PRISONS DEPARTMENT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1931-32.

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1932 Session I-II, H-20

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1932. NEW ZEALAND.

PRISONS DEPARTMENT (REPORT ON) FOR THE YEAR 1931-32.

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

The Hon. the Minister in Charge op the Prisons Department to His Excellency the GovernorGeneral. Wellington, 14th Sept., 1932. I have the honour to submit to Your Excellency the report of the Prisons Department for the year 1931-32. I have, &c., John G. Cobbe, Minister in Charge of Prisons Department.

The Controller-General of Prisons to the Hon. the Minister in Charge or th,e Prisons Department. Sir, — I have the honour to present the annual report of the Prisons Department for the financial year ended the 31st March, 1932, together with extracts from the reports of Controlling Officers, and the criminal statistics for the calendar year ended 31st December, 1931. The institutional reports have been abridged on account of the present need for economy. Prison Statistics. At the beginning of the year there were 1,569 persons in custody (1,484 males, 85 females). During the year 5,340 persons were received at the various institutions by direct committal, and 1,014 *by transfer, making the gross total receptions 6,354 (6,069 males, 285 females). This total included 327 debtors. During the same period 6,266 (5,980 males, 286 females) were discharged or transferred, and at the end of the year 1,657 prisoners (1,573 males, 84 females) remained in confinement. The 6,266 discharged includes 1,668 inter-institutional transfers, forty-two prisoners who were transferred to mental hospitals, eleven who died in detention, one who was executed, and one who absconded and was not recaptured. Five of the deaths were in public hospital, one on account of injuries received in the Napier earthquake, two were escapees who were drowned in the Tongariro River, and the balance were aged men who died in prison. The following table shows the increase that has taken place in the total number dealt with during the past year as compared with the predepression period, and also the increase in the daily average number of prisoners in custody. 6 1928. 1929. 1930. 1931. Number in custody at beginning of year . . 1,549 1,484 1,396 1,569 Number received during year .. .. 5,133 5,077 5,761 6,354 Number discharged or transferred .. 5,198 5,165 5,588 6,266 Number in prison at end of year .. 1, 484 1,396 1, 569 1,657 Daily average in custody .. .. 1,499 1,438 1,466 1,634 In the foregoing figures each separate admission or discharge is taken into account, and to arrive at the number of distinct persons involved —viz., 3,203 —which is the real indication of the extent of criminality, it is necessary to make allowance for cases where the same offender has been imprisoned on more than one occasion during the year. I—H.1 —H. 20.

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The total committals to prison last year—viz., 5,340 —exceeded those of the previous year by 431. This increase may be regarded as symptomatic of the times, for it is the experience, both here and abroad, that industrial depressions show their reflex in the criminal statistics. According to recent official reports from England the disproportionate increase in crime in that country during the past few years is ascribed largely to the adverse economic conditions. It is significant also to observe that whereas the Courts in England in recent years have tended more and more to show leniency by the greater use of probation and by passing shorter sentences, they have latterly been obliged to change their practice and to have greater recourse to imprisonment and to the infliction of more substantial sentences than hitherto. Although the past two years have witnessed a decided upward turn in the number of committals to prison in the Dominion —particularly in respect of offences against property —as mentioned in my report last year, the general trend of the prison population in New Zealand for some years past has been downward ; and it is hoped that the present state of affairs is but an ephemeral reaction to the existing unhappy social and economic conditions. The following summary shows the nature of the offences and the number of distinct persons imprisoned during the past five years, as compared with the quinquennium immediately preceding the war: — ~ :

Of the total number of 3,203 distinct persons received during the year, 1,963 offenders had been previously convicted. In connection with these, in 247 cases the former convictions had been met by way of fine ; in 396 cases probation had been granted ; in forty-six cases the offender on a previous occasion had been committed to an industrial school; in ninety cases Borstal detention had been ordered; in 225 cases reformative detention had been prescribed; and in 1.430 cases simple imprisonment or hard labour had been imposed. These figures give some indication of the intractable material dealt with, some of the criminals having graduated through successively from one form of sentence to another. The following statement summarizes the age groups of persons not previously convicted and those previously convicted : —

An analysis of the figures relating to those previously convicted (though not necessarily previously imprisoned) shows that 471, or 15 per cent., of the total distinct persons dealt with had one former conviction ; 255, or 8 per cent., had been twice previously convicted ; 192, or 6 per cent., three times ; and 1,045, or 33 per cent., had been convicted more than three times, and some of these several times during the same year. Of course it must be borne in mind that a large proportion of these are petty recidivists (as persistent repeaters are called), and were concerned in what may be regarded as more in the nature of nuisances than crimes. In this connection it is to be observed that 374 persons were committed to prison for drunkenness, 347 for vagrancy, and 1,111 for more or less venial miscellaneous offences. These account for 57 per cent, of the total persons sentenced to imprisonment.

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Offences . Drunkenness. Year. " against the ° ff ™tT Vagrancy/and Total. to 10,000 Person. Property. other Offences. of Population. 1909 •• •• •• 181 727 2,251 3,159 32-51 1910 .. .... 238 772 2,232 3,212 32-45 1911 •• .. 153 587 2,137 2,877 28-33 1912 153 598 2,272 3,023 29-10 1913 .. .. .. 220 685 2,324 3,229 30-22 1927 .. .. .. 192 937 1,582 2,711 18-84 1928 .. .. .. 165 977 1,506 2,548 17-37 1929 ... .. ..196 854 1,546 2,596 17-62 1930 .. .. .. 194 968 1,703 2,864 19-19 1931 .. .. .. 216 1,155 1,832 3,203 21-17

Age Group. j Not previously Previously j convicted. convicted. xotaj. Under 20 .. .. .. 118 85 203 20-25 .. .. .. 273 282 555 25-30 .... .. .. 202 286 488 30-40 297 525 822 40 and upwards ... .. 348 781 1 129 Not stated .... 2.4 0 1,240 1,963 3,203

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The extent of really serious crime in the Dominion may be gauged from the fact that, out of a total of 3,203 individuals dealt with, only 659 prisoners, or 20 per cent., received sentences of twelve months or over. Approximately one-third of the total sentences imposed were for terms of less than one month ; over half were for less than three months, and nearly three-qharters for less than six months. These figures show that the proportion of grave offences is not large, but in addition to this they demonstrate that the prison population in the Dominion is mainly comprised of petty recidivists who are repeatedly in and out of prison. The foregoing statistics also show that these short terms of imprisonment are quite ineffective as a means of deterring this class of offender from crime. This applies particularly to young offenders m whose cases short terms do no more than dull the edge of the initial repugnance to the idea of imprisonment, and thereby lessen its deterrent effect, besides which a short term does not permit of a sufficient time to put into effect any system of practical training and discipline. A more effective means of protecting society from the menace of those who are habitually coming in conflict with the law would be to utilize the existing statutory provisions for declaring such persons to be habitual offenders." This would undoubtedly be a greater deterrent than the present method of treatment, and would save the expense of repeatedly bringing them before the Courts. It would tend to rid the larger towns of a " stage army " of vagrants and petty criminals who to-day overcrowd our city prisons. The adoption of this course would enable the Department to transfer this class of offender to farm camps or other suitable institutions, as at present, on account of the short sentences involved, the cost of transfer is not justified. The relatively small percentage of lapses after substantial terms of reformative detention and Borstal detention clearly demonstrates the advantages of these forms of treatment for voung offenders. If is well recognized by authorities that for a young person who has started on a career of crime a short sentence often increases the chance of his becoming a persistent offender, whereas Borstal training and reformative treatment greatly diminishes the likelihood. Offenders when appearing before the Courts for sentence frequently ask that " a short snappy term of hard labour " be imposed in preference to reformative detention. Their objective is only too obvious ! The futility of short sentences is quite apparent from the foregoing table of previous convictions, and that short sentences are ineffective and prove no deterrent in so far as youn« offenders are concerned is evident from the following table comparing the committals classified in age groups for the past five years with a similar period immediately preceding the war. The increase in the number of offenders under twenty-five years of age is particularly high.

Ages of Distinct Persons received (Comparative Table).

A further indication of the incidence of crime according to age : groups is shown in the following tables under the respective classes of offence. It will be observed that " offences against the person " have shown just a slight increase, and this increase is more in evidence among offenders over forty years of age. The increase in the number of offences against property is most marked, and is fairly general .ta all age groups, but compared with the predepression years, the increase in the number of offenders between the ages of twenty and twenty-five is very pronounced. A particularly disquieting feature of the tables is the heavy increase in the committals of Maoris, particularly young Maoris, the number having almost trebled during the past ten years. Experience shows that in prison the Maoris are most amenable to discipline and are usually particularly good workers, but,the records of the majority of those imprisoned show that their appearance before the Courts is attributable mainly to laziness and lack of discipline, combined with moral laxity arising from idling about hotels, pas, and questionable places of amusement.

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During Pre-war Quinquennium. During Past Five Years. 1909. J .1910. 1911. J 1912. j 1913. 1927. 1928. 1929. 1930. j 193U Under 20 .. 98 100 85 130 119 225 . 170 181 164 203 20-25 .. .. 342 356 291 256 349 360 344 350 429 555. 25-30 .. .. 497 535 436 464 505 383 390 400 426 488 30-40 .. .. 897 972 902 947 1,071 685 619 594 716 822 40 upwards .. 1,325 1,279 1,163 1,120 1,185 1,053 1,023 i,064 1,118 1,129 Not stated .. , .. .. .. .. 5 2 7 11 6 Totals .. 3,159 3,242 2,877 2,917 3,229 2,711 2,548 2,596 2,864 3,203

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d H Twelve Fifteen Twenty Twenty- Thirty Forty - 'J £ r§ and and and under five and and anc j- Not Totals o & ts under under Twenty- under under nnw . T j. stated. ' g Fifteen. Twenty. five. Thirty. Forty. P • . ■ _J I I _ ; N Offences against the Person. 1920 11 27 26 55 55 .. 174 | 97 1921 .. .... 14 21 24 37 43 1 140 j 56 1922 .. .... 13 35 27 49 46 .. 170 j 87 1923 .. .... 7 29 36 53 64 .. 189 I 98 1924 .. .... 12 33 35 50 74 .. 204 114 1925 .. .... 9 35 32 46 51 .. 173 97 1926 .. .... 14 36 51 53 63 .. 217 125 1927 .. .... 16 29 39 49 59 .. 192 111 1928 .. .... 16 24 24 43 58 .. 165 90 1929 .. .... 13 29 45 52 56 1 196 130 1930 .. .... 15 32 43 49 55 .. 194 128 1931 .. .... 10 32 42 61 71 .. 216 137 Offences against Property. 1920.. .. 1 86 1 114 100 151 155 .. ! 607 347 1921 .. .. .. 65 104 88 190 137 1 1 585 333 1922 .. .. .. 88 173 118 193 181 1 754 449 1923 .. .. .. 92 143 111 166 191 .. 703 423 1924 .. .. .. 87 146 109 177 186 .. 705 454 1925 .. .. .. 78 157 131 155 197 3 721 458 1926 .. .. 1 134 183 143 193 182 .. 836 571 1927 .. .. .. 151 185 163 219 217 2 | 937 616 1928 .. .. 1 107 165 169 220 214 ... 876 605 1929.. .. .. 139 171 158 188 198 .. 854 593 1930 .. .. .. 106 231 171 225 231 3 967 677 1931 .. .. .. 144 273 206 271 285 3 1,155 829 Drunkenness, Vagrancy, and Miscellaneous Offences. 1920.. .. .. 21 98 f 105 288 568 2 1,082 425 1921 .. .. ., 30 106 ! 135 337 682 5 1,295 425 1922 .. .. .. 30 114 i 101 328 612 1 1,186 517 1923.. .. 1 19 127 149 355 700 1 1,352 538 1924 .. .. .. 22 149 178 350 806 1 1,506 692 1925.. .. .. 57 275 290 474 898 .. 1,994 721 1926 .. .. .. 70 185 178 404 863 2 1,702 918 1927 .. .. .. 58 146 181 417 777 3 1,582 843 1928.. .. .. 46 155 197 356 750 2 1,506 843 1929.. .. .. 29 150 197 354 810 6 1,546 833 1930.. .. .. 43 166 212 442 831 8 1,702 955 1931 .. .. .. 49 250 ! 240 490 800 3 1,832 1,084

Twelve Fifteen , •' Twenty- Thirty ,, , and and a , five and and 7 Not under under T un ® r under under _ , stated. Fifteen. Twenty. Thirty. Forty. tt P Wards - Maori Prisoners. 1920 .. .. .. ] .. 9 26 20 14 15 .. 84 1921 .. .. .... 10 31 22 24 13 .. 100 1922 .. .. 29 36 31 23 20 .. 139 1923 .. .. .... 11 27 35 27 14 .. 114 1924 .. .. .... 16 38 19 16 15 1 105 1925 .. .. .... 14 36 27 29 22 1 129 1926 .. .. .... 35 47 25 23 18 1 149 1927 .. .. .... 26 49 26 22 18 2 143 1928 .. .. .. 1 38 42 34 23 20 .. 158 1929 .. .. .... 37 46 36 29 25 .. 173 1930 .. .. .... 18 55 39 41 29 2 184 1931 .. .. .... 47 95 44 50 34 1 271

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Borstal Institutions. The foregoing statistics include committals to Borstal institutions established under the Prevention of Crime Act, 1924. There are three such institutions in the Dominion, one at Invercargill for lads under twenty-one years of age, one at Te Awamutu, " Waikeria," for young men under twenty-five years of age, and an institution for young women at Point Halswell, Wellington. During the year 170 lads and twenty-two young women were committed to Borstal by the Courts direct, and twenty-three youths and three girls were transferred from industrial schools and other institutions for training and discipline. Although, in consequence of the deprivation of liberty, a Borstal sentence has a punitive character, the intention underlying the statute under which the system was conceived is to stress the matter of training and discipline in order to correct in young offenders manifestations of " characterial deviations " whilst their minds are still plastic and impressionable. The main object is to restrain the young delinquent from straying further into criminal habits and to restore him to normal standards of citizenship. In essence, the fundamental objective of the Borstal system is a standard of discipline which will inculcate the habits of industry and restraint, consideration for the rights of others, and the development of an attitude of obedience and acceptance of the normal codes of conduct. This aim is not inconsistent with the orthodox conception of the deterrent function of sentences imposed by the Courts—viz., the vindication of the law and the punishment of the offender. The loss of freedom teaches the lesson that wrongdoing is followed by unpleasant consequences, and a higher standard of effort in work and behaviour and self-discipline is demanded than under a purely punitive system. It would be a simple matter, by the provision of privileges, to devise a system whereby good conduct in prison could be ensured, but this would by no means be reflective of any permanent change of character in the prisoners, nor would it be of ultimate benefit in protecting society, as experience shows that many of the best-conducted criminals whilst in detention (particularly what are known as " hardened lags ") are often particularly bad citizens when released. The Borstal system, though it is being developed progressively each year, is now well past the experimental stage, and the results, both in respect of the behaviour of inmates whilst in detention and afterwards when released, show the practical wisdom of exhausting the possibilities of reformation rather than featuring the need of punishment. 3,718 lads have passed through the Waikeria and Invercargill Borstals since they were established, and of this number only 14 per cent, have again come in conflict with the law. Of the 176 young women committed to Point Halswell during the past eight years, 125 have been released, and of these only eleven have subsequently again appeared before the Courts. In view of the manifold temptations and difficulties that beset these young people in the efforts to rehabilitate themselves these results are exceedingly satisfactory, and are a striking tribute to the work of those directly concerned. The details of the activities at the various institutions are given in the Superintendents' reports appended hereto, but complementary to this work, and of no less importance in contributing to the success achieved, is the help to the Department given by the Women's Borstal Association, the Visiting Committees, and the Voluntary Probation Committees. The Borstal Association, which is a voluntary organization comprised of a committee of Wellington women with associate members in various parts of the Dominion, regularly visits the Point Halswell Institution and arranges for the oversight and after-care of every girl released from that institution. The Visiting Committees not only function in a quasi-judicial manner in respect of disciplinary matters, but also assist in institutional activities. The Voluntary Probation Committees work in co-operation with the Probation Officers, undertaking the oversight and after-care of the young men when released, and have rendered most valuable service in placing lads in employment. A report on the administration of the Prevention of Crime Act would be incomplete without reference to the helpful assistance given by the large body of voluntary workers who visit the Borstals to assist in the sports activities, to give lectures, and to take part in the cultural life of the institution. The financial and production returns reflect the high standard of industry at each institution, and show that work is given its due place in a balanced round of activities. In the field of sport it is interesting to note that at Point Halswell a large number of the girls were successful in gaining their swimming and life-saving certificates. At Invercargill the Borstal football team, last year, won the Seven-a-side Tournament "in the Southland Rugby Union Third-grade Competition, and at cricket the Borstal eleven won the " Washer Cup." At Waikeria a senior-grade team was entered in the Waipa Rugby Union competitions, and this team was not only successful in winning commendation wherever it played for clean and sportsmanlike exhibitions of football, but also it won the " Ballistite Cup " at the conclusion of the season. A novel feature was introduced last year when a large party of lads from the Waikeria Borstal visited Hamilton and Te Awamutu where they gave two exceptionally fine entertainments, and were successful in raising a considerable sum for local relief purposes. Experience shows that such events, particularly as they afford an opportunity to the inmates of helping their fellow-men, and of coming in healthful contact with outsiders in the field of sport, have a far-reaching effect on their social development. A. philosopher has stated : Amusement and recreation are the very things that make our working-hours profitable. He who carves so steadily that he has no time to sharpen his knife works with dull tools and does not make much headway."

