LAND-DRAINAGE METHODS IN AMERICA AND RELATIVE MATTERS (REPORT ON), BY J. B. THOMPSON, CHIEF DRAINAGE ENGINEER, LANDS AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT, NEW ZEALAND.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1921 Session I-II, C-04a

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Session 11. 1921. NEW ZEALAND.

LAND-DRAINAGE METHODS IN AMERICA AND RELATIVE MATTERS (REPORT ON), BY J. B. THOMPSON, CHIEF DRAINAGE ENGINEER, LANDS AND SURVEY DEPARTMENT, NEW ZEALAND.

Laid on the 'ruble of the House of Representatives by l t eave

CONTENTS. I'AOE p AaK Localities visited— Sedimentation Dominion of Canada .. .. .. .. Erosion of Ditches United States of America .. .. .. Erosion of Hill-land and Control of Hill-water The Drainage Movement in Canada and United Flood Protection States — Tide, Sluice, and Lock Gates Canada .. .. .. .. .. Concrete Overfalls, Flumes, and Spillways United States of America .. .. .. Highways Legal Machinery : Drainage Districts— Comparison of the Muck and Peat Soil of the United Petitions .. .. .. .. .. States with that of New Zealand Objections .. .. .. .. .. Comparison of Alluvial Swamp Lands of United Classification .. .. .. .. States and New Zealand Finance .. .. .. .. ■ ■ The Selection of Drainage Machinery and Supplies Comparison .. .. .. .. .. for New Zealand General Practice .. .. .. .. Contracts entered into .. (lasses of Drainage— Requisitions issued Gravity System .. .. .. .. Proposed Distribution of Machinery and Supplies— Salt marsh Drainage .. .. .. .. Consideration Drainage by Pumping .. .. .. Plant-distribution Tile Draining .. .. .. .. Office Excavation of Channels and Ditches — The Future of the Land drainage Movement in New Dipper Dredges .. .. .. .. Zealand— Clam-shell Dredges .. .. .. .. Past History Walking dredges .. .. .. ' .. The Future Drag-line Scraper Excavators .. .. .. Investigations necessary Hydraulic Suction Dredges .. .. .. Recommended Field of Investigation in New Operating-costs of Various Machines .. .. Zealand General .. .. .. .. .. Conclusion— Drainage Excavation Costs, Period 1919-20 .. General Annual Maintenance of Ditches .. .. Personal

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REPORT ON VISIT TO DOMINION OF CANADA AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONNECTION WITH METHODS OF LAND-DRAINAGE IN THOSE COUNTRIES. Sir,-— 24th June, 1921. In accordance with your instructions to inquire into the latest methods of land-drainage in practice in the above countries, and to select suitable up-to-date plant for prosecuting work in this Dominion, I departed from Auckland on the 6th May, 1920, and returned on the 24th March last. 1 have advised you from time to time of the several places visited and my impressions of the works seen in progress, and now propose to as briefly as possible condense this matter, and also dial with items coining under special headings. Localities visited. Dominion of Canada. —l successively visited the Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Manitoba, and Ottawa, and got in touch with the various authorities controlling drainage. I found that these provinces were, on the eve of embarking on very extensive operations, but that the greater portion of the land to be drained came within the category of periodically flooded lands. Then; did not appear to be any extensive areas of the class of country I desired to see, such as muck and peat lands ; and, after discussing the subject very fully with. Mr. Dawson, Chief Irrigation Engineer, Calgary; Mr. Bowman, Provincial Drainage Engineer; the Manitoba Drainage Commissioners, Winnipeg; and Mr. E. S. Drake, Director of Reclamation Service, Ottawa, 1 decided that my best held of observation would be in the United States of America, seeing that our conditions were more similar. 1, however, took the opportunity of inspecting levee works along the Eraser River, British Columbia ; drainage of irrigated lands in Alberta ; drainage of gumbo Jands in Manitoba ; and operations being conducted on peaty country in Ontario. All this work was being operated by dipper dredges, walking-dippers, and drag-line excavators. \ery excellent work was being done, but none of it under as wet conditions as usually prevail in New Zealand. Maintenance, I found, was more or less a dead-letter, and this, the authorities informed me, was still an unsolved problem. With the exception of the machine maintenance of irrigation ditches near Calgary, I saw no mechanical means for cleaning. For the construction of all classes of large ditches, hand labour has been superseded by machinery of various classes, and of these, walking-dippers and drag-lines are much in favour and doing excellent work. Special facilities were afforded me of seeing the work of several dipper and clam-shell dredges operating at Toronto and Montreal, but these machines were generally too large for our operations in this Dominion. In connection with river-protection works, it was noted that rock-filled cribbing was in general use and proving very satisfactory. This form of protection owes much of its popularity to the nearness of lumber-supplies. United States of America. —I proceeded from Montreal, Canada, to Washington, D.C., and presented my credentials to His Excellency the British Ambassador and the Secretary of State, and was at once placed in touch with, the officers of the Drainage Investigations Branch of the Department of Agriculture. These gentlemen immediately prepared an itinerary covering all the main drainage projects in several States, and either accompanied me thereto or else made arrangements for me to meet engineers at the several points. Drainage operations were inspected in the following States : Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Illinois, lowa, Ohio, North Carolina, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Florida, and California. The methods used for reclamation were closely observed, and much learned from the various eminent, engineers and authorities met with. Very great importance is attached to the necessity for bringing to profit all flooded and swamp lands, as it is recognized (as in New Zealand) that probably the richest land is the swamp area. My observations as regards respective qualities convinced me that there is no better swamp area in America than can be found in New Zealand ; but the area in the former country is quite staggering. This, of course, is very obvious. In the United States the wet areas are approximately as follows : Swam)), 66,000,000 acres ; periodically overflowed, 31,000,000 acres ; tidal marsh, 4,000,000 acres. Probably three-fourths of these lands are timbered, and in many instances cut over. The Drainage Movement in Canada and the United States of America. The benefits and results attending the drainage of flooded and swampy lands in both Canada and the United States of America have opened the eyes of the public and authorities to the meat potential value of the still-undeveloped areas, and a strong and insistent movement has been on foot for the systematic attack of all projects which appear on examination to be practicable. Canada. —Provincial aid has been enlisted in Canada, and several of the provinces hay Manitoba, for instance -enacted legislation in the direction of land-drainage. Under the enactment the Provincial Government undertakes the work, and issues debentures, and may also invest certain moneys in the same. Repayment is spread over terms of from twenty to thirty-five years. The Dominion Government has also a Department which controls certain areas throughout, and prepares them for settlement.

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United Stales of America.—At present there is no State or Federal aid, as in Canada, but certain States have enacted legal machinery in the interests of landowners. This legislation varies somewhat in each State, but is generally on the lines of our own Land Drainage Act. 1908. The Federal Government has under the Department of Agriculture a most valuable branch of drainage investigations. Its functions are, as its title indicates, to explore every aspect of drainage of wet areas, surveys, hydraulics, soil surveys, schemes, and the financial and costs side. This branch of drainage investigations is most valuable, and although it does no actual construction work, yet it covers all schemes in progress, carries on experiments thereon, issues bulletins, and advises engineers and the general public as to best procedure, practice, &c. Its publicity department is proving most valuable, and is much sought. Public agitation is now directed towards gaining State aid in the various projects of the future, as it is held that the State is equally concerned with the individual in the advancement and increased productiveness of the country. Again, many projects are too large for the successful financing and carrying-out of operations without State assistance. Legal Machinery : Drainage Districts. Petitions. —ln both Canada, and the United States the procedure is much the same as in New Zealand. All petitions for forming drainage districts in Canada must be signed by a majority of the landowners ; while in the United States it varies in different States, some requiring the petition to be signed by a majority of the landowners, others by the owners of a majority of acres, and in sonic instances a petition signed by three landowners is sufficient. Objections. —The usual machinery for hearing objections is much as laid down in our own Land Drainage Act. Classification. —Great care is taken in this connection, and every endeavour made to assess the benefits likely to accrue. Classification varies from an acreage basis to, say, five different classes of benefits. In some States the various highways, railroads, &c, may be assessed for likely benefits. Finance. —This may be effected in several ways: (1) By issue of provincial debentures (as in Canada) ; (2) each landowner pays his share of cost in cash, in advance of construction ; (3) by the issue of certificates ; (4) by the issue of bonds. Of these, (1) and (4) are the most practicable and in general favour. The Canadian debentures have a. currency of not less than twenty nor more than thirty-five years. In the United States the bonds usually extend over a period of from ten to twenty years ; but it should be noted that these represent private issues. Comparison. —Comparative analyses of the several Land Drainage Acts in the United States with, the New Zealand Land Drainage Act, 1.908, shows the latter to be much in accord, but it does not offer the same variety of classification. Considering the Act respecting land drainage of Manitoba, it is found similar in many respects to the Swamp Drainage Act, 1915, of New Zealand, but the latter has several features much in advance of the former as regards resumption of lands, construction of roads, &c. In fact, the Swamp Drainage Act, 1915, has several features which appealed strongly to the authorities in Canada, and the. United States, and copies are desired by those advocating State assistance. General Practice. In considering a new project in either country, extensive engineering surveys, data as regards precipitation and run-off, and other details are called for, and it, is only after deliberate analysing of all information and finance proposals that the works should proceed. This is the approved method, but it is not general. Engineers complain that the layman does not appreciate the necessity for spending money on collection of data, and this especially applies to land-drainage. Large sums of money arc expended in the assembling of data considered necessary for power-installations, darns, &c, and business people realize the necessity. In the United States much of the way is cleared for the drainage engineer, as practically the whole of the States are covered by meteorological and hydrographic surveys. The precipitation, run-off, gauging of all streams, their velocities, and so on, are available, and thus a drainage coefficient is at once known for a particular district. This data enables the engineer to design with some measure of exactitude such channels, outfalls, and laterals as will meet the requirements of the area he is dealing with. This points markedly to the disadvantages engineers in New Zealand labour under, due to a complete absence of systematic observations of precipitation and run-off. Flood discharges of our rivers and streams are sadly wanted, and can be. only arrived at under largely .supposititious conditions, and the employment of Formulae which lead to indifferent approximation. Actual observations extending over a period of years are essential. To assist the Land Drainage Branch in this matter several flow-recorders and current-meters were obtained, and will shortly come to hand. Classes of Drainage. Drainage may be said to come under one or the other of the following headings : (1) Gravity drainage ; (2) salt-marsh drainage ; (3) drainage by means of pumping. Fortunately, the major portion of the swampy areas in the United States can be reclaimed by gravity drainage. This also applies to New Zealand. All the above classes were closely looked into and deductions made.

