DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY. SURVEYS (ANNUAL REPORT ON).

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1922 Session I, C-01a

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1922. NEW ZEALAND.

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY. SURVEYS (ANNUAL REPORT ON).

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTE N T S. General Report— pagts Appendix I— pace „. . Ict i * i j „• „ it,. v». (a.) Report by M. Oompton SmitlvOhint DraughtsPrincipal Survey-work performed during the Year, _„ ' with Tables A and B .. .. .. & Head office Braughting staff .. ~ 7 Minor Triangulation .. .. .. j Draughtsmen's Examination .. .. 8 Settlement Surveys .. .. .. ..3 (j t ) Report by E. J. Williams, Tide-compute?:— Native Surveys .. .. .. ... 3 Computation of the Harmonic Tidal Constants.. 8 Gold- and Coal-mining Surveys .. •. 3 Mean Values of the Harmonic Constants used in P dMo Trinnffulation 3 preparing tne Tide-tables for 1923 .. .. 8 ° „ Mean Monthly Values of the Sea-temperature at Standard Surveys .. .. .. .• 3 Now Plymouth _ _ _, ~ _ ,9 Topographical Survey .. .. .. 3 Appendix ll—Surveyors Board .. .. .. 9 Inspections .. .. .. .. .. 3 Appendix lll —Report by H. B. Skoy, B.Sc, Director Tidal Survey .. .. .... 3 of Magnetic Observatory .. .. 10 Magnetic Observatory .. .. 3 Vector Diagrams .. .. .. At end. Prediction of Earthquakes 4 Monthly and Annual Curves of the Magnetio DeMean Annual Values of the Magnetic Elements at ... ,',', <m V . J'„ '' » ~ ",', .■ ' . a . Monthly and Annual Curves ot the .Horizontal Christchurch Observatory 4 Magnetic Force At end. Proposed Operations for 1922-23 .. .. 4 Table of Hourly Values of the Magnetic Declination General .. .. .. .. .. 4 and the Horizontal Force (bound separately).

The Surveyor-General to the Hon. Minister op Lands. Sir,— Wellington, Ist July, 1022. I have the honour to present herewith the report on survey operations for the year ended 31st March, 1922. I have, &c., W. T. Neill, Hon. D. H. Guthrie, Minister of Lands. Surveyor-General,

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REPOET. The demands on the Department for the year ended 31st March, 1922, have again been heavy, although the acreage surveyed shows a decided shrinkage in all the land districts excepting Otago as compared with last year's returns. Of the surveyors employed thirty-seven were staff, two temporary, and twenty-one contract ; while, apart from these, there were a number of cadets and assistants employed. The attached tables give a concise summary of the amount of work completed. Full details are contained in the reports supplied by the Chief Surveyors, which are filed as departmental records. Under the heading of " Rural Surveys," in Table B, an area of 370,082 acres is shown as completed work, as compared with 440,448 acres for last year ; and under the heading of " Nativeland Surveys " the area shows a decrease from 266,890 acres to 258,067 acres. The average cost per acre of rural surveys has decreased from 2s. 2d. to Is. 10d., and the average cost per acre of Native-land surveys has advanced from Is. 6d. to 2s. Id., as compared with the prices ruling last year. The advance in the cost per acre of the Native-land surveys is due to an increase of 20 per cent, to the schedule of rates for the surveys of Native and Crown lands which was authorized on the 10th March, 192.1. These figures show a good agreement between the cost of the work done by the staff surveyors and that done by contract, and that the price is reasonable.

Table A.

Table B.

Minor Triangulation. An area of 4,956 acres, at a cost of sd. per acre, is shown under this heading. The whole of the work is in Auckland District, and was undertaken to control the settlement surveys,

Class of Work. I Area, &o. I Average Cost. Total Cost. Triangulation, by staff surveyors Rural surveys, by staff surveyors Rural surveys, by licensed surveyors Village and suburban, by staff surveyors Village and suburban, by licensed surveyors Town, by staff surveyors Town, by licensed surveyors Native Land Court, by staff surveyors Native Land Court, by licensed surveyors Native Land Court, paid by applicants Coal- and gold-mining areas, paid by applicants.. Sawmill areas, paid by applicants Acres. 4,956 329.258 40,831 706-96 53-25 170-95 56-52 19,234 238,832 6,057 768 400 Miles. 243-92 26-87 Per Acre. 5d. l-86s. l-65s. 38s. 50-8s. 544s. 88-8s. l-()7s. 244s. Per Mile. £35-535 £36-978 £ s. d. 103 i 0 30,665 16 5 3,378 10 1 1,345 17 3 135 7 0 466 10 4 251 2 6 1,029 0 11 25,537 17 7 Roads, by staff surveyors Roads, by licensed surveyors 8,666 18 6 993 11 9

Land District. Rural Surveys.! Native-land J Surveys, i North Auckland Auckland Hawke's Bay Taranaki Wellington Marlborough Nelson Westland .. ... Canterbury Otago Southland Acres. Acres. 59,088 17,470 84,005 94,453 9,201 48,058 1,977 47,372 10,275 46,311 3,791. 2,641 23,602 5,913 188 1,351 172,042 49 362 Totals 370,082 258,067 • •

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Settlement Surveys. The settlement surveys comprise Crown lands, land for settlement, and land for discharged soldiers. The bulk appears in Table A under the head of " Rural," the acreage there shown being 329,258 acres, while the remainder includes village and suburban and town lands totalling 988 acres. Native-land Surveys. An area of 19,234 acres was completed by the staff surveyors during the year under report, while an area of 238,832 acres was surveyed by contract surveyors. The area surveyed in each land district is shown in Table B. Gold- and Coal-mining Surveys. An.area of 768 aores is shown under this head. The surveys were made by private surveyors, and the fees paid by the applicants. Geodetic Triangulation. This work was resumed by Mr. H. M. Kensington, District Surveyor, who examined on the ground the scheme of triangles prepared in .1911 by the late Mr. ,J. Langmuir, Inspecting Surveyor, of the portion of the triangulation covering the Urewera country. The examination of the scheme has been completed, and the signals on the trig, stations are being erected. Standard Surveys. Mr. C. A. Mountfort, District Surveyor, has been engaged in extending the standard survey of Palmcrston North, and reports that the survey of forty-nine miles of streets is well advanced. He has also seventy miles of rural standard road traverse the field-work of which is completed. Mr. A. C. Haase, surveyor, has assisted in these surveys in order to receive training and gain experience in this class of work. On account of the absence of Mr. H. M. Kensington from Gisborne on the geodetic triangulation for several months the standard survey of Gisborne was held in abeyance during that period. Mr. Kensington returns fourteen miles, of streets, the plans of which have been completed during the year, in the City of Auckland, and reports that four-fifths of the Gisborne survey is completed. Topographical Survey. This survey is held in abeyance. Inspections. A certain amount of inspection has been carried on by the Chief Draughtsmen and staff surveyors, but on account of the pressure of work in connection with settlement surveys in some land districts and the limited field staff in others the number of inspections made during the year is far below the' desideratum. It is essential that more inspections should be made to keep an adequate check on the work of the staff and surveyors in private practice. Tidal Survey. The work for the year under report comprised the preparation of the data to enable a tide-table for the year 1923 to be completed by means of the tide-predicting machine at the National Physical Laboratory, Tcddington, England, of the ports of Auckland, Wellington, Lyttelton, Dunedin, Bluff, and Wcstport. AH the. computations pertaining to the work required to evaluate the harmonic constants have been completed by Mr. E. J. Williams, Tide-computer, with a small amount of temporary assistance. Tidal records and other meteorological data, including the surface temperature of the sea, have been received from New Plymouth to the end of August, 1921, when the observations were discontinued, sufficient information having been obtained for present requirements. The results arc given in Table E below. Analyses of two standard ports for which predictions are required were completed and checked during the year. No further tidal work could be undertaken on account of Mr. Williams's services being required in connection with his duties as secretary to the Representation Commission, which occupied six months of his time, and an assistant computer has not yet been appointed to the computing division. The details of the tidal work are more fully dealt with in the report by Mr. E. J. Williams, Tidecomputer, appended hereto. Magnetic Observatory. During the year the work of the Magnetic Observatory at Christchurch and the substation at Amberley has been efficiently carried on by the Director, Mr. H. F. Skey, B.Sc. His full report, with diagrams, tables, and seismic records, is published as an appendix hereto. A feature of this year's report is a further discussion of the observations, the results arrived at indicating a connection between the phenomena of terrestrial magnetism and the motions of the planets. The arrears of work are being steadily overtaken, as in addition to the current work of the year the records for the year 1907 were measured for declination, and the results published in the Appendix. A list of the earthquakes recorded at Christchurch during the year by Milne seismograph No. 16 is also published.

