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Session 11. 1921. NEW ZEALAND.
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1920. [In continuation of E.-1, 1920.]
Presented to both Houses of the General Assemlily by Comma.vil of His Excellency.
CONTENTS. fase I Page Introduction .. .. .. • • • • 2 Secondary Education— continued. General Council of Education 3 Free Secondary Education . .. ..30 . Scholarships at Secondary Schools .. .. 31 Cost of Education .. .. _.. .. « War Bursairies for Soldiers' Dependants .. 32 Primary Education: Seoondary-school Certificates .. .. 32 Number of Public Schools .. .. .. 5 , staffs o£ s eo ondary Schools .. .. .. 33 Publio-sohool Buildings .. .. .. 5 Salaries and Status of Secondary Teachers .. 33 Roll Number .. .. • ■ ■ • 6 ] Finances of Secondary Schools ' .. .. 34 Attendance .. .. ■ • • • 7 I Lower Departments of Secondary Schools .. 36 Classification, Age, and Examination of Pupils.. 8 , Teohnjoal Education . Registered Primary Private Schools .. .. 11 General 36 Conveyance and Board of Scholars .. .. 11 classes other'than Classes at Teohnical High" The School Journal .. .. .. Schools 38 Class-books and School and Class Libraries .. 12 Technical High Schools .'.' '.'. '.'. 40 Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions .. 13 Financial ~ 40 Physical Eduoation .. .. .. .. 13 _ . " iiT*ai i t„, n„„ m ! Special Schools : :: :: :: 12 «•*care <>.;i>««a«* «4D.u«qn__.ohii* Staffs of Primary Schools 15, * c " and Infant-life Protation .. .. 2 Salaries of Primary Public-school Teachers .. 16 oace and Training of Afflicted Children .. 43 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 18 Higher Education : Trainin" of Teachers .. .. .. 19 New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges.. 44 Organizing Teachers.. .. .. .. 21 New Zealand University .. .. .. 45 Grading of Teaohers .. .. .. .. 22 Affiliated Colleges .. .. .. .. 46 Finanoes of Education Boards .. .. 22 Free Education at University Colleges .. 47 Eduoation Reserves .. .. .. .. 23 Workers' Educational Association .. .. 50 Kindergarten Schools .. .. .. 23 General: Eduoation of Native Children .. .. 24 Annual Examinations .. .. .. 50 Secondary Education: Teachers' Superannuation Fund .. .. 51 Number of Schools .. .. .. .. 27 Subsidies to Public Libraries .. .. 52 801 l and Attendance .. .. .. 28 Tables relating to Cost of Eduoation .. 52 Curriculum of Seoondary Sohools and Dis- Appendix: trict High Schools .. .. .. 29 Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Hostels for Pupils of Secondary Schools .. 30 for Pinanoial Year ended 31st Maroh, 1921 .. 55
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Office of the Department of Education, Sir,— Wellington, 21st October, 1921. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1920. I have, &c, C. J. Parr. His Excellency the Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.
REPORT.
CONTENTS. This report, with its appendix, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1914, and its subsequent amendments, also the Education Reserves Act, 1908, as subsequently amended, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational matters, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows : — S. —2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely— Appendix A, Report of Chief Inspector of Primary Schools ; Appendix B, Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix C [not printed this year] ; Appendix I) [not printed this year] ; Appendix E, List of Public Schools, Teachers, and Salaries. E. —3. Education of Native Children. E.—4. State Care of Children, Special Schools, and Infant-life Protection. E. —5. Technical Education. E. —6. Secondary Education. E. —7. Higher Education. E.—B. Annual Examinations. E.—9. Teachers' Superannuation. E. -10. Subsidies to Public Libraries. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. Where information in any section of the report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the tableconcerned and the report in which it is printed. INTRODUCTION. Reference to the Education Amendment Act of 1920, and to the various regulations and amendments to regulations made under the Education Act during the year 1920, affords some indication of the reforms and. improvements effected during that period in the education system of the Dominion. The following is a brief summary of the more important of such, to which fuller reference is made throughout this report in the sections dealing with the various branches that have been affected :— Provision for the extension of the compulsory school age from fourteen to fifteen years. This provision will come into force on a date not earlier than Ist January, 1922. Increased, salaries for primary- and Native-school teachers ; provision for payment of increments in accordance with the teachers' grading.
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Provision for primary-school teachers applying for higher positions to be chosen according to their position on the Dominion graded list of teachers, and for certain preference to be given to teachers who have served in remote districts. One result of this provision is that, in whatever education district they may be, teachers have an equal opportunity of obtaining any primary-school position in the Dominion. Increased allowances for pupil-teachers, probationers, and training-college students. Provision for probationers to join the Teachers' Superannuation Fund. Increased allowances for the incidental expenses of School Committees. Increased grants for the maintenance of school buildings. A Dominion grading of secondary-school teachers ; the definition of the staffs of secondary schools, of the conditions of appointment of teachers, and of the salaries payable to them. Provision for the payment of salaries by the Department, together with a capitation payment to controlling authorities for incidental expenses in lieu of as previously, a capitation payment for all purposes. The fees chargeablt to paying pupils at secondary schools defined, and the net annual income from endowments defined afresh. Regulations made for the training of student-teachers in technical schools. A Dominion grading of manual and technical teachers ; the salaries payable to such teachers definitely prescribed ; staffs of technical schools prescribed ; provision for the payment of salaries by the Department in lieu of capitation payments being made as previously. Provision for all technical schools to be under the immediate control of Managers ; the mode of the appointment of such. Managers defined. Provision for material for elementary handwork to be supplied by the Department, and for the simplification of payments to Education Boards for all subjects of manual instruction. Provision made for the establishment of supplementary model country schools. Provision for the interchange of New Zealand teachers with teachers of other countries. Provision for the appointment of itinerant teachers to give house-to-house instruction in isolated districts. The appointment of a Chief Inspector of Primary Schools. The appointment of a Departmental School Architect. Extension in the Special Schools Branch of the system of placing dependent children out in foster-homes, of the supervision of this work, and of the Probationer Officer's work. THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATION. The General Council of Education, comprised, of representatives of the Education Department, Education Boards, primary-school teachers, secondary- and tech-nical-school teachers, the University of New Zealand, and certain, members appointed by the Minister of Education, held its annual meeting in June, 1920. The Council reaffirmed certain important resolutions passed previously relating to the adaptation of the education system of the Dominion to the development of its resources, and brought its recommendations, which included the setting-up of a National Advisory Council on Research, specially under the notice of the' Minister. Other resolutions passed dealt with, among various matters, the retardation of school-children ; conditions of admission to training-colleges ; salaries of technicalschool teachers ; prescribed courses of free-place holders at secondary schools ; syllabus of the Matriculation Examination ; salaries of teachers in secondary departments of district high schools ; appointment of a departmental school architect; higher leaving-oertificate equivalent; salaries of teachers and Inspectors, and the establishment and disestablishment of several district high schools and technical high schools. Several of the recommendations of the Council have been given effect to, and other proposals will be carried out as opportunity permits. The proceedings of the Council are printed fully in a separate publication.
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COST OF EDUCATION. (See also Tables A-F on pages 52-54, and the Appendix.) The total payments made by the Education Department for the year 1920-21 amounted to £3,224,058, showing an increase of £680,057 over the figure for the previous year, and. being double the expenditure of five years ago. If to the expenditure by the Department is added the income derived by secondary schools and University colleges from reserves, the total expenditure amounts to £3,307,000, or £2 13s. 2d. per head of the population, as compared with £2 3s. 4d. in 1919-20. Included in the increase of £680,000 is an increase of £264,000 in the expenditure on new buildings and sites for primary schools, technical schools, and University colleges, which may be regarded as capital expenditure, the increase in the cost of maintenance to the Department being £416,000. Of the last-named sum £318,000 represented the increased cost of primary-school teachers' and trainingcollege students' salaries and allowances. Of the total cost to the Department of maintenance, amounting to £2,766,000, 78 per cent, was on. account of primary education, 9 per cent, secondary education, 3 per cent, technical education (excluding cost, of technical high, schools and of manual instruction in primary and secondary schools), 3 per cent. University education, 5 per cent, special schools and State care of dependent and delinquent children, and 2 per cent, teachers' superannuation and miscellaneous charges. The total expenditure of £2,469,000 on primary education works out at £l 19s. Bd. per head of the population and at £12 7s. sd. per pupil on the roll; excluding the expenditure on new buildings, the cost per head of the roll was £10 17s. 9d. The public expenditure on primary education in England and Wales in the year 1918-19 was at the rate of 19s. lid. per head of the population, the corresponding figure for London being £l 10s. lOd. The expenditure per pupil in 1920-21 was, for England and Wales county areas (excluding London), £9 19s. 9d. ; urban areas (including London), £12 Is. 6d. The principal items included in the expenditure in New Zealand on elementary education were- Teachers' and students' salaries and allowances, £1,720,219; Education Boards' administrative allowance and School Committees' incidental expenses, £.1.27,000 ; maintenance of school buildings, £98,000 ; new school buildings, £279,000. The expenditure on secondary education, which includes the whole expenditure on high schools and on the maintenance of technical high schools and secondary departments of district high schools, amounted to £365,000, of which sum £53,000 was met by income from reserves belonging to High School Boards. The total costis £44,000 more than the amount for the previous year, but it shows a very slight increase in the amount per head of the roll number, which was in 1920-21 £17 10s. 3d., excluding expenditure out of reserves revenue and on new buildings, and £23 17s. Id. including these items. The cost of technical education—£l3o,ooo —includes the large sum of £67,000 expended upon new sites and buildings. Several large schools and hostels were erected or were in course of erection, accounting for the unusually high capital expenditure on this account. Of the expenditure of £139,000 on University education, £30,000 was met by income from the reserves belonging to the various colleges. The Department's expenditure of £109,000 included £72,000 for general maintenance and £37,000 for new buildings and sites. Included in the total cost of education is £25,000 expended on special schools for deaf and feeble-minded children, and £111,000 on industrial schools, the probation and boarding-out system, and infant-life protection. The last-named amount shows an increase of £24,000 over the corresponding amount expended in the previous year, due to the expansion that has taken place in this branch of the work. In addition to the above expenditure controlled by the Education Department £4,427 was expended by the Mines Department on Schools of Mines, and £1,650 by the Department of Public Health on dental and medical bursaries tenable at the University of Otago. •
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PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. (Tables Al and B3 in E.-2.) The number of public schools open at the end of 1920 was 2.437, as compared with 2,400 in 1919. In the following table the schools are classified according to the yearly average attendance, and the total number of children at the schools in each grade is shown :—
Eor the number of schools in each education district classified according to grade, reference should be made to Table Al in E.-2. It will be observed that of 2,437 schools, 1,997 were in Grades O-lIIa, having average attendances between 1 and 80, and of these 880 had averages ranging from 1 to 20. Of 181,704 children, 26,506 are in sole-teacher schools with averages between 1 and 35, and 84,358 children are in schools with an average number of pupils of more than 280. Public-school Buildings. The following table shows the growth of expenditure, &c, in connection with public-school buildings for the last five years : —
On the Ist April last the commitments—that is, special grants approved but unclaimed by Education Boards —amounted to £409,409. Most of the works for which grants have been approved are now well under way. The high cost of erecting schools was considered by a conference of Education Board representatives in January, and all the evidence went to show that where the Boards employed their own staffs the work was cheaper and better than under the tender system. This has encouraged other Education Boards to employ direct labour, and the results have been satisfactory. The " cost plus fee " system of contracting was discussed also, and several Boards in a few instances have adopted it with advantage.
Grade of School. Number Total of Average Schools. Attendance. Grade of School. Number Total of Average Schools. Attendance. 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) II. (21-35) IIIa (36-80) IIIb. (81-120) IVa. (121-160) IVb. (161-200) IVc. (201-240) Va. (241-280) Vb. (281 320) Vo. (321-360) Vd. (361-400) VIa. (401-440) 176 704 539 578 129 52 11 24 23 27 21 19 9 1,057 10,591 14,858 29,904 12,415 8.166 7 605 5,829 6.921 8,220 7,268 7,023 3,947 VIb. (441-480) .. VIIa. (481-520) .. VIIb. (521-560) VIIc. (561-600) .. VIId. (601-640) VIIe. (641-680) VIIf. (681-720) .. Vila. (721-760) .. VIIh. (761-800) .. VIIi. (801-840) .. VIIj. (841-880) .. VIIk. (881-920) VIIl. (921-960) .. j : : : 14 12 9 14 15 11 6 8 3 1 1 1 6.587 5,971 4.865 8,157 9,096 7,180 1,118 5,614 2,981 1,609 810 909 Total, 1920 .. „ 1919 .. .. 2,437 schools. .. 2,400 „ Increase 37 „
Financial Year. Applications receivod. ! i Special Grants approved. 8 Expenditure. 1913-14 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-20 1920-21 £ 95,849 129,202 238,817 496,153 790,296 £ 36,973 66,750 124,162 319,225 380,977 £ 69,123 43,790 47,106 80,780 109,981 279,476 I
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Towards the end of the financial year the increasing gravity of the financial situation made it more and more imperative that grants should be restricted to more urgent cases. This accounts for the fact that, though during the year applications to the amount of £790,000 were received, an expenditure of only £390,000 was approved. Latterly, grants have been approved only in cases of outstanding urgency where no school at all existed or where the class-room accommodation was inadequate. Until the financial position is relieved it may be necessary to make considerable use of the portable and extensible school that has been designed by the Department. This portable building is intended to follow railway-construction, or be used temporarily where the centrality of settlement is not assured or where it is not certain that additional accommodation will be permanently required. The building is constructed of factory-made sections, which can be transported to the site, and there erected in a very short space of time. Similarly, an existing portable school can be cheaply and expeditiously added to. As the sections can be used to build a range of rooms, it may be found necessary, for the time being, to use these portable buildings widely, on account of their cheapness. During the year the building staff of the Department has been very much strengthened by the appointment of a School Architect —Mr. J. T. Mair, A.1t.L8.A., Graduate in Architecture, University of Pennsylvania. Roll Number. (Tables Bl and B2 in E.-2). The number of children attending public schools in 1920, as shown by the average weekly roll, was 196,731, as compared with 193,655 in the previous year — an increase of 3,076. The following figures give in. detail the average weekly roll and roll number at the end of 1920:—-
It was observed in the last report that the amount of increase in the roll from year to year had been declining ; in 1920, however, there is again a rise, the increase in numbers over the previous year being 1-6 per cent., as compared with an increase of 1-2 per cent, in 1919. The increase is again more marked in the schools of the North Island than in those of the South Island, the roll of the former being 2-4 per cent, greater than in 1919 and of the latter 0-3 per cent, greater. During the last ten years the average weekly roll has increased by 27-1 per cent., so that there were more than one and a quarter times as many children in the schools in 1920 as there were in 1910. The increase in. numbers in 1920 over 1919 is spread fairly evenly over all classes, being greatest, however, in the preparatory classes, Si and S6. The table below shows the mean average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1908, and for each of the last ten years ; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll (including secondary departments of high schools), and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.
Mean of Averaj ;e Weekly Roll. Roll Number .t end of Year. Including Secondary Departments of Distriot High Schools. Excluding Secondary Departments of Distriot High Sohools. Including Secondary Departments of District High Sohools. Excluding Second ary Departments of Distriot High Schools. ear 1920 .. ear 1919 196,731 193,655 194,188 191,153 199,802 196,059 197,645 193,900 Increase in 1920 3,076 3,035 3,743 3,745 Increase per cent, in 1920 1-6 1-6 1-9 1-9
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Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.
The above figures relate to public schools. To estimate the total number of children receiving primary education in the Dominion it will be necessary to include public schools (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), Native schools, registered private primary schools, and the lower departments of secondary schools. The figures will then be : — Average Weekly Roll Number. Public schools (leas secondary departments of district 1919. 1920. high schools) .. .. .. .. 191,153 194,188 Native village and Native mission schools .. .. 5,358 5,689 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 20,977* 22,193* Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 686* 815* Total average weekly roll of primary scholars .. 218,174 222,885 * Number on roll at end of year. Attendance. (Tables 81, 82, and B3 in E.-2.) The following figures show the average attendance at public schools in the Dominion during the years 1919 and 1920 : — Including Secondary Excluding Secondary Departments of Departments of District High Schools. District High Schools. Year 1920 .. .. .. .. .. 171,102 168,816 Year 1919 .. .. .. .. .. 174,885 172,610 Decrease in 1920 .. .. ..3,783 3,794 Decrease per cent. .. .. .. 2-2 2-2 Owing to widespread epidemics of a severe nature the regularity of attendance was poor in 1920, with the result that, although the roll number increased, there was actually a decrease of 2-2 per cent, in the number of children in average attendance as compared with the previous year. Taken as a percentage of the average weekly roll number the average attendance was 87-0 the corresponding figure for 1919 (the highest on record) being 90-3. Every education district showed a falling-off in this respect, the percentages ranging from 86-0 to 88-6, and the best results being attained in Otago and Nelson. As far as can be judged the regularity of attendance in. New Zealand schools compares, as a rule, very favourably with that obtaining in. other English speaking countries. It should be mentioned in this connection that a special concession was made to Education Boards in the matter of payments for incidental expenses of schools and teaching staffs which were based on the average attendance for 1920, the average of the highest quarter being taken as the basis instead of the mean of the average of the four quarters.
Year. Number „.¥*!'" Average i ol WeekW Attendance, Schools. ijoll. I Whole Year. Average Attendance as Percentage of Weekly Roll. M. Number of Teachers. Adults. Pupil-teachers. F. Total. M. P. Total. P. Total. 1878 .. 1883 1888 .. 1893 1898 1903 1908 .. 1911 .. ,. 1912 .. 1913 .. 1914 .. 1915 1916 1917 1918.. 1919 .. 1920 .. .. 748 .. 48,773* 971 90,859 69,838 1,158 113,636 90,108+ 1,375 125,692 100,3211 1,655 133,782 111,636 1,786 134,748 113,047 1,998 145,974 127,1.60 2,166 159,299 142,186 2,214 164,492 146,282 2,255 169,530 151,242 2,301 175,570 158,134 2,338 181,229 163,092 2,355 184,056 163,156 . 2,368 187,954 168,711 2,365 191,382 169,836 . 2,400 193,655 174,885 . 2,437 196,731 171,102 707 76-9 905 79-3 1,039 79-8 1.107 83-4 1,234 83-9 1,270 87-1 1,331 89-3 1,493 88-9 1,555 89-2 1,603 I 90-1 I 1,628 90-0 ! 1,591 88-0 1,501 89-8 1,383 88-7 1,366 90-3 1,606 87-0 1,675 454 1,161 118 332 450 656 1,561 159 571 730 887 1,926 219 694 913 1,096 2,203 238 825 1,063 1,370 2,604 229 831 1,060 1,726 2,996 147 552 699 2,021 3,352 161 476 637 2,351 3,844 179 528 707! 2,550 4,105 162 476 638) I 2,659 4,262 142 474 616) 2,820 4,448 139 470 609! 3,077 4,668 141 485 626! 3,209 4,710 137 519 656! 3,224 4,707 132 517 649! 3,452 4,818 123 523 i 646! 3,394 5,000 123 503 ! 626! 3,500 5,175 114 466 j 580« 332 571 694 825 831 552 476 528 476 474 470 485 519 517 523 503 466 450 730 913 1,063 1,060 699 637 707 § 6388 616§ 609§ 6268 656§ 649§ 646§ 626§ 580§ * Average of three quarters. 1 Strict average. t Working average. §Exclusi'e of 580 probationers.
