Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur

Turnbull Library Record, Volume 18, Issue 1, 1 May 1984, Page 29

Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur

R. D. J. COLLINS

The wide-ranging intellectual curiosity which marked the eighteenth century in Europe finds a humble reflection in the works of Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur (1756-1810). From the appearance of his first book in 1784 to the posthumous publication of his last in 1812, the 31 titles which are associated with his name embrace themes and genres as diverse as novels with an oriental flavour, and texts expressing a stern morality in harmony with a new spirit in French politics and society; the world of the theatre, and the achievements of French patriots during the Revolution and under the Empire; classical mythology, and the voyages of discovery. 1 The six texts which Grasset de Saint-Sauveur devoted to New Zealand, based necessarily on the experiences of others, set him up as a distinctive mediator between the reality of New Zealand as reported by the earliest visitors, and the French public. The illustrations, likewise presumably derived from earlier sources, generated several imitations and adaptations: perhaps even more than the texts they influenced and helped disseminate the image of New Zealand held in France in the period after 1788.

I Grasset de Saint-Sauveur’s first published work, the Costumes civils actuels de tons les peuples connus, poses bibliographic problems which extend beyond the scope of the present study. Suffice it to say that neither of the copies of the 1784 edition which we have seen contains a section on New Zealand. The Tableaux cosmographiques de VEurope, de VAsie, de I’Afrique et de VAmerique (1787) also falls well short of the vast ambitions implied by its title: in both copies sighted the text ‘Division des peuples du Canada’ which follows an eight-page introduction and a 15-page general survey of America, breaks off at the end of page 28. We assume that difficulties, the nature of which must remain conjectural, forced the abandonment of this specific project. It is only in the fourth volume of the 1788 edition of the Costumes civils actuels de tousles peuples connus, subtitled Amerique, that an essay on New Zealand first appears.

COSTUMES CIVILS / ACTUELS / DE TOUS LES PEUPLES CONNUS, / DESSINfiS D’APRfiS NATURE, / GRAVfiS ET COLORIfiS, / Accompagnes d’une Notice Historique sur les / Coutumes, Moeurs, Religions, &c. &c. I Rediges par M. SYLVAIN MARtiCHAL. I TOME QUATRIEME. / [ornament] I A PARIS J Chez PAVARD, Editeur, rue St. Jacques, N° 240. / Et se trouve I Chez /"KNAPEN & Fils, Imprimeurs-Libraires, au bas / du Pont St. Michel. / BAILLY, Libraire, rue St. Honore, Barriere des / Sergens. / GASTEY, Libraire, au Palais-Royal, / Et chez tousles Libraires de l’Europe. / [double rule] I M. DCC. LXXXVIII. I AVEC APPROBATION, ET PRIVILEGE DU ROI

The full title, identical for each volume apart from the numbering, differs in several details from that of the 1784 edition. It will also be noted that no mention is made of Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, and that the work is attributed to Sylvain Marechal with whom he had indeed already collaborated and with whom he would collaborate again in the future. The engraved frontispieces which appear in each of the four volumes are dated 1787 and the title-pages 1788, but the work appears under th cprivilege and approbation originally granted to Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur in 1784. Of the three copies sighted only two contain the essay ‘Moeurs et Coutumes des Insulaires de la Nouvelle Zelande’ which occupies eight pages, paginated [l]-8.

For his information about New Zealand Grasset de SaintSauveur (or Sylvain Marechal) had turned to the account of Cook’s third voyage first published in London in 1784, of which four French translations had appeared by 1788. 2 He provides an almost continuous adaptation, interspersed nevertheless with numerous excisions and interpolations. It is possible that the few lines devoted to topography and natural history may be derived from Hawkesworth, but the predominant role of the principal English source cannot be doubted. Among the original additions we must, for the moment at least, classify comments on human vanity and personal adornment, interpretations of moko, meditations on liberty and the right to live in independence, texts of a war chant and a song, and a charming analogy drawn between tikis and European custom. 3 The text is illustrated with one plate, an unsigned aquatint of an ‘lnsulaire de la Nouvelle Zeelande’, of which all copies sighted are hand-coloured. Its source remains to be identified.