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Gravity System. —This consists of the excavation of channels, outfalls, laterals, and sub-laterals leading to some arranged point or points of final discharge. The necessary tide and flood gates forming a component of the scheme are constructed either of timber or concrete. Generally the same system is world-wide, but many small features —in the aggregate large—were observed, and will be utilized as opportunities occur in our own practice. Salt-marsh Drainage. —The amount of work done in this connection is quite trifling compared with gravity drainage proper. The systems closely resemble each other, but much greater precision has to be, observed, and these undertakings are rather shied at. Their success depends on a good range of tides being available, secure, impervious levees, and really good tide-gates or sluices. Observations made on ground lead one to the conclusion that, given a good range of, say, 8 ft. between mean low- and mean high-water marks, marsh land at, say, mean level can be successfully dealt with. The drainage of areas with less range than above mentioned has not been an unqualified success by any means, and has in some cases been subsequently assisted by pumping. Drainage, by Pumping. —Very considerable areas throughout the United States have been reclaimed by pumping. The Mississippi Valley offers many examples of areas of from 1,000 acres up to 7,000 acres. Apparently the latter area is a good size to handle. In Louisiana several drained tracts were visited, and the inspection was very satisfying. In North Carolina a very large tract, now known as New Holland, but locally as Lake Matamaskeet, was visited, and proved most instructive. The total watershed, comprising lake and foothills, is about 100,000 acres. The lake, originally 3 ft. to 5 ft. deep, is to be drained completely, and was at date of visit practically non-existent. The pumping plant is capable of handling 1,800 cusecs, and comprises the latest centrifugal pumps, which are steam-driven. The pumping plant cost £50,000; annual maintenance, £10,000. Areas were also visited in Sacramento Valley, California, it being observed that the genera] lay-out of pumping plants and areas was similar to those seen in Louisiana. The majority of schemes have low pumping-heads. In addition, the huge pumps in use in New Orleans, known as the wood-screw pump, were seen. They are 12 ft. in diameter, and have a capacity of 800 cusecs each. These pumps are for low heads, and came into use during times of continued heavy rains, and control the drainage of many miles of country surrounding New Orleans. Exceptional precautions have to be taken in designing pumping units and lay-outs. The practice universally adopted is for the engineer to prepare all hydraulic data, amount of power available, the special features of the job, &c, and then invite quotations from manufacturers of pumps for a suitable installation. This results in obtaining guaranteed efficiency plants. The practice of allowing the civil engineer to design the plant is entirely discouraged, and rightly so. Great development has taken place in connection with low-lift pumps, and is ever increasing. Tile Draining. —ln many parts of the United States tile draining is rapidly coming to the front, and its use has been most successful. Open ditches are a disability to any farm, and their maintenance is a continual worry and expense. Then again, a smooth tile will discharge water with much less friction than is possible with an open ditch. Open ditches formerly 6 ft. deep have been replaced with tiles of 48 in. diameter, and then the old ditch backfilled. There can be, no doubt of the advantages of the system. Pipes of 36 in. diameter were observed running 75 per cent. bore. Tiles are variously of clay, cement, vitrified sewer-pipe, or segmental block. Necessarily, this system is very expensive as to first cost, but, on the other hand, maintenance is eliminated, and the absence of open ditches can be appreciated. Tile-laying machines are extensively used, and are generally very efficient. For backfilling of trenches various machines or horse scrapers are used. Tile costs are shown in accompanying sheets of costs data. Excavation of Channels and Dttchf.s. The excavation of all ditches is performed—for at least 90 per cent. —by machinery. The following machinery is standard practice : — Floating dipper dredge .. .. .. .. §to 8 cubic yards capacity. Floating grab or clam-shell dredge .. f to 6 ~ Dry-land dipper excavator .. .. \ to 2 ~ Dry-land grab excavator .. .. .. §to 2 ~ Drag-line scraper excavator .. .. .. fto 3 ~ Hydraulic suction dredge .. .. .. 10 in. to 24 in. suction and delivery. Dipper Dredges. —Floating dredges of dipper type are undoubtedly the best, diggers of stiff clay seen, and are deservedly popular on account of their performances as to output and economy. Fully 80 per cent, of drainage-channel excavation in the eastern States is done by dippers of various makes. The bucket capacity varies from f cubic yards to 8 cubic yards, but in general ditch-work the average would, be about 2-cubic-yards capacity. Their performances were noted under conditions such as exist in New Zealand. The heaviest dredges were seen at work in the Everglades, Florida, but they were engaged in excavating coralline limestone from large canals. Clam-shell Dredges. —ln the west (California) the grab or clam-shell floating dredge is the, favourite, and does remarkably good work. Machines fitted with booms 240 ft. long and carrying

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6-cubic-yard buckets were seen in operation in the Sacramento Valley. They were engaged mainly on levee-work. These machines cost about $190,000 in San Francisco, and are really for very large jobs. Walking-dredges, Dipper Type.—Laterals and sub-laterals are excavated by so-called walkingdredges. Some of these straddle the ditches, while others move back as the excavation progresses. They are of dipper, grab, clam-shell, and drag-line types. Pasl work is done in favourable conditions, but it is somewhat ragged compared with hand labour, but good berms are left. AH types were observed in use, and it, may be stated that they all have their weak- points and June frequent stoppages for repairs. However, they are much favoured by many contractors, and should fulfil many of our requirements in New Zealand. Drag-line Scraper Excavators. —These are deservedly popular machines, and are in varied dcNign, capacity, and power. They are extensively used for levee-building and the enlargement of rivers, streams, and channels. They provide an excellent berm, and have generally a wide range of operation. They are also good for clean-out work. Some contractors are disciples of the " drag-line," just as others pin their faith on the " dippers." Certainly, these machines must appeal to any one desiring efficiency and a wide range of operation. Hydraulic Suction Dredges. —These are used for special jobs, such as building Levees of large size along rivers, but are not by any means in general use on drainage of swamps. The cost of alO in. suction dredge in New Zealand would be about £18,000. Operating-costs of various Machines. — Operating-costs vary very much, and it is not proposed to traverse this question, with the exception of providing herein a schedule of costs data provided me by the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. These figures are representative of typical bids or tenders accepted in various States. General.—A close study was made of the various machines in operation, and exhaustive inquiries made of the owners, operators, and supervising engineers as to efficiency, application, and economy of the various types and makes. This was particularly necessary in view of the purchases for New Zealand. Much assistance was given in this respect by the various consulting drainage engineers, big contracting com panics, and the Chief of Drainage Investigations. Some of the contracting tirms possess as many as forty machines of different types. The conclusion arrived at is that dipper dredges, walking and drag-line excavators are best suited to New Zealand drainage conditions. Drainage Excavation Costs, Period 191',) 20. Analysis of attached U.S.A. Costs-sheet. Some fifty-six contrails arc listed, representing typical work by various classes of floating dredges, walking-dippers, drag-line excavators, &c. The highest cost is 1 dollar (4s. 2d.) per cubic yard for an improvement work of 12,173 cubic yards extending over a distance of 2'l miles. The lowest cost is II cents (5-Jd.) per cubic yard lor excavating 1,059,640 cubic yards extending over a distance of 1325 miles. The average cost of (he whole ol ihe fifty-six contracts works out at 2278 cents (ll|d.) per cubic yard. For comparative purposes ii is necessary to exclude from the cost-sheets all small and extreme!} large works. The average cost of ordinary-sized jobs, therefore, is worked out as being at the rate of 158 cents (Bd.) per cubic yard. New Zealand Dredging-eosts. —Our average costs covering the same period as those above is 6-99 d. per cubic yard, and for the period 1920-21 amounts to 8-12 d. per cubic yard. It will thus bo seen that the comparative costs arc identical. Annual Maintenance of Ditches. It is an astonishing fact that neither in Canada nor in the United States has the question of maintenance been solved. This subject has exercised the minds of all engineers and controlling authorities, and they expressed surprise that this item received so much practical attention in New Zealand. Annual maintenance of drainage ditches is considered an absolute necessity in America by all engineers who design such projects, and they feel that the benefit at first derived is very soon discounted by allowing ditches to deteriorate. Some of the districts carry out maintenance, but others neglect it. It would appear that the comparatively short currency of some of the bonds is in cases largely responsible for the neglect to strike a maintenance rate in addition to the rate and sinking funds necessary to extinguish the original bonds. The result of non-maintenance has been largely instrumental in inducing engineers to make ditches over size, and thus meet silting, erosion, and vegetation in this manner. This does not appear thoroughly satisfactory, as many of these ditches become choked with all classes of vegetation, and are theoretically much beyond the cross-section necessary, and have not sufficient water to keep them scoured out under normal conditions. It therefore frequently happens that the retirement of the original bonds heralds a new issue to re-excavate the old ditches. The annual growth of vegetation in Canadian and American ditches does not appear to be so great as in New Zealand. Practically all the well-known vegetation, such as cat-tails (raupo), convolvulus, saw- (cutty-) grass, duckweed, &c, were observed, and, so far, no light machine has been designed that will successfully and economically deal with it. The various engineers met did not consider it at all advisable to place heavy expensive machines in competition with hand-cleaning

