Papers Past | Parliamentary Papers | Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives | 1915 Session I | EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE...

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1915. NEW ZEALAND.

EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.]

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

c on r r b n r r s. General. Page Secondary Education: P age Primary Education: 4 Number of Schools .. .. 48 Number of Public Sohools .. .. .. 6 Roll and Attendance .. .. 49 Roll Number .. .. .. .. 8 Schemoa of Control of Secondary Schools .. 50 Attendanoe .. .. .. .. 9 Free Secondary Education .. .. 50 Age and Sex of Pupils .. .. 12 Staff .. .. .. .. 58 Classification and Examination .. .. 12 Salaries and Status of Secondary Teachers .. 53 Private Primary Schools .. .. .. 13 Finances of Secondary Sohools .. .. 54 Conveyance of Children .. 14 i Higher Education : m«;S '' 6 New Zealand Universit y and Affiliated GoUe * e ° 66 The bcliool Journal, &o. .. .. .. 10 Other Professional Institutions .. .. 57 Medical Inspection 16 New Zealand University 58 Physical Education 17 Degrees and Scholarship,, 58 Staffs of Public Schools 18 ; Affiliated Colleges 59 Salaries ot leacners . .. AJ Finances of the Affiliated Institutions .. 60 Sta us of Teachers in regard to Certificates .. 23 , Scholarships, Bursaries, &c 62 Training of Teachers .. .. .. 25 ; r ' Uncertificated Teaohers .. .. .. 27 The University Endowment Aot, 1868 .. .. 64 Finances of Education Boards .. .. 27 Education Reserves .. .. ..32 The Taranaki Scholarships Endowment Act, 1910 64 Native Sohools .. .. .. 33 (j enera j. Chatham Islands .. .. .. .. 36 Expenditure out of Publio Funds on Education 64 Special Schools: National Endowment 71 Afflicted and Dependent Children .. .. 87 i Annual Examinations 71 Infant-hfe Protection 38 Teaohers'Superannuation Fund .. .. 72 School for tho Deaf .. .. 38 Publio Libraries 78 Jubilee Institute for the Blind .. .. 89 Some General Observations'' '.'. '.'. 74 Special School for the Feeble-minded .. 39 Volunteers for Military Servioe .. ..78 Manual and Technical Instruction : Manual Instruction in Primary Schools ... 40 , Appendix: Manual Instruction in Sscondary Schools .. 42 Expenditure of Parliamentary Appropriations Teohnical Instruction .. .. ..42 for Financial Year ended 31st Maroh, 1915 79 FOR INDEX, SEE PAGE 85.

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Office of the Department of Education, My Lord, — Wellington, 14th September, 1915. I have the honour, in accordance with the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, to submit to Your Excellency the following report upon the progress and condition of public education in New Zealand during the year ending the 31st December, 1914. I have, &c, J. A. Hanan. His Excellency the Right Honourable the Earl of Liverpool, Governor of the Dominion of New Zealand.

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irIRPORT. Contents. This report, with its appendices, gives the information which is of general public interest with regard to the administration of the Education Act, 1908, and its subsequent amendments (in 1908, 1910, 1912, and 1913), also the proposed administration under the Education Act, 1914, and the Education Reserves Act, 1908, as amended in 1910 and 1914, the expenditure of public funds appropriated by Parliament for educational purposes, and the principal statistics relating to matters which are more fully dealt with in separate papers, as follows :— E. —-2. Primary Education ; with appendices, namely,-— Appendix A, Reports of Education Boards ; Appendix B, Education Reserves ; Appendix C, Reports of Inspectors ; Appendix D, Training of Teachers ; Appendix E, List of Public Schools, Teachers, Salaries, and Allowances ; Appendix F, Medical Inspection ; Appendix G-, Physical Instruction. E.-3. Native Schools. E.-4. Special Schools and Infant-life Protection. E.-5. Manual and Technical Instruction. E.-6. Secondary Education. E.-7. Higher Education. E.-8. Annual Examinations. E.-9. Teachers' Superannuation. E.-9A, Actuarial Report on Teachers' Superannuation Fund. E.-10. Public Libraries. E.-11. Report of the Education Districts Commission. In this report summaries are made of the more important tables appearing in the separate papers above mentioned. These summaries are numbered with the letters from the alphabet from A to N, and the tables from which they were prepared will be found in the separate paper concerned, numbered Al, A 2, 81, 82, &c. Where information in any section of this report has been prepared from tables appearing in the other reports above named, a reference will be found under the heading of the section to the table concerned and the report in which it is printed.

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GENERAL. In a review of the progress of the Education system in. the Dominion during the year 1914 the dominant event claiming a position of most importance is the passing of the Education Act, 1914. The Act of 1908 had become so overloaded with amendments that the time was considered ripe for a consolidating Act, and at the same time occasion was taken to institute many reforms, the need of which had for some time been pressing. The following short summary indicates the changes introduced by the Act, which are now being gradually carried into operation :■ — Reorganization of Department. The Inspector-General of Schools becomes Director of Education, and the Assistant Inspector-General of Schools becomes the Assistant Director of Education. The Inspectors of primary schools, hitherto officers of the various Education Boards, are transferred to the Department. Advantages of Centralization of Inspectors. It is considered that the advantages of this change will be important and farreaching. For the first time a general system of grading the teachers of the Dominion according to efficiency is made possible; and there will now also be attainable a closer approximation to uniformity in the interpretation of regulations by Inspectors, and in the standard of attainment required by them for the award of certificates of proficiency and competency to primary-school scholars. A considerable variation of the standards set in the several education districts has hitherto been unavoidable. Further, Inspectors will now have a more general knowledge of conditions in all parts of the country and of the policy of the Government, and, as officers responsible to the Department, will be in a better position to give candid and impartial reports to the Minister upon all proposals for special expenditure., Again, a common control of Inspectors provides the only means of establishing a really efficient and economic organization of our educational system, and of making sound progress in co-ordination between all the parts. It may fairly be expected also that, through, the constant and close communication among those to whom the teachers mainly look for advice and guidance, and the unification of all efforts in accordance with a common national idea, much more can be done than has hitherto been possible to promote a well-ordered advance along approved lines of progress. Reduction in Number of Education Districts. The number of education districts is to be reduced, and the districts made more uniform in size. A Commission has been appointed to determine the precise number of districts and the boundaries thereof, and its report will shortly be laid before Parliament for final consideration. General Council of Education. The Act provides for the establishment of a General Council of Education, comprised of members some of whom are appointed by the Minister of Education and the rest by the various classes of teachers and by educational authorities. The functions of the Council will be to report to the Minister upon methods of education or developments therein deemed worthy of introduction into the Dominion, and generally upon matters that concern the provision of further facilities for education of a general or local character, or that, in connection with education, may be referred to it by the Minister. Teachers' Salaries and Staffs of Schools. Great improvements have been introduced in the salaries of teachers.. Grades of schools and grades of salary have been reduced in number, with the result that the range of salaries within the grades is materially increased, and the number of

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possible cases in which the position of a teacher might be affected by a fluctuation in the attendance of a school is materially lessened. Except for schools with sixteen to twenty pupils, the salaries of all grades have been increased. Through the joint operation of this Act and the Amendment Act of 1913 the minimum salary in any case payable, whether the teacher is certificated or uncertificated, is raised from £90 to £110, and annual increments are raised from £5 to £10, so that the maximum is reached in half the time ; also, in most instances the maximum is itself increased by amounts ranging from £10 to £90 per annum. Additional security is also given to the teacher of schools in a falling grade against a consequent loss of salary ; provision is made for the adoption of more uniform rules for payment during sickleave ; payment of removal expenses in certain cases is provided for; and there is also a provision for an addition to the scheduled salary of married assistants. The Act provides for a small immediate improvement, and ultimately for a considerable improvement, in the staffing of schools. The estimated cost of increased salaries and improved staffing due to the operation of the Act foi the year 1915 is about £60,000. Secondary Education. Grants to secondary schools, and in. particular to schools having little or no income from endowments, are increased so as to enable better salaries to be paid to the assistants in those schools. Definite staffing conditions are imposed, and minimum salaries which are better than the previous average salaries are now ensured for men and women respectively. The Act also makes it compulsory for all public secondary schools to give free places. » Scholarships. The duplicate system of National Scholarships and Education Board Scholarships There will now be only one systenrTof scholarships, called Junior and Senior National Scholarships, each tenable at a secondary school for two or more years, but for not more than five years in all. The competitive element has been removed from the award of scholarships, every child that proves its fitness by attaining a certain standard of efficiency and is otherwise eligible becoming entitled to a scholarship. On page 6 a diagram is given shewing the methods of progress from the primary school to the University under the free national system of education as it now exists. Election of Members of Education Boards and of School Committees. Considerable changes have been made in the constitution of Education Boards, the chief feature of which is the introduction of a distinction between urban and rural areas and the method of representation in each case. The period of tenure of office is also altered, being extended from three years to four years, half of the members retiring every second year. Provision is also made for the formation in certain circumstances of urban school districts, and, when an urban school district is formed, for the election of members of the School Committee on the municipal franchise. Such a Committee would have the management of all the schools within the borough or group of adjoining boroughs comprising the urban area. General. The payment of grants to Education. Boards has been revised, and the relation of the Boards' general and special funds has been more clearly defined. The grants for general purposes are in future to be allocated partly on the basis of a uniform capitation on the attendance and partly on a scale which the Act prescribes in connection with the allowances to School Committees for incidental expenses. Under the provisions of the Act the Boards and the School Committees are demonstrably better off in the aggregate than they were before. Further, subsidies are now payable on voluntary contributions to the funds of public primary schools

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as well, its of secondary, technical, and district high schools, to which such subsidies were previously confined. Kindergartens, classes for backward children, observation schools for the training of inexperienced country teachers, and visits of selected teachers to other countries also come within the purview of the Act.

Chart showing General Scheme of Free National Education in New Zealand as provided by the Education Act, 1914.

PRIMARY IBTCATION. Number of Public Schools. The number of public schools open, at the end of 1914 was 2,301, as against 2,255 for the year 1913, an increase of 46. In Table A below the schools are classified according to the yearly average attendance. In a number of cases schools maintained in grades under Schedule A of clause 2 of the Staffs and Salaries Regulations are included in this table in such grades, although, the average attendance of these schools respectively for 1914 was below the minimum of the grades as indicated in Table A. The classification is in accordance with the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908, which came into operation on the Ist January, 1909.

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Table A.—Number of Public Schools in each Grade, 1913 and 1914.

Of the total for 1914, 2,259 are mixed schools, 9 are separate schools (boys' 2, girls' 2, infants' 5), and 33 are side schools. Of the mixed schools 60 are district high schools, and 142 are half-time schools. The number of schools with two or more teachers in 1914 was 899, an increase of 14 over the number for the previous year. Of these schools there were 38 with an average attendance exceeding 600 in 1914, the number for 1913 being 37. Sole-teacher schools, those with not over 35 in average attendance, numbered 1,375 in 1914, an increase of 13 over the previous year ; but, as already stated, schools are in some cases maintained in a highei grade than their average attendance would appear to warrant, while on the other hand a number of schools in. charge of sole teachers at the beginning of the year had so risen in attendance as to be entitled to assistant teachers before the end of the year. When due allowance is made for such cases the number of sole-teacher schools is 1,402. The aggregate average attendance at these sole-teacher schools in 1914 was 24,622, or 15-5 per cent, of the total average attendance of the Dominion ; in 1913 the aggregate was 23,948, or 15-8 per cent. The average attendance per school in the case of soleteacher schools was 17-6, or, omitting schools below 16 in average attendance, 23-7. The number of small schools with an average not exceeding 15 has increased since 1913 from 585 to 611, and the number with an average attendance of 16 to 80 has increased from 1,268 to 1,276. The total number, therefore, of schools with not more than 80 in average attendance in 1914 was 1,887, an increase of 34 over the previous year. For the number of schools in each education district, classified in grades, reference should be made to Table Al in E.-2, Report on Primary Education. During the year 1914, 99 schools were closed. Several of these schools, although reckoned as closed in their original form, were reopened in another : in some cases two schools were amalgamated ; in some, half-time schools became separate fulltime schools ; and so on. Including such reopened schools, the total number of schools opened during the year was 145. The following list shows the number of schools opened and closed in each of the various education districts : —

Table Aa.—Increases in Number of Public Schools.

Grade (as in Education Amendment Aot, 1908). Number of 1913. Sohooli 1914. Is. „,,._, .. , , Number of Sohool Grade (as in Eduoation Amendment Aot, 1908). — | — 0. (1-8) 1. (9-15) II. (16-25) III. (26-35) TV. (36-80) V. (81-120) VT i VIa. (121-160) .. ; V . VIb. (161-200) .. VTT | VIIa. (201-250) .. V I VIIb. (251-300) .. I VIIIa. (301-350) .. VIII. VIIIb. (351-400) .. IVIIIc. (401-450) .. 173 412 480 297 ' 491 125 59 34 35 28 29 13 13 168 443 458 306 512 125 56 40 40 20 39 11 0 I IXa. (451-500) ' .. ! 13 18 IX. ! XIb. (501,-550) .. 13 9 I IXc. (551-600) .. 3 9 / Xa. (601-650) .. 15 12 Xb. (651-700) .. 3 5 Xo. (701-750) .. , . 8 i 8 Xi>. (751-800) .. ! 5 7 X. Xb. (801-850) .. 3 3 Xf. (851-900) .. 2 3 Xg. (901-950) .. 1 Xh. (951-1,000) Xi. (1,001-1.050) .. Totals .. .. 2,255 2,301 2,255 2,301

'District. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Marlborough Nelson Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland Number of Number of Schools closed. Schools opened. T7 ~4T" ~~69~ 2 5 ..5 7 ..7 4 4 12 ..9 9 5 8 1 2 1 3 7 ..3 3 .. 2 11 .. ! 7 9 Increase in Number of Schools. 20 3 2 8 3 4 9 2 Decrease in Number of Schools. 3 i i Increase in 1914, 46. 145 99 145 _61 51 5 5

E.—1. Roll Number. (E.-2, Tables Bl and El.) The average weekly roll number of public schools for 1914 showed an increase for each quarter over that for the corresponding period in 1913. The mean of the average weekly roll for the four quarters also showed an increase in every education district. The figures for the Dominion were : — Including Secondary Excluding Secondary Departments of Dis- Departments of District Schools. trict High Schools. Year 1914 .. .. .. .. 175,570 173,470 Year 1913 .. .. .. 169,530 167,457 Increase in 1914 .. .. .. 6,040 6,013 • Increase per cent, in 1914 .. .. 3-6 3-6 Reference to the following graph and to Table B will show the increase in the average weekly roll of public schools in the Dominion since the year 1878.

Increase in the Average Weekly Roll of Public Schools from the Year 1883 to the Year 1914.

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Every education district showed an increase in the roll number at the end of the year. The increase in the North Island amounted to 4-5 per cent., and in the South Island to 2-6 per cent. The figures for the Dominion were as follows : — Including Secondary Excluding Secondary Departm* nte of Bis- Departments of District High Schools. trict High Schools. Number on roll at end of 1914 .. .. .. 178,509 176,613 1913 .. .. .. 172,168 170,331 Increase in 1914 .. .. .. .. 6,341 6,282 Increase per cent. .. .. . . .. 3'B 37 Table B below shows the mean average roll number for every fifth year from 1878 to 1903, and for each of the last twelve years ; the table gives also the total average attendance for each year, the average attendance as a percentage of the roll (including secondary departments of district high schools), and the number of teachers employed in the public schools.