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The following figures represent the total number of children (of whom the average weekly roll number was given above) in average attendance at registered schools giving primary instruction : — Public schools (excluding secondary departments of district 1919. 1920. high schools) .. .. .. .. # .. 172,610 168,816 Native village and mission schools .. .. .. 4,632 4,861 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 18,472 19,162 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 608 688 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 196,322 193,527 Classification, Age, and Examination of Pupils. (Tables CI and C 2 in E.-2.) Classification and Age of Pupils. The classification of the pupils is for the most part carried out by the teachers, and Inspectors of Schools report that on the whole the task is well performed. In small country schools local influence brought to bear upon the teacher sometimes results in children being promoted too soon. One result of the work of the organizing teachers is, however, a more uniform classification in the small schools under their supervision. There is still a general tendency to retard pupils in the preparatory classes ; on the other hand, it is reported that the retardation in S5 previously remarked upon is not so evident. Retardation of the brighter pupils is frequently found, the opportunity of promoting such children twice in a year, especially in the lower classes, not being sufficiently taken advantage of. There is reason to suspect that examination results sometimes influence the teacher to the detriment of the advance of the more clever pupils. The question of retardation is at present receiving the attention of the Department, the necessity of the time spent in the primary school being used to the pupil's greatest advantage being recognized, as a most important matter. Standard tests of mental efficiency suitable for New Zealand children will require to be devised, and although the work which is now being entered upon by a special committee presents many difficulties, the Department has every assurance that the results to be attained will fully compensate the work and trouble involved. The following table shows the classification of pupils of primary schools, the numbers between the heavy horizontal lines representing children regarded as of normal classification, those above the upper lines children brighter than the average, and those below the lower lines children below normal classification :
Classified Return of the Numbers on the Rolls of Public Schools at the end of 1920, excluding Secondary Departments of District High Schools.
Note. —The number of 86 pupils in this table differs from that shown in Table C 2 in X.-2 for the reason that pupils who did the work of S6 but left before the end of the year are included in this table.
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On the assumption that school life is commenced at the age of five years and that two years are spent in the preparatory classes and one year in each standard, pupils should, be eight years old at the end of a year in Si, nine years old in 82, &c. In the above table pupils are regarded as below normal classification if they are nine years of age or over in Si, and so on ; and it must be admitted that the large number coming under this heading is arresting—in fact, more than half of the pupils are below normal classification. The following figures show the position for each standard : —
While 51 per cent, of the pupils are one year or more below normal classification' about 20 per cent, are two years or more below. Beginning school life at a later age than five years doubtless accounts to a great extent for the high ages of the pupils, and other causes beyond the teachers' control are irregular attendance, migration from school to school, and mental backwardness. It is well, however, to keep the fact steadily in view that large numbers of children are much older than they should be for the classes they are in, and everything possible should be done to avoid the waste of time and opportunity represented by such retardation. The fact is not to be overlooked, of course, that modern investigation, goes to show that children should be classified less according to age than according to educational ability, which varies at the different ages more than was previously supposed. There is, therefore, always the danger to be avoided of forcing a backward child to attempt work beyond its ability, but it is probable that in. our schools the tendency is to err in the other direction, not only backward children being retarded owing to the lack of special attention, but what is now regarded as a much more serious matter —the children with more than average ability being denied the opportunity of progressing at the faster rate suitable to their capabilities. The following are the average ages of the pupils in the several classes at the end of the year's instruction : — 1919. 1920. Yrs. mos. Yrs. rrros. Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..71 71 Class SI .. .. .. .. .. ..9 0 9 1 „ S2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 1 10 2 „ S3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 3 11 3 „ S4 12 3 12 3 „ S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 1 13 1 „ S6 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 11 13 11 Mean of average age .. .. 9 10 9 10 The average figures are practically the same as for many years past; the results from the various education districts also still show an unaccountable range, difference amounting to as much as seven months in several classes. Detailed figures may be found in Table C 4 in E.-2. The average age of the pupils at the end of the year S6 is being freely criticized. Careful comparison with the position in other States goes to show that although the age may be too high in New Zealand, it is not higher than prevails elsewhere when equal standards of work are attained. Children leaving the primary schools at lower ages in other countries do so with a smaller equipment for entering upon secondary work. The matter of shortening the primary-school course so as to enable qualified pupils to enter
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Class. Normal Classification. Abovo Normal Classification. Below Normal Classification. Class P „ SI „ S2 „ S3 „ S4 „ S5 „ S6 Per Cent. 39 37 33 34 35 38 Per Cent. 14 12 12 12 13 16 Per Cent. 21 47 51 55 54 52 46 Classes S1-S6 36 13 51
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upon an intermediate secondary course at an earlier age is now under investigation by the Department, and it is hoped shortly to present a draft scheme for discussion by educational authorities with a view to some advance being made in the near future. A record is kept of the percentages of children in the various classes and of the various ages, the percentage of pupils in the preparatory classes being in 1920 34-85 per cent, of the whole number—a very slightly lower figure than that for the previous year. Any reduction in this figure is welcomed as one sign that the retardation suspected in these classes is being overcome. The fact still remains, however, that at the end of the year 21 per cent, of the pupils were eight years of age and over, and 6 per cent, nine years of age and over. Children leaving School before passing S6. A matter for serious concern, commented on in previous years, is revealed in the classification tables, which show a great discrepancy between the number of pupils in Si and in S6. In 1915 there were 22,896 children in Si, the majority of whom, allowing for various contingencies, should have been in S6 in 1920. It appears, however, that there were only 14,084 pupils, or 61 per cent, of the number, in S6 in 1920, so that 39 per cent, of the pupils left school without doing the work of S6, and similarly 19 per cent, left school before completing the S5 syllabus. The actual number of children who left school in 1919 without having passed S6 was 5,169 — half as many as left having passed that standard. The standard of work reached in S6 is the least educational equipment that a child should have before taking up its life's work, so that the provision of the Education Amendment Act of 1920, making it compulsory for a child to attend some school until the age of fifteen years instead of fourteen as at present, will, when it comes into force, be beneficial in reducing this large number of insufficiently educated children. The provision of free places at technical schools offering training in subjects related to industrial occupations to specially recommended pupils who have not passed S6, has been of some assistance to such children, about six hundred free places of this kind being taken up in 1920. Examination of Pupils. Although examination results are no longer regarded as the best and only indication of the value of the work of teacher and scholar, they nevertheless doubtless serve to some extent to gauge the accuracy, thoroughness, and application with which the school-work has been carried out. Inspectors of Schools realize to-day that their work embraces something more important than merely applying the measure, and that demonstrations and assistance to the teacher in following the best methods of developing the child are of more value than merely testing the amount of information that has been imparted to it. As part of their duty, wherever possible, they conduct personally the S6 examinations, awarding proficiency and competency certificates. In the case of small schools it is often necessary to conduct synchronous examinations under the Inspector's supervision ; the latter method, however, is not favoured by Inspectors, who have little opportunity other than by an examination of written answers of estimating the ability and educational standard of the individual pupils. The examinations resulted in 10,618 certificates of proficiency being awarded, the number representing 70 # 5 per cent, of the S6 roll, and 2,176 certificates of competency, representing 14*5 per cent, of the roll. Of the latter certificates, 312 were endorsed for merit in science or in handwork. The percentage of proficiency certificates awarded was 2-2 greater than in 1919, and the percentage of competency certificates I*s less, so that the average results for the two years do not show any wide difference. The range difference in the results for the various districts was not so great as in the previous year, although the fact still calls for remark that the percentage of proficiency certificates awarded was as high as 80-2 in one district and ranged in the various districts down to a figure as low as 62-5 in one education district. The opinion is expressed, however, that the results are not to be taken as a reliable indication of the relative efficiency of the work of the districts, depending as they do partly on a natural fluctuation and partly on the unavoidable difference in standard set up by the Inspectors.
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Registered Primary Private Schools. (Table Dl in E.-2.) The number of primary private schools (excluding private schools for Natives referred to elsewhere) registered under the Education Act, 1914, and returning statistics at the end of the year was 221 in 1920, as compared with 212 in 1919. The schools are inspected by the Department's Inspectors and the pupils examined for the S6 proficiency and competency certificates ; in this way it is ensured that children not attending public schools, wherein the State is willing to provide for them, are receiving adequate instruction elsewhere. There are still a certain number of unregistered private schools, and although there is at present no legal authority to prevent the holding of such schools, nevertheless the children in attendance are not complying with the requirements of the Education Act to attend some registered school, and their parents are liable to a penalty. The following are statistics relative to registered primary private schools : — Number of schools . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 221 Roll number at end of year —Boys .. .. .. .. 9,935 Girls .. .. .. ~12,258 22,193 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 19,162 Children under seven years of age .. .. .. .. .. 3,863 Children from seven to eleven years of age .. .. .. .. 9,599 Children from eleven to thirteen years of age .. .. ~-. .. 4,882 Children from thirteen to fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. 3,159 Children over fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 690 Number of teachers —Males .. .. .. .. .. 66 Females .. .. .. .. 642 708 Average number of pupils per teacher .. .. .. .. 27 Table Dl in E.-2 gives particulars of the schools in the various districts. A list of registered private schools is published annually in the New Zealand Gazette. Conveyance and Board op Scholars. Free passes on the railway to the nearest public or private school are granted to children living near to the railway-line but out of reach of a primary school, and the same privilege is enjoyed by pupils having to travel to attend secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools, and also by free-place holders travelling to attend technical schools or classes othan than technical high schools. Education Boards are also authorized to make provision when necessary for the conveyance of pupils to primary schools by road or water and to contribute towards the payment for board of children compelled to live away from home in order to attend school. The following are the rates payable by the Department under the various headings : — (a.) Sixpence per return trip for each child over five years of age : Provided that the home is not less than three miles from the school in the case of a child ten years of age or over, and not less than two miles in the case of a child under ten years. (6.) Sixpence per return trip for each child over five years of age conveyed by ferry, (c.) Eightpence per return trip for each child where the distance to be conveyed exceeds five miles. (d.) Two-thirds of the recognized rates in the case of a child using a horse or pony where the roads for wheel traffic are non-existent or are such as to be dangerous or impassible for vehicles. (c.) Five shillings a week for the board for each child over five years of age who has to live away from home in order to attend a public school. (/.) Half the amount expended by the Board on the conveyance and board of all children over five years of age in excess of the allowances received under (a), (b), (c), (d), and (c).
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The following represents the expenditure by the Department for the year 1920-21 on the above-named services : —
The total expenditure for the previous year was £38,836. The " School Journal." The School Journal is published by the Department every month (except in December and. January) for use as a supplementary reader in primary schools, and is still regarded as a useful and popular publication. In many cases it is being used as the chief reader. It is issued in three parts, suited to the varying capacities of the pupils in Standards I to VI inclusive, and is supplied free to all public schools, Native schools, special schools, and other institutions more or less under the Department's control or supervision. To a very large number of private schools it is supplied at cost price, with the result that over 16,000 copies of the School Journal are purchased monthly. Of the last issue of the School Journal for the year 1920 the number of copies printed was—Part I, 65,350 ; Part 11, 63,300 ; Part 111, 52,250 : total, 180,900. These numbers show an increase of 5,700 over those of the previous year. Owing to the increased cost of printing and of postage it was found necessary, in the middle of the year, to raise the price to purchasers, and the new rates are now Id. for each of Parts I and 11, and Ijd. for Part 111, the minimum charge for one of each part being 4s. 6d. per annum. In addition to reading-matter of a general character there have appeared in the School Journal articles dealing with national events, having particular reference to the history of our Empire and to the racial history of the European nations, in order that the complicated national aspirations of the many races of Europe might be more clearly understood. In the choice of poetry a different topic was selected for each month, and the views of our best poets obtained thereon. This was done in order to give some idea as to how it is intended in the Syllabus of Instruction that this subject should be treated, and if the various selections were compared and contrasted month by month, and the thought content and metre analysed, the children of the Dominion should have had an excellent opportunity of realizing what good poetry is. Included in the list of authors the following names are to be found : Mrs. Browning, Mrs. Hemans, Bryant, Burns, Byron, Cowper, Dickens, Gray, Keats, Longfellow, Lowell, Milton, Rossetti, Shakespeare, Shelley, Stevenson, White, Whittier, and Wordsworth. More recent writers are represented by Benson, Alfred Noyes, A. C. Swinburne, and Stephen Leacock. Unfortunately, the laws of copyright prevent a more liberal use of present-day prose and poetry. The outstanding feature of the year was the issue of a Special Souvenir Number in connection with the visit of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales, and this was greatly appreciated not only by the children and teachers of New Zealand, but also by many prominent people outside the Dominion, who wrote requesting extra copies. A special number was also devoted to topics suitable for Empire Day, and throughout the year every endeavour was made to give the children an admiration for truth and goodness in daily life and a high conception of patriotism and national service. Class-books and School and Class Libraries. The practice of former years of making grants for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries was continued in 1920. . These grants come under two heads : — (a.) A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance is paid to Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with
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supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class reading in P to S6 inclusive, and also for the free supply of classbooks in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil had already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision is made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, may be spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. (b.) Further to encourage the establishment and the satisfactory maintenance of school libraries provision is made for the payment of subsidies of £l for £l on moneys raised by voluntary contributions. In addition to this departmental subsidy a subsidy is payable by the Education Board, but the Board is not required to pay a sum exceeding 3d. for each child in average attendance at a school, or exceeding £5 for any one school. The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Senior Inspector. Precautions are taken to save parents from expense in purchasing new books on account of their moving from one district to another, and complaints on this matter are now rare. Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions. In addition to the subsidies mentioned above with respect to school libraries, under section 159 of the Education Act subsidies of £l for £l are payable on voluntary contributions for many other school purposes prescribed by regulation. The total amount approved as subsidies in connection with public schools for the financial year ending 31st March last was £10,003, a figure showing each year a substantial increase, and indicating that School Committees are becoming more fully aware that any efforts they may make in the direction of providing funds for improving their schools and grounds are recognized by the payment of a Government subsidy. By this means many schools have been enabled to carry out desirable works somewhat beyond their own unaided efforts, and the provision of the Act has served as an excellent stimulus to self-help. Physical Education. The Department has a staff of fifteen physical instructors and one Chief Instructor, who supervise and inspect the work of physical education. The instructors visited the large majority of the schools in 1920, inspecting the work of some 140,000 children. The work is reported to be well carried out in schools where the teachers have had sufficient training ; there is, however, much need for the further training of the teachers, many of whom have had no training at all, and others only a short course some years ago. A new syllabus of physical instruction has recently been issued which is considered an improvement in many respects on the previous syllabus, but which also necessitates further training for the teachers. The syllabus prescribes a period of fifteen minutes for physical instruction ; in other countries a longer period is given, and the opinion is expressed that an extension of the period in New Zealand would be beneficial. In schools where the best results are found more than the regulation time has been devoted to the subject. A decided improvement is reported in the physique of children—especially girls—who have regular physical training. Particular attention is paid to corrective classes, which are organized especially for children with some physical defect, and many children who would otherwise always suffer from some physical disability are assured to a great extent of attaining a normal physique. The physical instructors' best opportunity of disseminating a knowledge of the work is in the training colleges, where they are able to give the students a comprehensive training before they go out into the schools as teachers. Medical Inspection. The administration of the work of medical inspection of school-children and school dentistry has now been assumed by the Department of Public Health, and reference to the work carried out in 1920 will be found in the annual report of that Department.
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Manual Instruction. (Tables 01-03 in E.-2.) Under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1920, amendments were made in the regulations for manual and technical instruction providing for the classification of teachers of manual-training classes, defining their salaries, and making such salaries payable by the Department. The regulations relating to capitation payments for elementary handwork and subjects of manual training were also modified. A flat ca/pitation rate based on the total roll-number in an education district was prescribed for instruction in elementary handwork for 1920 ; it is intended in future, however, that the Department will provide the material required for this work, and no payments to Boards will then be necessary. For classes in manual training taken by the special instructors referred to, capitation payments will be made merely to cover the cost of material and incidental expenses. Elementary handwork in such subjects as modelling, paper and cardboard work, and brushwork is taught by the ordinary staff in practically every school of any size in the Dominion. The subject, which has an established place in the syllabus, is expected to be used as a means of expressing ideas and of training in clear thinking and accurate working, and also to be closely correlated with other subjects of the curriculum illustrating the abstract facts learned under the different branches of the syllabus. In 1,600 out of a total of 2,400 schools instruction was also given in some further branch of manual training. The boys of S5 and S6 (also S4 in small schools) in 536 schools received instruction from special teachers in woodwork or ironwork, there now being 114 specially equipped centres for this purpose. The girls of similar standards from 540 schools, who numbered 12,160 in 1920, also received instruction from special instructors in domestic subjects, including a comprehensive course in cookery and domestic hygiene. This instruction is also given at suitably equipped centres which correspond in number to the woodwork and ironwork centres. Subjects relating to agriculture or dairy-work were taught in 1,450 schools —sixty-six more than in the previous year. These subjects are generally taught by the regular staff under the supervision of itinerant instructors specially qualified in the work. Different branches of elementary science were taught in 131 schools (eleven more than in 1919) and swimming and life-saving at 122 schools, all of the classes mentioned being recognized under the regulations for manual instruction for special capitation payments. Science subjects bearing on rural pursuits are taught in the secondary departments of many district high schools, 1,680 pupils taking a rural course including such subjects in 1920. The special work is carried out for the most part by itinerant instructors. The special capitation payment previously made on account of pupils taking a rural course will, be discontinued under the new arrangements for the payment of instructors. Some of the district high schools where the rural course was most successfully followed have recently been converted into technical high schools. The following table gives some particulars of the cost to Education Boards of certain branches of manual instruction :—
The Department's total payments to Education Boards for the year 1920-21 on account of manual instruction amounted to £53,286.
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Staffs of Primary Schools. (Table El in E.—2.) The number of teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools in 1920 was 5,755, as compared with 5,626 in 1919. Of the total number, 5,175 were adult teachers (1,675 males and 3,500 females) and 580 were pupilteachers (114 males and 466 females). The increase in numbers took place in the adult staff, there being 69 more male teachers and 106 more female teachers than in 1919. There were 46 fewer pupil-teachers than in the previous year, but this decrease was more than compensated for in the increased number of probationers. In addition to the staff of adult teachers and pupil-teachers 580 probationers were employed—l 44 more than in 1919. Of the total, 95 were males and 485 were females, the number of males having increased by 50 per cent. The following table shows the number of adult teachers in each grade of school classified under the headings of sole, head, or assistant teachers : —
Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1920.