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Prediction of Earthquakes. . The prediction of earthquakes has recently met with a certain amount of success in Japan, where the seismologists have proved their ability to predict destructive shocks in areas where a detailed study of conditions has been made. The subject is being investigated by the Carnegie Institute of Washington, and by other agencies with a view to the prediction of earthquakes. The fundamental principle involved in the study is that earthquakes are due to an abrupt adjustment of the accumulated strains in the crust of the earth, and that the strains as they accumulate cause a gradual distortion of the earth's surface which can bo measured by geodetic methods. The detection of the movements of the surface require, as a preliminary step, a detailed precise triangulation and levels in regions of seismic activity. The mean annual values of the magnetic elements as far as they are available are given in Table C following : —

Table C.—Mean Annual Values of the Magnetic Elements at Christchurch Observatory.

Proposed Operations for the Year 1922-23. Triangulation. —Signals will be erected and precise observations will be made of the angles of the triangles comprised in a scheme extending from the Kaingaroa Plains base-line to the coast in the north and east directions. The immediate object of this survey is to control the extensive settlement surveys in progress in the Urewera country. Standard Surveys. —Mr. C, A. Mount/fort. District Surveyor, will complete the plans of the surveys of Palmerston North and the rural standard traverses in the vicinity of Feilding. The standard survey of Gisborne will be continued by Mr. H. M. Kensington, District Surveyor. Rural standard traverses will be continued by Mr. F. H. Waters in the neighbourhood of Christchurch, and the long-deferred survey of the Cluthajdistrict, in Otago, will be undertaken by Mr. S. T. Burton, District Surveyor. These surveys will be proceeded with during periods of slackness in the settlement work. Settlement Surveys. —The work may be summarized as follows : 484,930 acres rural survey ; 172,508 acres Native-land survey ; 206 miles road survey ; 103 acres town survey. Apart from the above-mentioned work, there is the customary inspection of surveys by the Chief Draughtsmen and staff surveyors, the work of computing tide-tables, measuring the curves of the magnetic elements, the preparation of geodetic tables, and the drawing and compilation of the maps for publication. The details of the field-work is shown in Table IV. Topographical Survey. —It is proposed to start this work as soon as the services of a surveyor arc available. To meet the wishes of the Defence Department the survey will be commenced near Auckland, and as the maps will assist in the research work being conducted by the Cawthron Institute in connection with their soil, survey and experiments in afforestation, a second party will commence operations in the Nelson District at an early date. Publications.--A second edition of Professional Paper No. 3, '" The use of the Barometer for the Determination of Heights," is now in the press. The subject-matter has been revised, brought up to date, and a number of new tables have been computed. These departmental publications are more than self-supporting, and are in demand from all parts of the world. General. Proclamation of Roads, &c. —A number of applications for the proclamation of road-lines laid off by the Native Land Court pursuant to sections 48, 49, 50, and 52 of the Native Land Amendment Act, 1913, were dealt with during the year under review. The statutory notices were duly served on the local authority of the district in terms of section 15 of the Native Land Amendment Act, 1914, and in the largo majority of cases no objections were raised to the proclamation of the, roads.

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Date. Declination E. of N. Annual Horizontal Change. Force. Horizontal Force. Annual Change. Vertical Force. i Annual Inclination Change. South. . „„. Published Change tn Annual Change. Deport. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. O ' 16 15-1 16 18-3 16 21-8 C.G.S. Unit. + 3-2 0-22694 + 3-5 0-22009 + 3-6 0-22644 C.G.S. Unit. 0-22694 0-22009 0-22644 V -25 -25 -16 C.G.S. Unit. 0-55277 0-55280 0-55307 Y + 9 + 21 + 41 a i 67 40-8 67 42-3 67 44-1 + 1-50 + 1-80 + 1-70 1912-13 1912-13 1912-13 1905 .. 1906 .. 1907 .. 16 25-4 + 2-4 0-22628 0-22628 -23 0-55348 + 28 67 45-8 + 1-80 1919-20 16 31-1 1908 .. 1909 .. 1910 .. 16 37-6 + 1-4 0-22515 0-22515 -27 0-55485 + 12 67 54-8 -f-i-40 1920^21 1911 .. 1912 .. 1.913 .. 16 39-0 + 2-5 0-22494 0-22494 -23 0-55497 - 9 67 56-2 + 1-00 16 44-0 +0-8 0-22449 0-22449 -35 0-55478 -13 67 58-2 -r-i'eo 1913-14 1914 .. 1915 .. 1916 .. 16 44-8 16 47-0 16 49-8 + 2-2 0-22414 + 2-8 0-22387 + 3-2 0-22355 0-22414 0-22387 0-22355 -27 -32 -27 0-55465 + 7 67 59-8 + 1-67 1914-15 ♦Sept., 1918 ♦Sept., 1918 1917 .. 1918 .. 1919 .. 16 53-0 16 55-7 16 58-6 + 2-7 0-22328 + 2-9 0-22304 + 3-1 0-22280 0-22328 0-22304 0-22280 -24 -24 -19 0-55486 0-55516 0-55507 + 30 - 9 + 18 68 04-8 68 06-7 68 07-8 + 1-90 4-1-10 + 1-40 ♦Mar., 1921 1918-19 1919-20 1920 .. 1921 .. 17 01-7 17 04-o + 2-9 0-22261 A.OOCM 1 0-22261 0-22241 -20 0-55525 0-55528 + 03 68 09-2 68 10-3 •fl-10 1920-21 1921-22 0-22241 * Published in Net Zealand Journal of Science and Technology.