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Industries, Revenue, and Expenditure. The year ended 31st March, 1932, has been one of even more intense difficulty from an industrial and financial point of view than last year. Not only has there been a continued decline in quantity output of all industries, except those relating to farming, which seriously reflected itself in the revenue for the year, but also there was the unavoidable but drastic curtailment by Treasury of available monetary provision. It is therefore very gratifying to be able to report that, notwithstanding having had to maintain a daily average of considerably over one hundred inmates in excess of the number for the previous year, the net total cost on Consolidated Fund was almost £4,000 less than for 1930-31. Although industry revenue declined by nearly £15,000, economies and reductions of £19,000 in gross expenditure (including salaries, £7,000) more than compensated for this. Actually the average cost per inmate showed a marked reduction, amounting to £7 per head, the net annual cost per inmate being £59.

Summary of Cash Payments and Receipts of Prison Vote 1924 to 1932.

The departmental accounts and balance-sheet are shown as Table B in the appendix to this report as distinct from the cash statement in the foregoing table. These include all nominal and indirect charges for interest on capital, nominal rent of buildings, and buildings-maintenance expenditure from the Public Works Department's vote. Briefly summarized, the all-inclusive costs per prisoner for all real and nominal charges for each of the past three years are as follow : 1929-30, £85 lis. 7d. per head; 1930-31, £88 lis. 4d. ; 1931-32, £86 9s. 7d. Expenditure on Prisoners' Rations 'purchased (not including Tobacco). While to some extent the declining prices of foodstuffs have enabled the Department to effect reductions in cost under this heading, it is noteworthy that the cash cost of purchased rations was reduced by more than £2,000 last year, although an average of 116 additional inmates were in daily custody. This economy was effected by progressively developing the system of supply of rations from the prison farms and gardens, by extending the supply of meat to the city institutions from the prison farms, by the purchase, in other cases, on specially advantageous terms of frozen meat, and by baking the whole of the Department's bread requirements in the institutions. The cost last year per prisoner for purchased rations was reduced to the very low figure of £8 10s. per head. This figure was actually lower than in 1914-, when the cost was £11 165., and at that time wholesale prices were 16 per cent, lower than in 1931-32. On a weighted basis to adjust the disparity in the price index numbers the cost last year would rank as £7 2s. as against £11 16s. in 1914. Expressed in terms of cost per day per capita, purchased foodstuffs now amount to only s|d. per day, and including the value of produce from the Department's farms and gardens, the cost amounts to 9|d. per day. This result is a distinctly satisfactory achievement, particularly in view of the fact that there has been no reduction whatever in the quantity or quality of the rations supplied, though, on the other hand, they have been made more varied, better balanced, and in some respects increased. Capital Expenditure. A natural sequence of events following the substantial increase in committals of persons to prison would be an increase in. capital expenditure on the construction of accommodation ; but, on account of the urgent necessity for curtailment of expenditure of loan-moneys, works of a capital nature have been kept down to a minimum, and with the exception of the erection of forty additional hutments at one of the farms, the increased number of prisoners has been dealt with by improvising accommodation in the existing buildings. This has made the matter of supervision and control rather more difficult, but it is hoped that the existing position will not be of sufficiently long duration to warrant the provision of additional permanent accommodation.

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Daily Average Gross Expenditure. Credits. Net Expenditure. Year. Number of I —; Inmates. Total. Per Head. Total. Per Head. Total. j Per Head. ££££££ 1924-25 .. 1,227-81 144,484 117-67 68,118 55-56 76,366 62-11 1925-26 .. 1,340-13 152,794 114-00 79,099 59-02 73,695 54-98 1926-27 .. 1,397-25 148,766 106-47 70,915 50-76 77,851 55-71 1927-28 .. 1,489-62 161,199 108-21 66,979 44-95 94,220 63-26 1928-29 .. 1,501-82 163,451 108-83 73,994 49-27 89,457 59-56 1929-30 .. 1,425-54 172,248 120-83 83,806 58-87 88,442 62-04 1930-31 .. 1,525-32 171,382 112-36 70,669 46-33 100,713 66-03 1931-32 .. 1,641-51 * 152,581 92-93 55,867 34-03 96,714 58-90

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■ / comparison showing the decline in capital expenditure on the erection of buildings and works in recent years is shown m the following table :— Expended. Year. Expended. {SSI* 27,259 1928-29 .. .. jA™ 1925 £ " ■' '• '• 25 ' 279 1929^30 •' •' •• 8*205 1 1930-31 .. .. .. .. 2 ' 504 ..22,812 1931-32 .. .. o'fi2l 1927-28 22; 359 Industries and Development. The finding of adequate and suitable productive or remunerative wort for inmat»» ~ , or market for the products therefrom, becomes increasingly difficult and this lias hem ' + a %°j u the unemployment problems that have prevailed. Every jpSonlndXt ten aggregate decline in revenue from all sources in the last two vears has been £30 000 The' ff" t 6 the Department is illustrated by the following comparison ' Ti ® efFect 011 ~ Revenue from „ Year. Industry. Year Revenue from £ J ■ Industry. 1928-29 .. . _ 7(i qqo laqri QI 1929 - 30 •• •• :: 80; 3 65 BES :: ;; local M bodief f rinka 8 e m busi * ess th at has taken place has been with other Departments and For the year ended 31st March, 1930. 1931. 1932. c»™L m b tir dg, * vel •• - •• 2s >t *.»» «.«« :: ;; :: ».«J lo.p Sales of farm-produce .. 21'649 1R i K Brickworks .. .. " 2116 15,616 Bootmaking .. ~ ' " , 900 o Mail-bags and tailoring .. .. " 2 ,'386 2'764- 2* 118 Laundering .. .. .. 2,394 1' 2 49 HJ? Minor industries .. Imn L,t>Uo °' ■■ :: :: ™ lit S SlS=rr - —4^s. b ir; Department. ° P 6Cted 1Q &n e( l uivalent economy in another Government .zpeL"T? n 1:fli~ ™ W reCOg " iz l b * *» be W k mind tlj th. «ope °'l TT * — siderations for public safety require that a fairly large proportion of the , ■ t 1 P ? C6 ' °° n ~ work which allows for close and continuous supervision. Prisoners be placed only at The undertakings most suited for the use of the prisoners are thn«o rt.f i i, -i Eon < ar e a i mporiant zszr" m wh ~— ,he oost of tr ™ iK,rt »» i »° d »»i* As far as compatible with the foregoing considerations the aim nf +he n a ±. ■ competition with private enterprise and with +hi'a r, l • • j.i • Department is to avoid the prison farming activities T S satll 7™ f® ** 6Xtend more and ™ foregoing revenue statement from the Waikeria Wi Tako'^Pa^! 118 it' aS summarized in the progress has been made with the pumice land develrmm '+ p f rua ' and Invercargill farms, good fo™ camp 3 898 seres b, B been cCL,"Lb* .3 the pasture. At Bangipo during the year an additional n nnn ?'i ls now down m pr ° speot o,convertmB wh "' ™r Eoading and subdivisional fencing, with a view to settlement progress on the areas broken in. settlement within a year or two, is now in

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Reformative-detention and Hard-labour Sentences. A fairly common misconception appears to exist in respect of a sentence of " reformative detention " as distinct from a sentence of " imprisonment with hard labour." In point of fact, there is no such thing as hard labour as originally implied under this form of sentence. Hard labour at one time connoted hard fare and hard bed, coupled with a monotonous and dehumanizing round of useless tasks such as the crank and tread-mill. These practices have long since been abolished in our penal system, and as far as practicable prisoners are placed at useful work which is likely to stimulate their interest and self-respect and develop habits of industry. Instead of having regard solely to the punitive aspect, as in the past, under present-day conditions the object of the administration is to treat prisoners in such a way that they shall have an opportunity of improving in every possible direction, the aim being to make all imprisonment, as far as humanly possible, reformative in character. . , , , The sentence of " reformative detention ' was introduced under the Grimes Amendment Act, 1910. The principle embodied in this Act was a distinct departure from previous penal legislation m New Zealand . Instead, as hitherto, of prescribing a punitive sentence considered to be appropriate to the particular crime, section 3 of the Crimes Amendment Act provides that the Court m sentencing an offender to reformative detention shall have regard to the conduct, character, associations, or mental conditions of such offender, the nature of the offence, or any special circumstances of the case. In other words, the offender, instead of the offence, is given greater consideration. Provision is made for the imposition of a sentence that is fixed as to maximum only, the actual term of detention which an offender may be required to serve is contingent upon the likelihood of his abstaining from crime in future, Release is conditional only, the offender being released on probation until the expiry of his sentence, during which period he is subject to supervision by a Probation Officer. Section 9 of the Act provides for the appointment of a Prisons Board, and section 12 prescribes that the duty of the Board is to inquire whether an offender has reformed sufficiently to warrant release being recommended, and in making any such recommendation the Board is to have regard both for the public safety and for the welfare of the offender. . The object of the Crimes Amendment Act, thus, was not so much to introduce a system of privileges or to ameliorate prison conditions, as is popularly supposed, as to provide for the protection of society bv a modified form of indeterminate sentence whereby the release of offenders will not be given effect to until the authorities are satisfied that it is in the interests both of society and of the offender to d ° S lt mav be stated that the indeterminate sentence is now recognized by practically all penal authorities throughout the world to be the only really effective method of dealing with offenders. Reformative detention is intended to be both protective and tutelary m character, as distinct from the definite punitive sentence of hard labour. . That no differential treatment in respect of conditions of labour was intended is clear from section 23 of the Act which provides, inter alia, " Reformative detention shall be deemed to be imprisonment with hard labour within the meaning of the principal Act, the Prisons Act, 1908, and all other Acts referring or relating to imprisonment." Although no legal distinction is made, m actual practice the majority of persons sentenced to reformative detention, where such course is compatible with public safety, are transferred to prison farms or camps. _ Judges are empowered to impose a sentence of reformative detention up to ten years regardless of the statutory maximum for hard labour that may be prescribed for certain specified offences, but whether or not such sentence is served by an offender is contingent upon the conduct and industry of the prisoner, combined with other related circumstances which may enable the Prisons tfoard to satisfy itself that the offender is not likely to offend again. Prior to the passing of the Statutes Law Amendment Act, 1917, the sentences of prisoners undergoing " hard labour " were not subject to review by the Prisons Board, but under this Act the system of automatic remissions was abolished, and the Prisons Board now reviews the sentences of hard-labour prisoners as well as those serving sentences of reformative detention. f, , , The original distinction is still recognized by all concerned with the administration of the law _ viz that a sentence of hard labour is intended by the Courts to be more definite and punitive m character than a sentence of reformative detention, hence, the remissions off sentences of hard labour, on the average, are much shorter than those granted in the case of persons sentenced to reformative detention. It is by no means unusual for the Courts to impose a specific head sentence of haid labour to precede a term of reformative detention. Under the regulations governing the procedure of the Prisons Board hard-labour sentences are not reviewed until the expiry of half the term imposed by the Court, whereas sentences of reformative detention are reviewed at any time. , Both experience and the small percentage who ofEend again of those released after serving sentences of reformative detention show that this form of treatment is an effective deterrent, and is a more satisfactory way of dealing with offenders than sentencing them to short terms of hard labour. Mentality or Prisoners. Following the practice adopted a few years ago in an increasing number of cases the Department has sought the aid of the mental specialists attached to the Mental Hospitals Department to examine and to advise in respect of the treatment of persons who have shown some abnormal mental characteristics and in this regard I desire to place on record appreciation of the helpful co-operation of Dr T G Gray, Director-General of Mental Hospitals, and his specialist officers.