The number of pupils per teacher in the several grades or groups of schools is shown below, two pupil-teachers being counted as equivalent to one adult teacher, and probationers being disregarded : —
Total Average Average Number Attendance. of C * Ud ™" P 6r I eacher. Grades 111-VII (two or more teachers) .. .. .. 153,755 38 Grades V-VII (six or more teachers) .. .. .. 89,174 43 All schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 179,261 32 The average number of pupils per teacher in all schools remains at thirty-two, this comparatively low figure being dominated, of course, by the large number
I Assii Teac Solo Teachers. Head Teachers. stant jhers. Total Adult Teachers. Grade of School. M. F. M. F. M. E. F. Total. M. Grade 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) II. (21 -35) IIIa. (36-80) IIIb. (81-120) IV. (121-240) V. (241-400) VI. 401-480) VII. (over 480) 9 142 148 474 212 313 24 16 9 9 385 136 115 6 112 1 87 5 21 90 1 4 2 46 105 44 262 18 527 236 277 419 129 791 9 148 221 413 117 158 192 65 352 142 151 474 622 340 561 679 1,092 242 , 359 278 j 436 424 ! 616 129 | 194 792 1,144 All grades 393 945 819 158 463 2,397 1,675 3,500 5,175
Grade of School. T f. a } *"*"& Attendance. Average Number of Children per Teacher. Grade of School. Total Average Attendance. Average Number of Children per Teacher. 0. (1-8) .. 1,057 1. (9-20) .. 10,591 II. (21-35) .. 14,858 IIIa. (36-80) .. 29,904 IIIb. (81-120 j .. 12,355 IVa. (121-160) .. 8,094, IVb. (161-200) .. 7,475). IVo. (201-240) .. 5,753) Va. (241-280) .. 6,724 Vb. (281-320) .. 8,181 Vc. (321-360) .. 7,0371 Vix (361-400) .. 6,802J VIA. (401-440) .. 3,816) VIb. (441-480) .. 6,395) 6 15 27 27 32 39 VIIa. (481-520) .. VIIb. (521-560) .. VIIo. (561-600) .. VIId. (601-640) .. VIIe. (641-680) .. VIIp. (681-720) .. Vila. (721-760) .. VIIh. (761-800) .. VIIi. (801-840) .. VIIj. (841-880) .. VIIk. (881-920) .. VIIl. (921-960 .. 5,916] 4,701 7,886 9,058 7,180 I 4,118.1 5,273 2,981 1,609 588 909^ 44 42 45
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of small sole-teacher schools. The average number in the larger schools, as the above figures show, is considerably greater, being forty-three when schools with six or more teachers are taken together. This figure shows a reduction of two on the corresponding average for 1919, due no doubt to the provision made at the end of 1919 for slightly better staffing in the large schools. Each year it has been possible to make some small advance in the direction of staffing-conditions, and the amended regulations of 1920, while not prescribing an increase in the number of the staff, provided for the appointment of assistants of a higher grade than previously in schools of various sizes, thus ensuring in these cases a more efficient if not a more numerous staff. In the London County Council schools the average number of pupils per teacher is thirty-seven, 4,000 classes under one teacher being forty or less in number, 7,000 being between forty and fifty, and nearly 5,000 being between fifty and sixty. Although it is recognized that ideal conditions in this respect are still some distance off in New Zealand, the comparison with the London County Council schools, where a high standard is set, is not altogether unfavourable. With regard to the sex of public-school teachers, the figures below show the proportion of men and women teachers on the primary-school staff : — 1915. 1918. 1919. 1920. Eatio of adult male to adult female teachers— M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Schools with Ito 20 scholars .. .. .. 100 : 323 100 : 523 100 : 362 100 : 392 Schools with more than 20 scholars .. .. 100 : 176 100 : 227 100 : 193 100 : 190 All schools .. .. .. .. 100 : 193 100 : 253 100 : 211 100 : 209 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers 100 : 344 1.00 : 425 100 : 409 100 : 409 Ratio of male probationers to female probationers .. 100 : 647 100 : 688 100 : 603 100 : 511 Ratio of male students to female students in the training colleges .. .. .. 100 : 387 100 : 488 100 : 362 100: 333 With the exception of the sole-teacher schools in which there was a larger proportion of women than in 1919, and of the probationers and training-college students where the proportion of males has increased, the figures show little change from, those of the previous year. So long as the present proportion of men teachers is maintained — i.e., one in every three —the position in this respect may be regarded as entirely satisfactory ; it is, in fact, much better than obtains in most English-speaking countries. There has been some concern during the last few years at the dearth of young men entering the teaching profession, but an improvement will be observed in the proportion of males among the probationers and training-college students, and from later reports it appears that in the current year young men are applying in still larger numbers to enter the teaching service. Salaries of Primary Public-school Teachers. (Table E4 in li-2.) An amended scale of teachers' salaries was introduced in 1920, operating from April of that year, and providing salaries on the following basis : — Salary por Position held. Head teachers of schools with average attendance of-— £ £ 9-20 .. .. .. .. .. .. 180-210 21-35 .. .. .. .. .. .. 220-270 36-80 .. .. .. .. .. .. 280-310 81-120 .. .. .. .. .. .. 290-330 121-240 .. .. .. .. .. .. 330-360 241-400 .. .. .. .. .. .. 370-410 401-480 .. .. .. .. .. .. 420-440 Over 480.. .. .. .. .. .. 450-480 AssistantsGrade 1 .. .. 160-170 Grade 2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 180-190 Grade 2a .. .. .. .. .. 200-210 Grade 3 .. .. .. .. .. .. 200-230 Grade 4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 240-270 Grade 5.. .. .. .. .. .. 280-300 Graded .. .. .. .. .. .. 310-320 Grade 7 .. .. .. .. ' .. .. 330-350 Gradcß .. .. .. .. .. .. 360-400
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To the above amounts additions of from £20 to £60 are made according to the teacher's position on the graded list. Married assistant teachers also receive an additional allowance of £40 per annum. Head teachers either have the free use of a school residence or receive a house allowance of from £30 to £60 per annum. The following is the scale recently adopted by the London County Council, which employs 20,000 certificated teachers and 300 uncertificated teachers, and probably pays higher salaries than any other educational authority in England : — Certificated Assistant Teachers. Men, £200 to £425 ; women, £187 10s. to £340. Head Teachers. Schools Men. Women. Maximum Salary. Maximum Salary. £ £ Grade I (accommodation 1-120) .. .. 467 374 Grade II (accommodation 121-240) .. .. 510 408 Grade 111 (accommodation 241-400) .. .. 552 442 Grade IV (accommodation 401-560) .. .. 600 480 Grade V (accommodation over 560) .. . . 650 520 It will be observed that the salaries in the London scale apply only to certificated teachers, and it should also be noted that on the average men teachers spend twenty-two years in the service before becoming head teachers, amd women, nineteen years. When the additional amounts payable in New Zealand are included it will be seen that the scales do not differ widely. In New South Wales the following amounts represent the position quota : — £ £ Headmasters .. .. .. .. .. .. 299-403 Mistresses of departments .. .. .. .. .. 240-305 First assistants—Men .. .. .. .. .. 234-299 Women .. .. .. .. .. 188-240 Assistants—Men .. . . .. .. .. .. 208 Women .. .. .. .. .. 169 To these amounts should be added the classification quota, ranging in the case of men from £52 to £234, and in the case of women from £39 to £188. No other allowances are payable, and the value of a residence is deducted from the salary. The total amount of all salaries and allowances at the rates payable on the 31st December, 1920, in this Dominion was £1,513,066, showing the large increase of £251,352 over the amount for the previous year. The total is made up as follows: — £ Adult teachers'salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,351,216 Pupil-teachers'salaries and allowances .. .. .. .. 61,335 Probationers' allowances .. .. .. .. .. 59,365 House allowances to head or sole teachers where residence is not provided 41,150 £1,513,066 The above figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £44,420, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £8 13s. 9d. per head of the average attendance, as compared with £7 9s. lid. in 1919. The average salaries of adult teachers (including house allowances and value of residences) for the last three years are shown in the following table :— Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers. 1918. 1919. 1920. (I.) Teachers in all schools £ £ £ (a.) Men and women .. .. .. .. 187 240 278 (6.) Men 273 323 366 (c.) Women 153 201 235
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Average Salaries of Primary-school Teachers— continued. 1918. 1919. 1920. (2.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— £ £ £ (a.) Men and women .. .. .. .. 191 245 283 (b.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 273 324 367 (c.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 158 207 241 (3.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a.) Men and women .. .. .. .. 200 254 294 (6.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 286 339 382 (c.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 164 210 245 (4.) Head teachers — (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 319 380 432 (6.) Women .. .. .. .. . . 251 319 373 (5.) All sole teachers — (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 174 221 266 (6.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 143 193 221 (6.) Assistants— (a.) Men .. .. .. .. .. .. 257 301 336 (b.) Women .. .. .. .. .. 150 197 229 The very substantial increases indicated in the above figures are the result of the amended regulations which operated from April, 1919, and from April, 1920. In two years the average salaries have increased by amounts ranging from £79 to £113, and the total amount payable in salaries and allowances has increased by £577,886, or 62 per cent. The average salary of all teachers in England and Wales is estimated for the year 1920-21 at £230. The following table (which appears in greater detail in E.-2) gives some further information regarding the number of certificated teachers receiving certain salaries: —
As will be observed, the annual salaries of 79 per cent, of certificated male head or sole teachers exceed £350 ; 56 per cent, of the certificated women head or sole teachers (which approximately represents the number in schools above Grade II) receive salaries exceeding £300. Of the certificated male assistants 77 per cent, receive salaries exceeding £300, while of the certificated women assistants 98 per cent, receive salaries exceeding £180 per annum and 33 per cent, salaries exceeding £250 per annum. When the fact is taken into account that all certificated teachers who have just emerged from the training colleges or have just entered upon their service as adult teachers are included in the above figures, it must be conceded that the remuneration now offered to school-teachers is not altogether inadequate. The allowances of pupil-teachers and probationers were also again substantially increased in 1920, the following being the rates now payable to both : First year, £90 per annum ; second and third years, £95 per annum, with an additional £5 in the case of a male. In addition a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum is paid if the young person is obliged to live away from home, or a travelling-allowance not exceeding £10 per annum if daily travelling is necessary. It is reported that the increased emoluments offered have resulted in larger numbers of suitable candidates seeking entrance to the teaching service. Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. (Tables E2 and E3 in E.-2.) The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers holding teachers' certificates in the last three years :—■
Salaries (including Allowances and — Value of Residences.) I Certificated Sole and Head Teachers. Certificated Male Teachers. Mali lo Teachers. Assistants. Certificated Female Teachors. Solo and Head . . , . m , Assistants. teachers. Not exceeding £180 .. £181 to £250 £251 „ £300 £301 „ £350 £351 „ £400 Over £400 .. 11 57 132 318 423 4 44 51 115 127 84 2 55 171 150 119 24 36 1,180 344 202 50 4 Totals 941 521 1,816 425
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Primary Teachers in Public Schools.
The percentage of certificated teachers shows no increase, although it is reported that the recent provisions for using the graded list of teachers as the basis of making appointments and promotions is beginning to have a salutory effect in the direction of instigating uncertificated teachers to improve their status. The fact that the shortage of qualified teachers is now becoming less acute will also make it possible to bring pressure to bear upon teachers who are not attempting to improve their qualifications. If the teachers of schools with an attendance of twenty and under are excluded the percentage of certificated teachers becomes 81. The London County Council employs 20,000 certificated teachers and only 300 uncertificated teachers, so that it must be admitted that there is room for improvement in the average standard of attainment among New Zealand teachers. Of those holding certificates, 47 per cent, do not hold anything higher than a D certificate, which represents the lowest possible attainment that a teacher should have reached. This number is happily 2 per cent, lower than it was in the previous year. The following table shows the number of teachers holding the various certificates in 1919 and 1920 : —
Classes of Certificates held by Primary-school Teachers.
Training of Teachers. Tables E5-E7 in E.-2. Training Colleges. There are four training'colleges situated in the four principal centres of the Dominion, which are open to four classes of students, as follows : Division A, ex-pupil-teachers, ex-probationers, or ex-trainees of recognized kindergarten schools who have obtained the necessary educational qualification; Division B, other students who have passed Matriculation or obtained a higher leaving-certificate ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year; and Division D, teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students in attendance during the last quarter of 1920 under the various divisions were —Division A, 590; Division B, 67 ; Division C, 12; and Division D, 11 : the total being 680, as compared with 582 in 1919 and 500 in 1918 ; 387 students were first-year students and 293 were second-year students.
1918. PerNumbor. „„„*„„„ cen t ago. 1919. 1920. Number. , „ centage. Number. Percentage. I. Certificated teachers 3,426 71 3,577 -72 3,703 72 I. Uncertificated teachers— (1.) Holding licenses (2.) Unlicensed 107 1,285 2 27 122 1,301 2 26 86 1,386 2 26 Total uncertificated 1,392 29 1,423 28 1,472 28 Totals of I and II .. 100 4,818 100 5,000 100 5,175
Class of Certificate. M. I 1919. F. 1919. Total. M. F. 1920. Total. B I) E 38 186 622 419 38 38 186 622 419 38 8 64 885 1,102 215 8 64 885 1,102 215 4( 25( 1,501 1,521 25c 46 250 1,507 1,521 253 42 209 659 427 29 10 77 970 1,079 201 52 286 1,629 1,506 230 Total 1,303 I 2,274 2,274 3,571 3,577 2,337 3,703 1,303 1,366
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The number of students at each training college during the last quarter of 1919 and 1920 respectively are indicated in the following table : — , 1919, , , 1920. , Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 52 123 175 56 133 189 Wellington ... ... ... 26 126 152 39 135 174 Christchurch ... ... ... 21 108 129 26 117 143 Dunedin ... ... ... 27 99 126 36 138 174 Totals ... ... 126 456 582 157 523 680 The number of students is increasing every year, and since 1914 has increased by 58 per cent. The proportion of men students is also steadily growing, nearly 25 per cent, of the whole number being men in 1920. By an amendment in the regulations made in 1920 the number of students allowable at each training college was increased from 150 to 250, and it will be observed that in three cases the old maximum was exceeded in 1920. It may be stated that the number of students for the current year shows a very great increase over the number in 1920. The ordinary course of training is for two years. Under certain conditions a one-year course is provided for in the case of University graduates or of matriculated students who have completed a two-years course at an agricultural college or a school of home science recognized by the University of New Zealand. In addition, there are short-period studentships, of not less than three months' or more than one years' duration, for the benefit of teachers who have been already employed in teaching and are deemed worthy of further training in professional work, the allowances payable to such students being the same as those payable to students under Division B. The actual number of students completing one or other of these courses at the end of 1920 was 355, as compared with 271 in 1919. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are also extended so as to embrace specially selected teachers and classes in neighbouring schools. Each normal school includes — (a) a main school, organized as a " mixed school " ; and (b) such " model schools " as may be approved by the Minister, each model school being one of the following types : (i) A rural public school under a sole teacher ; (ii) a junior school under one teacher with not more than 45 children of classes PtoS2 on the roll; (iii) a class representing the secondary department of a district high school; (iv) a special class of children of school age ; (v) a junior kindergarten. Students receive their theoretical instruction from the training-college staff, and also attend University college classes to a considerable extent. A certain proportion of students attempt degree work in conjunction with their training-college work, although this double course is discouraged except in cases of specially suited students. Divisions A, B, and C students satisfactorily completing the prescribed course of work at the training college may, on the recommendation of the Principal, receive without further examination a trained-teachers' certificate ranking with the class C or Class D certificate, as may be determined. Of the 311 students beginning a two-years course in 1919, 4 held Class C certificates, 127 Class D certificates, and 137 held partial successes towards teachers' certificates at the time of entry ; and the following was the examination status of 355 students completing their course at the end of 1920 : Class A certificate, 6 ; Class B certificate, 37 ; Class C certificate with partial B, 49 ; partial C or D with partial B, 9 ; Class C, 1"0 ; Class D with partial C, 53 ; Class D, 20 ; sectional D and sectional C, 18 ; sectional C, 5 ; sectional or partial D, 7 ; no examination, 1. Amendments made in the regulations for training colleges in 1920 provided for further increases in the allowances payable to students, which are now as follows : Division A and C students, £100 per annum ; Division B and D students, £80 per annum. University class fees are paid in addition, and when necessary a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum or a travelling-allowance. These increased payments probably account to some extent for the greatly increased number of candidates for entrance to the training colleges, and it may be said they are as liberal as if not more liberal than those offered, in any other English-speaking country.
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In addition to the staffs of the normal practising schools the staff of each training college consists of a principal, vice-principal, one or more assistant lecturers, and a tutor and librarian. The salaries of these officers together with those of the normal-school staffs were increased by regulations made in 1920. The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1919-20 and 1920-21 for the training of teachers were as follows : — I. Training colleges— 1919-20. 1920-21. Salaries of staffs (two-fifths charged to public-school £ £ salaries) .. .. .. .. .. 21,418 20,478 Cost-of-living bonus .. .. .. .. .. 1,330 Students' allowances and University fees .. .. 56,967 89,156 Special instruction, libraries, and incidentals .. 1,420 1,027 Buildings, sites, and equipment .. .. .. 3,344 11,694 83,149 123,685 11. Other training— Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects of teachers other than training-college students .. 3,162 3,987 Railway fares of teachers .. .. .. 2,759 2,013 5,921 6,000 Totals .. .. .. .. £89,070 £129,685 Provision for Uncertificated Teachers. Apart from the provision for training colleges, a sum of £6,000, as shown above, was expended upon the maintenance of training-classes, railway fares, and upon correspondence courses for uncertificated teachers. The purposes for which the grants were made were : — (a.) Saturday instruction, classes in such subjects as science, drawing, singing, and handwork, attended by pupil-teachers, probationers, uncertificated teachers, and certificated teachers studying for a higher certificate. (b.) Special summer and winter schools of instruction for untrained and uncertificated teachers, (c.) Free correspondence classes are arranged by Education Boards for country teachers or alternatively the fees of teachers who join approved correspondence classes are paid. As the Department has not been entirely satisfied with the provision for and administration of this work the subject is at present receiving attention, and regulations for the future conduct of this branch of teachers' training are being drawn up. Supplementary Model Country Schools. Regulations were made at the end of 1920 providing for the establishment of supplementary model country schools for the purpose of giving training in the management of a country school (a) to young persons who intend to become teachers but are ineligible to enter a training college, (b) to teachers requiring further training. Only teachers who have shown special skill in managing a country school may be placed in charge of a model school of this type, and they will receive special remuneration. Teachers being trained in the school receive their full salary and other young persons receive an allowance. Several Education Boards are at present experimenting under this scheme, but it is as yet too early to report upon its success or otherwise. Organizing Teachers. The employment by Education Boards of organizing teachers, begun in 1919, was continued in 1920, twenty-six such teachers working in the various education districts. Their duty is to supervise closely the work of small groups of country schools placed under their charge, assisting the teachers in matters of organization, schemes of work, and method of teaching, and directing uncertificated teachers in their courses of study. Inspectors of Schools report very favourably on the success of the scheme, commenting on the marked improvement in the efficiency of small schools brought under this supervision. An extension of the system is advocated in districts where numbers of country schools are still unreached. The salaries of organizing teachers range from £370 to £430 per annum, in addition to which a house allowance of £60 per annum is payable.