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of ditches at the price the work could be man-handled in New Zealand. This is correct in so far as it goes, but the trouble is to have sufficient labour at the right period in New Zealand. It is confidently expected that some of the walking-dredges now coining to hand for New Zealand will help to solve the question, as lessons learnt from, their use, may result in the design of a lighter type. A good cleaning-machine was observed in Alberta,, and is also in use in the Imperial Valley, California. It runs on three wheels and straddles the ditch, and its mountings consist of a set of buckets placed transversely. Unfortunately, it is hardly suited to peaty ditches, as it requires a hard shoulder to bite on. The cost of this machine is about $11,000 in America. It was observed that annual maintenance is better taken care of in New Zealand than in America. In provinces in Canada, such as Manitoba, where the drainage operations are conducted by the State, maintenance is considered as being absolutely necessary, and a special rate is struck for the purpose. Projects run by land companies are in a bad position as regards maintenance, the settler being at the mercy of the company. Sedimentation. No greater attention is paid to this feature than is the case, in New Zealand, and the same problems of silting of lower reaches of ditches and the slacking-ofi of grade due. to light material being carried down-stream are to be witnessed everywhere. Even on very flat gradients the light silt is carried down-stream ; and it should be rioted that there was not observed in America anything to approach in lightness of weight the pumice soil encountered in much of the Auckland District. The fine silt of the Mississippi River resembles certain of the New Zealand rivers, such as the Clutha and the Taieri. The general practice is to dredge silt-traps throughout all large ditches, and it is only in rare cases that any attempt is madeto catch silt in " paddocks." This can be done where it is possible to obtain an area at a very low price, or where a town is affected and a higher price would be justified. Siltation is met by dredging in America, and will have to be so met in New Zealand, together with the aid that silt-traps afford. Erosion of Ditches. Erosion of banks of ditches and canals appears to be a world-wide evil, and generally is met by designing wide berms, easy slopes, and making the channel over size. Easy slopes would appear on the face of it to be the remedy, but frequently they weather more rapidly than, say, $-to-l slopes do. American engineers take this into consideration, but the universal aim is to obtain 1-to-l slopes. As a matter of fact this is not by any means always obtained, and neither are the wide berms. Few swamp-drainage channels can be seen in America presenting belter banks, berms, and slopes than is the case in New Zealand. It is recognized that these points are extremely important, but it is only by utilization of special plant that broad berms can be obtained. Drag-line excavators provide quite the best class of beini, outside of dredges fitted with long-range booms or jibs, and suction dredges which place hydraulic fills. The toe of berni should not be within a 1-to-l slope line drawn from the edge of base of ditch. Erosion of Hill-land and Control of Hill-water. Much attention is being paid to this question, as undoubtedly much of the silt that reaches the ditches is composed of water-borne silt from tin 1 hills. This is particularly the case in light loamy soils. This problem has been largely tackled in the Carol mas arid Georgia by means of terracing, and has been most successful. It should be noted that this is not done altogether to prevent sedimentation of drains, but rather to save the top soil and fertilizer of the cultivated land from being washed away either into ditches or on to the grassed bottom lands. In the latter instance the pasturage is for the time being quite lost. This control system is obviously not one of the direct functions of the drainage authority, although it has been advanced by engineers as being of utmost necessity in many projects. Flood Protection. The above subject being of great importance, opportunity was taken to learn as much as possible of the measures taken in the United States to meet flooding conditions. Rivers.- The levees along the Mississippi, Sacramento, and other rivers were closely observed, and the nature and manner of constructing same noted. Construction by such means as hydraulic dredges, long-range clam-shell dredges, tower excavators, drag-line excavators, and last, but not least, horse scrapers and graders, each play their part. The Mississippi levees were visited in many places between St. Louis and New Orleans. The operations on the above major rivers cover the Held of best practice. The very extensive flood-prevention works of the Miami Conservancy District were visited, as they provide quite the most elaborate flood storage-basin system in America. It is a liberal education to have the opportunity of seeing all the ramifications of 1 his project, and at the same time have it personally explained by those in charge. The scheme will cost some £5,000,000, and its main objective is to protect the City of Dayton, Ohio, and its population of 250,000. Complete sets of plans, specifications, and research data were obtained for reference.

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Tide, Sluice, and Lock Gates. Every opportunity of viewing the various types of gates in use was taken advantage of, and the several engineers were most obliging in supplying data and plans. One of the most satisfactory gates seen was of the " butterfly " type, and is used in New Orleans. It can be opened under a head of 14 ft. with ease, and is simply operated. Concrete Overfalls, Flumes, and Spillways. In view of the, probable installation of overfalls, flumes, and spillways to break grade in the drainage ditches of New Zealand, a point was made, of inspecting as many as possible of these in the United States. The information gleaned at first-hand will be most valuable and useful. Highways. In view of the future expansion of the main-highway systems of New Zealand, considerable attention was paid to observing the various classes of concrete roads in the United States. From several of the State Highway Commissions were obtained complete standard specifications and plans of all classes of roads ; and, in addition, the Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, D.C., was good enough to provide its own standard requirements. Quite a variety of highway formation obtains, and into its construction machinery very largely enters, and, in fact, is quite superseding the old methods. Construction of concrete roads is not undertaken on swamp land until many years of consolidation render it safe.to do so. Unequal settlement of the roadways through swamps would soon ruin any paved formation such as concrete. Comparison of the Muck and Peat Soil of the United States with that of New Zealand. To see any considerable area of peat lands similar to those of New Zealand it is necessary to visit the States of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, and Florida. Here can be seen all the typical characteristics such as saw- (or cutty-) grass, maiden-cane, cat-tails (raupo). Sphagnum moss, ashresidue, and so forth. Wet and cultivated peat lands present all the well-known features seen in New Zealand. The, Everglades, Florida, bear a close resemblance to the Hauraki Plains In New Zealand, but, of course, are enormous in area, comprising, as they do, some 5,000,000 acres, (hie feature is quite distinct, though, and this is the substratum of coralline limestone. We in New Zealand are fortunate indeed in not having this substratum, but in place thereof clay of varying quality. The peat depths seen in the several States arc much shallower than in New Zealand, and range from a few inches to, say, 10 ft., and this applies particularly to the Everglades, Florida. The fact of these peat areas being of a consumable nature is causing much anxiety in so far as the Everglades country is concerned, seeing that the coralline Limestone is immediately underlying same. Probably grassing and the maintenance of a fairly high water-table will ensure immunity from fire. These genuine swamp areas are classed as "muck" and peat," the former containing a fair proportion of silt, while the latter is pure vegetable matter. Both characteristics can be seen in most, New Zealand swamps. A conclusion is arrived at that the "muck" and "peat" soils of both countries are similar in character ami productivity, but that much better pasture can be seen on the drained swamp areas of New Zealand. Acre for acre, the American swamp lands are no better drained, nor responsive, than those of New Zealand. Comparison of Alluvial Swamp Lands of United States and New Zealand. No land was seen in the United States of America to exceed in quality that of the alluvia] swamp areas of New Zealand, and it may be mentioned that the Hauraki Plains area, together with Rangitaiki Plains, stand out, as object-lessons in the way of both pasture and stock-carrying capacity. Much attention is given to the question of the water-table in swamp lands, and exhaustive experiments are being continuously carried out as to point of saturation, &c. It is recommended thai this field be explored in New Zealand, as first-hand knowledge is now available for its conduct. The Selection of Drainage Machinery and Supplies for New Zealand. The foregoing ground covered by this report was necessarily a prelude to the consideration of the most suitable types of drainage machinery for use in carrying out the various undertakings of the Hon. Minister of Lands in New Zealand. Weight had of necessity to be given to the important factors of transport, not only overseas, but —what was more serious transport in the Dominion. Then, again, the demands called for machines of latitude and flexibility, which might be called universal in their application to the several operations. They must be capable of undertaking either small or fairly large jobs. Ultimately, after most careful consideration of the several types, a selection was made, competitive quotations obtained and analysed, and a cabled recommendation forwarded to the Dominion as regards certain machines. Authority to enter into contracts being received, the several contract documents were prepared and completed with, the greatest care. The whole of the transactions were carried out direct with the manufacturers on the basis of a f.a.s. price, New York.

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The following contracts were entered into, together with requisitions for spares, &c. : — 1 Bay City Dredge-works— $ One walking-dredge .. .. .. .. .. 11,600-00 One dipper dredge .. .. .. .. .. 9,000-00 20,600-00 2. Bucyrus Company— Two gasolene excavators at $22,020 each .. .. 44,040-00 3. Monighan Machine-works — Two walking-excavators at $21,150 each .. .. .. 42,300-00 4. Michigan Dredge Company— One walking-dredge .. .. .. .. .. 15,239-00 5. Rood Construction Company— One walking-dredge .. .. .. .. .. 21,315-00 6. American Steel Dredge Company — Two oil dippers at $20,250 each . . .. .. 40,500-00 Two steam dippers at $16,250 each .. .. .. 32,500-00 Two steel hulls at $7,500 each .. .. .. .. 15,000-00 7. (Not placed.) 8. Bucyrus Company — Three steam-shovel drag-line excavators at $19,725 each, and one set of spares, $2,850 .. .. .. .. 62,025-00 9. Tngersoll-Rand Company— Complete gasolene-driven rock-drilling equipment .. .. 32,606-50 10. Fate-Root-Heath Company — Two petrol locomotives at $2,850 each, and one set of spares, $473-49 .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,173-49 Requisitions issued. 1. Bay City Dredge-works: Spare parts .. .. .. 642-00 2. Michigan Dredge Company: Spare parts .. .. .. 862-20 3. Monighan Machine-works: Spare parts .. .. .. 1,689-35 4. Sanborn Company : Flow-recorders .. .. .. .. 314-10 5. Commercial Camera Company: Photostat, &c . . .. .. 1,435-50 6. Bucyrus Company: Spare parts .. .. .. .. 2,637-00 7. W. and E. Gurley : Current-meter, &c. .. .. .. 214-95 8. Fate-Root-Heath Company: One petrol locomotive .. .. 2.850-00 9. Bay City Dredge-works : Spare parts and extras .. .. 727-13 10. Sullivan Machinery Company: Drills and spare parts .. .. 1,277-10 11. Michigan Dredge Company : Spare parts .. .. .. 679-35 12. Ingersoll-Rand Company: Spare parts .. .. .. 1,845-17 $347,472-74 The foregoing represent quite the most up-to-date plants available, and all are standard equipment. No single item is experimental ; all are in common and daily use in the United States. They are all up to their work and proven out. Necessarily, there will be breakdowns and stoppages, however well handled ; but allowance must also be made for delays in first, instance due to machines having crews who are entirely new to this class of plant. The crews will have to master each machine ; and, outside of structural failure, it lii"' entirely with the personal element to operate the machine as it should be operated. Everything depends on the operator, as he will undoubtedly have a good tool in his hands. The internal-combustion plants are intended for localities where, on account of transport difficulties, coal-delivery is difficult. The Bureau of Publio Boads, Department of Public, Roads, Washington, D.C., very courteously attended to the inspection and passing of each plant at the factory, but our contracts cover replacement of any structural defects that occur within three months of erection in the Dominion. The various machines, &c, had to come under such weights as we could handle and transport at this end, and this is limited. Machines of greater capacity than that selected would have been beyond our means of local transport and handling. Proposed Distribution of Machinery and Supplies. Consideration. — In the past the Lands Department has been forced to open up further construction works on several areas owing to the success attending the. Hauraki Plains drainage. Attempts have uniformly been made to let contracts for the major works, but have failed on account of no contractors possessing the necessary machinery ; and no doubt labour troubles have contributed The Department was thus compelled to undertake its own operations, and as far as possible procured machinery for the purpose. Such operations have been very successful, considering the lack of

