Papers Past | Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1939 Session I | REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR...

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1939. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS.

Section. Title of Section. Page »&£ Title of Section. Page 1. Introductory and General .. .. 2 20. Intermediate Schools and Departments 2. Types of Schools .. .. .. .. 13 21. Post-primary Education .. .. .. 38 3. Cost of Education .. .. 13 22. Evening Technical Classes and Part-time Day 4. Sohool Buildings and Sites.. .. ..14 Classes .. .. .. ..38 5. Number of Schools .. .. .. 16 23. Native Schools . . 6. Enrolment at Educational Institutions .. 17 24. Registered Private Primary Schools.. .. 39 7. Regularity of Attendance .. .. .. 24 25. Private Secondary Schools (Registered) .. 40 8. Staffs of Schools .. .. .. 24 26. Correspondence School .. .. 40 9. Number of Pupils and Teachers in the 27. Kindergarten Schools . . .. .. 40» Public Primary Schools of the different Educa- 28. Consolidation of Schools .. .. 40 tion Districts .. . . .. 26 29. Conveyance and Board of Pupils .. 41 10. Sizo of Classes .. .. .. 26 30. Manual Instruction .. .. 41 11. Classification of Teachers .. .. ..27 31. Physical Education .. .. ..42 12. Salaries of Teachers .. .. .. 29 32. Sohool Music .. .. .. .. 42 13. Pupils leaving Public Primary Schools .. 31 33. Training of Teachers .. .. ..42 14. Pupils commencing Post - primary Course in 34. Higher (University) Education .. .. 42 State Schools .. .. .. 31 35. Annual Examinations .. .. 43 15. Destination of Pupils .. .. .. 32 36. Child Welfare .. .. .. .. 45 16. Vocational Guidance and Placement .. 35 37. Teachers' Superannuation Fund .. 46 17. Length of Post-primary Course .. .. 36 Appendix—Statement of Expenditure and Re--18. Free Places in Post-primary Schools .. 37 • coveries, &c. .. .. .. 48 19. Special Classes for Backward Children .. 37

Office of the Department of Education, Your Excellency,— Wellington, 18th July, 1939. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ended the 31st December, 1938. I have, &c, His Excellency the Governor-General of the P. Eraser. Dominion of New Zealand.

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REPORT.

i. INTRODUCTORY AND GENERAL. Since this report covers the third year of the Government's administration of education it is fitting that I should not only list the achievements of the past year, but also try to indicate in a general way the extent to which I have been able, during my first term of office, to carry out the policy laid down three years ago. EDUCATIONAL POLICY. The educational policy put forward by the Government at the end of 1935 could be summed up as : — The readmission of the five-year-olds to public schools and the extension of kindergarten training. The extension of teacher-training facilities to provide the necessary staff for smaller classes. The rebuilding and reconditioning of old and unhygienic buildings. More liberal supplies of equipment, including adequate library facilities. The extension of dental treatment to all school-children. Standard rates of pay to all teachers now serving under the rationing scheme. Eight of appeal against non-appointment. Improvement of the standard of teachers' residences. IMPLEMENTING OF POLICY. While this policy is so comprehensive and continuous that it can never be completed in an absolute sense in any given time, it may be claimed that during the past three years great advances have been made under all these headings. One of the first acts of the Government was to readmit the five-year-olds to the public schools in 1936. At the same time the Wellington and Dunedin Training Colleges were reopened, and all the Training Colleges are now working to capacity to provide sufficient teachers to enable classes to be reduced to a reasonable size. In no field has there been more activity than in that of school buildings and sites. Up to the end of 1938 the Government had given approval for capital works in connection with school buildings amounting to £2,511,428, of which £1,441,411 had been expended and fine new schools and teachers' residences are springing up throughout the country. It is recognized that there is still a heavy leeway to be made up, but the work of bringing buildings and grounds up to date is being pressed on as rapidly as the facilities of the building industry permit. Liberal allowances for equipment and libraries have been made to all types of State schools. The number of trainees in the Dental Clinic rose from 53 in 1935 to 138 in 1938, and new clinics have been established in the schools as quickly as staff could be trained. The rationing scheme for unemployed teachers was abolished, and primary-school teachers not able to secure permanent positions are now employed at a living wage as probationary assistants or relieving teachers. Provisions for right of appeal against non-appointment were incorporated in the Education Amendment Bill that was brought down and fully discussed during the past year. OBJECTIVE. These, then, are some of the efforts the Government has made to carry out its specific promises, but much more than this has been done. The Government's objective, broadly expressed, is that every person, whatever his level of academic ability, whether he be rich or poor, whether he live in town or country, has a

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right, as a citizen, to a free education of the kind for which he is best fitted, and to the fullest extent of his powers. So far is this from being a mere pious platitude that the full acceptance of the principle will involve the reorientation of the education system. The structure of the New Zealand school system as originally laid down (and, indeed, of practically all the school systems of the world) was based on the principle of selection. An elementary education in the three Rs was given to all the population, but, beyond that, schooling had to be either bought by the well-to-do, or won, through scholarships, by the specially brilliant. Under such a system post-primary education was a thing apart from primary education and tended to be verbal and academic in nature. A definite penalty was placed on the children of the poor, especially on those who lived outside the main centres of population. From the beginning of this century the rigour of this selective system has been progressively relaxed. New Zealand has moved far more rapidly in this respect than the countries of the Old World, and had, even before 1935, given a large measure of free education even at the higher levels. Yet the principle of selection for post-primary and higher education remained, and the present Government was the first to recognize explicitly that continued education is no longer a special privilege for the well-to-do or the academically able, but a right to be claimed by all who want it to the fullest extent that the State can provide. Important consequences follow from the acceptance of this principle. It is not enough to provide more places in schools of the older academic type that were devised originally for the education of the gifted few. Schools that are to cater for the whole population must offer courses that are as rich and varied as are the needs and abilities of the children who enter them: this means generous equipment, more and bettertrained teachers, and some system of guidance to help pupils to select the schools and courses that will best cater for their abilities. It means also, if there is to be true equality of opportunity, that, by one method or another, the country child must be given access to the facilities from which he has always tended to be barred by the mere accident of location. Most important of all, perhaps, it means that the system of administrative control must be such that the whole school system is a unit within which there is free movement. It is only against this historical background that the Government's policy in education can be fully understood. It was necessary to convert a school system, constructed originally on a basis of selection and privilege, to a truly democratic form where it can cater for the needs of the whole population over as long a period of their lives as is found possible and desirable. I would wish the achievements of the past year, as outlined in this report, to be seen against this background and to be judged according to their furtherance of the aims here discussed. LEGISLATIVE CHANGES. Education Amendment Bill. The present system of educational administration under which the post-primary schools are controlled by local authorities that are quite independent of those controlling the primary schools is a relic of the period when the post-primary schools were thought of as providing for a selected few an education alternative to rather than subsequent to that given in the primary schools. As soon as it is recognized that every child should have post-primary education of a kind for which he is best fitted a closer relationship between all schools, primary and post-primary, becomes essential, in order that the individual should be free to move easily from school to school or from course to course with adequate guidance at each stage. It therefore becomes necessary to place all the schools in an area under a single controlling authority. This was the main purpose of the Education Amendment Bill introduced during the year. After its first reading the Bill was referred to the Education Committee of the House of Representatives, which proceeded to consider its provisions and to take evidence from a wide range of interested bodies. To facilitate full and free discussion of the Bill I approved of the Technical Education Association and the Boards in control of secondary schools spending public funds to arrange meetings

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in Wellington. A remarkably wide range of persons and institutions gave evidence before the Committee. It was the first time for some years that an opportunity had occurred for all educational authorities to express their considered opinions on matters of educational organization and administration, and I am very grateful to them for the very valuable help they gave in the clarifying of the situation. Besides providing in some detail for the unification of controlling authorities under twelve Education Boards, the Bill also made the following proposals : — (a) The establishment of an Advisory Council of Education and of a special Advisory Council of Adult Education (with local Committees). (b) The appointment for each education district of an officer of the Department of Education, to be known as " the Education Officer." (c) The constitution of a special Board of Appeal to hear appeals from teachers against non-appointment. (d) The raising of the school-leaving age to fifteen years. (e) Allowing religious instruction to be given in public schools (for half an hour on two days each week) by approved persons. (/) Removal of restrictions against the employment of married women as teachers. After giving very careful consideration to the evidence placed before it, the Education Committee recommended to the House that the Bill be allowed to proceed without amendment. In view of the rather chaotic state of educational legislation generally, I arranged for it all to be reviewed during the year with the object of bringing down a consolidating measure embodying the provisions of the Bill considered by the Committee. Education Amendment Act, 1938. Id the meantime, when the session was resumed later in the year, the Education Amendment Act, 1938, a shorter measure dealing with immediately urgent matters, was passed. It provided for : — (a) Increasing the grants to Education Boards for general purposes and also the grants for incidental expenses of School Committees. (b) Repealing the provisions as to the contributions by parents towards the salary or board of teachers in Grade 0 schools. (c) Extending the power to make regulations in relation to the appointment of teachers in public schools. (d) Contributions to the Teachers' Superannuation Fund and retiringallowances to be computed on reduced salaries in certain cases where contributors did not elect to contribute on house allowance. (e) Repealing the provisions placing restrictions on the employment of married women as teachers. (/) Establishing the Council of Adult Education. Teachees' Salaries Regulations 1938. The Teachers' Salaries Regulations 1938 (which became operative as from Ist October, 1938) had two major aims—firstly, to raise the salaries in the primaryschool service, and, secondly, to alter the method of computing salaries in such a way as to make it unnecessary for teachers to be constantly changing schools in order to improve salary and status. The teachers affected are those in primary schools, intermediate schools and departments, Native schools, district high schools, training-colleges, and the Department's Correspondence School. Under the new scheme each teacher is paid a basic salary dependent upon years of service, and he may receive, in addition, a position salary which depends upon the post he holds. An allowance as country salary has been provided for assistants in approved country schools with the idea of attracting well-qualified teachers to schools in the isolated districts. I am confident that the new salary scale will make for more stability in the teaching staffs of public schools and will result in a better distribution of teaching skill throughout the country. '""-. ... ."■■'. ''■'..

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Other Regulations. Other regulations of minor importance were made during the year concerning the following matters : — (a) To allow teachers to advance to their correct relative positions on the grading-list, provision was made to grade a teacher in the grading group next higher to the one in which he would have been placed according to the grade of his salary even though he had not received the maximum marks for teaching, personality, and powers of organization as required by regulation. (b) The abolition of the fee of 10s. 6d. that had to be paid by a teacher before he could appeal against his grading. (c) Amendments designed to improve the application of the Teachers' Salaries Regulations 1938. (d) The grading groups in the regulations for the grading of public-school teachers were not applicable to the new scale of salaries, and as it was not' possible to devise a new grading scheme in the time available a regulation was made authorizing the classification of teachers in groups for the 1939 grading according to the grades of salaries that would have been payable to them under the old regulations for teachers' salaries. (e) The removal of the salary bar in the case of certain qualified teachers in technical schools and combined schools. (/) The granting of special leave of absence to teachers with salary in cases approved by the Minister. (g) The payment of an allowance equal to the amount of the adult basic weekly wage to male training - college students, probationary assistants, and relieving teachers who are married. (h) The increase of the payments by approximately 100 per cent, to secondary schools for the supply of material for practical and science subjects. (i) The rearrangement of the groups of compulsory and optional subjects for the Class C Examination because of the abolition of the Training College Entrance Examination. (j) The payment of the general grant to Education Boards for general purposes on the roll number on the 16th September, 1938 (on which the schools were staffed for the year 1939), which provided a very favoxirable basis for the computation of the grant. RURAL EDUCATION. Consolidation of Schools. Although I am well aware of the very fine work being done in some sole-charge and two-teacher schools, I am yet of the opinion that, other things being equal, better results can be achieved in the larger schools than in the smaller rural schools because of the greater possibilities for social contacts, special equipment, and specialized teaching. So the consolidation of small schools is being pressed forward wherever it appears to be justified, provided that the majority of the parents concerned favour the change. Approval was given during the year for the consolidation of 113 small schools on 73 centres. The difficulty of providing extra accommodation quickly enough may slow down the programme of consolidation somewhat during the next year or so. Conveyance. A natural consequence of consolidation is the provision of adequate conveyance facilities to bring the children into the centres. This is an aspect of rural education that is demanding ever-increasing attention and the expenditure of considerable sums. It is, however, giving.to the country child ever-increasing freedom of access to the rich and varied education, post-primary as.well as primary, enjoyed by the city child. Where conveyance systems have grown up around post-primary

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schools, as at Dannevirke, Pukekohe, Ashburton, &c, there has developed in the outlying districts a strong demand for post-primary education. The provision of even meagre transport facilities seems to give an impetus in a district to the desire for post-primary education, and it is not long before increasing numbers necessitate the working-out of new and more extensive conveyance routes. In 1935 there were 31,500 pupils in attendance at post-primary schools, exclusive of the Correspondence School; in 1938 there were 34,200, and this in spite of the increasing demands of industry for adolescent labour. District high schools must necessarily be affected by this development of conveyance. Some have been consolidated on the nearest post-primary schools, as in the case of Norsewood and Manaia; the attendance at others has been reduced by the tendency of pupils to make use of regular passenger services to desert established district high schools in order to attend bigger schools offering more diversified courses of instruction ; in other districts, as for example around Levin, the provision of transport for post-primary pupils has made it unnecessary to establish district high schools in the smaller places. There is, I think, no need to regret the effect of conveyance on the district high schools. Their main function has always been to provide for country districts as good an education as possible until such time as more fully equipped and staffed post-primary schools could be established. Many of our large post-primary schools began life as district high schools. It has been noticeable throughout this century that as district high schools became converted into full post-primary schools other district high schools sprang up in smaller centres, and already the growth of the conveyance system, as it closes some district high schools, is making possible the opening or the building up of others in more scattered or isolated districts. The growth of conveyance services, both primary and post-primary, is shown by the number of contracts arranged over the past three years —in December, 1936, there were, in round figures, 260 contracts ; in 1937, 490 ; and in 1938, 640. Nineteen school buses were constructed for the Department and placed in service in 1938. The full cost of conveying pupils to manual-training centres for manual and technical classes was taken over by the Government in 1938 at an additional annual cost of approximately £600. Agricultural Clubs. To say that the Government is determined that the country child shall have as good an education as the town child is not to say that he shall invariably have exactly the same education in every detail. Every effort is being made to adapt the curriculum to the social and economic background of each school. The teaching of agriculture is made a special feature in the rural schools, and the growth of the boys' and girls' agricultural clubs is evidence that success is being achieved. In the year 1935-36 there were 5,210 entries for competitions from these clubs, and 4,000 completed projects ; in 1936-37 the corresponding figures were 9,000 and 6,750; in 1938 they were 19,558 and 15,188. Projects were undertaken in the rearing of calves, lambs, chickens, bees, and pigs, and the production of crops More valuable work than this in relating the activities of the school to the life of the community it is difficult to imagine. Correspondence School. . In the very remote areas where neither a local school nor conveyance can. be provided the Correspondence School continues to do most useful work, as it does also in the case of children unable to attend school through lengthy illness or for other causes. Craft and club activities of a kind not usually associated with correspondence courses have been developed, and. efforts have been made to generate a corporate school spirit. To assist in this direction I approved of the holding of a vacation school for Correspondence School pupils at Gisborne in May, but the floods in that area made it necessary at the last moment to abandon the idea. I have since approved of a vacation school in New Plymouth in May, 1939. Another method of developing the personal contacts that are essential in education has been to send senior Correspondence School teachers into the field to visit pupils

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and parents in their homes. During the year five teachers have travelled extensively under this scheme, and there is evidence that their work has been appreciated in the backblock districts. Weekly radio lessons from the Correspondence School have served a similar purpose in making the pupils feel that they belong to an institution that has a corporate living existence. In August the Headmaster attended the first International Conference on Correspondence Education held at Victoria, British Columbia. His report was most informative and valuable. ADULT EDUCATION. Council op Adult Education. A Government that believes it is the right of every citizen to be given all the education from which he can benefit cannot limit its activities to the schools, and during the past three years I have been anxious to put adult education on a firmer and more permanent basis. Statutory authority for the establishment of the Council of Adult Education was included in the Education Amendment Act, 1938. The Council consists of the Director of Education, the Director of Broadcasting, two representatives of the Senate of the University of New Zealand (Dr. Elizabeth Bryson and Professor T. A. Hunter), one representative of the Dominion Council of the Workers' Educational Association (Mr. P. M. Smith), and two persons appointed by the Minister of Education (Mrs. N. A. R. Barrer and Mr. W. G-. Simpson). Although the Education Amendment Act, 1938, was not passed until September, the Council had functioned from the beginning of the year and had investigated the whole field of adult education. An amount of £7,000 was made available for adult education, and the Council arranged for its disbursement amongst the agencies and organizations responsible for carrying on work in this field. In addition to providing for the needs of the four University colleges, which had been assisted financially in the past, the Council considered requests for assistance from the Women's Division of the Farmers' Union, the Federation of Women's Institutes, and the British Drama League, and also requests on behalf of Maori adult education and the Box Scheme. It is hoped that in the coming year, with the appointment of district advisory committees, there will be marked advances in the sphere of adult education. I am particularly desirous of seeing more classes organized in Public Works camps. Country Library Service.* In May the Right Hon. the Prime Minister formally inaugurated the Country Library Service, which has, under the control of Mr. Gr. T. Alley, established itself rapidly during the year. Its books are being distributed by means of two specially built vans, one in the North Island and one in the South. The effects of the service are to be seen not only in the appreciation by country people of the books sent out, but also in the general stimulation and awakening that is occurring in rural and small-town libraries. The amount appropriated for the service for the year 1938-39 was £8,766. The library contained 16,533 volumes at the end of 1938. Feilding Community Centre. New Zealand has not yet developed an ideal system of adult education, especially as far as the rural areas are concerned. Experimentation will be necessary over a long period. One bold experiment was started during the year at Feilding, where Mr. and Mrs. H. C. D. Somerset were appointed to the staff of the Feilding Agricultural High School for the special purpose of trying out a new method of organizing adult education in a district. They spend half a day each per week in class-teaching in order to maintain contact with the older pupils; the remainder of their time is spent at the Community Centre, which is a building in the town that was originally used as a technical school but has now been structurally altered and specially equipped to cater for adult education in the fullest sense.