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Grading of Teachers. The fourth revision of the graded list of certificated teachers has taken place, and the regulations for the grading of teachers again amended in certain directions. With each revision it is felt that a nearer approach is made to obtaining a list of teachers placed in the right order of merit and to securing a correct classification. By the provisions of the Education Amendment Act of 1920, Education Boards are required, with certain reservations, when appointing or transferring teachers, to select the candidate who is highest on the graded list of teachers; the object of the graded list will thus now be attained, teachers in every education district having an equal opportunity of securing any primary-school position in the Dominion and generally having a good guarantee that merit will be duly rewarded. Finances of Education Boards. (Tables Fl-F3 in E.-2.) The following figures show the receipts and payments of Education Boards for the years 1919 and 1920 under the various headings : —
The payments in 1920 exceeded the receipts by £59,884, the Boards' cash balances being less by that amount at the end of the year than they were at the beginning. The total cost of administration shows an increase of £9.623 over the cost for the previous year, and as the Government grants for this purpose were adjusted so as to make ample provision on the basis of the 1919 expenditure the result is that, without taking into account transfers to special accounts from the General Fund, there was a deficit of £5,784 on the year's working on this account alone. In the case of two Boards only the receipts were greater than the payments, and it should be mentioned that while in one district of moderate size the cost of administration was 4-6s. per head of the average attendance, it ranged in the various districts to a cost as high as 7-02s. in one district, the average cost per head of all the districts being 5 - 71s. Both the receipts and payments on account of the conveyance and board of school-children were greater than in the previous year, the receipts exceeding the payments by £841. Three Boards found it necessary to make transfers from the General Fund. In only one case, however, was this due to the payments for the year exceeding the receipts; in the other cases it was owing to previous cash debit balances not having been met by corresponding assets. The total amount of all such transfers was £1,063. The more liberal provision for incidental expenses of schools resulted in greater receipts and payments in this account than previously. The payments exceeded
1919. 192 10. Receipts. Payments. Receipts. Payments. General fund expended on administration Teacher's salaries and allowances (including relieving teachers School and class libraries—Capitation and subsidies Conveyance and board of school-children Incidental expenses of schools Training of teachers Manual instruction Technical instruction Public-school buildings (including rebuilding) and sites Maintenance and rent of school buildings Subsidies and voluntary contributions, scholarships, refunds, &c. Receipts from local sources £ 47,863 1,278,842 £ 38,003 1,281,942 £ 41,842 1,525,892 £ 47,626 1,530,561 3,633 11,972 83,301 79,801 51,884 97,427 91,053 1,494 16,715 83,360 79,703 63,095 100,823 106,296 810 20,147 87,454 103,537 69,251 133,372 266,760 2,028 19,306 87,824 107,968 81,573 147,862 300,350 139,106 17,386 124,448 33,678 106,114 25,588 130,240 34,667 46,988 49,357 Totals .. 1,949,256 1,929,557 2,430,124 2,490,007
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the receipts by £370, and in order to balance the account three Boards transferred substantia] amounts from the general Fund, the highest amount transferred being £631, and the total amount transferred by all Boards being £1,222. Although in the case of the Manual Instruction and Technical Instruction Accounts the payments exceeded the receipts by large sums, the position, when the amounts owing to the Boards are taken into consideration, is much better. In the Manual Instruction Account five Boards have credit balances amounting in all to £5,000, and in the case of four Boards transfers from the General Fund amounting in the total to £2,000 were necessary, in the case of one Board the overexpenditure being in connection with, a building for manual instruction. In the case of the Technical Instruction Account seven Boards have credit balances amounting in all to £4,800, transfers from the General Fund totalling less than £500 being necessary to clear the accounts of the remaining two Boards. The payments for sites, new buildings, and rebuilding exceeded the receipts by £33,590. The Boards, however, had large sums owing to them, amounting to nearly £37,000, so that no loss was sustained on the accounts. In only two cases were very small transfers made to the New Buildings Account in order that the account should not be in debit; in two cases there were small credit balances. In three cases the credit balance in the Rebuilding Account was reduced owing to legitimate charges or transfers. The total credit balance in the Rebuilding Account was £145,000. In the Maintenance of Buildings Account some of the Boards have apparently experienced greater difficulty in making the revenue meet the expenditure, in spite of the fact that maintenance grants were again increased in 1920. In six cases the net credit balance was reduced on the year's transactions —in one case by over £5,000 and in another case by nearly £12,000 ; the reductions in the remaining cases were comparatively small. Previous credit balances obviated the necessity of making transfers to the account, except in the case where the largest deficit occurred, in which instance some adjustment will require to lie made to extinguish the debit balance on the account at the end of the year. The Education Amendment Act of 1920 invested Boards with the power of making (with the approval of the Minister) the necessary expenditure out of the General Fund or the fund for the maintenance of school buildings on workshop and plant and on the purchase of material, fittings, and furniture for school purposes. When it is ascertained to what fund the expenditure on the last-named articles is properly chargeable such charge is made to the proper fund together with reasonable charges for the workshop and plant. Some Boards now have workshops in operation, and are keeping Workshop Accounts in accordance with the provisions of the Act referred to. Six Boards had cash credit balances at the end of 1920, and three had debit balances, the largest debit being £1,824 and the highest credit £56,926 ; the total cash credit balance of all Boards was £98,930. When the amounts owing to and by the Boards are taken into account it is found that all Boards' accounts were in credit, the credit balances ranging from £2,719 to £87,326, and the total credit being £186,000. Of this sum nearly £143,000 is earmarked for the purpose of rebuilding worn-out schools and schools destroyed by fire. Education Reserves. The Education Reserves Amendment Act of 1914 provides for the revenue received from primary-education reserves to be paid by the Receiver of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a special deposit account called " The Primary Education Endowments Deposit Account." The moneys so received are applied without further appropriation than the Act mentioned towards the payment of amounts charged on the Consolidated Fund for the purposes of primary education. The revenue from this source during the year 1920-21 was £91,543. Kindergarten Schools. The Education Act does not provide for the establishment of State kindergarten classes, except in the case of practising schools attached to the four teachers' training colleges, in each of which a kindergarten class of not more than forty pupils may be included.
.—1
Kindergarten schools under the control of free kindergarten associations are, however, conducted at each of the four chief centres, the total number of children in attendance being approximately 550. The Government pays a subsidy of £l ss. to the pound upon moneys raised by voluntary contribution for the maintenance of these schools up to a limit of £3 2s. 6d. per head of the average attendance, the total amount paid on this account in the year 1920-21 being £1,676. In addition, a pound-for-pound subsidy is paid on moneys raised for buildings, sites, or initial equipment for the schools ; the sum paid in this manner for the last financial year being £1,363. Education of Native Children. (See also E.-8, Education of Native Children.) Number of Schools. Special primary schools are maintained by the Government for the education particularly of Native children, the schools being under the direct control of the Education Department. Native schools are situated in country districts principally settled by Maoris, all excepting two being in the North Island. At the end of 1920 119 such schools were in operation, the same number as in the two previous years. The schools were graded as follows : — Grade I (average attendance 9-20) .. .. .. .. ..13 „ II i (average attendance 21-25) .. .. .. .. .. 7 „ II ii (average attendance 26-35).. .. .. .. ..16 ~ lIIa i (average attendance 36-50) .. .. .. 30 ~ [lla ii (average attendance 51-80) .. .. .. ..31 „ lIIb (average attendance 81-120) .. .. .. ..22 ~ IVa (average attendance 121-160) 119 In addition to the Native village schools, six primary mission schools for Maori children and ten boarding-schools established by private enterprise, the latter affording more advanced education to Maoris, were inspected by the Department's Inspectors. In districts more or less settled by Europeans, Native children attend the ordinary public schools, 568 of these schools having some Maori children in attendance in 1920 ; thus the total number of schools under inspection where Maori children were receiving instruction was — Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. ..119 Native mission schools subject to inspection by the Education .Dejrartment .. 6 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance .. .. .. 568 Total number of primary schools .. .. .. .. 693 Native boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. .. 10 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..703 Roll Number and Attendance. The number of pupils on the rolls of Native village schools at the end of 1920 was—Boys, 2,917 ; girls, 2,591 : total, 5,508 —310 more than in the previous year. Included in these numbers are 385 boys and 342 girls who are Europeans, leaving a total of 4,781 Maori children, or 231 more than in 1919. The following figures refer to attendance at Native schools : — m 9 1920 Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. .. 5,198 5,508 Average weekly roll number .. .. .. ..5,190 5,416 Average yearly attendance .. .. .. .. 4,485 4,639 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 86-4 85-7 A considerable increase is observable in the roll number and average attendance compared with the previous year, the greater part of the increase being in the number of Maori scholars. The regularity of attendance compares well with that of public schools for 1920, serious epidemics affecting the position, in. both cases. Of 119 Native village schools thirty-seven attained a percentage regularity of 90 and upwards, and ninety-four schools reached the figure of 80 per cent, or over.
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The number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools at the end of 1920 was 267, and on the rolls of the Native boarding-schools 474. The total number of children on the roll, at the end of the year, of Native village, mission, and boarding-schools visited and inspected by the Inspectors of this Department was therefore 6,249. The following are the figures for the years 1919 and 1920 in respect of the three classes of Native schools mentioned :■ — ' r 1919. 1920. Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. .. 5,799 6,249 Combined average weekly roll number .. .. .. 5,803 6,134 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 5,036 5,277 The following table records the development of the Native village schools since the year 1881, when they were transferred to the control of the Education Department ; no account is taken of schools which, as the European clement has become • predominant in them, have been handed over to the various Education Boards : —
Native Village Schools. —Number, Attendance, and Teachers.
In addition to the Maori children in attendance at the schools specially instituted for Natives there were 5,086 Natives attending 568 different public schools at the end of 1920, the number exceeding the Maori pupils attending Native village schools. The majority of these pupils are in the North Island, more than half of them being in the Auckland District. Details as to their age and classification are given in Table H5 in E.-3, from which it may be seen that the great majority of the pupils are in the lowest classes, the proportion reaching S5 and S6 being much smaller than in the case of Maori scholars attending the Native village schools. The total number of Maori children receiving primary education at the end of 1920, including pupils of Native village schools, mission schools, and public schools, was 10,134. Classification of Pupils. Table H6 and H7 in E.-3 show in detail the classification of pupils on the rolls of the Native schools. As will be seen, 83-8 per cent, of the pupils were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 3 per cent, were Maoris speaking English in their homes, and 13-2 per cent, were Europeans. The average age of the Native pupils in the various classes is higher than in public schools, although not more so than the peculiar condition and habits of life of the Native would account for. The proportion of pupils in the lower classes is also greater than in the case of public schools, not so many children remaining at school to pa,ss the upper standards. Compared with the Maoris in attendance at public schools, however, the pupils of Native schools are younger in their classes and much more successful in reaching the higher standards. The following table shows in summary form the classification of pupils in Native schools, the percentages of pupils in the various classes in public schools
4—E. 1.
Number of Teachers. Number of Schools at End of Year. Average AttendYear. Mean of Average Weekly Roll. Average Attendance: Whole Year. ance as Percentage of Weekly Roll. Teachers in Charge. Assistant Teachers. Male. Female. Male. Female. 1881 1886 1891 1896 1902 1907 1912 1917 1919 1920 60 69 66 74 98 99 108 118 119 119 2,343 2,395 2,874 3,650 4,321 4.644 5,191 5,190 5,416 1,406 2,020 1,837 ' 2,220 3,005 3,561 4,042 4.507 4,485 4,639 86-2 76-7 77-3 82-3 82-4 87-0 86-8 86-4 85-7 U 60 59 04 77 82 86 71 73 73 6 9 8 11 20 18 22 45 44 46 1 2 4 9 7 9 4 26 26 61 83 105 122 122 115 125
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and in the case of Natives attending public schools being also shown for comparison :—
The inspection of Native schools was carried out in 1920 by two Inspectors of Native Schools, the experiment of having the schools inspected by the Inspectors of Public Schools having been abandoned. The efficiency of the schools, generally speaking, is reported as being very satisfactory indeed, the Inspectors' detailed criticisms and remarks going to show that as high a standard of excellence is aimed at as is achieved in public schools. There is little doubt that in point of efficiency Native schools compare favourably with public schools of similar size. The schools were classified by the Inspectors as follows : — Very good to excellent .. .. .. .. .. .. 47 Satisfactory to good . . .. .. .. .. .. 63 Inferior to weak .. .. . . .. .. . . .. 9 The pupils of S6 were examined for the award of certificates of proficiency and competency, sixty-five of the former and twenty-eight of the latter certificates being awarded. Natives attending Public Schools. There is no reason to depart from the opinion expressed in previous reports that Maori children make better progress in schools specially instituted for their particular need than they do in the ordinary public schools. The public schools they attend are generally small sole-teacher schools in which it is impossible for the Maori pupils to receive the special attention in language-training they require, and thus they become seriously handicapped in almost every branch of school-work. Maoris at public schools also display a lack of interest and an irregularity of attendance not at all apparent when they are attending their own schools, with the result, remarked upon before, that they are found principally in the lower classes and are generally more backward than European pupils. Secondary Education and Free Places. The Government has not instituted any schools especially for the secondary education, of Maoris, but a number of such schools having been established and being maintained by the various denominational bodies, the Government subsidizes them by providing at them a number of scholarships or free places for Maori children possessing the requisite qualifications. The value of the free places is £30 per annum, and they are tenable for two years. The roll number of these schools (ten in number) at the end of 1920 was 474, of which number forty-eight boys and fifty girls held the free places referred to. One free place was also held at a private secondary school. The great majority of the scholars were ex-pupils of Native schools. The syllabus of work to be followed by free-place holders is prescribed by the Department, and is designed to secure such industrial training as is considered desirable in the case of Maoris : the boys learn agriculture and woodwork,
p, jrcentage of Ri ill. ("lasses. Maoris attending Native Schools. Europeans attending Native Schools. Total attending Native Schools. fNative Schools. Public Schools. Natives attending Public Schools. 'reparatory .. Standard I 11 III IV v VI VII 2,320 546 591 515 357 273 154 25 239 80 88 77 79 75 67 22 2,559 626 679 592 436 348 221 47 46-5 11-4 12-3 10-7 7-9 6-3 4-0 0-9 34-85 12-72 12-10 12-23 11-34 9-73 6-92 0-11 54-7 15-0 11-5 8-7 5-5 2-9 1-5 0-2 Totals 4,781 727 100-0 100-00 100-0 5,508 I_ E 'ciency of the Schoo, Is.
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and the girls take a domestic course. The Makarini and Buller Scholarships were founded out of private bequests, and are tenable by Maori scholars at Te Aute College. One senior and one junior Makarini Scholarship and one Buller Scholarship were awarded in 1920. Senior free places are provided for boys in the form of industrial scholarships, which enable the holders to be apprenticed to suitable trades, but for some years past, unfortunately, there have been no candidates for these scholarships. Senior free places for girls take the form of nursing-scholarships. At the end of 1920 two girls had completed their course as day pupils, and were then to be engaged as probationers in public hospitals. Another scholarship-holder is now nearing the completion of her training as a nurse. University scholarships are available for Maoris possessing the necessary qualifications, one such scholarship being at present current and being held by a Maori engineering student studying at Canterbury College. Staffs and Salaries. The staffs of Native village schools in December, 1920, included seventy-three male and forty-six female head or sole teachers and 144 assistants, of whom nine were males, making a total of 263 teachers. The amended regulations of 1920 provided for further increases in the salaries of Native-school teachers, with the result that the average salaries show a substantial increase over those of the previous year. The great advance that has taken place in salaries since 1914 is made clear in the following figures indicating the average salaries for the years shown : — 1914. 1918. 1919. 1920. £ £ £ £ Male head or sole teachers .. .. .. 180 212 275 310 Female head or sole teachers . . . . 144 164 219 236 All head or sole teachers .. .. .. 172 194 254 281 Male assistants .. .. .. ••!««] 82 llf > 124 Female assistants .. .. .. .. ) \ 90 116 139 The increases since 1914 range from 63 to 109 per cent., and the salaries now payable must be regarded at least as approaching what may be deemed adequate remuneration. In the majority of Native schools husband and wife both teach, drawing separate salaries, and in addition to salary they either receive a house allowance or have a residence provided. The total expenditure on salaries and allowances for the year ended 31st March, 1921, was £53,712, as compared with £46,032 in 1919 and £29,148 in 1914. Expenditure. The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1921, was £71,430. The chief items of expenditure were teachers' salaries and allowances, £53,712 ; new buildings and additions, £4,284 ; maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c, £4,746 ; secondary education, £2,512 ; books and school requisites, £1,907. SECONDARY EDUCATION. (See also E.—6, Secondary Education.)
