REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1918. [In continuation of E.-1, 1918.]

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1919 Session I, E-01

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1919. NEW ZEALAND.

REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, 1918. [In continuation of E.-1, 1918.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. Page Page Introduction .. .. .. .. .. 3 Technical Education: General Council of Education 4 Classes other than Classes'at Technical High Cost of Education .. .. .. .. 4 Schools.. .. .. .. .. 39 Primary Education: Technical High Schools .. .. .. 42 Number of Public Schools .. .. .. 4 Financial.. .. .. .. .. 43 Public-school Buildings .. .. .. 5 Roll Number .. .. .. .. 6 Children's Welfare and Special Schools : Attendance .. .. .... 7 Special Schools Branch, including Children's Classification, Age, and Examination of Pupils 8 Welfare .. .. .. .. 43 Registered Primary Private Schools .. .. 11 Infant-life Protection !! .. .. 52 Conveyance and Board of Scholars .. .. 11 School for the Deaf .. .. .. 53 Class-books and School and Class Libraries .. 12 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. .. 54 Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions .. 12 Education and Care of tho Feeble-minded .. 55 The School Journal .. .. .. 13 Medical Inspection .. .. .. 13 Physioal Education .. .. .. 14 Higher Education : Manual Instruction .. .. .. 15 New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges 57 Staffs of Public Schools .. .'. .. 17 Now Zealand University .. .. .. 58 Salaries of Primary Public-school Teaohers .. 19 Affiliated Colleges .. .. .. 59 Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 20 Finances of the Affiliated Institutions .. 59 Grading of Teaohers .. .. .. 21 Scholarships, Bursaries, &c. .. .. 60 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 22 Provision for Uncertificated To aohers ... 23 General: Finances of Education Boards .. .. 24 Annual Examinations .. .. .. 62 Eduoation Reserves .. .. .. 25 Publio Libraries .. .. .. .. 64 Education of Native Children .. .. 25 Teaoherß'Superannuation Fund .. .. 65 Seoondary Eduoation: Workers' Educational Association .. .. 66 Number of Schools .. .. .. 29 Tables relating to Cost of Eduoation and NumRoll and Attendance .. .. .. 29 ber of Persons receiving Instruction .. 66 Curriculum of Secondary Schools and District High Schools .. .. .. 31 AT3rjen dix A . Free Seoondary Education .. 31 E d i ture o£ Par i| amentary Appropriations Scholarships at Secondary Schools .. 33 £ Financial Year ended 31st March, 1919 69 War Bursaries for Soldiers Dependants 34 ' Secondary-school Certificates .... 34 Staffs of Seoondary Schools .. .. 34 Appendix B: Salaries and Status of Secondary Teachers .. 35 Roll of Persons employed in the Education Finances of Secondary Schools .. .. 36 Service who had joined the Expeditionary Lower Departments of Secondary Schools .. 38 Forces.. .. .. .. .. 76

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Office of the Department of Education, My Lord,— Wellington, 10th October, 1919. T have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31, st December, 1918. T have, &c, F. IT. D. Bell. His Excellency the Right Honourable the Earl of Liverpool, Governor-General of the Dominion of New Zealand.

EEPOET. CONTENTS. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1914, and its subsequent amendments, also the Education Reserves Act, 1908, as subsequently amended, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational matters, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows : — E.—2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely — Appendix A, Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix B, Reports of Inspectors ; Appendix C, Manual Instruction in Primary Schools ; Appendix 1), Training of Teachers ; Appendix E, List of Public Schools, Teachers, and Salaries. E. —3. Education of Maori Children. E. —4. Children's Welfare and. Special Schools. E. —5. Technical Education. E.—6. Secondary Education. E. —7. Higher Education. E.—B. Annual Examinations. E. —9. Teachers' Superannuation. E. — 10. Subsidies to Public Libraries. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. Where information in any section of the report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the table concerned and the report in which it is printed.

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INTRODUCTION. The changes and improvements recently effected in the education system of the Dominion are referred to throughout this report in the sections dealing with various branches that have been affected. For convenience a brief summary is given below of the changes and reforms that have been instituted or provided for during the last two years:— Increased salaries of public-school teachers. Increased salaries and allowances of junior teachers and probationers. Increased allowances of training-college students. Increased grants for incidental expenses of public-school committees. Increased allowances and extension of allowances for the conveyance of children by road and water to primary schools, also increased allowances for the board of children obliged to live away from home to attend school. Increased grants for the maintenance of public-school buildings. Increased capitation to provide better salaries for teachers of Grade 0 schools. Extension of provision for practising-schools in connection with training colleges. Provision for the establishment of model schools and classes for backward children. Provision for the appointment of organizing teachers. Provision for improvement in the staffing of large schools. Reduction in the age at which teachers may receive certificates. Provision for dental treatment of school-children. Increase in the staff and scope of work of medical inspection of schoolchildren. Improvements in the system prescribed for the keeping of Education Boards' accounts. Alteration in the method of making capitation payments to secondary schools to benefit schools with little or no endowments. Amendment in free-place regulations emphasizing instruction for girls in subjects bearing on the home. Increases in the value of nursing scholarships and junior scholarships for Natives. Arrangements made for the appointment of a Chief Inspector of Primary Schools, Female Supervisors for the Education of Girls and Infants, and a Child-welfare Officer. Appointment of a Superintendent of Technical EducationImprovements and extensions in the Children's Welfare and Special Schools Branch. Establishment of engineering bursaries. Establishment of war bursaries for the children of soldiers killed or disabled. Free places for industrial, courses at technical classes made available for children not possessing the S6 qualification. Power taken to include in regulations compulsory attendance at continuation classes in the daytime as well as in the evening in prescribed cases. Increased capitation and grants for free kindergarten schools.

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THE GENERAL COUNCIL OF EDUCATION. A special meeting of the first General Council of Education was held in February, 1918, at which meeting reports of committees were presented and adopted dealing with the following subjects : Adaptation of the Education system of the Dominion to the development of its resources ; appointment of teachers in all classes of schools ; examinations ; the establishment and disestablishment of several technical high schools and district high schools. In accordance with the provisions of the Education Act the triennial election of members of the General Council of Education was held in May, 1918, and the second Council held its first meeting in June. The subjects dealt with at this meeting included public school staffing ; the inspectorate ; playgrounds ; secondary school matters ; compulsory continued education ; local control. Various recommendations of the Council have been given effect to, and other proposals will be carried into effect as opportunity permits. The proceedings of the Council are printed fully in a separate publication. COST OF EDUCATION. (See also Tables A-E on pages (i(i and U7, and Appendix A.) The total expenditure by the Education Department for the year 1918-19 was £1,980,225, an increase of £177,038 over the expenditure for the previous year. If to this expenditure is added the income derived by secondary schools and University colleges from reserves (most of which was expended), the total public expenditure on education amounted to £2,072,000, or £l 15s. lOd. per head of the population. This figure is higher than the corresponding one for the Australian States, and is a little lower than the amount per head expended by the Government in the United States of America. It is, however, difficult to make a fair comparison with the expenditure in other countries where the revenue for educational purposes is derived from various public and private sources. Of the total expenditure 75 per cent, was on account of primary education, 12 per cent, on account of secondary education (including technical high schools), 4 per cent, on account of university education, 3 per cent, on account of industrial and special schools, 3 per cent, on account of technical education, and 3 per cent, on account of teachers' superannuation and miscellaneous charges. The expenditure on primary education per head of roll number was £7 9s. 9d., excluding new buildings, and £7 18s. 4d., including these ; the expenditure on secondary education per head of the roll number was £15 10s. 7d., excluding new buildings and reserves revenue, and £20 19s. 4d., including them. All of these amounts are greater than the corresponding figures for the previous year. Of the expenditure of £1,555,000 by the Government on primary education, £1,071,000 was on account of teachers' salaries and allowances, and £109,000 was for the general administrative purposes of Education Boards and allowances to School Committees. £84,000 represented the expenditure on new school buildings and additions, and £107,000 was the amount granted for the maintenance of school buildings and as a trust fund for the rebuilding of such when necessary. The cost of the inspection of schools amounted to £28,000, and ol the conveyance of scholars and teachers and board of the former, to £23,000. The expenditure on medical inspection and physical education amounted to nearly £11,000. Included in the total expenditure on education is the sum of £80,000 expended on social agencies such as the work of infant-life protection, the juvenile probation system, and schools for the blind, the deaf, the feeble-minded, and for dependent and delinquent children. PRIMARY EDUCATION. Number of Public Schools. (E-2. Tables Al and 83.) The number of public schools open at the end of .1918 was 2,365, as against 2,368 for the year 1917, a decrease of 3. In the following table the schools arc

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classified according to the yearly average attendance, and the total number of children at the schools in each grade is shown.

Total, 1918 .. .. .. .. 2,305 schools. „ 1917 .. .. .. .. 2,368 „ Decrease .. .. .. .. 3 ~ For the number of schools in each education district classified according to grade, reference should be made to Table AI in E.-2. It will be observed that of 2,365 schools, 1,768 were in Grades I-IIIa, having average attendances ranging from 9 to 80, and of these 672 had averages ranging from 9 to 20. Of 171,000 children, nearly 24,000 are in sole-teacher schools with averages ranging from 1 to 35, and nearly 70,000 children are in schools with an average number of pupils of more than 280. Public School Buildings. During the year ending 31st March, 1919, applications were received by the Department from Education Boards for grants for new public-school buildings, additions, residences, sites, &c, to a total amount of £238,817. This is apart from schools established in buildings for which no grant is made except by way of rent. The departmental expenditure for the year was £80,780, and at the end of the financial year the commitments totalled £98,000. Thirty-five new schools of varying sizes were erected, and fifty-six were enlarged. A. considerable number of works for which grants had been authorized were delayed owing to the difficulty in procuring the necessary labour and, in some cases, the necessary materials. During the war the Educations Boards restricted the applications for grants to cases that were regarded as of pressing urgency. The result was that in growing centres the school accommodation became overtaxed to a degree that could be justified only by the necessity for exercising the strictest economy in the expenditure of public funds. Where, under normal conditions, additional rooms would have been provided, the best use was made of the existing accommodation, or temporary provision for the increase in the attendance was ma.de by renting such halls as were available, and where new schools were required every possible expedient was adopted to avoid the erection of buildings. These temporary arrangements were more or less unsatisfactory in character. The rented buildings were sometimes unlined, poorly lit, and otherwise unsuitable for educational purposes and for occupation by children. With the close of the war Education Boards are now desirous that the school accommodation should be brought up to a reasonable standard in adequacy and comfort, and, as indicating the views the Boards take of their requirements for new schools, additions to existing schools, and the requisite sites, it may be mentioned that while the grants applied for during the first six months of last year totalled £67,000, those for the corresponding period of the current year totalled £196,000. As has been pointed out in former reports, many of the older school buildings, as judged, by modern, standards, are defective in important features such as ventilation, lighting, shape and size of class-rooms, &c. In other countries also the educational authorities, in their official reports, note that similar conditions obtain. Though the high cost of building at the present time may prohibit the adoption of a general scheme of reconstruction, some of the oldest schools are so badly constructed as to demand attention at the earliest possible opportunity. In some

Grade of School. Number Total of Average Schools. Attendance. Grade of School. Number of Schools. Total Average! Attendance. 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) 11. (21-35) 111 a. (36-80) IIIb. (81-120) IVa. (121-160) IVb. (161-200) IVc. (201-240) Va. (241-280) Vb. (281-320) Vu. (321-360) Vd. (861-400) .170 672 524 572 109 59 ■17 27 28 21 22 17 1,013 9,438 13,356 28,693 1.0.299 8,074 8,095 6,150 7,748 6,997 7,351 6,138 VIa. (401-450) .. Vhi. (151 500) .. VII a. (501-550) .. VIin. (551-600) .. VI lo. (601.-650) .. VI Id. (651-700) .. VI.Ie. (701-750) .. VIIf. (751-800) .. Vllu. (801-850) .. Villi. (851-900) .. VI11. (901 950) .. II 14 II 12 18 14 7 4,655 7.209 5,225 6,839 11,633 9,477 5,018 4,-645 801 1,719 906 6 1 2 1

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cases the most outstanding defects can be remedied by rearranging the existing accommodation and by otherwise improving the conditions, but in others remodelling is not possible, and entirely new buildings must be provided. Of late years the plans submitted to the Department in connection with applications for grants have been more and more closely scrutinized, with a, view to ensuring that they conform to the recognized principles of school-construction and admit of economical extension of the building should additions subsequently be found necessary. The adoption of this course, in conjunction with discussion between officers of the Board and the Department, has led to the erection of better schools, and to the adoption of a desirable measure of standardization of the class-room as the unit of school accommodation. During the war the erection of teachers' residences practically ceased, but Education Boards are now submitting a number of applications that arc regarded as urgent. This question of providing accommodation for the teacher is a difficult one to deal with. The need for residences is felt most in connection with schools of the lower grades, and it is to this class of school that most of the existing residences are attached. Yet so frequent are the changes in the teachers of small schools that there is no certainty that, if a residence is provided, it will be permanently occupied. One teacher may prefer to live in the residence ; the next teacher may prefer to board. Again, the ebb and flow of population and the consequent fluctuations in the attendance at a school may result in the appointment of a married man where there was formerly an unmarried teacher, or vice versa, and the need for a residence waxes and wanes correspondingly. Indeed, at the present time there are upwards of one hundred residences unoccupied by teachers. Some of these are let, while others are vacant. The most common reason assigned for the teacher's failure to"occupy the residence is that the teacher is a single woman and boards in the district. Owing to the difficulties of the case the Department prefers to pay house allowance, and lias adopted a policy of not erecting a residence unless no other course appears possible. During the year a substantial sum for the improvement of teachers' residences by providing bathrooms and washhouses was approved by Cabinet, and Education Boards were requested to supply the Department with a statement of their most urgent needs in this respect. For the financial year 1918—19 the appropriation for public-school buildings was much higher than in any previous year —viz., £160,000. For 1917-18 the appropriation was £75,000. Unfortunately, when present and pre-war buildingconditions are taken, into account, the substantial increase in the amount of the appropriations does not enable a correspondingly increased amount of work to be carried out. Roll Number. (E-2, Tables lil and 82.) The number of children in attendance at public schools in 1918, as shown by the mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters of the year, was 1-8 per cent, greater than in the previous year. The following figures show the average weekly roll number and the roll number at the end of 1918 :—

The percentage increase in the average roll during the last five years has been as follows: 1914, 3-6 per cent. ; 1915, 3*2 per cent. ; 1916, I*6 per cent. ; 1917, 2-1 per cent. ; 1918, I*B per cent. ; the increase in 1918 not being so great as it has been in previous years. The increased numbers are spread over the children of all classes with the exception of S7, and more especially of the preparatory classes. The number of pupils in the preparatory classes and between the ages of five and

Mean of Averaj ;e Weekly Roll. Roll Number at end of Year. Including Secondary Departments of District High Sohools. Excluding Second-1 Including Second- Ezoluding Secondary Departments , ary Departments ary Departments of Distriot High of District High of District High Schools. Schools. Schools. 188,932 194,934 192,680 185,549 190,354 188,174 "ear 1918 .. car 191.7 191,382 187,954 Increase in 1918 3,428 3,383 4,580 4,506 3,383 4,580 Increase per cent, in 1.9.18 1-8 1*8 2-4 2*4

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six years was 950 less than in the previous year, indicating a falling-ofi in the number of new entrants. The increase in the roll number was greater in the North Island (including Marlborough) than in the South Island, the percentage increases being 3*o and L*s respectively. The table below shows the mean average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1903, and for each of the last eleven years ; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll (including secondary departments of district high schools), and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

The above figures relate to public schools. To estimate the total number of children receiving primary education in the Dominion it will be necessary to include public schools (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), Native schools, registered private primary schools, the lower departments of secondary schools, and special schools. The figures will then be :— Average Weekly Roll Number. Public schools (less secondary departments of district 1917. mis. high schools) .. .'. .. .. .. 185,549 188,932 Native village and Native mission schools .. .. 5,315 5,223 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 18,594* 20,076* Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 580* 065* Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 600 252 Total average weekly roll, of primary scholars .. 210,638 215,118 * Number on roll at end of year. Attendance. (E-2, Tables 81, 82, and 83.) The following figures show the average attendance at public schools in the Dominion during the years 1917 and 1918 : — Including Secondary Excluding Secondary Departments of Departments of District High Schools. District High Schools. Year 1918 .. .. .. .. .. 169,836 167,601 Year 1917 .. .. .. .. .. 168,711 166,510 Increase in 1918 .. ~, .. 1,125 1,091 Increase per cent... .. .. o*o7 o*o7 The increase in average attendance was much smaller in 1918 than in the previous year ; what would have been a good record being largely spoiled by the sickness that prevailed in the last quarter of the year. The increase in average attendance during the last five years has been : 1914, 3*6 per cent. ; 1915, 3*l per cent. ; 1916, o*o4 per cent. ; 1917, 3*4 per cent. ; .1918, 0-07 per cent. The average attendance taken as a percentage of the average weekly roll was 88-7 in 1918, as compared with 89-8 in the previous year and 90*1 in 1914 —the highest record yet reached. Every education district excepting Taranaki shows a slight falling-off in the regularity of attendance, the best results being obtained in Otago and Wellington, with

Year. N "-'-- ofAvTage sctls. Weekly Mean Averago nfAvBi-m.B Averago Attendance wlniVi,, Attendance, as Pevcentlfnii Whole Year. age of lw " 1. Weekly Koll. I Number of' Adults. fcacliers, Fupi il-toacli< irs. I M. F. Total. M. P, Total. 1878 1883 1888 1893 1898 1903 1908 .. 1909 1910 1911 .. 1912 .. 1913 1914 .. 1915 1910 .. 1917 .. 1918.. „ ,j_ • Averago of three quarte 748 971 90,859 1,158 113,630 1,375 125,092 1,055 133,782 1,780 134,748 1,998 145,974 2,057 151,142 2,090 154,750 2,166 159,299 2,214 164,492 2,255 169,530 2,301 175,570 2,338 181,229 2,355 184,050 2,368 1.87,954 2,305 191,382 era. + Strict averagi *48,773 I 90,859 69,838 : 76*9 113,030 1*90,108 79*3 125,092 *ti00,321 79*8 133,782 111.036 83*4 134,748 113,047 83*9 145,974 127,100 87*1 151,142 132,773 87*8 154,750 135,738 87*7 159,299 142,180 I 89-3 164,492 140,282 ! 88*9 109,530 151,242 I 89*2 175,570 158,134 \ 90*1 181,229 103,092 90-0 184,050 103,150 88*0 1.87,954 108,711 89*8 191,382 169,836 | 88-7 707 905 1,039 1.107 1,234 1,270 1,331 1,400 1.450 1,493 1,555 1,003 1,028 1,591 1,501 1,383 1,300 454 650 887 1,006 1,370 1,720 2,021 2,208 2,252 2,351 2,550 2,059 2,820 3,077 3,209 3,224 3,452 1,101 1,561 1,920 2,203 2,604 2,990 3,352 3,014 3,708 3,844 4,105 4,202 4,448 4,068 4,710 4,707 4,818 118 159 219 238 229 147 161 166 174 179 162 142 139 141 137 132 123 332 ; 571 | 094 825 831 552 470 530 520 528 470 474 470 485 519 517 523 irobatioi 450 730 913 1,063 1 ,00(1 099 037 090 §700 §707 §038 §610 §009 §626 §050 §049 §640 I Work: ing average. § Exclusive of iale and f< miale \ lers.

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percentage attendances of 91-3 and 90 respectively. As far as comparisons can be made, the regularity of attendance in New Zealand does not appear to be inferior to that in other English-speaking countries, and when the large number of children who have to travel long distances to school is taken into account the result must be considered as highly satisfactory. The following figures represent the total number of children (of whom the average weekly roll number was given above) in average attendance at registered schools giving primary instruction : — Public schools (excluding secondary departments of district 1917. 1918. high schools) .. .. .. .. ..166,510 167,601 Native village and mission schools .. .. .. 4,619 4,492 Registered private primary schools .. .. .. 1.6,429 17,441 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 530 573 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 588 248 Totals .. .. .. .. ..188,676 190,355 Classification, Age, and Examination oe Pupils. E.-2, Tahlcs 01-C7. Classification and Age of Pupils. The importance of correct classification is receiving the attention of all educationists, the necessity of avoiding waste of time and. of hindering the progress of bright pupils being fully recognized. In New Zealand the teachers —who should be in the best position to judge—have the work of the classification of scholars almost entirely in their hands, Inspectors of Schools supervising and assisting when necessary. On the whole the reports on the work of classification are satisfactory, more assistance from the inspectors being naturally required in small country schools. The opinion is expressed that full advantage is often not taken of the opportunity of promoting brighter pupils twice in one year. In order to carry out the system of " double promotion " the London County Council has a regulation to the effect that classification must be made at the end of the year, and must be reviewed at the end of the first half of the year. It is considered in London that about 20 per cent, of the children are fit to take the work of two standards in one year once or, at most, twice in the course of their school lives. Such promotions are more easily made in the lower standards. Classification is recognized as being a difficult problem, and various schemes are resorted to in order to make provision for backward and for especially bright children. The table below sets forth the ages and classification of the pupils of public schools in the Dominion : —

Classified Return of the Numbers on the Rolls of Public Schools at the end of 1918, excluding Secondary Departments of District High Schools.

ClasBl'. Standard I. Standard II. Standard III. Ages. ; Boys. Girls. Boys. I Girls. Boys.! Girls. Boys. Girls. I . 5 and under 0.. 7,410 6,761 6 0 Standard IV. Standard V. Standard VI. Standard VII Tot i Hoys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. Girls. Boys. .;ll«. Girls. Boys. Girls. Girls. 7,416 6,767 6 „ 7 .. 10,522 9,703 13(1 171 1 1 .. 7 „ 8 .. 9,61.0 8,525 1,7691,870, 128 119 4 9 8 „ 9.. 4,797 3,894 4,822 4,8051,5291,729 119 109 9 „ 10.. 1,535 1,140 3,8073,3194,3914,4301,3931,460 10 „ 11.. 482 351 1,511 1,2823,8403,4834,llo|4,073 1 •..[.. .. 10,653 9,875 119 9 11,511 10,523 1,729 109 10 0 11,277 10,543 4,391 4,430 1,460 178 184 3 3 10 .. 2 .. .. 11,307 10,545 3,840 3,483 4,1101 |4,073 1 1,4181,405 108 108 100 4 7 .. .. 11,473 10,701 11 „ 12 .. 142 121 524 3771,7001,4213,03513,327 12 „ 13 .. 00 59 175| 118 041 5101,9471,730 3,035; '3,327 3,492 1,0971,104 99 89 .. .. 10,723 1,097 9,931 3,400 1,947 1,730 3,401 3,090 3,196 3,1903,230 989 1,001 5 10 10,114 3,231 5 9,754 13 „ 14.. 18 19 53 50 241 159 833 654 833 654 1,857 1,549 3,246 3,240 3,098 2,7432,072 50 56 9,017 3,091 2,7432,672 56 8,257 14 „ 15.. ' 12 11 16| 17 40 26 217 155 217 155 568 464 1,5121,335 2,485(2,297 31 59 4,881 1,512 1,335 2,485(2,297 9121 728 31 59 4,364 15 „ 10 .. 1 1 4 3 10 10 34 25 34 25 115 65 384 384 296 912J 728 15 27 1,475 290 15 27 1,155 10 „ 17 1 .. .. I 3 Over 17 .. .. I 1 Totals, 191.8 .. 34,58930,58012,817 120191£58111*8881229311546 I 3 9 7 37 37 28 111 80 4 12 102 28 111 80 9- 12 7,352 0,894 4 12 137 1 1 1 3 3 1 9- 12 1 2 14 1 1 2 18 12293 11540 11023 10269 9,580 9,5809,2027,3520,894 112 106 100353 9,202 112 166 92,57*

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The table is useful in showing the retardation occurring in the school-life of the pupils. The average age of children in the Dominion in Si at the end of the year is nine years, in S2 ten years, arid so on. These ages are one year higher than would be the case if all children began school at the age of five and spent two years in the preparatory classes and one year in each of the following standards. It is therefore taking a very liberal view to regard children up to ten years of age at the end of a year in Si as being of normal classification. This is done in the table, the numbers below the lower horizontal lines then representing cases of retardation, the numbers above the upper horizontal lines representing children brighter than the average, it is not possible from the table to show cases above normal classification in the preparatory classes, or cases of retardation in 87. An examination of the figures discloses the following results :—

The average percentage of cases of retardation in Si to 96 inclusive is 19, the highest rate -24 per cent.--—obtaining in S3. This means that 24 out of every 100 children enrolled in S3 at the end of the year were over twelve years of age. Since, under normal conditions a child should pass out of S6 at the age of thirteen, it is very apparent that great numbers of our children are much too old for the standards they have reached. A similar calculation to the above has been made in respect of 450,000 children in England, in which two years less has been taken as the normal age, a child being regarded as backward if it was over ten years of age when ready to pass out of S3. From the statistics thus obtained 35 per cent, of the children were found to be backward, 45 per cent, normal, and 20 per cent, advanced. If a similar age were taken for the normal in New Zealand the percentage of backward children would be very much greater than in England. IVlany of the causes of retardation such as mental backwardness, physical incapacity, and migration from school to school are impossible or difficult to remove. On the other hand, delay in beginning school life is responsible for a great number of children being over the average age, although when measured by the length of time spent at school they cannot be regarded as cases of retardation. The establishment of special auxiliary classes for the care of backward children will have to be extended as opportunity permits. The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the two years 1917 and 1918 as at the end of the year's instruction were as follows : — 1917. 1918. Yrs. moB. Yru. mos. .Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..7 1 7 0 Class 81 .. .. .. .. .. ..9 1 8 11 „ S2 10 2 10 1 „ 83 .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 3 11 1 „ S4 .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 3 12 1 „ S5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 1 13 1 „ S6 13 10 13 11 Mean of average age .. .. ..99 9 10

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Class. Normal Classification. Above Normal Classification. Below Normal Classification. Per Cent. _J Per Oent. Per Cent. Class P „ 81 „ S2 „ S3 „ 84 ., 85 „ S6 67 66 64 63 68 72 16 14 13 15 13 15 6 17 20 23 22 19 13 Classes SI-80 67 14 19

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The figures for each education district are shown in Table Co of E.-2. As has been mentioned in previous reports, the various districts, with no apparent reason, show a difference in the average ages lor the various classes, the range of difference being as high as eleven months in S5. The figures for the Dominion do not yet show any sign of the lowering of the average ages thai, is desirable. Tables C 3 and C 4 in E.-2 show the percentages of children in the primary schools of various ages and in the various classes during the last five years. The proportion of children in the preparatory classes continues to decrease in the manner desired, although the decrease in 1918 must to some extent be accounted lor by the diminished number of new entrants. The percentage of children in these classes, which was 3(5*33 in 1914, is now 33*83, the percentage of children between the ages of five and seven years having decreased only from 18*9 to 17-11 during the same period, thus showing that the smaller proportion of pupils in the preparatory classes is largely the result of more rapid promotion to higher classes. Six per cent, of the pupils of the preparatory classes are still, however, over nine years of age, and 19 per cent, are over eight years of age ; these percentages, happily are gradually diminishing. As has been stated in previous reports, the normal child should cover the work of the preparatory classes within two years. Children leaving School before passing 86. From the classification table above and from those of previous years it appears that 87 per cent, of the pupils in 1914 reached S5 in 1918, and only 66 per cent, of those in Si in 1913 reached 86 in 1918, so that approximately 34 per cent, of the pupils of primary schools leave school without doing the work of S6, and 13 per cent, without doing the work of S5. From returns supplied by Education Boards the number over fourteen years of age that left school in 1917 without passing S6 was 5,057 (2,764 boys and 2,293 girls), being more than half as many as left school with a S6 certificate. The figures havedecreased during the last two years, but the fact of so many children failing to attain to the very moderate standard of education represented by S6 is a, matter for great regret. It is not unlikely that among these children are many who, if the facilities were placed within their reach, would fit themselves to fill creditably positions in the industrial world of the Dominion. Provision was made for an extension of the free-place system at technical scl ools arid classes to afford such, children some training in subjects related to industrial occupations. Prom 100 to 150 free places were granted under the new regulations in 1918. and a further extension of the scheme is anticipated. Examination of Pupils. S6 examinations for proficiency and competency are usually conducted by the Department's Inspectors, the pupils being examined in English and arithmetic, at least, by means of written tests. The closing of the schools owing to the influenza epidemic at the end of 1918 prevented, in most cases, the examinations being held by the Inspectors, and certificates were awarded on the teachers' recommendations based on examinations held during the year, and where possible after consultation between the teachers and Inspectors. In some cases subsequent examinations were also held. On the whole the scheme worked well, but naturally it was a difficult matter for inexperienced teachers to arrive at correct estimates, and a general tendency in other cases to accept too low a standard of merit is remarked upon. Inspectors are generally of the opinion that the usual method of awarding these certificates is still to be preferred and should not be materially departed from. As a result of the unusual conditions the number of pupils obtaining certificates of proficiency—lo,4oo, or 73*6 per cent, of the number of candidates —was higher than usual, the percentage for the previous year being 67. The percentage ranged in the various education districts from 60-1 per cent, to 81-5 per cent., showing a range difference of 21*4 per cent., as compared with 25-7 per cent, in 1917. The number of certificates of competency granted was 2,043, or 14-5 per cent, of the number of candidates ; of this number 303 were endorsed for merit in science and handwork.

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Registered Primary Private Schools. (E-2, Tables 1)1 and D 2.) The number of primary private schools (excluding private schools for Natives referred to elsewhere) registered under the Education Act, 1914, in 1918 was 210, compared with 197 in 1917. For the purpose of ensuring that children who do not attend public schools, wherein the State is willing to provide for them, are receiving adequate instruction elsewhere, private schools are inspected by the Department's Inspectors, upon the character of whose reports the registration largely depends. .Pupils in S6 are also examined by the Inspectors for certificates of proficiency and competency. The following are the statistics relative to these schools:— 1917. 1918. Number of schools .. .. ~ 197 21.0 Roll number at end of year—Boys • .. 8,195 9,042 Girls.. .. 10,399 11,034 18,594 20,076 Average attendance .. .. .. 16,429 .. 17,441 Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. Children under seven years of age . . .. 3,582 19*2 3,957 20*0' Children from seven to ten years of age .. 6,091 32*8 6,684 33*0 Children over ten years of age .. .. 8,921 48*0 9,435 47*0 Children in preparatory classes .. .. 6,019 32*4 6,380 32*0 Males. Females, Males. Females, Number of full-time teachers .. .. 58 573 44 639 Average number of pupils per teacher .. 26 26 S6 pupils presented for examination .. 1 ,190 1,471 Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage Proficiency certificates issued .. .. 761 64 1,076 74*0 Competency certificates issued .. .. 228 30 227 16*0 Tables Dl and D 2 in E.-2 give particulars of the schools in the various education districts. A list of registered private schools is published each year in the New Zealand Gazette. Conveyance and Board of Scholars. Free passes on the railway to the nearest public or private school are granted to children living near to the railway-line but out of reach of a primary school, and the same privilege is enjoyed by pupils having to travel to attend secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools, and also by free-place holders travelling to attend technical schools or classes other than technical high schools. Education Boards are also authorized to make provision when necessary for the conveyance of pupils to primary schools by road or water and to contribute towards the payment for board of children compelled to live away from home in order to attend school. The rules under which the Department makes grants to Education Boards have recently been revised, the following being the rates now payable: — (a.) Sixpence per return trip for each child over five years-of age conveyed to the nearest public school : Provided that the home is not less than three miles from the school in the case of a child ten years of age or over, and not less than two miles in the case of a child under ten years. (b.) Sixpence per return trip for each child over five years of age conveyed by ferry to enable him (or her) to attend a public school, (c.) Eight-pence per return trip for each child where the distance to be conveyed exceeds five miles. (d.) Two-thirds of the recognized rates (subject in each instance to the approval of the I )epartment on the recommendation of the Board and the Senior Inspector of Schools) in the case of a child using a horse or pony as a means of conveyance where roads for wheel traffic are non-existent or are such as to be dangerous or impassable for vehicles. (c.) Five shillings a., week for the board for each child over five years of age who through impracticability of conveyance has to live away from home in order to attend a public school.

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(/.) Half the amount expended by the Board on the conveyance (including ferrying) and board of all children over five years of age in excess of the allowances received under (a), (b), (c), (d) and (c). The following represents the expenditure by the Department for the year 1918-19 on the above-named services:—

The total expenditure for the previous year was £28,614. Class-books and School and Class Libraries. The practice of former years of making grants for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries was continued in 1918. These grants come under two heads : — (a.) A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance was paid to Boards for the purpose of supplying schools with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class reading in P to S6 inclusive, and alsoJfor the free supply of classbooks in necessitous cases or in cases where a newly entered pupil had already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision was made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, was spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. (b.) Further to encourage the establishment and the satisfactory maintenance of school libraries provision is made for the payment of subsidies of £l for £l on moneys raised by voluntary contributions. In addition to this departmental subsidy a subsidy is payable by the Education Board under section 37 of the Education Act, but the Board is not required to pay a sum exceeding 3d. for each child in average attendance at a school, or exceeding £5 for any one school. The books purchased are to be suit-able for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Senior Inspector. The complaints regarding the expense to which parents are put by reason of their having to purchase new books for their children when they move from one district to another are not so common as formerly, and there are good grounds for believing that the attention drawn by the Department to the provision that in these cases class-books must be supplied free has resulted in the relief of parents with respect to such charges. There are also similar grounds for believing the provision of the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases is being more generally complied with. Subsidies on Voluntary Contributions. In addition to the subsidies mentioned above with respect to school libraries, under section 159 of the Education Act subsidies of £l for £l are payable on voluntary contributions for many other school purposes prescribed by regulation. The total amount approved as subsidies in connection with public schools for the financial year ending 31st March last was £4,617 (as compared with £3,800 in 1917-18), and the annual expenditure will undoubtedly increase as School Committees become more fully aware that any efforts they may make in the direction of providing funds for improving their schools and grounds are recognized by the

: -,, ., .. I Conveyance by Railway I arcs. ,, , ■ , ,,, , ■ J Road and Water. Boardingallowance. Total. Primary Seoondary Technical Total £ £ 10,971 8,869 4,918 3,138 19,060 8,869 £ 1,218 1,218 £ 21,061 4,948 3,138 29,147

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payment of a Government subsidy. By this means many schools have been enabled tojjcarry out desirable works somewhat beyond their own. unaided, efforts, and the extension of the provision to all public schools by the Act of 1914, instead of its being limited to district high schools as previously, has served as an excellent stimulus to self-help. The " School Journal." The School Journal is published by the Department every month (except in December and January) for use as a supplementary reader in primary schools, and is still regarded as a useful and popular publication. It is issued in three parts suited to the varying capacities of the pupils in Standards I to VI inclusive, and is supplied free to public schools, Native a schools,|;special schools, and other institutions more or less under the Department's control or supervision. To a very large number of private schools it is supplied- at moderate rates, with a. result that approximately 11,000 copies of the School Journal are purchased monthly. Of the last issue of the School Journal for the past year the number of copies printed was —Part I, 63,000 ; Part 11, 58,900; Part 111, 49,000: total, 170,900. in addition to reading-matter of a general character there have appeared in the School Journal during the past year articles dealing with national events, scientific discoveries, and the history and industries of the Dominion, while special numbers have been, largely devoted to topics suitable for Empire Day and Arbor Day. An analysis of the matter appearing in the School Journal shows further that a very considerable amount of reading-matter, both in prose and verse, is calculated to develop in the minds of the children an appreciation of the great and beautiful in literature, an admiration of truth and goodness in dally life, besides a high conception of patriotism, of national service, and of the principles on which may be founded true ideals of worthy manhood and womanhood. Medical Inspection. This sphere of work has for its chief aim the prevention rather than the cure of physical defects in school-children, or at least it aims at- dealing with defects in their very earliest stages, thus enabling the children concerned to develop into healthy men and women. The staff of Medical Inspectors, school muses, and physical instructors has been increased during the year, and the work, in all its phases has been considerably developed. Parents, teachers, the children themselves, and the public generally are becoming more and more impressed with the value of this branch of the Department's activities, and numerous evidences of appreciation have reached the Department. For general information some of the more distinctive features of the work of the past year may here be referred to. The inspection of all children in. schools in Grade ill and upwards|has been systematically carried out, and the reports forwarded to parents have been followed up by the visits of the school nurse. Careful investigation shows that from 70 to 75 per cent, of the cases reported have been attended to by parents, either by their own ministration or through the services of the medical or dental practitioner. Itwill thus be seen that the work of inspection is not merely of formal or statistical value, but that very definite and permanent practical results eventuate in the great majority of cases. It is regretted, that owing to the impossibility of securing larger staffs and means of conveyance in the outlying districts the children in back-country schools have not yet received the benefit of medical inspection. It must be remembered that over one-third of the children of New Zealand are taught in schools containing less than a hundred pupils, and that the children of these schools are out of the reach of ordinary medical or dental services, since these can be obtained only at considerable expense. It is highly necessary, therefore, that the benefits of medical and dental inspection and dental treatment should be provided for that portion of the children of New Zealand who in all probability stand in most need of attention. Some advance in this direction has been made possible by the recent- increase in the number of Medical. Inspectors, and as doctors are being released from war service it should be possible soon to meet all requirements. Early in the year applications were called for the position of school dentists, but owing to the large number of dentists engaged in military service it was found

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impossible to secure suitable applicants. Later' in the year applications were again called, and arrangements are new pending for the appointment of twelve school dentists, of additional Medical Inspectors and. school nurses, and, in particular, of a Superintendent of Medical and Dental Inspection, whose duty it will be to organize and direct the rapidly increasing activities of this branch of work. Applications are also being dealt with for the position of Chief School Dental. Officer, who, in association with the Medical Superintendent, will shortly have the direction of a large staff of school dentists. The latter will in some cases lie stationed iii towns, and in other cases will travel through the country districts by means of motor ambulances, in which simple treatment can be provided in a- general and systematic manner. The ambulances are already in New Zealand, and as soon as the staff is organized the work will be commenced. In the meantime a number of extra activities have been undertaken in various districts, owing, to a large extent, to the enthusiasm of the Medical Inspectors and school nurses concerned. For instance, in one centre the services of the local dentists were secured practically free of cost for one morning per week, until the children in the town who required dental treatment had all been attended to. The hospital authorities gladly co-operated, and the result is that in this centre there has been a complete treatment of the teeth of practically all the children. In several districts tooth-brush drill has been instituted with very satisfactory results, and there is no doubt that with, the extension of this simple dally practice the need for dental treatment will be very greatly reduced. In another district, where goitre is very prevalent, the Medical Inspectors made special, investigations, as the result of which arrangements have been made for the systematic treatment of about fifty children suffering from this complaint. In this way it is hoped that in this district goitre will be (Hired in its very earliest stages and that the prevalence of the complaint will be very considerably diminished in the future. During the recent influenza epidemic the services of the school Medical Inspectors, the school nurses and the physical instructors were placed at the disposal of the Department of Public Health, and on all sides high appreciation of their enthusiasm and efficiency was expressed. During their visits to various centres the Medical Inspectors have delivered a large number of addresses and lectures to teachers, parents, and children concerning the various means by which disease may be prevented or checked, and by which the physique of the children might be improved. In addition to this, parents are invited to be present at the school while the medical inspection of their children is being carried on. This gives the doctor an opportunity of showing the parent directly anything requires attention, and of giving simple directions for the remedy of any defect pointed out. Numerous lectures have also been delivered to training college students on the methods, purpose, and importance of medical inspection, and on the part which the teacher may take in promoting the physical welfare of the children. The Medical Inspectors have also been of great assistance to the Education Boards in supplying reports on the hygienic and sanitary condition of the schools, and in making suggestions which in their opinion would improve health conditions in the schools. A large number of leaflets and circulars have been issued to parents giving 'guidance on matters such as the care of the teeth, suitable kinds of clothing, eyesight, treatment of skin troubles, and obstructed breathing. The cost of medical inspection for the year 1918-19 was £0,206. Physical Education. The number of physical instructors has been increased during the year to fourteen, and the work* of physical training in the schools is becoming more and more effective in promoting the physical welfare of the children. Unfortunately it has been impossible up to the present to place this work* under expert guidance, but applications have been invited for the position of Superintendent, of Medical Inspection and Physical Instruction, and with the appointment of this officer certain extensions and improvements in the system will no doubt be undertaken. The cost of physical education for the year 1918-19 was £4,292.