* For report on Country Library Service see,.H.-32A.

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Classes are conducted at the centre in drama, child-care, literature, art appreciation, physical welfare, and the like, and courses are also run in outlying areas. But the experiment means more than the mere delivering of lectures. The ultimate aim is to gather around the Community Centre all the educational and cultural activities in the district. One room has already been comfortably furnished as a readingroom, and the centre serves not only as a meeting-place for such organizations as the New Education Fellowship and the Workers' Educational Association, but also as a place where any individual can drop in for advice and guidance on such matters as the choosing of books, the care of children, the decoration of the home, or any matter in which two well-qualified people can help. It is hoped in the near future to provide a gymnasium, a nursery class for small children on sale days, facilities for play-production, and materials and instruction for various kinds of crafts. Already full use is being made of the art set provided by the Carnegie Corporation of New York. It may be three or four years before the real value of the experiment can be gauged. lam desirous that in the early stages it should be regarded as an experiment and its structure left as flexible as possible. If it is successful it may have very far-reaching effects upon adult education in New Zealand. THE TEACHING PKOFESSION. Consultation with Teachers. Throughoiit my administration I have held it as a fundamental tenet that the teaching profession should be fully consulted when changes of educational policy are contemplated. This is essential if it is to be regarded as a profession in any real sense of the term. During the year I have been in constant touch with the teachers' organizations over the Education Bill, the salary scales, the text-books scheme, and many other smaller matters ; and I wish to express my gratitude for the reasonable and friendly attitude they have always adopted and the very valuable help they have given. I may at the same time thank the Secretaries of the Education Boards for their assistance with the Teachers' Salaries Regulations 1938, especially Mr. W. L. Dunn, Secretary of the Hawke's Bay Education Board, who played a most important part in the preparation of the Regulations. Salaries of Secondary and Technical School Teachers. In fulfilment of a promise given to representatives of the Secondary Schools' Association and the Technical School Teachers' Association I appointed a committee to investigate the whole question of staffing and salaries in post-primary schools. It was not until the end of the year that the Committee had gathered all the relevant information, and I hope that a schedule of staffing and a scale of salaries will be formulated that will prove satisfactory to every one concerned. Exchange of Teachers. Under the scheme for the exchange of positions between New Zealand teachers and those in other parts of the Empire, thirty New Zealand teachers served abroad during the year. Nineteen were in Great Britain, three in Canada, and eight in Australia. Four of the English exchanges were of post-primary teachers, the remainder being primary. Arrangements were also made for the lecturers in geography at the Auckland Training College and the Cortland State Normal School, United States of America, to exchange positions for a year. Training of Teachers. The Government's policy of extending the school system and at the same time reducing the teaching load of the individual teacher has thrown a very heavy strain on the four teachers' training colleges. If legislative authority is given in the near future for the raising of the school-age to fifteen years, the demands made on the colleges will be still further intensified. lam confident that with the additional

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facilities that can now be offered them the colleges will prove equal to the task. In 1935 there were 428 students in training ; at the end of last year there were 1,526 students at the training colleges, of whom 57 were Division C (graduate) students and 62 were spending a third year at college specializing in some subject of the school curriculum. Next year it is intended to admit to the training colleges as many students as space will permit and to approve of seventy students remaining on for a further year of specialist training. With the broadening and enriching of the curriculum that is taking place on all sides it is essential that well-trained specialists should be available in the schools, particularly in the newer and less academic fields of work. Conference op Inspectors. In any movement for educational reform one key .position is held by the persons who select and train the teachers of the future ; another position, no less important, is held by the Inspectors of Schools who assess the work of the teachers, and who should be the leaders of the movement and the prime agents for exchange of ideas. It was decided, therefore, to call a conference of Inspectors of Schools, which met in Wellington during the May vacation. (The previous conference of Inspectors was held in 1932.) Among the topics discussed were the new freedom and inspection, the curriculum, the training of teachers, modernization of school buildings and equipment of schools, staffing of schools, rural education, grading of teachers, and physical education and health. Women Advisers and Inspectors. A full year's work has now been completed by the three women advisers to infant departments and kindergartens and also by the Woman Inspector of Home Science and the Woman Supervisor of Domestic Subjects. Since no provision had been made for many years for the type of work they are doing it is expected that marked advances will be seen as a result of the stimulation and guidance they have been able to give. The New Freedom. It is too early as yet to estimate in any general and systematic way the extent to which teachers have availed themselves of the new freedom offered to them by the present Administration, but heartening reports are coming in of teachers throughout the country who are taking advantage of the absence of external pressure and external examinations to break new ground and experiment in methods and curricula. Educational progress seldom takes place along a solid front; if scouting parties can be encouraged to explore new ground the main body can be trusted to follow as soon as the trails are blazed. Teachers and parents have been particularly appreciative of the freedom that was given the schools this year to modify the time-tables during February. Teachers were advised to take advantage of this freedom by encouraging swimming and other outdoor activities making for physical and emotional welfare. I have promised that the privilege of modifying time-tables during February will be given again in future years. TEACHING AIDS. Text-books. There is no line of action capable of producing such immediate results in the schools as the revision and reform of text-books, which are, and will for a long time continue to be, the main tool of the teacher. As I stated in my last report, a committee consisting of representatives of the Department and of the New Zealand Educational Institute has been considering the provision of new text-books for the primary schools. As a result of the Committee's recommendations the sum of £1,000 was appropriated for work on text-books in 1938-39, and additional staff was appointed to test and carry out the scheme put forward.

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Visual Aids. The task of producing a complete policy in connection with visual aids in education has proved more difficult and lengthy than was anticipated. The field is beset with a multitude of legal and technical difficulties even after the strictly educational questions are settled. However, the Committee I appointed to look into the matter has done a large amount of work during the year, especially on the types of projectors available, the sources from which films can be procured, and the educational possibilities of the film-strip. A number of film-strips have been prepared with the assistance of the training-college staffs, and small supplies have been purchased overseas. The training colleges have been provided with special equipment to enable them to experiment with visual aids. Very good pioneer work has been done by other groups, the most notable being the Visual Education Association in Auckland, which runs a circuit of silent films covering some fifty schools. Committees and associations connected with some schools have .worked hard to procure projectors and other equipment. I shall announce the Department's considered policy as early as possible, and shall arrange for help and guidance in the sphere of visual aids to be given through the Education Gazette and in other ways. Museum Officers. Projectors and films are not the only visual aids. The seeing and handling of real objects is even more important to children than the viewing of pictures, and for this reason I approved of the appointment in February last of an Educational Officer attached jointly to the museum and the training-college in each of the four centres. Half the salaries of these officers is paid by the Department and half by a grant from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, which has also provided funds for the preparation of museum boxes for circulation to schools. The function of the officers is to form a link between the schools and the museums, to encourage m children a vivid interest in all that museums can offer, and to train teachers in the use of museums and visual aids generally. The initial grant from the Caroepe Corporation was for a three-year experimental period, and the experiment is being watched with interest with a view to incorporating it permanently in the education system if it proves satisfactory. Art and Music Sets. The Carnegie Corporation again made several gifts of art and music sets to schools and training colleges during the year. They are being used in the spirit in which they were given, to develop the appreciation of art and music not only in the schools, but also in the local communities of which the schools are a part. NATIVE SCHOOLS. Over the past three years there has been rapid development within the Nativeschool service. The Native schools have always had a fairly close contact with their village communities, but in 1936 it was laid down as a definite policy that curricula and methods in the schools should be related as closely as possible to Maori life and culture. The result has been very gratifying, and there are no schools in the country making bolder experiments than the Native schools, especially along the lines of projects, crafts, and social activities related to village life. Health and Building. For the Maori, problems of health and of education cannot be separated and efforts are being made to provide for Native schools domestic facilities that are not on y useful for training the young, but also as models for the adult communities Special buildings have been erected at six Native schools to house under one roof a cookery room, a woodwork room, hot and cold showers, separate baths for boys and girls, and a laundry. The baths and showers are made available to adults as

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well as to children. The erection of similar buildings has been approved at nine other schools. Five schools have model cottages. The institution of permanent water-supplies has been pushed forward vigorously ; and the provision of necessaryequipment for the supply of malted milk in Native schools that cannot secure pasteurized milk is being made as rapidly as possible. Native-school Teachers. Next year provision will be made for the special training of teachers for Native schools by the institution of third-year studentships at a training college, the appointment of probationary assistants to Native schools, and the admission under a special quota of Maori girls and boys to training colleges. A refresher course for teachers in Native schools will be held at Rotorua in February. A comprehensive report on the present facilities for the post-primary education of the Maori is being prepared by the Department as a basis for future policy. In the meantime the scholarship system has been extended. SCHOOL BUILDINGS. It is not easy for teachers to develop their work along modern, active lines in schools that were devised for paper-and-pencil teaching to large passive classes, and that, even according to those old-fashioned standards, may be aged and decrepit. So the building programme has been kept in the forefront of the movement for educational reform. The expenditure on public school buildings in 1938 was higher than ever before, and the quality of the new buildings conforms to a standard never before known in New Zealand. Additional buildings have also been provided for secondary and technical schools and at the Auckland and Wellington University Colleges. Substantial building programmes were also undertaken in Native schools and in institutions administered by the Child Welfare Branch. Further buildings are being erected at the New Zealand Institute for the Blind in Auckland. There is still, however, much to be done. Many classes are housed in unsuitable rented buildings, and in other cases serious overcrowding exists. School residences are often far from satisfactory. A comprehensive list of requirements has been prepared, and the proposals will be examined in their order of urgency. CHILD WELFARE BRANCH. Preventive Work. There are some 4,250 children under the legal guardianship of the Superintendent of Child Welfare, while another 3,400 are under supervision in some form or other. Within recent years the Branch has concentrated more and more on the preventive side of its work. Unfortunately, public opinion has come to associate the Branch and its Child Welfare Officers almost exclusively with the Children's Courts and juvenile delinquency. It is essential that the public should be made to realize that the officers of the Branch are there to help parents and children generally, that the punitive aspect of their work is a very minor one, and that no stigma need attach to any child who is referred to them for help and guidance. In their work during the past year they have saved scores of difficult or maladjusted children from appearing before the Courts at all, simply because they were given the opportunity of dealing with the cases early enough. Boys' Training Farm. The buildings at the Boys' Training Farm at Weraroa are out of date and most unsuitable for the new scheme of training that is projected. It is planned to build separate villas that will allow of better classification of the boys and will permit of a more positive plan for helping them to rehabilitate themselves. Technical instruction will be provided for the boys in the coming year.

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Children's Courts. Particulars regarding the work of the Children's Courts for the year are contained in the report of the Superintendent of Child Welfare, but I wish to acknowledge here the co-operation and assistance given to the Department by Stipendiary Magistrates, Associates, Special Justices, and honorary officers throughout the Dominion. There are now two hundred honorary Child Welfare Officers, men and women, who give their time and energy unsparingly to the children in the districts where professional officers are not in constant attendance. Training. The provision of some system of training for field and institution officers will have to be considered in the near future. MISCELLANEOUS. Appointment or Assistant Director of Education. As from the Ist September, 1938, Dr. C. E. Beeby was appointed Assistant Director of Education. Dr. Beeby was the first Director of the New Zealand Council for Educational Research and brings to his new position a wealth of experience in the field of education. Vocational Guidance. As stated earlier in this report, the provision of a highly differentiated system of post-primary education for all who wish to take advantage of it necessarily involves some attempt to help children to choose the schools and courses, and ultimately the occupations, for which their natural abilities best fit them. Educational and vocational guidance must be thought of as one of the basic functions of such an educational system, and not as something added to it as an external luxury. Guidance must necessarily take place in every school, whether consciously or unconsciously. It was decided to start at the beginning of 1938 an experiment in a more explicit and formal type of guidance. The structure of the Youth Centres and the functions of vocational guidance officers and careers advisers were discussed m my last report. The system has not yet been extended beyond the four mam cities, in spite of many applications from schools to be allowed to appoint careers advisers. It is felt that it would be wiser to allow the work to proceed experimentally for a year and to review the whole situation some time in 1939. Acknowledgments. The advances outlined in this report could never have been made without the fullest co-operation from a multitude of individuals and organizations. The Director and officers of the Department have continued to give loyal and enlightened service to the cause of education. With the controlling authorities relations could not be bettered ; the Education Boards, the Boards controlling post-primary schools, the Senate of the University of New Zealand, the University College Councils, the School Committees, and the bodies controlling the non-State schools have worked in the closest possible harmony with the Department and with me. The teachers, both individually and in their associations, the New Zealand Educational Institute, the Secondary Schools' Association, the Technical School Teachers' Association, the Women Teachers' Association, the Men Teachers' Guild, and the Eegistered Private School Teachers' Association, have given the generous assistance that one has come to expect of their profession. Less formal organizations such as Parents' Associations and Home and School Associations have performed very useful functions that fall outside the sphere of the more official bodies. The work of adult education has been energetically conducted by the Workers' Educational Association, the Association for Country Education" the New Zealand Library Association, the Women's Institutes, the Women's Division of the Farmers' Union, the Drama League, and numerous other organizations. The New Zealand Council for Educational Eesearch has continued its valuable survey of New Zealand education. I should like here to give official acknowledgment to these institutions and individuals and to all the people, paid and unpaid, who have been so often happy to place the welfare of the children before their own immediate personal interests or convenience.

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2. TYPES OF SCHOOLS. The present position in regard to our school system is outlined below. The Native schools and the Correspondence School are under the direct control of the Department; the other schools given in Table A are controlled by the various Boards in accordance with the Act and the regulations made thereunder. The primary schools in the Chatham Islands have since 1929 been controlled by the Department. In addition to the types given in that table there exist a number of private primary schools, private secondary schools, and private Native schools (both primary and secondary). These are under the control of various private bodies, but the range of classes is substantially the same as that given for corresponding schools in the table. Some private secondary schools are " endowed" — i.e., maintained partly by revenues derived from grants of land made by the State. Apart from certain special schools for the mentally backward (two) and for the deaf (one) the following are the types of State schools that are at present in operation. The New Zealand Institute for the Blind is privately controlled.

Table A.

(a) A few primary schools have a Form 111, in which the work done approximates to that of Form 111 of a post-primary school.' Some primary schools have become contributing schools— i.e., have lost Forms I and 11, these classes having been transferred to intermediate schools or departments. (b) Intermediate departments include Forms I and II only, Form 111 being considered part of the post-primary school to which the intermediate department is attached. Intermediate schools have, however, a Form 111 in cases specially approved by the Department. (c) In secondary departments of some district high schools there are a few pupils doing work in advance of that of Form V. One district high school—Waihi—has an intermediate department but no primary department. (d) Secondary and technical schools amalgamated under a single governing body.

3- COST OF EDUCATION. The appendix to this report shows in detail under various headings the expenditure on education during the financial year ended 31st March, 1939. The total expenditure, including endowment revenue, amounted to £5,157,224 as against £4,679,168 in the previous year, an increase of £478,056.

Type of School. Lowest Class. Highest Class. 1. Primary (a) . . .. •• Preparatory division Form j J (Standard VI). 2. Native .. .. •■ Preparatory division Form II (Standard VI). 3. Intermediate (b) .. .. Form I (Standard V) Form 11 (Standard VI). 4. District Higli School— (i) Primary Department .. Preparatory division Form 11 (Standard VI). (ii) Secondary Department (c) Form III. . . . Form V. 5. Secondary . . .. .. Form III.. .. Form VI. 6. Technical High .. .. Form III.. .. Form VI. 7. Combined (d) .. .. Form III.. .. Form VI. 8. Correspondence School — (i) Primary .. .. Preparatory division Form II (Standard VI). (ii) Secondary .. .. Form III.. .. Form VI.

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An analysis of expenditure is shown in the following table : —

Table B. —Analysis of Expenditure on Education for the Year ended 31st March, 1939.