Table B. —Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

An estimate of the actual roll number of all children receiving primary education * can be obtained by taking into account children in attendance at public schools (exclusive of secondary departments of district high schools), Native-village schools, schools at the Chatham Islands, private primary schools subject to inspection, and the lower departments of secondary schools. The figures will then be— Average Weekly Roll Nomber. Public schools (less secondary departments of district high 1913. 1914. schools) .. .. .; .. .. .. 167,457 173,470 Native-village sohools .. .. .. .. 4,835 5,053 Chatham Island schools . . .. . . .. 98 98 Private primary schools .. .. .. .. 15,350 16,309 Lower departments of secondary schools . . .. 351 * 362* Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 809 732 Total average weekly roll of primary scholars .. 188,900 196,024 * Number on roll at end of year. Attendance. (E.-2, Tables B 1, B 2, B 3, and E 1.) The following figures show the average attendance at public schools during the years 1913 and 1914 :— Average attendance for all districts in 1914 .. .. .. .. 158,134 1913 .. .. .. .. 151,242 Increase in 1914 .. .. ... .. .. .. 6,£92 Increase per cent. ~ .. ~ .. .. .., 4-7

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I Number . Year. of Schools. Number of Teachers. Mean Average n ,.° „„ Average \ Attendai ce wlSvif Attendance, | as PercentwceKiy W hole Year. age of a ° 11. Weekly Roll. Adults. Pupil-teachers. 1878 .. .. .. 748 1883 .. .. .. 971 1888 .. .. .. 1,158 1893 .. .. .. 1,375 1898 .. .. .. 1,655 1903 .. .. .. 1,780 1904 .. .. .. 1,827 1905 .. .. .. 1,851 1906 .. .. .. 1,921 1907 .. .. .. 1,963 1908 .. .. .. 1,998 1909 .. .. .. 2,057 1910 .. .. .. 2,096 1.911 .. .. .. 2,166 1912 .. .. .. 2,214 1913 .. .. .. 2,255 1914 .. .. .. 2,301 i I •48,773 i ' 90,859 69,838 76-9 : 113,636 t90,108 79-3 125,692 J100,321 | 79-8 133,782 111,636 83-4 134,748 113,047 ; 83-9 130,282 116,506 ! 85-5 138,471 120,265 I 86-9 140,320 | 121,958 ! 86-9 141,946 120,026 ! 84-6 145,974 127,160 | 87-1 151,142 132,773 87-8 154,756 135,738 | 87-7 159,299 142,186 j 89-3 164,492 : 146,282 889 169,530 ; 151,242 : 89-2 175,570 j 158,134 j 90-1 M. F. Total. ! M. F. Total. 707 454 1,161 118 332 450 905 656 1,561 159 571 730 1,039 887 1,926 j 219 694 913 1,107 1,096 2,203 ' 238 825 ' 1,063 1,234 1,370 2,604 i 229 831 1,060 1,270 1,726 2,996 i 147 552 j 699 1,272 j 1,797 3,069 ! 144 505 ! 649 1,302 1,835 3,137 . 151 528 ' 679 1,314 [ 1,887 3,201 153 518 ; 671 1,332 I 1,955 ! 3,287 172 478 650 1,331 2,021 j 3,352 161 476 ; 637 1,406 2,208 i 3,614 166 530 : 696 1,456 2,252 I 3,708 \ 174 526 : §700 1,493 2,351 3,844 j 179 528 §707 1,555 2,550 4,105 I 162 476 §638 1,603 2,659 4,262 i 142 474 , §616 1,628 2,820 4,448 I 139 470 ! §609 * Average of three quarters. t probationers ; 1911—exclusive of 41 mail 1913—exclusive of 41 male and 224 feuial Strict average. X Working average. 3 and 178 female probationers ; 1912—ex le piobatiouera; 1914 —exclusive of 45 ma § 1910—Exclusive of 32 male and 151 female :clusive or 36 male and 186 female probationers; lie and 278 female probationers.

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The increase during the year 1914 in the average attendance was 4-7, as compared with an increase of 3-6 in the average weekly roll number. The attendance per cent, of roll in 1914 was 90-1, as compared with. 89-2 in 1913 and 89-3 in 1,91.1 —the highest percentage previously attained. The following figures indicate the attendance per cent, of roll for the last six years : — ... . J Attendance per Cent, of Roll. 1909 .. .. .. .. .. .. 87-8 1910 .. .. ' .. .. .. .. 87-7 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-3 1912 ' .'. .. .. .. .. .. 88-9 1913 .. .... .. .. .. 89-2 1914 .. .. . . .. .. .. 90-1 Keference to the graph below will show the improvement in the attendance percentage since the year 1878.

Percentage of Average Attendance as compared with the Average Roll Number of Primary Schools for the Years 1879-1914.

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Every education district, with the exception of Grey and Westland, shows an improvement in the attendance percentage on the preceding year, sickness and inclement weather being given, as the reasons for a falling-off in. those districts. Marlborough, with an increase of I*6 per cent., shows the most marked improvement on the previous year, and North Canterbury comes next with an increase of I*s per cent. The excellent percentage of 92-7 attained in the Otago District constitutes a record for that district and for the Dominion ; Marlborough, comes second with a percentage of 91-6; and Hawke's Bay, with 91-1 per cent., is third. As will be seen from the figures below (the latest in the Department's possession), the percentage of regularity in New Zealand is higher than in. several of the more closely settled English-speaking countries. This must be regarded as distinctly creditable when New Zealand's widely scattered population and the difficulties of transit in remote districts are taken into consideration. Attendance per Cent, of Roll. New Zealand . . .. . . 90-1 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. 89-1 England .. ' .. .. .. .. .. 88-8 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. 874 United States .. .. .. .. .. 73-2 Treknd .. .. .. . . . . . . 71-3 Conditions in some of the Australian States closely resemble those obtaining in New Zealand. For this reason a comparison is of more than ordinary interest : — Attendance por Cent, of Roll. New Zealand .. .. . . . . .. 90' I Western Australia .. .. .. .. 87"2 New South Wales .. .. .. .. .. 798 Tasmania .. .. .. .. .. .. 78-0 Queensland .. .. .. .. .. .. 76' I* Victoria .. .. ... .. .. .. 740* South Australia .. .. .. .. .. 73-7* * Baaed on average daily attendance as a proportion of net enrolment, or number of distinct children on rolls during year. The high standard of regularity now attained may no doubt be accounted for to a large extent by the influence of the law, which since 1910 has required every child between the ages of seven and fourteen years (with certain, exemptions) to attend a public school whenever it is opened. Other very important factors, howe*Ver, in bringing about the improvement in the attendance are undoubtedly the awakened and more intelligent interest of parents in the progress of their children, and also the improved and brightened conditions of school life, which make the children unwilling to absent themselves from school. The average daily attendance in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each quarter of the years 1913 and 1914 was as follows : — Average Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1913. 1914. 11113. 1914. First quarter .. .. .. .151,223 156,469 90"5 90-6 Second quarter >.. .. .. 151,057 155,957 897 89-6 Third quarter .. .. .. 149,218 158,217 87"9 900 Fourth quarter .. .. .. 153,471 161,893 88-6 90-1 Whole year.. ... .. 151,242 158,1.34 89-2 90-1 The figures given above represent those in attendance at all public schools, including district high schools. The following figures represent the total number of children in average attendance at schools giving primary instruction subject to inspection : — 1913. 1914. Public schools (excluding secondary departments of district 149,359 156,211 high schools) Native-village schools .. .. .. .. 4,142 4,385 Chatham Island schools .. .. .. .. 82 85 Private primary schools .. .. .. .. 13,513 14,809 Lower departments of secondary schools .. .. 307 337 Special schools .. .. .. .. .. 780 710 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 168,183 176,537

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Age and Sex of Pufils. (E.-2, Table 01.) Table C shows the age and sex of the pupils on the rolls of the public schools of the Dominion at the end of 1914, and the percentage of the roll for each age.

Table C.—Age and Sex of Pupils, December, 1914.

Age. —It will be seen that during the last five years there has been very little difference in the proportion of the various ages : 54 per cent, of the children are under ten and 46 per cent, are over that age. The following shows a comparison between the conditions of public elementary schools in England and the schools of the Dominion : — •England. New Zealand. 5 and under 7 years of age .. .. .. .. 22-7 18-6 7 „ 12 „ .. .. .. 58-2 56-7 12 15 „ .. .. •• .. 18-9 22-9 15 years of age and over .. .. .. .. ..0-2 1-8 * Excluding children from three to five years of age. Sex —Deductions from Table C show that for every 100 boys on the roll there are 92 girls. According to the census of 1911 there were 97 girls between the ages of five and fifteen for every 100 boys. Thus, although 49-2 per cent, of the child population were girls, only 47-9 per cent, of the children in attendance at the . public schools were of that sex. The fact that more girls than boys ieceive their education at private schools accounts to some extent for this difference. Girls apparently leave the primary school at an earlier age than boys also, for of children over thirteen years of age, for every 100 boys there were only 88 girls. In spite of this it may be remarked that for every 100 boys in Standard VI there were 91 girls, showing that girls pass through their standards in a shoiter average time than do boys. Classification and Examination. (E.-l, Tables 1) I andD3.) Taole Dl in E.-2 shows the number of children in each education district arranged according to class. The following table is a summary for the Dominion : —

Table D.—Classification of Pupils at Public Schools, December, 1914.

Ages. 1914. Percentages for Five Years. Boys. Girls. Total. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. 5 and under 6 years .. 6 . 7 „ .. 7 . 8 ,. .. '8 .. 9 „ 9 „ 10 „ 10 „ 11 „ 11 , 12 „ 12 „ 13 „ 13 ,. It . 14 ., 15 „ 7,356 6,858 14,214 .. 10,099 9,254 19,353 .. 10,544 9,906 20,450 .. 10,908 i 9,894 20,802 .. 10,528 | 9,906 j 20,434 .. 10,559 9,696 I 20,255 .. 9,745 9,041 18,786 .. 9,213 8,500 17,713 .. i 7,983 7,315 15,298 .. 4,342 3,562 7,904 ! , I . 84 8-4 7-9 80 8-0 11-2 111 10-9 10-6 10-9 115 120 11-9 11-8 ' 11-5 11-4 11-5 11-9 118 11-7 11-3 111 11-2 11-7 i 11-4 10-9 10 9 10 8 10-9 11-3 10-2 10-5 10-7 10-5 10-5 100 9-6 10-2 10-2 , 9-9 8-5 8-4 8-2 8-4 -8'6 45 4-5 4-3 4-3 4;4 _____ 15 and over 91,277 83,932 175,209 1,808 1,492 3,300 83,932 1,492 83,932 175,209 97-9 98-0 98-0 1,492 3,300 2-1. 2-0 2-0 85,424 178,509 100-00 100-00 10000 175,209 3,300 97-9 2-1 97-9 98-0 98-0 98-2 98-2 2-1. 2-0 2-0 1-8 1-8 98-0 2-0 98-0 2-0 98-2 98-2 1-8 1-8 1.0000 100-00 Total- .. .. 93,085 85,424 178,509 100-00 10000 10000 10000 100-01

a< b: Classes. Boys. Girls. Total. Percentages for Five Years. ilass P .. „ SI .. . S2.. . S3 . . . 84.. , SB.. . SO .. ,, S7.. Totals.. - .. 34,195 30,660 11,203 i 10,418 .. : 11,411 10,477 .. , 11,164 10,258 .. | 9,906 9,380 .. ' 8,390 7,817 5,643 5,160 .. | 1,173 1,254 93,085 S5,424 I I I ' 1910. < 1911. ! 1912. 1913. ' 64,855 I 37-15 ! 37-30 , 36-70 86-22 ; 21,621 12-17 12-34 12-40 12-39 21,888 11-94 11-90 12-25 12-32 21,422 11-44 11-59 11-70 11-90 i 19,286 10-39 10-48 10-73 10-84 16,207 9-10 8-72 8-85 8'97 i 10,803 6-16 6-21 5-97 6-02 2,427 ; 1-65 | 1-46 1-40 1-34 178,509 100-00 100-00 100-00 100-00 J I 'I 19H. 36-33 12-11 12-26 12-01 10-80 9'08 6-05 1-36 100-00

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The proportion, of children in the preparatory classes, it is to be regretted, shows again a tendency to increase. The proportion decreased from 37-30 per cent, in 1911 to 36-22 in 1913. In 1914 it rose again to 36-33 per cent. There has been no corresponding increase in the proportion of children between the agef of five and eight years, the percentage being 30-4 for both years 1913 and 1914. Table DlAin E.-2 gives more detailed information in regard to the classification and age of pupils. The following is a summary of the examination statistics for 1914 as compared with the figures for 1913 :— 1913. 1914. Total roll at time of annual examination ... 173,459 179,697 Present at examination ... ... ... 164,197 172,115 Present in preparatory classes ... ... 57,869 60,987 Present in classes SB ... ... ... 10,283 10,967 Present in classes S7 ... ... ... 2,006 1,997 Standard VI certificates gained, viz., — Certificates of proficiency ... 7,489) „ „o 4 (8,195) 10 ~„ competency ... 1,835) ' 11, 9641 Details of these figures for each district are given in Table D 2 in E.-2. The variation in the percentages of certificates granted in the several education distiicts is very marked. In the case of proficiency certificates the percentages varied from 49 to 82 in 1914, and in the case of competency certificates from 10-5 to 27. It will be interesting to observe, in the future, if the centralization of the inspectorate will result in minimizing these differences. The percentages of certificates granted for the whole Dominion in 1914 were —Proficiency, 74-7 per cent. ; competency, 17-9 per cent. . Average Age. —The average ages of the pupils in the several classes for the two years 1913 and 1914 were as follows :■ — 1913. 1914. Yrs. mos. Yrs. mos. Preparatory classes .. .. .. .. ..71 71 Class SI .. .. .. .. .. ..91 91 „ S2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 2 10 I „ S3 11 3 11 2 „ S4 ... .. .. 12 2 12 3 „ 85 .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 2 13 1 ~ Sfi .. .. .. .. .. .. 14 0 13 II „ S7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 0 15 2 Mean of average age .. .. .. .. ..910 99 Details for the several districts will be found in Table D 3 of E.-2. The mean of the average age varies very little from year to year. Private Primary Schools. By section 133 of the Education Act, 1914, where the teacher or managers of any private school apply to have such school inspected the Director is required to arrange for the inspection of such school, to be conducted in like manner as the inspection of public schools. If the Senior Inspector reports such school to be efficient the school is thereupon to be registered as a primary or secondary school, as the case may be. As, subject to the provisions of the Act, every child between the ages of seven and fourteen years is required to attend a public school or other registered school, there is indirectly a compulsion on all private schools to become subject to inspection. The following are particulars in regard to private schools inspected in 1913 and 1914 under the provisions of the Education Act of 1908: — 1913. 1914. Total number of schools subject to inspection .. .. 166 186 Total roll number .. .. .. .. ..15,350 16,309 Average attendance .. .. .. .. .. 13,513 14,809 Total roll at annual examination .. .. .. 14,659 16,440 Number present at annual examination .. .. .. 13,773 15,431 Number present in preparatory classes .. .. .. 5,806 6,690 Number present in S6 .. .. .. .. .. 912 1,055 Number present in S7 .. .. .. .. .. 205 231 Number of proficiency certificates issued .. .. .. 511 607 Number of competency certificates issued .. .. 181 198 Particulars for various education districts are given in Table D 4 of E.-2.