Numbee of Schools. (Table Xl in E.-6.) Schools affording education of a secondary nature are established in every centre of any importance in the Dominion, and are of the following types : Secondary schools, technical high schools, district high schools, private secondary schools, and Maori secondary schools. The majority of the district high schools are in the country centres, the secondary schools and technical high schools being in the larger towns and cities. The secondary schools, which are under the control of twenty-seven separate controlling authorities, may be classed as follows : — (a.) Endowed secondary schools included in the Ninth Schedule to the Education Act, 1914 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 32 (6.) Secondary schools without endowments established in the manner provided by section 88 of the Education Act, 1914 .. .. .. .. 5 (c.) Endowed secondary schools within the meaning of the Act, but not included above .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. ..39
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Of the thirty-nine secondary schools, thirteen are for boys, thirteen for girls, and nine are mixed schools. Four of the schools under (a) are not in operation — namely, Akaroa, Greymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate. At these places secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of district high schools, ot which the High School Boards supply some financial assistance. The number of district high schools in 1920 was fifty-nine, technicail high schools nine, Maori secondary schools ten, and private secondary schools registered under the Education Act, 1914, eighteen, making a total of one hundred and thirtyone schools affording secondary education. A separate secondary school for girls was opened at Palmerston North. Roll and Attendance. (Tables Xl, K2, and Ll in E.-O.) The total number of pupils attending the thirty-five secondary schools included under (a), (b), and (c) above at the end of 1919 and 1920 respectively was — , 1919.— , , 1920. , Boys. Girls. Totals. Boys. Girls. Totals. Roll (exclusive of lower departments).. 5,054 4,014 9,068 5,246 3,950 9,196 Number in lower departments .. 392 294 686 454 361 815 Totals .. .. .. 5,446 4,308 9,754 5,700 4,311 10,011 The roll number, excluding the lower departments, shows an increase of 128 over the figure for the previous year, there being 192 more boys and 64 fewer girls. The number of new entrants was 242 less than in 1919, the decrease being in the number of girls. The roll number on Ist March, which is regarded as the highest roll number during the year, was 10,080. The following are some of the figures in connection with the roll and attendance of schools in which secondary education is given : — (a.) Secondary Schools (Lower Departments excluded). Roll number at end of 1920. ! . ■.. .. .. .. .. 9,196 Roll number, Ist March, "1920 .. .. .. .. ..10,080 Average attendance for the year 1920 .. .. .. .. 9,130 Number of new entrants, 1920 .. .. .. .. .. 4,183 f Number of first-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,500"] j Number of second-year pupils .. .. . . . . . . 2, 780 I j Number of third-year pupils.. .. . . .. . . .. 1, 609 \ [Number of fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-year pupils .. .. .. 1,307J | Number of pupils at end of year under thirteen years of age . . . . 70"] | Number of pupils at end of year between thirteen and fourteen years ol age 596 j < Number of pupils at end of year between fourteen and fifteen years of age 2,250 J> | Number of pupils at end of year between fifteen and sixteen years of age .. 2,814 j of pupils at end of year over sixteen years of age .. .. 3,466J (b.) Secondary Departments oe District High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1920 .. .. .. .. ..2,157 Mean of average weekly roll —Boys, 1,218 ; girls, 1,325 : total .. . . 2,543 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,286 Number of new entrants from public primary schools .. .. .. 1,528 f Number of first-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,143") < Number of second-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. 601 > of third-year pupils.. .. .. .. . . .. 413J (c.) Technical High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1920—Boys, 1,485 ; girls, 1,281 : total .. 2,766 f Number under thirteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 95") j Number between thirteen and fourteen years of age .. .. .. 548 I "I Number between fourteen and fifteen years of age .. .. . . 963 | over fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 1,160j (d.) Registered Private Secondary Schools. Number on roll at end of 1920—Boys, 664 ; girls, 775 : total .. .. 1,439 Average attendance, 1920 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,374 f Number under thirteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 36"| j Number between thirteen and fourteen years of age .. .. .. 102 1 | Number between fourteen and fifteen years of age .. .. .. 300 [ over fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. .. 1,001 J Number of teachers—Male, 37 ; female, 31 : total . . .. .. 68 (c.) Secondary Schools for Maoris. Number on roll at end of 1920 .. .. .. .. .. 474 Average attendance, 1920 .. .. .. .. .. .. 415
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The total number of children, therefore, receiving secondary education in 1920 was 16,418. Of 10,026 children who left the primary schools having passed S6 in 1919, 1,528 entered the secondary departments of district high schools, 4,183 secondary schools, and 1,503 technical high schools : hence a total of 7.214 children, or 71 per cent, of the children mentioned, entered upon a course of secondary education. The number represents 47 per cent, of the total number of pupils leaving the public schools in 1919, of whom a third had not passed S6. In addition to the children enumerated 2,189 proceeded from the primary schools to evening technical classes; of these, 1,614 had passed S6, and 575 had not done so. The average length of stay of boys at secondary schools (group (a) above) is two years and nine months, and of girls two years and seven, months. The following figures show the percentage of children leaving the secondary schools at the stages indicated :— Boys. Girls. (a.) Percentage leaving at end of first year or during second year .. 22 28 (&.) „ second „ third „ .. 28 26 (c.) „ third „ fourth „ ..18 18 (d.) „ fourth „ fifth „ ..19 20 (c.) ~ fifth ~ sixth ~ . . 9 6 (/.) Percentage remaining at end of sixth year .. .. .. 4 2 The figures are not quite so good as those of last year, there being no apparent tendency to lengthen the period of stay at secondary schools ; little else can be expected, unless compulsion is exercised, while the age of the pupils remains as high as it is. It is found that the average age of entrants is fourteen, years, three-quarters of the entrants being between the ages of thirteen and fifteen years. At the beginning of the year one-thirteenth of the pupils in the schools are under fourteen years of age, three-thirteenths are between fourteen and fifteen years, four-thirteenths are between fifteen and sixteen years, and five-thirteenths are over sixteen years of age. It is clear that the most effective method of increasing the period of secondary education is to lower the age at which it is entered upon. This question, which involves the reduction of the primary-school syllabus, is at present receiving the study and attention of the Department. The opinion is expressed in a recent report of the English Departmental Committee on Scholarships and Free Places that the best age for transfer from the elementary to the secondary school is between eleven and twelve, and rather later if a junior technical school is going to be entered. The one year's instruction for which 25 per cent, of the pupils remain at secondary schools can be of little value, as it means that only a beginning is made in the study of several new subjects, if such pupils had begun upon a specially adapted secondary course at an earlier age it is most probable that they would have been able to leave school at the same age as at present with a much more efficient educational equipment. Curriculum of Secondary Schools and District High Schools. Although there are no departmental regulations directly governing the curriculum of secondary schools, the regulations defining the subjects of instruction to be taught to free-place holders and the prescribed syllabuses of the various public examinations to a large extent control the character of the courses of work undertaken. Instruction must be provided for junior-free-place holders in English, history and civics, arithmetic, mathematics, a branch of science, and in two additional subjects which may be one or two foreign languages, science subjects, or some such subject as commercial work, woodwork, drawing, &c. The study of home science is compulsory for every girl holding a junior free place. The Department's Inspectors of Secondary Schools visit all secondary schools inspecting the work, conferring with the teachers on teaching matters, and discussing with the Principals details of organization and method. The work of the pupils is also inspected —frequently by means of written or oral tests- for the a,ward of senior free places and of lower and higher leaving-certificates. Besides the general or professional course, special courses are now provided at most secondary schools for pupils not intending to follow an academic or professional career. The study of Latin is generally excluded from such courses,
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which frequently have a commercial, agricultural, or domestic bias. From an examination of the subjects taken by pupils it appears that Latin is now taken by only 52 per cent, of the boys and by 34 per cent, of the girls ; French is studied by 76 per cent, of the boys and by 91 per cent, of the girls ; agriculture is taken by 709 boys; commercial subjects by 1,699 boys, or 31 per cent., and by 734 girls; woodwork is taken by 530 boys, and cookery or needlework, by 1,789 girls. The fact that some of the subjects mentioned are studied during only a portion of the time spent at the secondary school results in a smaller percentage appearing to study such subjects than is actually the case. In district high schools subjects bearing more or less directly on rural pursuits and domestic life are given prominence. Sixty-two per cent, of the boys take agricultural science, 31 per cent, dairy-work, 55 per cent, woodwork, and 80 per cent, chemistry and physics; while 40 per cent, of the girls take domestic science, and 56 per cent, needlework and cookery. It cannot be said, however, that the rural course is very popular, parents appearing to prefer their children to follow the ordinary programme of work prescribed for public examinations. The task of providing courses both for pupils who intend, to continue their scholastic career and for those shortly entering upon some vocation constitutes the difficulty of district high schools where the number of pupils is not sufficiently large to warrant the employment of staffs of teachers numerous enough to teach the wide range of subjects required. Hostels for Pupils of Secondary Schools. (Table K6 in E.-6.) The Department has unfortunately been unable to give as much financial assist" ance as was desirable towards the cost of the erection of hostels in connection with secondary schools ; nevertheless, several hostels were enlarged during the year, and some for which grants had previously been approved are now in course of erection. Twenty-seven hostels were open in 1920 —one more than in the previous year —1,296 boys and 378 girls of the secondary departments and 291 pupils of the lower departments being accommodated in them. Of the boys 380 were at Christ's College, Christchurch, and the Wanganui Collegiate School. In addition to these numbers, 82 pupils were boarding in homes approved by the Principals, and 641 were boarding privately. For these last-named, and also for the large number of children prevented from attending school owing to the boarding difficulty, or forced to make long railway journeys daily, additional accommodation where there is dependable supervision and desirable environment is urgently needed. Free Secondary Education. '(Table K4 in E.-6.) Free secondary education is provided on an extensive scale, junior and senior free places being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or, under somewhat different conditions, at technical schools. Generally speaking, junior free places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years. In the case of their being held at district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. The means of qualification are — (1.) For entrance to secondary schools and district high schools— (a) Special examinations for Junior National Scholarships, (b) the certificate of proficiency. (2.) For entrance to technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1), or the certificate of competency in S6, with a special endorsement of merit in handwork or in elementary science, which for the purposes of technical schools is deemed to be equivalent to a certificate of proficiency. (3.) For entrance to technical classes other than technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1) or (2), or, under special conditions applicable to industrial courses only, a recommendation by the Inspector of Schools if a pupil is over fourteen years.
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Senior free places are tenable at secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools up to the age of nineteen, and at technical classes other than technical high schools for three or in some cases four years. The means of qualification for senior free places are the Intermediate or other equivalent examinations, or the recommendation of the Principal or Director of the school or classes attended based on the school records and examination results, or the recommendation of an Inspector of Secondary Schools, or, in the case of district high schools, of the senior Inspector of the district, or in part on such a recommendation and in part on the results of a special examination*. The recommendation of the Principals of secondary schools is the qualification now frequently offered, the number receiving senior free places in this manner in 1920 being 2,124, representing nearly threequarters of the total number of senior free places awarded. The following table gives a summary of the secondary free places held in 1919 and 1920 for which payment was madefby the Government : — Free Places in December, 1919 and 1920. , 1919. , , 1920. , (i.) Secondary schools— Boys. Girls. Totals. Boys. Girls. Totals. (a.) Junior free pupils .. 2,793 2,573 5,366 2,974 2,590 5,564 (6.) Senior free pupils .. 1,187 1,104 2,291 1,242 1,047 2,289 Totals .. •. 3,980 3,677 7,657 4,216 3,637 7,853 (ii.) District high schools — (a.) Junior free pupils .. 849 859 1,708 809 867 1,676 (&.) Senior free pupils .. 116 191 307 157 184 341 Totals .. •• 965 1,050 2,015 966 1,051 2,017 (iii.) Maori secondary schools .. 42 48 90 48 50 98 (iv.) Technical high schools — (a.) Junior free pupils •• 1 i oki i Anq o jka (1,226 1,000 2,226 (6.) Senior free pupils ..I I*"1'*" l ' W ' M 1 151 199 350 Totals .. .. 1,351 1,403 2,754 1,377 1,199 2,576 Grand totals .. 6,338 6,178 12,516 6,607 5,937 12,544 Of the pupils of Government secondary schools it thus appears that 91 per cent, are receiving free education. Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (See also Tables K4 and K5 in E.-8.) National Scholarships. Junior and Senior National Scholarships are awarded by the Government on the results of annual examinations, the junior examination being of a standard somewhat higher than that of the certificate of proficiency, and the candidates being not over fourteen years of age ; and the senior examination being of a standard comparable with the standard of the Public Service Entrance Examination, the candidates being not over sixteen years of age. Scholarships are awarded to all candidates reaching a certain standard, the standard of award being determined so as approximately to provide one scholarship (junior or senior) for every 500 children in attendance at all public schools ; the Junior and Senior Scholarships awarded are in the proportion of nine to five, so that there is one Junior Scholarship among approximately every 750 pupils in. attendance at the schools, or among every fifty-five S6 pupils. ' In the case of pupils from sole-teacher schools — i.e., schools with an average attendance of under thirty-six —the standard of award is made 10 per cent, lower than the general standard. The standard of qualification fixed for the 1920 examinations was 64 per cent, for Junior Scholarships (general standard) and 63| per cent, for Senior Scholarships. The results of the examination were as follows : 220 candidates qualified for Junior National Scholarships, as compared with 211 in 1919, of which number seven
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were pupils of sole-teacher schools, and fifty-seven were pupils of secondary schools. The number of successful pupils from sole-teacher schools was greater than in the previous year, and the number from secondary schools considerably smaller. The number of candidates qualifying for Senior National Scholarships was 122, of which number only one qualified on the alternative programme provided specially to suit the needs of those taking a rural or domestic course. Junior and Senior National Scholarships are tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, each for three years, provided that the total tenure of the two scholarships in the caiSe of one person must not exceed five years. The holder receives £5 per annum if a junior scholar, or £10 per annum if a senior scholar, with a further sum of £35 per annum in each case if obliged to live away from home. The figures below indicate the number and the value of scholarships current in December, 1919, and December, 1920, respectively. The number of scholarshipholders is, of course, included in the number of free-place holders shown in the preceding section. Number of scholarship-holders— 1919. 1920 Boys .. .. .. .. .. .. 481 458 Girls .. .. .. .. .. .. 285 280 Totals .. .. .. .. 766 738 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) . . . . .. .. .. .. 221 201 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. 42 45 Number held at public secondary schools .. .. .. 661 627 Number lurid at other registered secondary schools .. . . 23 36 Number held at district high schools .. .. .. 82 75 Total annual rate of payment .. .. .. .. £12,913 £12,510 Private Scholarships. Private scholarships are derived from funds provided at certain schools by private donors, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1920 was 147. Of the holders sixty-two were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total annual value of the scholarships in cash was £1,647. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships. War Bursaries for Soldiers' Dependants. Regulations which came into force in January, 1918, provided for the award of bursaries to dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. To qualify for a war bursary a child must be eligible for — (a.) Free education at technical classes ; or (b.) A free place at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school; or (c.) A University or educational bursary at a University college. A bursary entitles the holder to an allowance, in addition to free tuition, of £l 10s. or £3 per annum in the case of those qualified under (a), £5 for those under (b), or £10 for those under (c). Lodging-allowance is also paid to bursars who are obliged to live away from home to attend school, at the rate of £15 per annum under (a) and £30 under (b) and (c) ; travelling-allowances varying from £5 to £10 per annum are also made when travelling is necessary. During 1920 the number of bursaries held at secondary schools was thirty-eight, the expenditure thereon being £646. Secondary-school Certificates. Three classes of certificates may be issued to free-place holders taking a secondary course of instruction. The intermediate certificate may be granted to junior-free-place holders who have satisfactorily completed under certain conditions a two-years course at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school, and who in general are qualified in attainment to receive a senior free place. The lower leaving-certificate may be issued to pupils who have satisfactorily completed a three-years course of secondary instruction, including not less than one
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year of a senior course in which the standard of work is sufficiently advanced in character to meet the requirements of the examination for a teacher's certificate of Class D, or of the Matriculation Examination. Likewise the higher leavingcertificate may be granted to pupils having satisfactorily completed at least a fouryears course of secondary instruction and having satisfied the requirements of the lower leaving-certificate, and, in addition, having completed to good advantage and under certain conditions a further secondary course of not less than one year. The following are the numbers of certificates awarded in 1912 (the year of their institution), in 1919, and in 1920 :— 1912. 1919. L 1920. Higher leaving-certificates awarded .. .. 64 265 307 Lower leaving-certificates awarded .. .. ..32 263 270 Applications for certificates declined .. .. 20 49 93 Total number of applications . . .. 116 577 670 Staffs of Secondary Schools. (Table K8 in E 6.) The number of full-time teachers on the staffs of secondary schools for the last two years was: 1919 —males, 186; females, 195: total, 381. 1920 —males, 207; females, 193 : total, 400. There is an increase of nineteen in the full-time staff, the number of male teachers being twenty-one more and the number of female teachers two less than in the previous year ; the number of male teachers has increased by sixty-one in the last two years. Included in the total number are twenty male Principals and thirteen female Principals, leaving 187 male assistants and 180 female assistants. The average number of pupils per full-time assistant was twenty-six. In addition to the staff of full-time teachers a number of parttime teachers for special subjects are employed. Regulations made under the Education Amendment Act, 1920, prescribe the number and grade of full-time assistants to be employed in schools of various grades. The head teacher of a district high school generally takes some part in the secondary instruction, and now receives in addition to his ordinary salary the sum of £30 per annum if the average attendance of the secondary department does not exceed sixty, and £50 per annum if it does exceed that number. In 1920 there were in the secondary departments of district high schools 110 special secondary assistants —thirty-six men and seventy-four women —there being two more men and three more women than in the previous year. Salaries and Status of Secondary-school Teachers. ('table K3 in B-6.) Under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act of 1920 regulations have been made prescribing definitely the salaries of secondary-school teachers, which are now paid by the Government. The range of salaries payable is as follows : Principals —Men, £600 tO £900 ; women, £440 to £680. Assistants — Men, £200 to £540 ; women, £175 to £410. In addition, a married Principal receives house allowance of £60 if a residence is not provided, a head of a department may receive £30, and a married assistant receives £40 per annum. The salaries of Principals are graded according to the size of the school, and the salaries of assistants according to their classification. A,s a result of the introduction of the new scale, the total annual rate of salaries as payable in December, 1920, was £152,992, as compared with £126,694 in the previous year —an increase of 21 per cent. The cost of salaries per head of the average attendance at this rate is £17*8, as compared with £14-8 in 1919. The following figures indicate the average rates of salary prevailing in 1914, 1919, and 1920 :— Average Salaries or Full-time Teachers in Secondary Schools. , 1914. , , 1919, , , 1920. , M. F. All M. F. All. M. F. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals .. •• 524 397 482 647 509 596 711 548 647 Assistants .. ..248 163 211 332 252 290 389 289 340
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The value of residences, house allowance, and the value of board and residence, when provided, are excluded from the above figures. A substantial increase in the figures for 1920 compared with those of the previous year is noted, and compared with the salaries of 1914 the following percentage increases have taken place : Male Principals, 35 ; female Principals, 38 ; male assistants, 57 ; female assistants, 77. The averages given include the salaries of teachers who are neither graduates nor hold teachers' certificates ; if only teachers so qualified were included the figures would be higher. Of 187 male assistants the salaries of forty-four are between £200 and £300, of sixty-two are between £300 and £400, of fifty-two are between £400 and £500, and of twenty-nine are over £500 ; of 180 women assistants the salaries of 121 are between £200 and £300, of fifty-six are between £300 and £400, and of three are between £400 and £500. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are paid in accordance with a general scale. The average salaries paid to secondary assistants in 1919 and 1920 were as follows : — 1919. 1920. £ £ Male assistants .. .. .. .. .. .. 298 341 Female assistants . . . . .. . . . . . . 268 304 All secondary assistants .. . . . . . . . . 278 316 The total annual rate of salaries paid to teachers in secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £36,430, as against £30,550 in 1919. There was a large increase in this figure in 1919, and the further substantial increase in 1920 is due to regulations of that year again raising the grades of salaries. Regulations made in 1920 provide for the annual classification by the Department of all full-time assistants employed in secondary schools, and the first classification has been made, assistants being classified, according to teaching ability, academic attainments, and length of service, into four grades, A, B, C, and D. Teachers not having both academic status and five years' teaching service are classed in the lowest grade, D. The following figures show the number of assistants placed in the various grades : Men —Grade A, 39 ; Grade B, 45 ; Grade C, 53 ; Grade D, 78 : total 215. Women—Grade A, 33 ; Grade B, 48 ; Grade C, 57 ; Grade D, 64 : total, 202. It will be observed that a large proportion of the assistants are in the lowest grade, being either young or unqualified teachers. The necessity for more adequate provision for the special training of secondary-school teachers is fully realized ; unfortunately, it has been necessary, owing to the expenditure involved, to postpone for the present the caxrying into operation of a scheme to meet this requirement. The Inspectors of Secondary Schools report that the younger teachers, owing, no doubt, to the classification scheme, are showing a greater desire to complete their university courses. Owing to the return to duty of many men teachers who were on active service, a considerable improvement in the quality of the teaching and the standard of work accomplished is reported as having taken place during the year. The supply of qualified male teachers is not yet, however, by any means excessive, and in non-university centres difficulty is frequently experienced in obtaining suitable men teachers for the secondary-school staffs. Of the 110 assistants in district high schools, fifty-seven were University graduates and held teachers' certificates, one was a graduate only, forty-three held teachers' certificates only, and nine held neither qualification. Finances of Secondary Schools. (See also Tables K7--K9 in E.-6.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources : — (i.) Rents from special reserves allocated to them,by statute : (ii.) Statutory grant given in lieu of special reserves (in one case) : (hi.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act: (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards divided among the secondary schools in the severak|land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded :
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(v.) Government payments — (a) For teachers' salaries and incidental expenses ; (6) subsidies on voluntary contributions ; (c) capitation for manual-instruction classes : (vi.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus : (vii.) Tuition fees of pupils : (viii.) Boarding-fees of pupils : (ix.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and income from special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, &c. The revenue derived from sources (i) to (iv) is the income from endowments, the " net annual income derived from endowments" being this sum less the expenditure incurred in connection with the endowments and school property and upon building purposes approved by the Minister. Under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1920, instead of a capitation payment being made by the Government on account of free pupils, the Boards are now paid the actual amounts expended upon full-time teachers' salaries, together with a grant of £2 10s. per annum per pupil on the roll for incidental expenses and a grant not exceeding £l per pupil for the payment of part-time teachers. In making the payment for salaries a Board's " net annual income from endowments " and receipts from tuition fees are taken into account and deducted from the total amount payable by the Government. The amount chargeable for tuition fees is now prescribed by regulation, being at the rate of £4 per term, reducible to £3 10s. for prompt payment. The following is an approximate summary of the receipts and payments of all secondary schools (lower departments included, Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools excluded) for the year 1920. Owing to delay in the receipt of returns from one school the figures are not exactly, but very approximately, correct: — Summary of the Statements of Receipts and Payments for the Ykak 1920 furnished by the Governing Bodies of Secondary Schools. (Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools not included.) Receipts. Payments. Endowments — £ £ Sales .. ■ • • • • • 820 Endowments (including proportion of office Lands vested in High School Boards .. 45,322 expenses) .. .. .. .. 6,787 Secondary-education reserves .. .. 6,810 Teachers'salaries and allowances .. .. 153,979 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 1, 314 Incidental expenses of secondary departGovernment grants — ments — Grants for buildings, sites, rent, appa- Office expenses and salaries (excluding ratus, &c., and subsidies .. .. 36,918 endowments) .. .. .. 4,313 For salaries and incidental oxpensos .. 128,759 Printing, stationery, and advertising .. 3,964 Capitation for manual instruction .. 3,302 Cleaning, heating, lighting, 'and care of School fees .. .. .. •• 11,018 school-grounds .. .. .. 10,187 Lower Department Account .. .. 7, 172 Material, examinations, prizes, games, and Hostels Account .. .. ■■ 55,323 and othor incidentals .. .. 4,056 Loans, interest, &c. .. 10,545 Manual instruction (excluding buildings, Technical Classes Account .. .. 2,890 &c.) _ .. .. .. .. 2,232 Voluntary contributions, income from pro- Sites, buildings, furniture, apparatus, taxes, perty not reserves, refunds, and sundries.. 11,270 &o. .. .. .. .. .. 80,217 Lower Department Account .. .. 6,811 Hostels Account .. .. .. 57,424 Investments, loans repaid, and interest .. 8,416 Technical Classes Account .. .. 2,873 Scholarships, advances to pupils, and miscellaneous .. .. .. 0,090 £321,463 £347,349 The amount expended exceeded the sum for the previous year by £78,772, the expenditure on salaries being £31,469 greater, on buildings and sites £26,228 greater, and on hostels - maintenance £15,435 greater ; the last - named item was, however, compensated to a great extent by increased receipts amounting to £12,034. The total payments for the year exceeded the receipts by £25,886 ; Government grants due, however, at the end of the year covered part of this deficiency on the year's working. The net income from endowments as defined above was £21,321 ; this sum, together with tuition fees and the Government grant for salaries and incidental expenses, should have covered the cost of these items; including, however, an amount of £7,000 due to the Boards at the end of the year there was a deficiency of £8,000 on this account. The deficiency is due, no doubt, to the
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incidental expenses of some schools being higher than the rate of £2 10s. per head allowed for; it is found that the cost ranged from £T63 to £3 - 88, the average cost being £2.66 In some cases the cost is considered to be too high. The large expenditure on buildings is due to the purchase of sites and the erection of fnew and supplementary schools in several instances; there was also considerable expenditure on hostel buildings. Several Boards have raised loans on the security of their income from endowments in order to finance necessary building operations ; these loans will gradually be repaid out of the income from endowments. The total amount owing by the Boards at the end of the year by way of loans and bank overdrafts was £89,000 ; in addition there were other liabilities of £62,000, making a total of £151,000. Against this indebtedness credit bank balances and moneys due to the Boards amounted to £90,000, leaving a net debit balance of £61,000 —£19,000 more than it was at the end of 1919. The fact that any expenditure unauthorized by the Department made out of a Board's income from endowments results in a corresponding sum being deducted from the Government's payment to meet the cost of salaries, which are now defined by regulation, places the expenditure of secondary-school Boards to a great extent under the control of the Department, and results in a more uniform treatment of all secondary schools —richly endowed schools having little or no advantage over schools possessing no endowments. The new arrangement for the payment of salaries and incidental expenses came into force during the year 1920, the amending Act not being passed until towards the close of the year. It will therefore be possible to get a better idea of how the arrangement will work financially when the figures for one complete year are available. Lower Departments of Secondary Schools. (Table ICII in E.-6.) Lower departments for pupils who have not passed S6 may be held in connection with secondary schools, provided that no part of the cost of instruction or of the maintenance of the department' is met out of income from the endowments of the school or from Government grants. Fourteen secondary schools (including Christ's College, Christchurch) have lower departments attached to them, the total number of pupils in 1920 being 815, as compared, with 686 in 1919. The roll number included 454 boys and 361 girls, and the total number of teachers was twenty-nine (nine males and twenty females). A large number of the pupils board at the school hostels, indicating that these departments are used by the children of country residents able to afford to send their children away from home to attend school. The tuition fees charged range in the various schools from £6 15s. to £13 10s. per annum, the 'boarding-fees ranging from £36 to £59 per annum. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. (See also E.-5, Technical Education.) General. The year 1920 has been marked mainly by changes of an administrative character. Up till last year the main source of revenue of technical schools and classes was derived from capitation payments made by Government on the hour attendances of pupils. This method had already broken down to some extent, since in the case of technical high schools, distinguished from day technical schools by no real difference or purpose or organization, a method of capitation payments was adopted based on the year as an attendance unit, and similar to that obtaining in the case of secondary schools. The capitation system, which doubtless has considerable advantages in countries where a substantial proportion of the total cost is provided locally, is not well suited to the case of this Dominion, in which practically the whole of the net cost is borne by the Government. As in the case of secondary schools, one result of the system was that each Board of Managers or controlling authority had its own method of.fixing the salaries of instructors, and made its own conditions as to their employment. There was in consequence some variety of treatment under different Boards. For this variety there has been substituted a Dominion system of classification of technical-school teachers
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and manual-training instructors, and a corresponding system of payment of salaries. As salaries constitute by far the largest item in the expenditure of Boards, the introduction of a Dominion classification of technical-school teachers practically involved the abolition of capitation and the substitution of a more direct means of providing for the cost of technical education. In framing regulations to give effect to the provisions to this end of the Education Amendment Act, 1920, care was taken to avoid, as far as possible, any alteration in the powers of controlling authorities and Boards of Managers in respect of the selection and control of the staffs of their schools. As, however, the staffing of any school had previously been limited only by the capitation available for the payment of salaries, it was necessary to specify in the new regulations the maximum staffing which could be regarded as permissible in view of all the factors, financial and educational, which entered into the question. The same rules of staffing were adopted for technical high schools as for other secondary schools. From the point of view of educational efficiency the resulting size of class is in many instances too large. It is very doubtful, however, if, with the money available, smaller classes under a larger number of teachers would be found to do better work. In fact, the difficulty experienced in getting men and women to enter the service of Technical Boards from office or workshop indicates that the salaries are not at the present time too high as compared with emoluments paid in other callings. The abolition of capitation payments involved making direct provision for the incidental expenses incurred by Technical School Boards and controlling authorities in connection with the schools, including supervision in those cases in which the appointment of a full-time director was not considered necessary. The allowance for incidental expenses for any school or class was made proportional to the total salaries paid by the Department for that school or class. In this way the different schools receive fairly uniform treatment, and on the average the payments made are sufficient to meet legitimate expenses on the same scale as heretofore, though in one or two cases, where incidental expenses had previously been much higher than the average, some little difficulty might be felt. A small beginning was also made in the year 1920 in the direction of the training of young people in trade and commerce for technical-school teaching. Regulations were issued providing for the appointment of student-teachers in technical schools, and for their training in methods of teaching and in subjects connected with their trade or profession. It is hoped in this way to arouse the interest of intelligent and active young workers in commerce or industry in teaching, and to provide gradually a supply of better-trained teachers with good practical experience for both day and evening work. It is, of course, too early yet to form any definite opinion as to the possible success of the experiment, which has been thus begun on a modest scale. The fact, however, that it merely extends a practice which has been found fairly successful in one or two of the schools is some evidence that it may serve a useful purpose, and perhaps point the way to a more comprehensive and elaborate scheme for training specialist teachers for technical schools. The work of the schools generally proceeded on the same lines as in previous years. A slight falling-off was recorded in numbers attending the technical high schools, due entirely to decreases in the numbers of girls and boys taking a commercial or a general course. The numbers in other technical-high-school courses show increases. It is satisfactory to note that there is an increase in the attendance at technical classes, an increase mainly of students over seventeen years of age. The total number of students receiving instruction in all technical classes was 21,394, as compared with 20,876 in the previous year. Of this total 2,576 held free places at technical high schools, 3,966 held free places at other classes, and 1,636 were attending continuation and technical classes held under the regulations for compulsory attendance. Voluntary contributions in money to the funds of technical schools and classes amounted to £6,333, as compared with £2,975 in 1919, and subsidies were paid during the year 1920 to the amount of £5,020, as compared with £4,640 in the previous year. A considerable proportion of the increase in voluntary contributions for the year 1920 was due to special efforts in two or three schools in connection with raising funds for war memorials.
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Classes other than Classes at Technical High Schools. Classes were held at 121 centres. In the previous year the number of centres was 110, and the increase was probably due to an increase in the number of woolsorting classes in country centres. The number of classes and the number of individual students were as follows :—
It is to be noted in comparing the numbers for 1920 with those for 1919 that the Nelson Technical School was conducted by a Board of Managers in 1920 for the first time. This caused a transfer in numbers of 69 classes and 483 pupils from the first to the second line in the above table. The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupations of students : —
Summary of Occupations of Students. Number of Percentage Students. of Totals. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,146 11-52 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. ..2,997 16-09 Students .. .. ..■ .. .. ... 3,722 19-99 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,851 15-30 Agricultural pursuits .. .. . . .. . . 768 4-12 Various trades and industries .. .. .. .. 5,583 29-97 Other occupations not stated .. . . . . .. 561 3-01 Totals .. .. .. .. ..18,628 100-00 Number of Classes in certain Subjects of Technical Instruction held in 1919 and 1920. 1919. 1920. Art and artcrafts .. .. .. _ .. 232 238 Mechanical and electrical engineering, theoretical and practical 238 239 Building-construction, carpentry, plumbing, and other trades 201 252 Experimental and natural science, practical mathematics, &c. 120 143 Agriculture, wool-sorting, dairy-work, &c... .. .. 95 103 Domestic subjects .. .. .. .. . . 371 405 Commercial subjects .. . . . . . . . . 380 346 Subjects of general education .. . . . . .. 377 353 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 2,014 2,079 The total number of classes shows an increase over that for 1919, though, there is a slight reduction in classes for subjects of general and commercial education, the increases being mainly in trade classes, other than engineering, and classes for domestic science, agriculture, sciences, and mathematics. The School of Domestic Science in Otage University was attended by seventytwo students taking either the course for the degree or that for the diploma.
Number of Classes. Number of Students. Description of Class. 1919. 1920. 1919. 1920 Conducted by Education or High School Boards Conducted by Technical School Boards or by Managers . . Conducted by University Colleges 959 913 879 968 176 198 8,232 8,664 1,054 i 8,221 9,163 1,244 Totals .. 2,014 2,079 17,950 18,628
Seventeen Years of Age and under. ! Over Seventeen Years of Age. To ;als. lales .. females \1 1919. 1920. I 4,984 4,851 4,074 4,156 1919. 1920. 4,305 4,700 4,587 4,921 1919. 1920 9,289 8,661 9,551 9,077 Totals .. 9,058 9,007 8,892 9,621 17,950 18,628
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There were fifty-seven holders of Government bursaries. Six degree and five diploma students completed their course during the year. Payments totalling £3,554 were made in respect of fifty-seven bursars, an average of over £62 for each. Number of Students receiving Free Education under the Eegulations for Free Places.
Twenty-one per cent, of the total number of students in attendance at classes held free places under the Government regulations. The total number of junior free pupils shows a decrease of 468 as compared with the number for 1919, and the total number of senior free pupils shows a decrease of 54. 322 students held scholarships or free places provided locally. Included in the return of junior free pupils there is a number of young persons not otherwise qualified for a free place who have been recommended by an Inspector of Schools for free places in industrial classes. In certain districts the regulations for compulsory attendance at continuation classes were in operation during the year, the number of students in attendance being as follows : — Auckland Education District .. . . 586 students in 13 school districts. Taranaki Education District . . . . 270 „ 4 „ Wanganui Education District .. .. 551 ~ 5 ~ Hawke's Bay Education District .. ..149 ~ 1 ~ Canterbury Education District .. 80 ~ 1 ~ Totals .. .. ..1,636 24 During the year 943 returned soldiers attended as free students at technical classes in twenty - seven centres. Instruction was provided in the following subjects : Electrical, motor, and mechanical engineering ; plumbing ; wool-classing; sheep-shearing; art; carpentry and joinery ; and commercial subjects. The Repatriation Board, as in 1919, provided the funds for additional instructors and equipment wherever necessary. The following technical schools had a roll of more than 500, exclusive of the technical high schools carried on in connection with some of them :— Number on Roll. SohooL 1919. 1920. Christchurch Technical School. ~ .. .. ..1,368 1,598 Dunedin Technical School.. .. .. .. .. 1,377 1,302 Auckland Technical School .. .. .. ..1,285 1,236 Wellington Technical School .. .. .. .. 1.202 1,146 Palmerston North Technical School .. . . .. 580 695 Wanganui Technical School .. .. . . . . 619 677 Inveroargill Technical School .. . . .. .. 630 542 Capitation earnings for the year amounted to approximately £39,240, as against £42,802 earned in 1919. In addition to the class capitation earned, however, payments totalling £3,239, representing capitation, on account of part-time teachers and increases in salaries of full-time instructors, were made, making a grand total of £42,479. Technological examinations were conducted by the Department on behalf of the City and Guilds of London Institute at fourteen centres in the Dominion. The total number of entries was 292, an increase of 124 on the number for the previous year, and the number of passes was 185, or 63-3 per cent. A bronze medal was awarded to one candidate for electrical installation work, Grade I.
1919. 1920 Males. Females. Totals. Males. Females. Totals. ; Junior free pupils \ a s v" 1 (second year (First year Senior free pupils j Second year (Third year 982 543 424 253 124 739 1,721 463 1,006 461 885 323 576 176 300 757 558 449 252 118 518 426 410 284 194 1,275 984 859 536 312 Totals .. I 2,326 i 2,162 4,488 2,134 1,832 3,966
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Technical High Schools. The year was marked by a distinct fall in the number of pupils taking the commercial and general courses. In all other courses an increase is shown. A significant fact is that the boys for the first time outnumber the girls in these schools. The number of students in attendance at technical high schools during the year was as follows : — _~,_,,„, , Number of Students. Technical High Schools. ( .„ Christchurch . . .. .. .. . . . . 596 581 Auckland .. .. .. .. .. 587 476 Dunedin . . . . .. .. . . 435 385 "Wanganui .. .. .. .. . . 300 312 Wellington .. .. .. .. . . 405 299 Invercargill .. .. .. .. .. 300 298 Napier .. .. .. .. .. .. ' 275 249 Hawera .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 142 Wcstport .. .. .. .. . .' 28 24 Totals .. .. .. .. .. ..2,926 2,766 The numbers of pupils taking up the various courses provided were as follows : —
Capitation amounting to £39,257 was earned in respect of 2,766 pupils (of whom 2,576 were free pupils), as compared with £41,1.1.3 in 1919 in respect of 2,926 pupils. Payments totalling £4,102 were also made in respect of increases in salaries of full-time instructors and directors, making a grand total of £43,359. Number of Pupils receiving Free Education at Technical High Schools under Regulations for Free Places.
Financial. The total expenditure by the Department for the year 1920-21 on technical education was £170,200, including approximately £43,000 expended on the maintenance of technical high schools. The expenditure is £38,000 greater than it was in the previous year, owing to the large sum of £67,000 having been expended upon new buildings and sites. Large and expensive building operations in connection with schools and hostels were carried on at a number of centres, notably at Pukekohe, Hawera, Stratford, Wellington, Westport, and Greymouth. The total capitation earnings of all classes, together with salary increases and allowances, including technical high schools, amounted approximately to £85,838, as compared with £83,915 for the previous year.
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Course. 'umber of Pupils. Girls. i Increase over 1919. Total. Boys. industrial Commercial and general .. Jomcstic Agriculture Vrt 839 413 232 1 945 330 839 1,358 330 232 7 + 53 -277 + 33 + 29 + 2 6 Totals 1,485 1,281 2,766 -160
Boys. 1919. 1920. ■ . j. ., First year unior free pupils a j 1 l I Second year f First year ienior free pupils < Second year (/Third year 821 411 106 9 4 Girls. 710 462 182 44 5 Totals. 1,531 873 288 53 9 Boys. Girls. 759 588 467 412 124 153 24 38 3 8 Totals. 1,347 879 277 62 11 Totals 1,351 1,403 2,754 1,377 1,199 2,576
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The following table shows the receipts and payments for 1920 in respect of classes conducted by Education Boards or by High School Boards and by Technical School Boards or Managers (including in each case technical high schools) : —
The following is a statement of monetary assets and liabilities as at the 31st December, 1920, shown in the Technical Instruction Accounts of Education Boards as controlling authorities of technical schools, and in the statements of Technical School Boards and Managers : —
Of the Technical School Boards or Managers (twenty-one in number) eighteen had net credit balances at the 31st December, 1920, totaling £20,087. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on technical instruction during the financial year ending 31st March, 1921 : — £ Capitation, salaries, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 82,325 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. . . .. .. .. 5,466 Scholarships and bursaries .. .. .. .. .. 3,630 Grants in aid of material for class use .. .. .. .. 2,089 Grants for buildings and equipment .. .. .. .. .. 67,217 Grants for rents of buildings (Manual and Technical) .. .. 1,137 Conveyance of — £ Instructors .. .. .. .. .. .. 635 Free pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,767 4,402 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 291 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. .. 136 155 Maintenance technical school buildings .. .. .. .. 195 Inspectors' salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. .. 2,548 Cost-of-living bonus .. .. .. .. .. ■■ 1,036 Total £170,200
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Classes con Education or High School Boards. iducted by Technical School Boards or Managers. Totals. Receipts. £ 23,558 2,867 4,869 33,326 6,704 £ 60,670 6,434 6,484 10,865 15,294 £ 84,228 9,301 11.353 44,191 21,998 Capitation Class fees Voluntary contributions and subsidies Grants for buildings, &o. Other receipts Totals for 1920 Totals for 1919 71,324 42,530 99,747 81,062 171,071 123,592 Payments. Staff salaries Working-expenses Buildings, &o. Other payments 25,627 9,367 42,288 134 57,638 23,142 16,351 3,757 83,265 32,509 58,639 3,891 Totals for 1920 Totals for 1919 77,416 39,552 100,888 77,406 178,304 116,958
Education Boards. Technical School Boards and Managers. Totals Monetary Assets. Cash balances and investments Other assets £ 1,104 14,439 £ 10,810 23,176 £ 11,914 37,615 Total assets 15,543 33,986 49,529 Liabilities. Cash deficits Other liabilities 8,654 2,549 1,600 13,863 10,254 16,412 Total liabilities 11,203 15,463 26,666
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SPECIAL SCHOOLS. (See also E.-4.) State Cake oe Dependent and Delinquent Children and Infant-ljee Protection. The Special Schools Branch of the Education Department provides (1) for the maintenance, training, and general upbringing of neglected and homeless children committed by Courts to the care of the State, for the maintenance and guardianship of children who lost both parents as a result of the influenza epidemic in 1918-19, for the training of delinquent children and. juvenile offenders, for the supervision of all young persons (male and female) placed on temporary probation by the Courts ; (2) for the supervision of all infants under the age of six years maintained apart from their parents or adopted with premium, for the general supervision of children for whose upkeep pensions are paid, either under the widows or epidemic pensions scheme, and for the investigation of all applications for the adoption of children ; and (3) for the education and maintenance of all afflicted children-— deaf, blind, feeble-minded, and for children with defective speech. The total number of children in the care of the State in 1920 was 5,233, classed under the following headings : — Boarded out, industrial schools, receiving-homes, &c. .. .. .. 3,839 Juvenile probation.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 281 Infant-life protection .. . . . . .. . . . . 797 Deaf children .. .. .. .. .. . . .. 118 Feeble-minded children . . .. .. .. .; .. 198 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 5,233 The number of children committed to the care of the State during the year was 535, classified according to reason for committal as follows : Destitution, 1.72 ; vagrancy, 17 ; associating with disreputable persons, 10 ; not under proper control, 207 ; transferred from gaol, 14 ; accused or guilty of punishable offences, 78 ; and in addition 37 were admitted by private arrangement. Classified according to age at the time of admission the numbers are as follows : Under six months, 57 ; over six months and under one year, 23 ; from one to five years, 108 ; from five to ten years, 155 ; from ten to fourteen years, 135 ; and over fourteen years, 57. During the year receiving-homes for the temporary care of such children were established at Napier, Hamilton, and Wanganui, and lady officers who are all qualified nurses were appointed to Palmerston North, Greymouth, and Invercargill for the purpose of investigating all cases reported as coming within the terms of section 17 of the Industrial Schools Act and for placing out either with relatives or friends or in foster-homes any children dealt with by the Courts in these districts, and for the purpose of supervising infants maintained apart from their parents or adopted with premium. Numbers under Control. At the end of the year there were 3,839 children under control (excluding those mentioned under separate headings below), and of these 151 were in residence at Government receiving-homes, probation homes, training-farms, and training institutions, and 207 in private industrial schools; 1,886 children were boarded out in foster-homes, 788 were in situations, and 520 residing under license with relatives and friends. Of the boarded-out children a number are over the age of fourteen years and are still attending primary schools, 27 are receiving higher education —(17 technical and 10 secondary), and 28 are apprentices partly maintained by the State. The children over school age in employment number 683 males and. 338 females (included in the total of 3,839). Of the males, 494 are farm workers (11 skilled in dairy-work and cheesemaking and 483 competent to milk and. carry out general farm-work), 41 a.re apprentices, and 148 others arc employed in. various trades. Of the girls|there are 292 domestic workers, 16 apprentices, 13 factory employees, and 17 engaged in various employments such as shop-assistants, nurses, dressmakers, typists, kindergarten trainees, &c.