From the statement of expenditure and recoveries the cost of primary education per pupil in the primary schools based on average attendance was £14 18s. 9d. excluding buildings, and £17 9s. lOd. including buildings. 4. SCHOOL BUILDINGS AND SITES. The net capital expenditure on the erection of school buildings, additions, and teachers' residences and the purchase of sites for the financial year ended on 31st March, 1939, totalled £680,123, as against £561,532 for the previous year. The work for the year included the erection of modern buildings to replace worn-out and out-of-date structures, the replacement of unsatisfactory rented accommodation, the erection of consolidated schools to house the children from small country schools, the provision of additional class-rooms where needed, and the erection of residences for teachers in centres where it is not possible to secure rented accommodation. In addition to this work, extensive improvements to school-grounds at all types of schools have been undertaken during the past two years. The work done has been of permanent value to the schools and in many cases involved the making of concrete retaining-walls in order that larger level areas could be provided for recreation. A substantial portion of the labour-cost was paid for out of the Employment Promotion Fund. The larger works carried out in the Auckland district included new primary schools at Orakei and Richmond Road (Auckland), Howick, Okaihau Consolidated School; additional accommodation at Ngatea, Otorohanga, Taumarunui, Tauranga, and Matamata District High Schools, and a new site has been purchased in

XX (9 04) " ' 761 761 11,562 11,562 .. .. 11,562 11,562 g&M •• 59? } ™ { sfclW } 29 >*™{ -40 } 40 { } »."° LVa 71 UO) " 81 ) f 13 868 f 71 1 f 13,939 1 IVb (111-150) " '.' 86 L 318 J 9 635 131,142 J 695 10,330 I 32,363 IVo 151-190 " 51 j 1 7,639 J [ 455 1 8,094 I Vk 191-830 " •• 81 1 f 5.367 ] { 535 ) f 6,102 1 Vi (231-27oj .. .. glliJ ?> 27,198 g 1,972 |'J AIM VU 351-390 - - 21 6,966 ] \ 396 1 \ 7 362 VlB 391-430 .. .. 24 8,704 76 8,880 VIo 431-470 26 10,420 495 10,915 vi; I7-510 :: : 22 9, 60 6 ei Mβ? VTtt 511 5501 27 12,693 •• 12,693 VIf 55li90 " 18 6 626 422 7,048 | Vie 59I-63O " " 14 111 7,601 VIh 631-670) .. .. 9 . m J 5.252 l 75j848 J 40 . x 701 J S.292 77>54n VIi (671-710) .. .- 3 1,792 f 1 •• '-^ VlJ (711-750) .... 1 695 .. bJti VIk 751-790) .. .. 4 2,620 2,620 VlL (791-830) .. .. 2 1,422 .. 1,422 VIm (831-870) .. . • 1 " 31 •• ' d VIn (871-910) .. .... • ■ * VIo (911-950) •• •■ •• VTp (951-990) .. .. 1 J I 831 J I •• J I 831 J Totals, 1938 .. 2,274 176,152 176,152 4,934 4,934 181,086 181,086 Totals, 1937 .. 2,378 2,378 183,350 183,350 4,493 4,493 187,843 187,843 Difference .. .. ~-104 -104 —7,198 j -7,198 +441 +441 -6,757 -6,757 adjust d ?n IcSance thi TtZSJSS* mkSSg the staffing of AoolB. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended ■nil Dweinlier 1138 was- Primary departments, 173,013; secondary departments, :>,013. atfcondlnoes™wn y under this heading includes any pupils in Standard VII or in special classes. |TMs refers to secondary classes conducted mainly in rural areas in district high schools.

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Ponsonby, Auckland, for the erection of a new intermediate school. Additional class-rooms have been provided, and a new technical block is in course of erection at Rotorua High School. The primary school in Kotorua is also being rebuilt, and a new intermediate school is to be opened in Tβ Awamutu, Additions are being proceeded with at Auckland Training College. It is anticipated that the following works will be put in hand shortly : New schools at Hamilton West and at Morrinsville, the rebuilding of Mount Albert, Mount Eden, and Newton West Schools in Auckland, and the erection of an intermediate school at Onehunga, the rebuilding of Taneatua School, a new consolidated school at Waipa. and substantial additions at Wcllsford District High School. In. Taranaki new primary schools have been provided at Inglewood and Kaponga. Additional laboratories and other accommodation have been erected at New Plymouth Girls' High School, and further additions are contemplated. At the Boys' High School a library building is being provided, also substantial additions to the hostel. Further additions to the boys' School are also being considered. At Stratford Technical School further buildings are being provided, and at Hawera Technical School work is to commence as soon as arrangements can be made. In the Wanganui district additions are being erected at Marton District High School; further accommodation is being provided at Feilding Technical School hostel ; and work is now proceeding on the new intermediate school in Palmerston North. In the Hawke's Bay district a new primary school has been erected at Hastings Central, a new infant building at Gisborne, additional accommodation at Dannevirke High School, and a start has been made with the erection of the new intermediate school in Gisborne. A new secondary department and manual-training rooms are to be provided at Wairoa, and additional accommodation at Gisborne High School. The new hostel for Napier Girls' High School will be put in hand as soon as possible. The new Education Board's offices in Wellington are now under way, a new primary school has been provided on a new site at Hutt Central, additional land has been secured at_ Mount Cook Primary School and additional accommodation is under consideration. Unsatisfactory class-rooms at Island Bay have been replaced, a new school is being erected at Newtown, a new school has been completed at Miramar North, and a manual-training centre in Miramar. Additional accommodation is to be provided at Karori West and at Clyde Quay. The final portion of Wellington Technical College has now been added, and a new school has been commenced at Gracefield. A site has been secured in Karori for the erection of a new training college to replace the present building in Kelburn, and plans are in course of preparation for improved accommodation at Wellington Girls' College. In the Wellington Education District additions have been erected at Carterton District High School; a new school at Blenheim has been completed, and additions are to be provided at Featherston District High School. Good progress is now being made with the rebuilding of Marlborough College. Horowhenua College at Levin will be completed this year. It is expected that an early start will be made with the rebuilding of Nelson Boys' College, which was seriously damaged by earthquake. A new workshop block was erected during the year. The Nelson Education Board has carried out the erection of a new school at Richmond, and at Granity a new school is nearing completion. A new primary school is to be provided at Denniston, and negotiations are proceeding for the purchase of additional land for Nelson Central School. In the Canterbury Education District the following large works have been carried out: The rebuilding at Belfast (main school), Christchurch East (infant and main schools), remodelling and additions at Geraldine, also a workshop block at Greymouth Technical School. Additional laboratories and class-rooms have been added to Avonside Girls' High School, and substantial additions at Christchurch Girls' High School. Work in progress includes a new infant school at Hokitika, the rebuilding of the primary schools at St. Andrews and Waimate, the erection of a new intermediate school in Sydenham, Christchurch, also an assembly hall and shelter accommodation at Christchurch Boys' High School. It is proposed to rebuild Waltham Public School and provide further additional accommodation at Greymouth Technical School,

18.—1

In Otago additions have been completed at Pine Hill School, Dunedin. A new Consolidated school to serve the Clutha Valley is nearing completion. Mosgiel Primary School is being rebuilt and additional accommodation is being erected at Wakari. The new training college in Dunedin is now under way, and a new intermediate school is to be provided in South Dunedin. In Invercargill a new school is being erected for the children in the eastern portion of the city, and plans are being prepared for the erection of intermediate schools to give relief to overcrowding in the public schools. The Department has also made substantial progress with the improvement of the accommodation provided for the children attending the Native schools under its control New schools have been erected at Moehau and Punaruku. Additional class-rooms have been provided at Awarua, Huiarau, Maraeroa, Oromahoe, Paeroa, Rangitahi, Te Kaha, Te Whaiti, Tokomaru Bay, and Waimamaku. Work is nearing completion at Ahipai'a (additions), Hiruharama (new), Okauia (school and residence), Ruatoki (new), and is proceeding at Te Kao (additions) and Te Waotu (addition and residence). A new residence has been provided at Waimamaku, while special works have been completed as follows : Erection of model cottage at Horohoro ; manualtraining facilities at Paeroa and Rangitahi; dining-hall, also facilities for bathing and teaching of cookery at Te Hapua ; and a dental clinic at Tokaanu. Consideration is being given to the following works : Matihetihe (school and residence), Papamoa (school and residence), Te Kotukutuku (additions), Te Matai (school and residence); Te Teko (new school), Tikitiki (school and residence), Wharekahika (school arid residence), and a new school and residence on a new site at Whakarewarewa. Further substantial progress has been made with the building of the new science block at Auckland University College, while the biology and administration block at Victoria College and the second lecture theatre at Otago University are practically completed. Consideration is to be given to the erection of University Libraries at Canterbury College and at Otago University. During the year £12,240 was expended on the replacement of school buildings destroyed by fire, while £13,240 was recovered from the Government Fire Insurance Fund, part of which was on account of expenditure incurred in the previous year. These amounts are not included in the figures below. The following table shows the capital expenditure on new buildings, additions, teachers' residences, and sites for the financial years ended 31st March, 1935, 1936, 1937, 1938, and 1939 :— 1934-35. 1935-36. 1936-37. 1937-38. 1938-39. £ £ £ £ £ Public schools .. .. 35,105 87,908 162,894 331,558 467,255 Secondary schools .. 14,679 23,516 24,092 58,924 56,819 Technical schools .. .. 12,851 59,350 77,836 97,740 82,568'. Training colleges 610 6,730 1,984 27,071 Native schools .. .. 5,419 8,399 12,172 34,180 39,632 University Colleges .. .. .. 3,022 39,086 58,710 Massey Agricultural College . . . . 525 Child-welfare institutions . . . . 221 .. 351 School for the Deaf .. .. .. .. 4,841 6,295 Schools for feeble-minded .. .. .. 2,473 312 840 Kindergartens .. .. .. .. •• 881 1,181 N.Z. Institute for Blind .. . . .. .. .. 1,000 Wellington Education Board office building . . . . . . . . . . • ■ 5,350 Gross total .. 68,054 180,004 289,744 569,857 746,721 Less credits-in-aid 10,894 48,547 7,848 8,325 *66,598 £57,160 £131,457 £281,896 £561,532 £680,123

* Includes £51,000 sale of Education Board's office building, Wellington.

5- NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. The following table gives the number of public primary schools in December, classified according to range of roll. The total average attendance for each grade and subgrade of school for the year ended 31st August, 1938, is also given.

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Table C1.—Number of Public Primary Schools.

Table C 2, below, gives the number of schools other than public primary schools in the years 1937 and 1938 :—

Table C2.—Number of Schools other than Public Primary Schools.

6. ENROLMENT AT EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. The following tables (D to F) give some details as to numbers on the roll at recognized educational institutions, numbers of full-time pupils in the various standards and forms, the ages and classification of pupils, and median ages of fulltime pupils in the various standards and forms in the different types of schools.

3 —E. 1.

Total Average Attendance.t Number of Schools. , - Grade of School and Primary Department.): Departments Total8 - Range of lloll. In each In each In each In each In each In each In each In each Subgrade. Grade. Subgrade. Grade. Siibgrade. Grade. Subgrade. Grade T n-K} 136 136 932 932 .. .. 932 932 XX (9 04) " ' 761 761 11,562 11,562 .. .. 11,562 11,562 g&M •• 59? } ™ { sfclW } 29 >*™{ -40 } 40 { } »."° LVa 71 UO) " 81 ) f 13 868 f 71 1 f 13,939 1 IVb (111-150) " '.' 86 L 318 J 9 635 131,142 J 695 10,330 I 32,363 IVo 151-190 " 51 j 1 7,639 J [ 455 1 8,094 I Vk 191-830 " •• 81 1 f 5.367 ] { 535 ) f 6,102 1 Vi (231-27oj .. .. glliJ ?> 27,198 g 1,972 |'J AIM VU 351-390 - - 21 6,966 ] \ 396 1 \ 7 362 VlB 391-430 .. .. 24 8,704 76 8,880 VIo 431-470 26 10,420 495 10,915 vi; I7-510 :: : 22 9, 60 6 ei Mβ? VTtt 511 5501 27 12,693 •• 12,693 VIf 55li90 " 18 6 626 422 7,048 | Vie 59I-63O " " 14 111 7,601 VIh 631-670) .. .. 9 . m J 5.252 l 75j848 J 40 . x 701 J S.292 77>54n VIi (671-710) .. .- 3 1,792 f 1 •• '-^ VlJ (711-750) .... 1 695 .. bJti VIk 751-790) .. .. 4 2,620 2,620 VlL (791-830) .. .. 2 1,422 .. 1,422 VIm (831-870) .. . • 1 " 31 •• ' d VIn (871-910) .. .... • ■ * VIo (911-950) •• •■ •• VTp (951-990) .. .. 1 J I 831 J I •• J I 831 J Totals, 1938 .. 2,274 176,152 176,152 4,934 4,934 181,086 181,086 Totals, 1937 .. 2,378 2,378 183,350 183,350 4,493 4,493 187,843 187,843 Difference .. .. ~-104 -104 —7,198 j -7,198 +441 +441 -6,757 -6,757 adjust d ?n IcSance thi TtZSJSS* mkSSg the staffing of AoolB. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended ■nil Dweinlier 1138 was- Primary departments, 173,013; secondary departments, :>,013. atfcondlnoes™wn y under this heading includes any pupils in Standard VII or in special classes. |TMs refers to secondary classes conducted mainly in rural areas in district high schools.

vi; I7-510 :: : 22 9, 60 6 ei Mβ? VTtt 511 5501 27 12,693 •• 12,693 VIf 55li90 " 18 6 626 422 7,048 | Vie 59I-63O " " 14 111 7,601 VIh 631-670) .. .. 9 . m J 5.252 l 75j848 J 40 . x 701 J S.292 77>54n VIi (671-710) .. .- 3 1,792 f 1 •• '-^ VlJ (711-750) .... 1 695 .. bJti VIk 751-790) .. .. 4 2,620 2,620 VlL (791-830) .. .. 2 1,422 .. 1,422 VIm (831-870) .. . • 1 " 31 •• ' d VIn (871-910) .. .... • ■ * VIo (911-950) •• •■ •• VTp (951-990) .. .. 1 J I 831 J I •• J I 831 J Totals, 1938 .. 2,274 176,152 176,152 4,934 4,934 181,086 181,086 Totals, 1937 .. 2,378 2,378 183,350 183,350 4,493 4,493 187,843 187,843 Difference .. .. ~-104 -104 —7,198 j -7,198 +441 +441 -6,757 -6,757 adjust d ?n IcSance thi TtZSJSS* mkSSg the staffing of AoolB. The unadjusted total average attendance for the year ended ■nil Dweinlier 1138 was- Primary departments, 173,013; secondary departments, :>,013. atfcondlnoes™wn y under this heading includes any pupils in Standard VII or in special classes. |TMs refers to secondary classes conducted mainly in rural areas in district high schools.

E.-JL.

Table D.—Numbers on the Roll at Recognized Educational Institutions (exclusive of University Colleges and Kindergarten Schools).

Number Number CMdren - Adolescents. Adults. Type of School. on the Roll on the . Jr on the Roll on 1st July, I 1st July, Under 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21 Years 1937. 1938. 10 Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. Years. and over. I I I I J j I Public primary schools .. .. 197,000 194,632 108,280 23,529 22,724 20,884 13,520 4,802 808 72 13 Special classes for backward 561 653 122 | 109 113 114 123 51 15 5 1 | children Native village schools (primary) .. 9,521 9,768 5.572 1,025 936 965 799 367 95 8 1 .. Native mission and boarding 662 673 386 76 60 47 49 39 11 2 3 schools (private primary)* Public primary schools, Chatham 163 151 77 15 15 21 16 5 1 .. 1 .. Islands Secondary schools, lower depart- 215 216 47 33 38 47 34 9 8 nients Private primary schools* .. 26,510 27,279 14,527 3,273 3,182 3,008 2,145 908 194 29 11 2 Intermediate schools and depart- 4,566 4,523 1 .. 32 794 1,723 1,347 510 107 10 ments Secondary departments of district 4,949 5,585 .. .. 5 187 1,273 1,765 1,319 715 239 73 6 3 high schools Secondary schools .. .. 15,327 15,649 .. 1 6 497 3,189 4,492 3,775 2,421 950 267 42 8 1 Combined schools .. .. 2,330 3,003 .. .. 4 114 560 868 | 770 428 204 49 5 1 .. Technical high and day schools .. 9,408 9,965 .. .. 6 280 2,367 3,508 2,462 957 247 87 18 6 27 Technical schools and combined 13,430 15,552 .. .. 31 39 128 715 1,920 2,975 2,835 1,951 1,172 732 3,054 schools (part-time students at day and night classes) Native secondary schools* — Primary .. .. .. 120 103 13 6 11 16 16 19 11 8 3 Post-primary .. .. 393 472 .. .. 4 34 83 136 115 56 23 8 3 10 Endowed and registered private 5,202 5,587 .. 1 11 190 995 1,481 1,318 972 480 118 16 3 2 secondary schools* Correspondence school — Primary .. .. .. 1,701 1,793 1,017 172 188 164 126 65 32 9 13 j 3 4 Secondary . . .. .. 961 949 .. .. 4 38 189 214 150 99 74 60 35 24 62 Training-colleges .. .. 1,346 1,522 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 199 388 317 186 432 Schools for mentally backward, &c. 227 236 14 11 31 41 53 36 18 9 11 5 4 3 School for the deaf . . .. 108 111 34 13 10 14 ; 7 11 5 10 7 New Zealand Institute for the Blind 31 30 11 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 1 Grand totals .. .. 294,731 298,452 130,100 28,299 28,172 I 28,396 i 26,972 j 19,951 13,156 8,847 5,349 3,026 1,627 969 3,588 Y , Estimated population (inclusive of .. ,604,485 fl36, 500 114,000 28,800 28,900 29,400 29,400 28,000 26,800 27,200 $28,200 Maoris) at 1st July, 1938 * Native mission schools are registered private primary schools, and three Native secondary schools are registered private secondary schools, but in this table these schools are considered, respectively, mission schools and Native post-primary schools. t Estimated population five years of age but under ten years of age. t Estimated population twenty-one years of age and under twenty-two years of age.

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Table E1.—Numbers of Full-time Pupils in the various Standards and Forms as at 1st July, 1938.