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Conveyance of Children. Conveyance by Rail. —Since the year 1895 children out of the reach of a primary school, but living near to a convenient line of railway, have been granted free passes to the nearest public school or private school; in 1902 this privilege was extended to holders of scholarships and free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools ; and at the beginning of 1909 the same concession was granted to other secondary pupils who were compelled to travel by rail in order to attend school. The amount paid on this account for railway fares in the years I!) 13-14 and 1914-15 was as follows : — 1913-14, 1914-15. £ £ Primary pupils .. .. .. .. .. 4,041 5,095 Pupils attending— (a.) Secondary schools .. .. .. .. 2,752 3,285 „ (6.) District high schools .. .. .. 1,017 1,092 (c.) Technical schools .. .. .. .. 5,306 6,684 £13,119 £16,156 Conveyance by Road and Water. —Tn addition to the provision for conveyance by rail, section 32 (1) of the Education Act provides that Boards may, where the necessity arises, arrange for conveyance by road and water. In districts in which the population is scattered and the necessary facilities are available due advantage has been taken of this section of the Act. An allowance is also made in aid of the board of any child who, on account of distance, is compelled to live away from home in order to attend a public school. Payment to Education Boards for expenditure incurred is made on the following basis: — (a.) 6d. per return trip for each child over seven years of age conveyed to the nearest public school ; provided that the child's home is over three miles from the school by the nearest road. (b.) 6d. per return trip for each child over five years of age conveyed by ferry to enable him (or her) to attend a public school. (c.) 2s. 6d. a week for the board for each child over five years of age who through impracticability of conveyance has to live away from home in order to attend a public school ; provided that the home in which the child is boarded is distant from the school not more than two miles if the child is under ten years of age, and not more than three miles in any other case, and that the regularity of the child's attendance at school is at least 85 per cent. (d.) Half the amount expended by the Board on the conveyance (including ferrying) and board of all children over five years of age in excess of the allowances received under (a), (b), and (c). Riding-horses and bicycles are excluded from the means of conveyance on account of which the allowance will be made. The total amount paid in 1914-15 to twelve Education Boards for conveyance by road and water and for board of children was £7,204, as against £5,718 in 1913-14. The combined amount paid for conveyance by rail, road, and water and for board of children in attendance at public schools during 1914-15 was therefore £23,360, as against an expenditure of £18,837 for the previous year. Class-books and School and Class Libraries. During the year grants were given for establishing and maintaining school and class libraries. These grants come under two heads : — (a.) A capitation grant at the rate of 3d. per head on the average attendance was paid to Boards for the purpose of supplying schools

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with supplementary continuous readers in sufficient numbers for class-reading in P to S6 inclusive, and also for the free supply of class-books in necessitous cases or in. cases where a newly entered pupil had already purchased elsewhere class-books different from those in use in the school. After provision was made for the supply of such books, the balance of the grant, if any, was spent on approved books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. (b.) Further to encourage school libraries provision was made for the payment of subsidies of £1 for £1 on moneys raised by voluntary contributions for the purpose of establishing, maintaining, or increasing the utility of school libraries that contained books suitable for individual reading in school or at home. It was, of course, necessary to fix certain limits to the amounts of the subsidies. For the year ended 31st December, 1914, the subsidies on moneys so raised for any school library during that year could not exceed 6d. per head on the average attendance at the school for the year 1913, and in no case would the subsidy for any one school exceed £7 10s. The books purchased are to be suitable for individual reading in school or at home, and are to be approved by the Board or its Inspector. Due attention is to be paid to providing books suitable for the individual reading of pupils in the lower classes. Under the Education Act, 1914, provision is made for the payment by the Government of subsidies on all voluntary contributions received by public schools for such purposes of the schools as are to be defined by regulations. In consequence the special subsidy hitherto payable on voluntary contributions for school -libraries will in future form part of the subsidies paid under the general authorization contained in. section 159 of the Act. In addition, however, Education Boards, under section 37 of the Act, are now required to provide a, further subsidy on amounts raised locally by public supbcription or otherwise for school and class libraries. The "School Journal," other Publications, Charts, etc. The School Journal has now completed its eighth year of issue. It is published » monthly, except that there are no issues for the months of December and January, when most of the schools are closed for the summer vacation. To provide readingmatter for the time the schools are open during the month of December, the November number is considerably enlarged. The School Journal is published in three parts suited to the varying capacities of the pupils ; and to public schools, to Native schools, special schools, and certain other institutions more or less under departmental control or supervision, copies are sent in. sufficient numbers to provide each pupil on the roll of the standard classes with, a copy of the appropriate part. To the institutions just mentioned the School Journal is supplied free of cost, and to a very large number of private schools it is supplied at moderate rates. Of the November issue (the last for the year) the number of copies printed was —-Part I, 53,150 ; Part 11, 51,200 ; Part 111, 40,300. In addition to the illustrations appearing in the pages of the School Journal. pictures and prints illustrating geography, history, and nature-study are issued separately on cards as aids to oral instruction on modern lines in these subjects. Further progress was made with the plates to be issued in connection with " A Manual of New Zealand Mollusca," by Mr. Suter ; the work will be completed shortly. The volumes of plates prepared in connection with Mr. Cheeseman's " Manual of New Zealand Flora " were completed. The departmental library contains a large number of educational books and papers, most of which are available on loan to Inspectors, teachers of primary or secondary schools, and others interested in education.

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Medical Inspection. (Appondix F of E.-2.) The work of medical inspection was continued during the year 1914 on the lines previously laid down. The staff of four Medical Inspectors which, it is recognized, must be increased as soon as circumstances permit visited as many schools as possible of Grade IV and upwards, examining children of Standard II and children that were suspected of suffering from some physical defect. Children previously examined were also re-examined for the purpose of ascertaining if their defects had been cured or attended to. The number of schools visited during the year was 403, and the number of children examined was 16,019. Of this number 10,248 were pupils taken at the routine examination, and the remainder—s,77l —were special cases thought to be suffering from some defect. The Medical Inspectors do not treat cases, but where necessary recommend the parents to obtain medical attention for their children. Although in some cases the expense involved is an obstacle, the percentage of cases that are found to have been treated is generally high, sometimes being as satisfactory as 70 or 80 per cent. The Medical Inspectors also report that the number of special cases brought up for their inspection each year is rapidly growing smaller. The most common defect found in the medical examinations is that of decayed and neglected teeth, 68 per cent, of the children inspected at the routine examination being found to suffer from this cause. The percentage is lower than that given for the previous year, and it is hoped that the policy of insisting on cleanliness and other preventive measures will tend steadily to lessen the prevalence of this harmful disease. Forty-three per cent, of the children are recorded, as having enlarged glands ; a large percentage of these defects, however, are not of a serious nature, and dental disease is a cause to which the presence of enlarged glands may frequently be attributed. The percentage of children suffering from malnutrition was 19, as compared with 23 for the previous year. This number includes bad and medium cases, and it is pointed out that want of food is seldom the cause of the unsatisfactory condition of the children's physical condition. The worst cases are reported as coming from the congested areas of the towns and the remote country districts. Ignorance and lack of time on the part of parents, excessive strain on the strength of the children before and after school, and poor and cramped, conditions in the home, -are all causes which may to some extent account for a condition of malnutrition. There is little doubt that the efforts of the Medical Inspectors and the physical instruction now given are having an excellent result in the diminution of the number of cases of obstructed breathing among school-children. Twenty-four per cent, of the children examined at the routine examination were suffering from this cause, and nearly one-third of the special cases dealt with. Physical deformities happily show a smaller percentage than in the previous year. Their existence is to some extent, in the opinion of the Medical Inspectors, attributable to the use of unsuitable desks. Especially in the case of younger children, shorter lesson periods with intervals for physical drill or breathing-exercises in the open air in this connection are strongly recommended. In addition to the work carried out by the Medical Inspectors, school-teachers examine as many children as they conveniently can, keeping a record of such particulars of physical condition as they are qualified to observe. The heights and weights of over 17,000 children were observed and recorded by teachers during the year ; and the graph given on page 17 shows that according to the statistics thus obtained the average New Zealand child is superior to the English child in these particulars. The Medical Inspectors gave courses of lectures and practical instruction to the training-college students in the work of medical inspection. This is regarded as one of the most important parts of the scheme of medical inspection; the value of having teachers trained to observe physical defects in their pupils and to do everything possible to create a healthful school environment is incalculable.

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The Medical Inspectors report on the school buildings in respect of lighting, heating, ventilation, cleanliness, &c, and have been able to suggest many improvements where little or no expense is involved. Emphasis is placed on the value of fresh air, open-air teaching being strongly recommended. One open-air class-room has been built in Wellington, and the experiment of teaching children in it thioughout the year is at present being made.

Table Q8 (in Appendix F of E.-2).— Comparison of the Average Weights and Heights of 17,000 New Zealand Children with 800,000 English Children.

The expenditure on medical inspection for the financial year ended 31st March, 1915, was —Salaries, £1,744; travelling-expenses, £433; material, apparatus, forwarding-charges, &c, £125 : total, £2,302. Physical Education. Substantial progress has been made during the past year in the system of physical education inaugurated at the beginning of 1913. Training classes for teachers have now been held in all the education districts, affording the opportunity to public-school teachers generally of receiving a training in the theory and in the practical application of the exercises. The total number of teachers who up to the 31st March last had attended these classes was 3,728 (including some of the Native-school teachers and some teachers of private schools whose schools are subject to inspection by the departmental Inspectors), representing 1,606 schools and over 135,000 children.

3—E. 1.

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Particular attention is given to the instruction of students at the training ' colleges. At almost all the teachers' training classes the majority of the men were camped in tents, the Department possessing a complete equipment for this purpose, while the women found suitable lodgings in all cases where they came from a distance. In addition to providing transit expenses teachers were maintained free in camp, or were paid a maintenance allowance up to £1 per week. The inspection of the instruction in physical exercises as it is being carried out in the schools has been proceeded with as far as possible and as opportunity offered in the intervals between the dates fixed for the training classes. Now, however, that the classes have been completed the services of the instructors, of whom there are seven men and four women, are available for the systematic inspection of all schools ; and, where "required to do so, the instructors will also assist the teachers by giving object-lessons and advice for the proper conduct of physical training. • It is regretted that the death of the first Director of Physical Education," the late Mr. Eoyd Garlick, who died on the 20th February, 1915, has to be recorded. A man with high ideals of 'training, he was animated with an earnest desire to place physical education Jbn a sound and scientific footing. At a later date steps will be taken to fill the vacancy by the appointment of an officer under whom the work of the medical inspection of schools and of physical education will be carried out under a common direction In the meantime satisfactory arrangements have been made for the carrying-on of the system. The expenditure on physical education for the year ended the 31st March, 1915, was as follows : Salaries of Director and staff, £2,771 ; training classes, including for teachers, £3,706 ; equipment for training classes, £224; travelling allowances and expenses, £1,800; sundries, including advertising, books, office-cleaning, freight, &c, £330: total, £8,831. The receipts from sales of Junior Cadet equipment from schools where the cadet corps have been disbanded amounted to £590. Staffs op Public Schools. The number of teachers in the public schools, exclusive of those employed in the secondary departments of district high schools, in December, 1913, and December, 1914, respectively, was as follows : —

Table E.—Number of Teachers employed in Primary Departments of Public Schools.

Men. Women. Total. Men. Women. Total. M.en. i women. xoiai. men. women. aol„i. Men. 1,603 142 1913. Women. 2,659 I 474 Total. 4,262 616| 1914. Men. Women. 1,628 2,820 139 470 Total. Adult teachers .. .'.," 1,603 2,659 4,262 1,628 2,820 4,448 Pupil-teachers .. .. 142 474 616| 139 470 609* 4,448 609* Total .. ...| 1,745 3,133 4,878 1,767 3,290 5,057 1,745 3,133 4,878 Number of Adult Teachers (included above). her of Adult Teachers [included al Head teachers .. .. 767 104 871 771 113 884 Sole teachers .. .. 486 812 1,298 483 829 1,312$ Assistants .. .. .. 350 1,743 2,093 374 1,878 2,252 Total .. .. 1,603 2,659 4,262 1,628 2,820 4,448 * Exclusive of 45 male and 278 female probationers. 767 104 486 812 350 1,743 871 1,298 2,093 f Exolusive of 41 male and 224 femalo probationers. J The number of sole teachers does not agree with the number of sole-teacher schools because of the fact that there are a number of half-time schools groups of which are in charge of a, sole teaoher, and also a number of side sohools the teaohers of which are not regarded as sole teachers.

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The number of pupils per teacher in the several grades or groups of schools is shown below, two pupil-teachers being counted as equivalent to one adult teacher, and probationers not being included on the staff. Average Number of Children per Teacher. Grades 0 and I (1-15 in average attendance, one teacher) .. .. 10 - 0 Grades II and 111 (16-35, one teacher).. .. .. .. 23-2 Grades IV-X (over 35, two or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 38-7 Grades VII-X (over 200, six or more teachers) .. .. .. .. 46 - 9 All schools .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 33T Grades 11-X (over 15) .. .. .. .. .. .. 35-9 The staffing of schools in countries considered to be advanced in educational progress, as compared with that of New Zealand schools with an average attendance of over 200, is shown in the figures below, and apparently there is still room for improvement in the staffing of the larger schools of the Dominion. The Education Act of 1914 provides for an immediate small improvement" and an ultimate considerable improvement in the staffing of schools. The scale of staffing under the former Acts (1908 and 1913) was one teacher for each 40 or part of 40 children up to 200 in average attendance, then one additional teacher for each 50 or part of 50. The scale in the new Act will give one teacher for each 40 or part of 40 up to 400 in average attendance, and then one additional teacher for each 50 or part of 50. Average Number op Children per Adult Teacher (counting Two Pupil-teachers as One Adult). London (County Council schools) .. .. .. .. 36-1 England (Board of Education schools) .. .. .. .. .. 32-8 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 36-6 New York State .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 264 United States .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 25-2 Switzerland .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 44-0 „ (Canton of Geneva) .. .. .. .. .. 24"0 New Zealand (schools over 200) .. .. ... .. ..46-9 (all schools) .. .. .. .. .. .. 33-1 » The following figures show the ratio of males to females, adult teachers and pupil-teachers being considered separately. For purposes of comparison the figures for the previous years are also given. 1912. 1913. 1914. M. F. M. F. M. F. Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with Ito 15 scholars 100 : 356 100 : 349 100 : 385 Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, schools with more than 15 scholars.. .. .. .. 100:151* 100:152 100:159* Ratio of adult male to adult female teachers, all schools .. .. 100 : 164* 100 : 166 100 : 173* Ratio of male pupil-teachers to female pupil-teachers .. .. .. 100 : 293 100 : 334 100 : 338 Ratio of male to female teachers, all schools .. .. .. .. 100 : 177* 100 : 180 100 : 186* * The increase is due to the appointment of additional assistant teaohers in lieu of pupil-teachers in Grades V and Vla in 1912, and in Grades Vlb and VIIIb in 1914. Very few of the assistants so appointed were males. The proportion of female teachers to male teachers shows a small increase in each section on the previous year. In the case of small sole-teacher schools and pupil-teachers the proportion of female teachers is high. This circumstance is readily explained by the fact that the maximum salary in such schools is too small

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to attract male teachers. In its bearing on the matter it is also to be noted that many women teachers remain only a short time in the service, so that as a natural result the proportion of women teachers decreases as the years of service increase. With the exceptions mentioned the proportion of the two sexes must be regarded -as quite satisfactory. In the Auckland District, for example, the ratio of adult males to adult females was as high as 100 : 127, or 100 : 121 if teachers of Grades 0 and I schools are excluded. If we take into consideration the corresponding proportion for primary-school teachers, secondary teachers in district high schools, and secondary schools (exclusive of part-time teachers), and for students in training colleges respectively, the ratio of males to females is as follows : — 1907. 1911. 1912. 1913. 19H. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Adult primary teachers (omitting schools of Grades 0 and I) 100 : 124 100 : 142 100 : 151 100 : 152 lOOj 159 Pupil-teachers .. .. 100 : 277 100 : 295 100 : 293 100 : 334 100 :" 338 Secondary teachers .. .. 100 :77 100 :84 100 :82 100 : 83 100 :83 Training-college students .. 100 : 315 100 : 197 100 : 252 100 : 251 100 : 249 (hit of a total of 5,874 persons engaged in the above-named branches of the teaching profession, there were, in 1914, 2,101 men and 3,773 women. It will be interesting to see how these figures compare with those from other parts of the world—England, Scotland, and the United States, for instance. In comparing this Dominion with such old-established countries it is necessary to bear in mind that in the latter, the population being comparatively dense and the facilities for transit more numerous, there are few schools corresponding to our Grade oor Grade I schools. Consequently such schools are omitted from the New Zealand figures. Ratio op Women Teaohers' to Men Teachers in Other Countries. England Scotlan 1 United New (Board of Education). ' States. Zealand. M. F. M. F. M. F. M. F. Adult primary teachers 100 : 292 100 : 274 100 : 378 100 : 159 Secondary teachers .. 100 : 98 * 100 : 130 100 :83 Training-college students 100 : 175 100 : 496 100 : 400 100 : 249 * Information not available. It is apparent from these fig'ares that in the supply of male teachers New Zealand compares favourably with other countries. As about one-half of the children in our public schools are under ten years of age, and one-half of the remainder are girls, it is contended that women teachers are the most suitable for about three-quarters of the school population. It is clear, therefore, that if the proportion of women to men on the staff was much greater, there would still be no cause for alarm as to the efficiency of our staffing. It will be interesting to observe whether the improved salaries provided under the new Act will attract a larger proportion of men to the teaching profession. Salaries of Public-school Teachers. The total amount of all salaries and allowances as at the 31st December, 1914, was £741,136, an increase of £48,241 over that of 1913. This includes pupilteachers' salaries and allowances, £30,185 ; probationers' salaries and allowances, £13,695 ; additional amounts paid to head teachers of district high schools, £1,650 ; and house allowances, £17,695, to head or sole teachers who had no residence provided. However, the. total does not include the corresponding amounts saved in