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plant in comparison with the many projects involved. A visit to similar works in the United States has resulted in the choice and purchase of plant calculated to allow of greater concentration on certain areas, and the following proposed distribution of such plant is recommended :— Plant-distribution. —Hauraki Plains : One Rood walking land dipper dredge ; One Wilson walking land dipper dredge ; two Bucyrus caterpillar drag line excavators ; two steam dipper dredges, l|-yards capacity. Rangitaiki Plains : One Bay City walking dipper land dredge, 1-yard capacity ; two Monighan walking drag-line excavators. Kaitaia area : One Bay City dipper dredge ; one Priestman grab-dredger (from England). Waihi area : One steel dipper dredge (oil-driven), with steel hull. Poukawa area : One steel dipper dredge (steam-driven). Hikurangi area: Three Bucyrus steam-navvies convertible to drag-lines ; two petrol locomotives ; seven gasolene-driven aircompressor and receiver units, with jack-hammers and steel drills, &c. Spare parts will be allocated to various machines, and as each plant arrives it will be conveyed to its approved destination. This distribution will materially accelerate work and hasten completion of main projects, and thus release plant from time to time for other undertakings. Photographs of these machines will be found appended hereto. Office. —The No. 3 photostat will be installed as soon as a suitable room is available. This outfit, is a fine- one, and has innumerable purposes of application. It is proposed to do much work of direct reduction of all descriptions of plans, not only for the Land Drainage Branch, but for the two District Offices and the Standard Survey Branch. Plans of 36 in. by 48 in. can be reduced to sizes of 18 in. by 24 in. and smaller, and portions of plans can be photostated to various scales. All classes of documents can also be readily copied, and, in fact, there are a-thousand-and-one ways where time and money can be saved. The operation of this machine is a most suitable occupation for a young woman. Quite a feature of this machine's use is the reduction of plans for binding in atlas form for either file or field use. This application is general throughout the United States. A report on the scope of the instrument by the Taft Commission to Congress is attached hereto. Two flow-recorders and one current-meter were purchased for use in connection with investigations of this branch. It is unnecessary to state that these instruments are absolutely essential, and should form part of the scientific equipment of any engineering office. The Future of the Land-drainage Movement in New Zealand. Past History. —In the initial stages of the movement comparatively small areas of swamp lands were being drained by community or private enterprise working under the Land Drainage Act. The reclamation of large areas could not well be financed without Government aid, and finally parliamentary sanction was obtained to the proposed development of what was then known as the Piako Swamp, but now as the Hauraki Plains. An enabling Bill was brought down for this particular area, and later for the Rangitaiki Plains area, and the results obtained by the drainage operations called forth applications from many districts for similar aid. The old procedure of individual empowering Bills was then decided to be too cumbersome, and the Government of the day decided to bring down a measure which would enable it, to handle subsequent applications. This measure was finally placed on the statute-book as the Swamp Drainage Act. 1915, the Hon. Minister of Lands being the administrative authority. The Future. —To date, the drainage operations carried out under Government control hare resulted in bringing previously useless swamp land to profit, and expectations have been more than realized. These operations are incomplete as regards present undertakings, and there arc many areas untouched which it will pay to take in hand. One cannot be too enthusiastic in the matter of land-reclamation, and the watching of seemingly irreclaimable areas coming to profit is very heartening. There is a big field of undeveloped possibilities in New Zealand that can be best carried out by the Government under its own Swamp Drainage Act, 1915, or by community enterprise working under the machinery of the Land Drainage Act, 1908. There are many purely swamp areas throughout the Dominion, perhaps small individually, but large in the aggregate, which must, in the ordinary course of events, be reclaimed. Then come the large tracts of marsh lands on the foreshores of the coast. The periodically flooded bottom lands in the flood-plane slopes of rivers is another avenue for development. Fortunately, gravity drainage governs the larger proportion of future possible reclamation projects. Installation of low-lift pumps will be necessary to deal with certain of the areas. Generally, the field is a broad one, and offers every inducement for investigation. There will without doubt come a time, when necessity will demand intensive cultivation of swamp and marsh areas ; holdings will become smaller, and the necessity for close drainage of same will arise. To meet these, conditions tile drains will be required, in sizes of 6 in. and upwards. Their use has been most successful, and they will eventually largely replace open ditches, which occupy so much land. Investigations necessary. —It is recognized in Canada and in the United States that practical assistance by the respective Governments is required in the direction of providing reliable data for information of Drainage Boards, settlers, and engineers, and to this end there exists an-investigation staff. The Drainage Investigations Bureau of the United States is a most valuable branch of the Federal Government, and might well be adopted as a model for requirements in New Zealand and elsewhere.

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Recommended Field of Investigation in New Zealand. —Although practically all officers of the Land Drainage Branch arc construction men, y T et it should be possible to incorporate with their duties some measure of investigational research, provided junior assistance is given them in the way of avoiding the personal daily round of visits to the various instruments, recorders, test-pits, &c. It is suggested that the time is ripe to undertake local investigations in regard to the following : Precipitation (rainfall) ; run-off ; evaporation ; soil-moisture ; subsidence of drained land ; flow of water in artificial canals and ditches ; saturation ; water-table research. At present our means of determining the run-off of any particular watershed arc meagre, and the approximate deductions arrived at unreliable. This branch should be in a position to offer sound advice to drainage districts upon these most important questions, for upon it depends the size of ditches necessary to accommodate stormwater, the spacing of same, and the depths necessary to enable as low a water-table as possible being maintained. The value of such work would be greatly enhanced by the issue of bulletins from time to time. In the event of the foregoing recommendations regarding drainage investigations being approved, it is not suggested that they take effect immediately, but rather that the principle be affirmed and action taken as soon as conditions return to normalj Conclusion. General. —The visit to the United States has been most educational, both practically and professionally, and it would not be possible within this report to bring out the technical phases of the works inspected. The drainage-work done in New Zealand does not suffer by comparison with that of the United States —in fact, the finish of our work, both as to ditches, sluices, bridges, and general utility, is not surpassed. As to expedition, there is no doubt that this feature is more prominent in America. There dredges up to 6-yards capacity are not uncommon, while those of 2|-yards capacity are quite common. There there is no problem of transport, because railways are everywhere, and contractors can move plant more easily two thousand miles than we can one mile. The same applies to lumber, coal, &c. Repairs are quickly effected, due to engineering-works being readily reached for repairs. and so forth. Then, again, there are many large firms of contracting drainage engineers with plants innumerable. One firm has thirty-five floating dredges alone, and many own fleets of from ten to fifteen dredges. Other contractors concentrate on dry-land dredges. Thus the availability of floaters, walking-dippers, and drag-line excavators has quite displaced hand-labour, and no difficulty exists in putting a job through expeditiously, Within our resources we have done remarkably well, and have no just cause for disappointment. It should not bo overlooked that it is one thing to drain a district, but quite another to also form all the roads throughout that district and bridge and culvert them. No areas were seen in America, under one authority that embraced so many operations as we have to undertake. Here we take tinraw land and develop it in all directions, and ultimately settle it. In the States one authority drains the land and another roads it. An exception exists in the case of the Everglades, Florida, where the State is largely handling this project. The waterways through same, are its main concern. Drainage has not yet been reduced to an exact science and the recasting of original schemes is going on daily in the United States, and will so continue. The general fault has been in ditches of too small capacity and the subsequent shrinkage of land. As land subsides, it must be followed up by deepening the drains. It is a slow process, and time is the essence of success with this class of work. Half of the operations seen in the United States consisted of redigging, A cool consideration of the facts, together with personal observation, shows the settler on the swamp lands of New Zealand as occupying an equally favourable position with his fellow-settlers overseas. Personal. —In conclusion, the very hearty reception and facilities afforded your responsible officer cannot be overrated, as it was thus possible to meet the most eminent drainage engineers and authorities in Canada and the United States. These gentlemen supplied a very large quantity of literature and data, and arranged visits of inspection to the many works under their control. Mr. S. H. McCrory, Chief of Drainage Investigations, Washington, was very largely instrumental in making the visit the success it was, and his valuable assistance is hereby acknowledged. In the appendix hereto will be found a list of gentlemen whose interest was freely and generously given. The attached plates are self-explanatory. I have, &c, J. B. Thompson, The Hon. Minister of Lands, Wellington. Chief Drainage Engineer.

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Steel Hull. (Two purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Dipper Dredge (1½ cubic yards).

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Light Dipper Dredge. (One purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Dipper Type Dredge (1½ cubic yards). (Four purchased, without hulls, for New Zealand Government.)

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Walking Land Dipper ( 1¼ cubic yards). (One purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Walking Land Dipper (1¼ cubic yards). (One purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Walking Land Dipper (⅛ cubic yards). (One purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Walking Drag-Line Excavator.

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Drag-line Excavator with extension Boom. (Two purchased for New Zealand Government.)

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Walking Drag-link Excavators. (Two purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Steam Shovel (convertible to Drag-line). Three purchased for New Zealand Government.)

General Application of Rock-drilling Plant.

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Drag-link Excavator, showing Extension Boom.

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Gasolene Locomotive (3 tons). (Three purchased for New Zealand Government.)

Application of above Locomotive.

Air Rotator Drills.

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Gasolene Air-compressor. (Three complete heading outfits purchased, comprising seven units.)

Types of Overfalls on Ditches.

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Drag-line Excavators.

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Dipper Dredges.

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Dipper Dredge.

Types of Cabin Boats for housing Dredge Crews.

Pumping-station, New Holland.

Coal-elevator at Pumping-station.

Pumping-station for 6,000 Acres, Louisiana.

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Walking Dipper Dredge.

Walking Dredges.

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Level Construction, Sacramento River.

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Typical Drag-line Bucket.

Dredging Outfit at Memphis.

Ditch Types.

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Ditch Types.

Scenes in Miami Conservation District.