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The statutory provisions referred to are proving very useful in providing legal access~to Native and other lands hitherto without road facilities. Under the Land for Settlements Act, 1908 (section 80), the old road-lines traversing recently acquired estates and not required in connection with the subdivision thereof were duly closed and incorporated in the area available for disposal. '' ■> _[ ;| " j Under the Land Transfer Act a large number of warrants for the titles were duly certified to in terms of section 13 of the Act, and in addition several applications to bring land under the Act were examined and approved in terms of section 19. Other questions in connection with overlaps and boundary'adjustments were dealt with; and in this connection I should, specially like to refer to the case Kumara-Kapitea Road, in the Westland County, where the 3-chain road and railway reserve made in 1868 was encroached upon and portion thereof included in the leases of the adjoining lands. After carefully investigating the whole of the facts in connection with this complicated case, and conferring thereon with the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Hokitika, I am pleased to be able to report that the matter is now practically settled, involving little cost to the Government. Special legislation will probably be required to give effect to the proposed adjustments, but this can be met by inserting a clause in the Reserves, &c, Disposal Bill. Extract from Report by R. P. Greville, Chief Surveyor, North Auckland. —The staff surveyors, permanent and temporary, employed at the beginning of the year numbered five. In. June Mr. N. J. Till was appointed to this district, and during the. same month Mr. D. M. Wilson left to take up his duties as Chief Draughtsman at New Plymouth. Survey operations generally have been somewhat hampered by the unduly wet season that has been experienced. Although economy has been effected by the employment of a lesser number of surveyors than during the preceding year, the amount of work completed by staff surveyors compares very favourably with the amount executed during former years, in some instances the totals for the above year being in excess of those for other years. At the beginning of the year the technical staff numbered thirty-three, whereas the total is now thirty-two. Although these figures disclose no appreciable difference, considerable economy has boon effected by the substitution of cadets for the senior officers who have been retrenched. Further economy has also been made in the production of plans for standard publications. Extract from Report by H. M. Sheet, Chief Surveyor, Auckland. —The Urewera lands will require the services of six surveyors so as to leave an area ready for selection, cut out the necessary reserves, and survey the roads incidental to the clearing-up of the long-discussed Urewera problem. These Urewera surveys will be extra arduous owing to the very broken nature of the country and difficulties of keeping up communications along the river-beds, which are the only means of access. Mr. A. S. Meredith, of Samoa, who was sent here to study our methods of office-work and fieldwork, returned to Samoa at the beginning of the year, after receiving a good training both in the field and in the office. Another young Samoan, Mr. Mayo Hunter, resigned towards the end of last year. Extract from Report by Thomas Brook, Chief Surveyor, Invercargill. —Traverse closures : In 14-05 miles of boundary surveyed by the staff the error per mile, in country varying from level to undulating and mountainous, was 0-57 and 0-44 M. and P. respectively, the number of stations being sixty-two. The closing-error in 2-5 miles of railway with sixty-two stations was 0-68 and 0-16 per mile on M. and P., the work being executed by the staff. In 9-7 miles of road surveyed by the staff the closing-error per mile, ninety-six stations, was 0-52 and 0-62 on M.. and P. respectively. There is nothing to report under this head regarding private surveys. Extract frotn Report by R. S. Galbraith, Chief Surveyor, Hokitika. —The surveys generally during the past year have been isolated sections of small area, scattered all over the district, entailing a lot of travelling, and thus making the cost much higher than if the blocks were larger and not so scattered. Two staff surveyors have been engaged in the field for the full year and have wiped out most of the arrears. Lately applications for land have fallen off considerably, and there is not a great area of surveys in hand or in sight, so that after this season probably one surveyor would be able to keep the field-work sufficiently up to date. Full details of the personnel of the staff, both field and office, are given in the report by the Under-Secretary for Lands. In conclusion, I am pleased to place on record the appreciation by the various Chief Surveyors of the manner in which their officers, both permanent and temporary, have carried out their duties during the year, and I desire to convey my thanks to the whole of the Survey staff for their good work.

Table 1. —Return of Field-work executed by Head Office Staff from 1st April, 1921, to 31st March, 1922.

Standard Sur -eye. Rural Standard Surveys. Land District. Completed. I] Milee - perMUe. Miles -1 £ 49 n Progress. Total Cost. Completed. In Progress. Milss Oost Miles Total Miles. p erMi i e . Miles. 0<JBt Primary Triangulation in Progress. Other Work. Wellington Auckland .. Hawke's Bay 14 45-65 j .. j 40 £ s. d. 2,479 11 8 £ 70 £ 492 Acres. Cost. 130,000 £429 19 9 [ Urewera £547 14 7 £ 46 2,588 8 II

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Table 2. — Return of Field-work executed by the Staff and Contract Surveyors on Lands administered by Lands and Survey Department, from 1st April, 1921, to 31st March, 1922.

Table 3. —Return of Field-work executed by Staff and Contract Surveyors on Lands administered by other Departments from 1st April, 1921, to 31st March, 1922.

.. . Minor Topographical Triangulations. Survey. Topographical Survey. Rural. Village and Suburban. Town Section Survey. Roads, Railways, and Water-races. Other Work. Total Cost of Completed Work from 1st April, 1921, to 31st March. 1922. i Laud District. i. ■% ~-: t cost Q Acres, -t= S Total Cost. ; it per -- j £< I < Acre. S Acres. Cost per Acre. Total Cost. o g Cost Acres. o'S j per Total Cost, •5 % \ Acre. o g Cost of Acres. .-J ! Sec- Total Cost. 3 o tions. x ! Miles. Cost per Total Cost. Mile. Cost. d. N. Auckland Auckland .. 4,956 5 Hawke's Bay .. Taranaki Wellington Nelson Marlborough Westland .. Canterbuiw Otago Southland .. £ s. d. s. +J s. .. j .. 59,088 2-22 103 4 0 84,005 2-39 9.201 2-96 1,649 13-79 10,275 6-23 "23.602 302 3,791 3-58 5,913 S 6-86 188 I 4-30 .. | .. .. 172,042 I 0-62 400 2-5 50 £ s. d. 6, ooS 2 3 10,043 0 3 1,359 19 6 1,137 6 10 3,200 13 1 3,567 2 0 679 0 11 2,029 1 9 40 8 0 5.347 4 2 3. 36-0 7 20-72 26-75 3 56-49 4-38 1 48-06 5-0 1 66-50 314-5 170 30-44 10-0 2 26-90 £ s. d. 37 10 0 I 75 11 0 ; 10 10 0 16 12 6 478 14 11 13 9 0 610 126 26-5 35 1-91 i 12 60-6 1128 ! . s. I £ s. d. 43-29 272 14 0 1203 70-54 123 9 0 166-45 i 28-63 49-58 29 15 4 4-69 40-09 256 11 0 5-4 0-1 45-63 18 5 0 0-5 2-12 21-25 8-87 2-5 45-35 700 14 4 252-54 £ £ s. d. 27-80 334 7 9 39-00 6.501 14 7 33-63 962 19 0 4311 I 202 4 1 54-25 292 19 4 42-50 4 5 0 39-30 19 13 0 30-59 i 65 0 0 2400 510 0 0 12-48 110 13 8 1800 45 0 0 £ s. d. £ s. d. 794 9 9 7,997 3 9 1,926 2 1 18,773 0 11 201 2 7 2,534 11 1 128 1 0 1,513 19 9 364 13 5 4,593 11 9 488 6 8 4,073 2 8 246 8 9 963 7 8 7 19 10 2,920 0 5 87 1 8 637 9 8 353 16 11 5,833 14 9 7 0 0 102 0 0 . . .. 75-0 j 8 3470 21 47-11 I 817 18 10 ■"" I " 11-7 4 37-60 22 0 0 .. I .. .. .. j '" Totals .. 4,956 5 103 4 0 nzrr~. :— i— r 400 | 2-5 50 369,754 1-84 33,961 18 9 755-33 209 ] 38-98 1,472 6 3 22501 309 35-85 19.048 16 5 4,605 2 S |49,942 2 1 I I

Uural. Village and Suburban. Town Section Survey. Native-1 land Survey. Gold-mining Survey. Roads, Railways, and Water-races. Other Works. Total Cost Land District. 9 i a3 all a. Total Cost. 1 || ; %< Total Cost. a 1 " I a _ GQ < •=■2 «b Total Cost. Hi Hi o i it p. Total Cost. as t-i 1 IS Total Cost. Cost. Work from 1st April, 1921. to 31st March, 1922. s. £ s. d. 35-60 8 18 0 2-75 s. £ 14 21-43 15 s. 6 d. 0 . ! £ £ s. d. ! ■ £ s. d. I 40 ; 30-59 122 7 0 j 13-5 33-24 448 14 6 5 5 0 45 7 4 0-75 5416 40 12 4 '.'. £ s. d. 2,845 3 6 7,560 3 4 5,964 17 4 4,399 17 0 5,567 19 3 510 11 0 X. Auckland Auckland Hawke's Bav Taranaki .*. 328 Wellington.. Marlborough Nelson Westland .. Canterbury Otago Southland s. £ s. d. I . £ s. d. 17,470 94,453 48.058 47,372 46,311 2,641 Is. £ s. d. 291 ' 311 2,713 18 ' 6 598 1-60 7.560 3 4 251 2.29 5,495 17 10 233 1-80 4,272 1 11 264 2-40 5,567 19 3 22 3-56 469 18 8 £ 5 4 .. i .. .. ■ 15 0 0 .. .. 502 82 '7 9 .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 768 3 ♦' .. 1 .. •■ I •• '• " , : .. .. .. '.'. .. 3-5 14 52-04 36 36 8 6 8 6 1,351 , 49 362 40 4-34 293 0 0 75 67-84 166 4 1 2 1-53 27 14 11 .. .. ! 23 6 0 352 14 6 166 4 1 27 14 11 - - 1 35-60 8 18 0 6-25 28 J36-73 51 8 6 [ .. .. I -" I I Totals .. [328 5-02 82 7 9 ! ! 5 4 258,067 1,776 j 2-06 26,566 IS 6 768 3 * 18-25 33-52 611 13 10 73 18 4 27,395 4 11 * Paid by applicants.