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rent where houses are provided, estimated at £27,545. The average rates of salary for adult teachers in public primary schools were, — (1.) All schools— 1913. 1914. (a.) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents where £ s. d. £ s. d. residences are provided .. .. .. .. 149 1 1 152 15 7 Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 199 10 5 204 0 0 women .. .. .. 118 12 7 123 4 2 (b.) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 159 8 5 162 19 0 Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 219 7 8 223 16 7 women .. .. 123 5 6 127 16 4 (2.) Schools with average attendance over fifteen— (a.) Excluding house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 158 8 4. 161 18 I Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 207 14 0 211 13 4 women .. .. .. .. .. 126 0 3 130 10 8 (b.) Including house allowances and amounts saved in rents .. 170 3 5 172 811 Namely, men .. .. .. .. .. 229 1 2 232,. 5 1 women .. .. .. '.. .. 131 9 2 134 14 10 An examination of the salaries-list shows that 871 male teachers, representing 53*5 per cent, of the number of male teachers in primary schools, receive a salary of £200 per annum or over. If the schools with an average attendance of 15 or less are excluded, the percentage rises to 58*2. In England 17*1 per cent, of certificated male teachers receive a salary of £200 per annum or over.

Number of Adult Teachers in Public Schools, together with the Average Salaries and Total Expenditure on Salaries for the Years 1894, 1900, and for each Year since 1904.

The following Acts affecting public-school teachers' salariesjhave been passed since 1900 : Public-school Teachers' Salaries Act, 1901 ; Education Act Amendment Act, 1904 ; Education Act Amendment Act, 1905 ; Education Act Amendment Act, 1908 ; Education Act Amendment Act, 1913 ; Education Act, 1914. The statement appearing on the following page gives the average salaries of men and women in the several branches of the Education service in New Zealand, as at the end of 1914. In every case there is an increase on the averages for the year 1913.

Number of Teaohers.* Average Salary of Teachers.* | Year. — Male. Female. Male. Female. Combined. Total Expenditure on Teaohors' Salaries.* f J £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 1894 .. .. 1,137 1,123 167 10 11§ 90 17 8§ 129 9 0§ 1900 .. 1,216 1,415 163 12 8§ 85 12 6§ 12113 7§ 1904 .. 1,272 ' 1,797 170 4 2 93 8 8 125 5 10 1905 .. 1,302 1,835 174 14 9 96 6 11 128 17 5 1906 .. j 1,314 1,887 184 13 1 107 2 1 139 2 2 1907 .. .. 1,332 1,955 186 1111 105 12 5 138 8 9 1908 .. .. | 1,331 2,021 189 9 3 106 0 5 159 3 1 1909 .. 1,406 2,208 192 15 3 113 11 4 144 7 7 1910 .. 1,456 2,252 192 8 10 115 6 6 145 12 2 1911 .. .. 1,493 2,351 196 6 1 118 13 4 148 16 5 1912 .. .. 1.555 2,550 197 7 8 118 8 5 , 148 14 8 1913 .. .. 1,603 2,659 199 10 5 118 12 7 149 1 1 1914 .. ■.. I 1,628 2,820 204 0 0 123 4 2 152 15 7 Excluding sohools with average attendance of under 16. 1913 .. .. 207 14 0 126 0 3 158 8 4 292,559§ 320,136§ 384,520 404,267 445,285 455,036 466,448 521,783 539,909 572,067 610,550 635,275 679,562 . 1914 .. .. .. .. 211 13 4 130 10 8 161 18 1 I j 211 13 4 130 10 8 161 18 1 * Exolusive of pupil-teachers, probationers, and sewing-mistresses. t Exolusive of teaohers' he J Based on rate paid for month of December. § House allowances included. sewing-mistresses. t Exolusive of teaohers' hi louse allowances included. >use allowances

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Average Salaries, Education Service, Men and Women

Class. Number in Education Service — i . ,.„ , . , _,,_, . , Average . a , Average Salarv Average Salary Average Salary Men only—receiving Salaries of Total Salaries of Total Salaries of Salarv g of Average Salary % f - 5 0 f m ' (9.) Men. Women. of Women. A ll Men. All Women. Men and Women. ~ TT j ~JeY^ ("> < 6) £400 and (2.) (30_ ' (_> (5J (60 (7.) (8.) £2O0-£299. | £300-£399. *^ i. . i i i i i i *A. Primary-school teachers (excluding schools in Grade 0) B. District high schools —Staffs. secondary departments C. Department (professional) .. D. Inspectors of Schools E Principals of training colleges ¥. Secondary-schools stafis G. Universities, Stafis — Professors Lecturers H. Technical schools —Stafis . . £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 331,344 0 0 342,890 0 0 205 0 10 127 5 7"] f 725 128 18 (1,616 men) (2,694 women) . 8,189 0 0 8,939 0 0 209 19 6 182 8 7 29 1 (39 men) (49 women) 6,055 0 0 1,350 0 0 550 0 0 450 0 0 .. .. 11 (11 men) (3 women) 17,654 0 0 .. 452 13 4 .. 5 34 (39 men) 2,400 0 0 .. 600 0 0 .. 235 0 1 131 14 11 174 8 7 .. .. i (4 men) y (2,080 men) (2,952 (5,032 men ■{ 48,722 0 0 23,270 0 0 283 5 4 183 4 7 women) and women) 79 39 23 (172 men) (127 women) 29.055 0 0 500 0 0 726 7 6 500 0 0 .. .. 40 (40 men) (1 woman) f241 9 9 fl35 3 0 fl80 9 7 7,406 0 0 250 0 0 389 15 7 250 0 0 f (1,987 men) (2,674 (4,661 men -3 10 6 (19 men) (1 woman) women) and women) 37,986 0 0 11,715 0 0 271 6 7 152 2 10 69 35 13 (140 men) (77 women) J 905 218 149 1 I 1,272 ! 1 1 *I. Primary-school teachers (ex- j 322,369 eluding schools in Grades 0 and I) 1 , ! i 0 0 315,365 0 OJ 211 13 4 130 10 8 (1,523 men) (2,416 women) j *I. Primary-school teachers (excluding schools in Grades 0 o.t,A T\ 322,369 0 0|315,365 0 0 21113 4 130 10 8 (1,523 men) (2,416 women) J * The figures in columns (2) and (3) represent the rate paid in December, 1914. House allowances are not included, oertificated teachers would be slightly in excess of these amounts. t Average with substitution of hne I for line A. The average salaries if all positions were regarded as being filled by fully *

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Status op Teachers in regard to Certificates. (See also E.-2, Tables E 2 and E3.) Table E 2 in E.-2 gives the number of certificated and uncertificated teachers respectively on the 31st December, 1914, exclusive of secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools. The following summary shows the numbers of certificated and uncertificated teachers in each of the years 1909 to 1914 respectively :—-

Primary Teachers in all Public Schools (Secondary Departments of District High Schools excluded).

It is interesting to note that while the total increase of teachers during the year is 186, the certificated teachers have increased by 200. The partially qualified have increased by 8, and the total number of teachers not fully certificated has decreased by 15. (It must, of course, be remembered that a considerable number of these not fully certificated teachers sat for examinations in January, 1915, but were unsuccessful, and that the holders of licenses have been regarded as uncertificated, although the license has the effect of a temporary certificate.) The net increase in the number wholly or partially qualified (including the holders of licenses) is thus 208, while those employed without any recognized examination status have decreased by 22. This preponderant increase of wholly or partially qualified teachers is gratifying, and is due to a large extent to the facilities now available to teachers to take classes with a view to improve their examination status. Further information in this connection will be found under the heading " Training of Teachers," Appendix Dto E.-2. There are, however, other causes tending to induce teachers to improve their examination status when possible. Certain Education Boards, for instance, have decided to dispense, where practicable, with the services of teachers who are making no effort to qualify for their positions by examination. Moreover, the additional monetary inducements offered in recent years to teachers in New Zealand schools have checked the outflow of competent teachers to more lucrative spheres of employment, and have proved an additional stimulus to the younger teachers to improve their status as quickly as possible ; and, lastly, there must be taken into account the steady output of certificated teachers from the four training colleges. Education Boards and others have submitted that it is impossible to expect teachers of schools with an average attendance of 15 or less (Grades 0 and I) to qualify for certificates. The fact that about 14 per cent, only of such teachers are certificated appears to bear out this contention. To obtain a fair comparison of the numbers of certificated and uncertificated teachers, therefore, it would be reasonable to omit teachers of schools in Grades 0 and I.

1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. I. Certificated teachers I 2,593 2,663 2,783 2,919 I 3,082* 3,282 I. Uncertificated teachers— (a.) Holding partial qualifications — (i.) Holders of licenses .. (ii.) Others partially qualified 90 306 68 264 56 259 71 285 87 336 84 304 Totals of (a) .. (b.) Having no recognized examination status 332 315 356 705 423 388 396 770 689 730 763 792 Total number of teachers not fully certificated 1,021 1,045 1,061 1,186 i 1,180 1,166 Totals of I and II .. 3,614 i 3,708 3,844 4,105 | 4,262 4,448

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This is the result:—

P rimary Teachers in Public Schools with an Average Attendance of 16 and upwards, at 31st December, 1914.*

The percentage of certificated teachers in primary schools of Grade II and upwards is therefore 81*1. The percentage of certificated teachers in the English public elementary schools for the year 1913-14 was 67*2. New Zealand therefore compares favourably in that respect. The table below shows all certificated teachers employed by Education Boards, whether they are engaged in primary work or in the secondary departments of district high schools, and it is arranged according to sex and class of certificate held. It is to be borne in mind that there is now no examination for E certificate.

Holders of Teachers' Certificates in the Service of Education Boards at 31st December, 1913, and at 31st December, 1914.

The following table gives a comparative view of the number of persons holding certificates who were employed in all forms of public instruction as at the 30th June, 1915 :—

1905. 1912. | 1913. ! . I. Certificated .. .. .. .. 2,460 2,854 3,016 1914. 3,213 I. Uncertificated — (a.) Partially qualified .. .. 329 366 331 (6.) Without status .. .. 163 386 411 333 I 414 492 ! — 752 : 742 1 747 Totals .. .. .. '.. 2,952 3,606 3,758 3,960 Percentages — [.Certificated... .. .. .. 83-3 791 80-3 81-4 II. (a.) Partially qualified.. .. .. 11.1 92 8-8 (6.) Without status .. .. 5-6 IP7 10-9 8-4 10-5 16-7 20-9 19-7 18-9 Totals .. .. .. .. 100 100 100 100 * Secondary teachers of district high schools are not inoluded.

1913.* 1.914. Class of Certificate. M. F. Total. M. F. Total ] 23 200 545 462 59 1 61 493 932 306 24 261 1,038 1,394 365 30 231 612 454 53 14 88 605 983 290 44 319 1,217 1,437 343 Total .. .. .. 1,289 [_ .1 .793 1 .793 3,082 | 3,082 1,380 1,380 1,980 3,360 * Secondary departments of district t high seh it high schi hools excluded. iols excluded. I.

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Comparative Table of Certificates held by Persons employed in Public Instruction as at the 30th June.

The largest increases in the number of certificated teachers are in the D and C classes, the increases being 86 and 58 respectively. With respect to teachers employed by Education Boards the percentage possessing A, B, C, or D certificates has increased from 56 in 1908 to 66 in 1914. Training of Teachers. (See also E.-2, Appendix D, Tables P 1 to P 6.) During the last quarter of 1914 there were 430 students in attendance at the four training colleges, as compared with 439 for the previous year. The number of students under Division A was 378, of whom 375 had completed their course as pupil-teachers or probationers before entrance to the training college, and the remaining 3 were University graduates. There were 44 Division B students who had passed the Matriculation or some higher University examination, but were without previous teaching experience ; and, lastly, there were 8 students under Division C admitted under the special provisions for uncertificated teachers of small schools. There is a decrease of 20 in the number of Division A students over that of the previous year, and an increase of 11 in the other two divisions mentioned. The number of male and female students receiving training in the four training colleges during the last quarter, 1913 and 1914, is indicated in the following table:— , -1913. , , 1914. , Men. Womon. Total. Men. Women. Total. Auckland ... ... ... 41 67 108 36 70 106 Wellington ... ... ... 20 85 105 27 80 107 Christcfmrch ... ... ... 28 80 108 28 74 102 Dunedin ... ... ... 36 82 118 32 83 .115 Totals ... ... 125 314 439 123 307 430 Of the total number of students 123 were men and 307 were women. The following table indicates the number of women students to every 100 men for each of the past four years : — Number of Women Students to every 100 Men. For the year 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 197 1912 .. .. .. .. .. ..252 1913 .. .. .. .. .. ..251 1914 .. .. .. .. .. ..250 The ordinary course of training is for two years, so that when the trainingcolleges have their full complement of students (125 in each case) the number of students annually completing their training and passing into the schools will be about 250. There is also provision for a one-year course which under certain conditions may be taken by University students or matriculated students who have completed a two-years course at an agricultural college or a school of home science

i— E. 1.

