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2. Income security should bo organized as far as possible on the basis of compulsory social insurance, whereby insured persons fulfilling prescribed qualifying conditions arc entitled, in consideration of the contributions they have paid to an insurance institution, to benefits payable at rates, and in contingencies, defined by law. 3. Provision for needs not covered by compulsory social insurance should be made by social assistance ; certain categories of persons, particularly dependent children and needy invalids, aged persons and widows, should bo entitled to allowances at reasonable rates according to a prescribed scale. 4. Social assistance appropriate to the needs of the case should be provided for other persons in want. I. SOCIAL INSURANCE A. Contingencies covered Range of Contingencies to be covered 5. The range of contingencies to be covered by compulsory social insurance should embrace all contingencies in which an insured person is prevented from earning his living, whether by inability to work or inability to obtain remunerative work, or in which he dies leaving a: dependent family, and should include certain associated emergencies, generally experienced, which involve extraordinary strain on limited incomes, in so far as they are not otherwise covered. 6. Compensation should be provided in cases of incapacity for work and of death resulting from employment, 7. In order that the benefits provided by social insurance may bo closely adapted to the variety of needs, the contingencies covered should be classified as follows : —■ (a) Sickness; (b) Maternity^ (c) Invalidity; (d) Old age ; (e) Death of breadwinner ; (/) Unemployment; (g) Emergency expenses ; and (h) Employment injuries. Provided that benefits should not be payable at tho same time for more than one of the following contingencies : invalidity, old age and unemployment. 8. Supplements for each of the first two children should be added to all benefits payable for loss of earnings, provision for further children being left to bo made by means of children s allowances payable out of public funds or under contributory schemes. Sickness 9. The contingency for which sickness benefit should be paid is loss of earnings due to abstention from work necessitated on medical grounds by an acute condition, due to disease or injury, requiring medical treatment or supervision. (1) The necessity for abstention from work should be judged, as a rule, with reference to the previous occupation of the insured person, which he may be expected to resume. (2) Benefit need not be paid for tho first few days of a period of sickness, but if sickness recurs within a few months, a fresh waiting period should not be imposed. (3) Benefit should preferably be continued until the beneficiary is fit to return to work, dies or becomes an invalid. If, however, it is considered necessary to limit the duration of benefit, the maximum period should not be less than 26 weeks for a single case, and provision should bo made for extending the duration of benefit in the case of specified diseases, such as tuberculosis, which often involve lengthy, though curable, sickness : Provided that at the outset of tho operation of an insurance scheme it may be necessary to provide for a shorter period than 26 weeks. Maternity 10. The contingency for which maternity benefit should be paid is loss of earnings due to abstention from work during prescribed periods before and after childbirth. (1) A woman should have the right to leave her work if she produces a medical certificate stating that her confinement will probably take place within six weeks, and no woman should be permitted to work during the six weeks following her confinement. (2) During these periods maternity benefit should be payable. (3) Absence from work for longer periods or on other occasions may be desirable on medical grounds having regard to the physical condition of the beneficiary and the exigencies of her work ; during any such periods sickness benefits should be payable. (4) The payment of maternity benefit may be made conditional on the utilization by the beneficiary of health services provided for her and her child. Invalidity 11. The contingency for which invalidity benefit should be paid is inability to engage in any substantially gainful work by reason of a chronic condition, due to disease or injury, or by reason of the loss of a member or function. (1) A handicapped person should be expected to engage in any occupation which may reasonably be indicated for him, having regard for his remaining strength and ability, his previous experience, and any facilities for training available to him. (2) A person for whom such an occupation can be indicated but is not yet available, and a person following a training course, should receive provisional invalidity benefit, training benefit or unemployment benefit, if he is otherwise qualified for it.

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