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In thirty-two instances during the year prisoners were transferred to Mental Hospitals on certification or for observation. In a large number of other cases the regimen of the prison or Borstal itself brought about a physiological balance which cleared up a condition of instability. There are still a great many persons at present detained in prison who would be better placed in an institution specially designed for criminal defectives. The need for such an institution for' the detention of persons commonly known as " criminal lunatics " is becoming more pressing each year. These unfortunates would be a menace to public safety if at large, and a danger to other patients if in an ordinary mental hospital. At present there is really no appropriate place for their segregation, and the establishment of a special colony will have to be faced as soon as public finances will permit. The establishment of such a colony would also relieve the mental hospitals. In recent years increasing emphasis has been given to the study of the relationship of mental condition to criminality, and in consequence of this I set out hereunder an extract from a report of a special committee set up early this year by the Home Office, in England, dealing with the psychological treatment of offenders : — " There is a widespread impression that many crimes are symptoms or effects of some mental disorder and that the offender's criminal habits can be cured by appropriate psychological treatment. ' It is our conviction,' said the representative of the Howard League, ' that many persons to-day are sent to prison who stand in need only of medical or psychological treatment or supervision . . . At present many persons are sent to prison for whom punitive treatment is as little justifiable and as little helpful as it would be for a sufferer from any recognized medical disease..' " The Committee, recognizing the great importance of modern developments in the field of psychological medicine, have been at pains to investigate the question how far offenders should be treated as mental patients, and for this purpose have taken evidence from a number of experts who have specialized in methods of psychological examination and in psycho-therapy. " It is common knowledge that the motives underlying human conduct may be ascertained with comparative ease in some cases and only with the greatest difficulty in others. The diabetic delinquent may persistently steal food, or the means by which it can be obtained, in order to gratify the hunger of this disease. The unwanted child may react to the lack of parental understanding, and retaliate with persistent anti-social conduct. The man who is overburdened with the feeling of his own inferiority may obtain a spurious sense of power, and mental compensation, if he hoards the proceeds of many thefts. In such cases the underlying psychological factor may be ascertained without difficulty, but there is reason to believe that sometimes it lies much deeper and requires expert methods for its detection and treatment. " The medical psychologist who sets out to treat abnormal conduct endeavours to ascertain the cause, and to obtain information in regard to any incident or circumstances in the past history of the subject which led up to the event. The subject may not be aware of the connection, and the past incident or circumstances may be forgotten. But if the man reveals himself the underlying cause for his conduct may be discovered. He is then shown the reason why he acts in an anti-social manner so as to free him from past influence and enable him to start afresh. But realization must come from the man himself. When he first unburdens himself he does not appreciate the significance of the various factors which have affected his conduct, and they must be presented to him again in such a manner that a gradual understanding of their meaning is effected. If these matters can be dealt with, he may be brought back to normality. But his co-operation is essential, and it is clear that a person who is addicted to some anti-social act may withhold this if he prefers to retain his abnormality rather than attain a cure which may deprive him of his means of gratification. We understand that the technique used by different medical men in the psychological treatment of abnormal conduct varies within certain limits, and may be followed by ill effects unless the practitioner has special skill and experience in this branch of medicine. But there appears to be general agreement that the probability of successful treatment is greater the sooner it is commenced and, in regard to the cases with which we are concerned, before criminal tendencies have become established as criminal habits. " One witness informed us that his results with adults were disappointing because of the difficulty of tracing the cause back to earlier years, but he considered that effective work could be done with children up to fourteen years of age, and among adults in special cases. He regarded the adolescent period as a difficult one to treat, since the individual then is self-sufficient, and feels that he is master of his own fate ; he fails to realize his own need, and consequently is difficult of approach. Other witnesses emphasized the importance of treating cases as soon as possible, but considered that treatment might be successful up to thirty or forty years of age. " It may well be that some medical psychologists obtain their best results with children, others with adolescents, and still others with adults. "No witness was able to give us any precise information concerning the curative value of psychological treatment in any large number of law-breakers, and results on the whole have been inconclusive in the few convicted offenders who have been so treated during the currency of their sentences. We believe it is generally admitted that, although a. large amount of psychological material and well-proved data have been collected by many workers in many countries, the practical treatment of psychological disorders by this means is as yet experimental, and, although firmly established, still uncertain in its results. We consider it desirable to point out also that, whereas the medical treatment of physical disorders may establish, as a rule, the fact of cure with reasonable certainty, no such claim can be made in individual cases of psychological disorder until proved by actual trial. It must be frankly recognized that some law-breakers who appear suitable for psychological treatment are not so in fact, because of some medical, psychological, or pyschotic contra-indication ; others who appear suitable, fail to benefit by treatment; others are not known to be failures until they revert to crime when put to the test; and some are treated with success. 2—H. 20.

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" It was clear from the evidence of those witnesses who have had experience in the practice of psycho-therapy that even if it is practicable to select from the offenders appearing before the Courts those who appear to be suitable for psychological treatment, the need will still remain for subjecting to punishment those who fail to benefit by such treatment. 'It seems to the offender,' said one witness, ' not worth while being cured of a tendency which, however unpleasant to others, nevertheless affords pleasure to himself. Hence, he lacks incentive to co-operate in treatment or may even have an incentive not to do so. Hence, it is that the deterrent influence of punishment, either actual or threatened, proves so useful.' " Moreover it was recognized that punishment is necessary not merely for the sake of deterring the particular offender, but for the sake of deterring others from following his example. One witness,himself a medical-psychologist, put the matter thus : ' Psychologists tend to ignore the major social function of the penal system, but they should be reminded that the community is entitled to the first claim and the individual only to the second. The business of the psychologist is merely to point out methods that are just and that may be fruitful in the individual case, provided that such methods are compatible with the wider interests of society.' " We do not agree with the view that crime is a disease, or that it is generally the result of mental disorder. . . It is quite impracticable, and we believe generally unnecessary to examine the mental condition of all adults who appear before a court on a criminal charge. But of course the mental condition of an offender may be an all-important consideration in deciding upon the appropriate method of dealing with him. We know that a large number of persons who have been proved to the satisfaction of the Court to be guilty of the offence with which they are charged are remanded for examination into their mental condition ; but we do not consider full advantage is taken always of the existing facilities for doing so. It is probable that only a small proportion of such cases will be found suitable for psychological treatment, but this consideration should not deter Courts from remanding the offender if his family and personal history and the circumstances of the case suggest a psychological investigation is desirable. In districts where reputable clinics are established it may be possible for a Court to obtain the advice of the medical officer attached to the clinic as to the value of psycho-therapy in individual cases, without the necessity of remanding the offender in custody for the purpose." General. In conclusion, I desire again to place on record appreciation of the help given by the various Prisoners' Aid Societies, the Voluntary Probation Committees, the Salvation Army, and others who have assisted in after-care work. The Department is also indebted to the many voluntary helpers who have given assistance in connection with the education, moral training, and entertainment of persons committed to its care. To the clergymen and representatives of the various religious denominations who have regularly visited the institutions and striven, through the moral precepts of religious teaching, to stimulate higher ideals of citizenship and duty, the Department expresses its gratitude. Thanks are also extended to the Workers' Education Association, members of the Howard League, and others who have given of their time in providing lectures, &c. Through regular visits to the various institutions, the Visiting Justices and Official Visitors have contributed helpfully in maintaining contentnent and discipline. The Federation of Justices have co-operated in a friendly way, and the Wellington Justices Association has been liberal in assisting in necessitous cases and in contributing to schemes for the social betterment of the local institutions. The high standard of efficiency that has been maintained throughout the year, notwithstanding that the heavy influx of prisoners accentuated the administrative difficulties, has been due mainly to the loyal co-operation of the staffs both at Head Office and at the various institutions. The discipline of the prisoners has been uniformly good and their general conduct satisfactory. B. L. D ALL ART), Controller-General of Prisons.

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PRISONS AND PENAL INSTITUTIONS : EPITOME OF REPORTS OF CONTROLLING OFFICERS. Auckland Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. J. Dickison.) At the commencement of the year there were 439 males and 15 females in custody. During the year 1,594 males and 79 females were received, whilst 1,613 males and 77 females were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in the prison on the night of 31st December, 1931, 420 males and 17 females. One prisoner absconded during the year and has not been recaptured. am pleased to be in the position to report that no executions were carried out during the year. There was one death during the twelve months, which occurred in the District Hospital. Ihe daily average on the sick muster was 9-6 males and 0-405 females, and as the daily average number of prisoners in custody throughout the period under review again reached the high figure of 466, it is particularly pleasing to record that there has been a marked absence of infection, and that the excellent standard of health shown in previous years has been maintained. Perhaps in no other institution in New Zealand does the type of recipient vary so much as at Auckland, and under such conditions it is to be expected that there are a number of inmates who require fairly constant medical attention throughout the full period of incarceration. Allowing for these cases* and also for the number of prisoners who, from time to time, are incapacitated for a few days as the result of petty injuries sustained on the works, it must be conceded that a daily average of ten on the sick muster of this institution speaks volumes for the excellent standard of health maintained by the prisoners as a whole. I have again to express appreciation of the continued valued co-operation of the Medical Superintendent of the Auckland Mental Hospital, who so readily responds to requests for the examination of mentally defective prisoners, and thus enables the expeditious transfer of these unfortunate individuals to that institution. The Prison School has continued to be controlled by L. Grice, M.A., and the excellent results of his tutorship during the year are amply evidenced by the annual-examination return already submitted. The average attendance during the twelve months was thirty, a sufficient tribute to the interest displayed by the inmates themselves. When one is in close touch with the prisoners who avail themselves of the opportunity of attending the school, a ready advancement in knowledge is noticeable, particularly in the case of the backward individual, and it is easy to appreciate the fact that the expenditure in maintaining the school is justly warranted. One hundred and forty-six breaches of the regulations were dealt with by Visiting Justices during the year, whilst a number of minor offences were dealt with by myself. Quite a number of prisoners were dealt with on more than one occasion, and when allowance is made for the class of prisoner in this institution, and the fact that the daily average for the year was 466, it will be admitted that the conduct has on the whole been of a very satisfactory standard. Evening drill has been continued three nights weekly under the instruction of Principal Warder Douglas, the twenty-five prisoners participating in the exercises benefiting considerably therefrom, particularly as they are employed indoors daily. Work completed and in progress.—(l) The overhaul of the whole of the prison electrical system, which was in progress at the moment of presenting my last report, was completed in the early months of 1931, and satisfactorily answered all tests made in compliance with the Act. (2) To further ensure the safe custody of prisoners exercising in the Solitary-division Yard, a protective covering of expanded metal was placed over this area. This innovation has obviated the previous necessity of having an officer in attendance on the prisoners whilst in this yard. The erection of a winch-house containing the quarry hauling-plant was completed in the last month of the year, and has met a very necessary need. Alterations and Additions to Quarry Plant : Owing to the working-out of one of the quarryfaces, it became essential to commence extended operations, with the result that a rearrangement of the existing hauling facilities was found necessary. The double winch, previously in use, was separated by the Engineer into two distinct units, and an additional motor and switchboard were installed. This will enable all haulage throughout the quarry area to be handled expeditiously. No other expenditure outside of the cost of the usual maintenance replacements has proved requisite during the year, and the plant generally has been maintained in excellent running-order. The whole of the requisite maintenance of the prison buildings has been effected during the year with prison labour, a good deal of the work being executed around the prison proper ; whilst the upkeep of the prison officers' cottages has received adequate attention. The garden continues to be a valuable asset, for, apart from a short period of the year, during which time the maturing crops were ravaged by the grass'-grub, the whole of the institutional requirements of vegetables, with the exception of potatoes, were supplied from our own garden area. Advantage is being taken of surplus labour, due to the shrinkage in the quarry output, to extend the prison garden by building up fresh areas from strappings. Bootmaking: Under the control of Principal Warder Lauder, this branch of the prison's industrial activities has continued to furnish a very satisfactory return, and the orders placed by other Departments, as well as our own Departmental requirements, have been ably and expeditiously handled throughout the year.

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A party of twenty prisoners, under the supervision of two officers, has been working continuously at Rangitoto Island since November, 1925. The improvements effected up to and including the 31st December, 1931, are as follows Summit Road via Beacon (20 ft. wide) : 4 miles 62 chains formation completed, 3 miles Summit Road blinded (14 ft. wide) ; 2J miles Summit Road reblinded and blinded to full width. Islington Bay Road : 3 miles formation completed to waterfront at the Bay ; 1 mile 10 chains footpaths formed (4 ft. wide). Sports-ground area levelled — approximately 750 yards scoria rock shifted in the work; stone wall built to retain water for swimming-pool —approximately 200 yards rock used at this work. Road to link up Islington Bay Road and Summit Road : 1 j miles formation completed ; 11 chains of 10 ft. roadway leading to sports-ground formed ; 3 miles of roadway remetalled ready for topdressing ; 50 chains of top-dressing completed on Islington Bay Road (16 ft. wide) ; 1 \ miles of topdressing completed on Bay Road ; 10 chains of top-dressing on Bay Road ; 10 chains of fascining on Summit Road via Beacon ; 6 chains fascining on Summit Road via Bay Road ; top-dressing delayed owing to lack of conveyance ; 46 chains of top-dressing on Bay Road ; 5 chains of top-dressing on Summit Road via Bay Road ; 40 chains top-dressing completed on Bay Road ; top-dressing on Bay Road completed, approximately 20 chains ; roadway to be re-dressed at Islington Bay end, owing to rough nature of country, job delayed through repeated trouble with lorry. Islington Bay Road completed. Summit Road via Bay Road, top-dressing completed, 1 mile 9 chains ; Summit Road via Beacon, 1 mile top-dressing completed ; 40 chains top-dressing completed on Summit Road via Beacon ; 42 chains top-dressing completed on Summit Road via Beacon 16 ft. wide. Road completed. Sports-ground area top-dressed. Area remains to be levelled and re-dressed. Sports-ground area, levelled ready for re-dressing. Bridge built over lagoon on Beacon Road and roadway altered ; topdressing on area delayed through set-backs in bridge-building operations ; 12 chains of Summit Road via Bay Road blocked with stone and top-dressed 13 ft. wide. Half of sports-ground re-dressed. 6 chains of Summit Road via Beacon stone-blocked and top-dressed ; 3 chains of Summit Road via Bay Road regraded and stone-blocked ; sports-grrund re-dressed. Grades of Summit Road via Bay Road altered and re-dressed ; lj miles of Summit footpath widened and re-dressed ; completed topdressing of footpath to Summit 40 chains 4 ft. wide. Altering grade on road from Beacon to Summit. Road from Beacon to Summit regraded and top-dressed. Regrading and re-dressing Islington Bay Road ; Islington Bay Road regraded and re-dressed. 18| chains of 4 ft. footpath formed and topdressed. 2Jr chains of 4 ft. footpath formed and top-dressed. Work commenced on new sports area at Islington Bay. Work progressing on new sports-ground ; approximately half of area roughly formed with blue-metal rock. Work continuing on formation of sports-ground ; approximately 1,300 yards of blue-metal rock blasted and shifted on works to date. Sports-ground area at Bay roughly formed and stone wall built round sides.. Top-dressing commenced on sports-ground completed. 18 chains of 4 ft. footpath formed between Bay Wharf and Harbour Quarry ; 65 chains of 4 ft. footpath formed to quarries ; 25 chains of whole (1 mile) top-dressed. Re-dressing sports-ground at Islington Bay with clay and sand. Girders and timber for tennis-court erected. Continuing with top-dressing of sportsground with clay and sand. New area formed and top-dressed on waterfront at Rangitoto for bathing facilities ; approximately 200 yards of scoria and rock used in the work. Warder Instructor Kinghorn remains in charge of the tailoring workshop, the output from which has been well maintained. Here again, in addition to our own requirements, those of other Departments have readily been met, and the returns have been well up to the standard of previous years. . . With regard to the orders placed by other Departments for footwear and clothing, it might be mentioned that exceptionally keen competition from outside sources has necessitated a revision of our price lists in the endeavour to retain this 'business, but in spite of the lower rates, every effort- is being made to ensure that the output of the shops gives the maximum possible remuneration to our Department. . . Repairs to mail and parcel bags are carried on in conjunction with the tailoring, and the whole of the demands of the Post and Telegraph Department have been expeditiously handled. With the exception of blankets, the whole of the prison laundering and the repairs to socks continues to be executed by female prisoners, and the small cost to the Department is a pleasing reflection upon the administration of this division. A small quantity of soft laundering has also been performed as required for the Police, Public Trust, Internal Affairs, and Defence Departments during the year. The washing and fumigation of prison blankets and hammocks, repairs to moleskins, shirts, &c., is executed by male labour, and the cost during the year has been maintained at the previous low level. Owing to the abandonment of the Defence Territorial scheme, there were no annual camps this year, and°the work of laundering the large quantity of blankets handled in previous years was lost to this Department. As pointed out from time to time by the Quarry-manager in his monthly reports, the period under review has presented far more difficulties than have been experienced in any other year during which this major prison industry has been under his control. Owing to the general trade depression it has been a matter of extreme difficulty to keep the sales anywhere near the customary maximum, with the result that metal of a considerable value is at present stacked in the quarry pending disposal. Another decisive factor in the falling-off of our sales has been the restricted operations of the Railways and Public Works Departments, both of which have in past years provided a ready outlet for a substantial portion of our output.