Number of Teachers holding Ci irtilicates. Class. 1913. 1914. 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. 1915. A B C I) E 94 232 415 1,479 595 99 266 544 1,442 555 105 116 119 300 352 392 648 761 939 1,420 .1,486 1,488 522 480 441 1.19 422 1,108 1,513 402 116 453 1,280 1,539 371 147 471 1 ,366 1,598 .•',57 Total, A B, C, andl) .. 2,220 2,351 2,473 2,715 2,938 2,473 2,715 2,938 3,162 3,388 3,582 ,, A, B, C, D, and E 2,815 2,906 2,995 3,195 3,379 3,564 3,759 3,939 *

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recognized by the University of New Zealand. In addition the regulations under the Act of 1914 provide for the holding of short-period studentships, of not less than three months' or more than one year's duration, for the benefit of teachers who have been already employed in teaching and are deemed worthy of further training in professional work. The allowances payable to such students will be the same as those payable to students under Division B. For the teaching practice of students the normal practising schools forming part of the training college in each case are available, and opportunities of observation are now extended so as to embrace specially selected classes of teachers in neighbouring schools. By the regulations of 1914 it is provided that each normal school shall include— (a) a main school, organized as a "mixed school " ; and (b) such " model schools " as may be approved by the Minister, each model school being of one of the following types : (i) A rural public school under a sole teacher ; (ii) a junior school under one teacher with not more than 45 children of classes P to S2 on the roll; (iii) a class organized as the secondary department of a district high school; (iv) a class for backward children ; (v) a junior kindergarten. The total number of children on the roll of the normal school (excluding the kindergarten) must not exceed 750. Provision is also made in the regulations referred to for a very material increase in the salaries of the teachers of the staff, particularly in the lower grades, and at the same time for the addition of certain positions to the staff which should add substantially to the generallefnciency. The following gives the actual average attendance of pupils at each of the normal schools, the main schools and their adjuncts being separately given :> —

Much information in regard to the courses of instruction taken by students at the training colleges may be obtained from the tables appearing in Appendix D of E.-2. The following matter is summarized from the tables:— Table P2 shows the University work undertaken by students. In general, students are required to attend at least one course of lectures in a subject other than education at the University. Where possible, in fact, it is contemplated that the general education of students should in the main be continued at the University, but it is not allowable that classes be taken there that are inconsistent with the requirements of the professional course, nor is it permissible to study for a University degree unless it is certain that the work can be undertaken without detriment to the student's training as a teacher. More than half the students took English in 1914, about one-fourth took Latin, and the subjects coming next in. order were botany, domestic science, mental science, and French. At one centre a course in voice-production provided by the University college was attended by the whole of the students. Table P3 contains parallel facts for special classes of professional training for which provision has been made within the training college itself or in intimate connection with it. It deals only with students who are in their second year of training. The subjects are largely more or less compulsory in character, though not of necessity for the second year, and include methods of teaching, kindergarten principles,f elementary science, hygiene, agriculture, needlework, and drawing. The regulations impose the necessity off a certain minimum number of hours'; 1 : being devoted to individual practical work in elementary 'science and handwork, and to observation and practice in methodsfof teaching. From Table P4 may be learnt the initial status of the students at admission to the training college as set out in terms of the Department's certificate provisions,

Main School (exclusive of Model i Secondary Schools and Second- Department. ' ary Department). Model Sohool. Junior Model School (P to 82). Total. Auckland Wellington Christchurch .. Dunedin 393 346 402 442 23 36 29 59 33 30 29 37 33 34 37 482 446 460 575

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or with respect - to the University qualifications on which they were admitted to the training college. Table P5 shows the certificate status as revised after the examinations of January, 1915, and includes those to whom trained-teachers' certificates were granted at the close of their training course without further examination. Of the second-year students 1 student at admission held a Class C certificate, and 40 Class D certificates. At the end of the course 9 students held Class B certificates, 124 Class C certificates, and 71 Class D certificates. The increases provided for in teachers' salaries and students' allowances, together with the provision for additional members on the staffs, will result in an estimated increase of about £10,000 in the expenditure on training colleges for the current year. The amounts paid to Education Boards in 1913-14 and 1914-15 for the training of teachers were as follows:— • I. Training colleges— 1913-14. 1914-15. Salaries of staffs (half charged to public-school £ £ £ £ salaries) ... ... ... ... 7,114 8,096 Students'allowances ... ... ... 21,876 20,067 University fees of students ... ... 3,370 3,272 Special instruction—Clause 6 (2) of regulations ... ... ... ... 1,042 1,471 Buildings, sices, and equipment ... ... 4,542 5,007 37,944 37,913 11. Other training— Grants for special instruction in certificate subjects, including science, agriculture, and handwork, of teachers other than trainingcollege students ... ... ... 3,630 3,050 Railway fares of teachers and instructors ... 5,733 6,249 Sundries ... ... ... ... ... ii(f?C 0 5 9,363 ] 9,304 Totals ... ... ... £47,307 £47,217 The expenditure on buildings, sites, &c, shown above was largely on account of the Wellington Training College. The total grants made to date by the Grovernment for buildings, sites, &c, in connection with that institution amount to over £20,000. Uncertificated Teachers. A special grant of £4,000 was made last year for the training of teachers. The purposes for which the grant|was applied were : — (1.) Central classes for the personal tuition of uncertificated teachers (exclusive of pupil-teachers and probationers) in subjects of the D certificate. (2.) Tuition and training of uncertificated teachers (exclusive of pupilteachers and probationers) by means of correspondence classes under the control of Education Boards, in cases in which it is found highly inconvenient to bring teachers to classes. Under this heading, however, no correspondence classes in science subjects are recognized unless the Board makes adequate provision for practical work. (3.) Courses of practical work in physical and natural science, in subjects of manual instruction other than |those usually taught by special instructors, in vocal music, and in drawing. In the distribution of the grant the amounts to the various Education Boards varied from £150 in the two smallest districts to £725 in the largest. One Education Board having a credit balance to the account in question did not participate in the grant. Finances op Education Boards. (See also E.-2, Tables P 1 to P 12.) 1. General Survey of the Finances of Education Boards. Table F is a summary of the income and expenditure, and of the assets and liabilities, of the various Education Boards for the calendar year 1914. Full information for each district can be obtained on reference to Appendix A of E.-2, or to Tables Fl and F2 published ir the same report.

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Table F.—Summary of the Receipts and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Education- Boards for the Year 1914.

As at 1st January. Cash Transactions during Year. Transfers. As at 31st December. Name of Account. ...fine j nts. I i From Government. (4) i Receipts. Reserves Revenue. (5) Receipts. i From other Sources. (6) Expenditure. (7) No. Balances. Deficits. Debit. Credit. Balances. Deficits. Assets. Liabilities. (1) (2) (3) (8) O) (10), (Ill (12) (13) £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1 Salaries of teachers (exclusive of second- : .. 2,022 18 11652,632 9 164,158 10 8| ary departments of district high schools), salaries and allowances of pupil-teachers, and half of the total cost- of the training-college staff 2 Salaries of relieving teachers .. .. 4,037 19 4 3,900 18 1 3 Free school-books .. .. .. 3,060 5 9 .. 2,506 4 4 4 General administration .. .. 31,703 16 7 .. 104,526 8 6 (a.) Incidental expenses of schools (in terms of the Order in Council of 13th February, 1911, but exclusive of cost of works paid for out of Government grant for maintenance and rebuilding of school buildings and included below under that heading) (6.) Conveyance of school-children . . (c.) Board of school-children .. .. {d.) Office staff (including Secretary, Inspectors, &c), salaries and clerical assistance (e.) Office contingencies .. .. .. .. .. . ."■ ■ (/.) Refunds and sundries .. \g.) Rents .. .. Training colleges and training of teachers — ■ 5 Salaries of staff (half of the total cost) 34 10 10 .. 7,765 14 1 6 Allowances for students .. .. 75 10 7 .. £3,137 5 4 7 Incidental expenses .. .. .. 900 19 7 1,820 3 5 8 Classes for teachers (other than .. 428 9 11 4,415 19 3 students at training college) Secondary education — 9 Scholarships— Boards' .. .. .. 1,936 6 8; 10,481 9 3 10 j Scholarships. —Junior National .. .. 714 12 3! 3,855 14 10 11 Scholarships— Special .. .. 149 3 0 District high schools — 12 Salaries' of staffs of secondary de- .. 128 19 9 17,275 4 9 partments 13 General purposes — (a.) Voluntary contributions and ~| f 1,147 2 6 subsidies 1 „„ J J (6.) Fees from pupils .. .. C 6 °° a 8 " I (c.) High Sohool Boards' grants J .... 1 £ s. d. 195 11 5 0 3 0 3 7 0 654 0 5 1 15 7 9 8 6 16 0 0 112 6 6 36 11 0 1,016 19 11 242 4 9 25 15 9 60 9 8 6 3 4 2 10 0 293 15 7 100 0 0 964 18 3 116 11 8 487 16 8 £ s. d. £ s. d. 716,749 8 11 4.353 0 1 2.354 12 3 69 0 1 1,206 9 0 46,677 11 4 6.398 15 8 926 18 0 32,209 18 3 16,426 0 0 535 5 8 37 6 10 18 9 6 7,784 7 2 22,371 19 0 2,303 17 1 64 19 0 4,719 19 7 8 12 3 10,465 16 9 3,842 10 361 3 0 17,489 9 10 100 0 0 2,061 2 11 10 0 0 206 IS 3] £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d: ..' I 1,792 6 8 4,489 18 4 23 3 10 3,261 11 64 19 0 36,272 5 6 15 17 9 866 12 8 1.319 14 3 65 0 0 .. 728 8 4 1,914 10 10 698 8 5 81 15 7 143 4 10 em's 618S 3 •• { 114 5 8 J [ £ s. d. £ s. d. 453 12 7 590 0 0 2~0 12 11 2,556 9 11 2,056 13 6 4,210 2 6 23 18 5 10 1 4 826 9 3 410 9 1 75 3 8 3,584 0 1 999 18 5 1,005 12 6 38 3 1 702 13 5 46 15 0 44 16 9 162 17 4 63 6 10 103 0 1 91 5 8 268 16 S

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Net balance at 1st January, 1914, Cr. .. .. .. .. 31,617 12 0 Net balance at 31?t December, 1914. Cr. .. .. .. 51,50119 5

Table F.—Summary of the Receipts and Expenditure and Assets and Liabilities of Education Boards for the Year 1914— continued.

As at 1st January. uary. Cash Transactions during Year. Transfer?. .\8 at 31st December. Receipts. No. Name of Account. Balances. Deficits. (3) From Government. Reserves From Revenue. ■ other Sources. (5) (6) Expenditure. (7) Debit. (8) Credit. Balances. Deficits. Assets. Liabilities. (1) (2) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) Manual and technical — School classes — £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 14 Capitation .. .. .. .. 29,418 12 6 15 Voluntary contributions and be- .. .. 481 12 5 quests and subsidies Special classes — 16 Capitation on attendances •• 1 ■ f 15,513 9 10 17 Capitation on free and compulsory 2,980 6 6 pupils 18 Material .. .. .. 758 5 10 19 Voluntary contributions and be- I , „„_ ._ ., 1,012 10 6 quests and subsidies <* ■ ■ l ' 3bl 15 H 20 Fees from pupils .... 21 Direction and administration (school and special classes) 22 Associated classes (all services except J L 26.903 1 1 buildings, equipment, and rent) Buildings: Maintenance, rebuilding, rent — 23 Teachers' house allowances .. .. 101 14 10 18,043 0 2 24 (a) Maintenance and small additions, f 86,943 9 8 and (6) ordinary rebuilding 25 Rebuilding schools destroyed by Are J>82,740 3 1 ■■ i 1,110 0 0 26 Rents of buildings and sites for school 3,301 8 3| purposes I 27 Rents of buildings for manual instruc- .. 41 5 0 15 0 O' tion 28 Rents of buildings for technical in- .. 62 18 6 306 8 10 struction (special classes) 29 Rents of buildings for technical in- .. .. 338 14 6 struction (associated classes) New buildings, additions, furniture, apparatus, sites — 30 Public schools .. .. .. .. 34,579 11 2 93,959 12 2 31 Manual instruction .. •• i i f2, 572 19 4 32 Technical instruction (special classes) }■ .. 26,318 2 7 <j 6,849 10 11 33 „ (associated classes) : [6.474 17 10' 34 Sites' sales .. .. .. .. 12,634 16 8 2,327 0 oi 35 Contractors' deposits .. .. 846 19 10 Other separate accounts — Superannuation .. War funds Wanganui school-sites .. .. 3,247 17 3! Rees Bequest Fund .. 1,000 9 11 Sundry accounts .. .. 175 10 6 £ 8. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,766 16 2 32,150 13 6 .. I „„., „ n 974 5 6 243 0 10 .. } 882 2 0 1,840 !5 8 16,703 15 4 " 440 13 9 7,171 8 1 )> .. 2,048 14 11 1,195 12 8 55 1 0 ; 3>808 0 , 3.688 3 10 8 0 0 51 4 5 5,791 18 4' 2,815 0 1 27,226 17 9 10 10j 17,892 5 3 .. .. 58 10 11 3,763 12 7 ((o)69,600 8 5 200 0 0 1,701 7 10' 1(6) 6,585 8 9 805 0 0 1,339 7 3 .. .. 9 1 143 5 8 3,414 17 11 18 8 10 .. .. .. 44 13 10 2 5 0 458 1 1 .. .. .. 212 5 9 338 14 6 .. ... 357 9 6 92,5(0 17 8 716 9 5 315 10' 0 .. 32,452 7 9| 39 19 0 2.699 9 6 125 6 8 4,435 5 1 .. y .. '23,851 1 9 4.009 0 0 10,510 3 11 40 5 7 J 1.277 16 1 7.646 13 2 37 10 0 .. .. 16,639 3 9 2,913 3 11| 3,076 14 2 .. .. 683 9 7 217 7 4. 217 7 4 1,317 14 6j 1,237 18 1 .. .. 79 16 5 4,484 4 3 1,192 12 2 .. .. 43 14 10 50 0 0 0 10 0 .. .. 1,049 19 11 35 10 4 11 13 4 .. .. 199 7 6 £ s. d. £ s. d 37,873 8 11 4,860 13 2 24 10 6 20 7 (i 27,270 0 822,730 16 7 13 10 0 552 7 9 261 0 0 33,176 4 9 26,494 11 5 6,743 18 8 1,816 10 7 6,654 10 0 1,748 14 6 683 9 7 55 0 0 39 19 0 112 16 5 Totals .. .. .. 120.14119 988,524 7 91,132.77413 964. 120.141 19 9 88,524 7 91,132,774 13 9 64,158 10 8j .158 10 81 33,853 33.853 6 81.210.902 3 8 5.276 14 11 5.276 14 ll"l39. 596 4 188.094 4 8 6 81,21,0,902 3 8 5,276 14 11 5,276 14 ll"l39, 596 4 188,094 4 8121,955 12 068,67116 7

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Table F 3 in E.-2 shows the salaries and allowances paid to officers of Education Boards other than teachers. Tables F 4 and F5 in the same report give a summary of the receipts and expenditure of Education Boards from 1877 to 1914. Excluding the expenditure on buildings, the following summary shows the chief items of expenditure for the past five years :— 1910. 1911. 1912. 1913. 1914. £ £ £ £ £ Boards'administration .. .. 41,396 43,697 47,772 48,004 48,267 Incidental expenses of schools .. .. 37,394 42,831 44,723 46,412 46,678 Teachers'salaries* .. .. .. 582,288 608,958 643,921 668,094 716,749 Training of teachers .. .. .. 27,467 28,992 29,754 37,864 37,180 Scholarships and district high schools .. 32,811 32,620 33,361 33,072 34,436 Manual and technical instruction .. 56,049 65,195 77,131 82,030 89,350 * Excluding house allowance. The increase in teachers' salaries is due to the increase in the number of children receiving instruction, the yearly increment in salaries as provided by section 14 (2) of the Education Amendment Act, 1913, and the process of substitution of* adult teachers for pupil-teachers. The increase in expenditure on manual and technical instruction is accounted for by the normal increase in attendance, more especially in connection with courses at day technical schools and rural courses at district high schools. The following table shows the proportion of expenditure on administration to the whole income, and the corresponding proportion of the incidental expenses of schools (through the School Committees), the figures for the six years previous being also entered for purposes of comparison : — Boards. Committees. Total. 1908 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-6 4-4 9-0 1909 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-9 4-6 9-5 1910 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-3 3-9 8-2 1911 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-4 4-3 8-7 1912 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-3 4-0 8-3 1913 .. .. .. .. .. ..4-3 4-1 8-4 1914 .. .. .. .. .. ..3.9 3-8 7-7 The corresponding percentages for the several Education Boards are printed in Table Fl2 in E.-2. As is to be expected, the ratio of expenses of administration to total income is highest in the smallest district (8-1). Out of the capitation paid to Education Boards for general administration purposes the Boards provide School Committees with funds according to scale to » meet incidental expenses of schools, such as lighting, fuel, cleaning, &c. The following calculation, which is based on the amounts shown under the heading " Incidental expenses of schools," in. the general statements of receipts and expenditure of Education Boards for the year ended the 31st December, 1914, gives the amount per unit of average attendance paid by each Board :—

In other words, the average rates of allowances made by Education Boards for the incidental expenses of schools vary from 4s. sjd. in the Nelson Education District to 6s. ll|d. in the North Canterbury Education District.

