BOOKS The Expatriate, a study of Frances Hodgkins and New Zealand, by E. H. McCormick. New Zealand University Press. 1954, 30/-. Frances Hodgkins (1869–1947) a New Zealand painter who gained considerable fame abroad, is probably not a figure familiar to most New Zealanders, but for our art lovers and critics her name has frequently been the centre of much controversy, and in recent years, downright unpleasant squabbling. Mr McCormick examines all this carefully and impartially, but his book is first and foremost an account of Frances Hodgkins' life, and only indirectly an assessment of her art. For a few this will be disappointing, but for the lay reader, possibly more interested in the woman and what she did than the paintings she produced, this should be no drawback. And there is no doubt about it, Frances Hodgkins was a remarkable woman. In the revealing correspondence Mr McCormick quotes so effectively, the strength of her home-ties and the strength of her ambitions as a painter are painfully clear, and between the two she must have suffered agonies, but ambition was always just a little stronger. It triumphed continually over repeated disappointments and failures, poverty, loneliness and frustration. One is almost repelled by the singleness of purpose that developed alongside her work—everything else bounced off like so many ping-pong balls—and the Frances Hodgkins of the latter years was very much a product of her own art. Mr McCormick describes in a sober but highly readable style, the early years spent in Dunedin with her family whose enthusiastic hobby was painting, her first unsettling trip to Europe in 1901, and the long self-chosen exile that followed, broken by only two brief and uneasy returns to her homeland. Her life being what it was, Mr McCormick's book becomes a study of ‘the expatriate’—a person torn by loyalties for the land of her birth and the land of her adoption and he goes a long way in explaining why Frances Hodgkins, like so many expatriates New Zealand has produced, felt forced to seek her fortune overseas. Our position on the map has less to do with it than our attitudes toward artists and their work. New Zealanders pride themselves on being practical. And art is not practical. As someone once said to me, poetry and painting—they don't pay (as Frances Hodgkins found to her cost). Thus for many New Zealanders, ‘art’, in the form of a National Orchestra, art exhibition, or literary periodical, is merely an expensive ‘extra’ stuck on to the real business of living. As for the ‘artists’ who forsake their families and give up good jobs and choose to live on the smell of an oil-rag or their friends—well, if they end up starving in a garrat (Francis Hodgkins nearly did several times) they deserve all they don't get. Coming from a society that expects everyone to do his bit in contributing to the material prosperity of the country, this view may be reasonable enough (and I suppose a sense of dedication is always difficult to undertaken), but as long as we continue to hold it so we will continue to produce expatriates like Frances Hodgkins, and be obliged to find biographers like Mr McCormick to write their obituaries. —J. S. Sturm The Emigrants, by George Lamming. Michael Joseph. 1954. 15/-. While reading this book, Mr Lamming's second novel, I had to remind myself continually that the author is only twenty-eight, and I could see straight away why the Times Literary Supplement describes him as ‘a major writer in the making.’ Part West Indian part English, Mr Lamming introduces us to a group of West Indians seeking ‘a better break’ in England, for them, the treasure house of opportunity and self-advancement. But the London they become lost in is a jungle of factories and basement-flats and crowded hostels and night clubs and people no happier than they are themselves. It isn't difficult to guess what happens to them generally, but Mr Lamming refuses to spare us any of the details. And some of them are more than surprising. Education, social background, and money are no protections, and good intentions are so much chaff before the wind. One by one they are bewildered and defeated by circumstances beyond their control or understanding, and when they try to help each other it's like the blind leading the blind. Vague hopes and modest ambitions, even self-confidence and personal integrity go down before repeated attacks of loneliness and disappointment. Mr Lamming is speaking on behalf of his countrymen, but not apologetically or with appeals to our sentimentality. He simply rubs our noses in the mess and leaves us to think it over. The inkling that he sees not only a small group of West Indians in this plight, but also the whole of post-war society, is no comfort either. A tough modern novel, tougher because of its vivid hard-hitting prose. And frankly, not everyone's cup of tea. —J. S. Sturm Cheri & The Last of Cheri. Colette. Penguin Books. 1954, 2/6. Madame Colette, a famous French novelist who died last year, is not very well-known to English readers. “Cheri,” written as far back at 1920, was first translated in 1930 and again in 1949, and was first published by Penguin Books in 1954. To say I enjoyed the book would be an understatement. The country, the way of life, and the people, will probably be as unfamiliar to most New Zealand readers as they are to me.