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However, constant touch has been maintained with all of our clients, and we are confidant that whatever business has come their way has been passed on to us, in spite of the fact that the exceptional keenness of present-day competition has made our prices generally higher than outside quotations, many of which appear to show no margin of profit, in fact, the acceptance of contracts must result in a loss. That we have handled the amount of business shown by the returns for the twelve months under review is a marked tribute to the quality of our products, and justifies our claim for recognition of this important fact when comparison of prices is so paramount in the matter of tendering. It might be mentioned in passing that in two of the largest contracts for which tenders were called during the year the conditions of tender precluded any possibility of the supply of metal produced by prison labour. In this connection it should be stressed that the employment of prisoners in productive work is an absolute necessity and is in itself a national economy. Moreover, their employment is a deciding factor in the matter of the provision of maintenance to their dependants during confinement another point worth consideration. Regarding the loss of business usually handled to the order of local bodies, it must be recorded that the latter have been absorbing as many of the unemployed as is possible on formation work, under the No. 5 Scheme, and this means that the limited funds available are readily expended in insurance costs and the provision of extra tools, equipment, &c., entailed in executing this particular class of work. However, the roads now being formed will doubtless require metalling in the near future, and there is a hopeful probability of increased business in that direction. The arrangement with the Defence Department, under which we receive £15 per annum for services rendered in connection with the handling of ammunition to and from the magazines, continues to be profitable to this Department. Concerts have been held periodically at the prison, the excellent programmes presented being keenly enjoyed by the inmates. Thanks are due to the Anglican Gaol Chaplain (the Rev. G. E. Moreton), Messrs. James Stewart (Official Visitor), and Samuel Falls, who, in conjunction with other social workers, maintain a sympathetic interest in the welfare of the inmates. The Salvation Army has also contributed entertainments of merit, and the various theatrical interests have at all convenient times shown readiness to assist at the concerts arranged. Lectures under the auspices of the Workers' Educational Association, have continued to be given monthly, and have proved both instructive and enjoyable. Mr. N. M. Richmond, Director of the Workers' Educational Association has been mainly responsible for the arrangement of this form of diversion, and his efforts are deserving of much appreciation. The several organizations which in the past years have provided additional comforts for the inmates during the festive season, again contributed freely, with the result that each individual prisoner received an adequate supply of extras during Christmas and New Year. Such practical sympathy, particularly in a year when depression has been so general, was very deeply appreciated by the inmates, and those responsible for the gifts may be assured that their efforts were well worth while. Throughout the year the various denominations arranged for services each Sunday, and sincere thanks are due to the interested parties who spare no effort to make these services enjoyable as well as beneficial to the inmates in attendance. The Anglican Gaol Chaplain (Rev. G. E. Moreton) has again been most assiduous in attending to the needs of prisoners, both during confinement, and subsequent to discharge, and there is no doubt that his efforts have resulted in many a discharged prisoner having an increased chance of making good. In fact, quite a number have been placed in employment shortly after release. Mr. Moreton spares no effort in giving sympathetic consideration to the many and varied calls which are made upon his services throughout the year. It might be also mentioned that Staff Chaplain Holmes of the Salvation Army has at all times shown readiness to assist the prisoners, and has done much good work in this direction. The conduct of the staff continued to be excellent, and generally a high standard of discipline has been maintained throughout the year, with the result that the various industrial operations and the general prison routine have been carried on as smoothly and as economically as possible. The staff in the Prison Office, under the control of the Principal Clerk, has dealt with the clerical work of the institution efficiently. Gisbo«nīe Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. H. N. Richardson.) At the beginning of the year there were 9 males in custody; 115 males and 2 females were received during the year, and 111 males and 2 females were handed to police or transferred to other prisons, leaving 4 males in custody on 31st December, 1931. The health of the prisoners has been good, there being only one serious case which was sent to Cook Hospital for special treatment. Divine Service has been held at the prison every Sunday during 1931. The prison building received a severe shaking on the 3rd February last, but very little damage was done, except to one chimney. I wish to thank those gentlemen in Gisborne who so kindly helped me to find jobs for discharged prisoners during the year.

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Greymocjth Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. W. Ayling.) There were in custody on the Ist January, 1931, 4 males prisoners ; received during the year, 117 male prisoners ; discharged during the year, 113 ; in custody at the end of the year, 8 male prisoners ; daily average, 4-78. With the exception of two prisoners, one remanded for medical treatment, and the other suffering from an abscess on the knee, there has been no sickness during the year. The conduct of the prisoners has been very good. The hard-labour prisoners have been kept employed during the year at cleaning the prison, washing, mending, and general work about the prison and prison garden. The roof and the whole of the prison on the outside has been painted by prison labour. Vegetables to the value of £1 12s. have'been sold from the prison garden, and others to the value of £7 13s. were supplied for prison rations. Hautu Prison. (Officer in Charge, Mr. T. Banks.) At the commencement of the year there were in custody 49 males ; during the year 96 were received, 35 were discharged, 18 were transferred to other institutions, and 1 drowned, leaving a total of 91 in custody at the 31st December, being a daily average of 69-88 prisoners in custody for the year. The health of the prisoners has been exceptionally good, there being no cases of serious illness. The conduct and industry of the prisoners on the whole has been satisfactory, the men taking a keen interest in the farm-work. Four men escaped during the year ; three were recaptured, and one was found drowned. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been well attended to by the local ministers of the various denominations. In August last a new camp was established four miles from the main camp, with accommodation for forty two men, for the purpose of breaking-in the back country, and in July a new logging-camp was erected at the bush. The vegetable-garden has again been a success, maintaining both camps in ample supplies of fresh vegetables throughout the year. The following is a summary of the work carried out during the year : 878 acres stumped of tutu, manuka, and cleared of fern, ready for ploughing ; 582 acres ploughed ; 525 acres sown down in permanent pasture ; 150 acres in turnips ; 30 acres in oats ; and 3 acres in potatoes ; 145 acres of grass was mown for hay ; 2,429 acres of pasture was top-dressed ; 100 chains of new drains were dug ; 150 chains of new fencing erected ; and 14,900 Pinus radiata trees were planted out for shelter-belts. The conduct of the staff has been very satisfactory. Napier Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. T. Stocker.) At the beginning of the year there were 19 male prisoners in custody ; during the year 250 males were received and 244 discharged or transferred, leaving 25 male prisoners in custody at the end of the year. The daily average number of prisoners in custody was 22. There were four admissions to the public hospital, two cases being the result of earthquake injuries, from which one death ensued. The health of the inmates has been good, there being very few cases of sickness throughout the year. Divine service was conducted by ministers of various denominations weekly, with the exception of the Roman Catholic religion. lam indebted to Captain Kirby of the Church Army for his valuable and unfailing assistance in helping prisoners to obtain employment on release. Mr. J. P. Thomson, Visiting Justice, visited the prison regularly, and at other times when required, and his assistance and advice is much appreciated. Our principal source of revenue was from the sale of sand, stone, and rubble from the prison quarry. Bread-baking was commenced in May last, and has proved an economical venture. The vegetable-garden has continued to grow sufficient vegetables for our own requirements in addition to providing for Gisborne Prison. It has been found almost impossible to grow cabbages on account of the ravages of the while butterfly, but silver-beet, which is a good substitute, grows well and is immune from its attacks. Carrots and parsnips have also thrived this season, and it is on those two vegetables and silver-beet that our supply of winter vegetables will depend. Our small potato patch was a failure. On the 3rd February the disastrous earthquake occurred in Hawke's Bay and the prison suffered in consequence. The muster at the time of the earthquake was twenty-one. The Controller-General arrived on the morning after the earthquake and five prisoners were released on that day on remission by his instructions ; eight others were transferred to Wellington Prison, and the remainder, with the exception of one, were released later.

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The foundations of the prison sunk unevenly in places, and the building became all out of plumb. The water and sewerage systems were completely disorganized, and temporary latrines had to be built. The kitchen and cooking arrangements were put out of action and a temporary kitchen was erected apart from the prison buildings. The yards were cracked and deep fissures opened up, which were afterwards filled up with rubble and sand. The prison walls suffered extensively ; the eastern wall facing the Marine Parade, a distance of I J chains, was completely razed to the ground. The front wall facing Coote Road was badly fractured, and the division walls inside the prison "Were demolished. A party of tradesmen prisoners under a Warder Instructor was sent from Wellington to repair all damage. On my taking-over from Mr. Cook in August, repairs to the outer walls were in progress. The eastern wall was rebuilt, the front wall was reconditioned, and the whole of the wall buttressed on the inside. Three division walls were rebuilt and reinforced, and repairs effected to the prison buildings. Of the cottages, No. 1 Warder's cottage suffered most, being completely shaken off its foundations. The chimneys of all the cottages were brought down, and other damage caused. Repairs to the cottages were afterwards carried out, and the cottages were papered and renovated and made habitable. The quarry suffered rather extensively, land-slides occurring in all directions. Three of the prisoners employed in the quarry at the time were buried by the earth and two of them were severely injured and sent to hospital, a,nd one died as a result of his injuries. There were two escapes from custody during the year. The first escapee took advantage of the walls being damaged, and the other made a dash from the quarry while employed there, but his liberty was short, as he was apprehended within a few minutes and was dealt with at the Court within half an hour and returned to the prison immediately afterwards. The thanks of the Department were tendered to Mr. McGill, of the Gospel Hall, and to Mr. J. P. Thomson for their gifts of extra eatables to the prisoners at Christmas and New Year, also to Mr. Husheer, of the National Tobacco Co., for his gift of tobacco. New Plymouth Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. W. Dineen.) There were in custody at the beginning of the year 54 males ; 174 were received and 174 were released or transferred, leaving in custody at the end of the year 54 males. There were no cases of serious illness, and no accidents of any seriousness occurred . No escapes or attempted escapes took place, and the general conduct of the prisoners has been good. There were no serious breaches of discipline during the year. The prison garden has given a constant supply of vegetables, enabling an issue of at least 10 oz. of vegetables per man per day. The surplus vegetables have all been sold by auction ; during the latter part of the year the prices realized have been extremely low. The purchase of meat for rations has been discontinued, and stock has been bought on the hoof and slaughtered at the prison. This method has resulted in a considerable saving. There was some local objection to the slaughtering of stock within an abattoir district, but as all the requirements of the law were being complied with the objection was dropped. Owing to the lack of funds, the New Plymouth Borough Council have reduced the purchasing of quarry products considerably, and for the time being the stocks on hand are much larger than usual. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been carefully looked after by the various denominations. Church services are held every Sunday, and a wireless church service is broadcast in the prison each Sunday night. To counteract the depressed state of mind that naturally follows in men guilty of offences for which this prison is specially set aside, weekly concerts, lectures, and wireless broadcasts are carried out. The Rotary Club, under the leadership of the Official Visitor (Mr. P. E. Stainton), has undertaken the responsibility of providing the entertainments, and the result has been very gratifying. It is impressed upon the prisoners that if they desire to retain the privilege of hearing these first-class concerts, &c., they on their part must show, by their conduct and general behaviour that these events have an uplifting effect. Mrs. Eason has for the past six years continued her weekly visits to the prisoners here, and has been the means of a great deal of good by her kind motherly advice. With the assistance of other members of the Christian Science Church she provided a first-class New Year tea for the prisoners. Mr. Oscar Johnson has continued a weekly education class for men who have not passed the Sixth Standard. Two men gained proficiency certificates during the year. Mr. Johnson is still as enthusiastic as ever over the class, and continues to give his services gladly and free of all cost to the Department and the men. The physical-culture class commenced last year has been continued with great success, and is, I am sure, a splendid means of helping to improve the tone of the prisoners' conduct as well as improve their physique. In keeping with the general trend of the times, every possible means of reducing expenditure has been given effect to, but as prison expenditure has always been kept at the lowest practicable level, there has been no means of effecting any considerable amount of saving without altering the present method of paying earnings and wages to prisoners.

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Paparua Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. W. T. Leggett.) On the first day of the year under review there were 165 male prisoners in custody. During the year 768 males were received, and 765 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in custody at the end of the year a total of 168. The daily average throughout the year was 169-48. There were 117 more receptions during this year than during the previous year, and consequently a higher daily average, being undoubtedly due to the prevailing economic conditions. Generally the health of the prisoners has been good, sickness in most cases being of a minor nature, and in some cases attributive to a condition existing prior to detention. There were eight, males sent to the public hospital for treatment during the year, two of these requiring to be returned for further treatment, and five of the cases sent required operative treatment, one death occurring from pleurisy. It is noted that four of the individuals admitted to hospital were suffering from disability prior to conviction, and there was one case remaining in hospital at the end of the year. There were four prisoners transferred to the mental hospital during the year, one dying while at that institution and still in custody. The conduct of the prisoners generally has been very good, there being one escape and one attempted escape. In both instances the offenders were speedily recaptured. Disciplinary punishment for breaches of the regulations was administered in forty-four cases during the year. On the whole the prisoners have worked well, and have been employed as far as possible at farming pursuits.. Older men and those otherwise unfit have been employed at gardening and domestic duties. A certain number of prisoners have been employed on the maintenance of buildings, and in the manufacture of paving-blocks for sale and fencing-posts for farm use. Surplus labour has been utilized in the production of sand and gravel for supply to Government Departments, local bodies, and cartage contractors, F _but this industry, in common with like concerns, has had decreased business during the months of depression. Market-gardening and poultry-raising have been continued to supply the requirements of Government Departments and our own institution, and this, with development work to extend the existing gardening operations, has absorbed some surplus labour. The farm has again been worked to advantage during the year, giving good returns considering the present-day low market values. The sheep section has averaged a clip of slightly over 12 lb. per head, which was sold at prices in advance of those obtained last year. Early lambs were disposed of at Addington market at good rates, and these were always eagerly sought after for local use. Several pens of lambs were exhibited at the Royal show, and of those judged to date, one first and one second prize were obtained in the butchers' classes. The pig-raising industry is being continued, but present market values are not very encouraging. During the last two months of the year the prospect of good cereal yields has been seriously affected by drought. The garden has suffered likewise from the extreme dryness, but sufficient vegetables have been available for our own institution and other Government Departments. The spiritual welfare of the men has been well cared for by the clergymen of the various denominations, who have held regular Sunday services and given individual visits. A monthly evening Mission Service has been continued during the year. Concerts have been rendered monthly by Mr. EL J. C. Holmes and friends. These have been excellently arranged and much appreciated by the men. The Workers' Educational Association have continued their weekly Saturday evening lectures during the winter months, and these have been both interesting and instructive. The school classes, covering the full primary course, have been held twice weekly, and every opportunity for mental improvement has been given those attending. This work is covered by a special report from the Schoolmaster. The institution was again well provided with Christmas cheer at the hands of the Richmond Mission, Rev. P. R. Rawle, Mr. Paynter, and the National Tobacco Co., to whom the very hearty thanks of the Department have been extended. Rakgiro Prison. (Officer in Charge, Mr. A. Banks.) There were 41 male prisoners in custody at the beginning of the year ; during the year 40 were received, 26 discharged, 7 transferred, 1 drowned while attempting to eseape, and 1 died in the Raetihi Hospital, leaving 46 prisoners in custody at the end of the year. The health of the prisoners has been good, and their general eonduct and industry has been satisfactory. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been continuously looked after by Father Wanders, Rev. J. A. L. Carter, Rev. J. G. Laughton, Rev. J. B. Rand, and Mr. J. Moffit. The following is a summary of the work carried out during the year : 244 acres of virgin land were stumped of tutu and manuka, cleared of fern and burned off ready for ploughing ; 200 acres were ploughed and harrowed ; 579 chains of fencing were erected ; 126 acres of virgin land sown in temporary pastures ; 150 acres of virgin land sown in permanent pastures ; 50 acres of turnips sown ; 1,451 acres of pastures were top-dressed. A heavy yield of hay and ensilage was stacked as winter feed for the stock, and sufficient potatoes and vegetables were grown to meet the requirements of the prison. The officers carried out their duties in a satisfactory manner.