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Table 4. -Return showing Surveyors employed and the Work on Hand on 1st April, 1922.

Table 5. —Principal Classes of Office-work done from 1st April, 1921, to 31st March, 1922.

APPENDIX T. (a.) REPORT BY M, CROMPTON SMITH, CHIEF DRAUGHTSMAN. Head Office Draughting Branch. The state of the publication of maps gives cause for serious uneasiness, and the position has not improved since it was set out in the report for 1919-20. In that report the maps not drawn but required were set out, making a total of 1,250. The following is a statement of the maps which are drawn but which require attention and revision to make them serve their purpose : The survey district maps published number about 600 ; these should be republished (after revision) about every six years at an average rate of one hundred a year. The county maps published number 120 ; these should be republished (after revision) about every ten years, or, say, ten a year. General maps jrablished are about fifty, requiring revision and republication every ten years, or five per year. So that simply to keep existing publications going, republication is required at the rate of about 140 per year, or three per week. In addition there are the undrawn maps, 1,250, to be drawn and published. The rate of publication during last year has not been three per week, but about 0-86 per week, so that it is obvious that publication is far behind requirements. Improvements in the rate of production of map originals by use of improved methods requires a corresponding increase in the rate of publication, which is not under our control. During the year a number of the counties in the central part of the North Island were altered, resulting in the scrapping of the respective county maps and an immediate necessity for redrawing all seven. Data for doing so correctly exist only in the district offices, not in the Head Office ; but it seems probable that for some time no maps at all for the central counties may exist on the larger most-used scale of one mile to the inch ; patchwork substitutes may be possible, but of a very limited value. Future publications are designed to avoid the wholesale scrapping entailed by extensive alteration of local districts as above. One " city " class map, Lower Hutt and Petone, was completed during the year, two towns, and four cadastral sheets. Maps of the Samoan islands of Upolu and. Savaii were drawn for publication, and the new maps of Auckland and Christchurch have also been in preparation during the year, but are not sufficiently advanced for publication. The first sheet, comprising the central part of Auckland, however, will, I hope, be published about the end of 1922,

Sur veyors employed. Work on Hand. Names of Chief Surveyors. Staff. T r 6 aT" | C0ntract ' Native t, ,„ Blocks, R ™ ,l9 > | Ac. *°- Acres. Miles. 4-25 1,100 j 119-00 47,163 ; 5,356 6-50 116,126 17-50 1,362 44-00 2-00 326 .12-00 Triangulation. District. Settlement. Towns. Standard Traverse. I R. P. Greville .. 4 H. M. Skeet .. 15 W. P. Marsh .. 2 H. J. Lowe .. 3 G. H. M. McClure 4 J.Cook .. 2 H. I). McKcllar .. 1 R. S, Galbraith .. 2 (I. II. Bullanl .. I R. T. Sadd .. 2 T. Brook .. 1 1 1 N. Auckland Auckland . . Hawke's Bay Taranaki Wellington . . Marlborough Nelson Westland . . Canterbury. . Otago Southland .. Acres. 23,791 75,028 Acres. 3-50 Sq. Miles. Miles. 3 7 9 1 38,842 2,915 100,000 4,825 2,904 400 102,225 74,000 96-00 150 2-00 1 4-00 50-00 14-00 1,075 0-75 6 Totals .. 37 2 j 21 484,930 172,508 200-00 103-50 156 0600 I •

District. Plans placed on Instrument m'S of Title. 11 Oft § i i i §§ il 1 i il J rf * J ll Maps drawn for v- § „ Lithography. «, ="§ If? ■gs * if Lithographs sold. i North Auckland .. Auckland Hawke's Bay Taranaki Wellington Marlborough Nelson Westland Canterbury Otago Southland 844 1,104 ! 498 .. 1,083 3,268* 1,983 7,54( 184 2,494 1,244 1,20* 369 2,121 1,190 2,711 .. 1,212 6,202 , 936 3,16f 137 374 | 74 10t 227 864 .. 29S 368 169 i 15 380 4,530 100 2,46f 474 1,604 57 75( 86 1,096 160 454 1,104 i 498 3,268* 1,983 2,494 1,244 2,121 1,190 6,202 , 936 374 | 74 864 169 i 15 4,530 : 100 1,604 57 1,090 160 7,546* 1,208 2,710 3,165 105 298 880 1,455 444 300 841 95 167 67 477 206 103 864 io 7 2 2 5 66 87 9 Hi 36 5 43 4 24 25 17 £ s. d. 85 18 8 198 1 7 17 8 2 91 14 4 11 10 9 48 14 3 60 14 0 23 7 0 131 14 0 47 2 8 2,466 750 454 383 415 240 U 2t 2,104 Totals .. 5,364 23,826 ; 6,257 18,702 5,035 1,9] 5,364 23,826 ! 6,257 18,702 5,035 1,912 32 326 2,104 710 5 5 * These figures include a North Auckland land-transfer quota. t So.ised. ■en rcvi

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A principal feature of the year's work has been the amount of time and work given to the demands of other Departments, such as in connection with Representation Commissioners and electoral boundary maps. The subdivision of land, as evidenced by the number of town plans sent in for the approval of the Minister, has not fallen off in number, but has increased in importance. The influence of more modern ideas as to public requirements in view of the growth of existing town and village nuclei, which is becoming more and more apparent, forces attention to consideration of aspects which did not receive so much attention in the past, such as the provision of sites for recreation and public buildings, &c. Amendments to existing legislation with the aim of rendering it more flexible so as to meet varying conditions have been prepared, and it is hoped that the whole subject may receive the consideration it should have in view of its importance to the well-being of the population. Draughtsmen's Examination. This examination had to be postponed owing to the pressure of other work of a similar kind ; and in order to avoid holding two examinations in one year, that for 1921 has been omitted altogether, the next being held about the beginning of August to get back into the slacker period of the year. Other Work. The cost of descriptions, maps, and other kinds of work done for other Departments amounted to £428 during the year; lithographs issued without charge, to about £15; and lithographs sold, about £410, of which about £250 represents other Departments' map requirements. These are from Head Office only, and do not include similar transactions in each district office. (b.) REPORT BY E. J. WILLIAMS, TIDE-COMPUTER. Computation op Harmonic Tidal Constants. The computations required to evaluate the harmonic constants used in predicting the tides of the six standard ports for the year 1923 have been completed. From, the harmonic analysis of the measured hourly heights of the tide-gauge records of any port extending over a period of 370 days is obtained one value of H (semi-range) and one value of X (epoch) for each component for each year of hourly heights analysed. For the larger tides M 2, S2, &c, the values obtained are fairly concordant. In the smaller tides, however, on account of tidal observations not being exactly in agreement from year to year, there are considerable discrepancies. Therefore it is necessary to extend the observations over a number of years, and to accept the mean of the values of H and X for each tide for the completed years of analysis as the best result. In accordance with the above the following table was prepared and forwarded to the Director, National Physical. Laboratory, Teddington, London, England, on the 21st May, 1921, for employment in the tide-predicting machine, and the tide-tables for 1923 were received in Wellington on the 24th November, 1921.