Education Districts. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay Marlborough Nelson ... Grey Westland North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Southland Average Attendance. 43,045 5,643 14,339 17,443 11,069 2,251 5,833 1,765 1,106 20,243 5,531 19,776 10,090 Amount. £ 1.2,585 1,518 3,841 4,697 3,604 518 1,299 506 385 6,983 1,575 6,225 2,940 Amount per Unit of Average Attendance. £ 0-292 0-269 0-268 0-269 0-326 0-230 0-223 0-287 0-348 0-345 0-285 0-315 0-291

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The bank balances of the Boards have increased from £31,618 to £51,502. The increase is accounted for to some extent by the fact that the Boards' income for maintenance of school buildings was £16,000 greater than in the previous year, while the expenditure on that account was only £2,000 greater. Likewise the income for general administration increased by £6,000, while the expenditure differed very little from that of the previous year. One Board had an overdraft as at the 31st December last, as compared with three for the previous year. 2. General Account. For convenience, the funds of Education Boards may be divided into two classes—those granted for building purposes and those granted for other purposes. The latter class may be regarded as the General Account, and includes all items in Table F, with the exception of Nos. 23-34, and also contractors' deposits. The following is a summary of the cash assets and liabilities of the Boards on the General Account, of which Table F 6 of E.-2 shows the particulars :• — General Account, all Boards, 31st December; 1914. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts .. .. .. .. 3,271 Cash .. .. .. .. 30,822 Other liabilities .. .. .. 14,803 Due from all sources .. .. 47,520 Balances .. .. .. .. 61,618 Deficits .. .. .. .. 1,350 £79,692 £79,692 With two exceptions, the General Account of every Education Board was in credit at the end of the year 1914. The total net credit balance on these accounts for the last four years is shown as follows :■ — Balances. Deficits. „ , c Balances. £ £ £ 1911 .. .. .. .. .. 48,957 126 48,831 1912 .. .. .. .. .. 49,869 2,432 47,437 1913 .. .. .. .. .. 55,657 305 55,352 1914 .. .. .. .. .. 61,618 1,350 60,268 3. Buildings Account. The Buildings Account refers to moneys granted for two purposes, which by parliamentary appropriation and by the terms of the grants made by the Department are quite distinct, namely, — (a.) Moneys granted from the Consolidated Fund for the general Jmaintenance and replacement of school buildings, furniture, fittings, &c, and additional sums paid for the rebuilding of schools destroyed by fire, and for the rent of temporary premises during such rebuilding ; (&.) Moneys granted from the Public Works Fund specially for the erection of new schools and the extension of existing schools rendered necessary by increased attendance, for the purchase of school-sites, and for building teachers' residences in certain cases where suitable houses cannot be rented. The moneys so granted in the year 1914 for the respective purposes named are shown in Tables F 7, F 8, and F 9 in E.-2. The total amount expended by Education Boards during the year 1914 on buildings, sites, furniture, &c, was £218,723. Table F 10 in E.-2 shows the assets and liabilities of the Boards on the combined Buildings Accounts. The following is a summary:— Combined Buildings Account (a) and (6), all Boards, 31st December, 1914. Liabilities. £ Assets. £ Overdrafts .. .. .. 8,095 Cash .. .. .. .. 32,046 Other liabilities .. .. .. 53,868 Due from all sources .. .. 74,435 Balances .. .. .. .. 47,256 Deficits .. .. .. .. 2,738 £109,219 £109,219 Net balances Ist January, 1915.. £44,518

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The net balance in the Buildings Account at the close of the year 1913 was £30,198. The above summary indicates that at the end of 1914 it had increased to £44,518. As remarked above, the account for maintenance of school buildings is largely responsible for this increase. An examination of the grants made to Boards under heading (a), referred to above, together with their returns of expenditure, discloses the fact that the School Buildings Maintenance Account should stand as shown in Table Fll of E-2, of which the following is a summary : — School Buildings Maintenance Account, all Boards, 31st December, 1914. £ Cash balances .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98,050 Net excess of amounts due to Boards over amounts due by Boards .. 4,132 Net balance, 31st December, 1914 .. .. .. .. .. £102,182 (ft It would appear, then, that at the Ist January, 1915, this net balance ef £102,182 was available for the purposes indicated. However, the combined Buildings Account shows the actual balance to be £44,518, and obviously, therefore, a sum of £57,664 has been diverted from the Maintenance Fund to other purposes. This is far more than would be warranted by the provision allowing the Boards to transfer 7 per cent, from this account to its Buildings Account. Education Reserves. By the provisions of the Education Reserves Amendment Act, 1910, these reserves are vested in the Crown, and are placed under the administration of the several Land Boards. The revenues derived from these reserves, subject to a charge for expenses of administration, are paid by the Receivers of Land Revenue into the Public Account to the credit of a separate account for each provincial district. The above provisions of the Act apply only to revenue derived from reserves since the date of the Act coming into force. All funds, mortgages, and investments which were at that date vested in the School Commissioners the Act provided should be taken over by the Public Trustee, the revenue to be dealt with similarly to that received by Land Boards. The revenue is distributed quarterly by the Minister of Finance on a basis provided by statute. Sums equal to the amounts paid to Education Boards are deducted from sums due by this Department to the Boards. In this report the transactions of the Education Department only are given. (a.) Primary. The revenue from all sources received during the year 1914 was £63,083 7s. 6d., including a sum of £1,478 15s. Id., which represents interest on mortgages and investments received from the Public Trustee for the financial year 1914-15. This was the total amount received by Education Boards for the year ended the 31st December, 1914. Table G in Appendix B of E.-2 shows the reserves revenue and interest on mortgages and investments received on account of primary education, together with the distribution to Education Boards. (b.) Secondary. The total amount received by High School Boards during the year 1914 was £7,718 7s. Id., including a sum of £44 lis., which represents interest on mortgages and investments received from the Public Trustee for the financial year 1914-15, Details of the distribution are shown in Table X 9 of E.-6.

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Native Schools. (See E.-3.) Number of Schools. At the end of the year 1913 there were 107 Native-village schools in operation, four schools having been closed temporarily—one on account of the smallpox epidemic and three owing to the difficulty in obtaining teachers. During the year 1914 the four temporarily closed schools were reopened, five new schools were opened, and one school was transferred to the Auckland Board of Education. The number of schools in operation at the end of 1914 was thus 115. In addition to the Native-village schools, three primary mission schools foi Maori children and ten boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris were inspected by the Inspectors of Native Schools. Throughout the Dominion there were 566 public schools at which Maori children were in attendance. Thus the total number of schools under inspection where Maori children were receiving instruction was — Native-village schools .. .. .. .. .. .. ..115 Native-mission schools subject to inspection by the Education Department .. 3 Public schools at which Maori scholars were in attendance. . . . .. 566 Total number of primary schools .. .. .. .. 684 Native boarding-schools affording secondary education to Maoris .. . . 10 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..694 The following table shows the number of Native-village schools in each, grede as compared with the number for the previous year:— Table H.—Number of Native-village Schools in each Grade. 1913. 1914. Grade I (9-15) .. .. .. .. .. .... 2 Grade lla (16-20) .. .. .. .. 9 13 Grade llb (21-25) 14 10 Grade 111 (26-35) 30 29 Grade IVa (36-50) . . . . .. . . . . .. 30 36 Grade IVb (51-80) .. . . .. .. .. . . 20 18 Grade V (81-120) . . .. .. .. .. .. 4 7 Totals .. .. .. .. ..107 115 New Schools. New schools are to be established at Ruatahuna and Maungapohatu, Urewera country ; Moerangi, near Raglan ; Kaitaha, East Coast; Whakarewa (Kaiuku), Mahia Peninsula ; while the Department has agreed to take over from the Auckland Board of Education the buildings at Purua No. 2 public school, and re-erect them for the purposes of a Native school at Kaikou. In all these cases, with the exception of the two first-named, the acquisition, of the sites has been completed and the buildings should be put in hand during the current year. Roll Number and Attendance. The number of pupils on the rolls of Native-village schools at the end of the year 1914 was —Boys, 2,726 ; girls, 2,346 : total, 5,072. Included in these numbers are 289 boys and 262 girls who are Europeans, leaving 4,521 Maori children. The average daily attendance, in actual numbers and as a percentage of the average weekly roll number, for each of the years 1913 and 1914 was as follows :— Average Attendance. Per Cent, of Roll. 1913. 1914. 1913. 1914. First quarter .. .. .. ..4,201 4,343 S7'4 87-4 Second quarter .. .. .. ..4,297 4,222 871 83-3 Third quarter .. .. .. ..4,068 4,458 88-1 88T> Fourth quarter . .. ..4,000 4,515 85-0 884

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The following are some of the figures in connection with the attendance at Native-village schools for 1914, the corresponding figures for 1913 being inserted for the purposes of comparison : — 191;! 1914 Number on rolls at end of year .. .. .. .. 4,647 5,072 Average weekly.roll number .. .. .. .. 4,835* 5,053* Average yearly attendance .. .. .. .. 4,142* 4,385* Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 857 867 * The mean of the four quarters. Of the 115 Native-village schools, forty-eight gained over 90 per cent, in regularity of attendance, while fifteen failed to reach 80 per cent. When the peculiar conditions attaching to Native schools are borne in mind, the attendance at the schools must be considered very satisfactory. The number of pupils on the rolls of the Native-mission schools at the end of 1914 was 127, and on the rolls of Native boarding-schools 435. The total number of children on the roll, at the end of the year, of Native village, mission, and boarding schools visited and inspected by the Inspectors of this Department was therefore 5,634. The following are the figures for the years 1913 and 1914 in respect of the three classes of Native schools mentioned : — 1913. 1914. Combined rolls of Native schools .. .. .. .. 5,182 5,634 Combined average weekly roll number .. .. .. 5,362 5,590 Combined average yearly attendance .. .. .. 4,621 4,871 Percentage of regularity of attendance .. .. .. 862 87-1 The increase in the development of the Native-village schools since the year 1881, when they were transferred to the control of this Department, is shown in the following table :—

Table Ha.—Schools, Attendance, and Teachers.

It will be seen from the foregoing table that the number of schools in 1914 is almost double that in 1881, and the average attendance has more than trebled. In this comparison no account is taken of a number of schools that have from time to time been transferred to the various Education Boards during the period covered by the table. Table H2 in E.-3 supplies detailed information in regard to the roll number and average attendance. In addition to the Maori children in attendance at the schools specially instituted for Natives as shown above, there were 4 905 Natives attending public schools at the 31st December, 1914, as compared with 4,791 in 1913. Half-caste children and children intermediat-, in blood between half-caste and Maori are reckoned as Maori. Details as to age and classification are given in Table Hsa in E.-3.

1881 . . 1886 . 1891 . . 1896 .. 1902 .. 1903 .. 1904 .. 1905 . . 1906 . . 1907 . . 1908 . . 1909 . . 1910 . . 1911 .. 1912 .. 1913 . . 1914 .. Number of Teachers. Number Average °' Mean ot Average Attendance Year. 8 Average AU wi!^ii Ce: „ a8 » I Teachers in Charge. Assistant Teachers, at Bnd Weekly Roll. Whole Percentage j of Year. of ! Yeftr ' Weekly Roll. Male . Female. Male. Female. __! 60 .. 1,406 .. 54 6 .. 4 69 2,343 2,020 86-2 60 9 .. 26 66 2,395 1,837 76-7 59t 8t 1 26 74 2,874 2,220 77-3 64f lit .. 61 98* 3,650 3,005 82-3 77f 20t .. 83 97* I 3,805 3,012 79-2 76f 20f .. 79 95* 3,794 3,083 81-3 73f 21t .. 85 95 4,097 3,428 83-7 74f 22+ .. 87 98 4,235 3,607 85-2 78f 21t 2 94 99 4,321 3,561 82-4 82f 18f 2 105 95 4,479 3,781 84-4 76 19 2 104 .. 94 4,308 3,680 j 85-4 76 18 3 101 .. l 99 4,325 3,714 85-9 78 21 3 106 104 4,494$ 3,878J 86-3 81 22 3 119 108 4,644 4,042 87 86 22 4 122 107 4.835 4,142 85-7 86 21 4 118 118 5,053 4,385 867 87 27 4 122 • Includes two subsidized schools. t Includes two teachers jointly in charge of one school. J 1911 figures amendec Number of Teachers. 4 26 26 61 83 79 85 87 94 105 104 101 106 119 122 118 122 Sewinglistresses. 48 30 37 16 It 13 11 15 II 3 5 5 4 3 2 4 3 res amendei

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The total number of children of Maori or of mixed race on the rolls of primary Native schools, public schools, Native-mission schools, and secondary Native schools, together with such pupils as were receiving special technical training at the end of the year 1914, is given in the following schedule : —

Classification of Pupils. Tables H6, H 6a, and H6b in E.-3 give full information as to the races and classification of pupils on the rolls of the Native schools. As will be seen, 86*4 percent, were Maoris speaking Maori in their homes, 2-6 per cent, were Maoris speaking English in their homes, and 11 per cent, were Europeans. A reference to Table H8 in E.-3 will show the classification of pupils, grouped according to ages, standards, and races. The following is a summary : — Per Cent Maoris. Europoans. Totals. f., .. Class P.. .. .. .. 2,172 182 2,354 46-4 Standard I .. .. .. 585 75 660 13-0 Standard II .. .. .. .. 586 65 651 12-8 Standard 111 .. .. .. .. 470 61 531 10-5 Standard IV .. .. .. .. 370 64 434 8-6 Standard V .. .. .. 202 51 253 5-0 Standard VI.. .. .. ..113 40 153 3-0 Standard VII .. .. .. 23 13 36 0-7 Results of Inspection. The report of the Inspectors of Native Schools indicates that the classification of village schools, according to the degree of efficiency recorded at the annual visit, <► is as follows :• — Number of Schools. Very good to excellent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 34 Satisfactory to good .. .. .. .. .. .. 68 Inferior to weak .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 Three schools were not inspected, one of them having begun operations after the visit to the district had taken place, and two having been closed temporarily at the time visits were made to the district. Secondary Education and Free Places. Secondary education for Maori boys and girls is provided at ten institutions established by various denominational authorities. The Government subsidizes these institutions by providing a number of free places to all Maori pupils who have qualified in terms of the regulations. There were 435 pupils on the rolls of these schools at the end of 1914, of which number forty-eight boys and fifty-nine girls held free places. The standard of the Public Service Entrance Examination represents the limit of the curriculum of the schools, and the results obtained compare very favourably with many of the district high schools of the Dominion. Attention is given more especially, however, to the industrial branches of education, the aim being to equip the Maori children for the trades and industries for which they are best suited. Senior free places for boys take the form of industrial scholarships, which enable the holders to be apprenticed to suitable trades. There were six such scholarships current in 1914, the holders being apprenticed to the blacksmithing, carpentry, bootmaking, and engineering trades. Senior free places for girls take the form of nursing-scholarships. There were three of these scholarships in operation in 1914.