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Manual Instruction. (E.-2, Appendix C.) The steady extension of instruction in some form of handwork, for the most part closely correlated with the ordinary subjects of the syllabus, leads to the conclusion that the meaning and value of the concrete method is now more fully appreciated by the teachers of the Dominion. The number of public schools making provision for this form of instruction in 191.7 stood at 2,0.1.1 ; for the year under review capitation was paid in respect of 2,135 schools, an increase of 124; and, as facilities were provided for other branches of manual training in 1,532 schools, it may be said that few children of school age are now deprived of some form, of hand-and-eye training. Development has, however, been retarded in certain directions by the abnormal rise in the cost of stationery and material for handwork, and the difficulty of obtaining supplies. Notwithstanding these difficulties, some sound constructive work in paper and cardboard modelling, &c, in the lower standards, and wherever possible in metal-work, woodwork, cookery, laundry-work, and dressmaking, and various branches of elementary science, elementary agriculture, and dairy-work in the higher standards, has been the basis of training which not only link's together education and life, but at the same time provides opportunities for a most valuable form of both, mental and physical training. It has been well said, handwork has for its fundamental principles mainly two complementary attributes -viz., (I) progressive activity for developmental functioning, and (2) the acquisition of skill in the use of tools, instruments, and material in order to foster adaptability and resource " ; and it may be added that under wise guidance the training assists in the development- of initiative and independence of judgment. The special subjects of manual training are taught at over one hundred, more or less well ecpiipped centres, and while this system cannot be regarded as ideal, until conditions permit of the provision of a, " handicraft-room " in every school wherein all suitable forms of handicraft can be practised, the present arrangement may be regarded as satisfactory. The special subject for boys is invariably woodwork, and if taught with intelligence and skill excellent results may be attained. Few boys, unfortunately, are in a position to continue the lessons in their* spare time, the cost of tools, bench, and material, preventing, and it is hoped that facilities for giving instruction in elementary metal-work will, be largely increased in the near future. This subject appears to make greater mental demands on the pupils, the equipment of a centre costs less than for woodwork, and in the opinion of many competent authorities metal-work has higher educative value than woodwork. Further, a very limited kit of metal-work tools will prove an endless source of utility and interest to lads having mechanical aptitude, and will provide wide scope for the exercise of ingenuity and the application of varied constructive principles. The value of the instruction of girls in subjects relating to the home was abundantly proved during the epidemic ; at many of the centres instructors and pupils undertook the preparation, cooking, and delivery of special meals, and in many ways displayed skill and resourcefulness. One of the lessons learned at that time was that in the interests of the home and of the State it was expedient to give more, rather than less, time to the education of girls in domestic subjects, and instead of the instruction being confined to plain cookery, needlework and laundry-work, elementary first aid, and the elements of home nursing, should, wherever possible, become part of the school course of every girl. During the year additional centres were authorized or completed, and while the continued curtailment of the train service affected the attendances at some centres, the average attendance in all subjects shows an increase over that of 1917. Instruction in woodwork and metal-work for boys is provided at 494 schools, and facilities for the instruction of girls in subjects relating to the home exist at 500 schools, there being indications that these numbers will, be largely increased within the next year or two. At 1,390 schools instruction more or less related to agriculture, and supervised by qualified itinerant instructors, was given throughout the year. Probably it is a misnomer to connect this instruction, with agriculture as generally understood, as it has little relation to farm-work and the primary products, but is directed solelyjto the creation of the pupils' " interest in the soil and in the things of the soil," and the importation of very elementary knowledge through the garden and

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indoor experiments on such subjects as gardening and soil, plant-life, and very elementary chemistry and physics in relation thereto. If this instruction—as there is every reason to believe it does —broadens the child's outlook, quickens the interest, and imparts even the most elementary scientific knowledge of botany and biology, thus providing a foundation for and a stimulus to acquire future knowledge, then the instruction is of direct value both to the child and to the State. The following table shows that the number of district high schools providing a, course of instruction bearing on rural pursuits, has increased to forty-seven : —

The conditions under which the science subjects of the' rural course are taught are far from ideal, and will never be otherwise until a well trained'and enthusiastic science teacher on the staff is in charge of the course at every school in which itis taken. There is consolation, however, to be taken from the fact that in. mostcases science is systematically taught, and if " the special purpose which science serves is the inculcation of principles and balance, not facts," the utility of the instruction lies not in how much scientific knowledge of farming, botany, chemistry, biology, &c, has been imparted by the teacher, but in the mental discipline, quickened observational powers, and the stimulus to persistent effort the course has provided. It is to be expected that as normal conditions return an increase will take place in the number of classes in elementary science, instead of a slight decrease as is shown by the returns for 1918. The number of approved classes for swimming and life-saving shows a slight decrease for the year, due to the prevalence of the epidemic at the the classes would under normal conditions have commenced. Capitation earnings by Education Boards for the year amounted to £41,906, as compared with. £39,538 for .1917, while grants amounting to £3,596 in aid of buildings and equipment were received. The total receipts (including transfers from other* accounts) of Education Boards in respect of manual instruction amounted to £53,164, and the total, payments (including transfers to other* accounts) to £62,009. The monetary assets of the Boards at the 31st December, 1918, were £12,027, and these exceeded the liabilities by £5,639. The following table gives some particulars of the payments by Education Boards in respect of certain branches of manual instruction : —

District. Number of Schools. Number of Pupils, j Capitation earned. Auckland 'taranaki. .19.1.8. 1918. £ II. 381 2,629 1 68 479 6 146 860 3 125 845 6 226 1,335 13 282 1,841 7 185 1,183 Wanganui Hawke's Bay Wellington Canterbury Otago Totals, 1918 .. 47 1,413 £9,172 £9,172 Totals, 1917 .. 38 I ,229 £7,984

Subjects. Payments. Number of Schools. Salaries of Instructors. Workingexpenses. Totals. Woodwork and ironwork Domestic subjects Agriculture and dairy science Elementary science Swimming and life-saving Elementary handwork and needlework 494 500 1,390 133 134 2,135 £ 9,163 7,558 7,187 230 628 1,608 £ 2,475 4,078 3,088 . 178 264 7,213 £ 11,638 11,636 10,875 408 892 8,821 Totals .. 26,374 17,896 44,270

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Staffs of Public Schools. The number of teachers employed in the primary departments of public schools in 1918 was 5,464, including 4,818 adult teachers and 646 pupil-teachers, the corresponding figures for the previous year being 4,707 and 649 respectively. The increase in numbers took place entirely in the female staff, the number of male adult teachers being seventeen less than in 1917 and the number of male pupilteachers nine less. Of the adult teachers, 1,323 were sole teachers, 934 were head teacher's, and 2,561 were assistant teachers. Classified according to sex, there were' 1,366 males and 3,452 females among the adult teachers, and 123 male and 523 female pupil-teachers. In addition to the staff of adult teachers and pupil-teachers, 378 probationers (including 48 males and 330 females) were employed, the number being 32 less than in the preceding year. The number of primary-school teachers (including training-college students) who left the teaching service to take up military duty was about 900. Of this number 155 have given their lives for their country. Although, some returning teachers are not again taking up the work of teaching, a large number are resuming their profession. The names of all teachers who joined the Expeditionary Forces may be found in Appendix B of this report. The following table shows the number of adult teachers in each grade of school classified under the headings of sole, head, or assistant teachers.

Number of Adult Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools, December, 1918.

The number of pupils per teacher in the several grades or groups of schools is shown below, two pupil-teachers being counted as equivalent to one adult teacher, and probationers being disregarded : —

Total Average Avßra g e Number ah. -*> vera « 0 of Children per Attendance. Teacher / Grades 111-VII (two or more teachers) .. .. .. 145,349 38 Grades V-VII (six or more teachers) .. .. .. 84,381 42 All schools .. 169,156 33

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Sole Teachers. Head Teaohers. Aasi Teai is taut ehers. Total Adult Teaohers. Grade of School. M. V. M. *vf. F. W, F. 1". Total. tirade 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) II. (21-35) IIIa. (36-80) IIIb. (81-120) IV. (121-240) V. (241-400) VI. (401-500) VII. (over 500) 5 114 145 31 136 487 373 32 3 344 99 111 87 24 77 8 160 7 1 0 1 1 4 24 83 43 170 11 514 205 288 418 148 052 5 114 148 376 103 135 170 67 247 136 487 392 712 212 289 424 149 652 141 601 540 1,088 315 424 594 216 899 All grades 295 1,028 745 189 325 2,236 1,365 3,453 4,818 Note —The numbers of sole and head teachers do i the summary on page 5, for tho reason that all half-tin grades strictly according to the average attendance oi the case of half-time schools, and for salary and staffing the grade is determined in tho one ease by the avera combined average attendance of the main and side schi lot agree le sehoo! f each s< ; purpose ige atter ools toge j with tl Is and I 3hool cc ;s in the idanco i ither. le nam lide so) lunted i case c ■)f eacl ibers of schools hoofs are plaeec separately, whi if main schools i l school group, in each grade as s I in that summai le for salary pur vith side schools i and in the othei shown in ry in tho ■poses in attached r by the

Grade of School. Total Averago Attendance. Average Number: of Children per Teacher. Grade of School. Total Average Average Number Attendance 61 0. (1-8) 1. (9-20) II. (21-35) .. IIIa. (36-80) .. IIIb. (81-120, .. IVa. (121-160) .. IVb. (161-200) .. IVc. (201-240) .. Va. (241-280) .. Vb. (281-320) .. Vc. (321-360) .. Vd. (361-400) .. 1,013 9,438 13,356 28,679 10,254 7,908 7,917 • 0,150 7,580 0,8031 7,1701 5,952J 7 15 25 20 32 VIa. (401-450) .. VIb. (451-500) .. VIIa. (501-550) .. VIIb. (551-600) .. Vile. (601-650) .. VIId. (651-700) .. VIIb. (701-750) .. VIIf. (751-800) .. Vila. (801-850) .. VIIh. (851-900) .. VIIi. (901-950) .. 4,516 7,019 5,111 6,735 11,581 9,224 5,018 4,515 801 1,390 906 47 42 46 42

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The average number of pupils per teacher in all schools (taking two pupilteachers as being equal to one adult teacher) was thirty-three, the figure being the same as in the previous year. It will be observed, however, from the above figures that less than 63,000 children are included in the groups in which the average number of children per teacher was thirty-two or less, while over 106,000 are in the groups having one teacher for from forty-two to forty-seven pupils. In many of the large schools classes are much larger than the average figure indicates. The average number in schools of Grades Vto VII was four less in 1918 than in 1917 ; this is possibly on account of the attendance being unusually low and the staffs not being reduced. As a step towards reducing the size of classes provision was made, which became applicable in 1919, for additional assistance being employed in large schools for every additional forty pupils, instead of for every additional fifty, as had previously been the case. It is realized that in the case of the larger schools much yet remains to be done in the direction of reducing the size of classes to a number more compatible with efficiency. With regard to the sex of public-school teachers, the figures below show that the proportion of men to women teachers is still increasing, although not to the same extent as in recent years. In 1917 there was a decrease of 11.8 in the actual number of male teachers as compared with the previous year ; in 1918 the decrease was only seventeen, and it is considered that with the number of men released from military duty and returning to the teaching profession in 1919 the falling-off in. numbers will be entirely arrested. It is to be expected that in small schools with twenty pupils or less in attendance there will be a large preponderance of women teachers, and the figures show that in such schools only one in every six teachers is a male teacher. In schools with over twenty scholars, however, nearly one in every three adult teachers is a male teacher, the ratio of men to women being 100 : 227. If anything in the vicinity of this proportion can be maintained there will be little cause for anxiety, it being freely acknowledged that women arc suitable teachers for three-fourths of the school population. The very small number of males among the pupil-teachers and probationers in recent years, and the small proportion of men students at the training colleges, has raised the doubt as to whether a sufficient number of men were entering the profession to maintain the desirable proportion of male teachers in future years. It is reported that the increased salaries and allowances recently provided for pupil-teachers and probationers have resulted in larger numbers of male candidates applying for entrance to the profession in 1919, and an increase in the number of men students at training colleges also took place in 1918, which will probably be still greater in 1919. . It is also to be remembered in considering the entrants to the profession that the average length of service of women teachers is much shorter than that of men, so that the disparity between the numbers of the men and women of a given year gradually lessens with the passing of time. The following figures show in detail the position with regard to the population of men teachers and women teachers in the primary schools : — 1915. 1910. 1917. 1918. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Ratio of adult male to adult female teaohers — Schools with 1. to 20 scholars .. 100 : 323 100 : 386 100 : 544 100 : 523 Schools with more than 20 scholars 100 : 176 100 : 194 100 : 213 100 : 227 All schools .. .. .. 100 : 193 100 : 214 100 : 240 100 : 253 Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers .. .. .. 100 : 344' 100 : 379 100 : 391 100 : 425 Ratio of male to female teachers (including pupil-teachers), all schools .. 100 : 205 100 : 228 100 : 254 100 : 267 Comparisons with the statistics of other countries show that (including junior or student teachers or persons in similar positions) in the United States of America 2 in every 10 teachers are men, in Ontario 2 in every 8, in England 2 in every 8, in Victoria 2 in every 6, in Queensland 2 in every 5, in New South Wales 2 in every 4, while in. New Zealand the corresponding figures are 2 in every 7.

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Salaries of Primary Public-school Teachers. (E.-2, Tabic E4.) The total amount of all salaries and allowances at the rates payable on the 31st December, 1918, was £935,180, an increase of £38,534 over the amount for the previous year, which largely represents increases in salary. The amount is made up as follows : — £ Adult teachers'salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 844,615 Pupil-teachers'salaries and allowances .. .. .. .. 42,995 Probationers'allowances .. .. .. .. .. 22,170 House allowances to head or sole teachers where residence is not provided 25,400 £935,180 The above figures do not include the equivalent of house allowance where residences are provided, estimated at £31,800, nor the additional amounts paid to head teachers for the supervision of secondary departments of district high schools. The total cost of salaries and allowances (including the sum saved in house allowances) works out at £5 15s. sd. per head of the average attendance, as compared with £5 lis. 6d. in 1917. Corresponding figures in other countries are : New South Wales, £6 Is. 6d. ; Victoria, £4 Bs. Id. ; South Australia, £3 14s. 6d. ; Ontario, £5 os. sd. In addition to the salary-payments mentioned, a sum. of £51,449 was distributed as a war bonus among teachers whose salaries did not exceed £315 per annum. The individual payments made were, with certain variations, £15 in the case of married teachers and £7 10s. in the case of unmarried teachers. This amount is not included in the total salaries payable quoted above, nor in the average salaries shown in the table below. The average salaries of adult teachers in the various grades are shown in the following table : more detailed information is given in Table E4 in E.-2.

Average Salaries of Primary School Teachers.

1917. 1918. 1917. I Excluding ] Allowances Valuo c Excluding House Including House Excluding House Including House Allowances and Allowances and ( Allowances and Allowances and Value of Value of Value of Value of Residences. Residences. Residences. Residences. Ho s ai of v aiuo l Residenc Ul 36S. (1.) Teachers in all sohools— (a.) Men and women (6.) Men (c.) Women £ s. 173 11 242 13 144 15 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 173 11 0 185 12 11 175 5 9 187 3 1 242 13 0 267 2 4 240 17 0 272 II 9 144 15 11 151 14 11 | 140 8 1 153 0 0 £ s. d. 173 11 0 242 13 0 144 15 11 d. c 0 II. £ s. d. 185 12 11 267 2 4 151 14 11 (2.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a.) Men and women (6.) Men (c.) Women 177 5 243 1 148 10 177 5 243 1 148 16 8 8 3 189 14 11 267 12 1 156 1 1 179 0 11 248 19 7 150 7 5 191 5 273 9 157 11 6 4 6 (3.) Teachers in schools with average attendance over twenty — (a.) Men and women (b.) Men (c.) Women 185 18 253 15 154 2 185 18 253 15 154 2 8 9 5 197 5 7 278 14 0 . 159 2 1 189 6 260 12 157 18 3 5 5 200 8 285 10 164 6 0 6 8 (4.) Head teachers— (a.) Men (b.) Women 275 15 210 19 275 15 216 19 7 5 7 5 312 247 0 3 7 10 282 5 7 220 II 11 318 15 250 19 6 4 (5.) All sole teachers— (a.) Men (6.) Women 152 15 124 11 152 15 9 124 11 10 9 10 174 142 1 5 7 0 153 12 6 125 13 11 174 143 6 7 9 2 (0.) Sole teachers in schools with average attendance over eight— (a.) Men (h.) Women 153 10 135 18 3 II 153 16 3 135 18 11 175 156 6 1 5 11 154 19 10 137 8 8 176 1 157 13 2 0 (7.) Assistants — (a.) Men (b.) Women 257 4 148 17 3 2 257 4 148 17 3 2 256 10 149 13 5 1 250 10 149 13 5 1

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It will be observed that in nearly every case the figures for 1918 are greater than, the 1917 figures. The slight decrease in the average salary of male assistants is accounted for by the fact that a larger proportion left the service to take up military duties in 1918 than in any other year, their places being filled for the most part by women teachers. Tt should be pointed out that of the 4,818 teachers 4,076 are included in section (3) above, where the average salary of men and women is £200 Bs., and the average salary of men teachers is £285 10s. 6d. ; the number of male head teachers receiving an average salary of £318 15s. 6d. is 745, and the number of female head teachers receiving an average salary of £250 19s. 4d. is 189. The following is a comparison of the average salaries paid in 1913 and 1918 :— 1913. 1918. £ s. d, £ s. d. All teachers .. .. .. 159 8 5 187 3 1 Men .. ... • .. .. .. .. 219 7 8 272 11 9 Women .. .. .. .. .. 123 5 6 153 6 6 The average salaries paid in England in 1918 are quoted as follows : — Men. Women. £ £ Head teachers.. .. .. .. .. .. 214 1.66 Assistants .. .. .. .. .. ..160 1.22 A scale of increased salaries came into operation at the beginning of 1919, providing an average annual increase per head of about £18, ranging from £10 to £30, and further increases of a still more substantial character are now in contemplation. The salaries payable to sole or head teachers range from £130 to £450, and to assistants from £120 to £370. The same scale applies to men and women teachers. House allowances and special allowances to married assistants may be paid in addition to the scheduled salaries. The salaries and allowances payable to pupil-teachers and probationers have also been materially increased, probationers now receiving £55 or £60 per annum (according to qualifications), and pupil-teachers (now called " junior teachers ") from £60 to £65 per annum. If obliged to live away from home probationers and junior teachers receive in addition a lodging - allowance of £25 per annum, or if obliged to travel to schoool a travelling-allowance not exceeding £10 per annum. Proposals for further increases for these young teachers are also now under consideration. Status of Teachers in regard to Certificates. (E.-2, Tables E2 and E3.) The table below gives a summary of the position with regard to the number of primary-school teachers who hold teachers' certificates. .Figures relating to the last five years are given for purposes of comparison.

Primary Teachers in Public Schools.

The percentage (71) of certificated teachers still remains unaltered, although the percentage holding certificates higher than the D certificate has increased slightly in the last few years. If teachers of schools with an average attendance of twenty and under are excluded, the proportion of certificated teachers is 80. Including teachers of all schools, it appears that 82 per cent, of the male teachers hold

1914. 191 1916. 191' 1918. Number. Percentage. Number. Percentage. **'"*"«-•• centage. .N amber. Percentage. Number. ¥ f' centage I. Certificated teachers 3,282 74 3,298 71 3,322 71 3,323 71 3,420 71 I. Uncertificated teachers— (1.) Holding licenses (2.) Unliconsod 90 1,076 2 24 83 1,287 2 27 82 1,300 1 28 99 1,285 2 27 107 1,285 2 27 Total uncertificated .. 1,166 26 1,370 29 1,388 2!) 1,384 29 1,392 29 Totals of I and II 4,7.10 100 4,448 100 4,668 100 4,707 100 4,818 100

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certificates and 67 per cent, of the female teachers ; the fact that the great majority of very small schools are staffed by women teachers would, however, account for this difference in favour of the male teachers. Of the 3,426 certificated teachers, 37 hold Class A certificates, 246 Class B, 1,345 Class C, 1,506 Class 1), and 292 Class E. It is recognized that the Class I) certificate now represents a low minimum of educational qualifications for a primary-school teacher, and the necessity for improvement in the standard of attainments of public-school teachers is fully realized. From, recent .reports it appears the increased payments provided for entrants to the profession have resulted in a greatly increased number of candidates with very good entrance qualifications seeking to join the service, so that promise of improvement in this direction is now beginning to appear. In England 92 per cent, of the male teachers and 86 per cent, of the female teachers are certificated. The following figures show the number of teachers in the Dominion holding the various certificates in 1917 and 1918 :—

Classes of Certificates held by Primary-school Teachers.

Grading of Teachers. During the year under review several useful amendments of the grading regulations were made, and the usual revision by the grading officers of the classification of the certificated teachers of the Dominion was carried out. It is gratifying to be able to state that, with the exception of one district, the teachers of the Dominion are now placed on the grading-list in positions corresponding as closely as can reasonably be expected to their general qualifications as teachers. It was not very difficult to secure such a classification of the teachers within any one district, since the Inspectors, acting as grading officers, were thoroughly acquainted with the relative merits of the teachers in their district. It was a more difficult matter to secure a reasonable uniformity in the standard of marking between the various districts, and it was to this end that the efforts of the Department were chiefly directed. After the first grading in 1916 statistics were prepared and full information was placed before the Inspectors in each district showing the relative standards of grading that had resulted. Guided by this information Inspectors were able in the second year of the grading to secure a uniformity of standard of marking between all the districts except Auckland, whose standard of marking was more favourable to the teachers in that district. In 1918 the relation between the grading of the various districts was still further improved, with the exception of Auckland, whose advantage over the other districts was increased. Information showing the extent of this advantage was supplied to the grading officers concerned, and a partial, though not a complete, adjustment was made. It was against this adjustment that numerous appeals were lodged in the Auckland District in connection with which some of the appellants subsequently secured a mandamus to compel the restoration of the previous standard of marking. In the grading for this year the standard of marking in the various districts, with the exception of Auckland, shows only such minor natural variations as might readily be explainable from the varying conditions of the different districts. Unfortunately, the considerable advantage hitherto held by the Auckland teachers has been still further increased, and special

Class of Certificate. M. 1917. E. 1917. Total. M. 1918. F. Total. I 0 70 708 1 ,093 203 | 30 252 1,273 1 ,454 314 24 24 170 505 301 51 0 30 30 178 504 300 44 7 08 841 1,140 248 37 246 1,345 1,506 292 176 70 505 1,273 D E 361 51 1,093 263 1,454 314 Total 1,117 2,206 2,206 3,323 3,323 1,1 1,117 1,116 2,310 3,420

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measures will need to be taken so that, in justice to the teachers in the remainder of New Zealand, a more reasonable approach to uniformity, though not the establishment of a rigid uniformity, may be established. When this is done the grading-list could confidently be used as a far better basis for the appointment and promotion of teachers not only in one district, but between all districts, than has hitherto been available. Training of Teachers. . (E.-2, Appendix D.) There are four training colleges situated in the four principal centres of the Dominion, which are open to four classes of students, as follows : Division A, ex-pupil-teachers, ex-probationers, or ex-trainees of recognized kindergarten schools who have obtained the necessary educational qualification.; Division B, other students who have passed Matriculation or obtained a higher leaving-certificate ; Division C, University graduates admitted for one year ; and Division D, teachers entering on short-period studentships. The numbers of students in attendance during the last quarter of 1918 under the various divisions were —Division A, 452, Division B, 33 ; Division C, 4 ; and Division D, 11 : the total being 500, as compared with 451 for the previous year. These figures do not include students absent with the Expeditionary Forces. The numbers of students at each training college during the last quarters of 1917 and 1918 respectively are indicated in the following table : — , 1917 , , 1918 , Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 20 97 117 27 111 138 Wellington ... ... ... 12 104 116 19 117 136 Christchurch ... ... ... 16 87 103 18 99 117 Dunedin ... ... ... 20 95 115 21 88 109 Totals ... ... 68 383 451 85 415 500 The number of students is steadily increasing, especially with respect to the women students. In the year 1914 there were 430 students in the training colleges —123 men and 307 women ; the number of men students decreased from that date until the year under review, so that it is satisfactory to note that the figure appears to be again upon the upward grade. The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that if the training colleges had their full complement of students (recently increased from 125 to 150 in each case) the number of students annually completing their training and passing into the schools would be about 300. Under certain conditions a one-year course is provided for in the case of University graduates or matriculated students who have completed a two-years course at an agricultural college or a school of home science recognized by the University of New Zealand. In addition, there are short-period studentships, of not less than three months' or more than one year's duration, for the benefit of teachers who have been already employed in teaching and are deemed worthy of further training in professional work, the allowances payable to such students being the same as those payable to students under Division B. , The actual number of students completing one or other of these courses at the end of 1918 was 229. Increases were again made in 1918 in the allowances payable to trainingcollege students. Division A and Division C students now receive an annual allowance of £65, and Division B and Division D students, £45 ; all receive in addition a boarding-allowance of £25 per annum when necessary and University classes fees. Provision for still further improvement in these allowances is at present under consideration. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are also extended so as to embrace specially selected teachers and classes in neighbouring schools. Each normal school includes — (a) a main school, organized as a " mixed school " ; and (b) such " model schools " as may be approved by the Minister, each model school being of one of the following types : (i) A rural public

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school under a sole teacher ; (ii) a junior school under one teacher with not more than 45 children of classes P to S2 on the roll ; (iii) a class representing the secondary department of a district high school ; (iv) a class for backward children ; (v) a junior kindergarten. Provision is made for the staffing of classes for backward children and for public schools established as model schools, a class for backward children being in operation in Auckland in a specially designed modern building erected at the cost of a private donor. Students receive their theoretical instruction from the training-college staff, and also attend University college classes to a considerable extent. A certain, proportion of students attempt degree work in conjunction with their training-college work, although this double course is discouraged except in cases of specially suited students. Divisions A, B, and C students satisfactorily completing the prescribed course of work at the training college may, on the recommendation of the Principal, receive without further examination a trained teacher's certificate ranking with the Class C or Class D certificate, as may be determined. Of the students beginning a twoyears course in 1917, 5 held Class C certificates, 84 Class D certificates, and 89 held partial successes towards teachers' certificates at the time of entry ; and at the end of the course, out of 209 students, 9 held Class B certificates, 123 Class C certificates, and 55 Class D certificates, the remaining students having secured sectional passes. The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1917-18 and 1918-19 for the training of teachers were as follows : —■ I. Training colleges— 1917-18. 1918-19. Salaries of staffs (two-fifths charged to public-school £ £ salaries) .. .. .. .. .. 13,765 16,741 War bonus to staff (£261) and students (£3,903) .. 3,587 4,164 Students'allowances and University fees .. .. 28,439 32,110 Special instruction, libraries, and incidentals .. 1,750 1,437 Buildings, sites, and equipment .. .. .. 358 140 47,899 54,592 11. Other training— Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects of teachers other than training-college students .. 3,415 1,800 Railway fares of teaohers .. .. .. .. 4,398 3,529 7,813 5,329 £55,712 £59,921 Less recoveries .. .. . . 325 Totals .. .. .. .. £55,387 £59,921 Provision for Uncertificated Teachers. Apart from the provision for training colleges, a grant of £2,875 was made last year to Education Boards for the maintenance of training classes for teachers, the amounts allotted to the various Boards ranging from £175 to £650. The purposes for which the grant was applied were : — (1.) Central classes for the direct personal tuition of uncertificated teachers (exclusive of pupil-teachers and probationers) in subjects required for the D certificate. (2.) Tuition and training in Class D subjects of uncertificated teachers (exclusive of pupil-teachers and probationers) by means of correspondence classes under the control of Education Boards, in cases in which it is found highly inconvenient to bring teachers to classes. Under this heading, however, no correspondence classes in science subjects are recognized unless the Board makes adequate provision for practical work. (3.) Courses of practical work in physical and natural science, in subjects of manual instruction other than those usually taught by special instructors, in vocal music, and in drawing.

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Improvements and alterations in the system of assisting uncertificated teachers have been considered, but it has not yet been possible to put them into practice. It is hoped that the recent regulations providing that a fair proportion of uncertificated teachers shall be employed in city schools will lessen the need of preparing them for their teachers' examinations by means of correspondence. Finances of Education Boards. (See also E-2, Appendix A, and Tables Fl-F4.) For several years attention has been drawn to the unsatisfactory condition into which the finances of Education Boards have been drifting, more particularly with reference to the building funds. Most of the grants paid by the Government to the Boards are for special purposes, and should be regarded as moneys held in trust strictly for those purposes. Boards also receive grants for general purposes — i.e., for expenditure on any object consistent with the provisions of the Education Act. The latter form what is known as the General Fund, from which is paid the cost of administration and sums required to supplement the grants received for special purposes. Boards have failed to discriminate between the Special Funds and the General Fund with the result that large sums have been misappropriated and that the conditions attached to the grants have been ignored. This misuse of the Boards' funds is clearly contrary to the provisions of the Education Act and the Public Revenues Act, and steps have been taken to stop the practice and to put the funds of the Boards on a sounder basis. An examination of the Board's accounts for the year 1918 showed that before adjustments were made the Special Accounts were overdrawn, and had so-called debit balances amounting in the aggregate for all the Boards to approximately £95,000, representing moneys expended on special purposes in excess of the revenue for those purposes. A Special Account is an account of moneys received in trust for a special purpose and of the payments properly made out of the fund thus created. When a fund is exhausted it ceases to exist, and no further payments can possibly be made out of it, so that it is impossible to have a debit balance in a Special Account. The fictitious debit balances had, therefore, to be eliminated from the Boards' accounts by transferring to the Special Accounts from other accounts sums sufficient to meet the deficiencies. Such transfers could properly be made only from the General Account, but, unfortunately, there were not, in the case of many of the Boards, credit balances sufficient for the purpose, and consequently recourse has been had to other accounts which are not properly available. The Special Accounts that showed the greatest deficits were—New Buildings, £33,110 ; Sites, £19,595 ; School Committees' Allowances, £11,090 ; Technical Instruction, £9,285 ; and lielieving-teachers, £6,697. These deficits are due to various causes, the Boards alleging that the grants from the Government were inadequate. The Boards therefore used other special funds to supplement the grants. Whether such a defence of the proceeding could or could not be accepted as a temporary expedient is open to question, but it must be regarded as indefensible if adopted as a permanent and generally applicable course, and must be strenuously resisted as being without the authority of law. The work of investigating the accounts has been difficult, and it has not yet been 'found possible to make all the adjustments necessary to put the accounts of some of the Boards in order. In the meantime in these cases transfers have been made from other accounts to meet the deficits. These transfers, which are in some cases tentative only and subject to future revision, are from the following accounts : General Account, £44,082 ; Rebuilding Account, £44,954; Manual Instruction Account, £6,219 ; other accounts, £1,265 : total, £96,520. In the case Of the Auckland and Taranaki Boards the whole of the deficits in the Special Accounts have been met by transfers from the General Account, and the accounts have been put in order without the improper transfer of sums from Special Accounts ; but in the cases of the other Boards in addition to transfers from the General Account transfers amounting to the following sums have been

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tentatively made from Special Accounts : Wanganui, £17,008 ; Wellington, £12,537 ; Hawke's Bay, £7,851; Canterbury, £1,081; "Otago, £6,130; Southland, £3,715; Nelson, £4,115. The total expenditure (excluding transfers) of all Boards in 1918 was £1,515,374 ; the total income (excluding transfers) was £1,540,057 ; the total credit balance at the end of the year amounted to £200,293. Education Reserves. The Education Reserves Amendment Act of 1914 provides for the revenue received from primary-education reserves to be paid by the Receiver of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a special deposit account called 1 The Primary Education Endowments Deposit Account." The moneys so received are applied without further appropriation than the Act mentioned towards the payment of amounts charged on the Consolidated Fund for the purposes of primary education. The revenue from this source during the year 1918—19 was £82,793. Education of Native Children. (Sco also E.-8, Report on Education of Maori Children.) Number of Schools. There were 119 Native village schools, including two side schools, in operation at the end of the year 1918, the number being one more than for the previous year. During the year three new schools were opened, and one was reopened, while three were closed temporarily towards the end of the year. The establishment of three new Native schools is at present being considered. With the exception of two, all of the Native village schools are situated in the North Island. On account of the influenza epidemic all schools were closed during the last two months of the year. In addition to the Native village schools, five primary mission schools for Maori children and ten boarding-schools affording more advanced education to Maoris were inspected by the Department's Inspectors. Throughout the Dominion there were also 509 public schools at which Maori children were in attendance, this number being sixty-five less than the corresponding number for the previous year. Thus the total number of schools under inspection where Maori children were receiving instruction was — Native village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 119 Native mission schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. 5 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance .. .. .. 509 Total number of primary schools .. .. .. .. 633 Native boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. .. 10 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..643 The following table shows the number of Native village schools classified according to grade for the years 1917 and 1918 : — 1.917. 1918. Grade I (average attendance 9-20) .. .. .. ..16 18 ~ II i (average attendance 21-25) .. .. .. ..19 13 ~ II ii (average attendance 26-35) .. .. 26 27 „ IIIa i (average attendance 36-50) .. .. 33 37 ~ IIIa ii (average attendance 51-80) .. .. 15 16 „ IIIb (average attendance 81-120) .. .. ..8 8 ~ IVa (average attendance 121-160) .. .. .. 1 118 119 Roll Number and Attendance. The number of pupils on the rolls of Native village schools at the end of 1918 was —-Boys, 2,651 ; girls, 2,413 : total, 5,064 —109 less than for the previous year. Included in these numbers are 303 boys and 289 girls who are Europeans, leaving 4,472 Maori children. Th withdrawal of some seventy Maori children from a Native school for enrolment in a private school, together with the temporary

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closing of three schools, probably accounts for the decrease in numbers as compared with the previous year. The following are some figures for the years 1917 and 1918 in connection with the attendance at Native village schools : — 1917. 1918. Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. ..5,173 5,064 Average weekly roll number .. .. .. .. 5,191 5,044 Average yearly attendance .. .. .. 4,507 4, 338 Percentage of regularity of attendance . . .. .. 86*8 860 The figures show little variation from those of the previous year, the percentage of average attendance (86*0) being regarded as sufficiently good when compared with the figure (88*7) for public schools, and when the special conditions pertaining to Native schools are taken into account. Of the 119 schools, ninetyeight attained a regularity of attendance of 80 per cent, or over. The number of pupils on the rolls of the Native mission schools at the end of 19.18 was 175, and on the rolls of the Native boarding-schools 471. The total number of children on. the roll, at the end of the year, of Native village, mission, and boarding schools visited and inspected by the Inspectors of this Department was therefore 5,710. The following are the figures for the years 1917 and 1918 in respect of the three classes of Native schools mentioned : — 1917. 1918. Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. .. 5,784 5,710 Combined average weekly roll number .. .. .. 5,806 5,694 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 5,073 4,927 Percentage of regularity of attendance . . .. .. 87*4 86*5 The increase in the development of the Native village schools since the year 1881, when they were transferred to the control of lliis Department, is shown in the following table : —

Native Village Schools.—Number, Attendance, and Teachers.