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Juvenile Probation System. Male Juvenile Probation Officers have now been appointed to jNapier, Palmerstou North, Greymouth, and Invercargill. The functions of Juvenile Probation Officer's are to assist the Courts in ascertaining the full facts regarding parents, conditions of homes and environment of all children brought under the notice of the police, to supervise and befriend any juveniles placed on probation by the various Magistrates, and to undertake, on the application of the parents, the supervision of any children who are inclined to become uncontrollable. In addition, all male inmates of industrial schools or training-farms placed in situations, or with relatives or friends, are supervised, by the Juvenile Probation Officers. There were 947 cases dealt with by the Courts in the principal centres of population throughout the year, and of these only 224 were actually admitted to receivinghomes or training institutions, 277 were placed on probation and supervised in their own. homes, and the remainder were dealt with generally in a summary manner not calling for supervision by Probation Officers. Infant-life Protection, and Adoption of Children. At the end of the year there were 797 children under the age of six years maintained in 621 foster-homes. Of these 498 homes each had one child, 85 had two children each, and 29 homes had three each. The payments for the maintenance of each child ranged from 7s. 6d. to £2 2s. a week, but the average rate of payment was approximately 14s. a week. Adoptions. During the year 417 children were adopted, and in 41 of these cases premiums were received by the Department's agents and paid out at the rate of 15s. a week for each child concerned. Of the total number of children adopted, 113 were under the age of six months, 43 under twelve months, and 180 under the age of six years. Care and Training of Afflicted Children. School for the Deaf, Sumner. The pupils under instruction during the year numbered 118, and of these 24 were day pupils and 94 boarders. Included in this number 10 were part-time pupils under tuition in the afternoons for various forms of speech disorders while continuing their general education at public schools in the mornings, and 9 were either full-time day pupils or boarders for the correction of speech defects. Thus there were 99 deaf pupils and 19 pupils being treated for defective speech. During the year special day classes for partially deaf children and for stammerers were established in Auckland, Wellington, and Dunedin with highly successful results, and provision has also been made in these centres for night classes for the instruction of the adult deaf. During the winter vacation lectures on the principles and teachings of speech were delivered by the Director of the school to teachers and students in several of the centres of population. Special Schools for the Feeble-minded. There are three such special schools—one at Richmond for girls, one at Stoke for boys under fifteen years of age, and one at Otekaieke, near Oamaru, for older lads. The number of girls in residence at Richmond during the year was 74, at Stoke 54 boys of school age, and at Otekaieke 70 youths over school age. Expenditure. The total net expenditure by the Department for the year 1920-21 on the above services was as follows :— £ School for the Deaf .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,050 Education of the blind .. .. .. .. .. .. Cr. 146 Schools for the feeble-minded .. .. .. .. .. 15,605 Industrial schools, receiving-homes, probation system, boarding-out system, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .. 107,753 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £129,262
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HIGHER EDUCATION. (See also E.-7. —Higher Education.) New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Royal charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor of Law, of Medicine, and of Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. By the provisions of the New Zealand University Act of 1908 and subsequent amending Acts the Senate of the University now has power to confer, in addition to those mentioned, the following degrees : Doctor of Literature ; Master of Laws, of Surgery, and of Science ; Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, of Dental Surgery, of Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, of Naval Architecture, of Agriculture, of Public Health, and of Commerce ; Bachelor of Science in Home Science ; and Bachelor of Science in Architecture. Diplomas in a number of subjects may also be obtained. In 1921 a Bachelor of Science in Forestry and a Doctorate of Philosophy were instituted. The affairs of the University are controlled by three Courts —the Senate, the Board of Studies, and the General Court of Convocation, which consists of members of the four District Courts of Convocation. The Senate consists of twenty-four members or Fellows —four elected by the Governor-General in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, by the Professorial Boards ; and eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The Board of Studies consists of twenty members, five of whom are appointed by each of the Professorial Boards of the four institutions affiliated to the University. The District Courts of Convocation consist of graduates of the University. The Senate has the entire management of and superintendence over the affairs, concerns, and property of the University, and, subject to certain provisions relating to the Board of Studies, has power to alter all statutes and regulations. The Board of Studies has power to make recommendations to the Senate as to the appointment of examiners, and as to degrees, diplomas, scholarships, prizes, courses of study, and examinations. The chief function of the General Court of Convocation is to discuss matters relating to the University and to declare its opinion on any such matters. The revenue of the University is derived mainly from a statutory Government grant of £4,000 per annum, from fees, and from interest on investments. In addition there is paid to it in trust a certain proportion of the national-endowment income for distribution among the four affiliated institutions towards the support of libraries, the establishment of new Chairs, and towards the extension of their work in other ways. The amount received from this source in 1920-21 was £3,348. The University is an examining, not a teaching body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it—the Auckland University College, Victoria University College, Canterbury College, and Otago University, situated in the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin respectively. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointment of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of the various Councils. Each of the colleges, besides providing the usual University courses, specializes in certain directions : Otago University has medical and dental schools, a school of mining and metallurgical engineering, and a school of home science ; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) ; Auckland University College has a school of mines and a school of commerce ; and Victoria University College specializes in law and science. The affiliated colleges receive annual statutory Government grants towards meeting the expenses of their general maintenance. These grants were recently
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increased, and are now as follows : Auckland University College, £11,500 ; Victoria University College, £11,500; Canterbury College, £4,500; Otago University, £10,000. The colleges are also in receipt of rents from endowments, Canterbury College being the most richly endowed, and the total income from this source by all colleges in 1920 being £29,597. In addition to the grants a certain proportion of the income from the National Endowment Fund for the purposes of education is paid directly to the four affiliated institutions, the sum paid to each in the year 1920-21 being £1,674. There is also provision for the payment under regulations of a Government subsidy on voluntary contributions to the funds of the institutions affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and special grants are made|from time to time for buildings and equipment. £4,618 was paid to the colleges|by way of subsidy in 1920-21, and £37,243 as grants for extended buildings and sites. The total amount paid by the Education Department on account of the University of New Zealand and the affiliated colleges for the year 1920-21 was £109,242, as against £68,975 in the previous year, the grants for buildings and sites being £37,000, or £29,000 more than 1919-20. The total expenditure of these institutions on University education (exclusive of trust funds) was £180,000. New Zealand University. The University conducted examinations in 1920 in the faculties of arts, science, medicine, public health, dentistry, home science, law, engineering, commerce, agriculture, and music, and for admission to the legal and accountants' professions. The number of candidates for examination is increasing each year ; there were 2,927 entrants for the degree examinations in 1920, compared with 2,413 in 1919, and the number of candidates for matriculation has more than doubled in the last ten years. The table below gives the numbers qualifying for degrees and scholarships from the four University colleges : —
Number of Successful Candidates at the Examinations for Degrees in 1920.
In addition to these successes, 1,782 candidates passed sections of the examinations for degrees or for admission to professions ; 57 gained certificates of proficiency. There were 139 candidates for the Entrance Scholarship Examination, 32 gaining scholarships, 42 others passing the examination with credit, and 40 qualifying for Matriculation. The number of candidates for the Matriculation Examination was 2,987, of whom 832 passed the whole examination, 351 completed partial passes, and 565 gained partial passes. In a number of cases the Senate granted passes in sections or in individual subjects to students who had enlisted.
Degrees, Ac. Auckland f Diversity College. F. Total. Victoi Univer! Collet M. F. la >ity ;e. interbi Sollegf ary ). U; Otago liveraity. Total. M. F. Total. M. Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Doctor of Medicine Master of Science Honours in Science Honours in Arts Master of Arts Honours in Commerce Honours in Law Master of Law Bachelor of— Arts Science Medicine and Surgery .. Laws Commerce Engineering (Civil) Engineering (Electrical) Science in Home Science Agriculture Senior University Scholarships John Tinlino Scholarship .. 4 4 2 12 4 i 5 4 2 6 18 4 i 6 1 4 2 3 1 3 14 4 3 4 12 1 1 4 5 7 1 3 26 5 2 4 1 7 3 3 2 11 2 7 3 18 3 7 2 3 2 16 6 25 3 3 1 8 3 4 7 2 6 3 24 9 29 3 7 1 8 13 io i 3 2 49 17 26 38 2 5 3 io 7 37 4 4 1 2 7 1 8 23 17 1 3 2 86 21 29 39 4 5 3 6 2 14 1 io l 10 1 2 i i<s i 17 9 I 5 3 i 9 2 5 3 6 6 6 i 1 2 i 2 2 4 2 2 2 2 6 6 1 2 11 3 1 i Totals, 1920 23 75 38 47 50 73 39 17 56 70 26 96 197 272 Totals, 1919 41 9 50 41 22 63 22 14 36 75 25 100 179 70 249
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Up till the present the examinations in arts and science have been conducted by examiners appointed in Great Britain. At its last meeting the Senate agreed to conduct these examinations up to pass grade in New Zealand by the appointment of overseas or external examiners in the several subjects, who will control the examinations in co-operation with the teachers in the affiliated colleges, very much in the way in which all examinations are conducted in almost all the Home universities, and in which medical examinations are at present conducted in New Zealand. In the event of its being impossible to secure a competent assessor in any subject or subjects in New Zealand the, Senate proposes to conduct the examination in such subject or subjects as at present. The following table shows the principal receipts and payments of the University of New Zealand for the year 1920 : — I.—General Account. Receipts. £ Payments. Balance, Ist January, 1920 .. .. 5,722 Transfer to Ordinary Scholarship Ac- £ Statutory grant .. . . .. 3,750 count .. . . . . .. 1,500 National endowment .. . . 3,348 National endowment .. . . 3,348 Fees .. .. .. ..15,072 Examinations .. .. .. 7,584 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 428 Office salaries and rent .. .. 1,568 Expenses of Senate meetings and elections 676 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 1,634 English agent .. .. .. 3,980 Balance, Ist January, 1921 (including balance in hands of English agent) .. 8,030 £28,320 £28,320 ll.—Ordinary Scholarship Account. Receipts. £ i Payments. £ Balance, Ist January, 1920 .. .. 29,354 j Scholarships ..' .. .. 3,671 Transfer from General Account .. 1,500 [ Balance, Ist January, 1921 .. .. 28,775 Interest .. .. .. .. 1,592 £32,446 £32,446 In the above statements no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. Affiliated Colleges. (Tables M 1 and M 3 in E.-7.) The number of students in attendance at the four University colleges in 1920 was 3,672 (2,327 men and 1,345 women), compared with 2,961 in the preceding year. The figures again show a large increase, particularly in the number of men students. The rolls for the years 1914, 1918, 1919, and 1920 were as follows : — 1914. 1918. 1919. 1920. Men .. .. .. 1,376 1,122 1,831 2,327 Women .. .. .. 758 1,018 1,130 1,345 Totals .. .. 2,134 2,140 2,961 3,672 Since 1914 the number of students has increased by 72 per cent., and since 1919 by 24 per cent. The students are classified as follows : Graduates, 147 ; undergraduates, 2,350 ; non-matriculated students, 914. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above there were 150 students attached to the various University colleges but exempt from lectures —that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms by passing the annual college examination. Of the 3,672 students attending University colleges, 1,599, or 44 per cent., were receiving free tuition, being the holders of scholarships, bursaries, or trainingcollege studentships. The number is greater by 251 than it was in 1919. In addition to the students attending the four University colleges, fifty-five students, of whom eight were Government-bursary holders and two were holders of Kitchener Scholarships, were taking an agricultural course of university grade at the Lincoln Agricultural College in Canterbury.
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Table M 3 shows the various subjects taught and the number of students at each college studying them. There were 552 law students, 335 medical students, 374 engineering and mining students, 484 students of economics, 335 students of education, 72 women students of home science, besides large numbers studying languages, mathematics, and various branches of science. The number of full-time professors employed in the four University colleges at the end of 1920 was as follows: Auckland, 9; Victoria, 11 ; Canterbury, 12; Otago, 19 : total, 51. In addition a number of part-time professors and large staffs of lecturers and assistants were employed. The statutory grants to University colleges were increased in 1920 in order that the salaries and strength of the staffs might be increased where necessary. This has been done, with the result that the average salary of the full-time professors rose from £763 in 1919 to £830 in 1920. The total expenditure by the colleges on salaries also shows an increase of £11,412 over that of the previous year. Finances of the Affiliated, Colleges, 1920. Table M 4 shows in summary form the receipts and payments of the University colleges, excluding those in connection with special trusts and non-university institutions under the control of the College Councils. The receipts from the Government directly and indirectly through the University of New Zealand totalled £94,624 ; the receipts from endowments were £29,597, and from fees £31,685. The total receipts were £178,293, as compared with £130,567 in 1919. The payments on account of administration amounted to £11,638 ; salaries, £74,888 ; and sites and buildings, £38,129. The total payments were £157,192, as compared with £127,545 in the previous year. The principal expenditure on sites and, buildings was in connection with the erection of a new wing at Victoria University College, Students' Hostel at Canterbury College, and the acquisition of an additional site for the Otago University College. The large sums received by the last-named college from private subscriptions, upon which Government subsidies are payable, are worthy of note. Free Education at University Colleges. (Table M 2. in E.-7.) What may be regarded as generous provision is made for free education and for scholarship allowances for students of the University colleges, 44 per cent., as mentioned above, of the students receiving free tuition. Scholarships. University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and. are as follow : University Jun'or, University National, and Taranaki Scholarships (open only to candidates resident in Taranaki), in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. Of the candidates for the Entrance Scholarship Examination in 1920, twelve gained Junior Scholarships, twenty gained National Scholarships, two gained Taranaki Scholarships, forty-two passed " with credit," entitling them to free university education, and forty qualified for Matriculation. The value of a Junior Scholarship or a University National Scholarship is £20 per annum in addition to tuition fees ; students obliged to live away from home receive also a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum. Thirty-five Junior University Scholarships and sixty University National Scholarships were held during 1920. The expenditure by the University on scholarships was £3,674, and by the Education Department on University National Scholarships £3,478. In addition to the scholarships, and partly in connection therewith, a scheme of bursaries entitling students to free tuition is also in operation, as set out in detail below. Scholarships awarded during the degree course are : Senior University Scholarships tenable by candidates for Honours, and awarded on the papers set for repeated subjects in the Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science Examinations ; John Tinline Scholarship, awarded on the papers in English of the Senior Scholarship
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Examination; Sir George Grey Scholarships for students of science subjects; and a number of privately endowed scholarships open to students of the various colleges. Eighteen Senior University Scholarships were held during 1920. The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, the Engineering Travelling Scholarship, the French Travelling Scholarship, National Research Scholarships (one of which is offered to each University college), and a post-graduate scholarship in arts. All, excepting the National Research Scholarships, are travelling scholarships—that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. Four Rhodes Scholarships were awarded in 1920, the total number that have now been granted being twenty, of which six have been gained by students of Auckland University College, five by students of Otago University, five by students of Victoria University College, and four by students of Canterbury College. Up to the present twenty-one National Research Scholarships have been awarded, three being current at present, and the following being the subjects of research : " Age and rate of growth of New Zealand timber-trees " ; " Atmospheric electricity, with specific reference to meteorological conditions " ; and " Radioactivity and helium content of New Zealand rocks, waters, and natural gases." Kitchener Memorial Scholarship. —A Kitchener Memorial Scholarship endowed by a private gentleman, and contributed to by other persons and by the Government, is awarded annually on the results of the Senior National Scholarship Examination for secondary-school pupils, and is intended for boys, being the sons of members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force, who have taken an agricultural course. The scholarship is worth £50 per annum, and is tenable for two years at an agricultural college. One scholarship was awarded in each of the years 1919, 1920, and 1921, the first named having expired at the end of 1920. University Bursaries. University bursaries are awarded under the University Amendment Act, 1914, on the credit pass in the University Junior Scholarship Examination or on a higher leaving-certificate qualification, and entitle the holders to exemption from the payment of tuition and examination fees (not exceeding £20 per annum) during a three (or possibly four) years' course at a University college or school of agriculture recognized by the University. The number of University bursars in 1920 was 558, as compared with 450 in 1919 and 291 in 1918, and the amount expended on their tuition and examination fees was £8,565, the cost per head being £15 7s. Educational Bursaries. Educational bursaries are awarded under the Education Act, 1914, and any matriculated student is entitled to one who is a " teacher " as defined in the Education Act, or undertakes to serve as a teacher in a public primary, secondary, technical, or departmental school for two or three years (according to whether he has or has not entered into an. undertaking in connection with his training-college course), and who — (i.) Has within the six months immediately preceding satisfactorily completed his term of service as a pupil-teacher or probationer, and declares his intention of entering a recognized training college on the completion of the tenure of his bursary ; or (ii.) Has satisfactorily completed, his course of training at a recognized training college and gained a trained-teacher's certificate ; or (iii.) Has otherwise gained a teacher's certificate of a class not lower than Class C. These bursaries are tenable for three years, with, possibly two yearly extensions, at a University college or recognized school of agriculture. The classes taken must be such as to form part of the course in arts, science, or agriculture, and proof of satisfactory progress must be given.