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Waikune Prison (Road-constructing Camp), Erua. (Officer in Charge, Mr. P. McGrath.) At tlie commencement of the year there were 84 prisoners in custody, 75 were received and 72 were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving in custody at the close of the year 87 prisoners. The greatest number in custody at any one time was 10.3, and the least 45. The daily average number in custody throughout the year was 68 prisoners. The general health of the prisoners has been good, one case having to be sent to the public hospital at Raetihi to undergo an operation for appendicitis. The conduct of the prisoners has also been good generally, with the exception of a short strike at one of the sub-camps. This, however, was promptly suppressed. One prisoner escaped from custody and was recaptured three days later. The spiritual welfare of the prisoners has been catered for by the different religious denominations during the year, and the Salvation Army Band visited the camp on two occasions. Mr. H. Frederic, of Raetihi, organized a concert for the prisoners during the Christmas week, and the Howard League for Penal Reform and the National Tobacco Co. provided gifts for Christmas. Our industrial activities have this year been mainly confined to road maintenance, which work has been carried out to the satisfaction of the Public Works Department's engineers. The only new work this year was the Otokou-Tokaanu deviation and good progress was made on the work, including the construction, of two bridges. The work of erection of a new bridge over the Otokou Stream was also undertaken. Our motor fleet was fully employed throughout the year in road maintenance and in carting to the sub-camps, Hautu and Rangipo Prisons, and to the Chateau Tongariro. The staff have loyally co-operated with me throughout the year. Wanganui Prison. (Gaoler, Mr. E. Ching.) During the year there were received into the prison 175 males and 5 females, being an increase of 38 males and a decrease of 4 females, and a daily average in the institution of approximately 34. At the commencement of the year there were in custody 28 males and at the end there were 46 males and 1 female, that being the largest muster during the year. The conduct of the prisoners has been excellent, there being no punishments during the year, Of course there have been small minor breaches, but with a little advice things have been adjusted. Three old men died during the year, two in the hospital, and one in the. prison. Otherwise the health of the prisoners has been very good, except of course minor complaints such as colds and influenza, which were of a mild nature. The splendid sanitary arrangements, the well-ventilated buildings, and the attention given by the Medical Officer all tend to keep the inmates in good health. The food supplied has been ample and of good quality. The bread, supplied to the institution is still obtained from the New Plymouth Prison, and the arrangements for its delivery are good, and the bread is of a first-class quality. As to the employment of the men, the class of persons sent to this institution is such that work from them is almost out of the question. Work for those who are able, consists of tending the kitchengarden and the lawns, laundry-work, cleaning and cooking, boot repairs, and general repairs to the buildings. The kitchen-garden supplied all vegetables up to date except potatoes, and the prison grounds are in excellent order. I have to thank the many religious bodies for holding services in the prison, and thanks are due to the Church of England and other friends for the gift of a piano for use at the services ; also to the many friends for providing monthly entertainments, to the Eire Brigade staff for picture-shows, and many others, including the Church choirs who come and assist at the services. Again our thanks are due to the Rev. Patterson, Rev. Matherson, and the band of helpers for a very fine tea on Christmas evening, to the St. Vincent de Paul Society, and the National Tobacco Co. for gift of tobacco ; also to the Cosmopolitan Club for the gift of library books during the year. The members of the prison staff have carried out their duties satisfactorily. Wellington Prison. (Superintendent, Mr. J. Down.) There were in custody at the commencement of the year 163 males. During the year 1,171 males were received and 1,171 were discharged, leaving in custody at the 31st December, 163. One prisoner was executed. Religious services are conducted regularly by ministers of the several denominations. We are indebted to the Presbyterian Social Service Guild, Salvation Army, and. Rev. Harding and others for concerts and Christmas cheer. The dairy herd has had special attention, and has maintained a good supply of milk and butter. The industries such as breadmaking, growing vegetables, manufacturing of sandsoap, floor-polish, lead-head nails, &c., have been carried on. A printing-machine and two soap machines were built. Large quantities of household soap were manufactured. The daily average number of prisoners in prison during the year was 159-8. All the temporary buildings in front of the prison have been removed bodily to the back of the prison. An additional pump has been purchased, and a shed built, which is now ready for the installation of the pump. A small experimental orchard has been established, and appears to be doing very well. A large quantity of excavating work and general improvements to the grounds have been carried out. 3—H. 20.

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Wi Tako Prison, Heretatjnga. (Superintendent, Mr. D. Blain.) At the beginning of the year there were 57 hard-labour, 1 habitual-criminal, and. 21 reformativedetention prisoners in the institution, a total of 79 men ; 168 men were received during the year, and 101 hard-labour prisoners and 2 reformative-detention prisoners were discharged on completion of sentence ; 23 hard-labour and 25 reformative-detention prisoners were released on remission on recommendation of the Prisons Board ; while 18 were transferred to other institutions. The total in custody at the end of the year was 79. The health of the prisoners has been good, and their general conduct and industry have been satisfactory. There was one escape during the year, the escapee being arrested by the police. Thirty-three acres of freehold and 42| acres of leasehold were cleared of gorse, scrub, and blackberry, and grubbed. This area was sown in pasture. A firebreak, 8 chains by 1 chain, was cleared and burned on the south boundary. Four acres were trenched and stumped for crops. Seventy-eight chains and a half of wire fence and 20 chains of brush fence were erected, while 46 chains of wire and 15 chains of brush fence were renewed. Two 7 ft. and five 10 ft. gates were constructed and hung to replace slip rails and hurdles. Fifty-one chains of new drain were dug, and all existing drains were cleaned twice. A large quantity of vegetables was sent to market where the demand still continues to be good. Consignments were also made to Waikune, Wanganui, and Point Halswell. A quantity of posts were cut, also piles for a new shed in the garden. Last year's wool-clip resulted in sixteen bales of wool being obtained. The sheep and cattle are doing well. A large number were killed for rations to supply meat to Mount Crawford and Point Halswell. One hundred and twenty-two pigs were sold for £149 Bs. 9d., including weaners supplied to Mount Crawford and Point Halswell, while twenty-five were killed for rations. Thirty-five tons of hay and 5 sacks of cocksfoot seed were harvested ; 30 tons of ensilage was made, this being the first lot tried at this institution. Should this prove satisfactory the making of ensilage will be continued. The Ford truck made a trip to Napier the day after the earthquake, and nine prisoners were brought back to Wellington. Supplies and equipment were taken up to the relief camp. The truck has made regular trips to the markets, backloading with supplies when these were available. The borough water-supply was connected with the institution and fire-fighting appliances were installed at the prison and the cottages. Divine service was conducted throughout the year by the Rev. Kenrick, Father Kelly, Rev. Hunt, and the Salvation Army. Entertainments were given by the Y.M.C.A., Presbyterian Church, Victoria University, Upper Hutt Band, and the Salvation Army. Christmas cheer was supplied by the National Tobacco Co., W. P. Somerville, Esq., P. Robertson, Esq., V.J., and the Salvation Army. I wish to place on record my appreciation of the work and conduct of the staff and to thank them for their loyalty and co-operation. Addington Reformatory Prison (Women). (Superintendent, Miss E. M. Hunt.) At the beginning of the year there were 25 inmates in custody ; 99 were admitted during the year, and 22 inmates remained in custody at the 31st December, 1931. The inmates' work consists of laundry-work for different Government Departments, general cleaning, sewing, gardening, &e. There were several bad cases of influenza, otherwise the health of the inmates has been good. The Rev. P. Revell, Rev. Father MeKeon, Salvation Army, and the Ladies of Charity are always ready and willing to help discharged inmates. At no time have the inmates had so many offers of assistance, but comparatively few avail themselves of the opportunities offering. The institution has been well supplied with books, magazines, papers, and clothing. Miss Heywood and the Ladies of Charity still visit the inmates regularly on Sunday afternoons. Concert parties come twice a month. The Salvation Army gave their usual parties to the inmates at Christmas and New Year, and these were very much appreciated. The religious services are still conducted by the Rev. P. Revell, Rev. Father McKeon, Salvation Army, and the Sisters of the Mission. Invercargill Borstal Institution. (Superintendent, Mr. C. G. L. Pollock). At the beginning of the year there were 186 inmates in custody, 171 of whom were Borstal inmates and 15 inmates of the Invercargill Prison. During the year 125 inmates were received into the Borstal institution, and 98 inmates were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving 198 males in custody at the 31st December, 1931 ; 153 males and 3 females were received into the prison, and 136 males and 3 females were discharged or otherwise disposed of, leaving 14 male prisoners in custody at the end of the year. Eighty-seven Borstal inmates were released on the recommendation of the Parole Board

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and 5 released on the expiration of terms of detention under section 16, subsection (1) of the Borstal Institutions (Establishment) Act, 1924. The daily average number of inmates in custody was 180-56 in the Borstal Institution and 11-23 in the prison. Three inmates escaped from the institution on one occasion, but were apprehended by Borstal officers two days later, and received further terms of detention in the Borstal Institution. Twelve Borstal inmates were admitted to the Southland Hospital during the year for treatment, only one case being very serious ; and on the whole the health of the inmates has been exceptionally good. In further development of the English Borstal system of internal government of the institution, the house system has been inaugurated here. Under their appointed captains, four houses were formed with their respective names and colours ; Monowai (red), Wakatipu (blue), Te Anau (gold), Manapouri (green). The plan of the building enabled the rooms of the inmates to be grouped off into four corresponding divisions. This departure was put into operation from the Ist May, and it has already furnished evidence of its good possibilities in creating a corporate spirit. A House Shield of Honour has been presented by the Southland Branch of the Women's Christian Temperance Union. The award takes into account the collective merits of each house in conduct, work, and play. During the football season, inter-house matches were played every Saturday, all except such as might be exempted by the Medical Officer being expected to take part, . In the results, lads who had never previously gone on the Rugby field as players made such progress in the game that they qualified for a place in one or other of the representative teams of the institution. In the province of general athletics, the house system has reacted similarly. Unless medically exempted, every lad was expected to train and enter for at least one event in the series of competitions. For presentation to the house scoring the highest aggregate of points, a silver challenge cup was given by the Dominion Women's Christian Temperance Union at the instance of its president, Mrs. T. E. Taylor, J.P., who, on her official visit to Invercargill, had interest in the progress of the house system at the Borstal. It would have gratified the donors to have seen how keenly each lad strove for the honour of his house. The innovation has certainly helped to bring each inmate under the beneficial influences, moral as well as physical, of participation in team games. During the past year the work and correlated practical instruction in farm industries and in various trades have been prosecuted mainly on the lines evolved in previous years. Mr. T. Mathews, Agricultural Instructor under the Southland Education Board, continued with undiminished enthusiasm his Saturday morning classes in agriculture and wool-classing. The members of these classes mostly made good use of their opportunities, their emulative efforts being furthered by the six book prizes again presented by the McKinnon Trust. Mr. Mathews reports :— •' Both the above classes were carried on throughout the year along the lines of previous years, both practical and lecturing work receiving due attention ; and, generally speaking, the standard of work has been well maintained. The lads in practically all cases appear to be keen and are interested in the instructional work. As is usually the case, certain lads show particular promise, hence advance at a greater rate than the remainder of the class and where this is so I endeavour, with the limited time at my disposal, to give these more advanced work or arrange for them to assist me with the practical work ; particularly in the wool-classing room. " Although, as above indicated, the work for the past year is up to standard, I am anxious to see further improvement, and, with this end in view have the following suggestions to make —namely, that a definite period be set aside each evening for the study of the notes given during the lectures each week. It is further suggested that instead of an annual examination as hitherto we follow the procedure of the secondary schools in holding term examinations. The foregoing will have the dual advantage of checking periodically the progress being made during the year, and thus isolating those members who may not be suitable or not taking full advantage of the instruction given." The Southland Branch of the Workers' Educational Association again sent one of its ablest lecturers, Mr. James St.obo, M.A., First Assistant in the Southland Technical College, who conducted a wellattended weekly class, of which he reports as follows : — ." The session as a whole was a very successful one, the interest of the students being well maintained and the attendance averaging about forty-five. Twenty-three meetings of the class were held, the subjects taken covering a wide range, and being chosen with a view to arouse in each member of the class a sense of civic responsibility. "In many cases these subjects followed suggestions made by the students themselves. Towards the end of the session play-reading was introduced, and besides providing an interesting variation of the work, was the means of revealing considerable talent. " The general conduct of the students gave no cause for complaint." The Invercargill Branch of the League of Nations Union, continuing its previous work, arranged for a series of lectures to be given by Mr. A. E. Featherstone and Mr. A. J. Deaker, M.A. At the end of the session thirty-five candidates sat for examination, their marks ranging from 50 per cent, to 84 per cent. Through its President, Mr. Wm. Macalister, 8.A., LL.B., who gave an inspiring address on the ideals of the League, the Union presented certificates and the Rotary Club gave valuable book prizes to all successful candidates. The Lecturers' report stated : " The evenings we spent were most enjoyable, and, although we lecture in various parts of the province, we have never found a more interested audience than your' lads. In no case have the examination results been better than here."

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The foregoing instructive courses, provided by voluntary effort, have been of marked benefit. The more fundamental branches were given their due prominence in the evening school classes, conducted by trained teachers. The syllabus was adapted as far as possible to meet the individual needs of the learners. The work in English, while dealing with the main phases of the subject, gave special attention to reading and literature with a view to fostering a taste for the better class of books. The library, further enriched by contributions of reading-matter, was widely used, the books read often furnishing material for correlative use in the English studies. Mr. Wills has continued his capable tuition of the Institution Band, the frequent changes in the membership of which remains an unavoidable discouragement. The band instruments, which have seen many years of service, being second-hand when purchased for this Institution, need to be replaced. In the physical department of education we are likewise indebted to practical benefactors. Herein Mr. Page's enthusiastic training provides the fitting basis. He gives the same course of physical culture as he teaches at the Boys' High School and obtains a high standard of proficiency in the exercises, while the improvement in physique is notable. The 1931 season marked the fourth year of our entry into the football competitions organized by the Southland Rugby Union. Under the skilled coaching of Mr. Ellis Kelly the results were distinctly creditable, especially when one remembers the constant changes in the personnel of our three representative teams. The A Team, a close runner-up in the Third Grade Competition, played fourteen matches of which it won eleven, losing two, and drawing one. Points for, 246 ; points against, 73. The two Borstal teams which entered for the seven-a-side tournament both reached the finals, our A team eventually winning in a strenuous contest. Its members received silver medals from the Rugby Union. The good name won by our teams of previous years for their fine sporting spirit in victory or defeat was well maintained in 1931. Our cricket has gone ahead with increased interest and marked success, for which result we are indebted to Mr. A. E. Wish. For the second year in succession Borstal won the Washer Cup, and left a record including some outstanding individual performances with bat and ball. At the ceremony of presenting the trophy, representatives of various sporting bodies being present, the President of the Southland Cricket Association complimented the winning team on its decisive success, its greatly improved play, and its good sportsmanship. The sixth annual summer camp, which was held on the site of previous outings, was attended by sixty lads, who greatly enjoyed their privilege. That fortnight of free recreative and social activities, emphasizing the spirit and purpose of the Institution towards its inmates, will probably remain a pleasant landmark in their memories of their period of Borstal training. An unfailing standby, the Invercargill Rotary Club, has added another year to its record of good services to the Borstal. Every Thursday evening Rotarians come along and conduct an interesting instructive meeting for the association class. Included in the programmes were lectures that made a fine appeal. Marked appreciation, likewise welcomed entertainments given by the Orphans' Club, Church choirs, bands of the city, and numerous musical friends. Representatives of the local religious organizations have been unremitting in attending to the spiritual needs of the inmates. Divine services for the Protestants are held on Sunday morning while Roman Catholics have their service on Tuesday evenings. On the last Sunday in each month the Salvation Army conducts a special service. Throughout the year weekly Bible Classes have been conducted by Canon Lush, Ensign Montgomery, and Mr. A. McLean, City Missionary. Mr. McLean also visits the Institution regularly with a view to making personal contact with the inmates and making any provision necessary for them on release. On Anzac Day a special service was held in the morning, when addresses were given by the Rev. Mackintosh-Carter, 8.A., 8.D., His Worship the Mayor, Mr. J. D. Campbell, and the President of the Returned Soldiers' Association, Mr. J. Puckey. I desire to express my appreciation of the assistance given by the members of the Visiting Committee under the chairmanship of the Magistrate, Mr. E. C. Levvey, M.A., LL.B., of the kindly ministrations rendered by the Ladies' Committee to the lads in hospital, of the generous supply of Christmas dainties and other gifts received from the Patients' and Prisoners' Aid Society, the Rotary Club, the ladies of Invercargill, St. Vincent de Paul Society, the New Zealand Tobacco Co., and Messrs. W. D. and H. 0. Wills, Ltd. On the farm a hundred cows were milked during the year, a small portion of the milk-supply being sold to local milk-vendors, the balance being separated and the cream sold to the factory. Herd-testing has again been carried out throughout the year. The dairy cows, which finished their lactation period during the season averaged approximately 285 lb. of butterfat, which is considered very satisfactory for a Friesian cross herd under local conditions. The results of further tuberculin tests throughout the year showed a satisfactory improvement. The sheep did very well, although unfortunately the prices for both wool and lambs were the lowest for many years. All lambs were sold fat before the end of April. Seven hundred breedingewes were kept during the year, and over 100 per cent, of lambs have been marked. Fifteen bales of wool have been shorn from the ewes and the prospects at present are that a slightly better price will be received for it than was obtained for last year's clip. A large number of pigs have been fattened and sold at satisfactory prices, and a number of store pigs have also been sold. There was an abundance of grass early in the year, and approximately 230 tons of hay was saved. One hundred tons of hay was pressed and 44 tons sold at satisfactory prices. The turnip crop was very satisfactory, and, together with the hay, provided ample winter feed for the stock. Eighty acres has been sown in turnips, and give promise of being a good crop.