Special Class tally BaX" Claaa P - Standard I. Standard n. Standard III. Standard IV. Form I. Form II. Form III. Form IV. \ Form V. Form VI. Totals. Type of School. ward. Boys. I Girls. Boys Girls. Boys. | Girls. I Boys. Girls, j Boya. Girls. | Boys, j Girls. Boys. Girls. : Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys.! Girls, i Boys. ' Girls. Public primary .. .. 409 24431,53327,22414,49113,68312,35111,61912,34011,61811,10810,20910,492 9,890 8,934 8,888 103 149 10176193 524 Native— European 208 170 55 53 56 68 58 68 46 58 54 52 41 34 1 3 'ol9 'o06 Maoris 2,195 2,022 640 565 511 469 451 414 332f 368 198 264 130 169 81 7 4 465 4 278 Public primary —Chatham .... 28 29 15 8 7 8 12 8 5! 6 5 8 6 4 l| 1 ' 79 ' 79 Islands Private primary and lower .. .. 3,635 3,585 1,811 1,861 1,676 1,792 1,689 1,797 l,564j 1,738 1,650 1,778 1,558 1.670 98 369 13 681 14 590 departments of secondary Intermediate .. llg2 930! 1,242 1,056 45; 98 2 439 2 084 Secondary departments of dis- .. .. lj2 45i,322 742 920 541 658 57 100 2 585 3!ooO trict nigh schools Secondary 12,7152,8102, 2852,2732, 5071,984 564 511 8,071 7,578 Combined .. j 621 497 524 388 484 336 78 75 1,707 1,296 iechmcal . 2,809j2,115 1,740 1,470' 863 762 123 83 5,535 4,430 Endowed and registered private 944!l,036 8381,005! 814 765 189 243 2,785 3,049 secondary Correspondence —Primary .. 34 37 319 347 112 135 105 104 70 95 72 88 61 93 43 71 *7 .... ■ 970 Secondary ; 2 42 ' 71 ' 93 q 2 '79 '[J J73, 3gg - u Totals •• ■• 443 28137 . 91833 . 37717 . 12 * 16 .30514,70614,06014,62014,00013,12712,46713,61213,015|ll,954!ll,892[8,839|8,726J6,200|6,149 5,2714,584|l,02l|l.085 144,83r)13o^ * Adult section. t Includes 36 junior assistant teachers in Native schools.

E.—l.

Table E2.—Age and Classification of Pupils attending Public Primary Schools as at 1st July, 1938.

Ciass P - Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Form I. Form II. Form III. Totals. Age. I . ■ . Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys. | Girls. Boys. ] Girls. , ■ I i_ i ! 5 and under 6 .. 1 2! 9,036 S,405 .. 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 037 8 410 6 7 .. 1 2 11,032 10,008 «S 390 2 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. . 11 263 i lo'4O2 7 „ 8 .. j 9 I 6 7,683 6.184 4,276 4,748: 203 332: 4 2 .. .. .. .. .. ..12 175 11*272 8 „ 9 .. ! 28 18 2,818 1,942 6,229 ! 5,950 2,481 3,090 147 183 3 4 .. .. .. .. 11 706 11 187 9 „ 10 .. 33 22 671 447 2,688' 1,889 5,710 5,535 2,432 3,140 156 220) 2 5 ll'692 11258 10 „ 11 .. 62 47 I 183 144 731 481 2,786 1,942 5,621 5,477 2,559 3,128 173 285 6 13 .. ..12 12] 11 517 11 „ 12 .. 71 42 64 49 221 i 151 832 516 2,682 1,985 4,535 4,155 ! 3.067 3,526 400 541 .. .. 11,872 10965 12 „ 13 .. j 79 J 35 35 33 80 51 242 144 1,043 610 2,479 1,894 3,846 3,716 j 3,043 3,644 11 13 10 858 lo'l4O 13 „ 14 .. 79 44 6 8 1 30 j 13 73 39 322 189 1,066 648 2,335 1,804 13,509 3,370 44 64 7,464 6'l79 14 „ 15 .. 31 20 3 4 7 j 5 17 19 ' 78 28 262 147 j 901 506 1,629 1,117 30 49 2,958 1 895 15 „ 16 .. 11 4 2 .. 1 2 2 .. 10 3 43 9 156 46 319 189 10 16 554 269 16 „ 17 .. 3 2 .. .. .. .. 2 J . . .. .. 4 3 I 11 1 26 14 4 7 50 27 17 „ 18 .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 j 1 1 I 1 1 1 2 .. 4 11 3 Totals .. .. 409 244 31,533 27,224 14,491 13,683 12,351 11,619 12,340 11,618 11,108 10,209 10,492 9,890 8,934 8,888 103 149 101,761 93,524 Median age, in 12 0 11 7 6 7 6 6 j 8 .3 8 3 9 7 9 5 10 8 10 5 11 8 11 5 12 6 12 4 13 3 13 1 13 11 14 0 years and months

E.—i

Table E3.- Age and Classification of Pupils attending Intermediate Schools and Departments as at 1st July, 1938.

Form I. Form II. Form III. Totals. Boys. Girls. Boys, i Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. | I Under 10 years 10 and under 11 .. 18 14 .. .. .. •• 18 14 11 12 .. 344 368 37 45 .. .. 381 413 12 13 .. 470 374 44g 425 2 3 921 802 13 14 .. 242 152 473 427 16 37 731 616 14 15 .. 70 18 219 142 18 43 307 203 15 "„ 16 .. 8 4 56 17 7 15 71 30 16 „ 17 8 2 .. 10 17 „ 18 •• •• •• Totals .. .. 1,152 930 1,242 1,056 45 98 2,439 2,084 Median age, in years and 12 5 12 3 13 3 13 2 14 3 14 3 months

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Table E4.—Age and Classification of Pupils attending Public Post-primary Schools as at 1st July, 1938.

Form III. Form IV. Form V. Form VI. Totals. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Secondary schools— Under 11 years .. .. 1 .. .. .. .. j 11 and under 12 .... 1 5 12 „ 13 .. .. 211 273 9 i " " 220 277 }3 » 14 ■• .. 1,225 1,387 254 309 4 10 '.'. 1 483 1706 l * » 10 ■• ■• 898 897 1,041 1,161 228 264 .. 3 2*167 232« If! " \l ■■ ■■ 32 * 216 750 630 943 809 62 41 2,079 l>6 Jβ „ 17 .. 50 31 210 150 902 679 191 208 1,353 I 068 17 ,. 18 .. 5 1 21 17 343 183 199 181 568 382 Jo " in 2 ? 3 36 87 69 160 107 J2 " o? 13 ;{ 20 H 33 ° *» ii »1 • . .... . . . . . . 4 •> k g 21 and over .. .... .. .. ,, y Totals .. .. .. 2,715 2,810 2,285 2,273 2,507 1,984 564 511 8,071 V^m~ Median age, m years and 13 11 13 10 14 10 14 9 16 1 15 11 17 2 17 0 months ______ Combined schools — Under 11 years 11 and under 12 . . 4 .... a 12 .. 13 .. .. 61 50 2 "l ." " «3 Bl 13 „ 14 .. 228 243 39 50 . ..'.'. 267 293 14 „ 15 .. .. 222 148 230 200 33 35 .. .. 485 383 J5 » 1|> •■ 88 50 196 111 169 141 7 8 460 310 J° " ;I "• •• 1X fi 50 24 172 1(W 36 20 269 159 17 „ 18 .. 6 .. 5 2 85 49 22 35 118 86 18 „ 19 .. .. 1 .. i 22 2 12 11 36 13 *o ;; 2i :: :.: :: :.: ;■ ,. 3 :: ./ _ l \ x 21 and over Totals 621 497 524 388 484 336 78 75 1,707 1^296~ Median age, in years and 14 1 13 10 15 0 14 9 16 3 15 11 16 11 17 3 months Technical high schools'— Under 11 years 11 and under 12 ..... 4 2 42 12 » 13 .. .. 128 J49 "2 "l '.'. " 130 150 13 .. 14 ■■ .. 1,086 995 118 162 4 2 1 208 1 159 14 „ 15 .. .. 1,120 731 759 701 106 90 1 .. K522 15 » 16 •• ■• 411 205 655 462 361 344 14 10 1,441 1021 ,fi " 17 ■■ •• 55 29 179 131 278 219 44 22 556 401 17 „ 18 .. 4 4 24 10 86 74 30 15 144 103 }8 „ 19 .. .. 1 3 3 24 19 21 16 49 38 II " 1? 2 5 6 5 8 !0 1°. , " 21 1 2 3 2 4 21 and over 2 8 5 12 7 20 Totals 2 ,809 2,115 1,740 1,470 863 762 123 83~ 5,535 4,430 Median age, in years and 14 2 13 11 15 0 14 10 15 11 15 10 17 1 17 8 months , District high schools— Under 11 years 11 and under 12 .... 3 2 8 "2 12 ., 13 .. .. 74 107 1 "a !! 75 112 13 » I* ■■ ■• 486 579 83 123 2 569 704 1 4 " 15 •• ■• 458 438 325 402 55 86 1 839 926 15 .. 16 .. .. 185 157 229 298 196 239 7 8 617 702 Iβ 17 .. 33 38 91 78 194 235 16 30 334 381 17 „ 18 .. .. 6 1 12 18 76 79 15 37 109 130 }l " II 1 18 16 . 14 24 33 40 20 2? ■• ■■ 1 1 1 3 .. 4 2 21 and over Totals .. .. .. 1,245 1,322 742 920 541 658 57 100 2,585 3,000 Median age, in years and 14 2 13 11 14 11 14 10 16 1 16 0 17 4 17 4 months

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Table F1.—Age and Classification of Pupils attending Registered Private Primary Schools and Lower Departments of Secondary Schools as at 1st July, 1938.

j I I Class P. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Standard IV. Form I. Form II. Form in. Totals. J p Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys, j Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. . Girle. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. | j i i " ! 5 years and under 6 .. 1,204 1,333 2 1,206 1,333 6 „ 7 .. 1.337 1,333 81 116 5 4 .. 1,423 1,453 7 ., 8 .. 794 700 636 768 57 101 3 8 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,490 1,578 8 „ 9 .. 228 162 698 695 555 685 71 97 2 6 2 3 1,556 1,648 9 , 10 .. 50 38 287 214 682 703 467 631 69 102 18 16 2 7 .. .. 1,575 1,711 10 ., 11 .. 17 10 81 49 279 238 690 727 471 603 74 120 16 12 1 .. 1,629 1,759 11 „ 12 .. 3 3 18 13 68 46 331 226 584 650 513 603 84 135 4 10 1,605 1,686 12 „ 13 .. 1 4 5 6 20 10 88 74 302 284 568 606 521 582 15 32 1,520 1,598 13 „ 14 .. 1 2 3 7 3 26 27 106 71 328 320 576 604 45 125 1,092 1,152 14 ., 15 .. .. : 3 1 11 4 24 18 120 99 286 268 22 119 466 509 15 ., 16 1 1 3 4 2 18 10 53 56 9 67 85 139 16 ., 17 .. 1 .. 1 5 1 13 6 1 11 20 19 17 ., 18 2 .. 3 .. 6 .. 1 5 12 5 18 „ 19 1 .. 1 2 19 ., 20 .. .. 2o „ 2i .". .. .: i , I . Totals .. 3,635 3,585 1,811 1,861 1,676 1,792 1,689 1,797 1,564 1,738 1,650 1,778 1,558 1,670 98 369 13,681 14,590 Median age, in years and 6 6 6 4 8 3 8 1 9 4 9 2 10 5 10 3 11 5 11 3 12 5 12 3 13 3 13 2 13 8 14 2 months

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Table F2 .-Age and Classification of Pupils attending Registered Private Secondary and Endowed Schools as at 1st July, 1938.

7. REGULARITY OF ATTENDANCE. The attendance at primary schools and intermediate schools and departments was seriously affected during the year by the illness of pupils. During the winter term an epidemic of measles caused attendances to drop in all districts. In some education districts the regularity of attendance was the lowest recorded for many years. 8. STAFFS OF SCHOOLS. The following table shows the number of teachers in the public primary schools of the different grades.

Table H1.-Number of Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1938.

Form III. Form IV. Form V. Form VI. Totals. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boye. Girls. - . 10 years and under 11 .. 1 . • • ■ • • • • • • • • • • 1 11 „ 12 .. 5 5 .. 1 5 6 12 13 .. 79 102 10 2 89 104 13 U 352 461 73 122 1 4 .. .. 426 587 U 15 . 301 339 331 406 82 62 3 1 717 808 15 16 162 114 293 311 227 258 18 11 700 694 ,',; 17 28 15 93 135 286 308 74 76 481 534 1 7 18 10 .. 27 25 160 119 51 116 248 260 18 19 2 . 7 3 46 14 28 34 83 51 19 20 2 .. 2 .. 11 2 5 17 5 20 ',', 21 .. 1 •• 2 3 .. 6 .. 21 and over .. • • 1 1...... 10 .. 12 Totals .. •• 944 1,036 838 1,005 814 765 189 243 2,785 3,049 Median age, in years and 14 1 13 11 15 0 14 11 16 4 16 2 17 0 17 4 months [ .

Sole Teachers. ! Head Teachers. ££££ Total Teaohers - Grade of School.* M. i F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Total. I - - I Grade I (1-8) .. 43 83 43 83 126 Grade II (9-24) .. 470 280 .. 1 ... 1 470 282 752 Grade III (25-70) .: 161 81 380 132 11 510 3 5 555 728 1,283 Grade IV (71-190) .1 1 •• 280 23 46 592 56 57 383 672 1,055 Grade V (191-350) .. .. . .. 1H 2 148 408 55 89 317 499 816 Grade VI (over 350) .... 173 .. 540 1,264 128 226 841 1,490 2,331 Totals 1938 675 444 947 158 745 2,775 242 377 2,609 3,754 6,363 Totals! 1937 .. 713 511 936 160 860 3,046 f | 2,509 3,717 6,226 Difference .. -38 -67 +11 -2 -115 -271 +242 +377 +100 +37 +137 * The o-rade of school given above is the grade in which the school is placed when all attached side schools are included, while part-time schools taught by the same teacher are counted as one school. I These figures were included under "Assistant Teachers" in 11>37.

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The following table indicates the number of women teachers for each 100 men teachers : —

Table H2.—Ratio of Women to Men Teachers in Primary Schools.

Table H3. —Number of Full-time Teachers employed in Departmental Schools, December, 1937, and December, 1938.

In addition to the above the following numbers of teachers were also employed: —

4—E. 1.

The following table indicates the number of women teachers for each 100 men teachers : — Table H 2—Ratio of Women to Men Teachers in Primary Schools. ; 1931. 1932. 1933. 1934. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. Teachcrs All schools 174 167 157 156 148 153 148 144 Schools with roll 1-24.. .. 156 120 103 89 78 83 78 71 Schools with roll over 24 .. 178 177 170 173 166 169 164 162 Training-college students .. 226 201 163 * 187 166 154 166 * All training colleges were closed during 1934. Table H 3.—Number of Full-time Teachers employed in Departmental Schools, December, 1937, and December, 1938. December, 1937. December, 1938. Principals Principals and Sole Assistant Total and Sole Assistant Total Type of School. and Head Teachers. Teachers. and Head Teachers. Teachers. Teachors. Teachers. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. I F. M. F. M. F. | Public (primary) .. ..1,649 671 8603,046 2,509 3,7171,622 602 987 3,1522,609 3,754 Intermediate* .. . . 5 .. 63 60 68 60 6 65 61 71 61 Secondary departments of fl ■■ 127 93 128 93 fl .. 146 102 147 102 district high schools Secondary ..28 12 337 277 365 289 27 12 326 280 353 292 Combined .. 4 3 55 39 59 42 5 3 72 50 77 53 Technical .. 21 .. 253 151 274 151 20 .. 266 154 286 154 Native (primary) .. .. 112 29 14 104 126 133 116 27 21 144 137 171 Chatham Islands .. .. 5.. 1 2 6 2 6.. .. 2 6 2 Correspondence— Primary .. .. 1 ■ ■ 7 33 8 33 1 .. 5 34 6 34Secondary .. 17 17 17 17 .. 17 21 17 21 Special .. .. •• 1 3 7 13 8 16 1 3 7 12 8 15 Total .. .. 1,827 7181,7413,8353,5684,5531,805 6471,9124,0123,7174,659 * Where the intermediate department is attached to a secondary, technical, or district high school only the teachers of Forms I and II are included here. t This is the head teacher of the Waihi District High School, which has an intermediate department but no primary department. In addition to the above the following numbers of teachers were also employed: — 1937. 1938. M. F. M. F. Manual instructors .. • • • • 99 79 106 79 Student teachers in technical schools .. 4 6 2 9 Junior assistant teachers in Native schools .. 6 140 | 3 116 4—E. 1,

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9. NUMBER OF PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS AND INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLS AND DEPARTMENTS IN THE DIFFERENT EDUCATION DISTRICTS. The following table gives the number of children attending public primary .schools and intermediate schools and departments in the different education districts and the number of teachers in these schools at the end of 1938. The figures are exclusive of the secondary departments of district high schools.

Table J.

io. SIZE OF CLASSES. The following table shows the average number of children per adult teacher in public primary schools.

Table K1.—Average Number of Children per Class-teacher in Public Primary Schools.

N.B.—The average attendance shown for each grade of school in the above table does not correspond with that shown in Table C 1, owing to the fact that in Table C 1 part-time and side schools are taken separately, thus altering the grades of various schools for the purpose of that table.

Table K2. —Size of Classes in Public Primary Schools of Grade IV and over.