II Although some of the material incorporated in ‘Moeurs et Coutumes des Insulaires de la Nouvelle Zelande’ will later reappear in different form, the essay as a whole produced no offspring. Such is not the case however for the essay ‘Moeurs, Loix et Costumes des Sauvages de la Nouvelle Zelande’, a text of nine pages first issued without date or place of publication, which stands manifestly as ancestor to all subsequent texts associated with Grasset de Saint-Sauveur. 4 Once again we are confronted with a collaborative work associating this time Grasset de Saint-Sauveur with Jean-Franfois Cornu, ‘Man of Law’, about whom we have discovered nothing

further, and who was responsible for the ‘literary part’. This we interpret as indicating that Cornu composed the text within a general framework established by Grasset de Saint-Sauveur. Several clues suggest limits within which it must have appeared: 1. No publisher is named on the title-page but the book ‘May be had of the principal Booksellers of the Kingdom’: the French Monarchy, although restricted in its powers in the early years of the Revolution, was not formally overthrown and replaced by the Republic until September 1793, which provides a date ante quem. 2. Grasset de Saint-Sauveur is described as the ‘Author of the Costumes civils actuels de tousles Peuples connus, See. of which the first edition has just been completed’: this could provide us with a date post hoc of 1784 if we accept the publication of that year as being complete, or of 1788 if we consider the fuller edition of that date to mark the real completion of the enterprise. 3. However, the fact that the particle de, with its aristocratic implications, has been dropped from the author’s name on the title page, suggests mid-1789 as a more probable date post hoc. 4. From this text all others (apart from the ‘Moeurs et Coutumes . . .’ of 1788) derive, with successive excisions leading to greater —even excessive—brevity, and revisions sometimes leading to greater elegance of form. 5. Of its four illustrations one showing a ‘Sauvage de la nouvelle Zeelande’ is a coarse reinterpretation of the 1788 plate, redrawn we suggest to harmonize with the three new ones prepared for this text.

In the light of all these factors, we propose the date 1789-93 for the ‘Moeurs, Lois et Costumes . . ,’. 5 Three copies of this New Zealand essay have been located, with slight differences between them; two concern punctuation, and the third the correction of one word. In the copy belonging to the Bordeaux Municipal Library, the text ends with the hope that the English might re-establish harmony and morality among these barbarians: ‘may they enter into the country of these barbarians only to re-establish the eternal laws of nature which are so unworthily noted ( notees ) there’, which is meaningless. The Mitchell Library and Alexander Turnbull Library copies read: ‘may they enter into the country of these barbarians only to re-establish the eternal laws of nature which are so unworthily violated ( violees) there’. But the attention to errors which this correction implies is not sustained, nor is the process of correction completed, and the text as a whole contains many errors of both spelling and syntax. Although the two Australasian copies concur in all textual details, one major difference separates them: that of the Mitchell Library is bound as part of the Encyclopedic des voyages of 1795. A

collective title-page heads the first volume (of four) and no individual titles are present. All reference to J.-F. Cornu has disappeared:

ENCYCLOPfiDIE / DES VOYAGES, / CONTENANT l’abrege historique des moeurs, usages, / habitudes domestiques, religions, fetes, supplices, / funerailles, sciences, arts, commerce de tousles / peuples; ET la collection complette de leurs habillements civils, I militaires, religieux et dignitaires, dessines d’apres nature, I graves avec soin et colories a I’aquarelle. I Par j. GRASSET-St.-SAUVEUR, ci-devant Vice-Consul / de la Nation Franfaise en Hongrie. / [rule] I Se trouve chez DEROY, Libraire, rue du Cimetiere-Andre, / n° 15, pres la rue Haute-Feuille, / Et chez les principaux Libraires de la Republique. I [rule] I 1795. [enclosed in a rectangle formed of double rules]