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The number of educational bursars in 1920 was ninety-three (as compared with seventy-four in 1919 and forty-two in 1918), of which number sixteen completed the three years' tenure of their bursaries. The amount expended on tuition and examination fees on account of educational bursaries was £922 45., the cost per head being £9 18s. 3d. Domestic-science Bursaries. Domestic-science bursaries tenable at the Otago University may be awarded under the Regulations for Manual and Technical Instruction. Applicants for the bursaries must have been resident in the Dominion for not less than twelve months, and must have— (I.) Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose ; or (2.) Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class D teachers' certificate ; or (3.) Gained a higher leaving-certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers, a lower leaving-certificate. Applicants are required to make a declaration that they will on completion of their course engage in teaching for not less than three years. The term of a bursary is two (or possibly) three years. The bursar receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and if obliged to live away from home an allowance of £30 per annum. A large hostel is provided at which the great majority of the students reside. Bursaries of this kind were awarded to twenty-two students in 1920, making in all fifty-seven bursars in attendance at classes. Seventy students were taking the domestic-science course in. 1920 —twenty the full degree course, thirty-eight the diploma course, and twelve a preliminary course. Six degree and five diploma students finished their course in that year. Agricultural Bursaries. Agricultural bursaries may be granted by the Education Department to qualified candidates in order to enable them to obtain the necessary practical training for positions as teachers or agricultural instructors, after the completion of their training the bursars being under a legal obligation to serve for a term of three years in one or other of these capacities. The qualification for a bursary is Matriculation or a higher or lower leaving-certificate, and candidates are preferred, who have received agricultural instruction during their secondary-school course. In addition, ex-students of teachers' training colleges who desire to specialize in the teaching of agriculture may obtain bursaries to enable them to receive the necessary training in agriculture. Agricultural bursaries are tenable at an experimental farm, an agricultural college, or other approved institution for two years, with a possible extension to a third year. Bursars receive an allowance of £20 per annum with free tuition, and if obliged to live away from home a lodging-allowance of £30 per annum. During 1920 seven agricultural bursars were in attendance at Lincoln Agricultural College. Five of the bursars completed the third-year course and obtained the college diploma ; one completed the second-year course, the remaining bursar having attended for one year only. The reports on the bursars' work, especially in the case of the third-year students, were very satisfactory. In addition to these, three bursars attended a University college during the year, two being in their first year, and one, in. attendance at Canterbury College after spending three years at Lincoln College, obtaining his B.Ag. degree. The expenditure by the Department on agricultural bursaries for the year 1920 was £814 2s. Bd. War Bursaries. Regulations made in 1918 provided for the award of bursaries at secondary schools, technical schools, and University colleges to the dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces. By the provisions of these regulations such a dependant who is qualified to receive a University bursary
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49
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or an educational bursary as described above may receive in addition an allowance of £10 per annum, together with a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum if obliged to live away from home while attending a University college. One bursar, after completing his secondary-school course, continued his bursary at a University college, taking an engineering course. Workers' Educational Association. The Workers' Educational Association, which works in conjunction with the four University colleges, continued its activities in 1920 with satisfactory results. Tutorial and preliminary classes are conducted for working men and women in such subjects as economics, psychology, industrial history, English literature, English composition, modern history, electricity, and hygiene; in fact, the association announces its readiness to establish classes in almost any subject for which a sufficient number of students will be forthcoming. Members of the staffs of the University colleges and other highly qualified educationists act as tutors of the classes. Over fifty classes were held in 1920, with a roll number of over 1,200 and an average attendance approaching 800. The classes were held for the most part in the large cities, although in the Wellington centre particularly classes were held in a number of the smaller towns. The Government now contributes directly £2,500 per annum to the movement, in addition to which £1,250 paid by the Government out of the National Endowment Fund to the University of New Zealand is devoted to the same object, making a total of £3,750. Voluntary contributions received by the University colleges on account of the association's classes are also subsidized by the Government. GENERAL. Annual Examinations. (See also E.-8. —Annual Examinations.) The annual examinations were conducted by the Education Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior and Senior National Scholarships, junior and senior free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and teachers' certificates. Also, by arrangement with the Public Service Commissioner, examinations were held for admission to and promotion in the Public Service. The examinations were.held from the 22nd November to the Ist December, 1920, and from the sth to the 18th January, 1921, at fifty-nine centres. As in 1919, at the request of the Public Service Commissioner, the Department conducted an additional special Public Service Entrance Examination in June, 1920. The Public Service Senior Examination of January, 1921, was confined to returned soldier candidates who had previously obtained partial success in the •examination and were desirous of completing their pass. The following table shows collectively, in comparison, with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations above enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees:— 1919-20. 1920-21. Number who entered .. .. .. .. ..9,071 9,759 Number who actually sat for examination.. .. .. 7,739 8,020 Number of absentees .. .. .. ... .. 1,332 1,739 The numbers of candidates who actually presented themselves in the exami-nation-room are given below. For the sake of comparison the figures for the previous three years are also given. 1917-18. 1918-19. 1919-20. 1920-21. Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. 3,122 1,917 2,170 2.298 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate .. .. .. .. ..3,315 2,422 3,063 2,999 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. 2,102 1,912 2,234. 2,365 Public Service Senior .. .. .. 226 78 50 78 Typists' Examination .. .. .. .. 60 46 Kindergarten Certificate Examination .. .. .. 4 5 9 1 Special Public Service Entrance Examination in June .. .. 133 189 204 Special Public Service Entrance Examination for returned soldiers .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 73 London University Examinations .. .. .. 1 2 4 2 8,830 6,515 7,719 8,020
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The standards of qualification for National Scholarships for the year, fixed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, were 64 per cent, for juniors, and ■63-| per cent, for seniors. In the case of junior-scholarship candidates from oneteacher schools the standard of qualification was fixed at its lowest limit allowable •by regulation —viz., 10 per cent, below the ordinary standard. The cost of conducting the examinations was as follows : — Total expenses, including cost of additional clerical services temporarily £ employed, but omitting other salaries .. .. .. 7,236 Less amounts received or to be received— £ Fees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates and others .. 2,631 Contribution by Public Service Commissioner for expense of conducting Public Service Examinations, the fees for which, amounting to £1,312, were credited to him — Public Service Entrance, June, 1920 .. .. 351 Public Service Entrance, November, 1920 .. .. 1,002 Public Service Senior, January, 1921 .. .. 98 4,082 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £3,154 Teachers Superannuation Fund. (See also E.-9, Teachers' Superannuation.) The position of the fund at 31st December, 1920, and the principal figures concerning the year's transactions, as compared with those for 1919 are given below: — 1919. 1920. £ £ Balance at credit of fund at 31st December .. .. .. 526,702 599,303 Increase over balance at end of previous year .. .. .. 68,646 72,601 Income for the year — Members'contributions .. .. .. .. ..72,561 87,526 Interest .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 26,686 30,295 Government subsidy .. .. .. ... .. .. 43,000 43,000 Total income .. .. .. .. ..£142,247 £160,821 Expenditure — £ £ Retiring and other allowances .. .. . . . . 57,489 66,589 Contributions refunded, &c. .. .. .. 14,735 20,142 Administration expenses .. .. .. . . . . 1,377 1,489 Total expenditure .. .. .. .. £73,601 £88,220 Number of contributors at 31st December .. .. .. .. 5,019 5,174 Number of members admitted during year .. .. .. . . 533 619 Number retiring from the fund during year .. .. ... 408 464 Net increase in membership at 31st December .. .. .. 125 155 Number of allowances in force at end of year .. .. .. 784 836 Representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. .. £63,448 £70,208 Ordinary retiring-allowances .. .. .. ..400 £40,493 437 £46,269 Be tiring-allowances under extended provisions of section. 12 of the Act .. .. .. .. .. 75 £10,533 76 £10,487 Be tiring-allowances in medically-unfit cases '.. .. 94 £9,029 99 £9,902 Allowances to widows .. .. .. ..117 £2,119 125 £2,263 Allowances to children .. .. .. .. 98 £1,274 99 £1,287 Funds invested at 31st December— £ £ At U per cent, .. .. .. .. .. .. 59,000 58,900 At s"pe r cent, .. .. .. .. .. .. 26,161 14,601 At 5J per cent. .. .. .. .. .. .. 38,460 38.460 At 54 per cent, .. .. .. .. .. .. 385,812 471,612 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. £509,433 £583,573 Average rate of interest on investments at 31st December .. 5-34 per cent. 5-37 per cent. The Government approved of the payment of a cost-of-living bonus to annuitants for the year from Ist April, 1920, to 31st March, 1921, on the following basis : Retired officers whose allowance does not exceed £60 per annum, £40 per annum ; retired officers whose allowance exceeds £60 per annum but does not exceed £100 per annum, an amount sufficient to bring the allowance up to £100 per annum; widows in receipt of allowance, £26 per annum; children in receipt of allowance, £20 per annum. The payment of the bonus is, in the case of widows and children, being continued until the 31st March next, and is also being continued in other cases where,
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on account of hardship, special approval has been given. This bonus is not a charge on the Superannuation Fund, but is provided for out of the Consolidated Fund. Subsidies to Public Libraries. (See also E.-10, Subsidies to Public Libraries.) The sum of £3,000 was voted by Parliament in 1920 for distribution as a subsidy to public libraries in country districts, the libraries participating in the vote being those situated in places having not more than fifteen hundred inhabitants. It is considered that small libraries stand in the greatest need of some financial assistance, and while the small sum available for each library is a material help to such libraries, the benefit to large libraries would be almost negligible. The vote was distributed in March, 1921, the conditions requiring that a library participating in the benefits must be public in the sense of not being under the control of an association or society the membership of which is composed of only part of the community, and if a borough library, a reading-room open to the public free of charge must be provided. In addition, there must have been at least eight members subscribing to the library, the receipts from subscriptions and donations to the funds of the library during the year being not less than £2.1 An application to share in the grant must be accompanied by statements of the annual receipts and payments of the body controlling the library, the membership, and the general arrangements for the carrying-on of the library. The grant is distributed as a subsidy, the sum paid to each library being based upon the amount received during the year by the library by way of subscriptions, donations, and special rates. To this amount is made a nominal addition of £25 ; but no library receives credit for a larger income than £25 —that is, in no case does the amount upon which subsidy is based exceed £50. In this manner the interests of smaller and less prosperous libraries are protected. The number of libraries participating in the vote in 1921 was 295, as compared with 273 in 1920, the incomes of the libraries from subscriptions, &c, ranging from, £2 to £169. The subsidies paid ranged from £7 4s. to £13 6s. Bd., being paid at the rate of ss. 4d. in the pound on the amount upon which subsidy was based. The condition attached to the Government subsidy is that it is to be expended upon books for the library, the injunction being added that works of a high standard of merit should be chosen and a fair proportion of books of permanent value included in the selection. Tables relating to Cost of Education. In the following tables, A, B, C, D, E, and F, an attempt is made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; and to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools.
Table A.-Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1920-21.
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Table B.—Expenditure per Head of Population (1,244,611, including Maoris) on Education 1920-21.
Table C.—Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1903-4 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).
B—E. 1.
634
798
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Table D. —Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1903-4 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).
Table E. —Expenditure on Primary Education for each Individual on the Roll (199,604 in 1920) of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.
Table F. —Expenditure on Secondary Education for each Individual on the Roll (15,302 in 1920) of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.
21
Sxoluding expenditure on new buildings including expenditure on new buildings i 1916. £ s. d. 6 15 11 7 1 0 1917. £ s. 7 7 7 12 j d. I 3 '; 7 i 1918. £ s. 7 9 7 18 d. I 9 4 1919, 1920. £ s. d. £ s. d. 9 5 6 10 17 9 9 17 4 12 7 5 1919. 1920.
1916. 1917. 1918. 1! 1919. 919. 1920. 1920. £ s. d. £ s. Excluding reserves revenue and expenditure on new 12 15 0 14 0 buildings Including reserves revenue and expenditure on new 17 14 4 j 18 6 buildings d. 7 4 £ s. d. '' £ 15 10 7 17 20 19 4 24 s. 8 2 d. £ s. d. 8 17 10 3 5 23 17 1
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APPENDIX.
STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1921.
General Administration. £ £ Salaries Clerical assistance Cost-of-living bonus 25,182 3,739 231 29,152 ; < 736 E.I 525 3,084 4,589 198 146 38 Travelling-expenses Telephones, office requisites, books of reference, &c. Postage and tolograms Printing and stationery Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising, &o... Overtime and meal-allowance Sundries 38,468 Elementary Education. 1,429,088 Teachers' salaries (including pupil-teachers' and probationers' allowances) Teachers' house allowances Teachers'cost-of-living bonuses .. Allowance for loss of salary 41,137 14,363 70 General administrative purposes (including school committees' allowances) Organizing-teachers' salaries, &o... ... Removal of teach ors Relieving-teachers Manual instruction : Capitation School and class libraries School buildings and sitesMaintenance and repair of school buildings and residences Kent of buildings and sites used for school purposes Schools destroyed or damaged by tire —Rebuilding and repairs and rent of temporary premises Payment to Lands for Settlement Account for school-sites Payment for land acquired under Education Reserves Amendmont Act, 1913 New buildings, additions, sites, and teachers' residences— Public Works Fund .. .. £126,053 Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 £153,423 1,484,658 127,012 15,201 573 55,142 53,280 2,165 97,997 4,020 13,367* 284 279,476 32 Special allowance to Chatham Islands Inspectors—■ Salaries Travelling and removal expenses Telephones, office requisites, &c. Extra clerical assistance, typing, &c. Cost-of-living bonus 29,006 10,208 94 350 10 395,176 39,668 School medical, dental, and physical services— Salaries of Inspectors, nurses, and instructors Conveyance of school-children Courses of instruction Dental clinics Cost-of-living bonus Travelling-expenses, &c. Material for nurses uniforms, &c. 17,008 14 56 189 71 7,766 681 Conveyance of school-children, teachers, and instructors ; and allowance for board of children School Journal —Printing, &c. 25,785 33,181 |1 11,348 Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account of public primary schools, including distriot high schools Sundries £3 10,003 Hi 61 Less miscellaneous recoveries 2,253,259 678 Carried forward 2,252,581t 2,291,049 * During the financial year ,£1,495 was recovered from the Fire In m national-endowment reserves revenue and £01,543 from primar; surance Fund in the hands o the Public Trustee, '-education reserves. + £44,16!
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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.
£ £ £ 2,291,049 Brought forward Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for— District high schools : Socondary teachers—Salaries National Scholarships Payments to Socondary schools and colleges for— Free place capitation Manual instruction capitation Subsidies on voluntary contributions Maintenance of buildings New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &c. — Public Works Fund Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 33,826 12,252 140,504 2,508 518 180 27,244 16,667 43,911 1,300* 9,207 Rebuilding high school destroyed by fire From reserves revenue in accordance with Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 Conveyance of pupils to socondary and district, high schools .. Cost-of-living bonus Marlborough High School: Statutory payment Inspectors' salaries Inspectors' travelling-expenses Ashburton High School: Grant for compensation and legal expenses Technical Education. 6,320 1,454 400 1,450 385 1,000 255,215f Salaries of Inspectors Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Technological examinations Capitation (including free places) Material for classes New buildings and permanent apparatus, &c.— Publio Works Fund Eduoation Purposes Loans Act, 1919.. 2,096 452 155 82,325 2,089 40,580 26,037 67,217 1,137 195 635 3,767 5,466 3,630 1,036 Ronts Maintenance of buildings Conveyance of instructors Conveyance of pupils to technical schools Subsidies on voluntary contributions Scholarships and bursaries Cost-of-living bonus 170,200J Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges— Salaries of staff (three-fifths; the other two-fifths is charged to teachers' salaries, " Elementary Education ") Allowances and fees for students Spocial instruction, libraries, and incidental oxpensos Science apparatus and material New buildings, sites, furniture, &o.— Public Works Fund Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 20,478 89,156 1,027 177 3,639 7,878 Cost-of-living bonus Training of teachers other than at training colleges—■ Fares of teachers Classes at subeentres, &c. I 11,517 1,330 •" 3,987 2,013 Higher Education. 129,685§ Statutory grants — University of New Zealand — New Zealand University Act, 1908 National-ondowment reserves revenue 4,000 3,349 7,349 Auckland University College—■ Auckland University College Act, 1882 Now Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue 4,000 8,000 13,674 1,674 Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 New Zoaland University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue 4,000 8,000 13,674 1,674 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue I I 5,000 6,674 1,674 University of Otago— New Zealand University Amendment Acts, 1914 and 1919 National-endowment reserves revenue I I I 10,500 12,174 1,674 Carried forward 2,846,149 * Amount recovered from Kire Insurance Fund. t Inclm .£9,207 from secondary-education reserves revenue. t Incl g Including £2,700 from national-endowment reserves revenuo. fling £5,200 from national-endowment roi uding £3,500 from natioual-endowmonl serves revenue, and ; roserves revenuo
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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.
57
£ £ £ 2,846,149 Brought forward Higher Education — continued. Grants for new buildings, &c. — Auckland University College Victoria University College University of Otago 4,700 6,002 26,541 37,243 100 3,477 Sir George Grey Scholarships National Scholarships Bursaries— University Educational Agricultural 8,556 922 781 10,259 4,618 Subsidies on voluntary contributions Native Schools. 109,242* Salaries (Teaohers and Inspectors) Special allowances : Isolated places Higher education (including nursing scholarships) Books, school requisites, sewing-material, &c. Expenses of removals of teachers and travelling-expenses of Inspectors Buildings: New sohools, additional class-rooms, &c. — Public Works Fund Education Purposes Loans Act, 1919 54,287 230 2,512 1,907 1,425 968 3,316 4,284 4,726 378 Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. .. Manual instruction : Payment of instructors and material for classes Conveyance and board of ohildron Sundries —Advertising, &c. Cost-of-living bonus 1,159 20 494 Loss recoveries 71,422 13 71,409f School for the Deaf. 6,335 61 1,722 251 285 25 Salaries Cost-of-living bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Travelling-exponses, including transit of pupils > Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. Sundries Less recoveries 8,679 2,629 Education ot the Blind. 6,050J Charges for pupils at Jubiloo Institute, Auckland Less recoveries 583 729 Cr. 146 Schools for the Feeble-minded. 11,397 148 168 1,317 8,148 137 10 Salaries Cost-of-living bonus to staff Maintenance of buildings, &c. Travelling-expenses Maintenance of institutions, &c. Additional buildings, &o. Advertising, &c. Less recoveries 21,325 5,720 15,605§ Industrial Schools, Receiving Homes, Probation System, Boarding-out System, &C. 6,227 14,146 28,035 248 66,256 735 352 11,624 Maintenance of buildings New buildings Salaries .. Cost-of-living bonus Payments to foster-parents Refund of maintenance payments Refund of inmates' earnings Travelling-expenses Carried forward 3,048,309 • Including £10,045 paid from national-endowment reserves reveni reserves revenue and te300 from Tauranga endowment. 1 j § Including £150 from national-endowmont reserves revenue. le. t Including Including £200 from £1,700 paid from na lational-endowmen :ional-endowmcut reserves revenue.
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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.
SUMMARY.
Approximate Cost of Paper. —Preparation, not given; printing (1,760 copies) £110
Authority : Makous F. Masks, Government Printer, Wellington.—l92l.
Price, Is. 3d.
64879
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Permanent link to this item
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Bibliographic details
REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1920. [In continuation of E.-1, 1920.], Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1921 Session I-II, E-01
Word Count
30,964REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1920. [In continuation of E.-1, 1920.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1921 Session I-II, E-01
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