Education District. Enrolment. Department's Teachers. Auckland .. .. .. 67,510 695 2,075 Taranaki .. .. .. 11,161 150 364 Wanganui .. .. .. 15,220 188 498 Hawke'sBay .. .. .. 15,112 180 482 Wellington .. .. .. 26,894 219 816 Nelson .. .. .. 6,599 132 265 Canterbury .. .. .. 33,774 342 1,033 Otago .. .. .. .. 18,320 221 612 Southland .. .. .. 11,412 163 381 Totals.. .. .. 206,002 2,290 6,526

Total Number of Teachers. . Ave ™g e Attendance . XT , „,._,, f nr Vfinr Average Number Grade of School. . o f Children per AH „ August, 1938 CW teacher. *-*- sas fSs.- (p otr I (1-8) .. .. 126 .. 126 867 7 II (9-24) .. .. 752 .. 752 11,390 15 III (25-70) .. .. 1,283 .. 1,283 28,705 22 IV (71-190) .. .. 1,055 .. 1,055 29,483 28 V (191-350) .. .. 816 25 791 26,604 34 VI (over 350) .. .. 2,331 156 2,175 79,103 36 Totals .. .. 6,363 181 6,182 176,152 28

Vk 191-830 " •• 81 1 f 5.367 ] { 535 ) f 6,102 1 Vi (231-27oj .. .. glliJ ?> 27,198 g 1,972 |'J AIM VU 351-390 - - 21 6,966 ] \ 396 1 \ 7 362 VlB 391-430 .. .. 24 8,704 76 8,880 VIo 431-470 26 10,420 495 10,915 vi; I7-510 :: : 22 9, 60 6 ei Mβ? VTtt 511 5501 27 12,693 •• 12,693 VIf 55li90 " 18 6 626 422 7,048 |

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Table K3.—Change in Average Number of Pupils per Teacher in Public Primary Schools.

ii. CLASSIFICATION OF TEACHERS. The following tables give the status in regard to certificates of teachers in primary schools, intermediate schools and departments, secondary departments of district high schools and Native schools, and the classification of teachers in secondary, technical, and combined schools : —

Table L1.—Status in regard to Certificates of Teachers in Primary Schools and Forms I and II of Intermediate Schools and Departments as in December.

Table L2.—Certificates held by Teachers in Primary Schools and Intermediate Schools and Departments as in December.

Table L3. —Certificates held by Assistant Teachers in the Secondary Departments of District High Schools.

The difference between the totals here and in Table H 3 is due to the fact that two teachers in these schools are not the holders of teachers' certificates.

Average Attendance Number of Number of Pupils per Year. for Year ending t> u t= „!„>,. 31st August. Teachers. Teacher. 1935 .. .. .. .. 174,872 6,048 28-9 1936 .. .. .. .. 181,981 6,113 29-8 1937 .. .. .. .. 183,350 6,226 29-4 1938 .. .. .. .. 176,152 6,363 27-7

1936. 1937. 1938. Number - centre. Number - centre. N » mber - cenSgeI. Certificated teachers .. .. 6,053 96-63 5,737 89-93 5,698 87-38 II. Uncertificatedteachers .. .. 211 3-37 642 10-07 823 12-62 Totals .. .. .. 6,264 100-00 6,379 100-00 6,521 100-00

1937. 1938. Class of Certificate. — I M. F. Total. M. F. Total. ! A ...... 70 9 79 72 12 84 B .. .. .. 900 437 1,337 915 477 1,392 C .. .. .. 1,206 2,285 3,491 1,219 2,223 3,442 D .. .. .. 205 620 825 188 591 779 E ...... 1 7 8 1 5 6 Totals .. .. 2,382 3,358 5,740 2,395 3,308 5,703

1937. 1938. Class of Certificate. ——— M. F. Total. M. F. Total. A ...... 13 4 17 8 7 15 B .. .. .. 102 81 183 121 85 206 C .... .. 10 6 16 14 9 23 D .. .. .. .. 1 1 2 .. 2 B '...... ...... Totals .. .. 125 92 217 145 101 246 I . . ..... .... ..

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Table L4. —Certificates held by Teachers in Native Primary Schools. (Junior Assistant Teachers are excluded.)

Table L5. —Grading of Full-time Assistant Teachers in Secondary Schools as in December and prior to the Issue of the Annual Grading List.

Table L6. —Classification of Full-time Assistant Teachers in Technical High and Day Schools and in Combined Schools as in December, 1938, and prior to the Issue of the Annual Classification List.

Note.—To be classified in Division I a teacher must be the Folder of "aUniversity degree or equivalent qualification.

1937. 1938. Class of Certificate. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. A 1 1 1 1 B .. .. .. 21 10 31 29 15 44 C .. .. .. 69 59 128 77 83 160 D .. .. .. 22 34 56 19 34 53 E 11 Total certificated teachers .. 113 104 217 126 132 258 Uncertificated teachers .. 13 29 42 11 39 50 Grand totals .. 126 133 259 137 171 308 i I

1937. 1938. Grade of Teacher. M. E. Total. M. F. Total. A .. .. ..105 58 163 108 60 168 B .. .. .. 92 55 147 89 55 144 C .. .. .. 90 77 167 87 81 168 D .. .. ., 49 88 137 42 84 126 Totals .. .. 336 278 614 326 280 606

Class VII. VI. V. IV. III. II. Totals. Technical, High, and Day Schools. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F Division I .. .. 0 7 37 7 45 12 43 14 41 18 12 19 17 19 195 96 Division II ;. .. 0 13 14 11 23 8 12 9 9 12 5 3 8 2 71 58 Totals .. 0 20 51 18 68 20 55 23 50 30 17 22 25 21 266 154 Combined Schools. Division I .. .. 0 5 14 3 11 6 15 8 8 7 3 6 8 4 59 39 Division II .. .. 0 1 3 1 4 3 2 1 2 3 2 2 0 0 13 11; Totals .. 0 6 17 4 15 9 17 9 10" 10 5 8 8 4.. 72 50

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Table L7. —Classification of Full-time Teachers of Manual-training Classes as in December, 1938, and prior to the Issue of the Annual Classification List.

Of the 185 teachers in the above table, 24 are agricultural instructors, 77 are woodwork instructors, 4 are metalwork instructors, 76 are cookery instructors, 1 is an art instructor, and 13 are commercial instructors. Note.—(l) To be classified in Division I a teacher must be the holder of a University degree or equivalent qualification. (2) In 1938 seven of the men and five of the women were attached to certain intermediate schools or departments under the control of the Auckland Education Board. These are included also among the staffs of those intermediate schools or departments. 12. SALARIES OF TEACHERS. The following table shows the average salaries of teachers in public primary schools as at the end of the present year. The figures for the years 1937 and 1914 are also given for purposes of comparison. In the introduction to this report reference is made to the new regulations relating to teachers' salaries. The figures for the year 1938 have been compiled on salaries payable under the new regulations. Table M 1. —Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers (exclusive of Teachers in Intermediate Schools and Departments and Secondary Departments of District High Schools) as in Decembeb. 1914. 1937. 1938. (1) Teachers in all schools — £ £ £ (a) Men and women .. .. 163 295 308 (6) Men .. .. .. .. 224 355 367 (c) Women ... .. .. 128 251 265 (2) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a) Men and Women .. .. .. .. 299 311 (6) Men .. : .. .. .. .. .. 359 370 (c) Women g.. .. .." .. ..256 268 (3) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty-four*— (a) Men and women .. .. .. .. 303 313 (6) Men .. .. .. .... .. 377 388 (c) Women .. .. .... .. 254 264 (4) Head teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. .. ... .. 448 " 468 (6) Women .. .. .. ; .. .. 398 411 (5) Sole teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. ..289 304 (6) Women .. ,;. f '.. .. .. 265 286 (6) Assistants (excluding probationary-assistants)-^-(a) Men .. .. :.. .. . ~. .. 354 366 (b) Women .. :'.. ... .. .. 254 ■ 269

* In 1937 the figure was 20.

Class VII. VI. V. IV. III. II. J^ 6 Totals. M. B 1 . M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Division I .. .. 00 41 43 75 19 2 10 2 16 20 U Division II .. .. 2 1 19 10 21 7 16 5 9 4 11 2 8 6 86 35 Totals .. 2 1 23 11 25 10 23 10 10 13 13 12 10 22 106 79

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Table M 2.—Average Salaries (inclusive of all Allowances and Value of Residence for Principals where provided) of Full-time Teachers in Intermediate and Post-primary Schools and of Manual Instructors as at 1st December.

Manual Instructors.— Average Rate of Salary of Manual Instructors as on 1st December.

1937. 1938. Principals. Assistants. All Teachers. Principals. Assistants. All Teachers. Men. Women, Men. Women. s B e °* Men. Women.! Men. Women. Men. Women. *££ Men. J Women. ££££££££££££££££££ Intermediate schools and departments .. 593 .. 593 375 300 339 391 300 349 607 .. 607 384 317 354 402 317 366 Secondary departments of district high schools .. .. .. .. 383 305 351 383 305 351 .. .. .. 402 314 364 402 314 364 Secondary schools .. .. .. ..820 594 752 423 289 362 453 302 386 838 589 762 428 291 365 447 304 389 Combined schools .. .. .. ..849 570 729 440 287 377 468 308 401 854 583 753 437 287 375 464 303 398 Technical schools .. .. .. ..762 .. 762 430 276 373 456 276 392 771 .. 771 430 273 373 454 273 391 . j

1937. 1938. £ £ Men .. .. .. .. .. 373 371 Women .. .. .. .. .. 248 249 Men and women .. .. .. .. 318 319

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Table M 3. —Average Salaries (including House Allowances, Value of Residences, and all other Allowances) of Adult Teachers in Native Schools as at 31st December. 1937. 1938. 1. Teachers in all schools — £ £ (a) Men and women .. .. .. .. .. 297 303 (b) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 359 372 (c) Women .. .. .. .. .. ..237 248 2. Head teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 386 399 (b) Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 356 382 3. Sole teachers — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 263 240 (6) Women .. .. .. .. .. .. 232 255 4. Assistants — (a) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 211 233 (b) Women .. .. .. .. .. ..209 226 13. PUPILS LEAVING PUBLIC PRIMARY SCHOOLS. In 1938 20,542 pupils (10,536 boys and 10,006 girls) left public primary schools. Of these, 17,145 (83 per cent.) had passed Form 11. In the last five years the numbers leaving have been as follow :—

14. PUPILS COMMENCING POST-PRIMARY COURSE IN STATE SCHOOLS. In 1938 14,814 pupils (7,743 boys and 7,071 girls) commenced post-primary education in State post-primary schools. In the last five years the numbers commencing post-primary education in these schools have been as follow :—

Note. —The figures for 1937 and 1938 include pupils attending the Education Department's Correspondence School.

Y ear Total Number Number who Percentage who leaving. passed Form II. passed Form II. 1934 .. .. .. .. 22,665 17,980 79 1935 .. .. .. .. 22,108 17,708 80 1936 .. .. .. .. 21,819 17,600 81 1937 .. .. .. .. 20,689 17,218 83 1938 .. .. .. .. 20,542 17,145 83

I Total Number Number of these Percentage coming Year. commencing coming from Public from Public Post-primary Course. Primary Schools. Primary Schools. 1934 .. .. .. .. 12,686 12,143 96 1935 .. .. .. .. 13,177 12,632 96 1936 .. .. .. .. 13,466 12,849 95 1937 .. .. .. .. ]4,315 13,809 96 1938 .. .. .. .. 14,814 14,303 97

EL—i

The ages at which pupils commenced their post-primary course at public post-primary schools are given in the following table :-

Table N.-Ages at which Pupils commence Post-primary Course.

In 1937 21 per cent, and in 1938 20 per cent, of those commencing a postprimary course did so under the age of thirteen years. i 5. DESTINATION OF PUPILS LEAVING SCHOOL. A summary of the destination returns obtained from the schools, through the various Boards, is given in the following tables :—

Table O1.-Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Public Primary Schools during or at End of Year 1938.

Age at which Post-primary Course commenced. '^KT 1 Post-primary Type of School. ™£* 12 Years. 13 Years. jjjjgE Boys. Girls. Boys. I Girls. Boys. | Girls. Boys. Girh. BoyfcJGfcto. 97 so 5nl 709 1280 1411 708 528 197 120 2,725 2,820 Secondary .. 27 52 513 J™ 1 '^ 1 19g ]03 50 30 646 505 Combined .. J 1 97 119 126 2,897 2,103 Technical ... U 1J »9 3 f/'g 71 280 104 79 1,305 1,380 District high ■• 13 I* 236 348 bto joy n() 263 Correspondence .. 3 6 29 W ■ S_zjg? :: T IS S 3 3 ;^ 3 sS jS Dia.,«»=« .. -a +2 -I" + 52 + 228 + 183 + 93 + 6 28 +1 +m +m

Totals. With Primary Without Primary School Certificate. School Certificate. Destination. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Number. cen t* ge . Number - centlge. &£S3#r. .! •• 6,607 6,586 171 119 6,778 64 6,705 67 Commercial occupations— 6 5 29 * 35 1 (a) Clerical (including typing) .. 23 30 b (6) Shop and warehouse assistants 327 212 UW Trades— 48 . 142 1 ■ ■ • • (a) Engineering .. •• J* ■ ■• g g() 1 6 WBuildmg 6 • 5Q 309 3 136 ! (c) Other .. •• •• g 6 B7 ! B60 15 i 06 1 Agricultural and pastoral 814 « 2?3 212 53? g 473 g Other occupations .. ■■ *>* 226 g33 413 4 2>m 21 Home .. ■• 67 ' 49 105 87 172 2 136 1 Not known .. •• •• "' . j 1Q oo 8 6 22 8 523 1,914 1,483 10,536 100 10,006 100 KS;S :: :: l:SSi i>? i , ,^^.. 10 ' 636 10 ° 10 ' 053 _^ Difference ., •' • -29 -44 -7J -8 -100 • • -*7 ■■ * Insignificant percentage.

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Table O2.—Percentages of Pupils leaving Primary Schools in 1935-38 who proceeded to the Various Destinations and Occupations.

Table O3. —Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Intermediate Schools and Departments during or at end of 1938.

Table O4.—Percentages of Pupils leaving Intermediate Schools and Departments in 1935-38 who proceeded to Various Destinations and Occupations.

5—E. 1.

Boys. Girls. Destination. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. Postprimary .. ..57 58 62 64- 57 60 65 67 Commercial occupations — (a) Clerical (including * * 1 * * 1 1 1 typing) (6) Shop and warehouse 45453333 assistants Trades — (a) Engineering ..1221* (b) Building . . 1 1 1 I * * * * (c) Other .. ..2 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 Agricultural and pastoral 21 18 16 15 1 1 1 1 Other occupations ..6 6 5 5 6 6 5 5 Home ... 6 4 5 4 31 26 23 21 Not known .. .. 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 Totals .. 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 1

Boys. Girls. Occupation. i j Continued full-time 73 1,012 4 1,089 77 68 823 15 906 74 education Commercial (clerical, L5 65 21 101 7 7 58 28 93 8 typing, shop, and warehouse) Trades .. .. 16 63 21 100 7 3 14 13 30 2 Agricultural and pas- 10 29 4 43 3 toral Home •• I 15 1 17 1 15 99 21 135 11 Miscellaneous .. 8 25 .. 33 3 4 32 14 50 4 Not known 5 23 1 29 2 17 19 1 Totals 1938 . 128 1,232 52 1,412 100 98 1,033 92 1,223 100 Totals, 1937 .. 118 1,170 57 1,345 .. 103 896 73 1,072 Difference .. +10 +62 -5 +67 .. 5 +137 +19 +151 i

Boys. Girls. Oooupation. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1935, 1936. i 1937. 1938. : I Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Cent. Continued full-time education .. 69 68 76 77 68 67 71 74 Commercial (clerical, typing, shops, 8 8 7 7 4 6 8 and warehouses) Trades 7 10 6 7 3 5 2 2 Agricultural and pastoral .. 5 5 3 3 Home .... ..4 2 3 1 19 15 14 11 Miscellaneous .. .. ■ ■ 4 3 3 Not known 3 4 3 2 2 3 2 1 Totals .. •■ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

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Table O5.—Probable Destination of Pupils leaving Post-primary Schools during or at the End of the Year 1938.