No account is taken in the above table of a number of schools that have from time to time been transferred to the various Education Boards. Table H2 in this report supplies the information for each school in. regard to the roll number and average attendance. In addition to the Maori children in attendance at the schools specially instituted for Natives there were 4,854 Natives attending 509 public schools at the end of 1918, the number of pupils being 107 more than in 1917. The great proportion of these pupils are in the North Island, half of them being in the Auckland Education District. Details as to their age and classification are given in Table 115 of this report, from which it appears that the great majority of them are in the lower classes, the proportion, reaching the higher standards being much smaller than in the case of Maoris attending Native schools,

Year. Number Schools ean of at End w A y? ra f „ , Weekly Roll. Year. . Number o Average . AttendAverage Attendance : a " oe aa Teachers in Charge. Whole Year. ,w if of Weekly Ro1 '* Male. I Eemale. Teachers. Assistant Teachers. Male. I Eemale. 1881 1880 1891 1890 1902 1907 1912 1915 1910 1917 1918 _ .. ! eo ..I 69 2,343 .. J 66 2,395 74 2,874 98 3,650 .. ' 99 4,321 108 4 , 044 117 5,232 118 5,490 118 5,191 .. j 11.9 5,044 1,400 .. 54 0 2,020 80*2 00 9 1,837 76*7 59 8 2.220 77*3 64 11 3,005 82*3 77 ) 20 3,561 82*4 82 18 4,042 87*0 86 22 4,604 88*0 81 33 4,504 86*8 79 37 4,507 86*8 71 45 4,338 80*0 73 43 4 ■ 20 1 26 01 83 2 105 4 122 7 123 8 123 9 122 8 119

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The total number of children of Maori or of mixed race on the rolls of the primary Native schools, public schools, Native mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training, at the end of the year 1918 was as follows : — I. Primary sell 00ls — (a.) Government Native schools .. .. .. 4,472 (b.) Mission schools .. .. .. .. .. 175 (c.) Public schools .. .. .. .. .. 4,854 9,501 11. Secondary schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 471 111. Special technical training .. .. .. .. .. 4 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,976 Classification of Pupils. Tables Ho, 11.6 a, llOis, and 117, in E- 3, give full information as to the races and classification of pupils on the rolls of the Native schools. As will be seen, 85*2 par cent, were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 3*l were Maoris speaking English in their homes, and 11-7 per cent, were Europeans. In comparing Native schools with public schools in respect to the classification, of pupils it appears that in Native schools a larger* proportion of the pupils are in the lower classes, and also that the average age of the children, in the various classes is higher than in public schools. The difference, however, is not greater than would result naturally from the more or less irregular and nomadic habits of the Natives, and if the comparison were made with small public schools in country districts only, the difference, if any, would be much less. Compared with the Maori children attending public schools the pupils of Native schools are younger in their classes and reach higher standards. The following table shows in a summary form the classification of pupils in Native schools, the percentages of pupils in the various classes in public schools and in the case of Natives attending public schools being also shown for comparison : —

Efficiency of the Schools. As was the case in the two preceding years, the inspection and examination of Native schools were carried out by the Inspector of Native Schools, and, in certain districts, by the Inspectors of Public Schools. The reports of the Inspectors go to show that the work and condition of the schools is highly satisfactory, the schools, in the opinion of Inspectors of Public Schools, being often superior to public schools of the same size. The report of the Inspector of Native Schools, which deals critically with the treatment of all subjects of the curriculum, shows clearly that in spite of the difficulty of having a new language to teach, Native-school teachers are not regarded as having carried out their task unless results of a high standard of merit in all subjects are obtained. By the inclusion of many Native schools in the schemes of the Education Board for the instruction of agriculture, woodwork, and cookery, the pupils receive efficient teaching in these subjects. An

("lasses. Maoris Europeans attending attending Native Native Schools. Schools. j Total attending Native Schools. Percentage of Roll. Natives Native Publio attending Schools. Schools. Publio Schools. Preparatory Standard J II „ III „ iv v VI „ VII 2,003 179 624 76 586 72 548 70 334 76 250 56 120 53 7 10 2,003 024 580 548 334 250 120 7 179 76 72 70 76 56 53 10 2,182 700 058 018 410 300 173 17 43*1 13*8 13*0 12*2 8*1 6*1 3*4 0*3 33*83 12*89 12*70 12*37 11*05 9*75 7*27 0*1.4 52*1 16*5 11*9 9*4 5*8 2*9 1*4

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important feature in relation to Native schools is the possibility of their not only providing for the education of the Maori children, but also of being generally a helpful and uplifting influence in the community. This ideal is realized by many of the teachers, and their splendid work during the epidemic of 1918 is an outstanding example of the good they are in the habit of doing among the Natives. From the point of view of efficiency the Native village schools were classified as follows by the Inspectors in the years 1917 and 1918 : — Number ol Schools. 1917. 1918. Very good to excellent .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 45 Satisfactory to good .. .. .. .. .. 66 61 Inferior to weak .. .. .. .. .. 10 10 The number of certificates of proficiency awarded was thirty-seven, and of competency (S6) twenty-four. Natives attending Public Schools. A larger number of Maori children attend public schools than attend Native schools, and, as is to be expected where no special attention is given to assisting the Native pupils in overcoming the language difficulty, as is done in Native schools, their progress is much less satisfactory. Their attendance at public schools is also reported as being very irregular —a fault not at all marked in the case of Natives attending their own schools. The result is that the Native children in public schools are greatly retarded and fail to achieve good results in any subject requiring a thorough knowledge of English. The desirability of their attending schools specially organized for them is thus clearly demonstrated. Secondary Education and Free Places. The Government has not instituted any schools especially for the secondary education of Maoris, but a number of such schools having been established and being maintained by the various denominational bodies, the Government subsidizes them by providing at them a number of free places for Maori children possessing the requisite qualifications. The value of the free recently raised from £20 to £30 per annum, and they are tenable for two years. The roll number of these schools (ten in number) at the end of 191.8 was 471, of which number fortyfive boys and fifty-eight girls held the free places referred to. The great majority of the scholars were ex-pupils of Native schools. The syllabus of work to be followed by free-place holders is prescribed by the Department, and is designed to secure such industrial training as is considered desirable in the case of Maoris : the boys learn agriculture and woodwork, and the girls take a domestic course. The Makarini and Buller Scholarships were founded out of private bequests, and are tenable by Maori scholars at Te Aute College. Owing to the epidemic the examinations for these scholarships could not be held in 1918, and the candidates affected will be given the opportunity of competingjfor themjn 1919. Senior free places are provided for boys in the form of industrial scholarships, which enable the holders to be apprenticed to suitable trades. These scholarships have not of late been eagerly sought after, the boys finding that they can secure higher wages in other ways. Senior free places for girls take the form of nursingscholarships. At the end of 1918 three girls were in training as day pupils and one as a probationer, on the staff of two different hospitals. Staffs and Salaries. The staffs of Native village schools in December, 1918, included 73 male and 43 female head or sole teachers and 127 assistants. The average salary of male head or sole teachers was £212, of female head or sole teachers £164 ss. 7d~ and of both combined £194 6s. 3d. These figures show an advance on the average salaries for the previous year, which were £206 os. 5d., £159 3s. 9d., and £187 18s. Id. respectively. The average salary of the 119 female assistants was £89 lis. Id., and of the eight male assistants £81 17s. 6d. The total expenditure on Native-school teachers' salaries and allowances for the year ended 31st March, 1919, was £34,888, the corresponding figure for the previous year being £33,360. In common with other

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public servants Native-school teachers were paid a war bonus in addition to their usual salaries, the total amount paid on this account in 1918-19 being £2,397. [■j--An amended scale of teachers' salaries adopted for the current year applies to Native-school teachers, so that their salaries will show a substantial increase at the end of the year. Expenditure. The total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1919, was £48,500. The chief items of expenditure were teachers' salaries and allowances, £34,888 ; war bonus, £2,397 ; new buildings and additions, £2,646 ; maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c, £3,112 ; secondary education, £2,303 ; books and school requisites, £954 ; teachers' removal expenses, £791. SECONDARY EDUCATION. (See also E.-6, Roport on Secondary Eduoation,) Number of Schools. (E.-6, Table Kl.) Schools affording education of a secondary nature are established in every centre of any importance in the Dominion, and are of the following types : Secondary schools, technical high schools, district high schools, private secondary schools, and Maori secondary schools. The majority of the district high schools are in the country centres, the secondary schools and technical high schools being in the larger towns and cities. The secondary schools, which are under the control of twenty-seven separate controlling authorities, may be classed as follows : — (a.) Endowed secondary schools included in the Ninth Schedule to the Education Act, 1914 .. .. .. .. ~_ .. ..32 (b ) Secondary schools without endowments established in thiAnannor provided %Jby section 88 of the Education Act, 1914 .. .. .. 4 (c.) Endowed secondary schools within the meaning of the Act, but not included above .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 Total .'. .. .. .. .. .. ..38 Of the thirty-eight schools, twelve are for boys, twelve for girls, and ten are mixed schools.' Four of the schools under (a) are not in operation—namely, Akaroa, Greymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate. At these places secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of district high schools, to which the High School Boards supply some financial assistance. The number of district high schools in 1918 was sixty-two, technical high schools eight, Maori secondary schools ten, and private secondary schools registered under the Education Act, 1914, eighteen, making a total of one hundred and thirty-two schools affording secondary education. Roll and Attendance. (E.-li, Tables Xl, K2, LI, and L 2.) The total number of pupils attending the thirty-four secondary schools included under (a), (&)■, and (c) above at the end of 1917 and 1918 respectively was— , 1917. , r— — 1918. ~ Boys. Girls. Totals. Boys. Girls. Totals. Roll (exclusive of lower departments). . 4,203 3,387 7,590 4,621 3,763 8,384 Number in lower departments .. 365 215 580 397 268 065 Totals .. .. ..4,568 3,602 8,170 5,018 4,031 9,049 The roll number, excluding the lower departments, shows the substantial increase in 1918 of 10-4 per cent, over the roll for the previous year, the number of boys being 418 more and the number of girls 376 more. The number of firstyear pupils alone was 383 more than in 1917.

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The following are some of the figures in connection with the roll and attendance of schools in which secondary education is given : — (a.) Secondary Schools (Lower Departments excluded). Number on the roll at the end of 1918 .. .. .. .. 8,384 Average attendance for the year 1918 .. .. .. .. .. 8,220 Number of new entrants, 1918 .. .. .. .. .. 3,723 Number of these who left the public primary schools in 1917 .. .. 3,269 i Number of first-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,336) Number of second-year pupils .. .. ~ .. .. 2,41.7 [ Number of third-year pupils .. .. . . .. . . . . 1,472 j Number of fourth-, fifth-, and sixtli-year pupils . . .. . . 1,159,) (6.) Secondary Departments ol<* District High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1918 .. .. .. ... .. 2,283 Mean of average weekly roll: Boys, 1,037 ; girls, 1,217: total. .. .. 2,254 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. • • 2,235 Number of new entrants from public primary schools .. .. .. 1,382 (Number of first-year pupils .. . . . . .. .. ~ I. ,204 | •1 Number of second-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. 689---(Number of third-year pupils .. .. .. .. .. .. 390) (c.) Technical High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1918 : Boys, 1,265 ; girls, 1,482: total .. .... 2,747 (d.) Registered Private Secondary Schools. Number on roll at end of 1918 : Boys, 357 ; girls, 1,009 : total .. .. 1,366 Average attendance, 1918 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,168 j Number between twelve and fifteen years of age .. .. .. 493) I Number over fifteen years of age .. .. .. .. . . 873 j Number of teachers : Male, 17 ; female, 52 : total .. .. .. 69 (c.) Secondary* Schools for, Maoris. Number on roll at end of 1918 .. .. .. .. .. 471 Average attendance, 1918 .. .. .. .. .. .. 435 The total number of children, therefore, receiving secondary education at the end of 1918 was 15,251, showing an increase of 10*4 per cent, over the corresponding figure for the previous year, and an increase of nearly 50 per cent, over the figure of five years ago. Of 9,551 children who left the primary schools having passed S6 in 1917, 1,382 entered the secondary departments of district high schools, 3,269 secondary schools, and 1,422 technical high schools ; hence a total of 6,073 children, or 64 per cent, of those who left the primary schools having passed 86, in 1917, or 42 per cent, of the whole number that left school in that year, entered upon an education of a secondary nature at one of the types of school mentioned. In addition to those enumerated, 2,212 children proceeded from the primary schools to evening technical classes. Of these, 1,528 had passed S6 and 684 had not done so. The average length of stay of boys at secondary schools (group (a) above) is two years and ten months, and of girls two years and nine months. The following figures show the percentage of children leaving the secondary schools at the stages indicated : — Boys. Girls. (a.) Percentage leaving at end of first year or during second year .. 19 18 (6.) „ second ~ third „.. 30 35 (<-.) „ third „ fourth „ .. 20 21 (d.) „ fourth „ fifth „ .. 20 13 (c.) „ fifth ~ sixth „ .. 7 .1.1 (/.) Percentage remaining at end of sixth year .. .. .. 4 2 It is satisfactory to note that the proportion of pupils leaving at the end of the first or during the second year is gradually diminishing. In 1916 25 per cent, of the boys and 27 per cent, of the girls left school at that early stage ; the corresponding figures for 1918 were, as shown above, 19 per cent, and 18 per cent, respectively. About half the pupils entering the secondary schools remain after the expiration of the : r junior free places — i.e., after the end of two years' tuition. The length of time spent by pupils at the secondary departments of district high schools is still shorter, less than half the pupils remaining till the end of the second year and about one-sixth remaining till the cud of the third year. In the case of these schools it

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is recognized that pupils often attend merely with the object of finishing off their primary education, and that the number preparing for higher education or for the learned professions is small. Curriculum of Secondary Schools and District High Schools. (E.-6, Tablos Kl2 and L 3.) Although there are no departmental regulations directly governing the curriculum of secondary schools, the regulations defining the subjects of instruction to be taught to free-place holders and the prescribed syllabuses of the various public examinations to a large extent control the character of the courses of work undertaken. The approved schemes of control of secondary schools also contain a provision for the programme of work of each girl to include adequate instruction in elementary domestic science and hygiene and in one or more of the domestic arts. No pupil is compelled to take Latin or more than one language besides English. The courses taken in secondary schools may he roughly classified as follows : (1) General or professional, (2) non-Latin, (3) commercial, (4) agricultural, (5) domestic. From returns received it appears that the following percentages of pupils took the various courses : Boys —Professional or general, 53 per cent. ; non-Latin, 19 per cent. ; commercial, 21 per cent. ; agricultural, 7 per cent. Girls —Professional or general, 48 per cent. ; non-Latin, 24 per cent. ; commercial, 19 per cent. ; domestic, 9 per cent. Including those taking a full agricultural course, 732 boys, or about 17 per cent., received instruction in agriculture, 126 boys were learning dairy science, and 339 took woodwork. Similarly, including the girls taking a full domestic course, 2,345, or 60 per cent., were instructed in home science, 992 were learning needlework, 748 cookery, and 41 home nursing. The number of pupils taking book-keeping was 2,060, or 25 per cent, of the whole number of students. The diminishing number of secondary-school pupils studying Latin is noticeable, only 57 per cent, of the boys and 44 per cent, of the girls including it in their course in 1918, while French was taken by 85 per cent, of the boys and by 93 per cent, of the girls. Courses bearing more or less on rural pursuits are taken in many district high schools, 70 per cent, of the boys and 39 per cent, of the girls studying agricultural science, 32 per cent, of the pupils taking dairy-work, 29 per cent, of the boys learning woodwork, and 58 per cent, of the girls cookery or needlework. Latin is taken by only 34 per cent, of the pupils, and French by 46 per cent. The task of providing courses for pupils desiring tuition in subjects of a more or less directly practical and vocational nature, and also for pupils wishing to follow a more academic course, constitutes the peculiar difficulty of district high schools where the number of pupils and staffs are comparatively small. Free Secondary Education. (E.-6, Table K4.) Free places are divided into two classes —junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or, under somewhat different conditions, at technical schools. Generally speaking, junior free places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years. In the case of their being held at district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. The means of qualification are — (1.) For entrance to secondary schools and district high schools — (a) Special examinations for Junior National Scholarships, (b) the certificate of proficiency. (2.) For entrance to technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1), or the certificate of competency in SB, with a special endorsement of merit in handwork and elementary science, which for the purposes of technical schools is deemed to be equivalent to a certificate of proficiency. (3.) For entrance to technical classes other than technical high schools the means of qualification named in (1) or (2), or, under special conditions applicable to industrial courses only, a recommendation

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by the Inspector of Schools if a pupil is over fourteen years and has been in regular attendance at a public school up to a date not more than six months prior to the date of admission to the technical classes. Senior free places are tenable at secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools up to the age of nineteen, and at technical classes other than technical high schools for three or in some cases four years. The means of qualification for senior free places are the Intermediate or other equivalent examinations, or the recommendation of the Principal or Director of the school or classes attended based on the school records and examination results, or the recommendation of an Inspector of Secondary Schools, or in the case of district high schools of the Senior Inspector of the district, or in part on such a recommendation and in part on the results of a special examination. The provision for qualification for senior free places on the recommendation of the Principals of secondary schools is becoming increasingly applicable, the number receiving senior free places in this manner in 1918 being 1,702, as compared with 1,047 in 1917; the number represents about two-thirds of the total number of senior free places awarded. In addition, ten pupils were granted partial exemption from examination, being required to submit to a test in English and arithmetic only. The following are some of the figures for 1917 and 1918 in regard to free places in secondary schools : — 1917. 1918. Number of secondary schools giving free tuition .. 32 32 Roll number of these schools .. .. ..7,106 7,871 Number of free-place holders at end of year . . 6,231. 6,966 Average number of free-place holders during year .. 6,468 7,177 Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number .. 91 per cent. 91 per cent. Total annual payment by Government for free places £78,567 £85,122 Cost to Government per free pupil .. .. £12 2s. lid. £11 18s. Od. In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction, it will be necessary, however, to include also 87 holders of scholarships or exhibitions carrying free instruction not otherwise enumerated, which are granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 2,123 free-place holders at district high schools, 103 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 2,504 holders of free places in technical high schools. Consequently, there were approximately 11,783 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holders of free places in technical schools (mostly evening students), who, while not taking full-day courses, were nevertheless receiving free education of secondary grade. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places in 1917 and 1918 for which payment was made by Government: — Free Places in December, 1917 and 1918. (i.) Secondary schools — , 1917. , , 1918. , Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. (a.) Junior free pupils .. 2,327 2.257 4,584 2,503 2,405 4,908 (b.) Senior free pupils .. 910 737 1,647 1,081 977 2,058 Totals ... .. 3,237 2,994 6,231 3,584 3,382 6,966 (ii.) District high schools — (a.) Junior free pupils .. 836 971 1,*807 876 977 1,853 (fc.) Senior free pupils .. 103 134 237 103 167 270 Totals .. ... 939 1,105 2,044 979 1,144 2,123 (iii.) Maori secondary schools . . 41 55 96 45 58 103 (iv.) Technical high schools— (a.) Junior free pupils .. 906 1,005 1,911 1,053 1,160 2,213 (fc.) Senior free pupils .. 102 137 239 109 182 291 Totals .. .. 1,008 1,142 2,150 1,162 1,342 2,504 Grand totals .. 5,225 5,296 10,521 5,770 5,926 11,696

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Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District (Itch Schools. (See also E.-6, Tables K4 and L 5.) These scholarships are of three kinds, — (i.) National Scholarships awarded by the Government; (ii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools ; (iii.) Private scholarships, endowed by private owners. National Scholarships. Junior and Senior National Scholarships in the proportion of 9 to 5 are awarded on the results of annual examinations, the junior examination being of a standard somewhat higher than that of the certificate of proficiency, and the senior examination being of a standard comparable with the standard of the Public Service Entrance Examination. Scholarships are awarded to all candidates reaching a certain standard, the standard of award being determined so as approximately to provide one scholarship for every 500 children in attendance at all public schools. In the case of pupils from sole-teacher schools— i.e., schools with an average attendance of under 36 —the standard of award is made 10 per cent, lower than the general standard. The standard of qualification fixed for the 1918 examinations were 62| per cent, for junior scholarships (general standard) and 60|- per cent, for senior scholarships. The results of the examination were as follows: 214 candidates• qualified for Junior National Scholarships, as compared with 240 in 1917, of which, number 9 were pupils of sole-teacher schools, and 67 were pupils of secondary schools. The number of successful candidates from sole-teacher schools was again lower than in the previous year, and, as has been stated before, represents too small a proportion of the number of scholarships being won by pupils of small schools. The number of successful candidates from secondary schools, on the other hand, was greater than in the previous year. The number of candidates qualifying for Senior National Scholarships was 120, of which number 5 qualified on the alternative programme provided specially to suit the needs of those taking a rural or domestic course. Junior and Senior National Scholarships are tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, each for three years, provided that the total tenure of the two scholarships in the case of one person must not exceed five years. In addition, to tuition fees, the holder receives £5 per annum if a junior scholar, or £10 per annum if a senior scholar, with a further sum of £35 per annum in each case if obliged to live away from home. The figures below indicate the number and the value of scholarships current in December, 1917, and December, 1918, respectively. The number of scholarshipholders is, of course, included in the number of free-place holders shown in the preceding section. Number of scholarship-holders — 1.917. 1918. Boys .. .. ■• •■ •• •• 403 486 Girls 235 310 Totals .. .. .. .. 638 796 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) . . ' . . 211 239 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) .. 29 47 Number held at public secondary schools . . . . .. 542 687 Number held at other registered secondary schools .. ' .. 19 23 Number held at district high schools . . .. .. 77 86 Total annual rate of payment .. .. .. .. £11,677 £13,130 Private Scholarships. These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1918 was 152. Of the holders sixty-five were also Governmen<i free pupils under the regulations. The total annual value of the scholarships in

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cash was £1,851. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £473, the value of the Government fiee places already mentioned not being included in this amount. War Bursaries for Soldiers' Dependants. Regulations which came into force in January, 1918, provided for the award of bursaries to dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. To qualify for a war bursary a child must be eligible for* — (a.) Free education at technical classes ; or (b.) A free place at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school ; or (c.) A University or educational bursary at a University college. A bursary entitles the holder to an allowance, in addition to free tuition, of £l 10s. or £3 per annum in the case of those qualified under (a), £5 for those under (b), or £10 for those under (c). Lodging-allowance is also payable to bursars who are obliged to live away from home to attend school, at the rate of £15 per annum under (a) and £30 under (b) and (c) ; travelling-allowances varying from £5 to £10 per annum are also made when travelling is necessary. During 1918 the number of bursaries held at secondary schools was twentyseven, the expenditure thereon being £327 10s. Secondary-school Certificates. Three classes of certificates may be issued to free-place holders taking a secondary course of instruction. The intermediate certificate may be granted to junior-free-place holders who have satisfactorily completed under certain conditions a two-years course at a secondary school, district high school, or technical high school, and who in general are qualified in attainment to receive a senior free place. The lower leaving-certificate may be issued to pupils who have satisfactorily completed a three-years course of secondary instruction, including not less than one year of a senior course in which the standard of work is sufficiently advanced in character* to meet the requirements of the examination for a teacher's certificate of Class D, or of the Matriculation Examination. Likewise the higher leavingcertificate may be granted to pupils having satisfactorily completed at least a fouryears course of secondary instruction and having satisfied the requirements of the lower leaving-certificate, and, in addition, having completed to good advantage and under certain conditions a further secondary course of not less than one year. Staffs of Secondary Schools. . (E.-6, Table K3.) The number of teachers on the staffs of secondary schools, excluding lower departments, during the last three years was as follows : — , 1916 , , 1917 , , 1918 , Males. Females. Total. Males. Female's. Total. Males. Females. Total. Regular staff .. ..175 148 323 174 175 349 175 195 370 Part time .. .. 41 45 86 37 43 80 42 43 85 Included in the regular staff of 370 teachers were 34 Principals and 336 assistants. The increase in the number of female assistants during the last few years is noticeable, the number of male assistants having remained stationary. This is largely due to the influence of the war, the places of teachers in boys' schools who went to the front being in many cases temporarily filled by women. The Education Act of 1914 provides that the number of assistants in a secondary school shall not be less than one for.every 25 pupils, and, taking all the schools together, the average number of pupils per assistant in 1918 was 24. War conditions have madeit impossible in some cases to comply with this provision of the Act, with the result that in individual schools the number ranged from 16 to 33. Including the Principals, the average number of pupils per teacher in all schools was 22, the number ranging in individual schools from 13 to 29,

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The head teacher of a district high school generally takes some part in the secondary instruction, and now receives in addition to his ordinary salary the sum of £30 per* annum if the average attendance of the secondary department does not exceed 120, and £50 per annum if it does exceed that number. In 1918 there were in the secondary departments of district high schools 93 special secondary assistants —21 men and 72 women. Leaving out of consideration the head teachers, the average number of pupils per teacher was 24. This comparatively low average is dominated by the influence of the smaller schools of this type ; where the number in the secondary department is large the staff provided falls short, and provision has been recently made for more liberal staffing in such cases. Salaries and Status of Secondary-school Teachers. (E. 6, Table K3.) The total annual amount of salaries (including war bonus when paid) of teachers in secondary schools as at the rate payable in December, 1918, was £106,040, ol: which sum £61,885 was payable to 175 men teachers and £44,155 to 195 women teachers. To the total sum might be added the value of board and residence when provided by the Boards, amounting in 1918 to £2,325, and making a grand total of £108,365, as compared with £99,459 in 1917. Including the value of board and residence the annual rate of salaries paid averages £13*29 per head of the average attendance, the figure ranging in individual schools (excluding Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools) from £10-14 to £18*90. By the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, a minimum salary of £150 per annum, and an average salary in any secondary school of £250 for assistant masters, and £175 for assistant mistresses are prescribed. The following figures indicate the average rates prevailing in 1914, 1917, and 1918 : — Average Salaries of Full-time Teachers in Secondary Schools. , 1914. , , 1917. , , 1918. , M. F. All. M. F. All. M. P. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals .. ..524 397 482 603 428 541 615 434 568 Assistants .. ..248 163 211 284 193 237 300 201 246 Whole staff .. ..283 183 241 325 210 267 340 215 274 It will be observed that a substantial increase has taken place in the salaries since the year preceding the war ; but it is admitted that in many cases the salaries paid are still insufficient. The worst features in respect of the salaries of secondary school teachers are the great inequalities existing in the salaries paid to teachers of similar qualifications and length of service but employed by different Boards, and the absence of any fixed scale by which teachers are assured reasonable increments for increasing service and experience. It does not appear to be practicable to apply a Dominion scale of salaries when there is a large number of appointing bodies, each in control of one or two schools which in many cases are not large enough to provide sufficient positions suitable for teachers of long experience- and requiring higher salaries. To apply successfully such a scale, it would be necessary to have one appointing body for the Dominion with freedom to transfer teachers from school to school, and with sufficient suitable positions at its command for teachers with all degrees of ability and experience. Pending further consideration of what may fairly be done in this direction, proposals are at present under consideration for an increase in the allowances payable to such schools which would enable the various Boards concerned to make better provision for the salaries of their teachers. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are paid in accordance with a general scale. The average salaries (excluding war bonus) paid to secondary assistants in 1917 and 1918 were as follows : — 1917. 1918. Male assistants .. .. .. .. .. 257 263 Female assistants .. .. .. .. .. 206 218 All secondary assistants .. .. .. ... .. 218 228 The total annual rate of salaries paid to teachers in secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £23,037, as against £22,957 for 1917. The amount paid as a war bonus is not included.

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The following table shows the position of secondary-school teachers with regard to University examination status and teachers' certificate qualifications. The percentage (17) of uncertificated teachers continues to show a small increase, owing largely, no doubt, to the influence of the war. Controlling authorities report upon the increasing difficulty of obtaining suitable and qualified teachers, but it is hoped that the position will now show|some improvement. Thirty-one per cent, of the assistants hold teachers' certificates in addition to having academic status, but the number having received a training-college course is small.

Status of Secondary Teachers (Regular Staff only), December, 1918.

A scheme of salaries recently introduced in New South Wales provides for assistant masters' salaries rising from £240 to £336 by yearly increments, and for assistant mistresses' salaries ranging from £204 to £252 per annum. Provision is also made for salaries of £360 or £400 per annum (according to the size of school) for masters of subject departments and of £264 to £300 for mistresses of subject departments. At present the salaries of male assistants in New Zealand range from £150 to £526 and of female assistants from £150 to £310. A scale of salaries recently adopted in Hertfordshire, England, provides the following salaries for secondary school assistants : —■ r Men. -, r— Women. -, Lower. Graduates. Higher. Lower. Graduates. Higher. £140-280 £160-400 £200-455 £130-250 £130-300 £170-350 Finances op Secondary Schools. (Tables K5 to K9 in E.-6.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources : —■ (i.) Rents from special reserves allocated to them by statute : (ii.) Statutory grant given in lieu of special reserves (in one case) : (iii.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act: (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded : (v.) Government payments — (a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions; (c) capitation for manual-instruction classes : (vi.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus : (vii.) Tuition fees of pupils : (viii.) Boarding-fees of pupils : (ix.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and income from special endowments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, &c.

Secondar Schools. District H: (Secondary ". gh Sehools. Jepartment). Principals— Graduates, also holders of teacher's certificate Graduates (not included above) Holders of teacher's certificate only Number. 24 9 1 Percentage. 71 26 3 Number. 19 Percentage. 31 43 69 Totals .. 34 1.00 62 100 Assistants — Graduates, also holders of teacher's certificate Graduates (not included above) Holders of teacher's certificate only Uncertificated 105 146 28 57 31 44 8 17 58 2 31 2 63 2 33 2 Totals 336 100 93 100

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The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived'from endowments, and the "net annual income derived from endowments " 6 is the average of this revenue for the three preceding years, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments, upon buildings approved by the Minister, and less mortgage and other charges. The capitation payment on. account of free pupils was fixed for 1918 as an amount per free pupil equal to the deficiency of the net annual income per head of roll number below £13 10s. Six Boards were paid the full rate, the rates paid to the remaining Boards ranging from £2 I.Bs. Id. to £13 9s. 3d. In addition to the capitation payment, where the total annual income from endowments is less than £2 per head an annual grant of £200 is paid, and in all other cases a grant of £100. Certain conditions as to staffing and salaries of teachers have to be fulfilled before full rates of payment on account of the attendance of free pupils can be claimed. The total income from endowments ranged in the various schools in 1918 from £0*544 to £24*195 per head of the roll number, while the " net annual income "as defined above ranged from nil to £10*590. The difference in the financial, position of the various schools is to a large extent adjusted as already indicated by the capitation rates being on a sliding scale, with the result that the total income per free pupil from the two sources—capitation and " net annual income " from endowments—amounted in every case to £13 10s. The following is a summary of the receipts and payments of all secondary schools (lower departments included, Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools excluded) for the year 1918 :-— Summary of the Statements of Receipts ano Payments for the Year 1918 furnished by the Governing Bodies of Secondary Schools. (Wanganui Collegiate and Christ's College Grammar Schools not included.) Endowments- /teei *** £ s. d. Payments. £ ± Sales and mortgage-money repaid .. 799 .'{ 3 Endowments (including proportion of Lands vested ill High School Boards .. 41,745 13 !> office expenses) .. .. .. 0,0*24 i) 7 Secondary-education reserves .. 9,753 11 0 Teachers'salaries and allowances .. 99,482 5 9 Intorest on moneys invested.. .. 88!) 10 11 Incidental expenses of secondary departGovernment grants — nients — Grants for buildings, sites, rent, appa- Office expenses and salaries (excluding ratus, &c, and subsidies .. .. 3,783 II 7 endowments) .. .. .. 3,358 5 7 Capitation for free places .. .. 82,517 ;i 5 Printing,-stationery, and advertising .. 2,000 I) li Capitation for manual instruction .. 2,082 2 0 Cleaning, heating, lighting, and care of School fees .. .. .. .. 10,744 12 0 school-grounds .. .. .. 8,00!) Hi (i Lower Department Account .. .. 4,025 10 0 Material, examinations, prizes, games, Boarding-school Account .. .. 34,089 4 3 and other incidentals .. .. 2,030 2 4 Loans, transfers from Capital Account, Manual instruction (excluding buildings, interest, &o. .. .. .. 400 14 .1 &c.) .. .. .. .. 1,457 13 4 Technical Classes Account .. .. 2,102 2 3 Sites, buildings, furniture, apparatus, Voluntary contributions, income from taxes, &c. .. .. .. 20,747 1 4 property not reserves, refunds, and Lower Department Account .. .. 4,057 12 0 sundries .. .. .. .. 1.0,583 11 2 Boarding-school Account .. .. 32,303 2 8 Loans repaid and intorest .. .. 8,330 7 4 Technical Classes Account .. .. 2,404 5 7 Scholarships, advances to pupils, and miscellaneous .. .. .. 5,827 12 4 .£204,770 10 8 200,304 15 7 As will be observed, the total payments exceeded the receipts by £1,588 ; loans, however, amounting to about £4,000 were repaid, while loans raised and included in the receipts above amounted to only £400. The total expenditure on salaries (excluding lower departments) was £99,482, and on incidentals (which include office administration, caretaking, school material, &c), £10,064, as compared with £90,534 and £14,808 respectively for the previous year. The expenditure per head, of roll number on salaries amounted to £11*70 and on incidental expenses to £I*B9, the latter figure ranging in the various schools from £1*45 to £3*58. The expenditure on buildings, &c, was £29,747, as compared with £30,209 in the previous year. The income from endowments was £2,021 greater than in the previous year, and the Government grants for buildings were £2,830 greater. The payments on account of buildings, sites, &c, differed very little from the amount paid in 1917. The Education Act stipulates that the total expenditure on staff salaries and incidental expenses must not be less than the total amount calculated at the rate of £13 10s. per free pupil, together with the amount of tuition fees received. As the latter sum in 1918 amounted to £107,534, and the expenditure on the items

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named was £115,546, it will be seen that, talcing all the schools together, tire conditions of the Act were complied with. A few of the Boards, however, did not carry out this condition—owing in most cases to the impossibility of obtaining the required number of suitable teachers—and in all such cases refunds will be made to the Department. Taking into account the monetary assets and liabilities of the twenty-two Boards of public secondary schools in operation it appears that the total debit balance at the end of 1918 was £37,239, ten Boards having a debit and twelve a credit balance. The debit balances are for the most part due to loans raised or* overdrafts incurred on account of the erection of necessary buildings ; one school alone is responsible for* a liability of £24,000 on account of recent large purchases ol land, and another school for over £15,000 in connection with extensive building operations. The following is a summary of the monetary assets and liabilities at the end of the year : — Monetary Assets. ii Liabilities. £ Bank balances .. .. .. 42,055 I Overdrafts and loans .. .. 65,626 Other assets .. .. .. 22,229 ; Other liabilities .. .. .. 35,8 £64,284 £101,523 Debit balance .. .. £37,239 It should be pointed out that the Boards' assets in the way of buildings and sites are not included in these figures ; otherwise all Boards would show large credit balances. Further details of the income and expenditure of individual secondary schools will be found in Tables K5-K8 in E.-6. Secondary Education Reserves Revenue. The total amount received by High School Boards from this fund amounted in 1918 to £8,313. Details of the distribution are shown in Table X.9 in E.-6. Lower Departments of Secondary Schools. (Tabic KlO in E.-0.) The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or* a higher* standard of the publicschool syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction or of the maintenance of the department is met out of the endowments of the secondary school or out of any moneys granted by the Government. There were lower departments in fourteen secondary schools during 1918, the total number of pupils in these departments (which increases each year) was 665 —-397 boys and 268 girls. The total payments on account of the" salaries of teachers and incidental expenses were £4,658, and the total receipts from fees, &c, were £4,626. Taken as a whole these departments were therefore practically self-supporting ; in two cases still, however, the payments exceeded the receipts, and controlling authorities are warned against the illegality of using secondaryschool funds for the upkeep of such institutions. TECHNICAL EDUCATION. (See also E.-5, Roport on Technical Education.) General. The work of the technical schools and classes has been generally satisfactory, and has proceeded on the lines of previous years. A slight decrease in the number of students attending classes has, however, to be recorded. This decrease is due generally to the abnormal conditions, and particularly to a diminution in attendances in certain country districts at special classes, which for a few years were very popular. Viewed as a whole both the attendances and work of the students are most gratifying. That a lad after a day's hard work should, for the purpose of mental improvement or of gaining a knowledge of the principles underlying his

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trade or craft, voluntarily attend technical classes—in some cases on as many as four evenings per week —proves the growth of a, desire arid of a spirit which is worthy of more practical recognition. The total number of students receiving instruction in all technical classes was 19,657, as compared with 20,747 for the previous year. Of this total 2,504 students held free places at technical high schools, 4,211 held free places at other classes, and 1,324 were attending continuation and technical classes held under the regulations for compulsory attendance. As was to be expected, the demand for funds arising out of the war has had the effect of decreasing the contributions in money to technical schools from local bodies, industrial and other organizations. The sum contributed for the calendar year', and on which subsidy was paid, amounted to £1,948, a decrease of £1,011 on the contributions of 1917. This, however, can only be regarded as temporary, as there is no evidence of diminishing interest in the schools and their work. Classes other than Classes at Technical High Schools. Classes were held in 131 centres. The number of classes and the number of individual students were as follows :—

The following are some particulars of the age, sex, and occupations of students : —

Summary of Occupations op Students. Number of Percentage of Students. Totals. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,173 12*8 Professional pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 2,684 15-9 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,381 20*0 Domestic pursuits .. .. .. .. ~ 2,845 16*8 Agricultural pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 835 4-9 Various trades and industries .. .. .. ~ 4,493 26*6 Other occupations not stated .. . . .. .. 499 3-Q Totals .. .. .. .. .. 16.910 100*0 Number of Classes in certain Subjects of Technical Instruction held in 1917 and 1918 1917. 1918. Arts and artcrafts .. .. .. . . .. 224 235 Mechanical and electrical engineering, theoretical and practical 224 220 Building-construction, carpentry, and plumbing, and other trades .. .. . . .. . . 185 204 Experimental and natural science, mathematics, &c. . . 132 135 Agriculture, wool-sorting, dairy-work, &c. .. .. 127 98 Domestic subjects .. .. . . . . .. 364 367 Commercial subjects .. .. .. .. ~ 365 369 Subjects of general education .. .. .. .. 341 337 Totals ~ ~ ~ ~ 1,962 1,965

Number of Classes. Number o! Students. Description of Class. 1917. i 1918. 1917. 1918. Conducted by Education or High School Boards Conducted by Technical School Boards or by Managers . . Conducted by University Colleges .. . . 1,107 675 180 1,111 672 182 10,619 7.070 711 9,176 6,949 785 Totals 1,962 1,965 18,400 16,910

Seventeen Years of Ago and under. Over Seventeen Years of Age. Totals. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. 1917. 1918. Males .. females 4,673 4,657 4,100 4,009 3,990 3,573 5,025 4,071 8,669 9,731 8,230 8,680 Totals .. 8,779 8,000 9,021 8,244 18,400 10,910

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It is to be roted that females outnumber the male students by about one thousand, and that the number of students engaged in agriculture and in other trades and industries is only slightly under one-third of the total number in attendance at the classes. A falling-off in the number of classes in the various branches of engineering has to be recorded ; but whereas it has been usual during the past four years to record a decrease in the number of classes in subjects connected with the building trades, this year's records show an increase in both, classes and students. The workshops and equipment of the principal schools enable them, to provide a fairly complete course in workshop practice, and while many objections may be advanced against keeping these workshops up to date in the matter of machine tools, it is considered that if the instruction given is to react advantageously on the industries of the country a reasonably complete equipment of the best modern tools is necessary. There is, however, a growing conviction that the school workshop is not the principal factor in technical training. It ranks with the laboratories in importance, as the principles learned in the latter can be practised or applied and tested in the workshops, but the training must not end there. If the youth of to-day is to become the efficient workman of the future, if he is to take his place in the industrial system, as a man and. as a skilled craftsman, he must comprehend his work not only from the standpoint of the workshop, but in its relations to science, to art, and to society in general ; and the technical schools, if they are fulfilling their true function, exist to show him those relationships. One of the most enlightened directors of vocational training has said, " Industrial training shall be primarily not for the sake of industries, but for the sake of citizenship ; to this end it must be conducted on. a purely educational, basis, and not on behalf of interested manufacturers " ; and, further, " The young workman who understands his trade in its scientific relations, its historical, economic, and social bearings, will take a higher view of bis trade, of his powers and duties as a citizen, and as a member of society." There is a slight falling-off in the number of classes in agricultural subjects, but there is a marked growth in the appreciation, of the value of and the desire for knowledge that can be of immediate service in the solution of problems that arise day by day on the farm, or in matters connected therewith. The number of classes held was 98, as against 127 in 1917. The subjects dealt with include agriculture, dairy-work, wool-sorting, shearing, and orchard-work ; and, although the subjects may not be studied as thoroughly and as fully as appears desirable, there can be no question as to the educational and practical, value of the " short course " in agricultural subjects which has been made a special feature of the work in some districts. In these courses a problem is dealt with in each lesson, all matters extraneous thereto being as far as possible eliminated. The scientific side of the matter is dealt with in such a manner as to enable those whose science training may be limited to comprehend its meaning, and the method of dealing with matters generally is empirical and practical. That the instruction has value was well shown by a farmer in attendance at one of the classes, who remarked at the close of a lesson that if the knowledge he had gained that day had been available ten years ago it would have saved him many hours of hard work and hundreds of pounds in hard cash. The establishment of classes in wool-sorting, exclusively for women, is a new and interesting feature of the work, while combined classes of men and women are not at all uncommon. An increase in the number of classes in subjects related to the home has to be recorded. These classes are for* the most part attended by those who desire the knowledge for special and home use. So far no serious attempt has been made to provide the necessary technical instruction for the large number of young persons engaged, in. the trade, but some of the classes in conduction with the domestic course in technical high schools provide the preliminary|training for many of those who afterwards take the special course in home science and domestic arts at the Otago University. The number of students in attendance during the year at this special course was sixty-five, of whom, thirty-eight are holders of Government bursaries, and may be regarded as prospective teachers of domestic subjects. Three degree and five diploma students completed their* course in 1918. Some of the most important

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positions as instructors in domestic subjects at technical schools and other colleges are now occupied by those who have graduated from the Otago University homescience coufse. The provision of this higher training for teachers of domestic subjects, and the expenditure on bursaries, appear to be amply justified. The University work has, however, been somewhat handicapped in the past by the lack of adequate kitchen and laboratory accommodation. This year provision has been made for the erection and equipment of the necessary buildings, which it is expected will be ready for the opening session, of 1920. Payments totalling £2,160 were made by the Government on account of home-science bursaries, being an average payment of about £58 per bursar. In spite of many disturbing elements, the steady increase in the number of students taking up courses in related subjects bearing on particular occupations is being maintained, and it is satisfactory to note that a large proportion of those taking a group course are not evading those subjects which must ever be regarded as basic. The importance of raising the standard of intelligence and of widening the outlook of our young mechanics cannot be too strongly emphasized ; the inevitable alternative confronting him is that he must drop into the position of a machine-minder—" an automaton working at the dictate of some one who does the thinking for him." From the ranks of those who are prepared to undertake this intensive training the future teachers of technical subjects may naturally be drawn, and it is hoped that provision will early be made whereby a constant succession of well-trained teachers will be secured. The difficulty of obtaining teachers is not so great as in past years, but the instructor skilled in his craft in all its bearings, " apt to teach," and with a full knowledge of the working-conditions of his particular trade, is not as numerous as could be desired, and serious attention will have to be given to meet the demands for such teachers that future developments in technical training will make.