Table D. Mean Values of the Harmonic Constants used in preparing the Tide-tables for 1923.

Tide Symbol. _ Auckland. A,= 5-74ft. H. K. Bluff. A.-6-38ft. Dm A„ = ledln. i-23ft. Lyti A„ = telton. 3-20 ft. Wellington. A. = 2-93 ft. Wesl ;port. i-OOft. H. K. II. K. ll. K. H, K. II. K. ihort Period. SI S2 S4 Ft. 0-010 0-595 0-020 17-35 265-12 33401 Ft. 0-007 0-510 0-009 O 90-00 48-97 228-48 Ft. 0-015 0-243 0-006 O 10-22 129-73 309-00 Pt. 0-035 0-179 0-009 31-91 143-04 202-78 Pt. 0-004 0-098 0-004 O 244-84 332-36 196-76 Ft. 0-009 0-979 0-007 O 75-22 331-67 45-87 S6 Ml M2 0-003 0-011 3-805 55-73 144-69 204-90 0-006 0-017 2-857 170-45 88-42 35-47 0-003 0-012 2-497 117-97 89-75 122-56 0-015 0-010 2-879 344-95 99-40 125-63 0-005 0-007 1-597 300-88 38-55 130-60 0-005 0-013 3-759 329-46 340-03 304-11 M3 M4 M0 0-038 0-108 0-024 199-10 128-64 309-52 0-009 0-094 0-086 204-88 227-29 78-34 0-018 0-260 0-076 237-70 177-17 359-45 0-016 0-016 0-022 112-80 80-19 68-96 0-025 0-038 0-014 178-16 278-31 97-75 0-021 0-004 0-026 202-37 35-83 36-52 01 Kl K2 0-055 0-235 0-142 140-10 168-27 252-93 0-111 0-060 0-127 75-45 114-27 51-19 0-090 0-073 0-095 73-23 90-29 120-23 0-088 0-148 0-054 61-46 82-58 102-88 0-103 0-085 0-049 35-56 81-38 349-74 0-094 0-077 0-208 47-94 183-96 327-41 PI JI Q] 0-075 0-015 0-012 165-26 203-86 65-42 0-023 0-007 0-025 105-33 189-16 40-22 0-025 0-004 0-021 97-64 101-59 355-00 0-051 0-007 0-021 112-04 146-39 43-38 0-031 0-007 0-032 72-64 144-85 22-22 0-027 0-015 0-035 125-62 243-99 29-77 L2 N2 ?-2 0-171 0-793 0-190 202-92 172-38 197-96 0-113 0-657 0-137 34-42 10-61 57-71 0-162 0-538 0-008 108-52 103-73 123-60 0-088 0-663 0-148 148-45 95-31 122-05 0-054 0-397 0113 126-89 101-09 117-77 0-090 0-754 0-181 269-58 287-48 317-48 T2 (MS) 4 0-103 0-067 0-180 172-63 293-47 195-00 0-067 0-023 0-080 7-87 111-74 0-29 0-029 0-020 0-107 43-84 255-21 140-40 0-091 0-030 0-102 59-29 219-85 128-98 0-081 0-037 0-035 89-10 280-44 135-18 0-124 0-042 0-103 277-95 44-18 300-16 (2SM) 2 R2 0-004 0-023 303-96 214-72 0-046 0-015 121-57 151-90 0-046 0-016 0-78 171-69 0-006 0-013 25-99 150-12 0-031 0-017 351-88 119-81 0-072 0-039 204-28 259-57 Long Period. Mm Mf MSf 0-083 0-044 0-054 184-66 252-09 181-63 0-051 0-065 0-071 242-07 215-88 239-59 0-000 0-077 0-051 148-40 171-60 89-81 0-048 0-063 0-129 137-29 183-39 156-38 0-087 0-052 0-073 308-38 169-17 60-48 0-030 0-040 0-005 98-79 330-87 132-03 Sa Saa 0-223 0-065 46-05 113-05 0-085 0-125 54-84 04-34 0-126 0-081 257-97 88-94 0-097 0-085 246-56 139-91 0-073 0-103 277-94 145-40 0-093 0-131 96-39 161-95

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During the year under report harmonic analysis of the tidal curves of the self-registering tide-gauge records of the ports of Dunedin and Westport have been completed, and is now under check. Continuous records have been obtained at the New Plymouth tidal station of the tide curve from the self-registering tide-gauge, and other meteorological data, together with the temperature of the sea, up to the end of August, 1921, when observations were discontinued, sufficient information having been obtained for requirements. The mean values for each month of the temperature of the air, surface of the sea, and height of the barometer from the Ist April, 1921, to the 31st August, 1921, are given below ; also the mean monthly values for the period September, 1918, to August, 1921, inclusive.

Table E. New Plymouth Tidal Station — Mean Monthly Values.

Mean Monthly Values for the Period September, 1918, to August, 1921, inclusive.

APPENDIX 11. SUEVEYOKS BOARD. The examinations in September, 1921, and March, 1922, were held as usual. For the former thirty-one candidates sat, being nineteen new and twelve completing former passes ; for the March examination twenty-six candidates sat, being eleven new and fifteen completing. At the March examination seven new candidates passed, with five completing ; in September one new and eight completing succeeded, adding twenty-one to the list of New Zealand licensed surveyors. Deaths were reported of seven surveyors, one of whom, Mr. R. 0. .Smart, had but just passed, and was murdered in the Federated Malay States soon after taking up duty there. Quite a number of New-Zealand-trained men are now in those States owing to the slackness of survey-work at home. The number of licensed surveyors on the list is now 485. The year's transactions were made important in the first place by the consideration and recasting of the legislation under which the Board and the Surveyor-General separately make regulations for the conduct of surveys. This was agreed upon and forwarded to the Government for amendment of the respective Acts, but did not become law during last session. One feature of the new provisions is the raising of the fee for the license from I.os. 6d. to £5 ss. Following upon this the full Board considered and prepared a complete set of new regulations governing all surveys on which titles to land arc based, excluding, however, scientific surveys. These regulations are not yet issued, pending the above amendment of the law, and the preparation of the illustrative appendices, which are in hand. The membership of the Board was not changed at its reappointment in 1922, and consists of the Surveyor-General (Chairman), Messrs. Thomas Humphries and Thomas Brook (Government appointees), and Messrs. H. Sladden and Preston Chambers (Institute nominees). The number of candidates offering for examination has exceeded considerably those of the other reciprocating Boards, with the exception of New South Wales. This is due, it is believed, to the scarcity of labour during the war leading surveyors to substitute apprentices for linemen, and these are now finishing their teaching period and sitting for the examination. W. T. Neill, Chairman. M. Crompton Smtth, Secretary.