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The oat crop was harvested in good condition, approximately 80 tons of sheaves being stacked, practically all of which has been cut into chaff. With, the exception of 10 tons sold locally, this has all been used on the farm. Seventy-eight acres has been sown in oats, and promises to be an excellent crop. The potato crop turned out satisfactory, and, in addition to providing an ample supply for the Institution, 18 tons was sold locally and 11J tons forwarded to northern institutions. Sixteen acres of potatoes has been planted this year and is looking well. Approximately 8 acres of beach land on the freehold, which has been levelled up with material taken from the new drain, has been worked up and sown down in grass. Twenty-five acres of new ground in section 16, Corporation leasehold, was broken up and sown down in turnips. Trees were planted during the year in the blank spaces in existing shelter-belts. The following works were carried out during the year :— In connection with the reclamation of the freehold area a large drain has been dug across the western boundary of the freehold with fall into Spey Street contour drain. The total length of drain dug along this boundary was 59 chains 15 yards, the average dimensions of the drain being 28 ft. by 8 ft. by 4| ft. A further 40 chains of drain connecting with the western boundary drain, and also having a fall towards Spey Street, has been dug along the northern boundary of the freehold area, the average dimensions of this drain being 24 ft. by 6 ft. by 4 ft. The drain being completed for the whole length of the northern boundary of the freehold, the balance, however, being dug with a fall to the estuary, where the flood-gate was erected last year. Thirty chains of this drain, approximately 26 ft. by 6 ft. by 5 ft. has already been dug, and the work is being proceeded with. A concrete wall was erected across the front of this flood-gate to prevent water leaking in the tube when there are high tides. Considerable difficulty is being experienced with these drains owing to the sand giving away and causing the sides to slip in. It has been found necessary to build up the sides with sods, and in places to peg them in with manuka stakes. Sixty-five chains of the drain has been built up in this manner, approximately 50 cubic yards of material being used to the chain. A bridge was built across the new drain on the western boundary of the freehold to give access to the Corporation leasehold sections, and 9J chains of road formed, running from the bridge to connect with the existing road running west from the slaughterhouse. The result of the drainage work referred to above is already apparent on the Farm, and has also greatly relieved the electric pump for draining the freehold which has been operated as required during the year with successful results. The spoil from the drains is mostly being used for filling in low-lying areas on the adjacent freehold, and a considerable amount of trucking out and levelling work has been carried out with consequent improvement to the land. Some of the spoil from the drain has been utilized in forming a new road on the northern boundary of the freehold, which, when completed, will give access to the property from Bay Road. This is one of the works required to be carried out in terms of our agreement with the Invercargill City Council. Sixteen chains of this road have been formed to a width of 22 yards. The Spey Street contour drain has been deepened and the sides cut away in places to prevent them slipping in. A number of small drains have been dug and a great deal of labour expended in keeping existing drains clean. Extensive repairs have been carried out to the rifle-range bank, principally by cutting weiwei tufts and planting them six tiers high and filling up behind them with spoil. A new Calco flood-gate was fixed at the end of the garden drain and a concrete dam built across the garden drain on the west side of the ranch-house sewerage. In terms of the agreement with the City Council the gravelling of Spey Street and Boundary Road has been completed, 1,245 cubic yards of gravel having been spread on Spey Street and 795 cubic yards on Boundary Road. The carting of this gravel was carried out by private contractors, the forming of the roads and spreading of the gravel being done with our own labour. Necessary repairs have been carried out to the main buildings, ranch-house, dairy, and piggery during the year, including a great deal of painting and renovating work. A new stage and necessary accommodation alongside were erected in the gymnasium. The electric motor for pumping the farm water-supply has had to be replaced. A testing-room was fitted up at No. 1 dairy. A great deal of gravel has been carted out and spread on roads, gateways, and approaches to bridges. In terms of the agreement with the City Council it is proposed to shortly commence the work of dredging of berths at the Invercargill Jetty, and with this object in view the dredge is now being put in good running-order. The garden and experimental area provided ample vegetables for Institution rations, the surplus being supplied to the Railway Refreshment Branch or sold in the local auction markets. Firewood has been supplied to all Government Departments in Invercargill requiring same during the year, and, in addition, large quantities have been used in the Institution, and at the dairy and piggery, thus reducing the quantity of coal and lignite required to be purchased. All blacksmith-work required by the Institution and farm has been very satisfactorily carried out in the blacksmith's shop at the Institution. The bootmaking industry, on a reduced scale, is still being carried on, the work consisting mainly of repairs and the making of boots for officers of the South Island institutions.

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Waīkeria Borstal Institution (Te Awamutu). (Superintendent, Mr. D. Dunlop.) On the Ist January, 1931, there were in custody 113 Borstal inmates, and 83 were received during the year ; the discharges were 4- on expiration of sentences and 73 on probationary license, while 8 were transferred to other institutions, thus leaving 111 inmates in custody on the 31st December, 1931. In the reformatory section, there were in custody at the beginning of the year 33 inmates, and 59 were received during the year ; of these 4 were discharged on the expiration of their sentences, 23 released on probationary license, and 26 were transferred to other institutions, leaving a total of 39 in custody on the 31st December, 1931. Two separate escapes were effected during the year in which four inmates were involved, all of whom were recaptured after a few days and sentenced by the Court to further detention. The conditions under which the inmates are engaged at farm work are such that it would be quite impracticable to effect a total elimination of escapes, and experience has shown that no improvement could be obtained by increasing supervision. Care is exercised in the selection of inmates who are required to work under limited supervision and control. No trouble is experienced with these inmates. Generally speaking, the conduct and industry of the inmates throughout the year was very good. The varied activities on the farm provide an abundance of useful outdoor work which is of great value to the health and general efficiency of the inmates. It is pleasing to record that no deaths occurred during the year, and that the general health of the inmates was very satisfactory. Under the direction of the Medical Officer, Dr. J. Roberton, inmates are transferred, when required in the interests of their health, to the Waikato Public Hospital or the Prison Infirmary at Auckland, according to the circumstances of the case. Adequate dental service was provided during the year. The position which has existed for some time in regard to unemployment makes it very difficult for a young man endeavouring to make a fresh start in life and, especially for those who find it difficult to obtain some form of private assistance, the work carried out by the after-care societies is of incalculable value not only to the individuals concerned, but also to society. The recreative side of the work was carried on in the usual manner, care being taken to maintain a proper balance between work, discipline, and recreation. Concerts and lectuies on various topics were provided by parties from Hamilton and Te Awamutu and were greatly appreciated. Regular visits were made during the year by members of the Visiting Committee for the purpose of dealing when necessary with disciplinary matters and. to inquire into matters affecting the welfare of the inmates. The night-school classes were conducted as usual with satisfactory results. Drill and exercises also formed part of the curriculum. A team was again entered in the senior-grade competitions under the control of the Waipa Rugby Union, and did well in the club competitions. The team was successful in winning the " Ballistite Cup "in the final competition. The good clean game played by the Borstal team has been frequently commented on, and this must make its impression on the character of the lads. The team's success in the competition was well received in Te Awamutu. The assistance of outside clubs in providing matches for the inmates is very much appreciated. Thanks are also due in particular to the Waipa Rugby Union for the facilities afforded for matches and to the Rev. Jasper Calder, of Auckland, for the donations of sports material and wireless equipment. Several cricket matches were played during summer months against visiting teams from Hamilton and the surrounding district with satisfactory results, and a high standard of sportsmanship has been maintained. The qualification of good conduct and industry enables inmates to join the special class, the membership of which permits of recreation in the evenings. During summer months tennis and. cricket practice is indulged in, indoor games being provided in the recreation hall during the winter period. Religious services were provided during the year by visiting chaplains from Te Awamutu and Kihikihi. Good progress was made with all farm industries over a difficult period of low prices. Develop-ment-work was carried on and a considerable area of swamp land drained and sown down in permanent grass. At the three dairies, where all milking is done by hand, a large amount of the available labour is utilized. During the season ended 31st July, 1931, an average of 352 cows were milked, resulting in a milk-yield of 2,602,497 lb. at an average test of 4-02 per cent. The average factory cream-test was 39-77, and the average butterfat per cow (including a good proportion of heifers) for the season was 288-6 lb. Revenue from cream supplied to the factory for the season was approximately £4,852. Complete records are kept of each cow and forty-nine were culled from the dairy herds during the year. In connection with the sheep industry, a clip of forty-four bales, weighing 17,886 lb. gross, was shorn from 1,770 sheep. During the season 1,682 lambs were reared. A large number of store sheep and cattle is maintained on the property in order to provide for rations for the prison at Auckland and for our own requirements. Provision was made during the year for an additional number of grazing areas for pigs and increased numbers are now being stocked. During the year 227 pigs, mostly porkers, were disposed of. The cash expenditure on pigs is very low, the fodder being mainly kitchen-refuse, farm produce, ■and skim-milk from the dairies.

22

H.—2o.

An increased area was put in cultivation for gardening purposes and results for the year were very satisfactory. After supplying rations for the institutions, and for other prisons as well as any other Governmental requirements, considerable quantities of vegetables were available for disposal at auction-rooms. Revenue from the garden shows a considerable increase over previous years. From the orchard a yield of 1,833 cases of apples was obtained, realizing £394. From the apiary, 2,286 lb. of extracted honey and 119 sections were received. In view of the serious financial position, increased efforts were made to keep expenditure down to the minimum and to increase production. Unfortunately, however, the increased production has not been sufficient to counterbalance the low prices received for all classes of farm-produce and a reduction in revenue has been unavoidable. In conclusion, I desire to thank the staff for their loyal co-operation during the year. Point Halswell Borstal Institution. (Acting-Superintendent, Miss A. Escott.) The conduct and industry of the inmates have been very good. The general health of the inmates has been excellent; apart from a mild epidemic of influenza in August, we have not had any sickness in the institution. Our industries, such as laundry and making garments for other institutions, have increased during the year. In order to cope with the railway laundry which we are now doing, a hydro-extractor has been installed, also an electric mangle. It is surprising the interest that the majority of the girls take in the work of the institution, when one takes into consideration that practically none of them have had any training whatever in habits of steady work prior to coming here. First-aid and home-nursing instruction were given by Dr. Sylvia Chapman and Mrs. Gaby, and a number of the girls were successful in gaining their certificates. Ihe school work, drill, and games, have gone on steadily throughout the year. The girls take a keen interest in the physical exercises, and on several occasions when the squad has given a short display of drill, they have done credit to themselves and their instructress, Miss N. Webber. n four days a week during the summer months the girls were taken in parties for swimming at Shelly Bay. _ They all appreciated this privilege ; not one of them abused it. A number of girls were awarded swimming and life-saving diplomas, which were presented by Her Excellency the Lady Bledisloe. The religious welfare of the inmates has been attended to by the clergy of the different denominations, to whom our thanks are due for their visits and spiritual guidance. Again, I wish to thank the ladies of the Borstal Association for the interest taken in the after-care of the girls. In this work the association has undertaken a big responsibility, when it is remembered how few of these girls have any home influence or people likely to help them when they are released. The satisfactory response to their efforts is its own reward. During the festive season the inmates had their customary Christmas parties and gifts from friends, notable among them being two beautiful Christmas cakes which were received from Her Excellency the Lady Bledisloe. On behalf of the institution, I wish to express our deep regret at the death of Mr. I. Salek, Visiting Justice, who always showed a sympathetic interest in the welfare of the inmates.

23

H.—2o.

Table A. Table showing Particulars, for each Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1931.