Number of Students Receiving Free Education under the Regulations for Free Places.

Nearly 25 per cent, of the total number of students in attendance at classes held free places under the Government regulations. The total number of junior free pupils shows an increase of 153, as compared, with the number for 1917 ; and the total number of senior free pupils shows an increase of 81. 442 students held scholarships or free places provided locally. A fair proportion of the increase in the number of free-place holders is due to the attendance at technical classes of young persons, not otherwise qualified for a free place who have been recommended by an Inspector of Schools for the award. Three additional school districts have brought the regulations for the compulsory attendance of young persons at continuation classes into operation during the year. The number of students in attendance under the regulations was as follows : — Auckland Education District .. .. 495 students in 12 school districts. Taranaki Education District .. .. 151 ~ 4 ~ Wanganui Education District .. .. 568 ~ 6 ~ Hawke's Bay Education District . . . . 110 „ 1 „ Total 1,324 „ 23

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1917. 1918. Males. Females, Totals. Males. Females. Totals. " T ■ ,. -i I First vcar Junior tree pupils „ j ' r I Second year (First year Senior free pupils j Second year (Third year 806 461 394 205 145 010 450 413 208 165 1,416 911 807 533 310 854 522 422 270 135 095 409 390 314 188 1,549 931 818 590 323 Totals .. 2,071 1,900 3,977 2,209 2,002 4,211

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During the year under review 353 returned soldiers availed themselves of free tuition at technical schools and classes, twenty-seven centres making provision for this important work. The attendances show an increase of over' 100 per cent, on those of 1.917. Instruction is provided in the following subjects : Electrical, motor, and mechanical engineering ; carpentry and joinery ; and commercial subjects. The Repatriation Department has provided the necessary funds for additional instructors and equipment wherever necessary. The following technical schools had a roll number of more than 500, exclusive of the technical high, schools carried on in connection with some of them : — „ , . Roll Number. SchooL 1917. 1918. Christchurch Technical School .. .. .. ..1,267 1,276 Dunedin Technical School .. .. .. 1,105 1,147 Wellington Technical School .. .. .. ..1,256 1,139 Auckland Technical School .. .. .. ..1,211 1,047 Wanganui Technical School . . .. .. .. 654 578 Palmerston North Technical School. .. .. .. 660 560 Invercargill Technical School . . .. .. .. 524 550 Capitation earnings for the year amounted to £34,917, as against £33,749 paid in .1917. It will be noted that, compared with 1917, there is a decrease of 1,490 students in the total number receiving instruction, and. an increase of £1,168 in capitation payments. The decrease is unquestionably largely due to a falling-off in the number* of students attending single classes in. country districts, and not in the number of those who are taking a more or less related group course ; and the increase in the number of free-place holders, for whom additional payments are made, accounts for the increase in the capitation earnings. The amount earned in respect of free pupils was £10,750, made up as follows : Free-place holders, £8,857 ; compulsory pupils, £1,441 ; discharged soldiers, £453. All of the last-named earn not only the ordinary rate of capitation, but an additional 3d. for each hour of attendance. Technological examinations were conducted by the Department on behalf of the City and Guilds of London Institute at sixteen centres in the Dominion. The total number of entries was 252, a decrease on the number for the previous year, and the number of passes was 129. Technical High Schools. No increase has been made during the year in the number of technical high schools, but there are indications of an advance to a clearer understanding of the value of this type of secondary school; and time appears to prove that it is capable of filling a not unimportant place in our national system of education. It provides a foundation course of instruction in the recognized culture subjects of general education, at the same time not underestimating the cultural value of a properly directed elementary vocational training. The conviction is steadily growing that this dual training is capable of producing both trained intelligence and technical knowledge of the highest value to the State and to the individual. Mr. W. L. Hichens, Chairman of one of the largest engineering firms in the United Kingdom, when addressing a company of headmasters of English secondary schools, said, " the true function of education is to teach young people how to learn and how to live — not how to make a living." But if in our study of educational factors and values we find a method of instruction which trains intelligence and discovers aptitude indicating the path in the industrial life a youth should take, we may surely teach both " how to live " and " how to make a living " ; at any rate, the attempt is made in the technical high schools, and it is contended that so far the attempt has not been without success. In this connection it may not be out of place again to quote from the|address by Mr. Hichens. He says, " Strong pressure is being brought to commercialize our education, to make it a paying proposition, to make it subservient to the god and thus convert us into a money-making mob. Buskin has said 'no nation can last that has made a mob of itself.' Above all, a nation cannot last as a money-making mob. It cannot with impunity—it cannot with existence —go on despising literature, despising science, despising art, despising nature, despising compassion, and concentrating its soul on pence."

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The number of students in attendance at technical high schools during the year Was aS follows .*— ffigh Number of Students. Auckland .. .. .. .. .. ..535 595 Christchurch .. .. .. .. .. 453 532 Dunedin .. .. .. .. .. .. 339 422 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. ..336 414 Invercargill .. .. .. .. .. .. 280 297 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. 250 258 Napier .. .. .. .. - .. .. .. 127 203 Westport .. .. .. .. .. .. 27 26 2,347 2,747 The enrolment of students for the year, -which shows an increase of 400 pupils— .1.7 per cent, on that for 1917 —must be regarded with satisfaction when it is recognized that these boys and. girls were continuing their education beyond the primary stage, which in all probability would not have been the case had there been no technical high schools. Of the total, number in attendance 698, or 55 per cent., received industrial training in mechanical and electrical engineering and allied trades, and 1,482 boys and girls took the commercial course. The number of pupils taking up the various courses provided was as follows : — C ourse Number of Pupils. Boys. Girls. Total. Industrial . . .. .. .. ... 698* .. 698 Commercial and general .. .. .. 390 1,092 1,482 Domestic .. .. .. .. .... 385 385 Agriculture .. .. .. .. .. 177 .. 177 Art .. .. .. .;. .. .... 5 5 Totals .. .. .. .. 1,265 1,482 2,747 It will be seen that nearly 54 per cent, of the pupils took commercial and general courses, probably due to the demand for the services of young persons so trained brought about by war conditions, but more probably due, as has been well said, to " the primal curse which demands that as soon as the law permits the children must be turned into money —must become wage-earners—contributors to the family exchequer." The commercial course appears to be the shortest cut to this desired end ; results from the economic standpoint may be questionable. Capitation amounting to £32,474 was earned in respect of 2,692 pupils (of whom 2,455 were free pupils), as compared with £28,119 in 1917 in respect of 2,303 pupils. The average amounts of capitation earnings per head were £12*56 in the case of free pupils who qualified for capitation, and £6-9 in the case of other pupils.

Number of Pupils receiving Free Education at Technical High Schools under the Regulations for Free Places.

Financial. The total capitation earnings of all classes, including technical high schools, amounted approximately to £67,391 (as compared with £61,868 for the previous year), of which £27,653 was earned by classes conducted by Education Boards, £36,368 by classes conducted by Technical School Boards and Managers, and £3,370 by classes conducted by University Colleges and High School Boards.

1918. 1917. Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. r . » ., First year lunioi* tree inuiils c \ 1 L ISecond year ["First year Senior free pupils <j Second year year 700 353 84 22 3 711 449 152 27 3 1,411 802 236 49 0 595 311 ■ 82 19 1 027 378 115 18 4 1,222 689 197 37 5 Totals 1,102 1,342 2,504 1,008 1,142 2,150

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The amount of capitation earnings shows an average rate of £3-4 per student, as compared with £2*9 for the previous year. The following table shows the receipts and payments for 1918 in respect of classes conducted by Education Boards or by High School Boards, and by Technical School Boards or Managers (including in each case technical high, schools) : — T?Trri-*iPTq Classes conducted by XYi*oi-.ii lb. Education or Technical School High School Boards or Boards. Managers. £ £ Capitation .. .. .. .. .. .. 28,010 32,206 Class fees .. .. .-. .. .. .. 2,831 4,747 Voluntary contributions and subsidies .. .. .. 1,651 4,159 Grants for buildings, &o. .. .. .. .. 4,443 6,594 Other receipts .. .. .. .. ..5,051 6,974 Totals for 1918 .. .. .. ..41,986 54,680 Totals for 1917 .. .. .. .. 45,94.6 57,205 Payments. Staff salaries .. .. .. .. ..25,874 32,759 Working-expenses .. .. .. .. ..11,474 12,767 Buildings, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 14,281 11,642 Other payments .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,053 Totals for 1918 .. .. .. ..£51,629 £60,221 Totals for 1917 .. .. .. ~£39,814 £52,003 In the case of classes conducted by Education Boards or by High School Boards the working-expenses represented 30*56 per cent, of the total receipts, exclusive of grants for buildings, rents, and equipment, and 44*35 per cent, of the payments on staff salaries, while the payments on staff salaries represented 89*41 per cent, of the capitation earnings for the year*. The corresponding percentages in the case of classes conducted by Technical School Boards or Managers were 26*55, 38-97, and 90*08 respectively. Payments by the Government by way of capitation, grants for buildings, rents, equipment, and material, and subsidies on voluntary contributions represented 79*5 per cent, of the total receipts for the year in the case of classes conducted by Education Boards and High School Boards, and 76-3 per cent, in the case of classes conducted by Technical School Boards and Managers. The total payments exceeded the total receipts by £15,184. This excess of payments over receipts is due largely to the fact that controlling authorities and managers of technical schools have drawn upon their surplus funds for additional accommodation in land and buildings and for the purchase of permanent equipment. I n the case of the Auckland Technical School a sum of £5,651 was spent during the year on improvements to the Technical School grounds, while the total payments by controlling authorities and managers on land, buildings, and equipment amounted to £25,923 for the year, or £14,886 in excess of grants received. The following* is a statement of monetary assets and liabilities as at the 31st December*, 1918, shown in the technical instruction accounts of Education Boards as controlling authorities of technical schools, and in the statements of Technical School Boards and Managers : —

iii Education Boards. .uucation xsoa Technical School Boards and Managers. Totals. Monetary Assets. Cash balances Other assets £ 5,960 13,833 £ 5,960 13,833 £ 7,307 17,146 £ 13,267 30,979 Total assets 19,793 19,793 24,453 44,246 Liabilities. Cash deficits Other liabilities 7,341 3,928 7,341 3,928 501 2,860 7,845 0,794 TotaHiabilities .. I 11,269 3,370 14,639

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The net credit balances of the technical-instruction accounts of Education. Boards as shown in the above table amount to £8,524. Hie net debit balances on the technical-instruction accounts of six Education Boards were eliminated by transfers from other accounts of the Boards concerned. Transfers of this kind totalled £9,288. Of the Technical School Boards or Managers (nineteen in number) eighteen had net credit balances at the 31st December, 1918, totalling £21,083. The statements of accounts for one school —viz., the " Elam " School of Art, Auckland—had not been submitted when the above table was prepared. The statements in respect of this school for the preceding year showed a net debit balance of £2,765. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on technical instruction during the financial year ended the 31st March, 1919 : — £ Capitation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 66,269 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. .. 1,673 Home-science bursaries .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,166 Grants in aid of material for class use .. .. ' .. .. 1,885 Grants for buildings and equipment .. .. .. .. .. 5,773 Grants for rents of buildings .. .. .. .. .. 369 Conveyance of — Instructors .'. .. .. .. .. .. £464 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 174 Free pupils .. .. .. .. .. 3,138 3,776 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 92 Inspectors' salaries and travelling-expenses .. .. .. 1,108 War bonus to instructors .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,224 85,335 Less recoveries (examination fees, &c.) .. .. .. .. 76 £85,259 The expenditure was at the rate of £4-3 per student, as compared with. £4*B for the previous year. Included in the total expenditure is £4,000 from nationalendowment revenue. CHILDREN'S WELFARE. Special Schools Branch, including Children's Welfare. The Special Schools Branch of the Education Department deals with an extensive field of social work which is of vital importance to the community. The functions of the branch include provision (1) for all dest'tute, uncontrollable, or delinquent children and juvenile offenders committed by the Courts or admitted by private arrangement under the provisions of the Industrial Schools Act to receiving-homes, probation homes, training-farms, and industrial schools ; (2) for the maintenance and supervision of all children who have lost both parents or the surviving parent as a result of the recent influenza epidemic ; (3) for investigation regarding the conduct, characteristics, and home conditions generally of delinquent and uncontrollable children and juvenile offenders who are brought before the Courts in each of the four centres of p rpulation, and for supervision of children admitted to probation ; (4) for the supervision of all infants under the age of six years who are maintained for payment apart from their parents or guardians, or adopted with premium ; and (5) for the education and care of deaf, blind, or feeble-minded children over the age of six years. The following figures show the number of children under the control of the branch at the 31st December, 1918 :— Industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,140 Juvenile probation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 249 Infant-life protection . . .. .. .. .. . . 860 Special schools — Deaf .. .. .. .. .. ..... .. 104 Feeble-minded .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 144 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,497

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Reforms and Improvements effected. , The reforms and improvements in the system carried out during the year may be summarized as follows :— (1.) Purchase of properties in Auckland and Christchurch for the purpose of receiving-homes for children. (2.) Establishment of boys' probation homes at Wellington and Auckland. (3.) Closing of the Burnham Industrial School in accordance with reorganization scheme. (4.) Preliminary work in connection with the closing of the Boys' Trainingfarm, Nelson, as an institution for the detention of boys of school , a § e \ (5.) Establishment of cottage home on the Weraroa Estate for the reception of boys under fourteen years, and appointment of teacher as housemaster in charge of cottage. (6.) Providing at the Caversham Industrial School for the detention and training of elder girls, and also for the housing of children and young girls in a cottage home entirely separated from the main institution. (7.) Extension of scheme for the development of the farming operations in connection with the Boys' Training-farms at Weraroa and Nelson. (8.) Establishment of central office in Auckland, and provision also in Dunedin, for carrying out on improved and more economical lines the official work connected with industrial schools and receivinghomes, infant-life protection, and juvenile probation work. (9.) Appointment of Assistant Probation Officers (male) for Auckland, Wellington, and Timaru, thereby increasing the efficiency of the supervision over all juveniles on probation and of all boys placed out in situations from industrial schools and training-farms. (10.) Extension of the boarding-out system to the Wanganui and Hawke's Bay districts involving the appointment of lady Boarding-out Officers, one at Wanganui and the other at Napier. (11.) Better supervision of children boarded out in foster-homes by providing for a second lady visiting officer. (12.) Appointment of Lady Inspector of Children's Welfare with the object of (a) co-ordinating the efforts of the numerous social agencies dealing with children and of preventing overlapping as far as possible ; (b) providing for the efficient supervision of all dependent children under fourteen year's of age who are maintained apart from their parents or guardians either in private institutions or in foster-homes ; (c) inspecting orphanages and similar institutions for children. (13.) Separation of the work connected with the supervision of infants and foster-homes licensed under the provisions of the Infants Act from the supervision of children committed by the Courts under the provisions of the Industrial Schools Act. Separate officers have been appointed as District Agents in each of the four centres for the purposes of Part Vof the Infants Act. The four officers appointed have all been selected on account of their experience and special knowledge of the feeding and care of infants. (14.) Initial preparation for the establishment of special day classes in each of the large centres for deaf or hard-of-hearing children, and for mentally backward children who are incapable of receiving efficient instruction in an ordinary public school. Uncontrollable and Delinquent Children and Juvenile Offenders. The policy of the Department is now in the direction of supervising young delinquents and uncontrollable children in their own homes, provided that the conditions are favourable and that the conduct and characteristics of the children are not considered of such a nature as should debar their attendance at a public school. To provide for children who, while requiring stricter disciplinary treatment

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than is generally found in the ordinary home, are quite fit to attend an ordinary public school, there is accommodation at the various receiving-homes and probation homes now fully established in each of the largest centres of population. For boys of school age who have been guilty of repeated breaches of the law, or whose general habits and conduct are such as call for a lengthy period of discipline, provision is made in a special cottage home attached to the Boys' Training-farm at Weraroa. Such boys attend a special day school on the property, and are kept apart from the elder boys in the institution. Two officers have been appointed to supervise these young lads, one of whom, a teacher*, resides at the cottage home and is responsible for the training and discipline of the boys outside school hours. With adequate provision in each of the centres of population for boys of school age who are dealt with by the Courts, and with the provision at Weraroa as described in the preceding paragraphs, the need for the institution known as the Boys' Training-farm, Nelson, for the detention and training of such boys has practically ceased to exist. Until the end of 1918 the Boys' Training-farm, Nelson, was the only available institution in New Zealand to which, uncontrollable and delinquent boys from all parts of the Dominion could be admitted. The system of decentralization in respect of this work has much to commend it. Not only does it obviate the need for sending boys to Nelson from all parts of the country under police escorts, but it prevents the congregation of a large number of similar types in the one institution. From a social point of view it is infinitely better for these boys to be provided for in smaller numbers in the more homely environments of suitable cottage homes, and the fact that a boy is not removed from his own particular district tends to preserve the family ties. Another factor, too, is the saving effected —the cost of travelling, of police escorts, and of maintaining a large institution is infinitely greater than the cost of maintaining several cottage homes throughout the Dominion. Extension of the Boarding-out System. By the appointment of lady officials as Boarding-out Officers for such districts as Nelson, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay a somewhat similar arrangement has been introduced in connection with the boarding-out system, which provides for the placing in selected foster-homes of destitute and dependent children who through no fault of their own are committed to the care of the State. In their respective districts these lady officers supervise not only boarded-out children committed to the care of the State, but also all infants placed in licensed homes under the provisions of Part Vof the Infants Act, 1908. They are also available for assisting the police and the Magistrates in making inquiry regarding any children brought before the Courts. In all cases of commitment of children to the care of the State it is the duty of the Boarding-out Officers to provide for them temporarily, and to place them as soon as possible in suitable foster-homes in their own districts. Such a system has had the effect of considerably reducing the pressure on the Wellington Beceiving-home, and of eliminating the necessity for sending children from Taranaki, Wanganui, and Hawke's Bay to Wellington as a preliminary to boarding out. The system is being developed in the direction of providing for the handling of all these unfortunate children by special lady officers instead of by the police, of keeping families together, and as far as practicable of preserving the ties between parents and children. The system of appointing Boarding-out Officers will, as the need becomes apparent, be extended to practically all the larger centres of population throughout New Zealand. It is also the intention of the Department to establish receiving-homes or cottage homes in several of the larger towns outside the four chief centres to provide temporary accommodation for the children dealt with by the Courts, for children returning from boarded-out homes, or for young people under the control of the Department who happen at any time to change their places of employment. Care of Children who lost their Parents as a, Result of the Influenza Epidemic. Following on the decision of the Government that all children who lost both parents, or the surviving parent, during the recent influenza epidemic were to be

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the charge of the Education Department, a total of 245 orphan children, including Maoris, have been dealt with up to the 30th June last. In all the cases dealt with the children have either been placed with relatives for payment or have been boarded out in suitable homes in their own. districts, in no case has a, child been admitted and detained at any Government institution or industrial school. It is gratifying to be able to state that the number of private homes available is far* in excess of the number of children who have had to be provided for. The Department has endeavoured as far as possible to place these children in homes and under conditions corresponding as nearly as possible with the conditions under which they would have been reared had their parents survived. In dealing with these orphans it is recognized that commitment under the Industrial Schools Act should, be regarded only as a means whereby the guardianship can. be legally vested in the Department. Such a procedure will be obviated as soon as the legislation already prepared is passed by Parliament. All these children will be visited at regular intervals by responsible lady officers, and will be kept under the care and protection of the Department and provided for until they are capable of earning their own living. Industrial and Special Training for Boys and Girls over Fourteen Years of Age. A great deal has been accomplished in the matter of placing boys and girls as apprentices to suitable trades, and of arranging for children of unusual ability to have the benefit of secondary or technical education. Considering the conditions under which the majority of these children were reared prior to their commitment under tire Industrial Schools Act, it is desirable in certain cases to encourage boys to take up rural occupations, and for girls to be placed in good homes under capable mistresses. At the Training-farm at Weraroa boys are taught milk-testing, buttermaking, cheesemaking, general agricultural work, and market-gardening. For those boys who prefer and show aptitude for a, trade or* mechanical work the rudiments of bootmaking, carpentering, engine-driving, and motor-car driving are taught; and after a few months places are found for such boys with outside firms. Im,proved Methods ami Results in connection with, the Working of Farms attached to the various Schools. The improved methods of working the lands connected with the various schools (Weraroa, Nelson, Burnham, and Otekaike) have accounted for a considerable increase in revenue during the year. For 1917 the total revenue from the sales of produce (milk, butter, cheese, pigs, sheep, vegetables, fruit, &c.) was £2,049, while for 1918 the total was £6,324, showing an increase for the year of £4,275. Training and Care of Elder Girls. Te Oranga Home was established in 1901 mainly for the purpose of providing for the elder girls who were removed from the Burnham Industrial School when the Department decided, to utilize that institution for the admission and training* of boys only. Up to within two years ago there were some 120 girls belonging to the Home. Of these the average number in residence varied from seventy to eighty-five, while the remainder represented the girls placed out, under supervision and subject to certain conditions, in situations or with friends. The number of girls from all parts of New Zealand actually committed through the Courts to Te Oranga Home, or transferred from, gaol under the provisions of section 25 of the Industrial Schools Act, was comparatively small, being only five in 1918. When the revision of the industrial-school system was taken in hand some two years ago the matter of the numerous transfers from other institutions to Te Oranga was fully investigated, with the result that with more careful scrutiny of each case and by the application of different methods of treatment the numbers were reduced to a minimum, The system of placing out the better-behaved girls

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from Te Oranga Home was also instituted, with the result that in a few months the number in residence was reduced to about thirty. Finally, towards the latter end of 1918 the numbers in residence were reduced to about fifteen, arid it was then considered feasible to cater for this small number at the Caversham Industrial School, where there was ample accommodation for more than twice this number of girls. This change was carried into effect in November last, and has worked very satisfactorily. It was anticipated, however, that a certain number of the girls who had been given a chance in situations would fail, but the percentage of failures up to the present time is small compared with the good results obtained in other cases. From the period Ist January, 1918, to 30th June, 1919, sixty-eight girls were discharged from the control of Te Oranga Home. Of these, three are at present in prison and two at the Salvation Army Home, while the remainder (sixty-three), nine of whom are now married, are doing well. New System of purchasing Supplies, and Results. The establishment of a central store some three years ago has proved a very great financial saving to the Department. Since the establishment, goods to the value of £38,000 have been supplied to the various institutions under the control of the Department. The estimated saving on these purchases is £15,200, while the present wholesale value of the goods at present in stock is £7,562 over the original cost to the Department. The total saving can therefore be set doAvn as £22,762. Associated with the work of the central store, a great deal of work has been accomplished in the matter of standardizing materials, improvement in clothing outfits for all classes of inmates from infants to adults, and the arranging for the making of garments in quantities in factories in preference to the past system whereby such articles were made by seamstresses at the various institutions. Not only is the time of the seamstresses saved, but the garments now supplied are superior both as regards fit and quality. As soon as conditions are favourable the Department proposes to establish a factory of its own for the manufacture of all clothing required for children under control throughout New Zealand. The factory will be attached to one of the girls' schools, and in addition to catering for the needs of the schools will provide congenial employment and valuable training for a certain number of elder girls who desire to take up this class of work in preference to domestic service. Summary of Revenue and, Savings during the Year as compared, with previous Year. £ Maintenance of schools .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,324 Salaries .. •• 1,092 Increase in revenue for year 1918 as compared with previous year — From parents and others .. .. .. .. .. 3,309 Sales of produce, &c, at Government industrial schools and special schools .. .. 4,275 Increase in refunds from inmates'earnings .. .. .. 1,921 Total £16,921 These figures do not, of course, include the values of the properties now available for other than industrial-school purposes. For instance, Burnham, with its farm of over 1,000 acres, is estimated to be worth about £25,000 ; the buildings and property at Te Oranga Home are worth about £23,000; and the Boys' Training-farm, Nelson, with its farm of about 800 acres, is worth at least £30,000. (1.) Table showing Total Amounts paid in Salaries and for the General Maintenance of all Government Industrial Schools for the past Five Years. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. ■C* f V 4" £ Salaries 13,952 14,211 14,788 15,687 14,270 Maintenance 24,999 21,513 23,237 24,483 19,247 £38,952 ' £35,724 £38,025 £40,170 £33,517 ■ " -i -r : " 1-~T ' iii ii tm. m

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Included in the figures for 1918 (£33,517) are the following non-recurring amounts on account of institutions either closed or vacated since Ist April, 19.18 :— £ Burnham .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,941 Te Oranga Home .. .. .. .. .. * .. .. 1,046 Boys' Training-farm, Nelson .. .. .. .. .. .. 8,250 £11,237 The bulk of the savings, therefore, on account of the closing of these institutions will not be really noticeable until next year. (2.) Government Industrial Schools and Special Schools : Figures for 1917 and 1918 compared. Salaries. 1917. 1.918. £ £ Industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 15,687 14,270 Otekaike .. .. .. .. .. 3,403 3,660 Sumner .. .. .. .. .. 3,981 3,854 Richmond .. .. .. .. 1,067 1,262 £24,138 £23,046 Saving, £1,092. ---■- = ■■'■■■■-■-- Maintenance of Schools. 1917. 1918. J £ £ Industrial schools '.'. .. .. .. .. 24,483 19,247 Otekaike .. .. ..4,127 3,789 Sumner .. .. .. .. .. 1,858 1,795 Richmond .. .. .. ..1,672 985 £32,140 £25,816 Saving, £6,324. —- ' " (3.) Recoveries from Parents and Others. 1917. 1918. £ £ Industrial schools .. .. .. .. ..13,522 15,863 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 3,383 2,971 Charitable Aid Boards .. .. ... .. ..15,389 16,769 £32,294 £35,603 Increase in revenue, £3,309. ' It may be mentioned that the recoveries from parents and others on account of industrial-school inmates for the year 1914-15 were £20,347, while the recoveries for 1917-18 were £27,835, showing an increase of £7,488. Cash Sales of Produce from Institutions. 1917. 1918. £ £ Industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 1,603 5,610 Otekaike .. .. .. .. ... .. 319 654 Richmond .. .. ~ .. .. .. 85 5 Sumner .. .. .. .. .. .. 42 55 £2,049 £6,324 Increase in revenue, £4,275. Refunds from industrial-school inmates' earnings for clothing, travelling-expenses, &c. : 1917, £3,766 ; 1918, £5,687 : increase, £1,921. Number of Children belonging to Industrial Schools. The total roll number of children belonging to industrial schools and receivinghomes at the 31st December, 1918, was 3,140. Of these, 1,851 were boys and 1,289 girls.

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The children are classified as follows:— In residence— In Government industrial schools .. .. .. .. 249 In private industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 267 Total.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 516 Boarded out — * From Government schools (including receiving-homes) .. .. 1,264 From private industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 7 Total.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,271 Placed out in situations .. .. .. .. .. .. 643 With friends on probation .. .. .. .. .. .. 438 In private institutions, hospitals, absent without leave, in prison, &c. .. 272 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,353 Grand total .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,140 Expenditure on Government Industrial Schools, Receiving-homes, and Probation Homes, 1918-19. The following figures show the expenditure in connection with Government and private industrial schools during the year:— Expenditure on Government Industrial Schools, etc., 1918-19. Gross Cost. £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. .. ..14,269 General upkeep .. .. .. .. .. .. 19,034 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. 2,885 Furnishings, repairs, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 2,731 38,919 Payment for children boarded out .. .. .. .. .. 35,560 Gross cost .. .. .. .. .. .. 74,479 Recoveries from parents and others . . .. .. .. 24,879 Sales of produce, &c. .. .. .. .. .. 5,610 Earnings of past inmates paid to Public Account .. .. 1.005 31,494 Net cost of maintenance .. .. .. .. 42,985 New buildings and works .. .. .. .. .. ~ 18,008 Salaries of Visiting and Probation Officers, &c. .. .. .. 3,523 Total cost .. .. .. .. .. .. £64,516 Expenditure on Private Industrial Schools, 1918-19. £ Gross cost.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,353 Recoveries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,281 Net cost .. .. .. .. .... .. £72 Sales of Produce, tic, at Industrial Schools. 1917. 1918. liiorease. £1,603 £5,610 £4,007 Included in the total sum recovered (£27,836) is an amount of £11,972 paid by Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards for the maintenance of 1,009 children committed to industrial schools on account of indigency. In addition, 134 inmates of private industrial schools were maintained at the expense of Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards. As these latter schools make their claims direct against the Boards, the figures are not included in this report.

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Section 50 of the Industrial Schools Act provides for the placing of inmates of industrial schools in situations and for part of their earnings to be placed in trust accounts in the Bost Office Savings-bank. There are some two thousand such trust accounts, representing about £60,000. Though these earnings cannot be claimed as a right, in practice they are generally paid over to the persons concerned who, after passing out of the control of the schools, are able to give evidence of good character, provided that satisfactory investments for the money are shown. Admissions during the Year and the Reasons for Admission. During the year 381 children were committed to industrial schools, and an analysis of the state of these children prior to admission shows that 101 were destitute, 4 vagrants, 15 residing in disreputable surroundings, 141 not under proper control, and 84 either accused or guilty of punishable offences. Of these 381, only 101 were actually in residence at industrial schools at the end of the year, so that 280 were placed out at board, in situations, or with friends on probation, either on admission or after a short period of residence at an industrial school. Infant-life Protection. The purpose of this system is to provide supervision and protection for infants boarded out by their parents or guardians in circumstances that might lead to their neglect or ill treatment. Unless licensed as a foster-parent, no pei'son in consideration of any payment or reward may receive or take charge of an infant for the purpose of nursing or maintaining it apart from its parents or guardians for longer than seven consecutive days. ' Infant " means a child under six years of age. Besides the district agents, duly appointed officers who are qualified nurses have full power to inspect the licensed homes. If necessary the Education Department may take over the maintenance of a child, recovering the cost from the parents or guardians, and the foster-parent's license may be revoked, the children in the home being otherwise provided for as the Minister may direct. Payment of a premium on the adoption of a child brings the case within the provisions of the Act. The number of homes licensed at the end of the year was 1,060, and the total number of children in them during the year was 1,349, a decrease of 12 for the year. Of this total, the number of infants under one year was 293 ; 6 children died, being 0*44 per cent, of those in the homes. Of that number, 3 died in fosterhomes and 3 in hospitals or nursing-homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in foster-homes represented 0*22 per cent, only of the total number dealt with. The expenditure in connection with infant-life the year ended 31st March, 1919, was £1,194 ; for the preceding year the amount was £1,219.

SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Summary showing Comparative Cost of Upkeep at Special Schools, 1916, 1917, and 1918.

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SchoolNumber of Pupils Net maintained. E: 1916. 1917. 1918. 1916. £ 112 109 104 4,277 64 I 95 88 4,902 , Maintona xponditur 1917. moe . Average Annual Cost p ■e. ° * 1918. 1916. 1917. ier Head. 1918. School for Deaf, Sumner Special School for Boys, Otekaike Special School for Girls, Richmond £ 3,393 5,608 I £ I £ s. d. : £ s. d. 3,625 38 3 9 31 2 7 5,324 76 11 0 ; 59 0 0 £ S. d. 34 17 1 60 10 0 .. j 48 j 50 1,756 1,092 | .. j 36 11 8 21 16 9

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School for the Deaf, Sumner. The number of pupils under instruction during the year is shown in the following tabulated statement: — Boys. Girls. Total. Pupils of 1917 who returned to school .. . . .. 49 41 90 Admitted early in the year .. .. .. .. ■ 15 7 22 Admitted later .. .. .. .. ... 5 2 7 Under instruction during the year .. .. .. 69 50 119 Temporarily absent all the year .. .. .. .... 2 2 Left during the year .. .. .. .. ..8 7 15 Number expected to return in 1919 .. .. .. 61 43 104 The average age of the congenital deaf cases admitted was seven years and six months, which is a distinct improvement over former records," but still considerably higher than is desirable. There were five cases whose ages at the time of admission exceeded eight years, and of these one was aged ten years and six months, and another eleven years and two months. The waste of time before the commencement of their education, especially in these two cases, is greatly to be deplored. It is extremely gratifying, however, to find that in quite a number of cases application has been made by the parents of deaf children of four and five years of age to have them admitted without further delay. It is also very satisfactory to find that these parents have been taking advantage of the instructions that have been given them for the home training of their young deaf children, with very beneficial results to the latter. Of the 121 pupils whose names were on the roll, 24 came from the Auckland District, 4 from Taranaki, 9 from Hawke's Bay and Uisborne, 34 from Wellington, 1 from Marlborough, 4 from Nelson, 1 from Westland, 26 from Canterbury, and 18 from Otago. There were twelve of the above who attended as day pupils, eight boys and four girls. The remainder boarded at the school. By the end of the year the erection of an. open-air dormitory at the Boys' Home was well under way. This has been planned to accommodate thirty boys, and will entirely do away with, anything in the nature of overcrowding, and should greatly promote the well-being of the boys. Steps were also taken in the direction of installing the electric light at the Boys' Home, the provision of which has been greatly needed, especially in winter-time. We are now able to obtain electric power for lighting and domestic purposes directly from the Lake Coleridge plant. A scheme is beings prepared for making use of the current for cooking purposes, laundry-work, pumping, &c. Two of the cases admitted on trial at the beginning of the year were subsequently transferred to the Special School at Otekaike, it being apparent that their condition was due not to deafness but to feebleness of intellect. Two others who had suffered from defective speech were returned to the public schools after having received a course of instruction in articulation. In addition to these cases three stammerers were treated, all of whom made good progress in overcoming their disabilities. In addition to the classes for woodwork that were taught at the school fifteen boys attended the Technical College for instruction in woodwork. Very creditable work was done by them. The boys also received training in gardening and in general farm-work. The girls were taught dressmaking, laundry-work, cooking, and domestic economy Some particularly good work was done by the pupils in the dressmaking class. Despite a somewhat unfavourable season, farming and gardening operations were very successfully carried oil at the school, and a plentiful supply of milk, fruit, and vegetables was obtained all the year round. The total value of the home supplies thus raised, including sales of surplus produce, was £574 2s. 3d. for the year.