Certain topics discussed in 1788 are no longer included, but the contraction which this could represent is in fact outweighed by new material borrowed this time from Hawkesworth, and with just over 2,400 words the text is almost a quarter as long again as that of 1788. 6

The four plates in the Turnbull and Mitchell copies, which are all signed ‘J. Grasset St. Sauveur inv. direx. ’ and ‘J. Laroque Sculp.’, show a ‘Sauvage de la nouvelle Zeelande’, a ‘Guerrier de la Nouvelle Zelande’, a ‘Sauvagesse de la Nouvelle Zelande’, and a ‘Fille paree de la nouvelle Zeelande’. The first is a new plate crudely reproducing the ‘lnsulaire’ of 1788. The head of the ‘Guerrier’ appears to be derived from the well known Parkinson portrait, but the sources of the other images remain to be identified. The Bordeaux copy lacks the plates.

As we shall show in due course, the seated warrior will reappear in other works by Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, but he also enters the public domain andjoins the common pool of Pacific images whence many European artists and designers drew. We can recognise him, turned away from us but faithful to his original pose, in the celebrated panoramic wallpaper ‘Les Sauvages des Mers du Sud’, published at Macon, France, in 1804-5 by Dufour and Leroy, after designs by Jean-Gabriel Charvet. Infinitely small but unmistakable, he figures, reversed, in an educational game, the ‘Jeu de la Montre geographique’ (Cabinet des Estampes, Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; undated, early nineteenth century?) where he represents the ‘Terres Magalleniques’ and ‘Tierra del Fuego’. The costume of the ‘Fille paree’ also appears to have inspired Charvet in the preparation of the wallpaper designs.

111 Grasset de Saint-Sauveur’s best known book is the Encyclopedic des Voyages of 1796, in which a number of variations can be recognised. New Zealand is placed in the volume Amerique which has two variant title-pages. The less common, which we have seen only in the Lyons Municipal Library, reads thus: [rule] I An 4 C . Republique Franfaise. I [rule] ENCYCLOPfiDIE DES VOYAGES, /

CONTENANT l’abrege historique des moeurs, / usages, habitudes domestiques, religions, / fetes, supplices, funerailles, sciences, arts, / et commerce de tousles peuples: / ET la collection complette de leurs habillemens I civils, militaires, religieux et dignitaires, I dessines d’apres nature, graves avec soin et I colories a Vaquarelle. I Par J. GRASSET S.-SAUVEUR, ci-devant Vice- / Consul de la nation Franfaise en Hongrie. / AMfiRIQUE. I [rule] I Se trouve chez l’Auteur, rue Nicaise, maison de la Section des /

Tuileries. / Chez DEROY, Libraire, rue du Cimetiere-Andre, N°. 15, pres / la rue Haute-feuille. / Et chez les principaux Libraires de la Republique. I [double rule ] / 1796. The copies of the Bibliotheque Nationale (Departement des Imprimes), of the Mitchell Library (which possesses only this volume) and of the Alexander Turnbull Library read: . . . en Hongrie. I [rule] I Edition orne [sic] de 432 planches coloriees. Presque toutes les planches / forment des tableaux de plusieurs figures. I [rule] I AMfiRIQUE / . . .

Thereafter the title pages of the four copies are identical. 7 A second variation of major concern lies in the New Zealand section of which there are two versions. That which we consider to be the earlier (Alexander Turnbull Library) is titled ‘Sauvages de la Nouvelle Zelande’ and is paginated [l]-6. The second (Bibliotheque Nationale, Lyons Municipal Library, Mitchell Library) has the text ‘Habitans de la Nouvelle Zelande’, which is paginated [1 ]—2. The ‘Sauvages . . .’ of 1796 remains fundamentally close to the ‘Moeurs, Loix et Costumes . . .’of 1789-93. There are a number of trivial modifications but there have also been numerous and extensive excisions, reducing the text from a little over 2,400 words to just over 1,730. In general terms these cuts have led to a more sober, even a rather bland text, although inevitably some factual material has also been lost.