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Canal Scenes on the Everglades, Florida.

Scenes on the Everglades, Florida.

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Pump for supplying Outlying Machines with Water.

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Breaking up Everglades Country.

Conveying Gasolene-supplies to Dredges.

Scenes on the Calumet Sag Canal, Chicago.

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Grading a Spoil-bank.

A Tile-ditcher.

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APPENDIX.

I. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. Acknowledgments are due to the undermentioned officers of State Departments, gentlemen, and firms for the very generous assistance and facilities afforded in connection with the investigation of drainage methods in Canada and the United States : — Canada:— ■. The Right Hon. the Prime Minister, Ottawa. The Hon. Minister of Agriculture, Ottawa. The Hon. Minister of Public Works, Ottawa. E. S. Drake, Esq., Director of Irrigation and Drainage, Ottawa. J. Dawson, Esq., Chief Irrigation Engineer, C.P. Railway, Calgary. R. Bowman, Esq., Provincial Drainage Engineer, Winnipeg. J. J. Sullivan, Esq., Drainage Commissioner, Winnipeg. — Humphreys, Esq., C.E., Winnipeg. C. T. Lamb, Esq., C.E., Winnipeg. T. L. Church, Esq., Mayor, Toronto. Toronto Harbour Commissioners, Toronto. G. F. W. Price, Esq., City Architect, Toronto. J. C. D. Taylor, Esq., Winnipeg. United States :— His Excellency the British Ambassador, Washington, D.C. The Hon. Secretary of State, U.S.A., Washington, D.C. The Hon. Secretary for Agriculture, Washington, D.C. The Bureau of Roads and Drainage Investigations, Washington, D.C. S. H. McCrory, Esq., Chief of Drainage Investigations, Washington, D.C. C. E. Ramser, Esq.. U.S. Senior Drainage Engineer, Washington, D.C. P. St. J. Wilson, Esq., Chief Engineer, Washington, D.C. D. L. Yarnell, Esq., U.S. Senior Drainage Engineer, Washington, D.C. A. 0. McKay, Esq., U.S. Senior Drainage Engineer, Fort Pierce, Fla. H. J. Elliot, Esq., State Drainage Engineer, Tallahassee, Flft. — Patterson, Esq., W. Palm Beach, Fla. Messrs. Wills and McCarthy, W. Palm Beach, Fla. Captain J. F. Jaudin, Miami, Fla. — Young, Esq., W. Palm Beach, Fla. Messrs. A. V. Wills and Sons, St. Louis, Mo. McWilliams Company Incorporated, Memphis, Term. The Morgan Engineering Company, Memphis, Term. L. L. Hedinger, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Memphis, Term. A. M. Shaw, Esq., Consulting Engineer, New Orleans, Louis. Professor W. B. Gregory, Consulting Engineer, New Orleans, Louis. A. B. Wood, Esq., Consulting Engineer, New Orleans, Louis. B. S. Nelson, Esq., Consulting Engineer, New Orleans, Louis. G. G. Earl, Esq., Chief Engineer, Sewage Board, New Orleans, Louis. The Lockett Manufacturing Company, New Orleans, Louis. The Arundel Dredging Corporation, Baltimore, Md. The Ellicot Machine-works, Baltimore, Md. C. E. Mcngel, Esq., Drainage Engineer, Belhaven, N. Caro. S. Handford, Esq., Commissioner, New Holland, N. Caro. Messrs. Pryde and Fairley, Consulting Engineers, Blytheville, Ark. W. H. Poe, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Blytheville, Ark. F. M. Crane, Esq., Contracting Engineer, Omaha, Neb. F. R. Higgins, Esq., Contracting Engineer, Omaha, Neb. E. V. Willard, Esq., Commissioner of Waters and Drainage, St. Paul, Minn. Professor E. R. Jones, State Drainage Engineer, Madison, Wis. Professor Rufus M. Bagg, jun., Appleton, Wis. A. J. Ingold, Esq., Appleton, Wis. J. A. Harman, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Peoria, 111. E. T. Perkins, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Chicago, 111. J. A. Thompson, Esq., Chicago, 111. The Chicago Drainage Commissioners, Chicago, 111. G. M. Hill, Esq., Grand Rapids, Wis. A. J. Simpson, Esq., Superintending Engineering, Newark, N.J. The Mexican Consul-General, El Paso, Tex. F. H. Tibbetts, Esq., Consulting Engineer, San Francisco, Cal. Ernest Ingold, Esq., Engineer, San Francisco, Cal. H.B.M. Consul-General, San Francisco, Cal. S. Fortier, Esq., Chief of Irrigation Investigations, Berkeley, Cal. A. T. Mitchelson, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Senior Irrigation Engineer, Berkeley, Cal. Arthur E. Morgan, Esq., Consulting Engineer, Dayton, Ohio. W. 0. Birket, Esq., Caruthersville, Mo.

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II. COST DATA FOR DRAINAGE EXCAVATION. United States Department of Agriculture.— Bureau of Public Roads.

T. & S. = Team and scraper work. H.D. = Hydraulic dredge. F.D.D. = Floating dipper •edge. D.L.E. = Drag-line excavator. W.D.D. = Walking dipper dredge.) Excavation "?' Clearing j „ State. Drainage District and County. Date let. (Cubic Cubic ! per (Miles!' Yards). yard i -^ cre - Base Width. Dei ith. Side CJ Soil. Remarks. Engineer. Max. Mln. Av. Max. Av. [ope. Contractor. 111. .. Cents. Mackinaw D.D. ; McLean 29/9/19 | 412,677 ! 1 2 '78 None and Ford Cos. Pace D.D. ; Bolivar Co... 8/3/20 341, 700 31 T nc l. 11-5 35 6 .. 16 3 6 ' 12 9 1 : 1 6 Loam, clay F.D.D., 1} yd., 40 ft. boom, 6-15-20-35 ft Bell ft Hare, Bloomington, 111.; N. C. bases. McGinnis and Co., Bement, III. Arpin walking-dredge, 7 laterals 3 ft. W. W. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; J. P. base, balance 4-6-8-10 ft. bases. Arpin Co.. Greenville, Miss. F.D.D., 2Jyd.. 70ft. boom; D.L.E., Cakhi ell Eng. Co.. Jacksonville, 111.; 1-12 ft. base ; lateral, 12 ft., and 4 ft. M. J. O'Mearn & Son, Beardstown, base with F.D.D. 111. F.D.D. and D.L.E. M.D. 10-7 mis., W. B. Hazen, St. Joseph, Mo. ,- Land 1,022,614 yd. at 14c; M.D. 5 5mis., & Sampson, St. Joseph, Mo. 397,630yd. at 14£e. ; M.D. 1 mis., 75,000 yd. at 15Jc. D.L.E. or W.D.D. ; new work .. J. V. Poole, Madisonville, Pa.: Church & Co., Owensboro, Ky. D.L.E., 60 ft. boom; combined ditch J. C. Chamberlin, Pittsfield, 111. ; and levee ; lev., 7 ft. hi., 3 ft. top, A. V. Wills & Sons, St Louis, Mo. 2 : 1 s.s.; 8 ft. berrn ; bids up to 347c. 1 yd.. 42 ft. span, Bay City dredge ; C. H. Kreilinsi, Havana, 111. ; M. J. "30,000 yd. levee at '30c., 40,000 yd. O'Mearn &"Son, Beardstown, 111. levee at 35c. ; ditch-work clean out F.D.D. and one dry-land excavator .. Boyd F. Walker, Atlantic, la. ; Lana Construction Co. F.D.D. .. .. .. .. WW. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; R.H. McWilliams, Memphis, Tenn. 2 D.L.L.s; D.D. has 6 laterals, 4-10 ft. Gates & Deleuw, Conway Building, base Chin. ; Chas. Reese, Parnell, Mo. Miss. 10 5 1 : 1 10 Alluvial loam 111. .. Indian Creek No. 2 D.D. ; 3/3/20 1,059,640 U Incl. Cass and Morgan Cos. Piatt River No. 1 D.D. ; 25/3/20 1,495,244 Main §87.12 Buchanan Co. 14 Otter Creek D.D. : Hop- 3/4/20 107,086; 22 $30 kins Co. McCranev Ck., Subdist. 16/4/20 319,800 I 30 Incl. Sny. Island D.D.; Pike Co. Garden Special D.D. ; 20/4/20 j 110,000 I 29.3 Mason Co. 13-25 32 22 ! .. 17-5 11 1 : 1 15 Loam and clay; some sand Mo. .. 17 22 16 18 16 18 25 17 *: 1 Gumbo and mixed clay 10 Ky. .. 11 15 5 8 12 Alluvial and gumbo 7 *: 1 8 111. .. 8 Alluvial .. .. .. 111. .. 6 ..10 _ 7:1:1 Sandy loam • Iowa Indian Creek No. 3 D.D. ; 17/5/20 750,680 125 Incl. Cass Co. Bolivar Co. .. .. -/5/20 220,000 19 §52 12 IS 16 17 17-2 11-6 1 : 1 10 Black loam . Miss. .. I .. Mo. .. Platte Valley D.D.; Worth 20/5/20 950,000 13 and Nodoway Cos. 12-7 27 22 j .. 27 14 i:l 15 Wabash loam Iowa Drainage Dist, No. 3; 28/3/20 436,000 15 Incl. Montgomery Co. Drainage Dist. No. 10; 5/6/20 552,700 19'5 $40 Bolivar Co. Upper Soldier Valley D.D.; 8/6/20 1,340,000 11'75 Incl. Monona Co. 7 14 14 14 19-5 16 J: 1 12 Loam and sandy clay Gumbo D.L.E. .. .. .. ..CD. Forsbeck, Red Oak, la. ; S. O. Briggs Co., Omaha, Nebr. F.D.D. ; 6 miles of laterals, 3 ft. to 4 ft. W. W. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; R. H. base, 5 ft. deep Mc Williams. 2J yd., Monighan D.L.E. ; 90% exeav., ; C. Moriarty, Sioux City, la. ; S. O. 16 ft. and 18 ft. base. Some laterals ! Briggs Co., Omaha, Nebr. sold at 25c. cubic yard Two Bay City machines .. .. W. W. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; R. H. Murdock, Grand Rapids, Miss. Bav City dredge .. .. .. W.W. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; Gaudlin & Pratt, O'Reilly, Miss. F.D.D. .. .. .. . Guv R. Campbell, Emmetsburg, 111. ; E. D. Barr, Gibbon, Minn. Miss. 14 25 12 .. 13 8 1:1 10 Iowa 18 4 .. 16 11 1:1 115 Loam and silt .. Miss. Bolivar Co. .. .. -/6/20 5,000,000 16 ' ' . Miss. Bolivar Co. .. .. -/6/20 70,000 35 Incl. 6 3 .. Iowa Drainage Dist. No. 114; 10/6/20 456,660 145 PaloAtlo Co. 8 30 20 .. 12 10 1:1 ct I J: 1 8 Loam and sand .. i I I