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Date. Barometer. Attached Temperature Thermometer. of Air. Temperature of Sea. April May June July August 1921. In. 30-17 30-21 30-11 30-06 30-08 Deg. (P.). 55-97 54-41 53-00 51-42 51-61 Deg. (P.). 56-93 53-45 54-17 52-42 52-90 Deg. (F.). 56-00 54-23 56-07 54-39 53-42

Month. Barometer. Attached Thermometer. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Sea. January February March April May June July August September .. October November . . December . . fn. 30-05 30-14 30-12 30-17 30:12 30-08 30-12 30-02 30-06 30-07 29-99 30-02 Deg. (P.). 63-69 65-07 61-78 57-19 53-41 52-12 50-17 50-98 52-57 56-43 58-25 60-83 Deg. (P.). 65-01 66-37 63-51 57-78 52-79 51-92 50-01 50-74 53-10 57-21 59-40 62-16 Deg. (P.). 58-59 60-75 59-77 57-09 54-51 53-89 52-09 51-31 51-77 54-06 55-21 55-75

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APPENDIX 111. THE MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY, CHRISTCHURCH. Annual Report of the Director (H. F. Skky, B.Sc.). During the year the magnetographs at Christchurch and Amberley have been kept in operation, and. there are published herewith the tables of hourly values of magnetic declination and of tin; magnetic horizontal force resulting from the measurement of instantaneous hourly ordinates on the magnetograms obtained. There are also published the corresponding tables of hourly values of declination for the year 1907. The mean values of the magnetic elements for the year 1921 are as follows : — Mean Values, Change since Change from 1921. 1920. 1919 to 1920. Magnetic declination (cast) . . . . 17° 04-6' + 2-9' + 3-1/ Magnetic horizontal force . . . . .. 0-22241 - 20y - 19y Magnetic inclination (south) .. .. 68° 10-3' fl-.l' +14' Northerly component . . .. . . 0-21260 - 24y - 25y Easterly component .. .. .. 0-06531 + 13y -|- 13y Vertical component .. .. .. 0-55528 -f- 03y [ 18y Total magnetic force .. .. .. 0-59816 - 04y + 08y The mean value of the magnetic declination for the year's hourly values for 1907 was 16° 31-1' east. From the 13th to the 17th May great magnetic storms were experienced on the Earth. Christchurch data in connection with these storms and reproductions of the magnetograms have been printed in the New Zealand Journal of Science and Technology, 1921. The storms were connected with the central passage over the Sun's disc of a great sun-spot disturbance. Reprints of the combined publication, which includes magnetic data from Christchurch and Apia, and a good account of the earth-current effects, may be obtained from the office of the Journal, Wellington. Some work was undertaken on the periodical variations of H.F. at Christchurch during the year. It early became evident that the periodicities obtained were resultant from tidal action of the planets upon the revolution of the Sun —or, rather, upon the revolution of his more mobile particles. The remarkable configurations of the solar system, in years of complementary H change —1905, 1910, and 1914—19—are shown diagrammatically for the 21st March below. The effect was a maximum about the 21st March. During the year many valuable publications were received by the Observatory, for which thanks are returned. The results of the intercomparison' of standards with the Carnegie Institution are published in "Land Magnetic Observations, 1914 to 1920," issued by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of that institution. The results arc very satisfactory. The general conclusion is that the Christchurch standards require the following small corrections to reduce them to I.M.S. (International Magnetic Standard) during the years indicated : — Declination (1.M.5.) — Christchurch (magnetometer No. 1) = + 0-4' (1906-1920). Horizontal force (1.M.5.) — Christchurch (magnetometer No. ]) - + 0-00073 H (1906-1920). Inclination (1.M.5.) - Christchurch (dip. circle No. 147, needles 1, 2, 3) - - 1-1' (1906-1908). Inclination (1.M.5.) - Christchurch (Toepfcr inductor No. 109) - 0-1' (1915-1920). The usual monthly diagrams and seasonal vector diagrams are published herewith, for the year 1921, and declination curves for 1907. Milne Seismograph No. 16. This seismograph has been kept in operation throughout the year. A number of the registrations have been published, but the records are not comparable in value with those of a properly damped pendulum. A list for the year is appended. Meteorological Observations. These have been taken as in past years, and have proved of great value for official and public reference. A monthly epitome is published in the Journal of Science and Technology. 1 have to express my thanks to my assistant, Mr. H. F. Baird, for his valuable services throughout the year. The Venus-Sun Effect in the Horizontal Magnetic Field at Christchurch. In the annual report for 1919-20 there were' published two diagrams showing the averaged annual march of H.F. at Christchurch during the four years 1902 to 1905, and during the eight years 1913 to 1920. It should be remarked that the averaged march for 1913 to 1920 differs only very slightly

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from the averaged march for 1917 to 1920, showing that there is a close correspondence between the averaged march for the two consecutive sets of four years —1913 to 1916 and 1917 to 1920. It is well known that a marked eigh!-yearly periodicity exists between the heliocentric longitudes of the Earth and Venus, and a close four-yearly periodicity between the longitudes of the Earth and of Venus or anti-Venus. This almost proves that the, magnetic changes on the Earth are chiefly due to some tidal effect upon the Sun, or matter connected therewith, due to the gravitational effect of the Earth and Venus. Dr. L. A. Bauer states that in the course of time (say, seventy years) the mean annual variation of terrestrial magnetism (from 140 years' observation in the Northern Hemisphere) changes its phaseangle at the commencement of the year by 180°. This seems to me to point to the planetary forces upon the Sun being able to completely reverse on the Sun either some static condition (such as shape) or the phase at January Od. of some persistent natural oscillation in the Sun, which oscillation is the means by which the solar effect is sent out into the system. The solar corona seems to indicate the possibility of the Sun being surrounded by an electric field of force. Any change of shape would result in electrical surgings (in any changed condenser), and in the radiation of characteristic electromagnetic waves more or less plane polarized into surrounding space. It is conceivable that these might have a characteristic effect upon any magnetized " receiver "in their path. Any theory involving the passage of electrons from Sun to Earth involves the certainty of slowly increasing the mass of the Earth, which is admittedly slowly increasing by the addition of meteoric masses. In the case of the Sun the effects might balance, but the Earth must grow from both causes. There is no doubt that the amount of energy which runs down into heat in the Earth in the course of such a magnetic storm as that of May, 1921, is very large, and it seems to me rather doubtful if it could be conveyed to the Earth by electronic streams from the Sun unless the streams were cither nondivergent or specially directed by the gravitational field between Earth and Sun. Any way, the recognition of a distinct " Earth and Venus relative to Sun " effect in terrestrial magnetism is of great importance, and I think that the Venus effect should be calculable, and so amenable to further investigation. A regular beat in the solar system, such as that produced by the action of the Earth and Venus, must be in effect balanced by an inverse beat elsewhere in the system —that is, in the perturbations of the other planets and the Sun ; also, the action of these two inverse beats must be accompanied by simultaneous beats in the ether or the medium conveying the gravitational force. If changes could be actually observed in the Sun or its radiation corresponding to these beats, then mankind would not be so tempted to suspect or to seek for a direct connection between gravitational, energy and magnetic energy in the great laboratory of Nature. Such changes will certainly have to be looked for, and their existence proved or disproved, before we are satisfied, because we are unable in our laboratories to reproduce the conditions existing in the neighbourhood of the Sun —a region traversed radially by intense light radiation, a gravitational field varying with immense rapidity radially, and the ether of which is continuously gaining or losing immense motions in the process of the conversion of potential to kinetic energy or vice versa. Lord Kelvin has shown the well-nigh impossibility of our visible Sun being a strong-enough magnet to affect the Earth directly, but it is by no means certain that this applies to the conditions of the ether in the space surrounding the Sun. We have no experience of possible invisible non-material magnets, like we have of transparent matter. It would perhaps be easy to show that the local magnetic effects here are just now correlated with the occurrence of tides on the Sun itself, but correlation does not show necessarily a direct cause and effect, because two effects of the same cause are perfectly correlated with each other, and this applies to Sun-spottedness and terrestrial magnetism; but the establishment of a correlation is always a step in the right direction, and sooner or later leads to the truth of the cause and effect. Note on Range of Diurnal Inequality of Horizontal Force. In the annual report for 1920-21 it was pointed out that the range of the mean monthly diurnal inequality of magnetic horizontal force in the months of April, July, and October was the same for these same months in 1910 and 1920, being 27, 19, 30 y, very nearly. It was of interest to examine the positions of the planets relative to the Sun in these months. The approximate heliocentric longitudes on the 15th of these months given in the Nautical Almanac were to the nearest degree : —