The second text to which all available evidence ascribes the date 1796, ‘Habitans de la Nouvelle Zelande’, is, despite its brevity (approximately 570 words) derived from the ‘Sauvages . . of the same year, following its modo for about half the length of the latter. The 1789-93 text was already a simplification—and thus a distortion—of Hawkesworth. In its turn ‘Sauvages . . remained reasonably faithful to its immediate source, but in pursuing this further revision, Grasset de Saint-Sauveur has produced in ‘Habitans'. . .’ little more than a travesty of a caricature.

Both of the 1796 texts are illustrated by the four plates originally published in the ‘Moeurs, Loix et Costumes . . .’of 1789-93, but only the ‘Guerrier’ remains unchanged. In the second state of the ‘Sauvage’ a stroke (scratch?) crosses the d of de in the title. In the second state of the ‘Sauvagesse’ the trunk of a small tree is visible on the ground at the extreme left and two tufts of foliage have been added, one to the left, one to the right of the figure. In the third state two diagonal lines (scratches?) are present in the lower border above the letters sse and elle Ze of the title. The ‘Fille paree’ too, has a second state in which tufts of vegetation now flank the figure, one to each side.

IV The fifth essay on New Zealand appears in a work not listed by Bagnall in the first volume of the New Zealand National Bibliography:

TABLEAUX / des I PRINCIPAUX PEUPLES / DE L’EUROPE, I DEL’ASIE, DEL’AFRIQUE, DE L’AM£RIQUE; I et les decouvertes / DES CAPITAINES COOK, LA p£ROUSE, etc. etc. I Represents avec leur figure caracteristique, d’apres leurs / varietes physiques, chacun dans son costume, et peints / avec les couleurs qui leur sont usitees. I Chacun de ces cinq Tableaux est accompagne d’un Livre I d’explication., qui rend compte des moeurs, coutumes, I usages, religion et commerce de chaque peuple. I Par JACQUES GRASSET-SAINT-SAUVEUR, ancien Vice-consul / de France en Hongrie et dans le Levant. I [ornament] I A PARIS, / Chez I’Auteur, rue Coqueron, maison de France, derriere la Poste aux lettres. / A BORDEAUX, / Chez la citoyenne SAINT-SAUVEUR, sous le peristile de la grande Comedie. / Et chez les principaux Libraires de Paris et des Departemens. / [double rule] lAN VIDE LA R£PUBLIQUE FRANC AISE. V-e. 1797-8] 8

This work poses none of the bibliographic problems which beset the earlier titles of Pacific interest. The prospectus states that it was to be published over a period of four months at a subscription price of 50 francs (plain) and 96 francs (coloured): to non-subscribers the prices were to be 72 and 120 francs respectively. All the copies sighted are bound in one volume, with a general title-page transcribed above, and other preliminary material, followed by five sections (Europe, Asia, Africa, America and the Pacific) each with its own sectional title, preliminaries, text and table of contents. The Pacific title-page reads:

HISTOIRE ABRfiGfiE /des decouvertes / DES CAPITAINES COOK, I WILSON, LA p£ROUSE, etc. etc. / CONTENANT la description des moeurs, coutumes, usages, habillemens, fetes, mariages, supplices, / funerailles, etc. des divers peuples sauvages qui / habitent les bords et les lies de la mer du Sud. I Accompagnee d’un tableau representant les differens I peuples de cette partie du monde, chacun dans le I costume et l’attitude qui lui est propre; entoure I des productions du climat, etc. etc. I Et encadre d’un arabesque compose des differens attributs propres / au pays. / Par JACQUES GRASSET-SAINT-SAUVEUR, ancien Vice-consul / de France en Hongrie et dans le Levant. I [wavy rule] I A PARIS, Chez l’auteur, rue Coqueron, maison de France, derriere la Poste aux lettres. / a Bordeaux, / Chez la citoyenne SAINT-SAUVEUR, sous le peristile de la grande Comedie. / Et chez les principaux Libraires de Paris et des Departemens. I [rule] I AN VI DE LA r£PUBLIQUE FRAN£AISE.