Actual Number. Number per 10,000 of Maori Population at Census of 1911 (49,829). I. Primary schools — (a.) Government Native schools (6.) Mission schools . . (c.) Public schools II. Secondary schools III. Special technical training 4,521 127 4,905 9,553 435 9 907 26 984 —- 1,917 87 2 Totals 9,997 2,006 I _

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In addition to the Maori children mentioned as receiving secondary education at special institutions, five others held free places at European secondary schools. The total number of Maoris receiving secondary education in 1914 was therefore 440. Staffs and Salaries. The staffs of the village schools as in December, 1914, included eighty-seven masters, twenty-seven mistresses in charge, 126 assistants, and three sewingmistresses. The average salaries of head teachers was £171 10s. lid. —males £180 Os. 9d. and females £144 3s. Bd. The average salary of assistants was £66 13s. Id. if lodging-allowances are included, and £57 Is. lOd. if they are excluded. Lodgingallowances at the rate of £30 per annum were paid to forty assistants, and at the rate of £5 per annum to one. The total amount expended on teachers' salaries and allowances for the year ended the 31st March, 1915, was £29,010. This expenditure has been practically doubled in the last ten years. As a result of the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, an improved scale of salaries comes into force from the beginning of the current year. Expenditure. A reference to Table H 9 in E.-3 will show that the total net expenditure on Native schools during the year ended the 31st March, 1915, was £37,133, included in which amount is a sum of £2,757 paid out of revenue from endowment reserves. The chief items of expenditure are teachers' salaries and house allowances, £29,010 ; new buildings and additions, £537 ; maintenance of buildings, repairs, &c, £1,012 ; secondary-school fees, £2,184. The income accrued under the Tauranga Educational Endowments Reserve Act, 1896, amounted on the 31st March, 1915, to £758 18s. Id. Cook Islands. Arrangements for the establishment of the Native-school system in the Cook Islands were made during the year, and a beginning has since been made. It has been decided to open three schools in the Island of Rarotonga and one in Aitutaki, each school having a prospective attendance of from one hundred to two hundred pupils. Chatham Islands. At the end. of 1914 there were four schools in operation in the Chatham Islands —-viz., those at Te One, Te Roto, Matarakau, and Owenga. The average number of pupils on the roll was 98, the average attendance » being 85. The total expenditure on the schools for the year 1914-15 was made up as follows : — Salaries of teachers (including allowances and cost of removals) ... . . 637 Buildings, repairs, &c. .. .. .. .. .. .'.II Scholarships .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 Inspection .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 13 Other expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. .'.25 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. £716 In tlie table below are given the names of the teachers together with certain details of expenditure. The average roll number and average attendance for each school are also shown.

School. re One .. Ce Roto .. 3wenga .. Matarakau Totals Attendance. Salirien at Knd Allowance for Names of Teachers. of 1614. Conveyance of Mean of Average Mean of Weekly Goods. Attendance for Roll Number for Four Quarters of Four Quarters of 1914. 1914. £ s. d. £ .. Wentzel, E. S. B. .. H.M. 210 0 0 25 39 46 Renwick, Miss F. .. Pt. 2 *55 0 0 Lanauze, Miss G. .. Pt. 5 55 0 0 .. Seymour, Miss A. .. F. -fin 0 0 15 22 26 .. Hutohinson, J. .. M. 108 0 0 15 13 15 .. Russell, Mrs. E. A. .. F. 108 0 0 .. U 11 653 0 0 55 85 98~ L .... L _. „. . i ♦Includes lodging-allowance, £15 per ;minim. t Also house allowance, £15 per annum.

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SPECIAL SCHOOLS. Afplicted and Dependent Children. (See also E.-4.) The number of children brought under the operation of the Industrial Schools Act in 1914 was 405, being seventy-seven more than for the preceding year. The number whose names were written off the books was 295, leaving a total roll number of 3,018. Of these, 1,821 were boys and 1,197 girls. The classification of the children was as follows : — Boarded out — From Government industrial schools .. .. .. ..1,051 From private industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 5 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,056 ■ In residence— Tn Government industrial schools (other than reformatories) .. .. 455 At private (Roman Catholic) industrial schools .. .. .. 296 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 751 At reformatories (boys) .. .. .. .. .. .. 170 (girls) 76 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 246 In situations .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 521 With friends on probation .. .. .. .. .. .. 247 Under private guardianship .. .. .. .. .. .. 46 Committed, but on probation. , .. .. .. .. .. 14 In hospitals, private institutions, absent without leave, in prison, &c. .. 137 In the total number on the books are included nineteen young women and three young men who are more than twenty-one years of age ; and control of them is maintained under the law that provides for detention beyond that age of any young person who a Magistrate is satisfied is morally degenerate or otherwise in the public interest unfitted to be free from guidance. These cases will be reviewed every four years, and by like procedure detention may be indefinitely prolonged. <► The power of placing out applies as though the inmate were under twenty-one. At each hearing counsel is provided at Government expense for the person concerned. By similar provisions in the Education Act young people of feeble mind may be detained under the guidance of special schools. In this way lifelong control will be retained in case of necessity, and thus the public interest and that of young people who, without support, must surely fail signally in life are effectively safeguarded. The number of children maintained at the public cost was 2,055. The parental contributions under orders of Court, agreements, &c, amounted to £7,583, being at the rate of £3 13s. 9d. per head of those maintained. This is a decrease of lis. Bd. per head over the rate for the preceding year. The net expenditure for the last financial year on account of industrial-school children, exclusive of capital charges for additional buildings, works, and purchase of property (£44,676), shows an increase of £3,673, which is mainly accounted for by the fact that 210 more children were maintained. Tables 11 and 12 of E.-4 give particulars of the expenditure during the year. Last Financial Preceding Year. Year. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards fof maintenance of children who came into Government schools owing to indigence (included in the total sum recovered) .. £11,383 £11,290 Number of children at the end of the year belonging to Government schools who were so paid for .. .. 769 759 Number maintained at the expense of Charitable Aid Boards at private industrial schools .. .. .. 164 138

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The amount paid by the Charitable Aid Boards on account of children sent to the four private industrial'schools as indigent is not stated here, as the managers of these schools make their claims upon the Boards without reference to the Education Department. Moneys are on deposit at interest in the Post Office Savings-bank that were earned by young people who are, or while under control were, in situations, or who, though it is advisable to have them in residence, are able to do work of more value than the cost of their keep. The disposal of these moneys is by law at the discretion of the Minister of Education, who may direct that payment be made either to the earner or to the Public Account. In practice payment is made to an applicant who, after the control of the school has ceased, shows evidence of good chaiacter, and that the proposed investment of the money is likely to be to his lasting advantage. On the other hand, the Minister may order forfeiture of the money when a former inmate proves that he is unworthy of consideration. At the end of the year the total amount deposited in the Post Office Savingsbank on account of the earnings of young people who are now or were formerly under the control of industrial schools was £32,983 17s. Id., the Government schools accounts having £28,814 Is. Id. to credit, and the private (Roman Catholic) school's £4,169 16s. The withdrawals from these accounts during the year were £4,189 10s. 2d. and £343 12s. 9d. respectively. Infant-life Protection. The infant-life protection system deals with children under six years of age who are placed privately by their parents or guardians in foster-homes for payment. To a large extent they are the illegitimate children of young girls. They are not, as industrial-school children are, under State guardianship, but the homes of the foster-parents are licensed to receive children, the number that may be retained in the home being limited strictly by the license according to the capacity of the home. The number of homes thus licensed was 1,122 at the end of the year, and the number of children in them during the year was 1,423, an increase of 93 over last year. Of this total the number of infants under one year was 570. Twenty children died, being 1-40 per cent, of those in the homes. Of the twenty children who died, ten were in foster-homes, and ten in hospitals or nursing--homes to which they had been removed for treatment, so that the deaths in fosterhomes represented 0-70 per cent, of the total number dealt with. The expenditure for the year ended the 31st March, 1915, was £1,374, as follows :— £ Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives .. .. .. 1,018 Travelling-expenses of district agents, visiting nurses, and local representatives .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 216 Payment to foster-parents for board of infants . . .. .. 120 Medical attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 Office expenses (including rent) and sundries .. .. .. .. 76 1,445 Less recoveries .. .. .. .. .. .. 7 i Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,374 For the. preceding year the amount was £1,352. School for the Dkaf, Sumner. • Number of pupils who returned to the school in February, .1914, after the summer vacation .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 102 Number admitted during the school year .. .. 12 Left during or at the end of the school year .. 13 Number remaining on the roll after the close of the school year .. .. 101

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Twelve pupils were removed from school at the end of the year, having reached a satisfactory standard of education. The length of their school life varied from five and a half to eleven years. The necessity of sending deaf children to be properly treated at as early an age as possible is imperative, although often overlooked, as it is clear that the process of educating them must be slower and more arduous than in the case of normal children. Of twelve new pupils received during the year six were over ten years of age, and three of these were over twelve years of age, the difficulty of educating these children being thus immeasurably increased. The expenditure on the school for the last two financial years respectively was as follows:— 1913-14. 1914-15. £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 3,574 3,959 Maintenance of pupils and sundry expenses .. 1,796 1,883 Maintenance of buildings and water charges .. 216 270 Additional buildings .. .. .. 1.553 7,139 6,112 - Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. 1,173 1,027 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards .. .. ..1,210 1,100 Sundry other recoveries .... I 6 —— 2,384 2,133 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £4,755* £3,979* * Including for 1913-14 £274, and for last year £300, paid from national-endowment revenue. Jubilee Institute for the Blind, Auckland. This institution is governed by a Board of Trustees, four of whom are appointed by the Government and the remaining five elected by the subscribers to the funds of the Institute. As the Institute comes within the scope of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act, subsidy at the rate of 245. in the pound is payable by the Government on voluntary contributions received by the Board, and 10s. in the pound on the value of bequests. The amount paid by the Government towards the cost of training thirty-four pupils was £804, and the amount refunded to the Government during the year by parents and Charitable Aid Boards was £646, the Boards paying £381. The sum payable by the Government as subsidy to the Board of Trustees under the provisions of the Hospitals and Charitable Institutions Act was £1,803 ss. Id. Special School for the Feeble-minded, Otekaike. Numbers as at the 31st December, 1914: — Males. Females. In residence .. .. . . . . . . 61 Boarded out .. .. . . .. 2 4 Temporarily absent with friends . . .. . . I Total of both sexes .. .. .. .. .. 71 Of the above number under control four were between the ages of five and ten, thirty between eleven and sixteen, twenty-eight between seventeen and twentyone, and nine were over twenty-one years of age. The procedure in regard to the retention of control beyond that age is similar to that already described in respect of inmates of industrial schools. The inmates are instructed in the occupations of basket-making, coir-mat making, and wood-carving, and the quantity and quality of the articles produced is evidence of the usefulness and success of the instruction given. Farm and garden work is also carried out by the inmates, the institution producing more of such commodities as milk, fruit, and vegetables than its own requirements demand. Much of the school-work undertaken takes the form of handwork and kindergarten occupations, and decided improvement in the work is reported.

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The school at Otekaike is to be extended, and a building for feeble-minded girls is also in course of erection at Richmond. 1913-14. 1914-15. £ £ Salaries .. .. .. .. .. 2,471 2,510 Maintenance of pupils .. .. .. 2,426 2,212 Maintenance of buildings .. .. .. 315 172 Farm and stock .. .. .. .. 270 165 Additional buildings, furniture, &c. .. .. 121 2,245 5,603 7,304 Less — Amount collected from parents by way of maintenance contributions .. 777 723 Amount collected from Charitable Aid Boards .. .. .. 857 694 Sundry other recoveries .. .. 83 1.33 1,717 1,550 Net expenditure .. .. .. .. £3,886* £5,754* * Including for 1913-14 £274, and for last year £300, from national-endowment revenue. MANUAL AND TECHNICAL INSTRUCTION. (See also E.-S, Report on Manual and Technical Instruction.) Elementary Handwork and Manual Instruction in Public Schools. Classes for elementary handwork were recognized under the Regulations for Manual Instruction in connection with 66 per cent., and for manual instruction in connection with 56 per cent., of the public schools. The percentages for the various education districts were as follows : — Percentage of Schools at which Instruction was given. Elementary Manual Handwork. Instruction. Auckland ... ... ... ... ... .. 53 . 43 Taranaki ... ... ... ... ... ... 60 61 Wanganui ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 78 Wellington ... ... ... ... ... ... 70 58 Hawke's Bay ... ... ... ... ... ... 73 65 Marlborough ... ... ... ... ... ... 42 18 Nelson ... ... ... ... ... ... 36 47 Grey ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 47 Westland ... ... ... ... ... ... 28 11 North Canterbury ... ... ... ... ... 47 62 South Canterbury ... ... ... ... 70 58 Otago ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 75 Southland ... ... ... ... ... ... 95 68 The total number of schools at which recognized classes were held was, for elementary handwork, 1,513, and, for manual instruction, 1,298. Payments by way of capitation and subsidies (£1 for £1) on voluntary contributions in money or kind, amounting in all to £31,830, were made during the year to Education Boards on account of classes for elementary handwork and manual instruction. The amount for the previous year was £30,691. In addition, special grants totalling £2,033 in aid of buildings and equipment were made. New buildings or additions to buildings have been erected during the year, or are in course of erection, at Te Aroha, Dargaville, Te Kopuru, Feilding, and Palmerston South, while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Te Aroha, Stratford, Rongotea, Kimbolton, Feilding, Greytown, Wellington, Oxford East, and Darfield. Of the various forms of handwork taken in the standard classes those that afford opportunities not only for useful manipulative exercises, but also for concrete illustrations of other subjects of the syllabus, continue to receive the most attention. Such forms include modelling in plasticine, and constructive work with bricks, paper, and cardboard. The hand - and - eye* training commenced in the lower standards is continued in the higher standards through the medium of various

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forms of manual instruction. Of these, woodwork, cookery, and. laundry-work continue to be taught on the central system and by special instructors. There are now over eighty fully equipped buildings for instruction in these subjects. Those in the larger centres take the form of special manual-training schools, while in the smaller centres accommodation is provided in the local technical school, secondary school, or district high school, as the case may be. During the year 507 classes for wood or iron work, and 782 classes for domestic subjects (cookery, laundry-work, and dressmaking, associated in nearly every case with suitable instruction in domestic economy and hygiene) were held. Increasing attention still continues to be given to subjects bearing on the home, and there is evidence of a general advance in the methods of instruction adopted, due largely to the fact that the teaching staff is being gradually strengthened by the addition of teachers trained in accordance with modern ideas. Of the prospective teachers of domestic subjects who have taken advantage of the special bursaries provided by the Government in connection with the home-science courses at the Otago University, several, having completed the course for the diploma or the degree in home science, are now engaged in teaching. Compared with the previous year, the number of classes for domestic subjects shows an increase of 27 per cent. Instruction in elementary agriculture was given in 1,199 classes, as compared with 1,087 in the previous year. The instruction, which includes both observational and experimental work in connection with school gardens and plots, combined, in an increasing number of cases, with elementary dairy-work, is in most of the education districts supervised by special itinerant instructors. There are now nineteen of these instructors stationed in various parts of the Dominion. It is gratifying to note the continued interest taken in the work by School Committees, agricultural and pastoral associations, and by members of the farming community. In addition to numerous prizes offered for competition, contributions in money and kind to the value of about £500 have been received by Education Boards during the year. Such contributions carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1. Full courses bearing on rural life with, in. the case of girls, a domestic trend were carried, on during the year in connection with the secondary departments of 55 per cent, of the district high schools (sixty-two in number) as follows :—

The special capitation paid to Education Boards on account of these courses amounted to £6-4 per pupil. The practical subjects included in the courses continue for the most part to be taught by visiting instructors. It is a matter for regret that even in the case of the science subjects recourse has still to be had to this method. In spite of the facilities for training now available, the supply of teachers having a practical acquaintance with laboratory methods continues to fall short of requirements. About 230 classes took courses in various branches of elementary science, chiefly elementary physics and chemistry. About 70 per cent, of the district high schools are now provided with facilities for laboratory-work. In a few schools where laboratories are not available useful courses in physical measurements, such. as can be carried out under ordinary class-room conditions, have been successfully undertaken.

6—E. 1.