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The medical inspection of schools has revealed the presence of very mans partially deaf children in the public schools, and a number of such cases have beey brought directly under the notice of the Director. In a number of these it han been necessary to point out to the teachers the absolute necessity of placing these children in the centre of the front row of the classes to which they may belong, in order that they may be in the most favourable position for hearing the teacher and the other pupils. A child may hear quite well when seated in the front row of the class and miss nearly everything when seated farther back. Similarly a child who is deaf in one ear should be made to sit on the appropriate side of the class-room. The importance of thus making provision for partially deaf children should be impressed upon all teachers. In some cases such children have been found occupying seats in the back rows of the class-room, where their disabilities are immeasurably increased. For those deaf children who cannot, even when favourably placed in the classroom, be efficiently educated in the public schools it is proposed to make provision by the opening of special classes for the hard-of-hearing in each of the four centres. These classes will be regarded as branches of the School for the Deaf, as it is essential that the teachers in charge of them should have had an adequate training in the teaching of deaf children and experience in the treatment of speechdefects generally. The latter are unfortunately very common in New Zealand, as elsewhere, and should be attended to as soon as they are observed, otherwise the difficulties in the way of eradicating them will be greatly intensified. The establishment of the special classes referred to will tend to the very desirable result of reducing the already unduly large roll number at this school. An even more necessary step that has often been recommended by the Director is the opening of a separate school for young deaf children, who should be kept away from the older pupils until they are able to express themselves by means of speech. The tendency to resort to the use of signs would then be greatly diminished. The establishment of special day classes for the hard-of-hearing and of a separate preparatory school will complete the subdivision of the present school, which for years has been larger in point of numbers than is desirable. The policy of herding the deaf together in large communities is most strongly to be condemned from an educational standpoint. The expenditure on the school for the last financial year is as follows :— £ £ Salaries and war bonus .. .. .. .. .. 4,202 Maintenance of pupils and sundry expenses .. .. .. 1,795 Travelling-expenses .. . . . . . . .. . . 174 Maintenance of buildings, furnishings, &c. .. .. .. 500 New buildings and works .. .. . . .. .. 384 7,055 Less — Parental contributions .. . . . . .. 1,295 Amounts collected from Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards 1,732 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. .. 55 3,082 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £3,973 The net expenditure for the year 1917-18 was £3,393. Jubilee Institute for the Blind, Auckland. The Jubilee Institute for the Blind, Auckland, which is established as a separate institution under the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government. Provision is made at the Institute for the education and training of adults as well as children, although the Education Department is chiefly interested in the latter. In addition to the ordinary school subjects kindergarten classes are held, and instruction is also given in music, swimming, typewriting-and shorthand, sewing, knitting, bead work, &c. Technical work and manual training form an important part of the curriculum. The boys and men receive instruction in woodwork and in several trades, such as piano-tuning, mat and basket making, &c.

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while the girls are taught household duties, which will be of great benefit to them when they return to their homes after completing their education in the day school. The amount paid by the Government towards the cost of training twenty-nine pupils was £759, and the amount refunded to the Government in the way of parental contributions and payments by Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards was £933. Education and Care of the Feeble-minded. The need for controlling and in the majority of cases for segregating all feebleminded children is of the utmost importance if the physical and mental standard of the race is to be preserved, and also for the protection of society generally. In fact, the ordinary community holds no place for the feeble-minded child. The parents as a rule are utterly incapable of providing for such children, who can neither derive benefit from attendance at the public school nor can associate with the normal children of the neighbourhood. In the majority of cases it is essential for the sake of the mother and the other children of the family that feeble-minded children should be removed to an institution where they can be dealt with by officers specially adapted for this purpose. The need for the segregation of girls of this type, more especially of those who have reached the age of puberty, is of very great importance. Of the cases already examined a great many are unfitted on account of their low mentality for admission to special schools, although in certain urgent cases admission has been arranged in the absence of any other means of dealing with them. The inmates of schools for feeble-minded children are given a very simple course of instruction suited to their limited intelligence. Instruction is largely of a manual character, since these children are able to advance very slightly in the arts of reading, writing, and counting. The object of the instruction is to quicken the intelligence and dexterity of the children, so that later on they may be able to take part in some simple occupation and help to some extent in supporting themselves, and also find some interest in occupations suitable to their limited capacities. Only in very exceptional cases, if in any, can it be expected that any feeble-minded children can be brought up to a standard approximating to that of even the less efficient members of the ordinary community. It has been found that those who most closely approach the ordinary standard of intelligence and capacity run greater risks and are subject to greater dangers even than those with a very low grade of intelligence. It should be definitely known that all statements relating to alleged curing of feeble-minded children, or to their replacement in ordinary schools under ordinary instruction, or to their becoming able to take their place in the ordinary community, are really the result of a misunderstanding of the types of cases to which progress such as the above refers. Improvement referred to in such statements has been accomplished not in the case of feebleminded children, but in the case of merely backward children who make unduly slow progress under* the ordinary methods of school instruction. There are many children of this type in New Zealand, but they are not placed in schools for the feeble-minded. The available provision for feeble-minded children of an improvable type is not by any means sufficient to enable the Department to accommodate all the children offering. Steps are now being taken, however, to prepare the property known as the Boys' Training-farm, Nelson, for the reception of feeble-minded boys under fourteen years of age, while the Special School at Otekaike will be retained as an institution for elder boys who are capable of earning at least part of their livirrg either on the farm or garden or in the workshop. The segregation of the younger boys from the older cases is an important step in the matter of classification, and should facilitate the matter of training so far as the younger boys are concerned. The Special School at Biehmond for the reception of feeble-minded girls has now been fully established, and good work is being done under capable management. The teaching staff has been strengthened by the addition of another teacher* (two teachers in all), and through their efforts an improvement is noticeable in the comportment and dexterity of the children.

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At the Special School for Boys at Otekaike a scheme providing instruction in carpentry, bootmaking, and. mat and basket making has been, carried out satisfactorily during the year. The younger* boys receive instruction by means of kindergarten and Montessori methods, and many of them become quite skilled at handwork. Basketmaking and matmaking are occupations that feeble-minded boys take to readily, but as the majority of them are of low vitality it is essential that occupations involving physical movement should also be available for them. Many of the elder boys assist either in the garden or orchard or on the farm. Considerable improvement has been made during the past twelve months in the methods of farming the 300-odd acres attached to the institution. The following tables show the numbers dealt with during the past year, together with particulars regarding expenditure : — Special School for Boys, Otekaike. Numbers as at 31st December, 1.918 : — In residence .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 86 Boarded out .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 Temporarily absent with friends . . . . .. .. .. . . 2 Service .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2 91. Particulars of expenditure for the financial year ended 31st March, 1919 : — £ £ Salaries and war bonus .. .. .. .. .. 3,660 General maintenance .. .. .. .. .. 3,789 Travelling-expenses . . .. .. . . . . .. 344 Maintenance of buildings, furnishings, &c. . . .. . . 329 Additional buildings, furniture, &c. .. .. .. .. 172 8,294 Less — Parental contributions towards maintenance . . .. 80.1 Amount collected from Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards 1,516 Sundry other recoveries . . . . .. .. 654 2,971 Net expenditure .. . . .. .. ■ £5,323 Special School for Girls, Richmond. Numbers as at 31st December, 19.18 :— In the school .. .. • • ■ ■ • • • ■ • • 25 On vacation .. .. .. .. ■. • • • • 26 At service .. .. .. . . .. • . • • •. 2 53 Particulars of expenditure for the financial year ended 31st March, 1919 : — £ £ Salaries and war bonus . . .. .. •. . . 1,262 General maintenance .. ;. .. .. .. ■ • 985 Travelling-expenses .. . . .. .. ■ . . • 51 Buildings, furniture, &c. .. . . . . .. .. 26 Maintenance of buildings, furnishings, &o. .. .. .. 273 2,597 Less — Parental contributions towards maintenance .. .. 511 Amount collected from Hospital and Charitable Aid Boards 989 Sundry other recoveries .. .. .. .. 5 1,505 Net expenditure ~ .< .. .. £1,092

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HIGHER EDUCATION. (See also E.-7, Report on Higher Education.) New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Boyal charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master of Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor* of Law, Medicine, and Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. By the provisions of the New Zealand University Act of 1908 and subsequent amending Acts the Senate of the University now has power to confer, in addition to those mentioned, the following degrees : Doctor of Literature ; Master of Laws, Surgery, and Science ; Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, Dental Surgery, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Agriculture, Public Health, and Commerce; Bachelor of Science in Home Science; and Bachelor of Science in Architecture. For these latter no further charter has been given, so that nominally they must be considered as having currency only in New Zealand. The affairs of the University are controlled by three Courts —the Senate, the Board of Studies, and the General Court of Convocation, which consists of members of the four District Courts of Convocation. The Senate consists of twenty-four members or Fellows —four elected by the Governor-General in Council; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, by the Professorial Boards ; and eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The Board of Studies consists of twenty members, five of whom are appointed by each of the Professorial Boards of the four institutions affiliated to the University. The District Courts of Convocation consist of graduates of the University. The Senate has the entire management of and superintendence over the affairs, concerns, and property of the University, and, subject to certain provisions relating to the Board of Studies, has power to alter all statutes and regulations. The Board of Studies has power to make recommendations to the Senate as to the appointment of examiners, and as to degrees, diplomas, scholarships, prizes, courses of study, and examinations. The chief function of the General Court of Convocation is to discuss matters relating to the University and to declare its opinion on any such matters. The revenue of the University is derived mainly from a statutory Government grant of £3,000 per annum, from fees, and from interest on investments. In addition there is paid to it in trust a certain proportion of the national-endowment income for distribution among the four affiliated institutions towards the support of libraries, the establishment of new Chairs, and towards the extension of their work in other ways. The amount received from this source in 1918-19 was £3,627. The Univer ity is an examining, not a teaching, body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it —the Auckland University College, Victoria University College, Canterbury College, and Otago University, situated in the cities of Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin respectively. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointment of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of the various Councils. Each of the colleges specializes in certain directions: Otago University has medical and dental schools, a school of mining and metallurgical engineering, and a school of home science ; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) ; Auckland University College has a school of mines and a school of commerce ; and Victoria University College specializes in law and science. Auckland University College and Victoria University College each receive an annual statutory grant of £9,000, while Canterbury College receives £2,000, and Otago University £5,000. The two latter institutions are endowed with reserves of land. In addition a certain proportion of the income from the National Endowment Fund for the purposes of education is paid directly to the four affiliated institutions. In 1918 the sum paid to each out of the fund amounted to £1,814. There

B—E. 1.

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is also provision for the payment under regulations of a Government subsidy on voluntary contributions to the funds of the institutions affiliated to the University of New Zealand, and special grants are made from time to time for buildings arid equipment. The total amount paid by the Government on account of the University of New Zealand and the affiliated colleges for the year 1918-19 was £51,110, and the total expenditure of these institutions on University education (exclusive of trust funds) was £117,415. New Zealand University. The University conducted examinations in 1918 in the faculties of arts, science, medicine, public health, dentistry, home science, law, engineering, commerce, agriculture, and music, and for admission to the legal and accountants' professions. The table below gives the numbers qualifying for degrees and scholarships from the four University Colleges : —

Number of Successful Candidates at the Examinations for Degrees in 1918.

In addition to these successes, 633 candidates passed sections of the examinations for degrees or for admission to professions ; 26 gained certificates of proficiency, and 66 passed the examination for book-keepers. There were 2,126 candidates for the Matriculation Examination, of whom 691 passed the whole examination, 232 completed partial passes, and 321 gained partial passes. In a number of cases the Senate granted passes in sections or in individual subjects to students who had enlisted. The following table shows the principal receipts and payments of the University of New Zealand for the year 1918 :— I.—General Account. Receipts £ Payments. £ Balance, Ist January, 1918 .. .. 1,866 Transfer to Ordinary Scholarship AcStatutory grant .. .. .. 3,000 count .. .'. .. .. 1,500 National endowment .. .. 3,627 National endowment .. .. 3,627 Fees .. .. .. .. 8,479 Examinations .. .. .. 4,971 Miscellaneous .. .. .. 96 Office salaries .. .. .. 972 Publio Trustee (Taranaki Scholarships) .. 204 Expenses of Senate meetings and elections 798 Miscellaneous .. .. .. ■ 988 Rent .. .. .. .. 158 Balance, Ist January, 1919 .. .. 1,255 £17,272 £17,272

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Degrees, &e. Ai Ui c 1 lucklai IniverB Collcgi nd ilty ;e. Vfctoi rniveri Collet ilty ;e. interbury College. F. Total. Otago _ , . University. r ° tal - M. F. I Total. M. F. j Total. M. F. Total. M. F. ; Total. M. Doctor of Literature Doctor of Modicine Doctor of Science Honours in Science Honours in Arts Master of Arts Master of Laws Bachelor of— Arts.. Science Medicine and Surgery.. Dental Surgery Laws Music Commerce Engineering (Civil) Bachelor of Science in Home Soienoe Senior University Scholarships .. John Tinline Scholarships 1 1 i i i 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 1 1 ..2 2 .. 2 2 3 3 0 7 19 20 ..1 1 2 2 4 1 .. 1 i 2 0 1 1 2 19 2 i 3 "i 'a '9 1 ii i i 2 4 "i h 2 i 1 7 4 2 11 2 7 3 19 1 20 4 6 7 7 12 6 4 10 25 34 59 8 4 7 6 7 13 19 3 22 19 3 22 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 0 1 7 12 3 1 .. 1 1 .. 1 2 .. 2 2 2 .. 2 2 4 2 j 6 9 5 14 1- .. 1 38 21 59 83 78 101 37 19 56 73 59 132 10 7 22 1 34 7 3 i i i l 4 1 i o I 1 .. i l l 1 2 i 2 .. 2 i 3 i "i h i i 8 1 i i i 2 6 2 5 Totals, 1918 13 ii 24 20 32 52 12 14 14 26 59 78 Totals, 1917 .. 10 10 20 11 22 33 15 8 8 23 56 59

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11. Oedinabx Scholaeship Account. Receipts. £ s. d. Payments. £ s. d. Balance, Ist January, 1918 .. 28,386 19 3 ScholarshipsTransfer Iniih General Account .. 1.500 0 0 Junior .. .. .. 1,277 4 6 Interest .. .. .. 1,391 3 7 Senior .. .. .. 390 10 9 Special .. .. .. 150 0 0 Miscellaneous .. .. . . 0 10 0 Balance, Ist January, 191.9 ..29,462 17 7 £31,281 2 10 £31,281 2 10 In the above statements no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. Affiliated Colleges. (Tables Ml and M 2 in E-7.) The number of students in attendance at the four University colleges in 1918 was 2,140, of which number 1,122 were men and 1,018 women. There were 238 more students than in the preceding year, 115 of this number being men. Compared with the year preceding the war the number of women in 1918 was 260 more, and the number of men 254 less. Now that the Avar has ended, a rapid increase in the number of men students may be expected. The students are classified as follows: Graduates, 68; undergraduates, 1,271 ; non-matriculated students, 801. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 86 students attached to the various University colleges but exempt from lectures —that is, they were prevented by distance or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination. Of the 2,140 students attending University colleges, 975 were receiving free tuition, being the holders of scholarships, bursaries, or training-college studentships. With respect to the courses taken by students, it appears that 41 per cent, of the number took the arts course or subjects for teachers' examinations, 17 per cent, were studying medicine, 11 per cent, engineering, 12 per cent, law, 8 per cent, commerce, and 6 per cent, were taking science courses. Smaller numbers of students took each of the remaining courses, including fifty-nine Avomen Avho took the course in home science at the Otago University. In addition to the students attending the four University colleges, fifty-four students, of whom six were Government-bursary holder's, Avere taking an agricultural course of university grade at the Lincoln Agricultural College. The number of professors in the four University colleges at the end of 1918 was as follows : Auckland University College, 9 ; Victoria University College, 9 ; Canterbury College, 10 ; Otago University, 21 : total, 49. A large number of lecturers, assistants, and demonstrators were also employed. The average salary of full-time professors was £708. Each of the four colleges has placed before the Government proposals for increases in its staff of professors and lecturers, and for increases in the salaries of the present staff members. A very large annual expenditure is involved in the programme submitted, which will shortly receive the attention of the Government. Financial assistance is also required by each of the University colleges for the erection of new buildings in the case of Auckland University College, and of additions to buildings at the remaining three colleges. A very large capital expenditure is involved in connection with the proposed works, the necessity for a large part of which is, hoAvever, unquestionable. Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1918. Table M 4 gives a summary of the receipts and payments of the University colleges, excluding special trust accounts and the accounts of non-university institutions under: the control of a, College Council, such as, for instance, the museum, public library, or school of art connected with Canterbury College, or the

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museum controlled by the Otago University. The total receipts were £124,522, and the total payments £104,082. The payments on account of administration amounted to £7,478, on salaries £54,680, and on buildings and equipment £27,216. The expenditure on buildings was chiefly in connection with. Auckland University College, where a new science building was erected, and Canterbury College, where hostels for men and women students are being provided. Scholarships, Bursaries, etc. (Table JVl:l ill E-7.) Scholarships. University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes : (1) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) post-graduate scholarships. (1.) University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University .1 unior Scholarship Examination, and are as follow : University Junior, University National, and Taranaki Scholarships (open only to candidates resident in Taranaki), in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endoAved scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. Of the candidates for the Entrance Scholarship Examination in 1918, eleven gained Junior Scholarships, twenty-two gained National Scholarships, five gained a Taranaki Scholarship, fifty-eight passed " with credit," and thirty-seven qualified for Matriculation. The value of a Junior Scholarship or a University National Scholarship is £20 per annum in add ition to tuition fees ; students obliged to live away from home receive also a boarding-allowance of £30 per annum. The expenditure by the University on scholarships was £1,818, and by the Education Department on University National Scholarships £3,167. In addition to the scholarships, and partly in connection therewith, a scheme of bursaries entitling students to free tuition is also in operation, as set out in detail below. (2.) Scholarships awarded during the degree course are : Senior University Scholarships tenable by candidates for Honours, and awarded on the papers set for repeated subjects in the Bachelor of Aits and Bachelor of Science Examinations ; John Tinline Scholarship, awarded on the papers in English of the Senior Scholarship Examination ; a number of privately endowed scholarships open to students of the various colleges. Ten senior University scholarships were held during 1918. (3.) The chief scholarships aAvarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship,, and the National Research Scholarships (one of Avhich is offered to each University college). The first three are all travelling scholarships—that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. A statute made in 1918 provides for a Post-graduate Scholarship in Arts, to be offered every year, of the annual value of £150 and tenable for two years. The scholarship is intended to enable students who have passed through a college curriculum to continue their advanced studies in some other university. The final award was made in 1919. So far fifteen Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, of which five have been gamed by students of Auckland University College, four by students of Otago University, four by students of Victoria University College, and two by students of Canterbury College. The war has interfered increasingly with the operation of the Rhodes Scholarship system, and in their statement for 1916-17 the Trustees announced their decision to postpone for the present all further election to scholarships. Up to the present eighteen Research Scholarships have been awarded, one being in active operation at the Otago University in 1918. The subject of research in this case was an investigation of New Zealand grasses. University Bursaries. University bursaries are awarded under the University Amendment Act, 1914, on the credit pass in the University Junior Scholarship Examination or on a higher leaving-certificate qualification, and entitle the holders to exemption from the

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payment of tuition and examination fees (not exceeding £20 per annum) during a three (or possibly four) years' course at a University college or school of agriculture recognized by the University. The number of University bursars in 1918 was 291, and the amount expended on their tuition and examination fees was £4,795, the cost per head being £16 9s. 6d. Educational Bursaries. Educational bursaries are awarded under the Education Act, 1914, and any matriculated student is entitled to one who — (i.) Has within the six months immediately preceding satisfactorily completed his term of service as a pupil-teacher or probationer, and declares his intention of entering a recognized training college on the completion of the tenure of his bursary ; or (ii.) lias satisfactorily completed his course of training at a recognized training college and gained a trained-teacher's certificate ; or (iii.) Has otherwise gained a teacher's certificate of a class not lower than Class C. These bursaries are tenable for three years, with possibly two yearly extensions, at a University college or recognized school of agriculture. The classes taken must be such as to form part of the course in arts, science, or agriculture, and proof of satisfactory progress must be given. The number of educational bursars in 1918 was forty-two (as compared with thirty-seven in 1917), of which number seven completed the three years' tenure of their bursaries. In addition sixteen holders of bursaries were absent on military service. The amount expended on tuition and examination fees on account of educational bursaries was £382 2s. 6d., the cost per head being £9 2s. Domestic-science Bursaries. Domestic-science bursaries tenable at the Otago University may be aAvarded under the Regulations for Manual and Technical Instruction. Applicants for the bursaries must have been resident in the Dominion for not less than twelve months, and must have— (1.) Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose ; or (2.) Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class D teachers' certificate ; or (3.) Gained a higher leaving-certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers,.a lower leaving-certificate. Applicants are required to make a declaration that they will on completion of their course engage in teaching for not less than three years. The term of a bursary is two (or possibly three) years. The bursar receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and if obliged to live away from home an allowance of £30 per annum. A hostel is provided at which forty-five students and four staff members were in residence in 1918. Bursaries of this kind were awarded to nineteen students in 1918, as compared with nine in 1917, making in all thirty-seven bursars in attendance at classes. Sixty-one students were taking either the degree or the diploma course in 1918, and four were taking special courses, three degree and five diploma students finishing their course in that year. Of these, six were immediately appointed to good positions. There are still insufficient applicants to fill the positions open to women with a domestic-science training. Agricultural Bursaries. The Education Department, in co-operation with the Department of Agriculture, established in 1917 a scheme for the granting of agricultural bursaries to qualified candidates in order to enable them to obtain the necessary practical training for positions as teachers or agricultural instructors, as officers of the Department of Agriculture, or as farmers. After completion of their training the bursars are under a legal obligation to serve for a term of three years in one or other of these capacities.

E.—l

The qualification for a bursary is Matriculation or a higher or lower leavingcertificate, and candidates are preferred who have received agricultural instruction during their secondary-school course. In addition, ex-students of teachers' training colleges who desire to specialize in the teaching of agriculture may obtain bursaries to enable them to receive the necessary training in agriculture. Agricultural bursaries are tenable at an experimental farm, an agricultural college, or other approved institution for two years, with a possible extension to a third year. Bursars receive an allowance of £20 per annum with free tuition, and if obliged to live away from home a lodging-allowance of £30 per annum. Eight bursaries were awarded in 1917, seven of which were held at the Central Development Farm, Weraroa, and the remaining one at Lincoln Agricultural College, Canterbury. Only two bursars completed the two-years course at Weraroa, and as, owing to depletion of staff, the Department of Agriculture will not be able to continue carrying out the course of instruction, bursaries Avill probably all be held; for the present at least, at Lincoln Agricultural College. Six bursaries were awarded in 1918, and were held at the last-named institution, the progress of the bursars being satisfactorily reported upon at the end of the year. The limited accommodation available made it necessary for a selection to be made from the number of candidates desiring bursaries. The Department's expenditure on account of the bursaries in 1918 was £320. War Bursaries. Regulations made in January, 1918, provided for the award of bursaries at secondary schools, technical schools, and University colleges to the dependants of killed or disabled members of the New Zealand Expeditionary Forces. By the provisions of these regulations such a dependant who is qualified to receive a University bursary or an educational bursary as described above may receive in addition an allowance of £10 per annum, together with a. boarding-allowance of £30 per annum if obliged to live away from home Avhile attending a University college. No Avar bursaries tenable at University colleges have as yet been awarded. GENERAL. Annual Examinations. (See also E.--8, Report on Examinations.) The annual examinations were conducted by the Education Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior and Senior National Scholarships, junior and senior free pla,ces in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and teachers' certificates. Also, by a/rrangement with the Public Service Commissioner, examinations Avere held for admission to and promotion in the Public Service. Owing to the influenza epidemic the last November-December series of examinations had to be postponed, and considerable disorganization of the arrangements resulted, particularly on account of the fact that candidates entered for examinations near the schools attended by them and finally were examined at centres near their homes. The Public Service Entrance, the Senior National Scholarship, and the Intermediate (Senior Free Place) Examinations, which are usually held in November, were held between the sth and 19th January at the same time as the usual January series (the Teachers' Certificate, the Public Service Senior*, and the Typists' Examinations). The Junior National Scholarship Examination, usually held at the end of November or beginning of December, was not held until the 20th and 21st February, 1919. In previous years the Public Service Entrance Examination was held only once a year, in November. In 1918, however, at the request of the Public Service Commissioner, the Department conducted an additional special examination in June. The Public Service Senior Examination of January, 1919, was confined to those candidates who had previously obtained partial success and who desired to

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complete their passes. In January, 1920, only returned soldiers who have previously obtained partial success and are desirous of completing their passes Avill be admitted to the examination. In future, officer's of the Public Service will be required to take the Matriculation Examination in lieu of the Public Service Senior Examination. The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations above enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees: — 1917-18. 1918-19. Number who entered .. .. .. .. .. 9,908 9,054 Number who actually sat for examination .. .. .. c 5,829 6,515 Number of absentees .. .. .. .. .. 1,079 2,539 In connection with the Junior National Scholarship Examination of January, 1919, the Department endeavoured, as far as possible, to prevent the presentation of unprepared candidates, and the consequent heavy burden of work upon the examiners and unnecessary expense to the country. Head teachers were permitted to present, in general, not more than 10 per cent, of their Sixth Standard pupils for the examination, and secondary-school Principals were asked to take similar steps to ensure the putting-forward of only the best candidates. The last examination was not altogether a fair test owing to the influenza epidemic ; in spite of this, however, the percentage of failures Avas reduced from 57 in the previous year* to 49*5 at this examination. The special admission of candidates who were too old to qualify for junior free places in the Certificate of Proficiency Examination was again necessary. The practice of granting senior free places to approved candidates without special examination, on the recommendation of the Principals of the secondary schools attended by them, or, in the case of district-high-school pupils, of Inspectors of Schools, was continued in 1918. The numbers of candidates who actually presented themselves in the examina-tion-room are given below. For the sake of comparison the figures for the previous three years are also given. 1915-16. 1916-17. 1917-18. 1918-19. Junior National Scholarships and junior free places .. 3,973 4,403 3,122 1,917 Public Service Entrance, Senior National Scholarships, and Intermediate .. .. .. .. .. 3,022 3,839 3,315 2,422 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. 1,720 1,911 2,102 1,912 Public Service Senior .. .. .. .. .. 675 653 226 78 Typists' Examination .. .. .. .. .. 51 50 60 16 Kindergarten Certificate Examination . . .. .. 8 5 4 5 Special Public Service Entrance Examination in June .. . . .. .. 133 London University Examinations .. .. .. 2 I 1 2 9,453 10.891 8,830 6,515 The large decrease in number of candidates sitting for* examinations is accounted for, for the most part, by the epidemic and the consequent postponement of the examinations, the number who did not present themselves for* examination after entering being abnormally large. Candidates for Senior National Scholarships again had the option of being examined under a programme (scheme A) corresponding to the usual secondaryschool course, or under an alternative one (scheme B) intended to suit candidates who have been taking courses with an agricultural or domestic bias. The regulations were amended in September, 1916, to help scheme B candidates by doubling the maximum marks for laboratory work or outdoor* work in field and garden. The numbers of candidates examined under the. scheme A programme so far remains much the same from year to year. The standards of qualification for the year, fixed in accordance with the provisions of the Act, were 62-| per cent, for juniors and 60| per cent, for seniors. In the case of junior-scholarship candidates from one-teacher schools the standard of qualification Avas fixed at its loAvest limit allowable by regulation—viz., 10 percent, below the ordinary standard.

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The value of the services rendered, by Inspectors of Schools in connection with the examination of papers and supervision of the annual examinations is estimated at about £500. This is a considerable decrease compared with the value of work done at the previous examinations (£1,400), but it was considered advisable to lighten considerably the burden of examination-work previously carried by Inspectors. The cost of conducting the examinations was as follows : — Total expenses, including cost of additional, clerical services temporarily £ employed, but omitting other salaries .. .. .. .. 5,519 Less recoveries--- £ Pees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates and others . . 2,200 Paid by Public Service Commissioner for expense of conducting Public Service Examinations, the fees for which, amounting to £1,193, were credited to him— Public Service Entrance, June 1918 .. .. 261. Public Service Entrance, January, 1919 .. .. 1,125 Public Service Senior and Typists' Examinations .. 105 3,691 Net, expenditure .. .. .. .. £1,828 Subs to ie ,s to Publio Libeaeies. (See also 10. 10, Subsidies to Pnlilie Libraries.) During the period of the war the grants voted by Parliament for distribution to public libraries have been on a more limited scale than in previous years. No grant was made in 1917, and in 1918 £3,000 was voted in lieu of £4,000 as in former years. The distribution of this grant, which took place in March, 1.9.19, was confined to libraries situated in places having less than fifteen hundred inhabitants, for the reason that small libraries in country districts are more dependent upon financial assistance from the Government than are libraries supported by larger numbers of subscribers. The conditions under which the vote is distributed require that a library participating in the benefits must be public in the sense of not being under the control of an association or society the membership of Avhich is composed of only part of the community, and if a borough library a reading-room open to the public free of charge must be provided. In addition, the receipts from subscriptions and donations to the funds of the library during the year must not have been less than £2, this sum being regarded as a very low minimum to ensure that the library receives a certain amount of local support. An application to share in the grant is accompanied by statements of the annual receipts and payments of the body controlling the library, the membership, and the general arrangements for the carrying-on of the library. The grant is distributed as a subsidy, the sum paid to each library being based upon the amount received during the year* by the library by way of subscriptions, donations, and special rates. To this amount is made a nominal addition of £25, but no library receives credit for a larger income than £25' —that is, in no case does the amount upon which subsidy is based exceed £50. In this manner the interests of smaller and less prosperous libraries are protected. The number of libraries participating in the vote in 1919 was 275 —thirtynine more than was the case in 1917, when a smaller grant was divided among libraries n places of less than a thousand inhabitants, and about one hundred less than the number among which the grant was distributed prior to the war, when it was unnecessary to restrict the subsidies to libraries in country districts. The incomes of the libraries from subscriptions, &c, ranged from £2 to £132, and the vote yielded a subsidy of 6s. 2d. in the pound on the nominal income (ascertained in the manner described above), the subsidies paid ranging from £8 Bs. 2d. to £15 lis. 6d. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a, condition that the whole of the sudsidy granted to each library must be expended in the purchase of books. Tt is further enjoined upon the authorities in charge of the libraries that a due proportion of the books purchased shall lie books having a permanent value. The present high prices and comparative scarcity of books will, no doubt, make the Government assistance doubly welcome on this occasion, and it is felt that anything done in the way of making good literature more accessible to country residents especially is a well-directed effort.

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Teachers' Superannuation Fund. (Sco also E-9.) The balance at the credit of the fund on the 31st December*, 1918, Avas £458,056, an increase over that on the 31st December, 1917, of £37,831. The income for 1918 was £99,976, and the expenditure £62,146. During the year 420 members were admitted, while 318 left the fund, a net increase of 102. At the end of 1918Th c number of contributors was .. .. .. .. .. 4,894 Of whom males numbered .. .. .. .. .. 1,955 And females numbered .. .. .. .. .. 2,939 Members under Part IX of Education Act, 1908, numbered . . . . 73 The number of allowances in force at the end of the year was . . .. 698 representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. £51,034 viz., — £ Ordinary retiring-allowances were 336, representing 30,484 Retiring-allowances under extended provisions of section 12 of the Act .. .. ..71, „ 10,127 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. ..81, „ 7,125 Allowances to widows .. ~111, ~ 2,011 Allowances to children . . . . 99, ~ 1,287 The Government subsidy of £17,000 was received during the first quarter of the year. The total subsidies paid by the Government since the inception of the fund amount to £135,000. The Actuary in his last report recommended a subsidy of £43,000 for 1917, 1918, and 1919. Owing to war conditions the Government could not see its way to increase the subsidy for 1917|jand 1918, but a subsidy of £43,000 has been paid for 1919. During the year the Teachers' Superannuation Board, with the consent of the Government, came to a very satisfactory arrangement with the Public Trustee for investment of the fund. On the Ist July, 1918, an allocation was made pro rata from the Public Trust Common Fund investments to the total amount of the Superannuation Fund on that date. The Superannuation Fund receives the interest on the investments so allocated, instead of the flat rate of interest payable on moneys in the Common Fund of the Public Trust Office. All moneys belonging to the fund now available for investment are invested at current rates of interest. The Public Trustee charges 2\ per cent, on the interest collected for his services in connection with the fund. After allowing for this commission the average rate of interest received on the 31st December last was approximately 5*2 per cent., which compares very favourably with the rate of about 4-67 per cent, previously received. The total investments at the different rates of interest on the 31st December, 1918, were : At 4| per cent., £59,600 ; at 5 per cent., £26,161 ; at 5-f- per cent., £38,460; at 5\ per cent., £322,200: total £446,421. The amount held by the Public Trustee uninvested was £2,003. Of contributors who have joined the Expeditionary Force, thirty-four were killed in action or died from Avounds or sickness in 1918. This brings up the total number of deaths of contributors who have been on active service to ninety-seven. As previously intimated, the Government has undertaken to pay the contributions of members during the period they are members of the Expeditionary Force. The amount paid in 1.918 Avas £3,833 12s. Bd., making a total during the war of £11,772 10s. lid. Tables relating to Cost ok Education anb Number of Persons receivinci i nstruction. In the following tables, A, B, C, 1), E, F, and G, an attempt is made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to slioav under Avhat heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ;

9—E. 1.

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to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools ; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. The Workers' Educational Association. In the distribution to University colleges of the moneys received by the University from the National Endowment Fund £300 was allocated in each case for the establishment and maintenance of the Workers' Educational Association tutorial or Extension University Classes. The question of the Government's providing some further financial assistance through the University colleges for these classes is at present under consideration. Branches of the association are established at the four chief centres, classes and study circles presided over by leading educationists being held in the cities and in the smaller toAvns of the districts. Although the war has hindered to a great extent the development of the work, reports show that the movement is firmly established and has promise of Avide extension in the future. Exact figures are not available, but over a thousand students appear to have attended the classes in 1918, the subjects studied including economics, psychology, history, industrial laAv, English, and electricity.

Table A.—Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1918-19.

Table B.—Expenditure per Head of Population (1,158,139, including Maoris) on Education, 1918-19.

66

(Figures given in every cai io to tl ie nearest £1,000.) Out of Public Fui ids. Branch of Education. Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. Total for all Items from all Publio Sources. Maintenance. New Buildings and Additions. Total. A. (1 ) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools, technical high schools, and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Technical and continuation (4.) Higher £ 1,471,000 £ 84,000 £ 1,555,000 £ £ 1,555,000 180,000 5,000 185,000 58,000 243,000 48,000 49,000 6,000 2,000 54,000 51,000 ♦28,000 54,000 79,000 Totals A (1-4) 4,748,000 97,000 1,845,000 80,000 1,931,000 B. Industrial schools and probation system and infant-life protection C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Backward Children) .. D. Teachers' Superannuation and miscellaneous 50,000 11,000 61,000 18,000 1,000 08,000 12,000 01,000 08,000 12,000 01,000 Totals A, B, 0, D 11,870,000 110,000 1,980,000 80,000 2,072,000 * Excluding £4,299 paid by the Mines lli ipartmciit.

(Figures given in every ca! le to t) le ne; irost penny. Branch of Education. Out of Publio Fui ids. Secondary and University Reserves Revenue. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Maintenance. New Buildings and Additions. Total. s. d. 25 5 s. d. 1 5 s. d. 26 10 s. d. s, d. 26 10 A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training collegos) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools, technical high schools, and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher 3 2 0 1 3 3 I 0 4 3 0 10 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 II 0 11 o"o 0 11 1 5 Totals A (1-4) 30 3 1 8 31 11 1 6 33 5 B. Industrial schools, &c. C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Backward Children) D. Teachers' Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 10 0 2 1 0 0 4 0 1 1 2 0 3 1 0 1 2 0 3 1 0 Totals A, B, C, D 32 3 2 1 34 4 1 0 35 10

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67

Table C.—Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1898-99 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).

Table D.—Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods from 1898-99 out of Public Revenue (Income from Reserves included).

Table E. —Expenditure on Primary Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.

Table F. —Expenditure on Secondary Education for each Individual on the Roll of the Schools for each of the Last Five Years.

(Figures given in every oase to the nearest £1,000.) jase to the nearest 1898-99. 1903-4. 1898-99. ] 1903-4. 1908-9. 1913-14. 1918-19. Population (including Maoris) .. .. .. .. 783,317 875,648 783,317 875,648 1,008,373 1,134,506 1,158,139 Branch of Education. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. £ £ A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) 477,000 572,000 (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary 27,000 53,000 departments of district higli schools, also technical high schools from 1913-14) (3.) Technical and continuation .. .. .. 2,000 11,000 (4.) Higher education .. .. .. .. .. 33,000 37,000 £ 477,000 27,000 £ 572,000 53,000 £ 760,000 98,000 £ 1,013,000 157,000 £ 1,471,000 238,000 2,000 33,000 11,000 37,000 42,000 50,000 •42,000 63,000 48,000 77,000 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. 539,000 673,000 539,000 673,000 950,000 1,275,000 1,834,000 B. Industrial sohools, &c.. .. .. .. .. 13,000 27,000 C. Special schools (Deaf, Blind, and Backward Children) .. 3,000 4,000 D. Superannuation, and miscellaneous .. .. .. 2,000 3,000 13,000 3,000 2,000 27,000 4,000 3,000 31,000 6,000 7,000 45,000 7,000 33,000 50,000 11,000 01,000 Totals A, B, C, 1) . .. .. .. 557,000 707,000 557,000 707,000 994,000 1,360,000 1,950,000 * Technical high sohools included in secondary education.