24

**■— : ' 1 i m cō ® * 1 - = S I §1 s rf a |§ g . a S II ? a i % |3f a I | i|s • « n'| oS g S j! gi g | S a * i o^ 5 ? >» 3 ft $ 2 *2 S-2 fl § 5P a 3 • a a sê | |(§'l .2 |® a '| I |» I a 3 |g |(2 | § | 5 o s Sao» s -5 .3 a g S 3= « a ® s« ■§ o -2 I 5 s'| 5 "l I _J S_" _« » g * £ * S W S s _ * i_ (a) In prison at beginning of year :- m. k.' m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. 1 m. f. j m. f. m. f. j m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. j m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. ; m. f. m. f. m. , f. Undergoing — Simple imprisonment, hard labour , j ; , j j __ __ j j ig _ 2 _ „ 91 3 04 Under three months 1 30 * ■■ ■■ * " "j "" 5Q ; J J 2 .. 2 2 .. 2 ..! 58 .. 20 .. 14 248,21 269 Three months and under one year 10 79 8 •• d o j 45 9, IS 472 One year and upwards 9 211 A . q 20 .. 27 296 7 303 Detention as habitual criminals .. .... 4 b3 a ...... j 1 , 2 286 ; 40 326 Reformative detention .. .. .. 'j! '*! *2 ' "5 " i ' .... ~53 ! 1 54 Detention in Borstal Institution .. •• 1 40 ■■ • • _Lj_H _L1 1 '' __U_ : Total criminals in prison .. .. Tlā~423~S 49 .. 12 ..171 .. 17 .. 53 ..157 .. .. 5 ..40 4l| .. 33 ..113 J 84 .. 27 .. 148 .. 80 .. 25 1,433, 851,518 For trial or on remand .. .. •• 14 3 2 .. 1 '' " "j " " "j *' "j "1_ "_* i , Total in prison for criminal offences .. m .. .. 5 .. 40 41 .. 33 ,.|ll3 .. 84 .. 28 .. 162 .. 80 ..j 29 1,479:851,564 Debtors .. j 2 jl l-HJJ-d ILL. Total persons in prison .. .. Tl5 ! 5 ..40 41; .. 33 ..,113 ■■ 84 .. 28 ..[ 163 .. ..' 30 • • • • < -181 851,569 (b) Received during the year :— Sentenced to— « ™ « - - " « 5 •• » »i - g ! » 3 91 g»-jg Three months and under one year 1! 2«4 19 .. .. IB S4 .. 20 ..120 .. .. 14 .. ..j . .. .. .. .. .. 3 22S .. .. ... »- .. .. 800 45 84« One year and upwards .. .. •• & 1 .... 0 0 • • - . • | { Hard labour, reformative detention, and declared .. .. 1 " 1 '' • ■ i • • i • • • ] ..... habitual criminal i ! „ 7 . 47 1 48 Hard labour and reformative detention .. .. 22 1 .... 3 •■ •• o 5 1 5 Reformative detention and declared habitual criminal ._ 4 .. .. .. -j •• •• ■ ■■ gj 222 Reformative detention only .. .. •• 1 5/3.... 7 6 .. 9 .. " .. .. I .... ... •• ... , *21 3 Hard labour and detention in Borstal Institution 1 1 ••! •• | .... i ....... 1 .. jo 1 1 inV 1 17c Detention in Borstal Institution 21 1 80 .. 5 . 31 1 .. 17 lo .. .. 1/4, 1 175 Hard labour and declared habitual criminal 5 1 •• I j " "i " I " ] ' 1 Declared habitual criminal .. .. 1 j . J .. 4' 4 •• "d ô " 'Ō " '7 j " !! " 1! !! 6 !' 1'l4i !! "\ 46 i 47 Under conviction for sentence .. .. y x \ •• I *" * * ' 1 1 i ! Total new prisoners received .. .. — —— 1— — — — 1 H 3 91 • On remand or for trial Tl5~226 Jj ■ ■ 62 5 99 j 27°| U ■■ 908| 67 97S T „ tol 741 456 77 ..113 4 85 ..229 ..131 ..649 .. .. 53 .. 21 .. .. 1 .. 32 125 51,011 839 14 91 ..4,762 248 5,010 Debtors !! !! " " " T'v 19 6 31 .. 11 .. .. 1 13 .. 41 .. .. .. 146 1 11 •• 324 3 327 Lunatics .. .. .. •• j ! ! Total new persons received .. .. "TTIō *77 T Tl32 ~4 ~86 T 162 ..660 .. .. 54 .. 21 .. 1 ..32 .. .. -.138 51,052 . . I 987j 16102| .. 5,088|252 ! 5,340 On transfer or in transitu 24 91 2 96 .. 3 .. 40 .. 108 __1 _5 _75 _37 ■ j 119 ■ ■ 168 .., 67| 1 ..j .. 981 33,1,014 Grand totals ~ "99 l,594~79 l ~96 ■ ■ 135 4125 -.250 .. 174 1 ..768 - J ■■ 55 .. 26 4Q 1 .. 59 J 83 ■■ 75 ..175 51,171 .. 168 [ ..1.054 17IO2I ..6,069 285 6,354

Table A—continued. Table showing Particulars, for each Prison, of Prisoners at Beginning and End of Year, and received and discharged during Year 1931—continued.

H.—2o.

4—H. 20

25

3" =2 "il • 3 9fl r-; 9 13 .2 & £ £ S ? a cā § S, ? «3 ■x. t2 50 "3 O O O © j*j - ® f-i •■-i »?0 M •+= fl rd I 'So 3 £ ~ <d cq £ H *3 ° 5 * ô O o 1 ' J I |l! i . I ga » »1 1 .1 i s II 1" I a l§ gl 5 , S •2 ? r | S w a '5. ! g.P a .S H o | ! 1 ! g 5 5 — ā | § 3 5 & I " M I g g a £ £ M 5 1 is g j I I is *_ «1 fi g S_ . p ■ ( . ■■ • : — ~ r- — —- p ' f ' . I Discharged during the year :— m. f. m. I f. m. i f. m. f. m. f. m. | f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. f. m. if. m. | f. m. f. m. f. 1 m. f. m. f. m. f. , m. j f. m. f. m. f. On expiration of sentence — ill i i ! ' ! Simple imprisonment, hard labour .. .. .. 751,068. 47j 9 .. 40 . .j .. ..119; .. 73 ..511, .. .. 24 .. .. 5 .. 3 10 ..59 .. 674 ..101 ..! 404 1 91 .. 3,167| 147 3,314 Reformative detention .. .. .. 4| . . 6 .. 7 . .f .. 3 .. 1 8 .. 2 .. 2 .. 2j ..] 1 36| .. 36 Detention in Borstal Institution .. lj . J ........ 5; j •• •• 4 .... | 3 13- .. 13 Probation or on bail .. .. .. 52j 3 .. .. 1 .. .. . 10 .. 11 .. 20 1 .. 9 . . 17 ..... .j 22 142 3 145 Died .. .. .. .. .. l! ..; 1 ! . J .. 1 2j 2\ .. .. 3 .. 1 11 .. 11 Executed .. .. .. .. I .. j .. j j ..! j ! j ■ • • • 1 • • ••!••! • • j 1 • • 1 Absconded and not retaken .. .. lj j •• 1 1 Committed suicide .. .. .. j ..! .. : I -«j •• j Released on recommendation of Prisons Board — II'! Hard labour .. .. .. .. .. •• 7| 26 16 ....... .. 11 .. 19 2 .. 8 15 .. 5 .. 16 .. 23 .. .. 131 8 139 Reformative detention .. .. .. 3| 27! .. 14 1 • - 6 .. 29 .. .. 1 • • • • 16 .. 15 20 .. j 6 .. 9 .. 25 . .j . . 168 4 172 Detention in Borstal Institution .. j 2! .. ..j 87 26 73 j .. 162 26 188 Habitual criminals .. .. .. ...... i 4 1 • • 1 6 .. 6 Total criminals discharged to freedom .. . .1 85: 1 9 182} 511 36 .. 41 .. 92 ..131 ..101 ..592 .. .. 25 . .j 26 28 .. 27 .. 77... 54 .. 85 .. 720 ..151 . .j 430 1 91 ..3,838:1884,026 Acquitted and after remand .. .. .. .. 1 70! 7 .. . . ..j .. .. .. 6 .. 10 .. 92 1 .. 5 | 21 2051 8 213 Debtors .. .. .. .. .... 1 47 j ..j .. .. 16| 4 .. 30 .. 13 .. .. 1 12 .. 42 j 139 1 11 .. 314; 3 ol7 Lunatics transferred to mental hospitals .. .. .. 6 1 1 j 2| ..j .. ..}..} 4 ; 1 .. 3 15: 33} 9 42 Total persons discharged from prison .. ..! 93 1,31o| 60 36: ... 57 .. 92 ..141 ..141 .. 701 .. .. 26 .. 27 28 .. 27i .. 77 .,154 .. 98 .. 770 ..151 . .}• 605: 2 102 . . 4,390|208 4,598 Transferred to other prisons or to the police .. .. 9 303; 17 18 ..79 4 6 ..103 .. 33 .. 64 .. .. 28 .. 1 7 .. 26 .. 8 .. 18 .. 60 4 401 ... 18 .. 446 15 .. ..1,590| 781,668 Grand totals .. .. .. 77 54| ..136 4 .. 244 ..174 ,,.765 .. .. 54 ..; 28 35 .. 53 ..85 .. 72 ..158 4 1,171 .. 169 .. 1,05l| 17102 .'. 6,266 (d) In prison at end of year: — j | j Undergoing — i 1 | j j :i •• ' | Simple imprisonment, hard labour — • | I Under three months .. .. .. .. .. .. 18 2 3i 10.. 2| .. 15 2 6 .. 48 20 122| 4 126 Three months and under one year .. .. .. 9 85' 4 3! 2 13 .. 7. .. 63 3 .. 1 1 .. 6 .. 45 .. 27 .. 7 260 16 276 One year and upwards .. .. .. .. 9 194' 5 40j 1 •• 30, .. 40,. .. ..; ..i .. 25 ..16 .. .. .. 50 .. 20 .. 38 .. 29 483 14 497 Reformative detention .. .. .. .. .. 3 52 5 47 . . 7 .. 14 .. 41 . . . . 1 .... 20 .. 22 35 .. 6 . . 26 .. 22 .. 292 9 301 Detention in Borstal Institution .. | .. .. 198 ;. .. .. .. .. 38 Ill 1 310 38 348 Detention as habitual criminals .. .. .. .. 1 54 .. Ij . .j | 1 lj •• 4 1 62 1 63 Total criminals in prison .. .. .. • 22j 403! 16 91 .. 12 ..198 .. 24 .. 53 ..159 .... 6 .. 38 46 .. 39 .. Ill .. 87 .. 42; .. 158 . .j 79j .. 27! 1,529, 82 1,611 For trial or on remand .. .. .. .. .. ..j 16! 1 .. .. 2 ..; 1 •• 9 | ..; 2| 1 5 6j 41| 2 43 Total in prison for criminal offences .. ..| 22! 419 ( 17 91j .. 14 ...198 ..24 .. 54| .. 168 .. .. 6 .. 38 46j .. 39 .. Ill .. 87 .. 44 l| 163 .. 79 .. 33| l,570i 841,654 Debtors .. .. .. .. .. lj .. . J j .. j .. j 1 .. .. j | ..! .. .. J ; 1 1 • • j • • • • j • •; • • • ♦ j 3| .. : ' 3 Total persons in prison .. .. .. | 22 420 17 9l| .. 14 .. 198 .. 25 .. 54 .. 168 .. .. 6 .. 38 46 .. 39j .. Ill .. 87 j .. 45 l| 163 ..79 .. 33 1,5731 841,657 I llllli.il I __J I ! i i » 1 1 * Deemed to be prisons under the provisions of section 17 of the Statute Law Amendment Act, 1917. f In two cases the death sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life.

H.—2o.

Table A1. Table showing Number of Prisoners at each Prison or Institution in the Dominion during the Year 1931.

26

Sickness, («.) Number of Distinct Prisoners ill on One or More Occasions, with Number of Occasions, Total Number of Separate greatest Numbex in Least Number i* Dailv Average Number of Illnesses, Total Number of Days, and Daily Average on Kftssa «I Pri«»s. P™»? £ ris 25 Prisoners. (a.) Greatest Number (fc.) Admissions Sick-list. at One Time. at One Time. ill a t an y Q ne ;, 0 Hospital during , r— — Time. Year. ! . _ ,5 u j „ . Number Total Daily 0 § © ® 3® S ® ® 5s of Number Average ! 1 I l a r Sa 3§S> separate of on q i-j EH EH EH ĪH O Illnesses Days ill. Sick-list. . _ - - - — — — - | i M. F. ! T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. M. F. T. ; Addington (Women's Reformatory) .. 29 29 .. 16 16 .. 21-63 21-63 .. 6 6 .. 1 1 8 2 1 .. .. .. 15 1' Auckland .. .. . 495 19 514 392! 19 411 448-52 18-05 466-57 80 1 81 22 2 | 24 203 57 j 10 7 1 6 431 3,816 10-46 Hautu (Tokaanu) .. .. 95 .. 95 47 .. 47 69-88 .. 69-88 5 .. 5 j 1 .. ; 1 10 1 1 15 78 0-21 Inveroargill (Borstal Institution, !! 222 " £ ij " 1*1 20 £2 " 2 " 2 * " » 7 5 f 33 9 4 i 403 2,565 7-03 * ,, 34 .. 34 2 .. 2 20-22 .. 20-22 1 .. 1 4 4 8 | .. .. S 0 :: :: iZ2 :: m £ :: 155 ilUl :: • • 10 .. 10 » n \ 2 1 > .. «7 929! Pt. Halswell (Women's Reformatory) ... 8 8 .. .. .. •• 4-00 4-00 .. 1 1 . . 1 1 1 .. I Point Hals well (Borstal Institution) .. 47 47 .. 38 38 .. 41-00 « I "o o a i l " " " .. ' „ V 47 47 36 .. 36 42-33 .. 42-33 6 6 2.. 2 9 1 1 14 128 0-35 wtikSa (Reformatory) !" 58 .. 58 32 .. 32 47-20 .. 47-20 10 .. 10 2 .. 2 8 11 5 2 1 3 88 460 1-26 Waikeria (Borstal Institution) .. 116 .. | 116 77 .. 77 103-30 .. 103-30 14 14 4 4 21 20 12 8 7 10 237 893 ~-45 Waikune Erua) .. .. 103 .. 103 45 .. 45 68-00 .. 68-00 13 .. 13 4 .. 4 3 9 2.... 1 6 649 1-78 Wnuranui 47 1 I 48 26 .. 26 34-28 .. 34-28 1 1 1 1 1 1 38 0-10 Wellington !! !! 194 .. 194 131 .. 131 159-80 .. 159-80 32 .. 32 16 . . 16 93 30 15 5 2 .. 235 990: 2-71 Wi Tako (Trentham) .. 94 ..; 94 71; .. 71 84-70 84-70 8 .. 8 .. . 22 2 1 .. .. 38 Minor prisons and police-gaols .. .. .. j • • .... .. dd ot> l ~-± ôt .. .. • o o Totals, 1930-31 ..j ~ 7T| 1 ~ .. l,548-47~ 85-92 1,634-39 81 15 96 591 221 86 33 16 31 1,749 | 12,119 j 33-20

H,— 2o,

TABLE B. PRISONS DEPARTMENT. Income and Expenditure Account for Year ended 31st March, 1932. Expenditure. £ s. d. Income. £ s. d. To Rations .. .. .. .. 27,218 17 0 By Bents of departmental buildings .. .. 3,606 8 8 Clothing, footwear, and equipment .. .. 9,634 16 10 Sundry credits and recoveries .. .. 5,227 9 6 Earnings and wages —prisoners and dependants 18,083 6 5 Gross cost of departmental upkeep (£lO4 7s sd. Hospital maintenance and medicines .. 1,664 17 6 per prisoner per annum) .. .. 171,328 0 3 Transport and travelling-expenses .. .. 6,631 2 10 Maintenance —Buildings and grounds .. 2,144 18 6 Salaries and allowances .. .. .. 50,588 6 1 Fuel, light, water, &c. .. . . .. 6,297 7 0 Postage, telegrams, stationery, &c. .. .. 1,553 12 6 £ s. d. 123,817 4 8 Prison labour (domestic) .. 24,735 14 2 Less earnings and wages paid .. .. 17,831 19 5 6,903 14 9 Interest and depreciation .. .. .. 44,615 15 10 Administrative expenses .. .. .. 4,825 3 2 £180,161 18 5 £180,161 18 5 £ s. d. £ s. d. To Gross cost, brought down .. .. .. 171,328 0 3 By Prison labour .. .. .. .. 23,640 9 6 Occupational labour .. .. .. 2,956 16 9 Public Account surplus on industries .. 8,688 3 8 Net cost —Departmental upkeep (£B6 9s. 7d. per prisoner per annum) .. .. 141,956 310 £174,284 17 0 £174,284 17 0 Balance-sheet as at 31st March, 1932. Liabilities. £ s. d. Assets. £ s. d. Capital Account .. .. .. .. 975,198 19 11 Land, buildings, and improvements .. .. 852,122 5 7 Depreciation Reserve .. .. .. 152,890 12 6 Farm live-stock, implements, &c. .. .. 41,558 10 6 Sundry creditors .. .. .. .. 6,092 17 2 Plant, machinery, equipment, and stores .. 94,418 3 5 Accrued earnings .. .. .. .. 6,439 7 6 Sundry debtors .. .. .. .. 6,930 17 6 Deposits.. .. .. .. .. 1,151 12 4 Deposits .. .. .. .. 2,074 19 6 Writings-off in Suspense— £ s. d. Expenditure paid in advance .. .. 221 9 0 Terrace Prison Demolition Writings-off in Suspense .. .. .. 18,748 611 Account .. .. 17,550 7 10 Departmental cost for year— £ s. d. Sundry stores and live-stock 1,197 19 1 Prisons and administration 141,956 310 18,748 611 Prisons Board and probation 3,935 14 9 Treasury Adjustment Account .. .. 1,444 14 8 145,891 18 7 £1,161,966 II 0 ; £1,161,966 11 0 G. 0. Hall, A.R.A.N.Z., Accountant.