Technical High and Secondary Departments of t«+«i= Secondary Schools. Combined Schools. Day g chools District High Schools. lotals. Occupation. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Num- i Per Num- I Per Norn- Per j Num- Per Nam- Per Num- ; Per Num- | Per Nam- Per Num- Per Nnm- ; Per ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent, i ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. | Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent. ber. Cent. I II i ! i _J ! ! University College .. .. 183 6-9 96 3-9 26 4-0 15 3-7 26 1-1 5 0-3 6 0-6 8 0-8 241 3-5 124 2-2 Teaching or training college .. 123 4-6 193 7-8 11 1-7 26 6-3 27 11 18 0-9 31 3-1 67 7-0 192 2-8 304 5-3 Clerical — Government or local body .. 334 12-5 54 2-2 53 8-2 11 2-7 85 3-4 35 1-9 136 13-5 8 0-8 608 9-0 108 1-9 Banking, insurance .. 123 4-6 25 1-0 11 1-7 3 0-7 13 0-5 10 0-5 7 0-7 .. .. 154 2-3 38 0-7 Legal .. .. .. 31 1-1 17 0-7 8 1-2 4 1-0 2 0-1 13 0-7 1 0-1 12 1-3 42 0-6 46 0-8 Commercial .. .. 460 17-3 448 18-2 103 15-9 79 19-2 207 8-4 550 29-3 38 3-7 125 13-0 808 11-9 1,202 21-0 Engineering, surveying, and 53 2-0 1 * 53 8-2 .. 283 11-4 .. .. 28 2-8 .. 417 6-2 1 * architecture Various trades and industries .. 397 14-9 106 4-3 66 10-2 10 2-4 761 30-7 280 14-9 170 16-8 32 3-3 1,394 20-5 428 7-5 Shops and warehouses .. 352 13-2 282 11-5 71 11-0 58 14-1 363 14-7 266 14-2 143 14-1 132 13-8 929 13-7 738 12-9 Farming .. .. .. 340 12-8 .. .. 135 20-9 .. .. 367 14-8 3 0-2 I 336 33-3 2 0-2 1,178 17-3 5 0-1 Home 74 2-8 639 26-0 14 2-2 121 29-5 58 2-3 522 27-8 37 3-7 495 51-6 183 2-7 1,777 31-1 Other occupations .. .. 50 1-9 431 17-5 26 4-0 47 11-4 141 5-7 88 4-7 30 3-0 42 4-4 247 3-6 608 10-7 Not known .. .. 143 5-4 169 6-9 70 10-8 37 9-0 143 5-8 87 4-6 47 4-6 36 3-8 403 5-9 329 5-8 Totals, 1938 .. 2,663 100-0 2,461 100-0 647 100-0 411 100-0 2,476 100-0 1,877 100-0 1,010 100-0 959 100-0 6,796 100-0 5,708 100-0 Totals, 1937 .. 2,407 .. 2,293 .. 471 .. 301 .. 2,261 .. 1,749 .. 834 .. 811 .. 5,973 .. 5,154 DiSerence .. +256 .. +168 .. +176 .. +110 .. +215 .. +128 .. +176 .. +148 .. +823 .. +554 ... * Insignificant percentage.

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Table O6.— Percentages of Boys leaving Post-primary Schools in 1935-38 who proceeded to the University or to Employment in the Three Main Occupational Groups.

It will be observed from Table 0 2 that there continues to be an increase in the percentage of pupils leaving public primary schools and intermediate schools and departments and proceeding to further post-primary education. In connection with boys leaving post-primary schools the most noticeable features are the increases in the percentage proceeding to whole-time study at a University college, to farming pursuits, and to positions in trade and industry, with a distinct drop in the percentage who proposed to enter the occupational group " Clerical, professional, shop, and warehouse." 16. VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND PLACEMENT. The table below gives a summary of the percentages of pupils in the various types of schools who are known to have proceeded to further full-time education of a higher grade or who intend to engage in some definite occupation. It will be observed that a comparatively high percentage of pupils leaving school is accounted for in the various types of schools. The work of the special vocational guidance officers and careers teachers, wherever their services are available, has been of the greatest value to pupils and parents alike. Co-operation with the Youth Centres enables the work of placement to proceed with very satisfactory results.

Table P.—Percentages of Pupils leaving Primary, Intermediate, and Post-primary Schools in 1935-38 who are known to have proceeded to further full-time education of a Higher Grade or to some Definite Occupation (Home excluded).

University. 8 ™ nd P *™** Trades and Induces. Class of School. 1938. 1986.1987. 1938. 1935.1986 1937. 1938. 1985.1936. 1937. 1938. 1935. 1936. 1937.1938. i I j Secondary .. .. .. g 4 5 7 55 60 59 55 13 12 14 13 16 16 12 15 Combined .. .. .. 7 4 4 4 48 59 51 48 17 16 16 21 17 10 12 10 Technical .. .. .. * * 1 1 39 44 44 40 15 14 14 15 29 28 29 31 District high .. .. .. 2 1 1 1 37 43 43 38 31 29 31 33 16 16 16 17 All schools .. .. .. 3 2 3 4 46 52 51 47 17 15 16 17 20 20 19 21

Boys. Girls. Class of School. — 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. Primary .. 92 94 94-94 68 72 76 78 Intermediate .. 93 94 94 97 79 82 84 88 Secondary .. ..91 93 91 92 57 66 69 67 Combined .. ..94 93 88 87 58 59 55 62 Technical- .. ■ ...90 90 92 92 58 66 71 68 District High .. 89 92 92 92 35 44 45 45 All post-primary schools 90 92 91 91 53 62 65 . 63

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17. LENGTH OF POST - PRIMARY COURSE. The returns compiled in 1938 by teachers show also the duration of the postprimary course taken by pupils who have now left school. Summarized, the position is as follows: —

Table Q1.

No returns have been obtained from post-primary schools giving the actual length of school life of each individual pupil, but from the information summarized in the above table it is possible to give an approximation of the average length of the school life of those pupils who left school in 1938. For this purpose a pupil leaving in his first year is taken to have a school life of one year and so on till those leaving in a fourth year or later are taken as four years only. Some pupils stay for five or six years, but this fact is compensated for when it is considered that many pupils leaving in their first and second year cannot be said to have a school life of one and two years respectively. The following figures are given, therefore, with the reservation that they are not compiled from exact information, but they are nevertheless not far from being correct: — Average Length of School Life. Y. M. Secondary schools .. .. .. • • • • .. 210 Combined schools .. .. .. • • • ■ ..27 Technical high and day schools .. .. .. ..22 Secondary departments of district high schools .. .. ..23 All post-primary schools .. .. • • • • ..26 Table Q 2 concerns those pupils who commenced and finished their courses in the same year, while Table Q 1 also includes in " leaving in first year," pupils who, though in the first year of their course when they left, actually commenced that course in a previous calendar year or at a private secondary school. This explains the difference in the figures in the two tables.

Table Q2. —Number of Children who commenced Post-primary Courses in 1938 and who definitely left in the same Year.

Note. —As the various schools opened at different dates in 1937 owing to the infantile paralysis epidemic, and also in 1938 owing to the measles outbreak, the figures concerning the children leaving in each month of the course have not been included.

Secondary Combined Schools. Schools. Day Schools. Sohools - Number - Cent. Number, Number. Number. <*£_ Number. Leaving in first year .. 683 13 194 18 1,190 27 640 32 2,707 22 Leaving in second year 1,357 27 321 31 1,717 40 608 31 4,003 32 Leaving in third year .. 1,216 24 311 29 964 22 336 17 2,827 22 Leaving in fourth year 1,868 36 232 22 482 11 385 20 2,967 24 or later Totals, 1938 .. 5,124 100 1058 100 4,353 100 1,969 100 12,504 100 Totals, 1937 .. 4,700 .. 772 .. 4,010 .. 1,645 .. 11,127 Difference .. +424 .. +286 .. +343 .. +324 .. +1,377

■ — Secondary Combined Technical District Tn+ala Schools. Schools. High Schools. High Schools. J-orais. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Totals 1938 .. 364 301 107 67 708 464 349 273 1,528 1,105 Totals, 1937 .. 318 338 89 47 731 451 270 233 1,408 1,069 Difierence .. +46 -37 +18 +20 -23 +13 +79 +40 +120 +36

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18. FREE PLACES IN POST - PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The following table gives the number of free-place holders in post-primary schools in 1937 and 1938 :—

Table R. —Free-place Holders as at 1st July.

On the Ist July, 1938, 35,151 children were in attendance at public schools providing secondary education, and of these 34,923 held free places and 228 were paying pupils. Ninety-nine per cent, of the children were thus receiving free secondary education. In 1937 313 out of the 32,662 children in attendance were paying pupils. The percentage of children receiving free education in 1938 was the same as that of the previous year. 19. SPECIAL CLASSES FOR BACKWARD CHILDREN. A further increase in the number of children attending special classes for backward children attached to public schools is recorded this year, due to the establishment of additional classes. There were 653 pupils (409 boys and 244 girls) on the rolls of these classes on Ist July, 1938, as compared with 561 at that date in the previous year and with 551 in 1936. The value of the special individual tuition in these classes is now fully recognized as filling a need which could not be met by the usual type of class-teaching. 20. INTERMEDIATE SCHOOLS AND DEPARTMENTS. During the year the report of the investigation into the intermediate-school system was issued by the New Zealand Council for Educational Research. This report is a valuable contribution to the list of publications available on the subject and presents, in addition, much statistical information not hitherto published. The number of intermediate schools and departments remained the same as that for the previous year. The section earlier in this report dealing with school buildings and sites makes reference to the work accomplished or about to be undertaken in respect to intermediate schools. Those works may be summarized as follows : A new site has been purchased in Ponsonby, Auckland, on which it is proposed to erect an intermediate school; an intermediate school is to be opened next year at Te Awamutu ; the erection of an intermediate school at Onehunga, Auckland, is to be proceeded with ; work is proceeding satisfactorily on new intermediate schools at Palmerston North and at Gisborne, and Milne Street, Sydenham, Christchurch, while a new intermediate school is to be built in South Dunedin. There was a slight drop in the rolls of intermediate schools and departments this year when compared with those of last year. On Ist July, 1938, the roll was 4,523, as against 4,566 for the previous year.

Technical Secondary „ .., _ , Combined High and Departments ! Cor , re " A ". Poat - Secondary Schools. Day of District 1 spondence primary Schools. Schools. High Schools. School. Schools. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Free-placeholders .. .. 8,0587,562 1,7051,2965,5274,413 2,5802,996 321 | 465 18,19116,732 Grand totals, 1938 .. .. 15,620 3,001 9,940 5,576 786 34,923 Grand totals, 1937 .. .. 15,195 2,309 9,345 4,918 895 32,662 Difference .. .. .. +425 +692 +595 +658 -109 +2,261

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21. POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION. As from the beginning of the year Masterton Technical School and Wairarapa High School, which up to that time had functioned as separate institutions under a single governing body, were combined into one school, named the Wairarapa College, to be administered by the Wairarapa College Board. The numbers of secondary and technical high schools were therefore each reduced by one, while the number of combined schools was increased by one. The establishment of district high schools at Raglan and at Wellsford under the control of the Auckland Education Board was approved as from the beginning of the year. The roll numbers of full-time pupils attending the various types of schools or departments on Ist July, 1938, and on the same date in the previous year were as follows : — 1937. 1938. Secondary .. .. .. .. .. .. 15,327 15,649 Combined .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,330 3,003 Technical .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,408 9,965 Secondary departments of district high schools .. .. 4,949 5,585 Endowed schools and registered private secondary schools 5,419 5,834 Correspondence school .. . . .. .. 961 949 Totals .. 38,394 40,985 22. EVENING TECHNICAL CLASSES AND PART-TIME DAY CLASSES. Evening technical and part-time day classes were conducted at 132 centres during the year, an increase of 39 over the previous year. As at Ist July there were 15,552 students on the rolls of these classes in comparison with 13,430 students in 1937. Of the 15,552 students 9,541 were males and 4,685 were females ; 5,860 of the males and 2,427 of the females held free places, a total of 8,287, compared with 7,814 in 1937. The table in E 2 giving the classification of students according to their occupations shows that the greatest increase in the number of students was recorded under the heading " Domestic pursuits," while large increases were also recorded under ; ' Woodworkers," " Professional pursuits," " Painters, plasterers, &c," and " Agricultural pursuits." The increase under " Domestic pursuits " is due to the approval of additional classes in dressmaking, particularly in country centres. 23. NATIVE SCHOOLS. At the end of 1938 the Department directly controlled and maintained 143 Native schools for the primary education of Maori children in districts where the Maori race predominates. The following table shows the number of schools, with the enrolment, as at the Ist July, 1937, and Ist July, 1938 :—

1937. 1938. Schools. Roll. Schools. Roll. _. ! L Native village schools 140 9,521 143 9,768 Mission and boarding schools (primary) .. 11 662 11 673 Public schools with Native children enrolled 861 10,995 854 11,452 Totals.. .. •• •• 1,012 21,178 1,008 21,893 .

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European children to the number of 1,025 were in attendance at Native village schools at Ist July, 1938, and are included in the above figures. If these be deducted, the total enrolment of Native children in all primary schools at Ist July becomes 20,868, compared with 20,094 in 1937. In addition there were 103 pupils in the primary department of Maori secondary schools. The average attendance at Native schools was 86-6 per cent, of the average weekly roll. The attendance was affected to a considerable extent by the illness of pupils caused chiefly by the epidemic of measles. In the circumstances the regularity of attendance, although low when compared with that of previous years, was commendable. Boarding schools for the secondary education of the Maoris have been established by religious denominations, and the Government provides a number of scholarships tenable at these schools, which are inspected by the Department's officers. There were eight schools at the end of last year with an enrolment of 560 pupils, of whom 229 held Government scholarships. Six Maori boys held University scholarships —two at Auckland University College, and four at Otago University, those at Auckland taking a course in arts and of those at Otago two taking a medical course and two a dental course. Seven Maoris held agricultural scholarships —four being tenable at St. Stephens' College, and three at Wesley College. Ten Maori girls were holding nursing scholarships—four being held at St. Joseph's School, Napier, two at Queen Victoria School, Aiickland, two at Turakina School, Marton, and two at Hukarere School, Napier. 24. REGISTERED PRIVATE PRIMARY SCHOOLS. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by registered private primary schools with respect to the year 1938 : —

Table S.

The number of schools at the end of the previous year was 306, and the total enrolment 27,931. There has been an increase of one in the number of registered private primary schools when compared with the number at the end of 1937.

Undenomi- Catholic Other national Church Churoh Total. Schools. Schools. Schools. Number of schools .. .. .. 26 226 55 307 Roll at December — Boys .. .. .. .. 389 11,749 1,605 13,743 Girls .. .. .. .. 599 12,323 1,721 14,643 Totals .. .. .. .. 988 24,072 3,326 28,386 Average attendance .. .. .. 824 20,729 2,889 24,442 Teachers (inclusive of head teachers) — Men .. .. .. .. .. 10 60 68 138 Women .. .. .. .. 60 709 139 908 Totals .. .. .. .. 70 769 207 1,046

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25. ENDOWED SCHOOLS AND REGISTERED PRIVATE SECONDARY SCHOOLS. The following table summarizes the returns furnished by endowed schools and registered private secondary schools with respect to the years 1937 and 1938 : —

Table T.

26. CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOL. On the Ist July, 1938, there were 1,793 primary pupils and 949 secondary pupils on the roll of the Correspondence School. These figures represent an increase of 92 and a decrease of 12 respectively when compared with the figures for the previous year. When the roll at Ist December is considered, however, an increase of 76 pupils is recorded over that of the previous year. The work of the school proceeded satisfactorily during the year, and the school continues to bring to its pupils the benefits of instruction in subjects of a varied curriculum. 27. KINDERGARTEN SCHOOLS. The number of schools, pupils on the roll, average attendance and average weekly roll at schools conducted in 1938 by recognized kindergarten associations were as follows : —

Table U.

28. CONSOLIDATION OF SCHOOLS. The consolidation of small schools on a central school was continued during the year As stated in the Introduction to this report, 113 small schools were consolidated on seventy-three centres, which represents considerably increased progress when compared with the number of schemes for consolidation approved in previous years.

1937. 1938. Number of schools .. .. • • • • 57 57 Roll at 1st July 5,«9 Average attendance .. •■ •• •• 5,167 o,«W0 Teachers (inclusive of head teachers)— Men •■ ■• •• •• 154 1B7 Women '. »* 215 Totals 358 72

Pupila on Roll at Average Attendance, Average Weekly Association. Number of Schools. End of 1938> 193 8. Roll, 1938. Auckland .... 11 «7 380 475 Hastings .... 1 « f % Hutt Valley .. 1 & ![ J^ Wellington".. .. 7 299 257 300 Christchurch .. 7 4)1 306 384 Dunedin .... 6 314 249 307 Invercargill .. •• 4 149 Totals, 1938 ~ ~37 _ 1,756 1,380 1,697 Totals, 1937 36 1,687 1,323 Difierence.. +1 +69 +57 +.1W

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29. CONVEYANCE AND BOARD OF SCHOOL - CHILDREN. The following tables give the cost of conveying pupils to school and the cost of board of school-children attending public schools.

Table V1.—Cost of Conveyance of Pupils to Schools and to Manual Classes by Rail, Motor- vehicle, etc.

Table V 2. —Cost of Board of Pupils attending Schools. 1937-38. 1938-39. £ £ Public primary .. .. ... .. ..4,927 8,010 Secondary departments of district high .. .. .. 2,380 4,254 Secondary .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,364 21,933 Combined .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,052 7,818 Technical .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,115 7,202 Native .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,102 1,556 Totals .. .. .. .. .. £28,940 £50,773 30. MANUAL INSTRUCTION. During the year the usual instruction was given by class teachers in primary schools in the subjects elementary science and agriculture under the supervision of twenty-four itinerant agricultural instructors, one more than in the previous year. The extent to which classes in other manual subjects were taken by pupils from the different types of schools may be summarized as follows :—

There were 143 manual-train ing centres during 19,18.

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1937-38. 1938-39. Typo of School. Rail. Other. Total. Rail. Other. Total. ££££££ Public primary .. .. .. .. 2,576 101,641* 104,2171" 1,970 146,018* 147,988f Private primary .. .. .. 3,238 .. 3,238 2,317 .. 2,317 Manual classes in connection with public 6,173 4,243 10,416 4,297 4,844 9,141 primary Manual classes in connection with private 118 .. 118 25 .. 25 primary Secondary departments of district high .. 1,318 2,280 3,598 910 4,304 5,214 Secondary .. .. .. .. 5,998 4,618 10,616 3,266 7,165 10,431 Combined .. .. .. ., 1,642 515 2,157 1,245 1,094 2,339 Technical .. .. .. .. 7,484 3,644 11,128 4,096 6,070 10,166 Private secondary .. .. ..1,642 .. 1,642 836 .. 836 Native .'. .. .. .. 89 8,971 9,060 61 9,877 9,938 Totals .. .. .. .. 30,278 125,912 156,190 19,023 179,372 198,395 * This sum includes £303 for 1037-38 and £372 for 1938-39, the cost of conveyance of children to intermediate departments of secondary schools. f This sum includes the cost of conveyance of children to consolidated schools and intermediate schools.