(Figures given in every case to the m Branch of Education. 1898-09. larest penny.) 1903-4. 1908-9. 1913-14. 1918-19. s. d. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training colleges) 12 2 (2.) Sooondary (including secondary schools and secondary 0 8 departments of district high schools, also technical high schools from 1913-14) (3.) Teohnioal and continuation .. .. .. 0 1 (4.) Higher education .. .. .. .. .. 0 10 s. d. 12 2 0 8 s. d. 13 1 1 3 s. d. 15 1 1 11 s. d. 17 10 2 9 s. d. 25 5 4 2 0 1 0 10 0 3 0 10 0 10 1 0 0 9* 1 2 0 10 1 4 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. .. 13 9 13 9 15 5 18 10 22 6 31 9 B. Industrial schools, &c. .. .. .. .. 0 4 C. Special school (Deaf, Blind, and Backward Children) .. 0 1 D. Superannuation \nd miscellaneous" .. .. .. 0 1 0 4 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 1 0 7 0 1 0 2 0 9 0 2 0 7 0 10 0 2 1 0 Totals A, B, 0, D .. .. .. .. 14 3 14 3 16 2 19 8 24 0 33 9 * Technical high schools ii icluded in secoi idary oducatio

1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. Excluding expenditure on new buildings Including expenditure on new buildings £ s. d. 6 2 11 6 12 7 £ s. d. 6 11 11 6 18 2 £ s. d. 6 15 11 7 10' £ 8. 7 7 7 12 I d.j 3 I ' 7 ' £ s. 7 9 7 18 d. 9 4

1914. I 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. iiii'i. 1 '.I I o. lWlO. 1U17. taj». i £s r Excluding reserves revenue and expenditure on new 10 18 buildings [ncluding reserves revenue and expenditure on new j 16 15 buildings I d. £ 8 12 7 17 s. 3 9 d. £ s. d. £ s. 2 12 15 0 14 0 9 17 14 4 18 6 d. £ s. d. 7 15 10 7 4 20 19 4

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Table G. —Progress in Education: A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1903, 1908, 1913, and 1918 respectively.

1903. 1908. 1913. 1918. I. Primary education (including public and Native schools, and lower departments of secondary sohools) II. Industrial and special rchools (number actually reooiving primary instruction) III. Secondary education (including secondary schools, secondary departments of district high schools, teohnieal high schools, and Maori secondary schools) IV. Technical and continuation education 136,546 148,180 172,390 191,820 809 252 5,818 ; 7,742 9,959 13,850 16,910 6,583*i 13,051 15,206 V. University eduoation 1,194 15,609 1,711 18,367 2,371 19,428 2,280 21,442 249,560 VI. Registered private schools not included above (principally primary) Total under instruction 165,700 189,051 220,163 VII. Total under Instruction higher than primary (III, IV, and V above) Number of latter (VI I) reoeiving free tuition 13,545 4,260f 22,504 27,536 12,574 33,040 7,959 18,509 * Estimated. in ixlmate.

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APPENDIX A.

STATEMENT OF EXPENDITURE AND RECOVERIES In respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1919.

General Administration. £ s d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Salaries Clerical assistance War bonus to staff 11,930 2 1 2,406 8 3 889 13 8 15,232 4 0 466 17 11 330 12 I 2,482 19 9 1,714 0 7 39.1 5 8 Travelling-expenses Telephones, office requisites, books of reference, <fcc. Postage and telegrams Printing and stationery Council of Education : Travelling-expenses, advertising, &c... 20,018 0 0 Elementary Education. 934,594 6 0 Teachers' salaries (including pupil-teachers' and probationers' allowances) Teachers' house allowances Teachers' war bonuses 26,983 8 6 51,187 16 3 General administrative purposes (including school committees' allowances) Additions to incidental allowances for school committees (war provision) Relieving-teachers Manual instruction : Capitation Compassionate allowances to next-of-kin of teachers who died during influenza epidemic School and class libraries School buildings and sites— Maintenance and repair of school buildings and residences, &c. £ s. d. Rebuilding of worn-out schools .. 38,293 0 0 Less amount received for sale of old 588 6 8 buildings —-— Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes Schools destroyed or damaged by fire —Rebuilding and repairs and rent of temporary premises Payment to Lands for Settlement Account for school-sites Compensation for value of improvements on Education resorvo at determination of lease New buildings, additions, sitos, and teachers' residences.. 1,012,765 10 9 94,015 0 3 14,000 0 0 0,377 18 9 44,223 9 3 714 8 2 2,092 10 9 69,372 19 0 37,704 13 4 4,587 6 9 1,507 17 9 331 14 0 365 15 0 80,780 1 4 Inspectors— Salaries.. Travelling and removal expenses Telephones, office requisites, &c. 194,650 7 8 21,119 8 5 0,052 19 9 113 2 1 27,285 10 3 Medical inspection of school-children — Salaries of inspectors and nurses War bonusos to nurses Travelling-expenses Telephones, nurses' uniform allowances, &c. 4,027 9 4 109 10 10 I,407 19 9 61 1 0 Physioal Training— Instructors' salaries War bonuses Travelling-expenses of instructors Classes for teachers : Travelling-expenses and equipment Office requisites, freight, cartage, &c. 0,200 0 11 2,515 13 4 174 8 9 1,371 8 5 199 11 0 31 7 7 4,292 9 J 22,300 14 11 Conveyance of school-children, teachers, and instructors; and allowances for board of children School Journal —Printing, &c., £5,112 9s. 3d. ; postage, £607 lis. Id. Less sales 5,720 0 4 Flags for schools—New Zoaland ensigns Subsidies on voluntary contributions on account, of public primary schools, including district high schools Educational Institute: Grant in aid of delegates' conference .. Sundries 318 17 9 5,401. 2 7 44 8 0 4,01.0 II 0 50 0 0 52 0 3 Less miscellaneous recoveries 1,439,688 3 1 115 12 10 1,439,572 10 3* Carried forward 1,460,190 10 3 * Including £48,784 lis. 3d., from national-endowment reserves revenue, and £83,277 10s. lOd. from primary -education

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70

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,460,190 10 3 Secondary Education. Payments to Education Boards for— Scholarships District high schools : Secondary teachers—Salaries War bonuses 20 12 0 22,270 14 0 806 10 4 13,129 16 2 National Scholarships Payments to Secondary schools and colleges for—■ Free placo capitation Manual instruction capitation Subsidies on voluntary contributions New buildings, equipment, furniture, sites, &e. Maintenance of buildings From reserves revenue in accordance with Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1914 Compensation for value of improvements on Education reserve at determination of lease Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools .. Marlborough High School : Statutory payment Inspectors' salaries Inspectors' travelling-expenses 86,243 2 5 662 19 0 721 18 9 5,057 5 0 92 17 I 8,312 15 0 Hi.*! 0 0 923 I I 353 9 II 4,947 Jill 400 0 (I 1,270 II 0 50 0 0 Teachers' Conference: Grant in aid of delegates' travellingexpenses *144,155 14 2 Technical Instruction. Salaries of Inspectors (2) Travelling-expenses of Inspectors 984 7 6 123 13 10 1,108 1 4 Technological examinations Less recoveries 92 0 2 76 5 0 IK 1 '> Capitation (including free places).. Material for classes New buildings and permanent apparatus Rents Conveyance of instructors Conveyance of students attending registered classes Conveyance of pupils to technical schools Subsidies on voluntary contributions Scholarships and bursaries War bonus to teachers and instructors 00,209 7 2 1,884 16 8 5,772 13 8 368 12 6 464 3 4 173 15 3 3,138 (I 0 1,073 8 0 2,166 5 6 2,223 13 2 t85,258 17 9 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers. Training colleges—■ Salaries of staff (three-fifths; the other two-fifths is charged to teachers' salaries, " Elementary Education ") War bonus to staff, £261 12s. lid., and students £3,901 19s. 7d. Allowances and fees for students Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses New buildings, sites, furniture, &e. Classes at subcentres— Grants to Education Boards Fares of teachers 10,741 8 7 4,103 12 0 32,110 8 9 1,430 10 8 140 0 0 1,800 0 0 3,528 12 10 54,592 0 6 5,328 12 10 Carried forward .. .. .|59,920 10 4 1,749,520 1 0

71

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,749,526 I 6 Higher Education. Statutory grants— University of New Zealand— New Zealand University Act, 1908 National-endowment reserves revenue 3,000 0 0 3,627 9 0 Auckland University College— Auckland Univorsity College Act, 1882 .. .. j New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1914 National-endowment, reserves revenue 0,027 9 0 4,000 0 0 5,000 0 0 1,813 .14 9 10,813 14 9 Victoria University College— Victoria College Act, 1905 New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1914 National-endowment reserves revenue 4,000 0 0 5,000 0 0 1,813 14 9 1.0,813 14 9 Canterbury College— New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1914 National -endowment reserves revenue 2,000 0 0 1,813 14 9 University of Otago— Now Zealand University Amendment Act, 1914 National-endowment, reserves revenue 3,813 14 9 5,000 0 0 1,813 14 9 0,813 14 9 Grants for new buildings, &o. — University of Otago Sir George Grey Scholarships National Scholarships National research scholarships Bursaries— University Educational Agricultural 2,220 0 0 150 0 0 3,167 7 7 100 I 1 9 4,794 15 3 385 8 0 320 0 0 5,499 18 3 I,029 9 4 Subsidies on voluntary contributions *5I,109 15 Native Schools. 34,888 10 0 2,390 II 5 Salaries and allowances of teachers War bonus to teachers Higher education (including nursing scholarships) .. B:ioks, school requisites, sewing -material, &o. Expenses of removals of teachers Salary of Inspect or Travelling-expenses of Inspector 37,285 I II 2,303 5 5 953 13 2 791 5 8 I 525 0 0 100 1.5 5 Buildings : New schools, additional class-rooms, &c. Maintenance of buildings, rebuilding, repairs, &c. Manual instruction : Payment of insf ruetors and material for classes Conveyance and board of children Training of teachers Sundries —Advertising, planting sites, sanitation, &c. 085 15 5 2,055 18 7 3,112 8 1 272 4 1 .1 1*48,499 10 5 424 18 1 8 14 0 ' 18 14 0 Less recoveries 48,511 19 5 12 9 0 Infant-life Protection. Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives.. Travelling-expenses Board of infants in foster-homes and medical attendance Rent of offices, telephones, &c. 1,029 0 7 160 0 5 72 14 0 26 10 0 1,194 0 7 Less recoveries 1,288 11 0 94 10 5 Carried forward 1,850,329 7 11 Including £10,882 8s, Od. from national-endowment reserves revenue. •f Including £2,000 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward School for the Deaf. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 ,850,329 7 II Salaries War bonus to ,-,talf .. .. General maintenance of institution Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils Maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &C. .. Add itions to buildings 3,854 4 9 347 6 I 1,794 12 3 174 0 2 500 0 (i 383 17 10 Less recoveries 7,054 13 7 3,082 10 8 *3,972 2 1.1 Education of the Blind. i i Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auokland .. Less recoveries 758 12 10 932 17 8 Cr. 174 4 10 Schools for the Feeble-minded. Otekaike (Boys)— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Travelling-expenses Maintenance of buildings, repairs, furniture, &o. Additional buildings, &e. 3,522 14 9 136 17 6 3,788 15 3 343 16 4 329 13 II 171 19 11 Less recoveries 8,293 17 8 2,971 C 10 5,322 10 10 Richmond (Girls) — Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Travelling-expenses New buildings, furniture, &o. Maintenance of buildings, repairs, furniture, &o. I,203 5 4 58 5 0 985 7 0 50 18 0 20 0 4 272 13 5 Less recoveries 2,596 9 7 .1,504 12 0 1,091 17 1 1*6,414 7 11 Industrial Schools and Probation System. Visiting and Probation Orfioers— Salaries War bonus Tra, veiling-expenses Rent and office requisites 1,907 9 7 170 I I 3 1,072 5 10 160 7 7 3,310 1.4 3 Schools — Auckland — Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institutions Repairs to buildings, furniture, &0. Travelling-expenses Purchase of new property, &e. 701 10 9 20 9 3 1,707 17 4 238 12 0 144 13 1 3,510 1 1 0,323 3 6 Carried forward 1,860,541 13 11 * Including £225 from national-endowment reserves revenue. t reserves revenue. I Including £400 from national-endowmeni

73

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Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

10— E. 1.

£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,860,541 13 11 Brought forward Industrial Schools and Probation System — continued. Schools— continued. Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution New buildings, alterations, &c. Small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. Travelling-expenses 3,440 12 3 138 12 9 5,815 15 11 4,675 3 7 1,070 14 1 343 3 5 15,484 2 0 Receiving Home, Wellington— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &c... Travelling-expenses 1,363 14 5 52 18 1 2,095 11 5 26 12 6 462 9 0 4,001 5 5 Boys' Training Farm, Nelson— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. Additional buildings, &c. Travelling-expenses 3,954 10 11 144 5 7 4,151 0 2 1,472 5 11 1,321 0 1 507 4 1 V 11,550 18 9 Receiving Home, Christchurch— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Rent Purchase of property, &c. Travelling-expenses 1,031 18 7 31 9 0 1,782 7 10 82 10 0 3,842 6 8 120 15 9 0,897 7 10 Te Oranga Home, Christchurch— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Rent of adjoining section Repairs to buildings, furniture, rebuilding, &c. T ra veil i ng-expenses Cr. Cr. 654 11 7 33 4 7 369 14 9 11 5 0 250 12 10 219 7 11 298 1 6 i Burnham — Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Travelling-expensos 1,023 18 2 30 16 6 884 9 7 106 19 4 2,046 3 7 Carried forward 1,860,541 13 11

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74

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s, d. 1,860,541 13 11 Brought forward Industrial Schools and Probation System— continued. Sohools— continued. Caversham— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institution Repairs to buildings, furniture, &e. Travelling-expenses 1,049 11 11 41 5 0 2,081 1.1 8 " 132 15 0 316 18 7 3,622 2 8 Probation Homes— Salaries War bonus to staff General maintenance of institutions Travelling-expenses Small works, repairs, &c. New buildings, &c. (Wellington, £4,152 15s. Id. • Christchurch, £506 14s. Id.) 504 11 5 50 15 4 599 17 0 658 9 9 43 16 7 4,059 9 2 0,510 19 3 Private Schools— St. Mary's, Auckland— Capitation grants for maintenance of Government inmates, &c. Tra veiling -expenses of Government inmates 1,807 13 0 5 11 10 1,813 4 10 St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt— Capitation grants for maintenance of Government inmates, &e. Travelling-expenses of Government inmates 243 8 10 0 13 0 244 2 4 St. Mary's, Nelson— Capitation grants for maintenance of Government inmates, &c. Travelling-expenses of Government inmates 220 15 2 3 6 0 St. Vincent de Paul's, Dunedin— Capitation grants for maintenance of Government inmates, &c. Travelling-expenses of Government inmates 224 1 2 71 9 0 0 10 9 71 19 9 'aymont for maintenance of children boarded out itaintenance of Government inmates at other institutions .. Lmount paid to Postal Department for payment of boardingout orders jogal exponses Darnings refunded to past inmates lundries 35,560 1 11 118 9 3 140 19 2 96 10 0 92 8 2 70 11 10 Less recoveries— Maintenance payments by parents and others .. i Sale of farm produce, &c. Inmates' unclaimed earnings 98,483 7 2 27,159 17 7 5,010 0 0 1,004 15 8 33,774 13 9 Carriod forward 64,708 13 5 1,925,250 7 4 •Including £2,000 from national-endowment reserves r< ivenue.

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75

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

SUMMARY.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ e. d. £ s. d. 1,925,250 7 4 Material and Stores. Stores and material purchased Lighting, cleaning, cartage, &c. 21,339 14 1 118 9 10 Less recoveries (stores issued) Miscellaneous. 5,519 6 6 21,458 3 11 10,576 8 3 10,881 15 8 Examination expenses: Teachers', Public Service, and Scholarships Less recoveries (fees and Public Service Commissioner's share of cost) Grading of Teachers : Advertising, &c. War busaries Training-classes for returned soldiers Publio Libraries: Subsidies Kitchener Memorial Scholarships: Subsidy on donations Teachers' Superannuation Fund— Government contribution Free Kindergartens: Capitation Subsidy towards new building * 3,906 13 2 .1,612 13 4 32 0 11 288 11 8 49 19 2 3,000 0 0 329 1 0 50,093 0 3 43,000 0 0 1,330 14 2 450 0 0 1,780 14 2 Total £1,986,225 3 3

Service. Paid from Parliamentary Votes. Paid from Reserves Revenue. Totals. General Administration Elementary Education Secondary Education Technical Instruction Training Colleges, &c. .. Higher Education Native Schools Infant-life Protection School for the Deaf Education of tho Blind Schools for the Feebleminded Industrial Schools and Probation System .. Material and Stores Miscellaneous Services £ s. d. 20,618 0 0 1,307,510 8 2 130,642 18 8 81,258 17 9 57,770 19 4 40,227 6 11 46,499 10 5 1,194 0 7 3,747 2 11 Or. 174 4 10 5,964 7 11 62,708 13 5 10,881 15 8 50,093 0 3 £ s. d. 132,062 2 1 13,512 15 0 4,000 0 0 2,150 0 0 10,882 8 6 2,000 0 0 £ s. d. 20,618 0 0 1,439,572 10 3 144,155 14 2 85,258 17 9 59,920 19 4 51,109 15 5 48,499 10 5 1,194 0 7 3,972 2 11 Or. 174 4 10 6,414 7 11 64,708 13 5 10,881 15 8 50,093 0 3 225 0 0 450 0 0 2,000 0 0 Totals 1,818,942 17 2 167,282 6 1 1,986,225 3 3 Note.—For a statement of the cost of education, inclusi mdowment reserves, see Table A, page 66 r e of the amount! collected from ei -udBtional bodies'

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APPENDIX B.

ROLL OF THOSE EMPLOYED IN THE EDUCATION SERVICE WHO HAD JOINED THE EXPEDITIONARY FORCES UP TO THE 31st DECEMBER, 1918.

Note.—The lists hereunder contain the names of all persons employed in the Education service who, so far as is known to the Eduoation Department, had joined the Expeditionary Forces up to the 31st December, 1918.

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools including Pupil-teachers, Probationers, and Training College Students).

Name. Bate of joining Forces. School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Ahior, William R. .. Auck: .and Eduoation Board. Killed in action. Aickin, Thomas W. Algio, Colvin S. Andrew, Richard E. February, 1916 March, 1916 .. August, 1914 .. July, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Ranginui and Tokanui School Sole teacher, Koutu. Assistant, Rotorua District High Assistant, Devonport Killed in action. M.C. Resinned August, 1919. Ashton, Anderson .. Atkinson, Reginald V. Baird, James L. Baker, Edward S. .. Barker, Erie L. Barker, Robert C. .. Barr, Samuel D. Barton, William H. Bathgate, Charles MoL. Bayliss, John R. Beasloy, Arthur Bcazley, James V. .. Becroft, Hubert C... Boeson, Charles B. .. Borridge, Reginald S. Bilkoy, Edmond E. Bindon, Ernest B. . . Birss, William Bishop, John J. Bishop, Stanley J. .. Bishoprick, Alfred E. Blaokwell, Frederick G. Blcnnerhassett, Ray Bond, Enoch A. Boswoll Arthur Boswcll, George Boyd, Edward A. .. Braithwaite, James H. May, 1917 August, 1915 .. September, 1917 April, 1915 .. August, 1917 .. February, 1916 May, 1915 May, 1.916 March, 1916 .. May, 1915 April, 1917 .. July, 1917 .. February, 1917 May, 1916 January, 1918 February, 191.5 October, 1915.. November, 1915 February, 1916 May, 1917 February, 1916 May, 1918 March, 1918 .. October, 1917 March, .1917 .. March, 1917 .. September, 1917 December, 1915 Training College student Sole teacher, Pukomiro Collieries Training College student Head teacher, Mokauiti Training College student. Sole teacher, Henderson Point Assistant, Nowton East Sole teacher, Te Rena Sole toachor, Maraelai Nos. I and 2.. Assistant, Horahora Head teacher, Huarau Relieving teacher, Parenga Probationer, Rcmuera. Head teacher, Matamata Teacher, Ngataki Sole teachor, Red Hill Training College student Assistant, Newton East Head teacher, Kaitaia Assistant, Paeroa District High Training College student Pupil-teacher, Parnell Ex-pupil-teacher, Manurewa Head teacher, Victoria Valley. Training Collego student Head teacher, Otaika Sole teacher, Matahuru Nos. 1 and 2. Head teachor, Huntly Resumed April, 1919. Resumed May, 1919. Resumed March, 1918. Resumed April, 1919. Resigned. M.M. Resigned. Resumed February, 1919. Resumed July, 1919. Resumed June, 1919. Resumed July, 1919. Resumed July, 1919. Killed in action. Resumed Juno, 1918. Discharged. Resumed. Resumed February, 1919. Killed in action. Resumed May, 1919. M.M. Wounded twice. Resumed January, 1919. Resigned. Resumed April, 1919. Resumed April, 1919. Briggs, Charles R. .. Brown, Geoffrey McP. Brown, Martin GL .. Bruford, Sydneyrl. Bryoe, Howard M... Buckle, Donald Burch, Arthur J. .. Burrow, Selwyn C... Burton, Ormond E. May, 1915 August, 1914 May, 1916 July, 1915 . . October, 1(518 October, 1918 Ootobor, 1915.. February, 1917 Novembor, 1914 Sole teachor, Rautangata West Probationer, Belmont Head teachor, Maungatawliiri Valloy Sole teachor, Kinohaku No. 1 Teacher, Komiti Teacher, Pakotai Sole teacher, Karangahako. Sole teachor, Mangateka. Sole teacher, Ahuroa Nos. 1 and 2 .. Wounded; resumed December, 1917. Resumed May, 1919. Killed in action. Wounded. Resumed. Resumed December, 1918. Resumed January, 1919. Burton, Percy R. .. Bush, Samuel E. .. February, 1916 March, 1917 .. Assistant, Point Chevalier.. Sole teacher, Ngapukc M.M., Medaille d'Honneur. Wounded three times. Resumed August, 1918. Discharged ; resumed February, 1918. Killed in action. Resumed August, 1919. Carmody, James Carpenter, Henry E. D. Carr, Norman McL., b.a. Carson, William Carter, Harry G. Carter, Stanley C. .. Cheeseman, Lowis 0. Glaring bull, Jos. F. Clark, Hugh R. August, 1916 .'. September, 1917 May, 1916 August, 1916 .. October, 1915.. August, 1916 April, 1916 . . August, 1918 . . August, 1915 .. Assistant, Huntly Training College student Assistant, Waihi South. Sole teacher, Waikokowai Pupil-teacher, Hamilton West Sole teacher, Ngarua. Training College student Head teacher, Tapuhi Sole teacher, Mangatu and Tutamoe Killed in action. Wounded. Resumed March, 1919. Resumed December, 1918. Wounded; resumed March, 1919. Clarke, Henry N. E. October, 1917 Rotokakahi and Salt Springs.

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77

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. Clow, Donald R. Collins, Lawrence E. Connell, John W. Auckland Education Board— continued. Conyngham, John Cook, Walter S. .. Cooper, Herbert J. Corbctt, Alfred S. .. Cornos, John J. S., b.a. Costollo, Peter J. .. Cousins, Erie G. Crawford, Stanley H. Crawshaw. Richard G. Crickett, Athol G. .. Cronin, Thomas M. Crook, Harold L. .. August, 1914 .. July, 1916 .. March, 1917 .. April, 1917 .. May, 1917 June, 19.18 .. Octobor, 1915.. March, 1917 .. February, 1916 March, 1918 January, 1915 February, 1918 June, 1915 .. November, 1916 August, 1915 .. Solo toacher, To Mapara .. .. Resumed June, 1916. Training Collego student .. .. Killed in aotion. Assistant master, Tauranga District Resumed April, 1917*. High Sole teacher, Whangaroa North .. Died of wounds. Sole toachor, Tuhikaramea .. Resumed August, 1919. Relieving assistant master, Huntly.. Resumed February, 1919. Sole teacher, Waingakau .. .. Killed in action. Relieving tutor, Training Collogo .. Resigned. Sole teacher, Paraheka and Rotopo- Resumed September, 1918. taka Training College student. Sole teachor, Mahirakau .. .. Missing, behoved killed. Assistant master, Remuera .. Resumed February, 1919. Assistant, Whangarei. Assistant, Huntly .. .. Killed in action. Assistant, Beresford Street .. Wounded ; resumed July 1919. Assistant, Northcoto .. .. Resumed August, 1919. Training College student. Solo teacher, Wayby .. .. Discharged December, 19J0; resumed February, 1917. Pupil-teacher, Avondale .. ... Wounded twice. Assistant, Grey Lynn .. .. Resumed January, 1919. Head teacher, Kiokio .. .. Discharged ; resumed April, 1918. Crosby, Edward Cutforth, Leslie R. Darroch, George M. June, 1917 .. October, 1917.. February, 1916 Davis, Charles B. .. Do Montalk, Aloxandor S. Dempsey, Walter S. October, 1915.. August, 1914 .. March, 1917 .. Donaldson, Lawrence T. Doull, John S. Downard, Frederick N. R. .. August, 1914 .. October, 1914.. Soptomber, 1915 Pupil-teacher, Otahuhu .. .. Resumed February, 1919. Head teacher, Waharoa .. .. Resumed April, 1.919. Head toachor, Kuaotunu .. .. Wounded ; resumed J une, 1919. Training College student .. .. Resumed December, 1918. Training College student .. .. Resumed December, 1918. Sole teacher, Tangaihi .. .. Rosumed May, 1910; rejoined Forces, 1918; resumed October, 1918. Solo teacher. Waitetuna .. .. Wounded; resumed Febru ary, 1919. Downey, Jos. C. . . Driunmond, William G. Dunn, Reginald M. August, 1918 .. August, 1918 .. February, 1916 Earlo, William J. .. February, 1916 Eavos, Harold Edgar, John T. Edmondson, John H. Emmett, Frank N... Fallwoll, Ivan T. Farroll, James P. . . Fawcett, Jacob W. Finch, Thomas Finlayson, Alexander M. Finlayson, John I. .. Flotchor, Allan Fletcher, Raymond Foley, John Fordyce, Andrew B. Francis, Archibald G. Francis, Sydnoy P. E. Furloy, Philip C. .. Gamlen, Richard B., m.a. December, 1917 October, 1918.. February, 1917 October! 1914.. May, 1915 .. April, 1916 .. March, 1917 .. May, 1918 February, 1917 October; 1914.. October, 1915.. February, 1917 November, 1910 August, 1914 .. November, 1917 June, 1916 .. October, 1915.. May, 1916 Training College student. Teacher, Pukctaha .. .. Resumed January, 1919. Solo teacher, To Ranga. Solo teacher, Hikimutu .. .. Wounded. Solo teacher, Katikati No. 1 .. Wounded. Head teacher, Ohura .. .. Wounded. Relieving Assistant, Point Chevalier. Assistant master, Stanley Bay .. Resumed Deoember, 1918. Relieving teacher, Kirikopuni .. Resumed Fobruary, 1919. Probationer, Dargaville .. .. Resumed August, 1919. Training Collego student. Solo teacher, Kaimamaku .. Died of wounds. Solo toacher, Kaharoa and Oturoa .. Died of wounds. Sole teacher, Komakorau .. .. Wounded twice. Relieving teachor, Matahuru 1 and 2. Solo toacher, Batloy and Bickerstaffe Died of wounds. Sole teacher, Ness Valley .. .. Resigned. Sole teacher, Karekare and Whatipu Resumed July; rejoined 1917; resumed 1918. Assistant, Frankton . . .. Resumed April, 1919. Training Collogo studont .. .. Resumed May, 1919. Assistant, Horahora .. .. Wounded twice; resumed April, 1917. Training College student .. .. Resumed December, 1918. Sole toacher, Mati .. .. Missing, believed dead. Solo teacher, Hukapapa . . .. Resumed April, 1919. Assistant, Waikino .. .. Resumed May, 1919. Sole toachor, Titoki and Wharokohe. Head teacher, Puhoi .. .. Resinned December, 1918. Sole teacher, Parenga . . .. Wounded. Relieving head toachor, Mokauiti .. Discharged; resumed Novembor, 1916. Assistant master, Normal .. .. Resumed June, 1917. Sole teacher, Waiheke Central and Wounded; resigned from Man-o'-War Bay service December, 1916; resumed 1917; resigned. Gant, Albert H. ".. Gash, Edwin T. Gasparich, Josoph G. March, 1917 .. Soptomber, 1917 August, 1914 .. Gaulton, E. Gemming, Thoophilus J. Gauntlott, Charles G. Gerrand, Percy A. .. Gibson, Harold C. .. Goodwin, Frank R. Govan, Joseph A. .. Graham, Patrick September, 1918 January, 1915 February, 1916 August, 1915 .. July, 1916 .. September, 1918 October, 1915.. July, 1916 .. Green, Samuel Grey, Alan S. May, 1917 August, 1914 .. Gribbin, Clinton R. Grice, Lionel L. J. July, 1915 .. February, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Maungawhau. Assistant, Papakura .. .. Wounded; resumed December, 1918. Sole teachor, Kakapuka. Assistant, Epsom .. .. Killod in action. Sole teacher, Motumaoho .. .. Resigned. Hoad teacher, Waihou .. .. Resumod December, 1918. Sole teacher, Tangowahine .. Died of wounds. Teacher, Te Akau .. .. Resumed December, 1918. Griffiths, Geoffrey L. Hall, Harry F. Haines, Gilbert Martin Hamilton, Gordon K. Hamley, Robin Hamlyn, Roy W. .. August, 1916 .. August, 1915 .. August, 1915 .. May, 1918 July, 1916 .. November, 1918

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78

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. Hannah, Arthur Hannkon, Wilfred P. Hare, Hubert D. .. Harper, Edgar G. .. Harris, Arthur L. .. Harvey, Roderick McG. Hayter, Ernest Haytor, Reuben Auckland Education Board— continued. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Edendale October, 1917.. Assistant, Ngaruawahia June, 1917 .. Sole teacher, Kaiawa, &c. August, 1917 .. Relieving Assistant, Normal. July, 1916 .. Training College studont March, 1916 .. Head teacher, Graham's Fern August, 1914 .. Head teacher, Churchill. April, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Bream Tail and Waipu Cove. October, 1915.. Sole teacher, Komata. October, 1917.. Assistant, Mount Albert March, 1918 .. Teacher, Pukekawa February, 1916 Sole teacher, Tokirima Road. May, 1916 .. Assistant, Papatoetoo Killed in action. Resumod August, 1918. Killed in action. Resumed August, 1918. Wounded. Resumed August, 1919. Heath, Alexander H. Hoath, Andrew W. Heath, Herbert W. Heath, Philip C. .. Heather, Bernard O. Resigned. Besumed May, 1919. Wounded; resumed Juno, 1919. Henderson, Richard A. Hewlett, Theophilus N. Hilford, Arnold H... Hill, Horace R. Hill, John H. Hillam, Ernest B. .. August, 1914 .. Pupil-teaeher, Mount Roskill August, 1915 .. Head teacher, Mapiu July, 1917 .. Pupil-teacher, Mount Albert April, 1918 .. Training College student. July, 1917 .. Assistant, Newton West Fobruary, 19.17 Sole teacher, Hunua Resumed June, 1918. Resumed April, 1919. Wounded. Hinton, Claudo H. .. August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Onehunga Resumed May, 1919. Discharged; resumed Soptember, 1917. Wounded; resumed February, 1918. Resumed December, 1918. Hintz, Alfred A. S. Hog wood, Edward J. L. Hook, Alfred C. Howes, Bernard H. Hughes, Lionel M. Hunter, Edward J. October, 1918 Relieving assistant master. Mount Albert August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Oturoa July, 1917 .. Assistant, Richmond Road August, 1917 .. Relieving assistant, Point Chovalier. January, 1917 Pupil-teaeher, Ponsonby March, 1917 .. Sole teacher, Great Barrier and Katherine Bay. July, 1917 .. Relieving assistant, Papakura April, 1917 .. Head teacher, Taupaki February, 1916 Sole teacher, Okahu Nos. 1 and 2 . . Discharged medically unfit. Resumed July, 1919. Killed in action. Hutton, Alexander L. Ingram, William N. Izod, Lionel Jack, Donald L. .. Jeffs, Arthur Jenkins, Clifford E. Johns, William H. .. Johnson, Robert N. August, 19.14 .. Training College student August, .1914 .. Solo teacher, Hinuera Valley July, 1916 .. Assistant, Manurewa August, 1914 . . Sole teacher, Kakapuka August, 1914 .. Head teacher, Young's Point Wounded. Resumed April, 1919. Discharged medically unfit, December, 1916; resigned. Killod in action. Resumed June, 1919. Wounded. Killed in aotion. Wounded; resumed Octobor, 1916. Johnston, Henry G. Jones, Albert L. .. Jones, Cyril E. Jones, Griffith R. . . July, 1916 .. Head teacher, Houhora. December, 1914 Sole teacher, Pongakawa .. January, 1918 Ex-probationer .. July, 1915 .. Assistant, Mount Albert .. Resumed July, 1919. Resumed February, 1919. Wounded twice; resumed August, 1919. Resumed January, 1919. Wounded. Resumed June, 1918. Resumed July, 1918. Wounded; resumed February, 1919. Discharged; resumed February, 1918. Killed in action. Drowned, " Marquotto." Resumed December, 1918. Jones, Thomas R. .. Kay, William Keano, Percy T. Komble, Albert E. .. Kondon, Cecil W. . . Fobruary, 1917 Assistant, Bayfield August, 1914 .. Head teacher, Huntly May, 1918 .. Training College studont .. June, 1917 .. Relieving head teacher, Kiokio July, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Wairanga Kime, Charles F. .. February, 1917 Relieving assistant, Te Awamutu King, Herbert J. .. Kirk, Thomas H. .. Laing, Arthur E. Landmann, Walter G. R. Laws, Charles R. .. Le Gallais, Leddra .. July, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Opahi April, 1915 . . Assistant, Mount Eden Octobor, 1918 Head teachor, Ngararatunua October, 1914.. Sole teachor, Mahirakau. September, 1915 Training Colloge student February, 1915 Sole teacher, Araparara and Manga kura July, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Waiotohi August, 19.14 .. Sole teacher, Tiroa and Parikura December, 1914 Head teacher, Kakahi June, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Puketurua. October, 1916.. Head teacher, Piopio February, 1917 j Head teacher, Orini July, 1917 .. Relieving head teacher, Mokai November, 1915 ' Training College studont July, 1918 .. j Teacher, Hoteo North July, 1916 .. Assistant, Edendale. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Dargaville February, 1917 Sole teacher, Pakanae May, 1916 .. Assistant, Pukekohe Soptomber, 1916 Secondary assistant, Coromandel District High October, 1915.. Pupil-teacher, Grafton. July, 1916 .. Relieving head teacher, Kakahi Resumod April, 1919. Killed in action. Le Gallais, Owon Leyland, Allen I. .. Lorking, Sidney E. Lowe, Joseph E. .. Lownsborough,Fredoric J. .. Lyall, William C. .. McBean, John S. . . MoCabe, George L... McOlune, Jos. S. .. McCormack, Daniel T. MoCowan, Henry MoCowan, John T... McDonald, Ivon F. McDonald, Murdoch A. Resumed March, 1919. Resigned. Wounded. Resumed April, 1919. Killed in aotion. Resumed April, 1919. Reported killed. Resumed December, 1918. Resumed July, 1919. Resumed October, 1918. Resumed June, 1918. Killed in action. McDonald, Percy MoGeohie, John W. Wounded; resumed July, 1919. Wounded. McGoehan, Thomas M. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Kirokopuni

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79

List 1. —Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of jotnfng Forces. School and Position held prior to joining ForceB. Remarks. Auckland Education Board— continued. Mclntyre, James K. Mackay, Edward H. Mackay, Thomas E. A. May, 1916 .. I May, 1918 March, 1916 .. j Solo teacher, Patetonga. Head toacher, Waipu Central Head teacher, Oropi Resumed December, 1918. Wounded; resumed April, 1919. MacKonna, Robert J. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Hastings and Otakoo . . Resumed Decern bor, 1915 ; rejoined Forces October, 1916. Died of wounds. Died of wounds. Killed in aotion. Killed in action. Killed in aotion. Killed in action. McKonzie, Frank J. McKenzie, John McKonzie, Rupert W. McKinnon, Malcolm McKinnon, Rodoriek A. McLaren, William W. McLean, Charles J. McLean, William F. A. M. Macleod, Davis S. .. Maclood, John D. .. McMillan, Hugh. N. McMillan, James D. Macrao, Fergus A. .. February, .1916 August, 1914 . . May, 1916 July, 1916 .. December, 1915 February, 1917 July, 1917 .. August, 1914 Ootober, 1916.. July, 1915 . . Fobruary, 1910 March, 1917 .. Novembor, 1917 Training College studont Sole teachor, Mataitai Sole teachor, Komata Assistant, Holensville Sole teachor, Rotorangi Sole teacher, Omanawa and Omanawa Falls Assistant, To Papapa Pupil-teachor, Newmarket.. Probationer, Newton East Sole teachor, Tangowahine Sole toacher, Jordon and Pa. Training College student. Relieving solo teacher, Kaharoa and Oturoa Pupil-teachor, Grey Lynn. Assistant, Beresford Street Assistant, Opotiki. Solo teacher, Aria Pupil-teacher, Pukekohe District High. Toacher, Gumtown and Whenuakite Pupil-teachor, Parnell Hoad teacher, Piopio Pupil-teachor, Epsom Resumed June, 1919. Resigned. Wounded. Killed in action. Resigned. Malone, Charles L. .. Mark, Louis J. Massam, Joseph A. Matchott, Robert J. Maxwell, Leslie T. .. Mealand, Henry A. Mealo, Joseph S. .. Menzies, Alexander Menzios, Jack H .. May, 1916 August, 1916 .. August, 1914 .. Soptember, 1916 May, 1916 October, 1918 July, 1917 .. August, 191.4 .. October, 19.15.. Resumed August, 1919. Killed in action. Resumed December, 1918. Died of sickness. Resumed April, 1919. Wounded twice; resumed October, 1918. Wounded; resumed July, 1916. Killed in action. Resumed June, 1919. Resumed February, 1919. Killed in aotion. Merrington, Alfred R. February, 1915 Assistant, Napier Street Milnes, Herbert A. E. Moffitt, Honry A. .. Moore-Jonos, Herbert J. Mooro, Rupert C. .. Moore, William R. .. Morgan, Ernest C. .. Moyle, Harold L. .. Musgrove, Frodorick A. March. 1916 .. August, 1917 .. March, 1915 February, 1917 April, 1918 .. May, 1916 February, 1916 , Fobruary, 1917 i Principal, Training College Relieving assistant, Opotiki Head toacher, Matamata Assistant, Newmarket Head teachor, Raglan. Sole teacher, Waiomio Sole toacher, Parikura and Tiroa. Relioving, Mangatu and Tutamoe .. Wounded. Nicholson, Arthur M. O'Brien, Dan March, 1917 .. August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Newmarket.. Sole toacher, Marakopa Discharged; resumed August, 1917. Wounded twice; resumed June, 1919. Wounded ; resumod March, 1916; died 15th November, 1918. Resumod July, 1918. Ogilvio, Wilfred M. Ollerenshaw, Reginald A. Olphert, Jaspar W. Osbaldiston, David R. Pemborton, Thomas N. Pondergrast, Charles E. Penlington, William A. G., b.a. Percy, Albert C. .. Perry, William C. J. Phelan, Ernest 0. .. Philpot, Owen J. D. Potter, John F. Pottor, Norman F... Price, Alfred C. .. Price, Francis M. .. Reeco, Arthur G. .. Revell, George C. .. Rewa, Waaka S. .. Rico, Thomas D. .. July, 1917 .. May, 1917 .. November, 1915 Septomber, 1917 April, 1917 .. October, 1916.. October, 1915... Septomber, 1917 March, 1917 .. Octobor, 1914.. October, 1917.. August, 1914 .. | October, 1917.. June, 1916 .. July, 1916 .. July, 1916 .. February, 1917 October, 1915 July, 1916 .. Relieving assistant, Te Kuiti District High Sole toacher, Rangiatoa Training College student .. Training Colloge student. Training Collogo student Sole teacher, Oputeke Training Collego assistant Training College studont Training Collego student Sole toacher, Ruakuri. Sole teacher, Korakonui. Sole teacher, Papakura Valley. Sole toacher, Kauroa. Hoad teacher, Waipuna. Relieving head toacher, Wailiarara .. Sole toacher, Albortland North Assistant, Tauranga Training Collego student Head teacher, Netherton Resigned. Resumod December, 1918. Resumed July, 1918. Resumed August, 1918. Wounded. Vocation Officer. Resumed February, 1919. Resumed May, 1919. Resumod August, 1919. Resumed August, 1916. Resumod September, 1919. Resumed November, 1918. Discharged; resumed November, 1917. Resumed June, 1919, Wounded. Resigned. Richardson, Alfred E. B. Ridling, Randolph G. Ritchie, Percy C. .. Roberts, John F. .. Robertshaw, Allan K. Robinson, Harvey T. Rodgors, Thomas Rogers, Daniel J. .. Rogers, Victor S. .. Rope, Charlos M. .. Rose, Herbert G. .. Rowo, Adrain M. .. Sankey, Arthur W. Scholium, John W. April, 1916 .. December, 1915 July, 1916 .. February, 1917 February, 1916 Octobor, 1916 July, 1918 March, 1917 .. Octobor, 1917.. August, 1914 January, 1918 July 1918 October, 1917.. June, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Paparata Assistant, Pukekohe District. High .. Sole toacher, Monavale and Pukerimu Assistant, Mount Edon. Head teacher, Waiharara. Training College student Head toacher, Kaeo Relieving head teachor, Patetonga. Sole teacher, Glen Murray. Head teachor, Tautari ... Teacher, Cape Colville, &c. Assistant master, Edendale Relieving sole teacher, Tangoao. Assistant, Warkworth. Resumed April, 1918. Resumed December, 1918. Died of wounds. Resigned. Resumod September, 1918.