The essay ‘Nouvelle-Zelande’ which appears on pages 11-14 of this fifth section is derived from the ‘Sauvages de la Nouv-elle Zelande’ of 1796. The extensive rephrasing and reordering of the text was presumably not intended to reduce its length, for it is only about 160 words shorter than its source. It reflects, rather, a serious attempt at stylistic revision. In preparing the illustrations, Grasset de Saint-Sauveur chose a

new format, using one large engraving for each section. Thus the ‘Tableau des Decouvertes du Capne Cook, & de la Perouse’ shows 24 groups of two, three or four inhabitants from different parts of the Pacific Basin. The ‘Habts. de la Zelande (N° 2)’ are the ‘Guerrier’ and ‘Sauvagesse’ of 1789-93 and 1796, now grouped together and placed before a landscape of rugged, precipitous peaks reminiscent of Tahiti or, much less plausibly, of Whangarei Harbour! There exists an independent, reversed version of this group (image 95mm X 65mm) engraved by H. C. The hand-coloured copy sighted (Rex Nan Kivell Collection, National Library of Australia, Canberra) has neither title nor date, and we have been unable to locate it elsewhere.

Two years after the Tableaux des principaux peuples, Grasset de Saint-Sauveur published a small handbook to the Museum of Travellers and Sailors he had established in the heart of Paris, in the Palais-Egalite, alias Palais-Royal: from the Pacific, only Easter Island and the Marquesas figured among the 23 displays in the Museum.

V The two earlier editions of the Encyclopedic des Voyages (1795 and 1796) were followed by a third in 1806 under the title Voyages pittoresques dans les quatre parties du monde. 9 It was initially to be published in 24 parts, appearing at the rate of one a month, but the author not wishing to leave imperfect a work which every day receives and deserves the good will of the Public because of its careful execution, the care devoted to the engravings and colouring, and the rapidity of its publication, has felt himself obliged to add two further parts to complete the number of Peoples which it is interesting to know.

The twenty-seventh part was to contain titles, frontispieces, prefatory material, a table of contents, and instructions for the binder. The price of each part is expressed differently in the two prospectuses we have seen: in Paris it was 3 francs or 3 livres, in the provinces 3 francs 50 centimes or 3 livres 10 sous. These variations reflect not a fluctuation in price, but the diversity of monetary terminology in the Revolutionary period. It is in the second volume ‘Contenant les Peuples de l’Asie, de l’Afrique, des deux Ameriques, et Sauvages de la Mer du Sud’ that we find the text ‘Habitans de la Nouvelle Zelande’, paginated [l]-2. This is in fact a republication of the caricatural 1796 text of that title, with some slight errors corrected and some trivial changes in

punctuation. The plate, ‘Plomme & femme de la Nouvelle Zelande’, dated 1806, is however a new one, drawn by ‘J. G. St. Sauveur’ and engraved by ‘Lachausseejeune’; its source (or sources) remains to be identified. Each of the plates in this work is dated, the earliest ones being of 1801. There is none from 1802 or 1803, and the majority are oflßo4, 1805 and 1806. This is further evidence of the long process of preparation which ended only with the appearance of the title page in 1806.

The Alexander Turnbull Library’s copy of this work is a particularly interesting one, for it contains two prospectuses (one of two pages, the other of only one) neither of which we have seen elsewhere, the original wrappers of the individual parts, and two receipts for the purchase of single parts. One of the receipts is a printed form with the appropriate details inserted by hand, while the other is wholly manuscript and signed by the author himself. The final publication to bear Grasset de Saint-Sauveur’s name is the Museum de la Jeunesse, ou Tableaux historiques des Sciences et des Arts. It was completed by his widow, assisted by M. F. Babie with whom her husband had already collaborated on one book, and a discreetly anonymous M. H...t, and appeared in 1812, two years after his death. Although New Zealand appears, inevitably, in a world map, and although it is cited in connection with Cook’s voyages of discovery, the only Pacific Islands which appear in the illustrated section devoted to ‘Amerique’ are Easter Island, Tahiti, Tanna and Saint Christine.