1910. 1920. Approximate Longitude April 15. July 15. I October 15. I j April 15. J uly 15. ■ October 15. I of Perihelion of Planet. 0 0 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn 0 72 24,3 205 110 191 26 292 o 91 27 292 151 198 29 293 109 o 115 176 21 192 205 33 294 260 334 205 208 139 160 332 1 269 120 293 254 146 163 333 131 O 280 269 22 309 153 166 334 O 75'°± 129 100 333 12 90 171 46 ± Uranus Neptune

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It is almost certain that the effect is a combined Mercury-Venus-Earth effect, but it looks as if the Venus effect on the Sun was equivalent to a quarter diurnal tide, if it is tidal. The data shows that between the two years 1910 and 1920 the longitude of Venus changed approximately 90°; and on the dates in question Mercury approximately changed his longitude, between the two years, by 180° ; the Earth, of course, changing his position 90° approximately in three months. The synodic period of Mercury is about three months, so that even a direct action of Mercury on terrestrial magnetization would have a three-months periodicity, but that could not account for equality of range at epochs ten years apart. Lamont's period of about 10-3 years in the diurnal range of declination in the Northern Hemisphere is no doubt connected with the above effect. Note on the Annual March of Magnetic Horizontal Force. In the course of investigations it was found that the average annual march of H.F. for the four years 1902 to 1905, applied as a correction to the graph of H.F. means over those years, yielded almost exactly similar curves for sixteen months, about the 17th January, 1905, as did the average for the eight years 1913 to 1920 about the 15th August, 1919. The effect was too exact to be due to any accidental came, and the remaining variation was of a very pronounced nature. The effect, too, persisted too long to be mistaken about. It was therefore desirable to note the positions of the planets about those dates, and particularly to see if there was not some systematic difference in their heliocentric longitudes on the two occasions. Some success was immediately evident. It seems to me that the effects in latitude 45° on the Earth more simply correspond with the phenomena of the solar system than those elsewhere.

Heliocentric Longitudes of the Planets at 1904-9 and 1917-0 (the Mid-epochs of Years 1902 to 1905 and 1913 to 1920.) 1904-0. 1917-0. 1004-0. 1917-0. $ .. .. .. 19° 13' 12° 18' U .. .. .. 358° 27' 36° 40' 9 .. .. .. 163° 57' 213° 03' i ? .. .. .. 310° 45' 11.6° 32' © .. .. .. 99° 40' 100° 32' W • • • • • • 265° 59' 319° 20' S •• •• •■ 340° 30' 302° 57' tjJ .. .. .. 94° 34' 123° 20' Mercury was at both epochs close to the longitude of the perihelion of Jupiter, with Jupiter near in longitude, approximately as much behind Mercury at 1904-0 as he was ahead at 1917-0. Heliocentric Longitudes of the Planets at the Times of Greatest Similarity of Corrected Marches of H.F. at Christchurch. Approx. Jan. 17, 1905. Aug. 15, 1919. Heliocentric Long. Perihelion. S ■.. .. .. .. .. 184° 01' ■ 321." 27' 75°± ? .. .. .. .. .. 54° 51' 303° 56' 129° . © ... .. .. .. .. 116° 44' 321° 36' 100° $ .. .. .. .. .. 175° 00' 98° 27' 333° 14. .. .. .. .. .. 33° 25' 119° 20' 12° l ? .. .. .. .. .. 322° 39' 151° 20' 90° J# .. .. .. .. .. 270° 26' 329° 36' 171° W .. .. .. .. .. 96° 54' 129° 08' 46°± The heliocentric longitude of the perihelion of Venus is approximately 129°. It is seen that on the 17th January, 1905, the actual longitude of Mercury and Venus differ by 129°, and Venus is behind her perihelion longitude by the longitude of the perihelion of Mercury. On the 15th August, 1919, the actual longitudes of the Earth and Mercury are the same, 321°—that is, they arc behind the longitude of the Earth's node by 129°-90°, or the difference of the heliocentric longitudes of the perihelia of Venus and Saturn. There is very little doubt that both the march of H.F. and the range of the diurnal inequality of H.F. depend upon the longitude of the planets and their perihelia, and that the effect is conveyed to the Earth in some way by the solar action. Furthermore, in a diagram given below there are plotted the directions of the nearest planets as seen from the Sun with respect to the direction Sun to Venus on the 30th June, in the years 1914 and 1919. It was found that at Christchurch the marches of H. in the two years were complementary for nearly ten months about the mid-year.

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An inspection of the diagram will leave'very little doubt in the mind that the march of horizontal magnetic force is in latitude 45° on the Earth directly correlated to the variations of the perturbations of the rotating Sun by the surrounding planets, including the Earth. It is easily seen that in spite of the slowly varying angular velocities of the planets in their orbits, the perturbations of the Sun due to Jupiter in 1914 and Mercury in 1919 were opposed in phase on the 30th June, and were also opposed for Jupiter, 1919, and Mercury, 1914, on the 30th June ; not only so, but their phases were positively and negatively directed by very nearly the same angle on the 30th June to the line of action of Venus. We may say that very approximately the mutual perturbation of the four bodies Venus, Jupiter, Sun, and Mercury with regard to angular motions were inverse in 1914 and 1919 for a long time. This, however, did not apply to the Earth's action, which on the 30th June was 90° ahead of Venus in 1914 and only 45° ahead in 1919. Although Lcyst asserted that each of the planets had its own influence on terrestrial magnetism, Schuster found later that the evidence was insufficient. We have here, therefore, now, at least, the strongest evidence that mutual perturbations of the Sun and the planets contain of necessity the prime cause of H. change in latitude 45° on the Earth, and almost a certainty that it is the perturbation of the revolving Sun alone which is immediately responsible. Such perturbations are called tidal, and it is probable that since the Sun perturbs the motion of the Moon there may be a very small monthly variation in the Earth's effect on the Sun. This, of course, could only arise from the fact that tide-generating power depends upon the inverse cube of the distance, while mass-attraction depends upon the inverse square of the distance. It is not easy to say precisely whether this is so, but, if so, it might conceivably alter the ratio of the amplitudes of the lunar-diurnal inequality in terrestrial magnetism at perigee and at apogee, though the effect would cut out in 8-8 years. No doubt astronomers have inquired into the question of the effect of the, to us, invisible solar tidal excrescences upon the motions of Mercury ; his motions in relation to Jupiter, Venus, and the Sun do at any rate have a great interest to terrestrial magnetism.