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Iowa Farm Creek D.D. ; Potawatomie and Mills 16/6/20 437,500 1775 ' lncl. 7-9 10 6 15 12 1: 1 I 10 to 15 Sandy loam D.L.E. Seth Dean, Glenwood, Iowa : E. A. Wickham, Council Bluffs. Iowa Pigeon Creek D.D. ; Harrison Co. Drainage Dist. No. 5; Richardson Co. Hocking Co. D.D. ; Hocking Co. Bear Creek No. 1 D.D. ; Poweshiek Co. Bear Creek No. 2 D.D. ; Poweshiek Co. Union No. 1 D.D.; Sangamon Co. Straight Bayou D.D. ; Humphries and Sharkey Cos. Cedar Creek D.D. ; Jasper Co. 18/6/20 172,700 18-75 ...... _. _. lncl. j 5-5 14 10 9 1:1 .. Sandy clay D.L.E. C. L. Huff, Logan, Iowa; G. W. Condon, Council Bluffs. J. F. Relf, Falls City, Nebr. ; Fred M. Crane, Omaha, Nebr. Eph. Shaw, Logan. Ohio ; Gilmore Bros. Cent. Sta, Eng. Co., Muscatine, Iowa; Clyde A. Walb, La Grange, Ind. Cent. Sta. Eng. Co., Muscatine, Iowa ; Mathews Bros. J. W. Dappert, TaylorviUe, 111.; U. P. Babcock, Paris, 111. M. H. Brewer, Silver City, Miss. ; Bemidji Drainage. Nebr. 29/6/20 604,884 14-25 lncl. 8-2 8 4 IS 17 1:1 15 Wabash loam D.L.E. : 15 laterals, 4 ft. base, 12 ft. deep ; sold 22c. to 35c. P.D.D.; 3 H.W bridges to move Ohio.. Iowa 3/7/20 335,012 14-3 18 Total 6 40 40 $1,000 $60 11-7 30 12 10 10 1:1 Sand, loam, clay 7/7/20 389,663 11 9 i: 1 5 5 Loam and gumbo F.D.D.; main, 359,290yd.; 2 laterals 8 ft. base, I lateral 16 ft. base D.L.E. Iowa 7/7/20 231,140 17-94 $60 2-5 40 35 11 10 J: 1 5 5 Loam and gumbo Rl. .. 15/7/20 77,950 1925 None .. 16 10 12 11 9 1:1 10 10 Clay, loam Dry-land machine Miss. 15/7/20 -1,812,000 18 lncl. 52 24 14 17 8 i: 1 10 10 Yazoo clay F.D.D. ; one 60 ft. boom, one 45 ft. boom Ga. .. 135 Rock $4 Main 14-9 I 15/7/20 279,764 .. ! 10 l 18 12 12 14 9 7-5 i: 1 Clay and rock .. 1 -\ yd., F.D.D. ; right of way to be cleared by owner of each tract W. D. Alexander, Charlotte, N.C. ; Sigman-Reinhardt, Stanley, N.C. Ky. .. May-field Creek D.D. ; McCracken, Bullard, Graves, and Carlyle Cos. County Ditch No. 57 D.D.; Blue Earth Co. North English River No. 9 D.D. : Iowa Co. Drainage Dist. No. 87; Wright County Ditch No. 27 D.D.: Polk Co. 16/7/20 12,800,000 $35 23 45 20 20 12-5 i- 1 15 Silt, loam 3 yd., F.D.D. and drag lines ; laterals, 436,000 vd. at 18Jc. to 25c., 44,000 yd. T. and S. at 30c. 3 yd., Monighan D.L. ; spoil banks levelled to 3 ft. H. A. Pulliam, Padacah, Ky.; Fred C. Morgan, Indianapolis, Ind. Roy Allison, Mankato, Minn. ; Mulgrew & Sons, Dubugue, Iowa. J O. Watkins, Iowa City, Iowa; Clyde A. Walb, La Grange. Ind. Minn. 24/7/20 81,262 18 None 1-3 8 8 8 20 14 1 : 1 Heavy clay ; Iowa 4/8/20 957,000 1459 13-2 30 20 20 12 •}•• 1 Black .. Iowa 9/8/20 65,294 23-5 6 6 6 6 Minn. 2/7/20 48,594 23 4 None '. 8-25 .. .. 3 9-8 7-4 1 : 1 5 Clay Dry-land excavator; material to be placed on roadway and graded at $162.50 per mile ; cleaning Dry-land excavator; material to be placed on roadway and graded at $195 per mile D.L.E. ; cleaning-out work E. J. Boyer, Crookston, Minn. ; Northern Minn. Drain Co., Litchfield. E. J. Boyer, Crookston, Minn. ; M. W. Barnard & Son, Minneapolis, Minn. F. A. MacDonald, Armstrong, Iowa ; Clark Construction Co., Clinton, Iowa. S. W. McCleskev, Memphis, Tenn. , N. C. McGinnis & Co. A. S. Van Sandt, Clarinda, Iowa . E. E. Sternberg. A. G. Wheeler, Princeton, Ind. ; Fred C. Morgan, Indianapolis, Ind. G. C. Harvey, Mount Carmel, 111. Minn. County Ditch No. 37 D.D.; Polk Co. 2/7/20 50,658 23 None 9-75 .. .. 11-2 6-S 1 : I Clay .. Iowa Joint D.D. No. 17 28/7/20 26,810 i 70 None 3-71 20 8 12 4 2-5 1J:1 20 Clay, loam, sand Tenn. Iowa Cypress Creek D.D.; Fayette and Shelby Cos. Nishnabotna River D.D. No. 17 : Page Co. Patoka River Ditch D.D. 2/8/20 30/7/20 348,600 678,309 16-99 16-5 $35 12 18 10 10-25 .. j 30 10 30 14 30 15 151 8 8-fl i- ' 1 : 1 Sandy loam Allu vial silt and clay, sand Clay, loam F.D.D. New work, F.D.D. .. •■ In. .. 17/7/20 3,675,860 141 lncl. : 11-75 ! 80 40 40 22 17i 1 : 1 20 & 25 10 About 25% of right of way must be cleared ; D.L.E. D.L.E., 3 yd. ; levee job, average 11 ft. high, 6 ft. crown, side slopes 2 : 1 each 111. .. Iowa Rochester and McLeary's Bluff Levee D.D.; Wabash Co. Drainage Dist No. 187 ; -,Wright Co. Brush Creek D.D. ; Graves and Hickman Cos. 7/8/20 9/8/20 407,000 65,294 20 23 5 $80 9-5 .. .. ..6 6 2: 1 6 6 Ky. ■ - 20/8/20 291,800 17-9 lncl. 10 18 12 12 14 12 10 i- 1 io Alluvial F.D. D. Contractor to be paid cash, 80% monthly J. A. Porter, Clinton, Ky. ; P. H. Porter, Clinton, Ky.

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II. COST DATA FOR DRAINAGE EXCAVATION— continued. United States Department of Agriculture.— Bureau of Public Roads— continued.

State. Excavation 5? Clearing Drainage District and County. I Date let. (Cubic r£5i. per Yards). Y^ c Acre. Base Width. Depth. Length. Side ■ (Miles). Slope. ' g Max. Min. Av. Max. Av. i Base Width. Soil Remarks. Engineer. Contractor. I 8 Black loam, clav T. and S. Contractor to be paid in cash, 80% monthly 6 Clay, gumbo .. F.D.D. and D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in cash 6 Black loam, clay F.D.D. and D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in cash Loam, cla}-, sand D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in warrants 20 Musk, loam, sand Levee, 142.760 cubic yd., 18,000 ft. long, 5ft. high, 30ft, arm; ditch, 51,600 cubic yd., 6,550 ft. long Sandy loam .. F.D.D. Contractor to be paid in cash, 90% monthly Clay, loam .. T. and S. : clean-out work. Contractor to be paid in cash, 80% monthly 111. .. D.D. No. 1 ; Ricks and Christian Cos. 4/9/20 Cents. 9,679 35 None 4-2 .. 4 3 4 .. 20 4 .. 17 10 14 9 2 1J:1 2:1 7 1:1 6 1:1 7 14:1 J. W. Dappert, TaylorviUe, 111. S. Dak. Mud Lake D.D. ; Douglas Co. 10/9/20 182,000 25 None 9 S Western Eng. Co., Yankton, S. Dak.; Northern Minn. Dredge, Litchfield, Minn. W'estern Eng. Co., Yankton, S. Dak.; Northern Minn. Dredge, Litchfield, Minn. W. S. Porter, Eldora, Iowa : R. J. Phelps. Fred A. Snyder, Albany, Ind. S. Dak. Garder Valley D.D. ; Douglas Co. 10/9/20 246,000 25 None 10 Iowa D.D. No. 55 ; Hardin Co. 13/9/20 268,022 25 None 8-75 20 111. .. Whiteside and Rock Island .Special D.D. ; Whiteside and Rock Island Cos. Ga. .. Drainage Dist. No. 1 ; Spalding, Ga. 111. .. Bug River Special D.D. ; Christian and Montgomery Cos. Miss. Christmas D.D. ; Boliver Co. Iowa D.D. No. 165 ; Kossuth Co. 13/9/20 194,400 40 35 147,680 16-4 None 1-25 30 30 .. 6 1:1 25/9/20 $50 6-6 14 8 .. 8 5-8 4: 1 Cecil L. Fife, Fayetteville. 1/10/20 7,404 40 & 37 None 5-5 4 24 •• •• • - 14 : 1 J. W. Dappel, TaylorviUe. 7/10/20 | 7/10/20 497,526 26 1,149,500 14 lncl. None 24 7-8 18 4 50 j 20 4 8 13 12 20 30 6 1:1 10 1:1 10 j Alluvial loam .. 1 yd., F.F.D. ; 1 road machine. Contractor to be paid in warrants .. Black loam .. F.D.D. W. W. Boone, Cleveland, Miss.; Road Construction Co., Grand Rapids. G. D. Hart, Bancroft; Thomas & Swan, Algona, Iowa. B F. W 7 alker, Council Bluffs. Iowa Seven-mile Creek D.D. ; Cass Co. Iowa Drainage Dist. No. 123 ; Palo Alto Co. Ind. .. Wm. M. Mvers et al Ditch D.D. ; Miami Co. 111. .. Rock River D.D. ; Henry and Whiteside Cos. Mo. .. J. W. McCoglanetalD.D.; Stoddard Co. Ind. .. Joseph Nagel et al D.D. ; Jasper Co. Okla. Sequoyah D.D. No. 1 ; Sequoyah Co. Ohio.. R. V. Wright Improv. D.D. ; Huron Co. Miss Merigold D.D. ; Boliver Co. 14/10/20 388,600 14-4 None 12 10 10 10 10 1:1 10 Black loam, clay D.L.E. 22/10/20 54,000 20 3-5 8 8 - „ _ 8 I 8 j 7 5 j 14 : 1 6 Sand .. .. D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in warrants 4 j Clay .. .. W.D.D. Contractor to be paid in cash R. H. Fuller, Emmetsburg. 23/10/20 30,731 22 None 2 4 ■ .4 4 4 11 8 1:1 C. P. Howard, Peru, Ind. ; E. O. Deeds, Deedsville. H. E. Reeves. Le Claire ; Mathews Bros., Erie, HI. A. C. Spiker, Bloomfield; J. E. Warner, Benton. E. D. Nesbitt, Rensselaer; A. Benema, Chicago, 111. W. L. Winter, Fort Smith; American Construction Co., Oklahoma. H. P. Starbin, Norwalk. 29/10/20 272.000 14-9 lncl. 6 16 8 8 12 18 74 14 = 1 10 Sandy loam .. D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in cash, monthly Contractor to be paid in cash, monthly 6/11/20 66,950 25-8 lncl. 6-3 6/11/20 30,665 j 35-5 3 6 5 .. 8-5 5 6 1:1 8 Clay .. .. D.L.E., 1,170 cubic yards rock 8/11/20 288,500 16-5 lncl. 4-9 26 18 .. IS 10 1:1 I 10 ! Alluvial .. F.D.D. Contractor to be paid in cash.. 9/11/20 12,173 SI 21 .. 14:1 Muck .. .. D.L.E. Contractor to be paid in cash.. 18/11/20 159,447 30 $30 12-6 12 4 6 8-9 4 6 5-5 1:1 _. 10 | W. W. Boone, Cleveland; McWilliams, Memphis.