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80

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of jotning Forces. School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Scott, Charles E. .. Sealy, Alfred D. .. Selby, Harold I. Senior, Stanton E... Shanks, Ernest A. .. Shaw, John L. Shoard, Charles J. .. Sheeran, Alfred F. L. Shepherd, Frederick H. M. Shepherd, Robert B. Sheppard, Albert L. July, 1917 .. July, 1916 August, 1910 August, 1915 .. February, 1917 March, 1916 .. April, 1915 .. October, 1915.. October, 1917.. July, 1915 .. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Grafton Head teacher, Mokai. Sole teacher, Paranui ami Taipa. Pupil-teacher, Newton East Relieving,sole teacher, Paraheka and Rotopatoka Assistant, Morrinsville Sole teacher, Whitikahu Sole teacher, Okonga and Tryphena. Assistant, Remuera. Sole teacher, Tangihua Assistant, Devonport Resumed May, 1919. M.C. Wounded twice. Resumed June, 1919. Resumod April, 1919. Deceased Simpkin, Charles H. Sims, Arthur R. .. October, 1915 August, 191.7 .. Sole teacher, Waimai and Waingaro Pupil-teaeher, Bercsford Street Killed in action. Discharged ; resumed March, 1918. Died of wounds. Wounded and missing ; repatriated prisoner of war. Resumed December, 1918. Resumed May, 1919. M.C. Resumed July, 1919. Skinner, Percy F. .. Slano, Gordon W. .. Slevin, Franz R. .. Octobor, 1917.. March, 1917 .. April, 1916 .. Head teacher, Te Kopuru Training Colloge student Sole teachor, Araparara and Mangakura. Assistant, I'apakura Assistant, Mangawhau Training College student Behoving sole teacher, Parikura and Tiroa. Assistant, Richmond Road Training College student Sole teacher, Tangoao. Head teacher, Paengaroa. Sole toacher, Awakino and Mokau .. Small, Harold Smerdon, Stanley V. Smith, Lincoln J. B,. Smith, Norman R. September, 1910 Julv, 1916 .. May, 1918 March, 1917 .. Resumod March, 1918. Resumed August, 1919. Resumod June, 191.9. Smith, William H. Smith, William M. .. Snell, James H. .. Southoy, Charles C. Stanton, John A. .. May, 1917 .. January, 1916 August, 1915 .. March, 1910 .. October, 1915 Resumod October, 1917. Resigned. Steele, Robert B. .. Stephens, Edward S. September, 1914 May, 1915 .. Head teacher, Maungatawhiri Valley Solo teacher, Whitikahu Wounded; resumed August, 1917. Wounded. Wounded; resumed May, 1919. Killed in action. Resumed June, 1919. Resumed July, 1919. Killed in action. Stephenson, Georgo F. Stephenson, Oswald 0. M. . . Stewart, Christopher J. Stewart, John S. .. Stretton, Ernest C. Strong, Sydnoy J. .. Strumpel, Frederick W. Octobor, 1914 February, 1916 May, 1917 March, 1917 .. February, 1917 May, 1917 September, 1917 Head teacher, Mount Maunganui .. Probationer, Thames South Solo teachor, Kaitangiweka Training Collego student Assistant, Bayfield. Pupil-teachor, Grey Lynn Solo teacher, Tomarata Wounded. Discharged; resumed February, 1918. Resumed December, 1918 Stubbs, Georgo H. Surman, Walter 'i. Tatton, Joseph A. .. Teesdale, William D. Septomber, 1918 January, 1918 February, 1917 Novomber, 1.915 Assistant master, Edendale Relieving teachor, Okupu, &c. Sole teacher, Ponga Assistant, Waihi South .. Wounded. Discharged; resumed October, 1917. Thomas, Stephen H. Thruston, Herbert F. October, 1915 May, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Omahine. Sole teacher, Marakopa Resumed May, 1916; deceased. Resigned. M.C. Wounded. Resumed May, 1918. Killed in action. Tills, Cecil C. Vauso, Harry Vos, Victor R. Voysey, William D. February, 1917 October, 1916 September, 1917 February, 1917 Relieving assistant master, Whangarei Assistant, Cambridge District High Relieving head teacher, Kaitaia Relieving sole teacher, Waiheko Central and M.an-o'-War Bay Relieving sole teacher, Waimai and Waingaro. Teacher, Tauhei No. 2 Assistant, Onehunga Headmaster, Newmarket Training College student Sole toacher, Waitakaruru. Training Colloge studont Relieving solo teacher, Waikokowai. Relieving solo teachor, Kakapuka. Assistant, Edendale Walker, Eric T. L. October, 1916 Killed in action. Walker, Carl F. Walker, Spenceley Walker, William R. C. Wallis, Stanley R. Warren, Robert J. .. Watkins, Leslie A. .. Watson, Cedric A. .. Wells, Henry J. C. .. Wolfs, John F., b.a. June 1918 April, 1910 .. October, 1910 November, 1915 June, 1916 .. September, 1917 May, 1917 April, 1917 .. Juno, 1915 .. Resumed August, 1918. Resumed June, 1918. Resumed November, 1910. Resigned. Resumed, May, 1919. Wounded; resumed April, 1918. Killed in action. Wells, William S. .. White, Fergus G. .. White, Kenneth R. Wilcox, Alfred E. .. Wilcox, John S. .. Wilcox, Wilfred T... Wilks, Frank Williams, Eric L. .. August, 1914 .. September, 19.17 February, 1916 July, 1915 .. October, 1915 October, 1915 April, 1916 .. February, 1916 Sole teacher, Brynavon and Whareora Training College studont. Head teacher Awanui Sole teacher, Selwyn. Sole teacher, Puahue Sole teacher, Punakitere Secondary assistant, Paeroa Sole teacher, Mangatu and Tutamoe Missing. Resumed July, 1919. Deceased. Wounded. Discharged; resumed March, 1918. Resumed May, 1918. Died of wounds. Resumed December, 1918. Resumed November, 1918. I )ied of wounds. Died of wounds. Resumed December, 1918. Williamson, William Wilson, Frank R. .. Wither, James A. .. Woods, Francis D. Woods, Solwyn G. .. Worsley, Harold J. Worthington, Herbert April, 1918 .. March, 1915 .. September, 1918 July, 1916 .. Soptember, 1915 September, 1915 October, 1918 Teacher, Marlow, &c, Assistant, Newton West Training College student Head teacher, Rotorua District High Assistant, Te Awamutu Assistant, Frankton Teacher, Waipari, &c.

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81

List 1. —Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

11— E. 1.

Name. Date of joining Forces. School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Bertrand, George F. Bowlor, Frederick Tara: naki Education Board. August, 1914 .. May, 1918 Assistant, Central Assistant, secondary department, Stratford Director Agriculture. Assistant, Stratford Assistant, Urenui Sole teacher, Nihoniho. Assistant, Auroa. Sole teacher, Turoto. Probationer, Stratford. Hoad teacher, Huiakama Head teacher, Tarata. Assistant, secondary department, Stratford. Assistant, Eltham Sole teacher, Hurimoana. Head teacher, Mokoia Sole teacher, Kina Assistant, Stratford Sole teacher, Oeo Wounded. Discharged June, 1918. Browne, Robert A. S. Buchler, Frederick J. Buchler, John W. Carroll, Archibald J. Catanach, William J. Christensen, Sidney G. Creswell, James Cuthbert, John Eggleton, Francis J. Heron, Albert J. .. October, 1918.. September, 1915 December, 1915 February, 1917 August, 1918.. June, 1918 .. June, 1915 June, 1910 .. June, 1918 » . August, 1917 .. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Jackson, Herbert W. Jones, Albert H. .. Jones, John W. T. Jones, Walter T. T. Linchan, John T. Lock, Henry W. May, 1918 July, 1918 .. April, 1918 .. April, 1910 .. October, 1918 August, 1916 .. Resumed duty. Resumed duty. Discharged. Resumed duty. Resumod duty; rejoined August, 1918 ; resumed duty. Longloy, Donald Mackio, Howard J. McHardic, Laurence A. Meyenberg, Arthur M. Partridge, James F. Pennington, John L. Sissons, Thomas H. Skelton, Henry H. Stanton, Vernon Stratford, Herbert A. February, 1917 August, 1915 '. April, 1918 .. May, 191.8 .. September, 1915 April, 1915 .. August, 1915 .. Septomber, 1918 April, 1917 .. March, 1916 .. Head teacher, Kahui. Sole teacher, Okau Solo teacher, Makahu Head teacher, Omata. Pupil-teachor, Central Solo teacher, Ahititi and Tongaporutu Assistant, Central Engineering Instructor Probationer, Central. Head teachor, Inglewood Resumed duty. Discharged Juno, 1918. Died of wounds. Resumed duty. Wounded. Resumed duty. Thompson, Henry J. October, 1915.. Secondary assistant, Stratford Wounded ; resumed duty (Central) Wounded. Abraham, George C. Aitkon, James D. Wang ianui Education Board. Resumed 1st June, 1919. Resumed temporarily, 7th June, 1918. June, 1917 .. August, 1917 .. Solo teacher, Coal Crook Assistant, Foxton Audley, Ernest H. Barns, Alfred B. .. Barns, G. B. Barton, W. H. Bennett. J. B. Berry, Laxton April, 1918 .. February, 1917 May, 1916 Sole teacher, Tunakotekote. Sole teacher, Ruatiti. Training College student Sole teacher, Te Rena. Training College student Sole teacher, Okoia Wounded. September, 1914 July, 1918 .. Wounded. Resumed 1st February, 1919. Blennorhassett, Roland Blyth, Thomas A. Booth, Atwood W. January, 1916 January, 1916 August, 1915 .. Pupil-teaeher, Feilding District High Head teacher, Ohakune Hoad teacher, Umumuri Resumed 15th July, 1918. Returned. Died of wounds, September, 1910. Boswcll, Gilmoro R. B. Bowater, Harold R. December, 1915 August, 1915 .. Pupil-teacher, Terrace End. Head teacher, Taonui Resumed 1st February, 1919. Resumed 1st February, 1919. Wounded. Resumed 7th July, 1919. Resumed 1st August, 1919. Braik, Peter July, 1916 .. Head teacher, Beaconsfield Burgess, Conway Callanan, John F. Caiman, Gordon J. Caiman, W. G. Christofforson, Christian 0... April, 1915 .. August, 1915 .. November, 1916 October, 1,917 February, 1915 Assistant, Foxton Assistant, Ohakune Assistant, Lytton Street Training College student. Sole teachor, Ruatiti Wounded; resumed 1st February, 1919. Clemancc, Herbert J. Clench, Thomas F. J. Coddington, Edward G. Curry, Matthew G. March, 1916 .. June, 1916 .. September, 1915 January, 1917 Special assistant, Eltham. Solo teacher, Utuwai Head teacher, Raiirimu Head teacher, Rangiwahia Resumed 19th July, 1916. Resumed 12th May, 1919. Died at sea, 5th September.. 1918. Killed in action. Wounded. Dabinett, F. M. .. Davey, George H. Durward, Donald F. Ellis, Frank W. .. Emmett, Frank N. January, 1917 August, 1915 .. February, 1917 April, 1910 .. 1917.. Training Collego student Assistant, Mangaweka Sole teacher, Potaka Road. Assistant, Rangataua .. Head teacher, Hikimutu Discharged 1918. Resumed 1st February, 1919. Ford, Algernon L. Foster, P. J. Foster, Stephen P. Galbraith, John Gauntlett, C. G. .. Gi bbs, George W. .. Gilligan, William F. August, 1915 September, 1917 January, 1918 August, 1914 .. 1917.. August, 1915 .. Novembor, 1915 Sole teacher, Owhakura. Solo teacher, Ruatiti. Sole teacher, Kakatahi. Solo teacher, Bainesse. Sole teacher, Hukapapa. Head teacher, Glon Oroua Sole toacher, Makowhai Killed. Resumed 9th September, 1918. Returned. Gould, Sidney H. .. May, 1915 .. Assistant, Gonville

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82

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining „ r „ „. Forces. Forces. Remains. Wanganui Education Board— continued. Gray, J. H. Harland, E. D. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Campbell Street .. Killed. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Lytton Street ."? .. Discharged; resigned 3rd March, 1919. Harper, Martin R. Hemingsen, G. Henderson, Hubert Hogg, John B. Hostiek, J. B. Johns, W. D. January, 1917 Sole toacher, Kakatahi. July. 1910 .. Training College student). October, 1.915 Assistant, Taihape .. .. Wounded; resigned. August, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Carnarvon. May, 1915 .. Training College student .. .. Resumed 7th April. 1919. September, 1914 Training College student .. .. Resumed 1st February, 1919. Jollio, David A. Kibblewhito, Forrest G. King, Norman R. .. Lancastor, A. G. Lock, Albert D. .. Lorking, S. E. Lyall, Henry McAulilfe, Thomas B. MoCay, Robert .. Macdonald, James A. McDonald, S. J. . . McKay, Farquhar J. McLean, Allan H... McLean, William H. McLcod, George M. MacRae, Roderick D. Marshall, James E. January, 1910 Sole teacher, Orautoha. October, 1915 Assistant, Campbell Street .. Resumed 7th June, 1918. January, 1918 Sole teacher, Makohino Valley. September, 1917 Sole teacher, Taoroa Road. August, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Tiakitahuna .. Resumed 1st December, 1917. 1917.. .. Hoad toacher, Kakahi .. .. Resigned. March, 1917 .. Head teacher, Longburn. November, 1915 Sole teacher, Kakatahi .. .. Killed December, 1917. March, 1910 .. Sole teacher, Makohau. Juno, 1917 .. Head teacher, Tiritea. Soptember, 1917 Training College studont. ' Juno, 1917 .. Head toacher, Rangataua. January, 1916 Hoad teacher, Fitzhorbert East .. Resumed 9th June, 1.919. October, 1915 Assistant, Fcilding. April, 1916 .. Assistant, Rongotea. October, 1915 Assistant, Taihape. June, 1918 .. Assistant, Ohakune .. .. Resumed 15th February, 1919. Morton, Guy Nettleford, Vivian P. Nieol, Albert C. .. O'Reilly, John J. .. July, 1915 .. Acting solo teacher, Ruatiti. November, 1910 Sole teacher, Kawhatau. March, 1916 .. Sole teachor, Lacy's Landing and Retaruke. Soptomber, 1910 Head, teacher, Westmere .. . . Resumod 1st February, 1.919. Parlane, Sydney G. Phillips, Charles E. Rees, Reginald Robbie, George A. Roots, A. Roulston, James D. Rule, Frank J. Sandle, Henry J. .. Stevenson, William H. Strack, George S. .. Taylor, Edgar H. .. Thomas. Harold W. Tier, Walter H. .. Trevena, Albert J. Tucker, Leonard E. Warner, I). G. Watt, Ronald A. .. Wiltshire, Frank .. Windle, Arthur J. October, 1910 Solo toacher, Makohine Valley. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Feilding .. .. Killed. October, 1917 Sole toachor, Rewa. .. .. Resumod 7th April, 1919. July, 1915 .. Head teacher, Patea District High .. Killod. July, 1915 .. Training College studont. August, 19.17 .. Special assistant, Hunterville. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Rata-iti .. ,. Died of wounds. j July, 1910 .. Sole teacher, Bainesse. May, 1910 .. Sole teachor, Valley Road. April, 1915 . . Assistant, Patoa District High .. Resumed; resigned 31st January, 1918. February, 1917 Head toacher, Raurimu .. .. Resumed 1st August, 1919. September, 1915 Sole teacher, Rotokare. January, 1910 Sole teacher, Naumanui .. .. Returned. January, 1910 Assistant, Lytton Street .. .. Returned. October, 1914 Sole teacher, Utuwai. July, 1917 .. Training College student. January, 1915 Sole teacher, Naumanui .. .. Killed. January, 1915 Assistant, Raetihi .. .. Killed. August, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Hihitahi. I Hawke's Bay Education Board. Barnard, Stanley .. Brittain, Vivian R. Calder, John K. .. Cammock, William R. Clapham, William R. Cockroft, George W. Cook, Fred Cowan, David Douglas, John E. .. Fairbrothor, Lewis M. Forsyth, Archibald J. Jenkins, Alfred B. Jonasen, Walter W. Jones, William H. Kay, Leslie V. Kibblewhito, Bruce M. Larking, Frank C. Larson, Albert Lindauer, Victor W. McRae, James Mudgway, Alfred .. Nicol, Thomas A. . . Olley, James R. .. Olsen, Othenius R. j August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Hastings District High Killed in action. August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Hastings District High Killed in action. October, 1915 Sole teacher, Otoko. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Hastings District High .. Killed in action. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Hastings North. January, 1915 Assistant, Napier Port. August, 1916 .. Head teacher, Twyford. August, 1916 .. Assistant, Hastings District High. February, 1910 Sole teacher, Morere. Fobruary, 1910 Solo teacher, Te Puia Springs. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Patutahi .. .. Killed in action. Juno, 1917 .. Head teacher, Puketapu .. .. Discharged, June, 1917. Juno, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Raumati .. .. Discharged, December, 1918. February, 1916 Assistant, Napier Main. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Te Puia Springs .. Wounded. April, 19.17 .. Assistant, Dannevirke South .. Discharged, June, 1917. March, 1917 .. Solo teacher, Rakauroa .. .. Killed in action. February, 1910 Assistant, Gisborne East .. .. Wounded; returned. July, 1917 .. Assistant, Napier Main. July, 1916 .. Head teacher, Matawai. Ma}*, 1917 .. Pupil-teaeher, Dannevirke North. July, 1915 .. Assistant, Hastings District High .. Wounded ; returned. June, 1917 .. Assistant, Hastings North. May, 1916 .. Assistant, Gisborne North .. M.C.

83

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List 1. —Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name, Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. Hawke's Bay Education Board— continued. Parsons, Vivian Primrose, John C. Rigby, Cyril G. .. Rigby, Norman F. Riley, Edgar Roe, William B. .. Ross, Kenneth Rowntree, Ernest H. Soundy, Arthur W. Stockham, Thomas W. Ward, Richard D. Webster, Edward (June, 1916 1 . • , , ,,. , ... , (February, 1918/ ■ A « stant > Gbsbome West . . March, 1917 .. Assistant, Napier Port. July, 1916 .. Assistant, Gisborne Main. February, 1916 Head teacher, Muriwai. June, 19.17 .. Assistant, Napier Minn. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Dannevirke North April, 1917 .. Assistant, Hastings District High. August, 1916 .. Assistant, Waipawa District High. February, 1916 Head teachor, Makauri. August, 1916 .. Assistant, Waipawa District High .. July, 1916 .. Probationer, Gisborne Wost I October, 1914 Assistant, Woodville District High .. (Discharged December, 1916. ■i Finally discharged, April, I 1918. Discharged May, 1917. Killed in action. Wounded; returned. I Wounded ; returned. Wellington Education Board. Abraham, Robert Harry Aillam, Ronald C. .. Bagley, Cedric J. .. Ball, Douglas G. Banks, Henry Barnard, Stanley . May, 1917 .. , Believing. August, 1914 .. ' Training College studont. August, 1915 .. i Pupil-teaeher, Roseneath. August, 1915 .. I Assistant, Te Aro August, 1916 .. Solo teacher, Karapoti September, 1914 . Training Collego studont Mentioned in despatches. Killed in action, 4th November, 1918. Died of wounds, 20th July, 1910. Barnes, George E. .. Beeohey, Frederick J. June, 1916 .. Training College student. . March, 1916 .. i Assistant, South Wellington Killed in action, 25th July, J 918. Bonnott, John B. .. Bish, Seymour S. M. Bowler, Daniel C. .. September, 1914 Training Collego student. February, 1916 Probationer, Greytown. January, 1916 i Assistant, Training College M.C. Killed in action, 12th October, 1917. Butler, Ernest E. Caigou, Charles A. .. February, 1916 Probationer, Newtown. July, 1915 .. | Assistant, Lansdowne Resumed teaching 1st February, 1919. Caiman, W. G. Clachan, William J. Clifford, Arthur A... Cooper, James P. .. Cowles, Jabez A. Craven, Leslie A. .. Dabinett, F. M. Davie, Harry P. C. Dempsey, Sydney W., b.a. . . 1917.. .. Training College student. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Takapu September, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Mount Cook (Boys'). September, 19.16 Training Collogo student. August, .1914 . . Head teacher, Carterton District High September, 1914 Assistant, Grovetown 1917.. .. Training College student .. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Mauriceville September, 1915 Assistant, Clyde Quay Killed in action, 6th January, I 91 8. Resumed teaching 10th December, I9J7. M.C. Died of wounds, 4th October, 1918. Killed in action, 7th October, 1918. M.M, Killed in action, 23rd April, 1918. Died of wounds, 7th June, 191 8. Dudson, Walter F... Duggan, John Duncan, Stuart East, Alfred F. D. .. November, 1914 Sole teacher, Cross Creek. October, 1916.. Assistant, Borhampore February, 19.16 Head-toachor, Waikanae August, 1914 . . Assistant, Clyde Quay Left service. Resumed teaching, 1st September, 1918. Resumed teaching, 1st January, 1918. Mentioned in despatches and awarded Gold Medal for services in Egypt. Edwards, Ralph W. Finlayson, J. H. M. Fodon, Norman A... Forbes, W. R. Foss, James B. Fossetto, Walter E. W. Frain, R. J. Eraser, Ernest M. .. Septomber, 1915 Assistant, Brooklyn. 191.7.. .. Head teacher, Canvastown. December, 1915 ! Assistant, Eastern Hutt. 1917.. .. Solo teacher, Flat Creek August, 1914 . . Assistant, Levin November, 1915 Assistant, Clyde Quay j July, 1916 .. Solo toacher, Tano. ! September, 1915 Sole teacher, Grassmero Killed in action, 9th September, 1918. Died of wounds, 24th September, 1910. Wounded. Killed in action, 14th June, .1917. Fulton, John G. B. ■Gaze, Frederick J. .. Gibson, Francis Gowdy, Harold Graham, A. J. Gray, Harold A. W. Groig, Arthur G. .. Hawkins, Bonjamin G. July, 1915 .. Training Colloge student. September, 1916 Assistant, Maranui October, 1916 j Assistant, Blonheim July, 1915 .. Assistant, Clyde Quay 1917 .. Assistant, Brooklyn August, 19.14 .. Pupil-teacher, Levin District High .. April, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Marama December, 1915 Assistant, Terrace Resumed, 1st March, 19.19. Resumed teaching, 1st Novembor, 1917. Killed in action, 20th September, 1 916. Resumed, 1st May, 1919. Wounded twice. Resumed teaching, 1st September, 1917. Killed in action, 25th August, 1918. Hemmingson, Geoffrey July, 1915 .. Training College student.

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84

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc.—continued.

Name. Date of joining Forces. School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Wellington Ed ucation Board— continued. Higgins, Vivian Hodson, F. Hogbon, E. N. M. .. Holdaway, Hubert R. Hostick, John B. .. Jenkins, Charles G. September, 1915 April, 1916 .. 1917.. July, 1916 May, 1915 November, 1916 Assistant, Carterton District High. Assistant, Te Aro. Training College student. Training College studont. Training College student. Sole teacher, Tauherenikau Killed in action, 7th January, 191 8. Jackson, Albert Jones, Sidney J. Konnedy, William R. Kerr, Harold W. .. King, Sidney J. Kirby, J. R. Lancaster, A. G. .. Larsen, Albert J. .. Longhurst, William T. Lyons, T... November, 1917 September, 1914 September, 1910 Soptember, 1915 January, 1916 1917.. 1917.. September, 1914 October, 1915.. 1917.. Training College student. Training Collogo student. Pupil-toacher, Mount Cook (Boys') .. Probationer, Mount Cook (Boys'). Training College student. Sole toacher, Makerua. Training College student. Training Collogo student. Sole teacher, Marima Training College student Returned; re-enlisted. McCaw, Peter R. .. October, 1915 Training College student Loft Board's service. Died of wounds, 8th April, 1918. Died of sickness, 26th February, 1918. M.M. Wounded : returned, and left service. McCaw, William T. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Upper Hutt McDonnoll, S. J. .. MoLeod, David Marsdcn, Joseph S., b.a. 1.917.. February, 1918 February, 1916 1 'raining College student. Assistant, Hutt District High. Assistant, Terrace Killed in action, 4th October, 1917. Killed iii action, 7th June, 1917. Left service. Returned. Killed in action, 29th April, 1915. - Died of enteric, 11th September, 1915. Wounded (brought under notice of Secretary of State for valuable services rendered). Matheson, Graham G. February, 1916 Sole teacher, Pirinoa Mathoson, N. M. .. Melody, William John Mills, John E. 1917.. May, 1918 August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Island Bay Assistant, Hutt District High Assistant, Lovin District High Morris, William H... October, 1914.. Training Colloge student Mothes, Frederick W., b.a. .. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Potone '. Nielson, Engelhardt R. B. Okeby, William G... April, 1918 .. August, 1915 .. Training College student. Pupil-teacher, Brooklyn Killed in action, 27th June, 1917. Missing, believed killed, 8th May, 1915 Pallant, Donald K. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Marima Parkinson, Arnold E. H. Prichard, Ivor G. .. Proctor, Francis Josoph Pryor, David C. .. Quigloy, Middleton S. Robortson, C. Rogers, Lancelot A. Roots, Arthur Rudkin, Alfred R. .. Russoll, Cecil R. .. Sansin, Henry S. M. April, 1917 .. February, 1916 May, 1917 January, 1916 September, 1914 1917.. August, 1914 July, 1915 .. July, 1916 August, 1914 .. January, 1916 Assistant, Karori. Pupil-teachor, Training Colloge Assistant, Island Bay. Solo teacher, Saundors Road. Training College student. Assistant, Normal. Probationer, To Aro. Training College student. Assistant, Otaki Pupil-toacher, Carterton Pupil-toacher, Karori Wounded ; returned. M.M. Woundod twice. Killed in action, 24th Au gust, 1918. Returned. Skelley, Claude H. T. Smith, W. B., junior Stafford, Fred Stainton, William H. Octobor, 1915.. 1917.. June, 1915 . . November, 1914 Head toacher, Ocean Bay 'Training Collego student. Assistant, Roseneath Assistant, Mount Cook (Boys') Left service; M.C. Mentioned in des patches. Left service. Sutton, Howard H., b.a. Sutton, John Tattle, Philip G. .. May, 1915 October, 1915.. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Island Bay Training Collego student. Sole teacher, Longbush Taylor, George N. .. Thomas, Edgar G. R. Toekor, A. H. Trainer, J. J. Tremewan, M. A. .. Walshe, E. B. Warner, D. G. Webb, Arthur L. .. Ootober, 19.14. . October, 1915.. 1917.. 1917.. 1917.. 1917.. 1917.. Soptember, 1914 Sole teacher, Okaramio Pupil-toacher, Lansdowne Assistant, Clyde Quay. Assistant, Masterton. Assistant, Shannon Sole Teacher, Wharanui Training College student. Training College student Killed in action, 29th April 1915. Mentioned in despatches. Resumod, 17th March, 1919Resumed, 5th May, 1919. White, Alfred T., .. September, 1915 Head Teacher, Hastwell Died of wounds, 28th September, 1910. M.C. Wounded; mentioned in despatches. Wills, A. R. Wilson, James A. .. 1917.. August, 1915 .. Training Collogo student. Probationer, Roseneath M.M. Died of wounds, ]4th December, 1917 Killed in action, 20th August, 1918. Killed in action, 1st May, 1917. Wiseman, John A... January, 1916 Training College student Young, Albert V. .. November, 1915 Assistant, Berhanipore * Including £5,200 from nati ■evenue. I Including £2. 15( ional-endowment res, I from national-endo-lerves rovenue. I Including .£4,000 from national-endowment reserves iwment reserves revenue.

85

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List 1. —Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

12— E. 1,

Name. Name. Date of joining J School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. Nelson Education Board. Boyes, Esmond E. C. Ching, Harold L. .. January, 1916 Hoad teacher, Neudorf August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Tui.. Wounded; resumed. Wounded; resumod March, 1910. Ching, Leonard ('... Davies, Ralph (I. .. Dron, Douglas A. .. Ellery, Henry V. .. Fair, George 0. Fittall, John Ford. Edgar N. .. Goodyor, John Hayes, Frank E. S. Jordan, James G. .. March, 1918 .. Sole teacher, East Takaka. . August, 1917 .. Sole toacher, Rocky River December, 1914 Head teacher, Tarakohe November, 1915 Sole teacher, Forntown .. May, 1918 .. Head teacher, Upper Meniere. April, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Fern Hat. September, 1917 Sole teacher, Awaroa. October, 1915.. Assistant, Reef ton. August, 1914 .. Solo teacher, Puponga February, 1917 Head teacher, Scddonville Resumed December, 1918. Left service. Killed in action. Resumed February, 1 18. Resumed, May, 1910. Wounded; resumed November, 1918. Wounded. Resumed as Training College student. Lewis, Allan Lovoridge, Ray ., May, 1916 .. Sole teachor, Pokororo Octobor, 1915.. Sole teacher, Fern Flat McBoan, Ernest S. McGlashen, Ralph.. February, 1916 Head teacher, Waiuta. October, 1915.. Solo teacher, Stanley Brook Wounded; resumed June, 1918. Killed in action. Wounded; resumed June, 1910. Man*, Henry Menzies, Georgo R. Morris, Stuart, Pasooe, Arthur J. .. Sadler, David Satherley, Vernon.. Senior, Frank Sheddan. Samuel . . Siloock, Harold P. S. Sutherland, John F. Tunnicliffe, Norris H. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Scddonville September, 1914 Second Assistant, Reofton District High February, 1918 Solo teacher, Globe Hill. April, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Owen Junction, April, 1918 .. Pupil-teacher, Westport. October, 1917.. Sole teachor, [Jruwhenua .. November, 1914 Sole teacher. Owen Junction June, 1916 .. Head teacher, Waimangaroa, May, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Gowari Valley. February, 1916 Solo teacher, Mangarakau August, 1914 .. Head teacher, Waiuta Resumed June, 1919. Killed in action. Resumed August, 1919. Tunnioliffe, Robert G. Vereoe, Erie Fobruary, 1917 Sole teacher, Umere February, 1916 Sole teacher, Tui Killed in action. Wounded; resumed February, 1918. Wounded. Shell-shook ; resumed April, 1918. Died of wounds. Yeats, Douglas M. August, 1914 .. Sole toacher, Inangahua Landing Canterbury Education Board. Resumed 1st August, 1919. Resumed April, 1910. Returned. Resumed Septomber, 1917. Abernethy, Rex C. Adams, William R. Adamson, R. do 15. Allison, H. H. Arnold, B. Bain, Arthur 0. W. Barnett, Arthur J. Barr, A. ('. Baverstoek, Harold S. Beattie, Edward J. Beattio, James Berg, Frederick R. Blathwayt, Murray Boyd, Arthur A. .. Boyle, C. A. P. Brown, A. W. Brown, John B. Brown, W. A. Burrows, William M. Campbell, W. M. .. Cartwright, Walter H. Colthart, James Colville. V. W. Oornford, E. S. Cotton, G. W. Cumin";, S. R. Dalley, C. G. Dalley, Edward R. Dompsey, A. Donne, A. 1). Dick, I). Foord, Fred R. Foster, William A. Gilling, CD. Gillin, I'. J. Gray, Alexander, B.A, Guiney, Alan H. .. Gurnsey, A. J. Gurnsey, Frederick W. Harvey, E. Hayman, Benjamin F. Hoarc, George H. .. Horwell, Walter W. Button, William B. Iverach, J. A. D. Jackinan, Clarence V. Jones, P. II. Judson, Charles G. October, 19.15.. Assistant, Christchurch East June, 1915 .. Assistant, Lyttelton August, 1914 .. Training College studont January, 1916 Head teacher, Lyttelton February, 1918 Training College student. August, 1914 .. Training College student .. .. May, 1916 .. Assistant, Shirley January, 1916 Pupil-teaeher, Opawa January, 1916 Pupil-teaeher, Elmwood April, 1915 .. Probationer, Akaroa. April, .191.6 .. Head-teacher, Rotherham Juno, 1915 .. Head teacher, Mead November, 1914 Sole teacher, Scotsburn June, 1915 .. Assistant, Rangiora June, 1917 .. Training College student August, 1917 .. Training Collego student October, 1916.. Head teacher, Brookside .. May, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Spotswood June, 1916 .. Assistant, Ashburton April, 191.8 . . Sole toachor, Loburn North June, 1916 .. Assistant, Geraldine. April, 19.17 .. Assistant, Fendalton. September. 1918 Assistant, Sydenham September, 1915 Head teacher, Kisselton January, 1916 Training College student. February, 1918 Training College student. February, 1917 Pupil-toacher, Kaiapoi. June, 1915 .. Training College studont, .. Soptomber, 1914 Head teacher, Pigeon Bay. February, 1917 Assistant, Waltham September, 191S Sole teacher, Hannaton August, 1914.. Assistant, Cobham July, 1915 .. Head teacher, Chamberlain February, 1917 Assistant, Hornby July, 1918 . . Sole teacher, Rnwaniii April, 1916 .. Assistant, Akaroa District High July, 1915 .. Training Collogo student January, 1916 Pupil-toacher, Elmwood June, 1915 .. Assistant, Elmwood December, 1915 Pupil-teaeher, Somerlleld August, 1915 .. Training College student October, 1914 Assistant, Waltham August, 1914 .. Training College student. July, 1916 .. Training Colloge studont .. January, 1916 Training College student, .. June, 1915 .. Training College student .. .. ! March, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Pleasant Valley Ootober, 1915 Training College student ,. ,. Killed in action. Killed in action. Returned. Wounded, returned. Returned; relieving. Resumed February, 1910. invalided. Wounded; missing. Returned ; relieving. Returned. Returned. Returned. Wounded; returned. Returned. Returned. Killed in action. Wounded. Resumed 1st June, 1919. Returned. Wounded. Wounded. Resumed October, 1917. Returned. Wounded; deceased. Returned. Resumed. Returned ; relieving. Wounded; returned. Resumed. Wounded. Resumed. Returned. Wounded ; resumed. Returned. Resumed,

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86

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc.—continued.