Number of Number of Pupils attending Schools Centres. from which JS, Boys. Girls. Public primary and Native schools .. .. .. 838 15,719 14,679 Intermediate schools and departments .. .. .. 16 2,421 2,030 Secondary departments of district high schools .. .. 73 1,846 1,906 Private schools .. .. .. .. .. 163 2,034 2,098 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 1,090 22,020 20,713

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31. PHYSICAL EDUCATION. The sound physical development of their pupils continues to be the aim of teachers in all types of schools. Not only is physical training regularly given in the schools, but children have the opportunity of taking part in organized games and sports. Steps are being taken to appoint a Superintendent of Physical Education, whose duty it will be to promulgate, organize, and control a comprehensive scheme for primary and post-primary schools and for teachers' training colleges. 32. SCHOOL MUSIC. As a result of the greater emphasis placed upon the teaching of cultural subjects a higher standard of attainment is being reached in. the teaching of music. School bands, orchestras, and choirs have been formed in a number of schools. Music festivals, on a non-competitive basis, are held in an increasing number of centres, and prove very popular with the adults and very inspiring to the performers and the schools they represent. 33. TRAINING OF TEACHERS. The following tables summarize the position regarding the training of teachers at the end of 1937 and 1938 :—

Table W1. —Number of Teachers in Training.

Table W2.—Number of Students in the various Training Colleges.

34- HIGHER (UNIVERSITY) EDUCATION. The number of students on the books of the four University colleges affiliated to, and the two agricultural colleges established in connection with, the University of New Zealand at the end of 1938 was 5,707, as against 5,238 at the end of 1937. The figures for each of the colleges were as under : — 1937. 1938. A "ckknd 1,247 1,340 Victoria .. .. .. .. ..1,161 1,308 Canterbury .. .. .. .. .. 1,151 1,153 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,451 1,418 Massey ... ... .. .. .. .. 184 383 Lincoln ... ... .. .. ~ 44 105 5,238 5,707

Training-college Students. Total. Division A. Division B. Division C. Division D. I 1938 .. ..1,469 .. 56 .. 1,525 1937 .. .. 1,268 .. 76 .. 1,344

1937. 1938. College. j — Men. J Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland .. .. .. 198 262 460 220 336 556 Wellington .. .. .. 99 184 283 101 196 297 Chiistelmreli .. .. .. 134 207 341 135 213 348 Drniedin.. .. .. .. 98 162 260 117 207 324 Totals 529 815 1,344 573 952 1,525

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The total number of students described as taking definite courses at the four affiliated colleges was 5,230. These were distributed as follows :— Agriculture .. .. 487 Journalism .. .. 40 Architecture .. . . 51 Law .. .. .. .. 363 Arts .. .. .. 1,931 Massage .. .. 20 Commerce . . .. 786 Medicine .. . . .. 449 Dentistry .. .. 135 Mining .. .. 38 Diploma, of Education .. 34 Music .. .. 92 Engineering .. ..154 Science .. .. ..511 Home-science .. 139 The following are some particulars relating to University education in the four affiliated colleges : —

Table Y.

35- ANNUAL EXAMINATIONS. Examinations conducted in 1938 comprised mainly the following : — (1) An August series for teachers' certificates and handicraft teachers' certificate. (2) A November-December series including the Training College Entrance, Public Service Entrance, School Certificate, and Technological Examinations. Examinations were held at sixty-seven public centres in 1938. The Intermediate Examination and the award of Intermediate certificates was discontinued in 1938. The regulations issued during the previous year relating to free places removed the distinction between junior and senior free places, and a free-place holder was relieved of the necessity of passing any outside examination during the term of his free place.

I 1935. 1936. 1937. 1938. Number of students in actual attendance at 4,109 4,377 4,462 5,134 1ectures Number of exempted students .. .. 709 590 548 573 Percentage of students — Men .. .. .. .. .. 74 75 76 76 Women .. .. .. .. 26 25 24 24 Percentage of students actually attending Universities receiving free education*— Men .. .. .. .. .. 19 22 40 38 Women .. .. .. .. 32 42 58 63 All students .. .. .. .. 22 27 45 44 Occupations of students expressed as per- , * ,, * w *. w * > centages— m. p. m. j. m. f. m. e. (1) Full-time students .. .. 44 55 40 44 36 46 34 43 (2) Teachers and training-colleges .. 12 28 17 39 18 38 17 38 (3) Government and local bodies ..16 3 16 4 22 4 24 5 (4) Other .. .. .. ..25 7 25 8 23 8 23 10 (5) Not known .. .. ..3 7 2 5 1 4 2 4 * These students* hold scholarships or training-college studentships.

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The number of candidates actually presenting themselves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown in Table Z 1 following : —

Table Z1. —Number of Candidates for various Examinations.

Table Z2. —Standard and Results of Examinations.

The examination branch of the Department assists in the arrangements necessary for carrying out the Wiremen's Registration Examinations conducted by the Electrical Wiremen's Registration Board. In addition to those certificates issued as a result of the examinations given in Table Z 2, certificates were also issued in the following cases to candidates who were recommended by Principals of post-primary schools and approved by the Department's Inspectors.

Examination. 1936. I 1937. 1938. Intermediate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,012 1,092 Public Service Entrance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,095 1,547 Teachers' Class C .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 103 93 Training College Entrance .. .. .. .. .. 845 893 167 School Certificate .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,402 4,565 4,559 London University Examinations .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 3 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate .. .. .. .. .. 16 11 ]0 Technological Examinations .. .. .. .. .. 69 63 123 Naval Cadetships (Special Entry).. .. .. .. .. 2 4 2 Naval Cadetships (Junior Entry) .. .. .. .. . . .. 1 Aircraft Apprenticeship .. .. ,. .. .. .. 2 1 4 i<;\ii,ininations held on behalf of City and Guilds of London Institute .. 217 176 228 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,654 8,007 0,737

The number of candidates actually presenting them,selves for the various examinations during the last three years is shown in Table Z 1 following : — Table Z 1.—Number of Candidates fob various Examinations. Examination. 1936. j 1937. j 1938. Intermediate .. .. .. .. .. .. .. l ,012 1,092 Public Service Entrance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,095 1,547 Teachers' Class C .. .. .. .. .. .. 87 103 93 Training College Entrance .. .. .. .. .. 845 893 167 School Certificate .. .. .. .. .. ..4,402 4,565 4,559 London University Examinations .. .. .. .. .. 2 4 3 Handicraft Teachers' Certificate .. .. .. .. .. 16 11 10 Technological Examinations .. .. .. .. ., 69 63 123 Naval Cadetships (Special Entry).. .. .. .. .. 2 4 2 Naval Cadetships (Junior Entry) .. .. .. .. .. .. . . 1 Aircraft Apprenticeship .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 1 4 Examinations held on behalf of City and Guilds of London Institute .. 217 176 228 Totals .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,654 8,007 6,737 Table Z 2.—Standard and Results op Examinations. 1037. 1938. lag U 1 Is T1$ I Stage in Course 125'S 2° 2" 2 2S'i J'S J m ,. at which £ -r 5 'Stj -S Examination. I? • .. . a $ cna. a cId* cti . cjo, c Examination is normally 22 56 «s-*spu] csg® cs «■* ss taken. J 8„ °g og og| og "S£ og« "8 §• . •oS -ggS 'S& Sil 1145 sp ill II fl4§ all IIS II 3 m-p is ft 3 £ce » & p p. efccn ass 15 fc 15 !<5 > |5 15 fc 15 Intermediate .. .. At end of Form IV .. 1,092 567 .. 525 Public Service Entrance At end of Eorm IV .. 1,095 662 .. 433 1,547 917 .. 630 School Certificate .. At end of Form V .. 4,565 2,417 804* 1,344 4,559 2,450 736* 1,373 Training College Entrance At end of Form VI .. 893 434 345 114 167 11 53 103 Certificate for Class C and At end of training- 103 22f 62 19 93 14fi 58 21 Class B college course Handicraft Teachers' Cer- Taken by teachers .. 11 .. 8 3 10 .. 2 8 tifieate Technological Examinations — Preliminary.. .. At end of Form IV or 29 22 .. 7 52 31 .. 21 equivalent Intermediate .. Evening classes, third- 22 15 .. 7 54 34 .. 20 year apprentices Final .. .. Evening classes, fourth- 12 9 3 17 10 7 year apprentices .. Naval Cadetship (Special Form VI.. .. 4 2 .. 2 2 2 Entry) Naval Cadetship (Junior Form II .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 Entry) Aircraft Apprentices .. Form V .. 1 1 .. .. 4 1 .. 3 London University .. Post-secondary .. 4 2.. 2 3 2.. 1 Examinations held on be- As for technological 211J 105 .. 106 273} 128 .. 145 half of City and Guilds examinations of London Institute * Nineteen in 1037 and 11 in 1938 passed in additional subjects. t Includes 2 in 1937 and 8 in 1938 who passed l'or Class B. t These numbers represent the subjcets taken. The number of individual candidates was 170 in 1037 and 228 in 1938. The examination branch of the Department assists in the arrangements necessary for carrying out the Wiremen's Registration Examinations conducted by the Electrical Wiremen's Registration Board. In addition to those certificates issued as a result of the examinations given in Table Z 2, certificates were also issued in the following cases to candidates who were recommended by Principals of post-primary schools and approved by the Department's Inspectors.

E.—l

Table Z3.-Number of Certificates issued by accrediting.

In regard to examinations conducted by the University of New Zealand the following shows the position in 1937 and 1938 : —

Table Z4.—University Examinations.

36. CHILD WELFARE. Number op Children under Supervision. The total number of children under the supervision of the Child Welfare Branch as at the 31st March, 1939, was 7,797, classified under the following headings : — State wards— In foster-homes, hostels, and with friends .. • • 2,628 In situations (includes 21 absent without leave) .. .. .. ' 864 In Government institutions, receiving homes, &e. . . .. .. 25!) In private institutions .. .. .. .. ~ ~ j79 In special schools for backward children .. . . 236 In hospitals, convalescent homes, &c. . . . . .. . . 125 In School for Deaf, Sunnier . . .. .. .. .. 4 Total .. .. 4,286 Other than State wards — Young persons supervised by Child Welfare Officers in their own homes, with relatives, or with friends, pursuant to orders of Courts .. 973 Infants supervised in foster-liomes registered under the Infants Act .. 695 Pupils at School for Deaf, Sumner (other than State wards (4) included in figures above) . . . . . . .. ~ _ _ 99 Pupils at schools for mentally backward—Otekaike and Richmond (other than State wards (236) included in figures above) . . 32 Children supervised as preventive cases .. .. .. ..1,691 Children in New Zealand Institute for Blind for whom the Department makes payment .. . . .. .. . . ~ 21 Grand total .. .. .. .. • ■ 7,797

Grade of School and Primary Department.): Departments Total8 - Range of lloll. T n-K} 136 136 932 932 .. .. 932 932 XX (9 04) " ' 761 761 11,562 11,562 .. .. 11,562 11,562 g&M •• 59? } ™ { sfclW } 29 >*™{ -40 } 40 { } »."° LVa 71 UO) " 81 ) f 13 868 f 71 1 f 13,939 1 IVb (111-150) " '.' 86 L 318 J 9 635 131,142 J 695 10,330 I 32,363

1? am i ot-n Stage in Course at which Exaraina- XT , „ „ ... , Examination. * tion is normally taken. Number of Candidates. 1937. 1938. University Entrance At end of Form V—i.e., at end (a) Who presented them- 4.860 4,925 Examination of at least the third year of selves for examination post-primary course (only the (6) Who passed .. 2,357 2,453 very best third-year pupils (c) Who failed .. .. 2,503 2,472 succeed in passing) Entrance Scholarship At end of Form VI—i.e., at end (a) Who presented them- 213 271 Examination of at least the fourth year of selves for examination post-primary course (b) Who obtained at least a 91 112 pass with credit* (c) Who qualified only for 46 24 University entrance as a result of the examination (d) Who failed .. .. 70 135 Other University During University course .. (a) Who presented them- 7,951 8,020 examinations selves for examination (b) Who obtained complete 4,881 4,024 or partial successes * Thirty scholarships arc awarded yearly.

E.—3

The total number of children that came under the control of the Branch during the year was 595. Of these, 501 were committed to the care of the Superintendent by Children's Courts. They can be classified according to reasons for committal as follows : Indigent, 153 ; delinquent, 33 ; living in a detrimental environment, 61 ; neglected, 58 ; not under proper control, 107 ; accused of punishable offences, 87 ; and breach of supervision order, 2. The remaining 94 children came into the custody of the Superintendent for the following reasons : — (a) Taken charge of by private agreement (section 12, Child Welfare Act, 1925), 6. (b) Taken charge of temporarily, 73. (c) Placed under supervision, and ordered by the Courts to be detained in an institution for a period, 6. (d) At the time of this report held on warrant, pending the decision of Children's Courts (section 13 (2), Child Welfare Act, 1925), 9. If the 595 children are classified according to the age at the time custody was assumed there are found to be 82 under six months ; 23 over six months and under one year ; 82 from one to five years ; 90 from five to ten years ; 132 from ten to fourteen years ; and 186 over fourteen years. Of the 501 children committed to the care of the Superintendent, 84 had previously come before the Courts for other offences, for which they had received terms of supervision. The length of period in residence for children temporarily taken charge of was from one day to ten weeks. A number of these children were held on remand from Children's Courts. At the 31st March 207 of the children in foster-homes were receiving postprimary education, and one boy was attending a University college, 48 were taking a professional course, 68 technical, 59 commercial, 3 agricultural, and 10 home science, while 19 Maori children were attending Maori colleges. In addition, 15 boys residing at a Hostel at Auckland were receiving post-primary education, and 18 children were boarded at private secondary schools.

37. TEACHERS' SUPERANNUATION FUND. The position of the fund at the 31st January, 1939, and the principal figures concerning the transactions for the year, compared with those for the year ended 31st January, 1938, are given below : — 1937-38. 1938-39. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at end of year .. .. .. ..834,465 975,491 Decrease over balance at end of previous year .. .. .. 103,140 141,025* Income for the year — Members' contributions .. .. .. .. ..139,835 146,231 Interest .. .. .. .. 42,759 41,315 Government subsidy 54,824 329,675t Total income .. .. .. .. .. £237,418 £517,221 Expenditure— £ £ Retiring and other allowances .. .. .. .. 328,007 329,096 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. .. 36,342 41,765 Administration expenses, &c. .. .. .. .. 3,209 3,335 Eeserves for losses .. .. •• •- •• ■■ 2,000 Total expenditure .. .. .. .. £367,558 £376,196

* increase. f This amount includes £162,417 on account of 1937-38.

E.—l

1987-88. 1938-39. Number of contributors at 31st January .. .. .. .. 8,357 8,653 Number of members admitted during period .. .. .. 760 834 Number retiring from the fund during period .. .. .. 461 538 Net increase in membership at 31st January .. .. .. 299 296 Number of allowances in force at 31st January .. .. .. 2,053 2,072 Representing an annual charge of . . .. . . £325,130 £326,500 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. 1,313 £263,098 1,314 £262,503 Retiring-allowances under extended provisions of section 75 of the Act, and under section 14 of Finance Act, 1931 .. .. .. .. .. 140 £22,660 139 £22,262 Retiring-allowances in medically-unfit cases .. .. 221 £27,970 231 £30,082 Allowances to widows .. .. .. .. 308 £9,556 313 £9,703 Allowances to children .. .. .. .. 71 £1,846 75 £1,950 Funds invested at 31st January — £ £ At 3 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,000 At 3| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,000 5,000 At 3£ per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 65,676 73,948 At 3§ per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,200 1,200 At 4 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 83,291 84,191 At 4£ per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 383,759 416,887 At 4§ per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,800 1,800 At per cent. .. .. ... .. .. .. 198,965 225,650 At 4| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 300 300 At 4f per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 100 At 5| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,250 At 5| per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,400 2,400 At 6 per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 269 At 6 per cent. Subject to reduction under the National 211,432 152,062 Expenditure Adjustment Act, 1932 Total .. .. .. .. .. £961,442 £963,538 Average rate of interest (per cent.) — Unreduced rate .. .. .. .. .. .. 4-608 4-504 After reduction as shown above .. .. .. .. 4-378 4-346 Unclaimed contributions held at 31st January .. .. .. £1,410 £1,408

E.—l

APPENDIX.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES IN RESPECT OF ALL SERVICES UNDER THE CONTROL OR SUPERVISION OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION DURING THE YEAR ENDED 31st MARCH, 1939.