EARTHQUAKE REPORTS. Symbols, Notation, etc. 1. Character of the earthquake : — d Local shock perceptible at station, its intensity being expressed on the Rossi-Forel scale, thus : ItF 1, &o. V Near shock (origin less than 9°, or 1,000 kilometres, distant). r Distant shock (origin from 9° to 45°, or 1,000 to 5,000 kilometres, distant). v Very distant shock or teleseism (origin more than. 45°, or 5,000 kilometres, distant). 2. Phases of the seismogram [each of the following symbols may denote — (a) the phase itself ; or (b) the time of arrival of the first waves of that phase at the station ; or (c) the time of transit of those waves from the origin in seconds. There will be no ambiguity.] P.. .. .. .. Longitudinal waves, direct (first phase or first preliminary tremors). I'll (or I'Ki), PR 2 .... I'Hii . . Longitudinal waves, reflected once, twice, n limes at the earth's surface. (S .. .. .. .. Transverse waves, direct (second phase or second preliminary tremors). SB (or Sltj), SB.;) .... Situ .. Transverse waves, reflected once, twice n times at the earth's surface. S —P .. .. .. Interval (in seconds) between the arrival of tho P waves and the S waves. PS .. .. .. .. Waves changed from longitudinal to transverse oscillation, or vice versa, through reflection at tho earth's surface. L .. .. .. .. Long waves (chief phase or principal part; regular waves). Lj, L 2 .... L„ .. .. Successive series of L waves. Lj .. .. .. .. Long waves passing along the major are of tho great circle through the cpicentrum and the observatory. (Repeats of L or Lj after a circuit or circuits of the earth are noted in the " Remarks.") M .. .. .. .. Greatest motion in the chief phase. Mj .. .. .. . . Maximum of the Lj waves. C! . . .. . . .. Tail or end portion. P.. .. .. .. End of discernible movement. 8. Nature of the motion :— or I ( Beginning of the motion, used either alone or with one of the symbols in c gradual J " "<- 2 denoting phase. T (period) .. .. .. Time of one complete oscillation (to and fro). A.. .. .. .. Amplitude of the motion, measured from the median line, in millimetres (mm., as shown on the seismogram), or in mikrons (p., actual movement of the ground) : (p — 1/1000 mm.). A c .. .. . . . . E-W component of A. A n . . .. .. . . N--S component of A. A y . . .. .. .. Vertical component of A. 4. General: — Time .. .. . . G.C.M.T., Greenwich civil mean time, Oh. or 24h. = midnight. 1C (cpicentrum) .. .. Position of epicentre. O (origin) .. .. .. Time of shock at origin. (p.. .. .. ■ ■ Latitude. \ . . .. .. .. Longitude from Greenwich. A . . .. .. .. Distance from epicentre in degrees (°) or in kilometres (kms.). 5. The Observatory:— .. T , ... „ ... , . . .. , , CS. 43° 3148". (a.) Its position (latitude ami longitude) : j v 179° 37' li" Its height (in metres and in feet) above mean sea-level: Bm. (25 ft.). (6.) The kind of seismograph : Milne No. 10. How installed (E-W, N-S, or vertical) : Boom N.-S. Natural period (in seconds) : 10. Magnification : 6. Damping : Nil. Notation : See " Symbols, Notation, &c," above.

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Earthquake Reports.

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Time is Orecnwich civil mean time ; it is given in hours, minutes, and set conds. Oh. or 24h. = midnight. Amplitude. M,. ™ , r,. ,,, Time. Boom •No. Date. Character. Phase. G C M T Period Ae. 1921. 11. M. S. S. MM. 1 Jan., 7 .. P 2 57 00 S 3 01 24 L 3 03 00 ! M 3 03 42 . . 7-0 2 Feb. 10 P 19 54 00 S 19 58 48 SR, 19 59 42 .. .. L 20 01 30 M 20 04 48 .. 4-0 3 „ 19 .. P 18 39 24 S 18 44 48 L 18 47 06 M 18 51 54 .. 6-0 4 : „ 27 .. P 17 29 48 | 8 .17 34 24 i L 17 36 00 Mi 17 40 00 .. 22-0 M 3 17 50 12 .. 22-0 5 Mar. 15 . . P ? 22 38 00 I L 22 43 00 M 22 45 48 .. 1-1 0 „ 17 d.v. P 20 23 36 L 20 23 48 M 20 24 00 7 ,. 28 u P ? 6 03 30 PR X ? 6 08 00 S 6 14 12 L 6 39 30 M 6 49 48 , . 3-0 8 April 25 .. S 18 43 36 SRi 18 44 00 L 18 44 42 M 18 51 24 .. 5-5 9 May 14 . . P 20 26 00 S ? 20 27 00 L 20 28 42 M 20 30 54 .. 8-0 10 „ 31 .. L 21 21 48 .. 0-3 M 21 25 00 | 11 31 .. L 22 11 18 I M 22 14 48 I 15 1-4 12 June (i .. P ? 23 26 00 L 23 28 48 M 23 33 30 .. 0-6 13 ., 28 d.v. P 14 00 00 PR 14 00 24 S 14 00 48 M 14 03 00 15 15-0 14 July 3 .. S ? 5 13 36 L 5 19 24 M 5 23 30 . . 1-5 15 „ 7 .. P 11 01 54 S V }1 03 48 L 11 04 36 M 11 10 00 . . 3-0 16 23 . . Le 8 32 48 M 8 34 36 . . 2-2 17 29 .. PR ? 00 35 18 S 00 39 42 SR 00 42 18 L 00 44 54 .. 2-4 M 00 46 48 18 31 .. P 9 56 06 S 10 00 54 L 10 04 30 M 10 08 06 .. 3-0 19 Aug. 21 ..' P,M, 20 53 00 5 6 7 8 Mar. 15 17 28 April 25 May 14 Remarks. A 17" ±. Felt locally ; duration 0-8 minute. Followed by microseisms; early phases clear. Felt throughout New Zealand. Origin probably off middle east coast of North Island. At Christchurch no damage done, but many clocks stopped. Followed by microseisms. Slight microseisms following. Minute, locally felt; in middle of microseisms. '.) 31 10 11 31 12 June 6 13 28 d.v. 15 14 July 3 15 7 Ki 23 17 29 18 31 Aug. 21 d 19 20 Sept. 13 .. P 2 57 54 PR, 3 02 00 S 'I 3 (Ki 48 L 3 19 00 M 3 31 18 .. 5-0 21 Oct. 3 d P 10 3.6 48 M 10 36 54 . . 0-2 22 „ 18 .. S ? 0 39 48 L 0 47 00 M 0 49 00 .. 1-3 20 Sept. 13 Minute ; locally felt; duration about 24 seconds. d 81 Oot. 3 22 18

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Earthquake Reports— continued.

Amplitude. fo. Date. Character. Phase. Time. G.O.M.T, Boom Period. Remarks. Ac. 23 1921. Nov. 2 u P S .1. M P M P H. M. S. 8 21 00 8 28 48 8 49 00 9 03 00 21 16 24 21 17 00 21 27 30 s. MM. A 93° ?. 5 d 1-8 Pelt locally ; strong. 0 to east of Lake Sumner, North Canterbury. Apparent duration 11 1 minutes, but probably a succession of minute shocks included. 24 9-0 d P M P P M P M P M P M P M P M P M P S L M P M P M P S L M P S L M 21 46 06 21 46 18 21 47 00 9 13 42 9 14 06 9 22 00 9 22 12 10 15 30 10 15 36 15 01 42 15 01 48 15 55 12 15 55 18 11 28 24 11 28 36 23 35 24 23 35 42 6 57 18 7 02 42 7 06 12 7 08 48 8 11 30 8 11 36 23 14 48 00 14 54 8 09 54 8 14 30 8 17 12 8 17 36 11 30 30 11 34 12 11 35 12 11 37 24 0-6 25 5 Felt; small. 26 6 d Duration about 2-3 minutes; felt locally. Duration about 1-2 minutes ; felt. 27 6 d 6-0 0-3 28 6 d Duration about 1-0 minute ; felt; local. Duration about 0-4 minute ; felt; local. Duration about 0-2 minute ; felt; local. Duration about 1-0 minutes; felt; local. Duration about 2 minutes; felt locally ; strong. 29 6-3 6 d 6-2 30 0 d 6-2 31 8 d o-'o 32 13 d 33 3-0 14 d 3-0 Pelt locally ; duration 1 minute. II 14 6-3 15 20 d Felt locally ; duration 1 minute. 16 0-5 Dec. 2 9 0-0 6-7

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Mean Diurnal Horizontal Force, 1921.

Mean Diurnal Declination for 1907.

Mean Diurnal Declination for 1921

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Mean Diurnal Range of Horizontal Force at Christchurch, 1921.

Mean Diurnal Range of Declination at Christchurch, 1907.

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Mean Diurnal Range of Declination at Christchurch, 1921.

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Diagrams referring to Planetary-solar Effect on Horizontal Magnetic Force.

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Bays in Magnetic Declination about New Moon, 1922, February 26th, 18h. 48m. G.C.M.T. at Christchurch, New Zealand.

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