It is true that works of a broadly ethnographic nature represent the largest single category of Grasset de Saint-Sauveur’s published writings, with 14 titles out of a total of 31, and this pre-eminence is echoed in our very imperfect census of copies seen or reported. It is equally true that New Zealand represents only a small and relatively insignificant fragment of this larger theme, a situation which is, of course, typical of the French view until well into the nineteenth century. Better informed by English sources than by those emanating from their own voyages of discovery, the French public had little opportunity, or reason, to fix their attention on New Zealand per se. The justifiably obscure play of 1782, Zora'i, ou les Insulaires de la Nouvelle-Zelande does not threaten this generalisation; 10 more typical is the fleeting visit paid by d’Entrecasteaux in 1793 and its equally brief reflection in the published accounts of the

voyage. Only in the wake of the great scientific voyages of the 1820 s, 1830 s and 1840 s will France ‘discover’ New Zealand. And so the six New Zealand essays and seven engravings associated with Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, despite the surprisingly large corpus they represent in themselves, are unexceptional when replaced in their fuller context. In their lack of originality they are typical of their time, and their bibliographical intricacies may be of little fundamental significance, yet the plates alone—as filled with charm and awkward innocence as they are void of ethnographic truth—redeem them, and earn for their publishers, engravers and principal begetter a modest place in the gallery of eighteenth century New Zealand art.

THE NEW ZEALAND PRINTS

1 Insulaire de la Nouvelle Zeelande Engraving and aquatint, 180 mm X 117 mm, unsigned, 1788. 2 Sauvage de la nouvelle Zeelande Engraving and aquatint, 206 mm X 144 mm, ‘J. Grasset St. Sauveur inv. direx. J. Laroque Sculp.’. Ist state, [1789-1793]; 2nd state, 1796: a stroke (scratch?) crosses thed ofde in the title.

3 Guerrier de la nouvelle Zelande Engraving and aquatint, 213 mm X 150 mm, ‘J- Grasset St. Sauveur inv. direx, J. Laroque Sculp.’, [1789-1793], republished 1796. 4 Sauvagesse de la Nouvelle Zelande Engraving and aquatint, 211 mm x 147 mm, ‘J. Grasset St. Sauveur inv. direx. J. Laroque Sculp.’. Ist state, [1789-1793]: no vegetation on ground; 2nd state, 1796: trunk of a small tree at extreme left and one tuft of foliage to each side of the figure; 3rd state, 1796: two diagonal lines (scratches?) in the lower border, above the letters sse and elle Ze of the title.

5 Fille paree de la Nouvelle Zeelande Engraving and aquatint, 208 mm X 144 mm, ‘J. Grasset St. Sauveur inv. direx. J. Laroque Sculp.’. Ist state, [1789-1793]: no vegetation on ground; 2nd state, 1796: one tuft of foliage to each side of the figure. 6 Tableau des Decouvertes du Capne Cook, &de la Perouse Engraving, 438 mm x 525 mm, ‘J. G. St. Sauveur Fecit., Phelipeau Sculp., Ecrit par Malbeste, fan 7 de la Republique Franfaise’ [i.e. 1798-1799].

7 Homme & femme de la Nouvelle Zelande Engraving, 158 mm x 115 mm, ‘J. G. St. Sauveur del, Lachaussee jne. sculp., Ameriqu. Merid. L’An 1806. Sauvages.’ Neither Benezit nor Thieme-Becker records J. LAROQUE. Georges MALBESTE or MALBfiTE (Paris 1754-Paris 1843) was a draughtsman, etcher and engraver who exhibited at the Salon from 1798 to 1833. According to Benezit he specialised in historical and genre subjects. PHELIPEAU is perhaps the Antoine PHELIPPEAUX (Bordeaux 1767, died after 1830), recorded by Benezit as an engraver of portraits who exhibited at the 1804 Salon.