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III. COST DATA FOR TILE DRAINAGE. United States Department of Agriculture.— Bureau of Public Roads.

(CT. = Clay tile. Cem. T. = Cement tile. V.T. = Vitrified le. I.P. = iwer-pipe. legmenl k: State. Drainage District and County. Date let. Kind oi '-■§ 5 £ Length in Feet. Cost per Foot. Depth. Max. , Av. Hauling Tile: Distance and Price per Ton. Construction: Digging, Laying, and B.F. Cost per Foot. Remarks. Engineer, Contractor, Ac. Iowa Iowa Iowa D.D. No. 128 ; Buena Vista Co. D.D. No. 79 ; Cerro Gordo Co. 4/5/20 Cem. T. 26 1,600 Cem. T. 24 3,200 Cem. T. I 22 3,400 Cem. T. 20 400 Cem. T. 18 4,700 Cem. T. 10 800 Cem. T. 10 700 I Cem. T. 8 1,260 17/5/20 Cem. T. 26 2,000 Cem. T. 24 1,500 Cem. T. 20 2,000 Cem. T. 18 2,000 Cem. T. 16 1,200 Cem. T. 15 800 Cem. T. 14 500 Cem. T. 12 3,700 Cem. T. 10 3,000 Cem. T 9 1,500 Cem. T. 8 3,100 Cem. T. 7 4,350 Cem. T. 6 7,850 2/6/20 Cem. T. 30 500 Cem. T. 24 5,800 Cem. T. 18 2,700 Cem. T. 16 2,800 Cem. T. 15 3,000 Cem. T. 14 3,500 Cem. T. 12 2,600 Cem. T. 10 4,600 Cem. T. 8 600 Cem. T. 7 1,482 Cem. T. 6 500 16/6/20 Cem. T. 22 150 S.P. 22 250 Cem. T. 20 1,300 Cem. T. IS 300 Cem. T. 15 900 Cem T. 14 Cem. T 12 977 S.P. 12 200 4/5/20 S 1.665 1.440 1.125 0.945 0.795 0.645 0.232 0.15758 1.650 1.175 0.870 0.725 0-623 0.490 0.406 0.319 0-218 0.188 0.146 0.116 0.095 2.985 2.1075 1.234 1.081 0.986 0.9325 0.6000 0.549 0.365 0.315 0.2545 1.22 1.30 1.10 0.966 0.650 0.4615 0.360 0 375 6-7 j 2 m. Delivered on 7-2 site of work for 6-3 prices shown 61 6-5 5-9 4-2 4-2 9-0 8-0 Delivered on site 8-0 7-0 of work for prices 8-0 7-0 shown 8-5 6-5 7-0 60 6-0 | 5-5 0-0 5-5 9-0 6-1 8-0 j 5-6 . 8-5 5-5 80 51 7-0 5-0 7-0 4-5 5-6 Probably delivered 7-0 on site of work 6-4 6-7 7-2 7-2 5-5 6-6 6-1 , 5-4 5-7 5-8 Delivered on site 5-5 of work for prices 5-4 shown 5-8 5-6 '.. 4-8 5-1 S 0.55 0.60 0.50 0.45 0.48 0.30 0.12 0.12 1.00 0.67 0.55 0.40 0-36 0-33 0.30 0.305 0.27 0.25 0.20 0.189 0.173 Included in cost per foot 1 concrete headwall, 5 yd., at $25 Contractor, H. Johnson, Albert City, Iowa; manufacturers. Cement Products Co., Spencer, Iowa, Contractor, Christenson Const., Iowa Falls, Iowa; manufacturers, Cement Products Co., Spencer, Iowa. Engineer, G.jD. Hart; contractors, Humbolt |Gravel and Tile Co., Humbolt,|Iowa ; also furnishing tiles. Sub-district No. 9 of No. 4 ; Kossuth Co. 6-7 in. intakes, at $15 ; 9-6 in. intakes, at $15; 4 manholes at $100; 1 headwall, 12 cu. yd., at $30 per yard D.D. N . 7 , Bremer Co. 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.36 0.34 0.36 Engineer, C. A. Cool, Waverly, Iowa; contractor, Nels. Debel; manfaetuivis, Mason City Cement Products Co., Mason City. Iowa. Iowa 16/6/20

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III. COST DATA FOR TILE DRAINAGE— continued. United States Department of Agriculture.— Bureau of Public Roads— continued.

State. Drainage District and County. Date let Kind of |-g Length Date let. Tjje bs in Feet, Cost per Foot. Depth. Max. Av. Hauling Tile: •istance and Price per Ton. Construction: Digging, Laying, and B.F. Cost per Foot. Remarks. Engineer, Contractor, etc. Iowa Polk-Storv D.D. No. 4 ; Polk-Story Cos. 19/7/20 Cem. T. S.P. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. C.T. C.T. S.P. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.B. 10 10 9 8 7 6 26 24 24 22 20 15 10 8 6 42 39 36 30 24 900 200 400 1,400 346 7,300 2,040 575 2,060 2,100 1,160 3,500 1,500 5,000 1,930 5,910 3,080 2,597 3,081 $ 0-2831 0.420 0.200 0.1S0 0.156 0.087 1.915 1.580 2.000 1.310 1.070 0.690 0.280 0.210 0.120 4.020 3.740 3.130 2.410 1.650 12-0 4-6 4-6 5-0 4-8 4-5 7-0 6-5 7-5 6-7 5-0 50 5-0 4-0 60 5-6 5-8 4-8 5-5 Delivered on site of work for prices shown 5 m.; $2.10 5 m.; $2. 10 5 m.; $2.10 5 m.; $2.10 5 m.; $2.10 S 0.32 0.45 0.30 0.242 0.260 0.174 1.0317 0.6317 0.5317 0.6317 0.5317 0.3317 0.1517 0.1817 0.1017 0.800 0.625 0.552 0.350 0.320 Contractors, Mason & Twigg, Huxlej--, Iowa ; manufacturers, Iowa Pipe and Tile Co., Des Moines, Iowa. 111. .. Union D.D. No. 1 ; Sangamon Co. 15/7/20 6-6 60 6-4 8-5 5-9 Concrete-work, 62-9 yd., at 33c. per vd3 ; 1 large brick "c.b., $397. Prices are for low bids ; contracts not let • when data were obtained Construction includes hauling, also constructing 2 ground wells Total tile contract, $163,000; approx., 8,200 tons Engineer, J. W. Dappert, Taylorsville, ill.; contractor. H. T. Munson, Illiopoli?, 111. ; manufacturers, Evans & Howat, Fire Brick Co., St. Louis. Engineer, W 7 . E. Price, Tuscola, 111. ; contractor, Sam Warner, Broadlands, HI. ; manufacturer, F. W. Scanling, Chrisman, HI. Engineer, Roy Allison, Mankato, Minn. ; contractor. Frank Essel, Mankato, Minn.; manufacturers, Minnesota Pipe and Tile Co., Mankato, Minn. M. .. 111. .. Sub. D.D. Embarass River ; Champaign and Vermilion Cos. 17/8/20 Cem. T. 16 2,383 0.520 4-3 3 m. 0.294 '" Minn. County Drain No. 57 ; Blue Earth Co. 24/7/20 Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Approximate $10 per ton for weight of tile 2 m.; $1 2 m.; $1 2 m.; 81 2 m.; $1 2 m.; $1 2 m.; $1 2 m.; SI 2 m.; $1 2 m.; $1 2 m.; SI 2 m.; SI 2 m.; $1 2 m.; $1 2 m.; SI 45c. per ton mile 2.20 2.00 1.75 1.50 1.40 0.74 0.50 0-35 0.32 0.29 0.23 0.20 0.15 0.10 40c. cu. yd. Minn. .32 48 42 40 36 30 24 20 IS 16 14 12 10 8 34 2,900 3,900 1,600 2,200 1,800 3,400 1,621 6,235 16,215 11,995 14,680 14,270 15,205 32,280 2,000 16-7 14-3 16-3 12-3 10-3 9-7 9-8 8-6 10-3 88 6-9 63 6-8 6-0 70 6-0 100 6-0 9-5 6-0 8-0 5-5 7-8 5-5 7-2 50 6-8 4-5 40 30 $3.40 in place Headwall, 10yd., S27; tile laid in open ditch, backfilled 34 ft. over Engineer. F. A. MaeDonald, Armstrong, Iowa; manufacturers. Armstrong Cement Co., Armstrong, Iowa. Iowa Joint D.D. No. 17 .. 28/7/20 Headwall, 10yd., S27 ; tile laid in open ditch, backfilled 34 ft. over tile •

