the state of things in some other countries. People in other countries want food; they associate education with an improved economy; they send their children to school where they speak not in their own language but in English, French or Portuguese; they learn other customs. Communication between parents and children becomes difficult. In Asia and Latin America they have lived like the Maoris in what is called an extended family system which includes grandparents, uncles and aunts and there is a wonderful sense of security because there are several mothers and fathers to look after all the children. Now this extended family system is beginning to crumble and people are beginning to suffer from what is known as “identity confusion”; they do not know to what group they should give their loyalty, with what group they should identify themselves. Perhaps they feel they would like to identify themselves with one group and yet when they return to their own families, they feel different there, too, and don't fit in. This causes anxiety and breakdown, social unrest and industrial unrest. We need a very positive sense of our own identity; we need to know that we belong to a certain racial group, that it is a remarkably organised group and very important in its own world. If you know the important things about your own racial group, not just the waiatas and hakas but the sort of things that were important to our ancestors—the history of the race, the knowledge of the birds and the forests, and the knowledge of the stars and the seasons, then you can see that it was a very well-developed racial group and you feel a security that makes you feel that you don't have to compare yourself with any other racial group. To know this is to know the security of exactly where you belong. 4. Delinquency. The obvious breakdown in the mental health of the Maori people occurs in their delinquency problem. This differs from the European in that Maori crime, like European crime, which is almost entirely centred about the urban area, occurs 50% in urban areas and 50% in rural areas attached to their home situation. While most Europeans suffering from delinquency come within normal intelligence, the Maori intelligence level is lower than normal. I feel that this is probably not a true indication of the intelligence of the Maori but rather a depressed I.Q. level, indicating that the Maori has not yet adapted himself to the European culture and is finding difficulty in adjusting himself to it, and also difficulty in expressing himself in the English language. In his own cultural background, the activities of the Maori have previously been controlled by a group, by the strength of his religion and by the strength of his tribal leaders. In most districts, the tribal leaders no longer have a strong control over their people. The extended family system that we have spoken of earlier is disintegrating, sometimes for economic reasons. People are finding it difficult to live on a farm that will support one