We have located the following copies of these prints in New Zealand collections: Alexander Turnbull Library: numbers 2 (both states), 3, 4 (states 1 and 3), 5 (both states), 6 and 7. Hocken Library: the first states of numbers 2, 4 and 5, and number 3. Private collection: numbers 1,2 (state 1), 3, 4 (states 1 and 2), and 5 (state 1).

REFERENCES 1 Grasset de Saint-Sauveur has hitherto attracted the attention of Henri Cohen (Guide de Vamateur de livres a gravures du XVIII e si'ecle, of which the 6th edition appeared in Paris in 1912), Alexandre Cioranescu ( Bibliographie de la litterature du dix-huitieme si'ecle, Paris, 1969, 3 volumes), Simone Lossignol (Jacques Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, sa vie—son oeuvre iconographique sur le costume regionalfrangais , unpublished thesis, Ecole du Louvre, Paris, n.d. [c. 1975]) and Angus Martin, Vivienne G. Mylne & Richard Frantschi ( Bibliographie du genre romanesque partial view of Grasset de Saint-Sauveur’s production, and Cioranescu’s bibliography, despite its ambitions, is incomplete. Simone Lossignol provides the only biography of substance. Despite the deceptive de, his family was not a noble one. On one occasion (1787) our author conferred upon himself the title Chevalier. At the beginning of the Revolution he dropped thede with its undemocratic overtones, but it was reassumed by his widow and appears on the title-page of his last, posthumous book in 1812. It is this form that we use throughout this paper. 2 We have consulted the 1784 three-volume Dublin edition in which the model

for the French adaptation appears in v.l, p. 154-163. 3 Only insofar as it apparently claims descent from the Costumes civils actuels de tousles peuples connus ... of 1784 and 1788, is it appropriate to record the following work: COSTUMES / CIVILS / DE TOUS LES PEUPLES, / AVEC UNE NOTICE HISTORIQUE SUR LES MOEURS, USAGES, COUTUMES, / RELIGIONS, FfiTES, SUPPLICES, FUNfiRAILLES, SCIENCES, ARTS, COM- / MERCE, ETC., DE CHAQUE PEUPLE. / PAR MARfiCHAL. / [ ornament] I Troisieme edition, revue et corrigee, / [ ornament ] / TOME 1. I [ornament] I GUINGAMP / B. JOLLIVET, fiDITEUR. I [rule] I 1837. . . . / TOME 5./.../ 1838.

The essay ‘Moeurs et coutumes des habitans du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zelande. (Voyage de Marion)’, occupies p. 261-281 of the fifth volume. Although other plates in the work are obviously derived from Grasset de Saint-Sauveur, the copy sighted does not contain a New Zealand plate. The text is unrelated to any of the essays described in this paper. 4 Cf. New Zealand National Bibliography, v.l, 2267. 5 We have encountered one companion piece to this book, Moeurs, Loix et Costumes de la Cote des Esclaves, complete with its own title-page but without plates. 6 John Hawkesworth, An Account of the Voyages Undertaken by the Order of His Present Majesty for Making Discoveries in the Southern Hemisphere . . . , London, 1773, 3 volumes. The relevant section is in v. 3, c. 8-10, p. 435-480. French translations appeared in 1774 (2 editions) and 1789. 7 Cf. New Zealand National Bibliography , v. 1, 2266. 8 So the title page. The ‘Tableau des Decouvertes du Capne Cook . . .’, however, bears the date ‘An 7’ (i.e. 1798-1799). 9 New Zealand National Bibliography , v. 1, 2268 10 By Jean-Etienne Francois de Marignie, banned after its first (and last) performance on 5 October 1782. See A. C. Keys, ‘Zora'i ou les Insulaircs de la Nouvelle-Zelande’, Aumla, 9 (November 1958) 36-47.