.„■,.„,„ Date of joining School and Position hold prior to joining ■™ ame * Forces. Forces. Remarks. Canterbury Education Board — continued. Returned ; resigned. Resumed April, 1917. Lopdell, F. . . .. January, 1916 Assistant, Geraldine District High .. Lucas, Herbert N... .. November, 1915 Sole teacher, Ashburton Forks Me Arthur, Archibald F. .. March, 1918 .. Relieving. McCallum, A. .. .. j October, 1917.. Sole teacher, Timaunga McDonald, Donald J. .. August, 1914 .. Training College student MoDonough, M. .. .. Novembor, 1917 Probationer, Lyttelton. McGuigan, J. J. .. .. October, 1917.. Sole teacher, Otira McKenzie, Gordon .. September, 1918 Training College student .. MoKeown, B. A. .. .. I April, 1917 .. Assistant, Kaiapoi. M'oLeod, John A. .. .. March, .1917 .. Assistant, St. Albans McMurtrie, A. F. .. .. May, 1917 .. Head teacher, Morven MoRae, Alexander P. .. October, 1915.. Head teacher, Lakeside Maber, Keppooh McD. .. January, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Waimataitai Maguinnoss, S. M... .. February, 1917 Assistant, Beckenham Marks, Horace B,. .. .. August, .1914 .. Training College student .. Marwick, John, m.a. .. February, 1916 Assistant, Pleasant Point, Dist. High. Mauger, E. .. .. February, 1917 Assistant, Darfield. Maurice, F. D. .. .. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Waimate District High .. Maxwell, J. E. .. .. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Wharonui Menzies, J. L. .. .. September, 1915 Relieving teacher.. Methven, R. .. .. February, 1917 Pupil-teacher, Christchurch East Mills, David C. .. .. August, 1914 .. Training College student .. Moor, Carolus T. .. .. April, 1916 .. Assistant, Addington Moore, Frederick W., b.a. .. I March, 1916 .. Head teacher, Ashley Moore, M. 0. .. .. August, 19.14 .. Head teacher, Springfield Mortimore, A. E. .. .. December, 1914 Assistant, Ashburton Mottram, Benjamin R. .. ' June, 1915 ,. Training Collego student .. Mullins, Timothy .. .. August, 1914 .. Pupil-teacher, Greymouth Dist. High O'Connor, M. .. .. January, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Timaru Main O'Connor, William .. j July, 1916 .. Assistant, Waimate District High .. O'Donogliue, M. F. .. March, 1917 .. Assistant, Christchurch West District, High. Oram, Harry .. .. November, 1915 Assistant, Timaru Main Pratt, C. F. .. .. April, 1917 .. Head teacher, Doyleston Pratt, William S. .. .. August, 19.14 .. Assistant, Christchurch West Quartermain, Leslie B. .. March, 1910 .. Training Colloge student .. Rawstorn, A. J. .. .. May. 1918 .. Pupil-teacher, Timaru Reid, James N. .. .. February, 1910 Pupil-teaeher, Belfast Robertson, G. H. .. .. May, 1918 .. Pupil-teacher, Timaru Rule, William B., m.a. .. Octobor, 1910 Assistant, Christchurch West SecondReturned. Resumed. Resumed. Returned. Resumed. Resumed. Killed in action. Killed August, 1918. Returned ; resigned. Resumed. Killed in aotion. Resumed. Wounded ; returned. Resumed. Died of wounds. Wounded ; resumed. Returned. Killod in action. Killed in action. Wounded ; returned. Returned. Killed 1918. Resumed. Wounded. Returning. Returned ; resuming. Resumed. Roturned. Returned. Returned. Killed in action. ary Seyb, William .. .. October, 1915.. Pupil-teacher, Albury Sharpo, W. A. .. .. July, 1917 .. Training Collego student. Sparrow, H. M. .. .. August, 1918 .. Training College student .. Stevens, Edward B. .. July, 1916 .. Training Colloge student Stewart, L. W. .. .. -November, 1918 Pupil-teaeher, Waltham Stockdill, Thomas .. .. September, 1914 Pupil-teacher, Addington Storey, Robert, H. G. .. February, 1916 Sole teacher, Hook Bush .. Sustins, Nolan .. .. August, 19.14 .. Assistant, Sydenham Talbot, Arthur E. .. .. February, 1910 Assistant, Greymouth District High Thomas, S. H. .. .. August, 1917 .. Training College student. Thompson, L. F. .. .. October, 1917 Training Colloge student Thwaitos, L. J. W. .. July, 1917 .. Head teacher, Irwcll Wake, H. G. .. .. September, 19.10 Head teacher, Christchurch East Walker, D. .. .. November, 1917 Head teacher, Hakataramea Watkins, C. C. .. .. October, 1917 Training College student. Watson, R. G. .. .. February, 19.17 Solo teacher, Chamberlain, Watson, William D. .. February, 1915 Sole teacher, Tawai Wauchop, W. S. .. . . October, 1917 Assistant, Training College Wild, C. T. .. .. July, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Leithfield .. Williams, A. G. .. .. June, 1917 .. Training Collego student. Williams, O. W. .. .. April, 1917 .. Head teacher, Arthur's Pass. Williamson, E. A... .. August, 1917 .. Head teacher, Duvauchelle's Bay .. Wilson, David G. .. .. June, 1915 .. Assistant, St. Albans Wilson, T. F. G. .. .. November, 1915 Training Collogo student Withers, Arthur J. T. .. Juno, 1915 .. Assistant, Christchurch West Wylie, Thomas N.. . .. October, 1917.. Relieving Killed in action. Returned. Returned. Returned. Returned. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Resumed. Resumed. Resumed. Resumed. Resigned. Resumed. Returned. Resumed. Resumed. Returned. Besumod May, 1910. Resumed July, 1918. Otago Education Board. Abernothy, Duncan R. . . September, 1918 Relieving Assistant, Albany Street. Allan, Reginald .. .. August, 1910 .. Assistant, Anderson's Bay. Anderson, Peter J... .. January, 1910 Assistant, North-east Valley Arnold, Cuthbert F., m.a. .. February, 1917 Assistant, Oamaru South. Barclay, Samuel M. .. February, 1917 Training College studont Barton, Oke ... .. August, 191.4 .. Assistant, Oamaru North Barton, Vivian .. .. May, 1915 .. Training College student Beibly, George H. .. .. September, 1918 Assistant, Green Island Bell, Cecil R. .. .. December, 1914 Training College student .. Wounded. Wounded. Resumed February, 1918 Resumed, February, 1919. Resumed January, 1919. Wounded ; resumed Feb ruary, 1919. Bennet, Kenneth W. .. September, 191.7 Probationer, Arthur Street. Blaikie, William .. .. May, 1915 .. Solo teacher, Kahuika Bond, William A. .. .. May, 1918 .. Training College student .. Boraman, Walter J. .. September, 1917 Relieving head teacher, Dunback. Botting, Howard E. A. .. November, 19.10 Training College student Resumed May, 1919. Resumed December, 1918. Botting, Robert W. S. .. December, 1915 Assistant, Lawrence Secondary Wounded ; resumed March 1919. Wounded ; resumed No, vember, 1917. Besumed July, 1919, Bringans, Alexander ,. August, 1914 ,. Assistant, Albany Street ..

87

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List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc. — continued.

Name. Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. O'I'aqo Education Board— continued. Brown, George S. .. Buchanan, Robert 0. Burn, Edgar James Burrell, Frederick W. Cairney, Thomas .. ('alder. George A, Closs, William 0. .. Coppin, Ezra N. .. Cowan, James G. .. Crawford, William Guthill, John E. August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Tuapeka West March, 1916 .. Relieving solo teacher, Lower Harbour. May, 1.910 .. Sole teacher, Tahakopa June, 1915 .. Sole teacher, McLennan January, 1910 Sole teacher, Henley M.&y, 1.918 .. Relieving assistant, Maori Hill. February, 1.910 Assistant, George Street .. September, 1918 Pupil-teacher, Caversham .. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Oamaru Middle.. September, 1910 Relieving sole teachor, Otakou. December, 1914 Relieving assistant Resumed .March. MHO. Died of wounds. Killed in action. Resumed June, 1918. Killed in aotion. Resumed June, 1919. Killed in action. Dallas, Thomas W. Davidson, Andrew Davis, Lyoil H. .. Dunn, Stanloy B. May, 1918 .. Assistant, .Mosgiel September, 1910 Solo teacher, Te llouka August, 1914 .. Training College student. November, 1910 Training College student .. Wounded ; resumed No vember, MH7. Resumed February, MHO. Resumed April, 1919, Eggelton, Thomas E. Elliott, Arthur D. Finlay, Ivan H. Finlay, John Finlay, Robert N. .. Footo, Francis W... Forrester, Francis ES. I.. Fra.ser, John E. Forsyth, David (.lair, Frederick J. .. Goorge, William K. April, 1917 .. Assistant, Forbury August, 1915 .. Probationer, Teanoraki August, 1914 .. Training College student .. April, 1910 .. Relieving head teacher, Hyde. April, 1917 .. Training College student. March, 1917 .. Solo teachor, Bluespur May, 1918 .. Head teacher, Pukeuri June, 1918 .. Training College student. September, 1917 '1'raining Collego student March, 1918 .. Training College student. August, 1914 .. Training Colloge student .. September, 1910 Relieving assistant, Kaikorai June, 19.16 .. Relieving head teacher, Otekaike .. February, 1917 Assistant, Caversham April, 1915 .. Assistant, Kaikorai February, 1915 Relieving assistant, Oamaru North. . February, 1917 Head teacher, Pine Hill December, 1914 Head teacher, Dunback March, 1917 .. Relieving assistant, Mornington. August, 1915 .. Solo teacher, Bald Hill Wounded ; resumed .March, Mil. 8. Resumed March, 1919. Died of wounds. Resumed March, 1916. Resumed May, 1917. Resumed January, Mil '.). Resumed March, 1919. Wounded; resumed May, Mil 8. Gibb, Stewart C. .. Goudie, John C. B. Graham, John Hall, Harold C. .. Harper, James llawke, John P. Hoggans, Alexander Holgate, Maxwell, R., b.a. .. Hubbard, Ivan B. .. Resumed March, MIMI. Killed in action. Resumed .May. 1919. Died of wounds. Died of wounds. Resumed Mav, 1910. Resumed July. 1918. Wounded; resumed February, 191 7. Jackson, William H. Johnston, Alexander T. Johnston, John G... June, 1917 .. Training College student. May, 1915 .. Relieving assistant, Balclutlia March, 1915 .. Assistant, Mornington Killed in action. Wounded ; resumed March; 1917. Wounded; resumed February, 1919. Resumed Junes 1917. Kennody, Alexander S. January, 1915 Assistant, North-east Valley Kennedy, Archibald P. L. .. Kibblewhito, Charles W. Laing, Henry November, 1916 Relieving assistant, Albany Street .. Octobor, 1917 Relieving sole teacher, Moonlight. March, 1917 .. Sole teacher, Ida Valley Wounded ; resumed July, 1919. Resumed January, 1919. Resumed June, 1919. Resumed August, 1918. Landreth, William*[H. Luke, Gabriel M. .. Luke, Robert L. L. McBride, Joseph B. McOullough, Thomas G. MoDonald, Gordon F. McDonald, Thomas M. Maodonald, Hugh G. B. McDougall, Walter P. Melntyre, Hugh McLaren, Aloxander Maclean, Ian H. McNaughton, Donald S. McQueen, Henry (.'. Maloney, John Matheson, Norman Mawhinnoy, Ezekiol Mayer, William G... Miller, Leonard W. A. Milne, Alexander Moir, John H., b.a. January, 1910 Sole teacher, Katea October, 1910 Assistant, Training College June, 1918 .. Sole teacher, Wairuna August, 1914 .. Training College studont. May, 1918 .. Training College student. May, 1915 .. Relieving assistant, Oamaru Middle August, 1918 .. Training College student July, 1910 .. Assistant, Kensington November, 1.914 Sole teacher, Rongahere September, 1910 Sole teacher, Matakanui Juno, 1916 .. Relieving assistant, Mosgiel October, 19.15 Training Colloge student May, 1917 .. Training College student. July, 1918 .. Relieving assistant, Kaikorai Octobor, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Albany Street May, 1918 . . Training College student December, 1916 Training College studentJune, 1917 .. Training College student February, 1918 Relieving sole teacher, Kahuika June, 1916 .. Training College student .. August, 1914 .. Head teacher, Mosgiel Resumed January, 1919. Resumed July, 1919. Wounded. Resumed July, 191 8. Killed in action. Wounded. Resumed February, I 01 0. Resumed January, 1917. Resumed March, I9M). Resumed January, 1919. Resumed January, 1919. Wounded. Wounded ; resumed February, 1918. Killed in action. Nicholas, William S. Nind, Horace W. .. Palmer, Philip J. .. Parr, Cuthbert, m.a. Fobruary, 1917 Training College student May, 1917 .. Relieving solo teacher, Wharckuri. May, 1918 .. Training Collego student .. Fobruary, .1915 Assistant, Balclutlia Resumed June, 1919. Wounded; resumed July, 1919. Paterson, Thomas Pay, William H. .. Perry, William S. .. Rae, Thomas W. .. Robertson, John A. Rogers, Francis H. P. Rushbrook, Walter H. Sanders, John R. .. February, 1917 Assistant, Musselburgh. August, 1915 .. Relieving assistant, Albany Street .. January, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Musselburgh. February, 1918 Pupil-teacher, Roxburgh. October, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Albany Street •.. June, 1918 .. Relieving assistant, Oamaru South .. Fobruary, 1910 Assistant, Mornington. October, 1915 Sole teacher, Wharekuri .. Died of wounds. Killed in action. Resumed January, 1919. Wounded; resigned June, 1919. Sargison, James H. Simonsen, Bertzow F. July, 1915 .. Assistant, Palmerston January, 1917 Pupil-toacher, Alexandra. Resumed June, 1916.

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88

List 1.—Teachers of Public Schools, etc.—continued.

Name. Date of joining School and Position held prior to joining Forces. Forces. Remarks. Otago Education District— continued. Home service ; resumed November, 1918. Resumed May, 1919. Killed in action. Died of wounds. Wounded ; resigned July, 1919. Resumed March, 1919. Wounded ; resumed Julv, 1918. Sinclair, William H. C. August, 1917 .. Solo teachor, Waipahi Smith, Norris Y. .. Smith, Oscar C. .. Smith, Oswald J. .. Sparks, William J... January, I'll8 Relieving assistant, Caversham May, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Ida Valley January, 1917 Training College student February, 1916 Sole teacher, Kokoama Stevons, Herbert M. Swan, George April, 1915 .. Head teacher, Lower Harbour August, 1915 .. Head teacher, Otakou Talbot, Harry Taylor, Charles 11. Tompero, Frank J.., Thomas, William .. Thomson, Walter Thorby, George W. L. Townrow, Walter H. Turner, William W., b.a. Waddell, David B... Wade, Robert H., b.a. Watson, John Watt, Malcolm Me P. White, David White Percy H. .. Williamson, Alexander H. . . Wilson, Ernest March, 1918 .. Training College student. May, 1918 .. Relieving assistant, Albany Street .. Ootober, 1916 Assistant, Oamaru South. May, 1917 .. Training Collego student October, 1916 Training College student Octobor, 1918. . Sole teacher, Tawanui May, 1917 .. Training College student December, 1915 Head teacher, Balclutlia District High August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Rao's Junction February, 1917 Secondary assistant, Balclutlia August, 1914 .. Assistant, Oamaru South. March, 1915 .. Assistant, Tapanui January, 1916 Solo teacher, Pounawea December, 1914 Head teacher, Hyde May, 1918 . . Head teacher, Roxburgh October, 1915 Assistant, Mosgiel Resumed February, 1919 Wounded. Died of wounds. Resumed I )ooem ber, 1918. .Resumed December, 1918. Killed in action. Resumed .February, 1917. Died of wounds. Wounded, Discharged from camp. Killed in action. Resumed August. 1 918. Wounded ; resumed October, 1917. Resumed July, I 917. Resumed February, 1918 Wilson, John M. .. Woods, Alexander J. Young, Clarence A. March, 1917 .. Assistant, Tokomairiro May, 1916 .. Relieving assistant, Oamaru North .. May, 1918 .. Training College student. Agnow, George Anderson, William Southland Education Board. Fobruary, 1916 Assistant, East Gore 1918.. .. Assistant, Riverton Returned. Discharged (not on active service). Returned. Resumed December, 1916. Bonthron, Esoott Burt, John Caldcr, Walter S. P. Cameron, George . . Clapp, Lewis December, 1914 Pupil-toacher, Invercargill North January, 1916 Assistant, Gore 1917.. .. Hoad teacher, Wendon. 1917.. .. Assistant, Invercargill South 1918.. .. Assistant, Middle Inveroargill Collier, Charles Cushcn, John A. .. Egan, Thomas Evans, William S. Field, Joseph F. Gait, Herbert June, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Glencoo 1917.. .. Head teacher, Myross Bush August, 1915 .. Hoad teacher, Scott's Gap 1917. . Solo teacher, Tuturau. 191 s.. .. Sole teaoher, Ardlussa. 191.8.. .. Head teaoher, Grove Bush Returned. Discharged (not on active service). Wounded; discharged. Returned. Returned. Gilchrist, Norman.. Grant, William Grenfell, Alfred F. Hall, Norman Hay, William F. Kelly, Bernard Lamb, Robert J. .. Lamont, Nisbet Landreth, William Leckie, Douglas F. Lenehan, James . . .. . August, 1915 .. Assistant, Invercargill South 1918, . . . Temporary assistant, Winton. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Invercargill South. March, 1915 .. Assistant, Orepuki 1918.. .. Pupil-teacher, Goie. 1917.. .. Assistant, Mataura Maroh, 1916 .. Sole teacher, Quarry Hills and Waikawa Valloy January, 1916 Assistant, Otautau August, 1914 .. Sole teacher, Now River Ferry. July, 1916 .. Pupil-teacher, Invercargill South. 1918.. .. Assistant, Bluff .. Discharged (not on active service). Returned. Killed in action. Returned. Killed in action. Killed in action. Discharged (not on active service). Wounded ; returned. Lopdoll, Francis C. Lopdell, Leonard R. Lyttle, David J. A. McFecly, Hugh MoGIashan, Peter MacKay, Duncan MacKay, Erie McLeod, John W.. . McNarey, Robert Manson, David S... Millard, Arthur J. Miller, Charles Milne, Alexander Moodie, Bedford Petrie, Arnold Prebble, Stanley Rae, Duncan Rowe, Alfred Schroeder, Herbert Simpson, Henry G. Spragg, Arthur W. Sproat, Hugh G. .. Stark, David Webber, John 0. .. Withing, Aubrey Wright, James R. I. May, 1916 .. Assistant, Invercargill South 1917.. .. Sole toacher, Redan. August, 1914 .. Assistant, Gore 1917.. .. Head teacher, Tuatapero .. September, 1914 Relieving head teacher, Arrow 1917.. .. Assistant, Riverton. 1917.. .. Head teacher, Wairio November, 1915 Sole teacher, Caroline 1917.. .. Sole teacher, Ermedale 1917.. .. Assistant, Winton May, 1915 .. Head teacher, Fortrose 1918. . . , Sole teacher, Fortification. October, 1914 Head teacher, Pembroke January, 1915 Assistant, Wallaeetown September, 1915 Assistant, Waikiwi February, 1916 Pupil-teacher, Gore October, 1915 Assistant, Invercargill South 1917.. .. Assistant, St. George 1917.. .. Sole teacher, Wairaki February, 1915 Sole toachor, Glenham August, 1915 .. Sole teacher, Skipper's. May, 1915 .. Assistant, Invercargill Middle 1917.. .. Pupil-teacher, Gore. June, 1916 . . Head teaoher, Drummond.. 1918.. .. Assistant, Tisbury 1918.. .. Sole teacher, Hedgehope Upper Killed in action. Returned. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Returned. Killed in action. Returned. Returned. Returned. Killed in action. Returned. Wounded ; discharged. Returned. Discharged. Returned. Returned. Returned. Home service (discharged). Returned.

89

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List 2.—Manual and Technical Instructors.

Namo. Dat Forecsf 11 " 1 Position held before joining Forces. Remarks. Auckland Education District. Allen, George Baildon, William .. Burgess, Claude E. Clayton, Edmund W. D. Donnan, Arthur W. Galitzenstein, Godefroy McCarthy, Claude Morgan, Leonard 0. O'Shannassy, Gilbert P. Randle, Benjamin P. Sneddon, Alfred D. Ward, Lawrence .. February, 1917 Woodwork instructor. April, 1917 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Killed in action. Instructor of mathematics. . .. Died of wounds. July, 1915 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Resumed duties April, 1918. Agricultural instructor . . .. Died of wounds. Instructor in commercial history and Died of wounds. French September, 1916 Instructor in English and mathematics. Assistant instructor, Engineering Department. January, 1917 Instructor of mathematics. December, 1915 Woodwork instructor .. .. Resumed duties 29th April, 1918. November, 1915 j Woodwork instructor .. .. Returned 1919. June, 1910 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Resumed duties 24th March, ! 1919. Taranaki Education District. Johnson, Hector 0. Kirkpati'ick, Robert, D. September, 1917 Agricultural instructor .. . . I Resumed duty. .. I September, 1917 | Engineering instructor .. .. | Resumed duty. Wanuanui Education District. Bastings, L. Gibson, E. P. Gray, II.'. Preeoe, A. Robertson, I). L. .. Stephenson, W. Taylor, A. Verry, Frank October, 1915.. Science .master, Wanganui Technical | Returned. College February, 1916 Art master, Wanganui Technical Col- Killed in.action. lege Instructor, Palmerston North Tech- Killed at Gallipoli. nical School .. Instructor, Palmerston North Tech- Wounded; resumed duty, nical School September, 1916 First Assistant, Wanganui Technical Killed in action. College April, 1916 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Gassed; returned. January, 1915 Assistant, Wanganui Technical College Missing. Woodwork instructor . . .. Wounded. Hawke's Bay Education District. Brown, Charles Hawkins, Percy S. Higgens, Marion .. .. February, 1910 Woodwork Instructor, Gisborne . . Returned ; resumed duty 1st September, 1918. April, 1917 .. Woodwork instructor, Gisborne. Cookery instructress, Gisborne. Wellington Education District. Ashley, Frederick James Brown, Alfred A. . . Cross, A. J. Dempsey, S. W. Drewitt, C. J. Earnshaw, W. Fanning, J. McLachlan, Archibald •Mason. John Melodv, W. J. Millard, J.N. Mothes, Frederick.. Smith, L. C. Smith, V. Tunley, Frank April, 1917 .. Woodwork instructor. July, 1910 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Discharged. Assistant instructor, Wellington Technical School Assistant instructor, Wellington Tech- Died of wounds, 1st. June, nical School 1917. Instructor, Wellington Technical School. Instructor, Wellington Technical School. Instructor, Wellington Technical Returned. School November, 1916 Woodwork instructor. Registrar, Petone Technioai School. .: .. Instructor, Petone Technical School. Assistant instructor, Wellington Technical School. Instructor. Petone Technical School. instructor, Wellington Technical School. Art master, Wellington Technical School. March, 1915 .. Woodwork instructor .. .. Distinguished-conduct Medal. Resumed 21st December, 1918. Benjamin, Arthur Nelson Education District. .. j January, 1918 i Assistant engineering instructor, West-1 Resumed .March, 1919; port Canterbury Education District. Bristol*, S. G. ... Burdokin, H. Burrows, W. Candy, F. S. Childs, A. J. Gray, A. Miller, Miss D. Instructor, Ashburton Technioai | Twice wounded. School Instructor, Christchurch Technical College. Instructor in English and Arithmetic Returned. Instructor, Ashburton Technical Returned. School Instructor, Ashburton Technical Killod in aotion. School Secretary and Director, Peninsular Died on return from active Technical Classes Association service. Assistant Superintendent, Christ- Resigned. church Girls' Hostel

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90

List 2. —Manual and Technical Instructors— continued.

List 3.—University Professors and Lecturers and Secondary-school Teachers

Name. Dat ii , orces. nIUS Position held before joining Forces. Keniarks. Otaqo Education Distbiot. Isaac, Nelson Wakelin, Walter C. .. I September, 1915 I Instructor, Dunedin School of Art .. I Resigned. .. I February, 1918 | Woodwork instructor .. . , | Resumed May, 1918 Southland Education District. Clark, Percy Grieve, William .. i August, 1916 .. j Board's woodwork instructor. 1917.. .. j Instructor, Invercargill Technical ! Wounded and gassed. School

Name. Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Adams, H. S. Adams, T. D. Adamson, F. F. Airey, T. A. .. Alexander, William A.'.. Armstrong, P. F. Barnett, L. E. Beattie, G. C... Begg, Oliver J. Be van-Brown, C. M. .. Bird, J. W. .. Bishop, W. J... Boyne, J. M. .. Brodie, T. Bruce, It. M. .. Bryan-Brown, G. S. Burbidge, P. W. Butterworth, E. M. Buxton, T. Caddick, A. E. (Man, J. B. .. Caradus, W. .. Castle, Arthur P. Chappie, L. J. B. Ohisholm, D. S. Coekroft, E. A. Cody, G. Comrie, L. J. .. ... Oondhffe, J. B. Cory- Wright, S. Cuddio, J. R. .. Cuthbort, R. A. Darwin, Lisle J. Dellow, K. J. .. Dinneeu, J. D. Drummond, P. Dunphy, W. P. Espiner, R. H. Fathers, H. T. M. Foweraker, C. E. Eraser, K. G... Gibson, J. B... Gilroy, CM... Goulding, J. H. Hall, H. T. Hall, V.J. B... Hamblyn, C. J. Lecturer, Otago University. Professor, Otago University. Assistant master, Ashburton High School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School Assistant master, Dannevirke High School House tutor, Wanganui Collegiate School Professor, Otago University Assistant master, Ashburton High School Assistant master, Otago Boys' High School Science master, Wanganui Collegiate School Assistant master, Nelson College. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Palmerston North High School Assistant master, Wellington College. Professor's assistant, Victoria University College. Chaplain, Christ's College Grammar School Lecturer, Victoria University College. House tutor, Wanganui Collegiate School Commercial master, New Plymouth High School. Assistant master, Wellington College Lecturer, Otago University. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Gisborne High School Assistant master, Southland .High School. Assistant master, Waitaki High School Assistant master, Timaru High School. Assistant master, Dannevirke High School. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Professor's assistant, Canterbury University College. Lecturer, Auckland University College. Assistant master, Wellington College. Assistant master, Timaru High School Assistant master, Christchurch High School.Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Gisborne High School Assistant master, New Plymouth High School.. Assistant master, Wellington College. Lecturer, Canterbury College. Assistant master, Napier High School Assistant master, Napier High School. Professor's Assistant, Otago University. First assistant master, Marlborough High School Assistant master, Waitaki High School Junior assistant, New Plymouth High School Assistant in preparatory department, New Plymouth High School Second assistant master, Marlborough High School Assistant master, Timaru High Schooi. Drill instructor, Christchurch Boys' High. School. Assistant master, Otago High School Assistant in chemistry, Canterbury College. Science master, Waitaki High School Professor, Auckland University College. Junior assistant, New Plymouth High School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Wanganui Collegiate School. Assistant master, Otago High School. Assistant master, Wanganui Collogiate School Assistant master, Christ's College Grammar School. Junior master, New Plymouth High School Tutor, Otago University. Assistant master, Otago High School Professor's assistant, Victoria University College. Assistant master, New Plymouth High School. Assistant master, Nelson College. Probationer, Napier High School Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Returned to duty. Wounded. Wounded, invalided home. Wounded. Killed. Killed in action. Wounded. Killed in action. Injured. Returned ; resigned. Wounded. Killed in action. Wounded. Wounded; returned. Killed in action. Killed in action. Wounded. Died of wounds. Wounded. Haneox, G. G. Hind, C. A. S. Hoar, W. Holmes, W. E. James, L. H. .. Jennings, L. S. Johnson, J. C. Kidd, R. King, H. W. .. Lang, F. W. .. Latham, F. H. Littlejohn, Colin M. Long, A. T. Lusk, H. B. .. Maedonald, M. Maedonald, W. M. Mclnnes, M. G. McLeod, D. .. MeMurray, V. S. Malthus, C. .. Manson, A. J. Wounded; invalidoil homo. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Killed in action. Returned; resumed duty. M.C. Wounded.

91

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List 3. —University Professors and Lecturers and Secondary-school Teachers — continued.

List 4.—Members of Education Boards' Clerical Staffs.

Name. Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. i _ Marsden, E. .. Matheson, L. .. Meikle, H. C Morrison, M. J. Morrow, T. J. Morice, G. W. Murray, John Napier, 0. J. W. Nelson, J. S. .. O'Connell, L. J. O'Connor, D... Ongley, P. A... Owen, G. Paterson, John G. Paterson, J. M. Phillips, W. L. Pickerill, H. P. Pow, James Ramsay, H. W. Rands, H. Reid, A. S. Robertson, Thomas G... Rohan, M. D. Rowe, H. V. .. . i Russell, E. J. .. Saxon, H. Searle, H. V. .. Senior, C. H. A. Severn e, E. H. Short, A. W. .. Siddells, S. II. Skinner, H. D. Slater, Henry W. Smith, CM... Smith, N. H. .. Stephens, A. C Stewart, Hugh Stobo, J. Professor, Victoria University College. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Nelson College. Assistant master, Nelson College. Assistant master, Wellington College. First assistant, Palmorston North High School Lecturer, Otago University. Assistant master, Nelson College. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Timaru High School Assistant master, Wellington College. Professor, Auckland University College Scienco master, Hamilton High School. Lecturer, Otago Univorsity. Gymnastic master, Otago High School. Professor, Otago University. Assistant master, Otago High School Assistant master, Thames High School Science master, Waitaki High School House tutor, Wanganui Collegiate School Assistant master, Otago High School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School .. Assistant master, Christchurch Boys' High School. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Nelson College. Third assistant master, New Plymouth High School. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Christ's College Grammar School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Assistant master, Napier High School. Assistant master, Palmerston North High School Assistant master, Otago High School Assistant master, Otago High School. Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School. Lecturer, Otago University. Professor, Canterbury College. Assistant master, Southland High School Killed. Wounded. Wounded. Killed in action. Returned. Killed in action. Killed. Killed in action. Returned. Wounded ; discharged. Wounded. Returned 1st January, 1919. Killed in action. Wounded. Struthers, J. B. Taylor, F. A... Thomson, A. .. Thomson, J. Assistant master, Southland High School Assistant master, Auckland Grammar School . . Assistant master, Nelson College. Assistant master, Waitaki High School Severely wounded ; returned. Uttley, W. M. Waters. D. B... Wells, E. L. .. Williams, 0. H. Wilson, J. V. .. Wilson, W. .. Worley, C P... Senior assistant master, Waitaki Boys' High School. Professor, Otago University House tutor, Wanganui Collegiate School Assistant master, Wellington Collese. Lecturer, Auckland University College Lecturer, Auckland University College. Assistant master, Nelson College Returned to duly. Killed in action. Wounded. Wounded ; returned.

Name. 1 " 8 Position held prior to joining Forces. Name. Date of joining Forces. Remarks. Remarks. I Auckland Education Board. Baxter, Raymond L. .. May, 1917 .. Clerk Carnahan, William II. N. .. April, 1915 .. Accountant Cox, Herbert W. .. .. .. Clerk Dobson, Albert .. .. September, 1916 Clerk Gibb, W. H. .. .. .. Draughtsman. Hawk, Horace L. .. .. August, 1917 .. Clerk Maddison, Charles H. .. .. Clerk, Technical College Mills, Arnold E. .. .. September, 1915 Clerk Nixon, Albert .. .. June, 1916 .. Clerk .. .. ... Scott, Gilbert .. .. May, 1917 .. Temporary Clerk. Williams, Charles J. .. .. Clerk, Technical College . . Resumed January, 1918. Wounded. Died of wounds. Resumed April, 1918. .. Resumed May, 1919. Resigned. Killed in action. Resumed June, 1917. Resigned. Taranaki: Education Board. Johnson, Ernest G. [ September, 1918 | Assistant Secretary .. j Resumed duty. Wanganui Education Board. Bell, Peter H. .. .. December, 1914 Chief Clerk Braik, D. G. .. .. April, 191.7 .. Draughtsman. Bree, J. H. S. .. .. July, 1917 .. Assistant Accountant Hood, C. N. .. .. I March, 1917 .. Architect Wounded ; returned ; sumed 1st May, 1919. Discharged; resumed January, 1919. Discharged August, 1917. relst Hawkk's Bay Education Board. Melhuish, Frank W. .. I May, 1915 .. i Accountant. Neilson, Herbert N. .. I October, 1915 | Clerk. Fleming, Lionel B. .. Juno, 1917 .. ! Clerk. Seoon, WiUiam H, ., j October, 1915 \ Truant Officer ., Wounded ; returned.

E.—l

92

List 4.—Members of Education Boards' Clerical Staffs— continued.

List 5.—Departmental Officers.

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Name. Date of joining Forces. Position held prior to joining Forces. Remarks. Wellington Education Board. Savage, Richard .. Bedford, S. .. I July, 1915 .. Draughtsman .. I 1914 .. I Caretaker, Normal School. . .. | Discharged, medically unfit. . . ! Killed in action. Canterbury Education Board. Keotley, Wallace C. Rowley, Lionel E... .. I November, 1916 I Clerk .. | January, 1910 \ Clerk .. [ Returned 1st April, 1919. .. | Returned June, 1919. Otago Education Board. Carrington, George W. Grym es, Frederick McLean, Charles R. Welch, Arthur B. .. I February, 1917 Clerk August, 1914 .. Messenger .. August, 1914 .. Clerk Deoember, 1916 Draughtsman. .. | Wounded. Wounded ; resumed duty. Wounded ; resumed duty. Southland Education Board. Sampson, William.. .. I August, 1915 .. I Accountant I 1 .. : Wounded; returned.

Name. Date of joining Forces. Position held prior to joining Forces. ] Remarks. Aburn, S. S. Armstrong, H. J. .. June, 1917 October, 1917 Cadet, Head Office. Carpenter attendant, Sjiccial School, Otekaike. Clerk, Head Offioe Wounded ; discharged ; re sumed duty. Wounded ; resumed. Wounded; returned (D.S.O., Croix de guerre). Ashby, T. W. M. February, 1.916 Ash win, B. C. Austin, W. S. October, 1916 January, 1915 Clerk, Head Office Assistant Inspector of Schools Harriett, David Bowie, H. J. Burns, H. A. K. Butcher, L. S. I'. .. Charters, A. B. Cox, T. P. Davey, Ivor Egley, B. August, 1914 . . July, 1917 .. August, 1914 .. August, 1915 .. October, 1914 February, 1917 Augfist, 1915 .. June, 1915 .. Head teacher, Native School, Rawhiti. (ladet, Head Office Cadet, Head Oil ice (ladet, Head Office Inspector of Schools Clerk, Head Office. Sub-editor School Journal, Bead Office Clerk, Head Office Killed in action. Resumed (Military Medal). Discharged ; resumed duty. Returned (D.S.O., C.M.G.). Wounded ; resumed. Resumed (Meritorious Service Medal). Ekins, A. II. Ferguson, V. M. N. Ford, H. 0. t . Gow, I. B. Grigg, J. H. Gunn, Dr. Elizabeth Hendry, J. C Jamieson, T. H. Lake, A. E. Logan, Alexander. . MeAlister, J. L. .. MacArthur, A. I).. . McColl, J. McKinnon, A. K. . . McMahon, W. Moore, Stanley Morris, W. A. Naughton, D. 0, .. Nutt, J. C M. Orr, J. A. Pike, A. .. June, 1916 .. November, 1917 August, 1914 .. August, 1914 .. July, 1916 .. December, 1915 Juno. 1915 .. October, 1915 January, 1917 April. 1916 .. August, 1914 .. December, 1915 May, 1917 .. January, 1918 May, 1915 September, 1915 August, 1916 .. Juno, 1917 .. June, 1916 .. February, 1910 August, 1914 .. Farm hand, Nelson Industrial School. Cadet, Head Office Attendant, Burnham Industrial School Cadet, Head Office Clerk, Head Office Medical Inspector of Schools Clerk, Head Office Clerk, Head Office. Cadet, Head Office Mechanic, Otekaike Cadet, Head Office Head teacher, Native School, Tangoio Assistant gardener, Special School, Otekaike Cadet, Head Onicc Cadet, Head Office Physical Instructor Attendant, Industrial School, Nelson. Cadet, Head Office. Clerk, Head OfficeClerk, Head Office Attendant, Boys' Training - farm, Weraroa Teacher, School for the Deaf, Sumner Inspector of Schools. Physical Instructor, Dunedin Cadet, Head Office Storcman, Boys' Training - farm, Weraroa Assistant Schoolmaster, Burnham Industrial School. Cadet, Head Office Assistant Inspector of Schools. Cadet, Head Offioe Head teacher, Native School, WharoKilled in action. Wounded ; resumed duty. Wounded ; resigned. Discharged; resumed duty, Resumed February, 1917. Killed in action. Wounded ; resumed. Wounded ; resumed. Wounded. Resumed (Military Cross). Returned. Rctu n led. Resumed. Wounded ; resumed. Killed in action. Returned. Wounded ; resumed. Wounded. Regnault, L. F. Robertson, John .. Roydhouse, A. P. . . St. George, E. V. . . Salisbury, H. June, 1915 .. May, 1916 .. May, 1917 August, 1914 .. August, 1914 .. Returned, Demobilized. Died of sickness. Wounded. Saunders, N. G. April; 1917 .. Returned. Sinclair, E. D'A. .. Warren, T. F. Wisely, H. 0. Woodley, F. T. .. August, 1917 .. August, 1910 May, 1915 January, 1917 Resumed. Killed in action. Wounded ; resumed duty. ponga