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Minn. inn. County Ditch No. 63 ; Lac qui Parle Co. 16/8/20 Cem. T. 6 Cem. T. 7 [ Cem. T. 8 Cem. T. 10 Cem. T. 12 (em. T. 14 Cem. T. 18 Cem. T. 20 Cem. T. 22 25/8/20 C.T. 8 C.T. 10 C.T. 12 C.T. 15 C.T. 18 C.T. 20 C.T. 24 CT. 30 Cem. T. 36 3/8/20 Cem. T. 12 Cem. T. 18 3/8/20 Cem. T. 10 Cem. T. 10 Cem. T. 12 Cem. T. 12 Cem. T. 14 Cem. T 16 Cem. T. 18 Cem. T. 22 3/8/20 C.T. 8 C.T. 14 C.T. 15 C.T. 15 C.T. 16 C.T. 20 C.T. 24 19/8/20 Cem. T. 6 Cem. T. 7 Cem. T. 8 Cem. T. 9 Cem. T. 10 Cem. T. 12 Cem. T. 14 Cem. T. 18 Cem. T. 20 Cem. T. 22 Cem. T. 24 Cem. T. 26 Cem. T. 30 10/8/20 .. 5 6 7 8 10 12 15 600 600 5,200 2,700 3,800 1,700 1,900 1,800 2,900 1,227 4,009 3,420 2,726 11 313 906 1,509 2,485 400 2,600 370 450 1,000 600 900 2,300 1,600 1,400 300 700 2,000 500 2,000 2,100 1,300 4.710 1,400 2,770 | 510 3.550 5,550 1,820 1,700 1,300 940 660 3,500 2,900 4,300 5,200 2,500 2,800 3,200 3,100 1,900 Total, S8,200 6-4 i 4-8 10 9 100 7-4 15-2 110 12-6 15-8 0.105 5-3 0.17 70 0.22 7-6 0.39 7-8 0.60 0.72 1.08 2.10 3.70 0 30 60 0.77 9-9 0.24 6-9 0.24 5-6 0.32 6-9 0.32 50 0-46 7-6 0.65 9-7 0.79 8-9 1-28 10-5 I 0.20 5-8 0.51 6-4 0.585 10-2 | 0.585 6-2 0.674 9-4 1.047 8-7 1.558 10-9 Cost, $11.75 per ton at Lafayette; freight rate, 5i c. from factory. Total, $18,400 .. 90 0.05 0.0715 0.088 10-0 0.1055 8-3 0.165 8-0 0.242 11-7 I 0.352 9-5 ! 50 10m.; 84.50 .. T< 4 3 Total, S2,800, with 6-1 truck 5-7 5-3 100 8-5 10-5 10-0 4-6 J m. to 2J m. ; 6-6 $2 6-6 7-4 4-0 9-5 7-7 7-4 5-0 5-3 2 J m., inch 7-5 6-7 li m., incl. 5-3 61 4 4 6-7 S-l 7-3 9-4 5-5 3 m., incl. 5-5 6-7 5-6 71 6-6 7-5 4-4 2-5 m ; $1.40 .. 5-7 5-5 4-4 60 6-5 6-5 6-7 5-5 7-8 8-1 7-8 7-5 40 8m.; $4.60 4-5 8 m. ; $4.60 50 8 m. ; S4.60 6-0 8 m. ; S4.60 5 8 8 m. ; $4.60 6-7 8 m. : $4.60 6-2 8 m.: $4.60 Total, S9.600 'otal, S9.60C 0.30 0.50 0.60 0.70 0 35 1.10 0.95 1.05 1.00 0.30 0.70 0.40 0.25 0.35 0.25 0.50 0.S0 0.60 1.30 0.25 0.30 0.45 0 35 0.50 0.50 0.90 0.0985 0.208 0.197 0.155 0.29 0.36 0.40 0.51 0.43 0.81 0.98 1.06 1.20 0.0845 0.1196 0.156 0.2301 0.2353 0.3172 0.3315 0 Includes material and labour; total labour. $15,350 Manufacturers, Watertown Tile and Const. Co., Watertown. IU. .. IU. .. . Little Wabash D.D. ; Coles Co. A. C. Stanfield, Pana, 111.; James Shinn, Mattoon, IU.; manufacturers. National Tile Co. Iowa Iowa D.D. No. 4 ; Webster Co. D.D. No. 316 ; Webster Co. J. L. Parsons, Ft. Dodge, Iowa. Elmer Johnson Callender, J. L. Parsons, Chris. Krammer, Ft. Dodge, Iowa; manufacturers, Humbolt Gravel and TUe Co., Hum. I Iowa DD. No. 311; Webster Co. 3/8/20 J. L. Parsons, Chris. Krammer, Lehigh Sewer and Tile Co., Ft. Dodge, Iowa. Minn. Minn. Judicial Ditch No. 6 ; Nicollet and Sibley Cos. H. E. Hartley, Lafayette, Minn ; Roy H. Allison. 19/8/20 S. B. Gardner, J. B. Camden; manufacturers, Minn. Pipe and TUe Co., Man Hinn. County Ditch No. 84 ; Renville Co. 10/8/20

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Approximate Cost of Paper. — Preparation, not given; printing (750 copies, including illustrations), £115.

III. COST DATA FOR TILE DRAINAGE -continued. United States Department of Agriculture.— Bureau of Public Roads— continued.

By Authority : Mabcus F. Mabks, Government Printer, Wellington. — 1921. Price 2s. 3d.]

State. Drainage District and County. t, , .. Kind of g-9 Date let. TiI = = 5a Length in Feet. Cost per Foot. De P th - Hauling Tile: ■ Distance and Price Max. Av. P" Ton - Construction: Digging, Laying, and B.F. Cost per Foot. Remarks. Engineer, Contractor, etc. 111. .. Sub. D.D. No. 1 of 17/8/20 Pesotum, Slough, Champaign, and Douglas Cos. 111. .. Union D.D. No. 1; 2/9/20 Kane Co. C.T. C.T. CT. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. 8 10 16 * w i 26 24 18 16 14 12 512 1,050 2,300 5,220 1,000 5,900 1,000 6.300 2,845 S 0.129 0.182 0.482 1.90 1.225 0.685 0.53 0.41 0.305 .. | 4-4 .. ! 4-8 .. 1 4-9 12-0 6.0 8-0 6-0 8-0 6-0 8 0 5-5 7-0 5-5 70 5-0 1 m., incl. 8 Total, 81,150 1,50 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.50 0.50 1.80 1.50 i .. V. W. Burton, Pesotum, 111.; Blake Thomas; manufacturers, Wm. E. D. Clav Manufacturing Co., M., Ind. Construction cost in- Wells Eng. Co., Aurora, 111. eludes hauling of Carpenter-Henderson. Streator tile. One bulk- Drain Tile Co., Streator, HI. head ; 10 cub. yd. concrete, S400; contractor to be paid in cash Total construction W. S. Porter, Eldora, Iowa. including hauling, Anderson and Emper, McComb 817,325 Sewer-pipe Co., McComb, 111. Eldora Pipe and Tile Co. Iowa D.D. No. 123 ; Hardin 13/9/20 Co. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. C.T. 36 32 14 12 10 8 30 10 8 6 2,900 5,500 500 4,500 4,400 1,000 4,800 2,300 3,500 5,200 3.75 2.80 0.45 0.36 0.26 0.17 2.50 0.25 0.16 0.09 7-8 6-5 7-1 6-3 6-8 5-2 6-8 | 5-2 6-8 5-2 6-8 5-2 70 6-3 71 5-4 6-1 5-4 6-0 i 5-3 4 m.; 82 4 m.; 82 4 m.; $2 4 m.; $2 4 m.; S2 4 m.; 82 5 m. : 82.50 5 m. : S2.50 5 m- ; S2.50 5 m. ; 82.50 Cost of construction W. S. Porter, Eldora, Iowa, on 30 in., including Jens A. Jensen, Eldora Pipe hauling, 8659,1.20; and Tile Co. cost of constructing balance, 83,372.50 . ■ Iowa D.D. No. 70 .. ! 13/9/20 Iowa D.D. No. 318; Web- 14/9/20 ster Co. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. Cem. T. S.P. Cem. T. Cem, T. 32 30 2S 26 24 IS it; 1.3 14 12 10 8 6 26 24 34 34 32 100 2,500 350 1,300 1,050 2,065 1,100 1,800 1,100 600 2,600 3,260 762 1,500 800 50 1,950 7,210 2.76 2.355 2.12 1.91 1.56 0.75 0.645 0.60 0.485 0.33 0.25 0.158 0.10 2.888 2.888 2.52 • 4-0 4-0 4-0 40 4-0 40 4-0 40 4-0 40 8-2 6-5 10 4 9-1 11-5 8-8 71 6-6 7-5 7-0 7-5 6-4 8-6 5-7 4-8 4-5 10-0 8-9 7-6 6-9 8-6 6-6 8-6 6-6 9-5 7-7 31m. 0.70 0.70 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.50 0.35 0.25 0.15 1.60 1.00 2.00 1.00 1.25 Contractor to be paid J. L. Parsons, Ft. Dodge, Iowa, in warrants McHose Sand and Tile Co., Boone, Iowa. Contractor to be paid J. L. Parsons, Ft. Dodge, Iowa, in warrants <j£U Thor. Larson. ■ Iowa D.D. No. 287 ; Web- 14/9/20 ster Co. 5£m.