27

H.—2o,

Table B1. Analysis of Value of all Prison Labour for the Year ended 31st March, 1932, together with Corresponding Totals for Previous Years.

Summary of above, and also of Previous Years.

28

Improvements. Works and Industries. Institutional Maintenance. j Annual Value of Labour per Head. Erection I Boot I Block i ~ ,> . Domestic Domestic Domestic Total, 1 Total, Total, 1931-32. 1930-31. of j Farm- Manu- Farms and Tile 1 Qu a^™ S wort's and ! , Miscel_ tenance of Clean ' ng Launder- Cooking, 1931-32. 1930-31. 1929-30. Buildings ; develop- factoring [ and Manu- i ( , i_ other laneous Buildings „ a " an!i Baking, , Average : Average and ment. and Gardens, factor- rontraeH Industrles - and ° Sanitary, Bepans to and I Number of Amount. Number of Amount. Plant. Kepairs. ing. I pits - Contracte - Ac. Clothing. Rationing. I Inm:lt es. | Inmates. « « o £ f | ■ 4? ■ £ i £ £ £ I £ £ £ £ £ £ £ , , .. , £ ■ 1 ĪW 1 j i 271 246 55; 727 696 670 21-44 33-90 21-58 32-25 a n, o 011 •• •• i , j . I 092 II 151 I 1 769 225 2 473 1 017 620 1 20,534 19,826 18,086 452-46 45-38 : 423-50 46-81 Auckland o'ko 869 " " 70 101 101 388 5,136 3,103 2,570 79-58 64-54; 48-07 64-53 * autu '• If ge i " 9 62 61 74 2 679 2,244 1,663 42-62 62-88. 36-16 62-03 Rangipo .. .. 17 J 1,779 .. .. 208-94 45-10 190-02 j 49-35 InvercargiU .. .. .. j 2,963 175 o,433 .. .. | .. o53 904 Od M v!!!pi™n»ik " "j " 271 ' 1 594 •• 33 424 205 218 2,745 2,694 2,767 56-96 48-19 54-69 49-24 New Plymo .. .. •• i .. •• _ *• ' Q1 3 293 746 519 538 9,196 8,422 8,074 172-58 53-28! 1-54-09 54-6-5 Paparua, | 75 .. 2,486 38 1,501 .. 74b 019 gg 33. n , i2 -25 , 32-04 w™w " " "37 ! "39 " 7 561 . 757 909 557 510 10,370 10,664 10,577 149-89 69-18 148-39 71-86 ]},a? ■■ " " lfi0 " ' 18g " " 5 038 404 170 265 633 6,855 8,320 9,951 71-20 96-28 86-68 ■ 95-98 WaAune 160 .. .. 185 .. .. 5,038 .. 404 i/U 30 . 16 22 . 18 Wanganm .. .. ■■ ■ ■ ■■ ggg3 gg62 156-77 59-55 138-31 65-01 Wellington -• ■■ 1.462 562 .. 1,667 J.Wi 9 S2- 2 9 64-00 80-38 \ 62-62 Minorgaols " 1! .. " ' 15 j " I.' !! !! 269 m ... -- 462 433 450 42-39 10-90 49-57 8-73 Totals, 1931-32 .. 3,674 10,105 1~596~ 21,001 38~ 14,640 5,124 2,665 10,517 j 7,889 .4,255 j 4.659 86,163 1,641-51 52-49 ■■ ; ■■ Corresponding totals 1,218 ■■■1,782 19,654 78 15,149 7,003 3 334 5,297 7,835 \ 3,153 4,578 .. 82,686 ... _ ■■ ■■ 1,525-32 \ 54-20 1929-30 .. ■■ 4,493 2,581 2,186 22,002 161 13,001 14.935 3,156 3.882 8,220 3,336 4,582 .. ■■ 82,535 .. ■■ | •• j

Vpnr I Capital ! Works and Institutional | Occupational. Total. * eai • i Improvements. Industries. Maintenance. £ j £ ■ | £ £ j £ 1924-25 .. .. .. 13,167 51,890 18,266 .. j 83,332 1925-26 .. .. .. 16,139 46,457 16,984 .. 79,580 1926-27 .. .. .. 16.676 48,499 18,271 | 83,446 1927-28 .. .. ! 16,090 51,301 20,040 .. 87,431 1928-29 ,. .. .. 13.018 54,627 19,205 .. 86,850 1929-30 .. .. .. 7,074 55,441 20,020 .. j 82,535 1930-31 .. .. 14,823 47,000 20,863 .. 82,686 1931-32 .. .. .. 13.779 44,483 24,944 ;■ 2,957 86,163 . I : ■ ■ •' T 1 . ' -

H.—2o.

Table C. Table showing the Actual Number of Distinct Convicted Prisoners received into Gaol during the Year 1931, classified according to Principal Offences, Birthplace, and Age.

29

Offences against the Offices against , Miscellaneous. Person. Property. ™ i '■ '' Totals. InrtiHent ™ovictai! I Mischiet Drunkenness.» Vagrancy.f offenck M. F. M. F. M. F. ( M. | F. M. | F. \ M. F. M. F. M. j F. Birthplaces— ............. New Zealand .. 76 1. 60 .. 733 24 : 70 1 2" 176 13 ! 161 56 663 15 1,939 I 111 Australia ... .. 4 .. 9 .. 67 . . 1 .. 20 j 1 | 23 1 74 2 198 | 4 England and Wales .. J 17 . . 20 . . 125 1 5 j ■ ... 72 42 4 172 .. 453 j 5 Scotland .. .. | 4 .. 8 . . 47 3 6 j 7. 44 ! 1 20 3 72 1 201 8 Ireland . . .. 2 .. 4 .. 29 .. 1 2 | .. 30 1 16 2 40 .. 123 : 3 Other British countries ! 3 5 .... 12 .. 1 2 1 3 .. 11 1 37 2 China . . .. j 1 • • 1 • ■ 21 23 Other countries .. 2 17 4 9 .. 13 1 36 81 1 At sea .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 .. 1 .. .. •• •• 2 Not stated .. .. j .. .. .. .. 2.. 2.. 4 .. 1 .. 3.. 12 Totals .. 109 1 106 ..1,032 29 91 3 357 17 280 67 1,092 19 3,067 ! 136 Ages— | 15 and under 20 years.. 9 1 119 3 22 2 4 8 33 2 190 13 20 „ 25 „ .. 15 .. 17 .. 234 10 29 .. 14 23 11 199 3 531 24 25 „ 30 „ .. 25 .. 17 .. 194 2 9 1 18 30 6 184 2 477 11 30 ,. 40 „ .. 25 . . 36 . . 250 6 15 . . 82 7 63 17 316 5 787 35 40 „ 50 „ .. 16 1 16 .. 145 4 9 .. 108 3 72 20 206 7 572 35 50 „ 60 „ .. 12 .. 16 .. 72 4 . 6 1 98 3 64 5 116 .. 384 13 60 and over .. . . 7 3 16 . . 1 34 4 23 .. 37 120 5 Not stated .. . . .. .. .. .. 2 . . j 1 1 j 1 .. 1 6 Totals .. 109 1 106 .. 1,032 29 ! 91 3 357 17 280 67 1,092 19 3,067 136 Maoris included above .. 14 10 144 3 : 15 j .. 10 ! 7 1 65 .. 265 6 ■ i ■! I I _. * It must be remembered that drunkenness is punished more by fine than by imprisonment, so that the figures in the gaol tables do not represent the full number of persons punished for that offence. f Including importuning, consorting with rogues, &c.

H.—2o.

Table D. PRISONS.—NEW ZEALAND BORN PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1931. Table showing the Number of Distinct New Zealand born Convicted Prisoners of each Sex (including Maoris) received during the Year 1931, classified according to Ages and Offences.

Table E. PRISONS.—MAORI PRISONERS RECEIVED, 1931. Table showing the Number, Ages, and Offences of Distinct Convicted Maoris (Male and Female) received into the various Gaols during the Year 1931.

30

12 and I 15 and 20 and 25 and 80 and 10 and Not Totals under 15. j under 20. under 25. under 30. under 40. upwards. stated. Offences. — : M. F. 1 M. F. M. ! F. M. F. M. 1 F. M. F. M. j F. M. F. Offences against the person— j I j Convicted oil indictment 9 . . 12 .. 22 I .. 16 .. 17 1 i .. . • 7 b 1 Convicted summarily 1 .. ; 13 .. 11 .. 17 .. 18 60 Offences against property — Theft and deceit 108 3 j 189 6 160 2 162 5 113 8 1 .. 733 24 Mischief .. .. 21 .. 23 .. 8 1 12 .. 6 1 .. .. 70 2 Drunkenness .. 2 .. 9 12 39 6 114 7 .. .. 176 13 Vasrrancv* .. • • 4 8 14 7 17 4 42 15 83 22 1 .. 161 56 Other offences .. 23 1 130 3 113 .. 207 4 190 7 .. .. 663 15 Totals, 1931 168 12 390 16 343 7 495 30 541 46 2 .. 1,939 111 Totals, 1930 .. ~T7 .. 113 j 20 298 11 265 11 401 30 551 56 j 4 .. 1,632 128 Totals, 1929 .. j .. ' .. 150 7 238 7 252 7 322 22 493 j 53 j 5 .. 1,460 96 Totals, 1928 .. 1 . . 138 12 259 9 241 9 345 15 469# 40 .. .. 1,453 85 Totals, 1927 178 I 21 259 9 225 11 364 27 436 ! 37 I 3 .. 1,465 105 I I f 1 i * Including importuning, consorting with rogues, &c.

: 11 and j 15 and I 20 and 25 and 30 and 40 and .Not Total» under 15. ! under 20. under 25. under 30. under 40. upwards. seated. Offences. [ _J i I ; M. F. M. ! F. M. j F. M. | F. ! M. I F. M. F M. F. M. F Offences against the person — j | i ' j j Convicted on indictment .. 2 ' .. 3 . . 6 .. 2 j .. 1 14 Summarily convicted .. .. 5 j .. 3 .. 2 j .. .. 10 Theft and deceit .. .. 32 2 51 .. 26 .. 27 I 7 1 .. 1 , .. 144 3 Mischief .. .. .. 4- .. 10 .. .. I .. 1 . . , .. .... ■ • ' 15 Drunkenness .. ■. 1 .. 2 .. 1 \ .. 2 .. j 4 10 Vagrancy .. .. 1 2 • • 2 | • • 1 1 | j J J Other offences .. .. 4 1 22 .. fi .. 13 , 1 | 20 65 Totals .. .. .. I .. J .. 43 4 95 j .. 44 .. 48 2 \ 34 .. 1 .. 265 6

H,— 2o

Table F. PRISONERS.— AGES AND SENTENCES. Table showing the Ages of Distinct Prisoners received under Sentence during the Year 1931, with Information as to Length of Sentence.

By Authority : W. A. G. Skinner, Government Printer, Wellington.— 1932.

Approximate Cost of Paper.—Preparation, not given; printing (690 copies), £40.

Price 9d.]

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Total Length of Sentence. Under 1 W eek 1 Month 3 Months 6 Months 9 Months 1 Year 2 Years | 3 Years | 4 Years 5 Years 7 Years 10 Years 12 Years 15 Years Habitual I ! 1 Wppk and under and under and under and under ( and under and under and under j and under and under and under and under and under and under and under Life.* ! , , , 1 Crimi- j reunite or i Totals. 1 Month. 3 Months. 6 Months. 9 Months, j 12 Months. 2 Years. 3 Years. j 4 Years. 5 Years. 7 Years. 10 Years. 12 Years. 15 Years. 20 Years. (executed.), nalg not stated periods. M. : M. I. M. i I". M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. I F. I M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. ! F M F. M. F. j M. J. 15 and under 16 .. 1 1 .. 5 .. : ' ' 7 16 „ 17 2 .. .. .. 1 .. 6 .. 5 3 " " j I " "i " 14 3 17 18 2 2 ; 1 .. 1 11 7 .. 17 2 3 .. j " i " j 34 i 3 18 », 19 5 .. j 5 .. 7 5 1 3 .. .19 2 14 1 1 j . 60 3 19 „ 20 2 1 12 .. 13 1 4 ■ .. ! 1 5 .. ! 24 2 14 .. .. j I i ! " ' 75 4 20 „ 21 8 , 22 .. 21 1 9 1 3 .. I 7 1 17 5 6 3 1 I .. i j " j I .. 95 11 21 » 25 51 .. ' 80 .. 98 4 63 : 3 29 .. 5 .. 31 .. 50 5 19 1 5 .. ' 2 i .. 1 1 1 i 436 13 25 „ 30 42 .. 79 .. 135 .. 72 3 38 1 3 .. ! 45 4 40 2 13 .. 4 ! .. 3 .. 2 1 1 477 11 30 „ 35 45 1 ; 80 1 113 6 70 5 37 3 4 .. 24 2 22 .. 8 .. 1 .. 2 j .. 1 1 .. . 1 1 " 5 " " " 415 18 35 „ 40 65 5 I 65 2 85 2 66 5 33 2 5 .. 23 1 19 .. 3 .. 2 .. 2 .. 2 1.2 " 372 17 4 0 „ 45 59 3 60 3 63 4 56 2 27 2 3 1 11 1 13 .. 6 1 .. 3 '3 305 16 45 „ 50 57 2 51 3 67 4 34 6 25 2 2 : .. 14 2 8 .. 3 . . 2 ...... 1 3 " " i 267 19 50 „ 55 56 1 50 1 62 1 40 2 11 .. 2 I .. 12 .. 4 . . 4 .... 2 .. 1 1 ! " 1 " 246 5 55 „ 60 28 1 25 !..: 31 1 26 2 13 2 1 .. 8 2 1 . . 1 j .. 1 .. 2 .. .. 1 " " 138 8 60 „ 65 23 2 11 .. 15 ! 1 8 .. 3 .. .. .. 2 1 : 1 64 3 65 „ 70 9 1 4 1 12 6 1 . . 7 .. 2 .. ..... 2 i i 43 9 70 „ 75 2 1.. .. j .. 1 .. ! .. ! 3 75 „ 80 2 .. .. j .. 1 .. 3 .. 1 1 ; j ; .; ." ! " 1 8 80 and over .. .. .. 1 I .. 1 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. I _ 1 g Not stated .. 2 j .. 1; 1 .. l j .. i ' j' | ' . \\ ,[ " !!! !! 6 !! ' ! 1 1 1 — 1 1 ! 1 1 _'J 1 ' " i Totals .. 460 ' 17 : 547 11 ! 727 j 25 464 29 1 222 12 27 1 196 14 234 16 120 10 24 ..12 .. 10 ; 1 .. .. 1 3 .. l .. 16 .. 2 ! 3,067 136 ! I 1 • I 1 ll.il : ! ! i | I * Prisoners sentenced to death but sentence commuted to imprisonment for life.