General Administration. £ £ £ Salaries of Head Office staff . . .. .. .. 37,932 Part salaries of Inspectors attached to Heart Offieo .. .. 2,406 Overtime anrl meal allowances .. .. .. .. 765 41,103 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. .. .. 5(iO Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. .. .. 1, 199 Telephones .. .. .. .. .. ■ • .. 362 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,205 Education Gazette — Salaries .. .. .. .. .. • • 236 Printing, postage, &c, office and Other requisites .. 1,412 1,048 Printing and stationery .. .. .. •• .. 1,407 Printing and stationery—Storage with Government Printer .. .. 96 Miscellaneous .. .. .. ■. .. •. .. 6 47,595 Less recoveries— Services rendered to Teachers' Superannuation 1,044 Board and to other Departments Education Gazette : Sales and advertising, &c. .. 268 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. 147 Printing and stationery and sale of publications 175 Teachers' certificates, fees for .. .. 715 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. 2 2,3!H 45,244 Primary Education (including Intermediate Schools or Departments under control of Education Boards.) Teachers'salaries and allowances .. .. .. 1,889,590 Teachers' salaries and allowances —Chatham Islands schools 2,422 House allowances .. .. .. .. •• 19,800 — 1,881,818 Education Boards — Grants for administration and general 41,350 purposes Less portion chargeable to post-primary .. .. 1,161 40,189 School Committees' allowances—Cleaning, heating, &c. .. 155,998 Less portion chargeable to post-primary .. .. 4,421 151,577 School and class libraries .. .. .. ■• .. 5,000 Supply of books in necessitous cases .. .. • • .. 1,304 Supply of meals for subnormal children .. .. .. .. 25 Removal expenses of teachers .. .. .. •• .. 1,400 School buildings and sites — Maintenance, including alterations to make safe £ against earthquake .. .. .. 217,454 Less portion for secondary departments of district high schools chargeable to post-primary .. .. .. 6,057 211,397 Rebuilding or repairing buildings destroyed or damaged 7,482 by fire Rent of buildings and. sites for school purposes .. 4,81.6 Valuation fees and miscellaneous .. .. • ■ 66 223,761 Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs .. .. .. .. 1,056 Grants in aid of free kindergartens .. .. .. .. 6,878 Conveyance, &c, of children— By rail 8.600 By road and water .. .. .. •• 150,894 Boarding-allowances .. .. .. ■■ 8,010 Purchase of new buses .. .. .. • • 11,937 _ 179,450 Conveyance of instructors and teachers .. .. .. .. 8,297 Correspondence School — Salaries of teachers .. .. .. ■• 12,574 Meal allowances .. .. .. ■ • • • 39 Other expenses .. .. .. •• •• 2,290 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. •■ 114 Travelling-expenses of teachers .. .. .. 393 Expenses of Headmaster's overseas visit .. .. 207 • — 15,617

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

7—E. 1.

Primary Education — continued. £ £ £ Inspection (including compassionate allowances) — Salaries (less part charged Head Office Administration) . . 28,26(S Travelling and removal expenses . . .. . . 9,092 Telephones and office expenses .. .. .. 134 Clerical assistance .. .. .. .. .. 403 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. 135 Office furniture .. .. .. .. .. 14 38,044 School Journal — Salaries .. .. • ■ . • • • • • 473 Printing, postage, office expenses, &c. .. .. 5,008 ■ 5,481 Manual Instruction — Salaries 73,200 Material 12,603 Incidentals .. .. .. .. •• 18,880 104,683 Preparation of School Text-books — Salaries .. .. • • • • • • • • 846 Reference-books and publications .. .. .. 101 Rent of offices .. .. • • • • • ■ 33 980 Postages .. . ■ • • • • • • • • 210 Printing (register and other school books and forms) .. 647 Swimming instruction .. .. .. .. • ■ 563 2,667,035 Less recoveries— Teachers' salaries .. .. .. .. 110 On account of maintenance of buildings .. 570 Correspondence School .. .. .. 385 School Journal sales .. .. ■ • 68 Special examination fees .. .. .. 2 On account of education of foreign children .. 282 Postages, printing, and stationery .. .. 451 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 845 Registration and other fees . . .. .. 4 Manual instruction —Material .. . • 28 Conveyance of children .. .. • • 361 Salaries and travelling-expenses of inspectors .. 78 3,184 2,663,851 Post-primary Education. (Including intermediate departments attached to secondary and technical schools.) Teachers' salaries and allowances — District high schools .. .. .. •■ 93,821 Secondary schools .. .. .. •• ■• 252,417 Technical schools and classes .. .. •• 217,414 Combined schools .. .. . • ■ • ■ • 52,836 616,488 Grants to Boards for administrative and general purposes — District high schools .. .. • • • • 1.161 Secondary schools .. .. .. ■• •• 41,869 Technical schools .. .. .. •• •• 42,012 Combined schools .. .. .. •• ■• 11,923 96,965 School Committee allowances (portion for secondary departments, district high schools) 4,421 Manual instruction in secondary schools .. .. .. 10,074 Convevance of pupils— Byrail 10,346 By road and water .. •• •• •• 18,640 Boarding-allowances .. .. ■ • • • 41,207 b 70,193 Supply of books in necessitous cases .. .. • • 643 Inspection— Salaries (less portion charged to Head Office Administration) 5,930 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. ■■ 1,623 Postages and telegrams .. .. • • • • .26 Rent of offices .. . • • • • ■ • • 170 7,749 War Bursaries .. .. •■ ■• •• •■ 4, 66 3 School buildings, &c. —Maintenance of buildings (including 35,023 secondary departments of district high schools) Rents of buildings for school purposes .. .. • ■ 889 Rebuilding or repairing schools destroyed or damaged by fire 966 Valuation fees.. $ Vocational guidance Correspondence School — Salaries .. .. •• •• •• •• 14,913 Other expenses .. ■• •• •• •■ 3,148

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. -continued.

Post-primary Education— continued. £ £ £ Reefton School of Mines — Services rendered by secondary 100 department of district high school Marlborough High School — Grant under Marlborough High 400 School Act, 1899 Printing forms, &c, for schools .. .. .. .. 266 Secondary education reserves revenue distributed to High 11,858 School Boards (Education Reserves Act, 1928) Supply of typewriters for use in schools .. .. .. 11,612 Expenses of instructor taking up appointment .... 72 890,549 Less recoveries— On account of maintenance of buildings .. 400 Correspondence School .. .. .. 1,385 Teachers' salaries .. .. ... .. 11 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 611 Conveyance of children .. .. .. 107 2,514 888,035 Higher Education. Statutory grants — : New Zealand University—National-endowment reserve 4,844 revenue Auckland University College — Grant for general purposes .. .. .. 22,283 National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 2,422 24,705 Victoria University College— Grant for general purposes .. .. .. 18,089 National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 2,422 20,511 Canterbury College— Grant for general purposes .. .. .. 13,333 National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 2,422 15,755 University of Otago— Grant for general purposes .. .. .. 29,025 National-endowment reserve revenue .. .. 2,422 31,447 Scholarships and bursaries — University National Scholarships .. .. .. 4,469 Agricultural Scholarships .. .. .. .. 38 " Sir George Grey " Scholarships .. .. . . 162 University Bursaries .. .-. .. .. 21,700 Agricultural Bursaries .. .. .. .. 1,767 Architectural Bursaries .. .. ... .. 140 Engineering Bursaries . . .. .. .. 855 Home-science Bursaries .. . . .. .. 2,360 Art Bursaries .. .. .. .. .. 771 32,262 Special assistance to deserving students .. . . .. 247 Printing forms, &c. .. .. .. . . .. 7 Adult Education—Workers' Educational Association and 7,000 Public Works Camps — 136,778 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training Colleges — Salaries of staffs (including staffs of practising schools in 33,422 excess of usual staff as public schools) Travelling-expenses of staff and expenses in connection 24 with appointments Allowances to and expenses of students .. .. 140,632 Students' University College fees .. .. .. 7,439 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. 4,056 Apparatus and material . . .. .. .. 914 Printing, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82 Training classes: Fares of teachers, &c. .. .. .. 425 186,994 Less recoveries— Students' allowances .. .. .. 64 Special instruction, libraries, and incidental 725 expenses Students' University College fees .. .. 92 Salaries of staff .. .. .. .. 808 Tuition fee of student .. .. .. 29 . . , 1,718 185,276

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

B—E. 1.

Native Schools. £ £ £ Salaries of teachers . . .. .. .. . . gg g^g Removal expenses of teachers .. .. .. .. j '375) Books, apparatus, and other school requisites .. .. 2 684 Manual instruction .. .. .. .. .. I ,517 Conveyance and board of children .. .. .. 1 j '494 Purchase of food and clothing for children attending Te Hapua ' 48 Native School Sundries .. .. .. .. ,. ,, g> { Building and sites— Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. .. 8 499 Rent of buildings and sites .. .. .. .. 319 Rebuilding or repairing schools destroyed or damaged by 3,792 fire Valuation and survey fees .. .. .. ] 86 l t> Hiii! Equipment for supply of milk to children .. .. ';jO5 Inspection— Salaries of Inspectors .. .. .. .. 2 075 Travelling and removal expenses .. .. .. 920 Postages .. .. .. .. .. ., 12 _ , . , . 3,007 scholarships .. .. .. .... .. 9 278 Printing, postages, etc. .. .... ., .. ' 98 142,604 Less recoveries Books, maps, &c. .. .... .. 74 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 68 Rent of school-sites, &c. .. .. .. 37 Transfer and travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. 36 Salaries of teachers and Inspectors .. 46 Scholarships and apprenticeships .. .. 500 Manual Instruction in Schools 52 Equipment for supply of milk to children .. 11 —■ 824 . Physical Instruction. Salaries of instructors .. .. .. ' ' .. 2 977 Travelling and removal expenses ' 13(5 Uniform-allowances .... .. .. .. 35 Sundries (advertising positions, &c.) .. 49 3,197 Ijess recoveries: Salaries .. .. .. ., 225 I!, 072 Education of the Blind. Grant to New Zealand Institute for the Blind .. 5,190 Maintenance fees of Government pupils at Jubilee Institute 340 Travelling-expenses of pupils .... 10 5,54fi Less recoveries: Maintenance fees, &e. .. .. .. 35O 5,196 School for the Deaf. Salaries of staff .. 6 917 General maintenance of institution ...... o 230 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .... 1 918 Postage and telegrams .. .. .. .. ., o, Travelling allowances and expenses (including transit of 618 children) Less recoveries— 11 (592 Maintenance fees, &c. .. • • ,. 1,799 Board of staff .. .. .. .. 449 Maintenance of Institution .. .. .. 10 2,207 9,425 Schools for the Mentally Backward. Salaries of staff .. .. .. .. .. 14,000 Maintenance; of institutions .... g 349 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. ] Travelling allowances and expenses (including transit of children) ' 617 Postage and telegrams .. .. ., .. .. ]15 25,914 Less recoveries' — Maintenance fees, <fec. .. .. 722 Sale of produce, &c. .. 781 Travelling-expenses .. .. ,. 51 Board of staff .... 1,936 Maintenance of institution, &e. LS 3,508 - ™ . 22,400

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc.— continued.

Child Welfare. £ £ £ Salaries of staffs, including field officers .. .. .. "":'.'' 38,237 Wages of inmates employed in institutions .. .. .. 363 Travelling and removal expenses (including transit of children) .. 7,281 Boarding-out of children .. .. .. .. .. 80,361 Maintenance of children in Government institutions .. .. 29,413 Maintenance of children in private institutions .. .. .. 4,701 Maintenance of buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 5,107 Rent, office, requisites, telephones, &c. .. .. .. .. 2,196 Office furniture and fittings .. .. .. ... .. 208 Printing, postage, and telegrams .. .. .. .. 1,469 Payment to Post and Telegraph Department for services .. .. 687 Payment to Registrar-General's Department for services .. .. 20 Refunds of inmates' earnings .. .. .. .. .. 494 Refund of maintenance payments .. .. .. .. 193 Legal expenses .. .. .. ■ • ■ ■ .. 50 Sundries .. .. .. . • • • • ■ .. 95 Loss recoveries— 170,875 Maintenance fees, &c. .. .. .. 17,568 Refunds for clothing, &c, supplied .. .. 5,732 Refunds of boarding-out payments .. .. 127 Refunds of travelling-expenses .. .. 139 Recoveries on account of office rent, &c. .. 147 Recoveries on account of inmates' earnings .. 294 Sale of produce .. .. .. .. 1,730 , Board of staff and others .. .. .. 2,826 Rent of land and buildings .. .. .. 341 Maintenance of institutions, &c. .. .. 75 Accumulated earnings of deceased inmates .. 481 29,460 141,415 Material and Stores. £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,058 Stores and material purchased .. .. .. .. .. 4,341 Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. .. .. .. •. .. 85 5,484 Less stores issued and charged to other items of vote, .. 6,063 Education Or. 579 Less recoveries: Stores sold .. .. .. .. 132 Or. 711 Miscellaneous. Accidents to school-children and teachers .. .. .. .. 1,461 Conference of education authorities (including expenses, .. " 468 Teachers' Salaries Committee) Examination expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,428 Expenses of Education Committee of House of Representatives .. 278 on Education Bill Grading of teachers, costs of appeal, inquiries, &c. .. .. .. 373 Gramophones and radios for schools (recoverable) .. .. .. 2,008 Purchase of motor-cars : Inspectors of schools (recoverable).. .. 100 Salaries of teachers on exchange from overseas (recoverable).. .. 7,667 Teachers' Superannuation Fund — Annual contribution under Act .. .. .. 43,000 Additional allowance to widows and children .. .. 4,973 Additional subsidy .. .. .. -. 113,000 Additional subsidy (loss of interest) .. ' .. .. 6,027 Contributions of teachers on active service, 1914-18 .. 64 167,064 Visual Education : Equipment for rchools .. .. .. 35 182,882 Less recoveries— Examination fees, &c. .. .. .. .. 3,071 Conference of education authorities .. .. 42 Maps and flags for schools .. .. .. 1 Purchase of motor-ears : Inspectors of Schools .. 13 . Radios and gramophones for schools .. .. 1,995 Salaries of teachers on exchange from abroad .. 7,724 12,846 170,036 Country Library Service. Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,099 Overtime and meal allowances .. .. .. .. '.'. 16 Purchase of books .. .. .. .. •• .. 4,045 Binding of books .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 Motor-vehicles — Purchase of .. .. .. .. .. .. 863 Maintenance and repairs .. .. .. .. .. 205 Freight and cartage .. .. .. ■. .. .. 64 Postage, printing, and stationery.. .. .. .. .. 206 Office furniture and equipment .. .. .. .. .. 274 Telephone services . . .. . . .. • . .. 22 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 359 Sundries .. .. .. .. .. . • • • 14 8,246 Less recoveries— Subscriptions .. . . . . .. .. 635 Salaries and postage .. . . .. . . 14 649 7,597 Net total, excluding new buildings, &c. .. .. .. 4,419,400

E.—l,

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

SUMMARY. Consolidated Fund— £ Vote, Education .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ 4 097 547 Vote, Internal Affairs .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ ~ g 027 Finance Act, 1938 (section 9) .... .. 113'oOO Unauthorized .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ 3 072 Land Act, 1924 (national-endowment reserves revenue) .. ~ 101^721 Education Reserves Act, 1928, sections 23 and 30 (primary-education reserves revenue) 94^897 Education Reserves Act, 1928, sections 23 and 30 (secondary-education reserves revenue) 11,858 Akaroa and Hokitika High Schools (reserve revenue) .. 512 Tauranga Educational Endowment Reserves Act, 1896 (reserves revenue) .. 292 Public Revenues Act, 1926, section 133 (Fire Insurance Fund) .. .. .. .. ~ 13,266 Public Works Fund, vote, Education buildings .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 660,480 5,102,672 Less— Consolidated Fund— £ Recoveries on account of expenditure of previous year .. 115 Territorial revenue .. .. .. 153 Miscellaneous revenue .. .. ~ .. ..2,877 Registration and other fees .... .. 4 3,149 5,099,523 Additional amounts are available from revenue from reserves vested in post-primary schools and University colleges as follows : — £ Post-primary schools .. .. .. 41,489 University colleges .. .. .. .. .. .. ~ 16,211 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 57,700

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given ; printing (1,270 copies), £80.

By Authority: E. V. Paul, Government Printer, Wellington. —1939. Price Is. 3d.]

. Capital Expenditure. Public Works Consolidated Fund: Sites, buildings, equipment, &c.— Fund. Vote, Education. Public schools .. .. .. .. .. 455,008 12,247 Training colleges .. .. .. .. .. 27,071 Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. 54,550 2,269 Technical schools .. .. .. .. .. 80,582 1,986 Native schools .. .. .. .. .. 37,672 1,960 Universities .. .. .. .. ., 58,710 Schools for feeble-minded . . .. . . .. 840 School for deaf .. .. .. .. .. 6,295 Kindergartens .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,181 School for blind .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 Wellington Education Board Offices .. .. .. 5,350 727,078 19,643 Less recoveries (sale of sites, &c, and recoveries on account of expenditure of past years) — Public schools .. .. .. .. 11,453 Secondary schools .. .. .. .. 706 Technical schools . . . . .. .. 3,358 Native schools . . . . .. .. 54 Training colleges . . .. .. .. 25 School for deaf .. .. .. .. 2 Wellington Education Board : Offices.. .. 51,000 66,598 Net expenditure on new buildings, &c. .. 660,480 19,643 680,123 Net total, including new buildings, &c. .. .. .. 5,099,523

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.], Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1939 Session I, E-01

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24,185

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1939 Session I, E-01

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1939 Session I, E-01

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Pages 1-20 of 53

Pages 1-20 of 53

Pages 1-20 of 53

Pages 1-20 of 53

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REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1939 Session I, E-01

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No known copyright (New Zealand)

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31st DECEMBER, 1938. [In continuation of E.-1, 1938.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1939 Session I, E-01

Using This Item

No known copyright (New Zealand)