District. Number of Schools. Number of Pupils. Capitation earned. Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay... North Canterbury South Canterbury Otago Totals 1914 ... Totals 1913 ... 4 98 1 67 8 204 6 210 3 96 4 85 2 59 6 165 34 984 38 1,016 £ 615 471 1,168 1,328 726 550 359 1,085 34 984 £6,302 1,016 £6,434

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The number of recognized classes for swimming and life-saving continues to increase slowly. During the year 254 classes were held, as against 233 for the previous year. Table 3a. — Capitation received and Expenditure by Education Boards in connexion with Elementary Handwork and Manual Instruction in Public Schools during the Year ended 31st December, 1914 (exclusive op Expenditure out op Grants for Buildings and Equipment). Capitation. Expenditure, Education District. £ £ Auckland .. 6,439 8,104 Taranaki .. .. 1,326 1,266 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. 3,683 4,207 Wellington .. ... .. .. 3,769 4,793 Hawke's Bay .. .. 2,459 2,552 Marlborough .. 112 173 Nelson .. .. .. .. 924 1,291 Grey .. .. .. 414 492 Westland . . . . . . . . . . 26 72 * - North Canterbury.. .. .. .. .. 3,727 3,794 South Canterbury.. .. .. .. ..1,274 1,886 Otago .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,334 4,024 Southland .. .. .. .. .. 2,873 2,333 Totals'for 1914 .. .. .. ..£31,360 £34,987 Totals for 1913 . . £30,174 £33,292 Manual Instruction in Secondary Schools. Recognized classes were carried on in connection with twenty-seven of the secondary schools (thirty in number) in receipt of Government grants. The subjects most generally taken up and the number of classes were as follows : — c , . , , T , ~ Number of Classes. Subjects of Instruction. ,„,,, .„,. Free and instrumental drawing .. .. .. 25 41 Domestic subjects .. .. .. .. .. 61 02 Woodwork and ironwork .. . . .. .. 26 29 Experimental and natural science .. .. .. 215 240 Swimming and life-saving .. .. .. .. 28 30 Elementary agriculture and dairy-work . . .. 18 24 373 426 Capitation payments amounted to £1,765 (£4-1 per class) while special grants totalling £1,336 were made in aid of equipment. Necessary additions were made, chiefly in the way of apparatus for physics and chemistry, to the equipment for practical subjects in the case of Palmerston North, Napier, and Gisborne High Schools, Wellington Boys' College, Nelson Boys' and. Girls' Colleges, Christchurch Boys' and Girls' High Schools, Waitaki Girls' High School, and Otago Boys' High School. The facilities for laboratory-work in the secondary schools are now in most cases very satisfactory, as is also the provision for practical work in woodwork and in domestic subjects where these are taken up. Domestic subjects, it is gratifying to note, are beginning to receive the attention and treatment their importance demands. Recognized classes for subjects bearing on rural pursuits were carried on at ten schools. In some cases definite courses of agricultural instruction have been provided. These courses, though not yet, for various reasons, fully developed, appear to be proceeding on right lines, and should achieve the success they deserve, provided always that they receive adequate support and encouragement at the hands of those in whose interests"they have been established. Technical Instruction. The nature and variety of the facilities for instruction provided by the majority of the schools and classes may be taken as indicating that the authorities in whom is vested the control of technical education are proceeding on lines adapted to local requirements. If further evidence were needed it is to be found in the very satisfactory response on the part of the industrial and commercial sections of the

E.—l. Community. In the past an outstanding feature has been the practical interest taken in the schools and classes by local bodies, tions, and by individuals. It is gratifying to report that this interest is maintained. Voluntary contributions from the above sources totalled over £6,500 for the year* Such contributions, which carry a Government subsidy of £1 for £1, form a welcome addition to the funds of the controlling bodies. Favourable consideration has been given by the Government to applications for grants in aid of necessary buildings and equipment. Grants for these purposes totalling £14,753 were distributed during the year. New or additional buildings have been erected or are in course of erection in connection with technical schools at Petone, Nelson, Temuka, Waimate, and Invercargill, while necessary equipment has been provided for classes at Hawera, Wanganui, Palmerston North, Petone, Greymouth, Christchurch (School of Art, School of Engineering, and Technical College), Ashburton, and Dunedin (School of Art and Technical College). About sixty specially designed and well-equipped buildings are now available for purposes of technical instruction. In the smaller centres where special buildings have not yet been provided classes are held in suitable rented buildings or in the local public schools. During the year classes were held at twenty-two such centres in the Wanganui District, at eighteen in the Taranaki District, at thirteen in the Otago District, and at eight in the Southland District. Technical Classes other than Glasses at Day Technical Schools. Classes were held at 138 centres, an increase of six. The status of the classes, their number, and the number of individual students in attendance, were as follows :• —■

" Special" classes — i.e., classes the controlling authority of which id an „ Education Board or the governing body of a secondary school—continue to be the most numerous and the most widely distributed. Most of the classes in the smaller centres come under this heading. " Associated " classes — i.e., classes conducted by Managers representing bodies contributing to the funds of the classes —though held at a comparatively small number of centres, constitute most of the largest and best-equipped schools in the Dominion. In a few cases only do the Managers of associated classes conduct classes in more than one centre. " College " classes are conducted by the governing bodies of the University colleges, four in number, and include some classes not of university rank. The number of individual students in attendance during the year shows an. increase of 4-7 per cent, in the case of special classes, of 10-5 per cent, in the case of associated classes, and of 27-4 in the case of college classes ; while the number for all classes shows an increase of 8-4 per cent. These figures cannot be regarded as other than satisfactory, in view of the disturbing influences arising out of the war. Some particulars as to the age, sex, and occupations of students are as follows :—

Status. Number of Classes. Number oi Students. " Special " classes " Associated " classes " College " classes 1.913. 1914. 903 940 540 621 183 170 1913. 8,523 5,951 732 1914. 8,942 6,651 1,009 Totals .. 1,626 1,731 15,206 16,602

Seventeen Age and Years of Under. I 1914. 3,347 2,816 Over Seventeen Yoars of Age. 1918. 1914. 4,553 5,133 4,969 5,306 To! 1913. 7,743 7,463 ;als. Males Females .. 1913. 3,190 2,494 1914. 8,480 8,122 Totals .. 5,684 6,163 9,522 10,439 15,206 16,602

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Summary of Occupations of Students. Number of Percentage Students. of Total. Clerical pursuits .. .. .. .. .. 1,874 11-3 Professional pursuits .. ~ .. .. .. 2,820 17-0 Students .. .. .. .. .. .. 2,179 13-1 Domestic pursuits ... .. .. .. .. 3,339 20-1 Agricultural pursuits .. .. ~ .. .. 1,545 9-3 Various trades .. .. .. .. .. ..4,618 27-8 Other occupations not included in above .. .. .. 227 14 16,602 100-0 It is to be noted that of the total number of individual students nearly half were females ; and, further, that of the total number of students over seventeen years of age more than half were females. It is gratifying also to record that the number of students following agricultural pursuits shows an increase of 45 per cent, over the number for the previous year. A glance at the summary of occupations of students reveals the fact that the schools do in some measure meet the requirements of most sections of the community.

Table Jb.—Number of Classes held during 1914 in certain Subjects of Technical Instruction.

The demand for instruction in commercial subjects continues to be maintained. In addition to for higher commercial work at each of the four University colleges full courses of instruction, both elementary and advanced, are provided at all of the larger technical schools. • Classes for mechanical, electrical, and civil engineering, in that order, continue to be well supported. The number of recognized classes in operation during the year was 150. As regards mechanical engineering, ten technical schools, including those in chief centres, are now provided with well-equipped workshops, and are ablejto offer fairly full courses, both elementary and advanced. Courses of university-rank in each of the three branches of engineering are provided at the School of Engineering in connection with Canterbury College, Christchurch. There has been a considerable increase in the number of classes for domestic subjects. During the year 339 classes were held, an increase of about 12 per cent. The subjects most in demand were cookery (including invalid and high-class cookery), home nursing, dressmaking and millinery. A number of classes have been carried on in country districts, the instruction in most cases being given by itinerant instructors sent out from central schools. The special courses in home science and domestic arts at the Otago University continue to meet with satisfactory support. Of the forty-seven students who attended during the year thirteen were taking the course for the diploma and twelve that for the degree. Three students completed the former and one the latter course. Government bursaries were awarded to nineteen students who had signified their intention to qualify as teachers of domestic subjects. Seven of the students who have completed their courses are now engaged in. teaching in various parts of the Dominion. With the view of affording special, facilities for training in housecraft a hostel has been established in connection with the University. The number of students in residence is fifteen.

Subjects of Instruction. Number of Classes. Commercial subjects Mathematics and science Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries Domestic science A.rt and art-crafts Continuation classes 1913. 268 118 408 299 314 219 I 914. 277 153 432 339 295 235 Totals 1,626 1,731

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The elementary and advanced courses in pure and applied art provided by the schools in the larger centres continue to attract a satisfactory number of students, many of whom show considerable promise. Classes having special reference to the application of art to industries are becoming increasingly popular. Some of the work of the students attending these craft classes gives evidence of originality and skill. That the instruction in art, generally, is on right lines is evidenced by the successes gained by students in connection with the National Competitions of the English Board of Education, referred to elsewhere. Controlling authorities and Managers of technical schools continue to provide facilities for instruction in subjects relating to rural pursuits, and it is gratifying to note that their efforts in this direction appear to be meeting with some success. During the year classes attended by over 1,500 students were held at over sixty centres. Instruction was given in wool sorting and. classing, shearing, dairying, veterinary science, agriculture, and. horticulture. The classes were, for the most part, taken by itinerant instructors at convenient centres, and, if the attendance and the voluntary contributions of the farmers are any criterion, they weiv, fully appreciated. Table Jo.—Number of Students taking Group Courses oh Instruction occupying not less than Four Hours a Week and Eighty Hours a Year. n , T , .. Number of Students. Course oi Instruction. .„.., IQI4 Elementary and higher commercial, and general (including 1,980 2,117 public examinations) Practical mathematics and science .. .. .. 105 97 Mathematics and science applied to trades and industries .. 1,149 1,378 Domestic science .. .. .. .. .. 401 583 Arts and art-crafts .. .. .. .. .. 655 646 Totals .. .. .. ..4,290 4,821 Capitation in respect of group courses, as above, was earned by thirty-nine schools. About 29 per cent, of the students took such courses, the total number doing so being over five hundred more than in the previous year. The attendance of students at evening classes must be regarded as satisfactory, in view of the fact that attendance is for the most part voluntary. A gratifying feature is the number of students who find it worth while to attend on three or more evenings a week. Regulations requiring the attendance of young persons between the ages of fourteen and seventeen who are not otherwise receiving a suitable „ education, or who are not specially exempted from attendance, were in operation in seven school districts in Wanganui, in. two in Auckland, and in one in Hawke's Bay. The classes established under these regulations were attended by 436 students, of whom 256 were males. In the following table are given the number and sex of pupils receiving free education under the Regulations for Free Places : —

About one-fifth of the total number of students attending classes held free places as above. The total number of junior free pupils was 2,277, and of senior free pupils 1,307. The figures for the previous year were 2,081 and 1,090 respectively. About 48 per cent, of the students who entered on junior free places in 1913

1913. 1914. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. T , ., First year Junior tree pupils a -s 1 l (Second year [First year Senior free pupils - Second year (Third year 840 506 1,346 471 264 735 341 276 617 190 131 321 73 79 152 1,915 1,256 3,171 847 555 374 247 95 510 365 306 208 77 1,357 920 680 455 172 Totals .. 2,11.8 1,466 3,584

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continued to attend in 1914. Of the total number of senior free pupils in their first year over 24 per cent, had completed two years at technical classes as junior free pupils. The remainder were admitted either from day technical schools, secondary schools, or district high schools. Capitation payments made during the year on account of free places amounted to £7,196, being at the rate of £2 a pupil. In addition to the students receiving free education under the Regulations for Free Places, scholarships or free places were awarded locally to 314 students. The following technical schools had roll numbers of 500 and over, exclusive of the day technical schools carried on in connection with some of them:—■ c, , , Roll Number. BohooL 1913. 1914. Auckland Technical College .. .. .. ..1,345 1,620 Wanganui Technical College .. .. .. .. 666 741 Wellington Technical College .. .. .. ..1,180 1,119 Christchurch Technical College .. .. .. .. 1,063 1 ,200 Dunedin Technical College .. .. .. .. 1,055 1,195 Dunedin School of Art .. .. .. .. .. 685 617 Palmerston North Technical School . . .. .. .. 545 School of Art, Christchurch .. .. .. . . . . 544 Day Technical Schools. At these schools, which are of secondary grade, one or more of the following courses are provided : Industrial, commercial, domestic, agricultural, general, and art. The schools are under the same management as the technical schools of which they form part. The number of pupils in attendance during the years 1913 and 1914 was as follows :— „ m r • r(3 i i Number of Pupils. i>ay Tecnmoal oohool. .„.., ,{.,. Auckland .. ..343 397 Wanganui .. .. .. .. .. .. 180 185 Wellington .. .. .. .. .. .. 251 285 Napier .. .. .. .. .. .. ..84 79 Westport .. .. .. .. .. .. 10 14 Christchurch .. .. .. .. .. ..416 414 Dunedin .. .. .. .. .. .. 218 288 Invercargill .. .. .. .. .. ..162 177 Totals .. .. .. .. .. 1,664 1,839 The total enrolment for the year, which shows an increase of 10-5 per cent., must be regarded as satisfactory, and indicates that the schools are meeting the needs of a number of young people who would not otherwise proceed to schools of secondary grade. The number of pupils taking up the various courses provided was as follows :— r. Number of Pupils. _, , CoOT9e - Males. Females. Totols Industrial .. .. .. .. ..470 .. 470 Commercial .. .. .. .. ..252 640 892 Domestic .. .. .. .. .. .. 313 313 Agricultural .. .. .. .. 91 .. 91 General 46 23 69 Art 1 3 4 Totals .. .. .. ..860 979 1,839 Nearly 50 per cent, of the pupils took commercial courses, industrial courses being taken by 25-5 per cent., and domestic courses by 17 per cent. Courses in agriculture were taken by ninety-one pupils, as compared with seventy-seven pupils last year. Seven of the eight schools offered industrial, commercial, and domestic courses ; in addition, five schools offered an agricultural course, and one an artcourse, while one school (Westport) offered an engineering course only. Capitation payments totalled £19,890, being at the rate of £10-8 per pupil.

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Following are some particulars regarding free pupils :—

Of the total number of pupils in attendance 91 per cent, were receiving free education under the Regulations for Free Places. Junior free places were held by 1,495 pupils, and senior free places by 179 pupils. 48 per cent, of the junior free pupils who entered in 1913 continued to attend in 1914, while about 25 per cent, of the pupils who completed the second year of their junior free places in 1913 . qualified for and were admitted to senior free places in 1914. Of the pupils who left the day technical schools on the completion of their junior free places 12 per cent, qualified for senior free places and were admitted to evening classes. Most of these pupils left to take up employment. General. The following is a summary for 1914 of receipts (exclusive of grants for buildings, equipment, rent, and material) and of expenditure under certain heads in respect of " special " and " associated " classes (including, in each case, day technical schools) :— RECEIPTS. Special Associated Classes. Classes. £ £ Capitation on attendances and free places .. .. 18,001 25,305 Voluntary contributions and subsidies thereon .. .. 2,428 8,850 Students 5 fees .. .. .. .. .. 4,019 5,284 Sundry receipts .. .. .. .. .. 4,100 7,717 Totals for 1914 .. .. .. .. £28,548 £47,156 Totals for 1913 .. .. .. .. £27,438 £38,642 Expenditure. Administration .. .. .. .. . 5,518 5,316 Salaries of instructors .. .. .. .. 19,093 26,208 Sundry expenses .. .. .. .. .. 759 1,368 Totals for 1914 .. .. ~ .. £25,370 £32,892 Totals for 1913 ... .. .. .. £24,960 £27,781The total cost of administration was about 19 per cent, of the total receipts in the case of " special" classes, and about 11 per cent, in the case of " associated" classes. It must be remembered, however, that the former are held at a much greater number of small centres than are the latter. The receipts and expenditure in respect of buildings, equipment, rent, and material for class use were as follows : — Special Classes. p,eceipts. Expenditure. £ £ Buildings and equipment .. .. .. .. 5,494 3,877 Rent and material .. .. .. .. ..1,199 2,191 Totals .. .. .. .. .. £6,693 £6,068 Associated Classes. Receipts. Expenditure. £ £ Buildings and equipment .. .. .. .. 8,891 22,735 Rent and material .. .. .. .. .. 1,636 3,747 Totals ~ .. .. .. .. £10,527 £26,482

1913. 1914. Males. Females. Total. Males. Females. Total. r ■ , .. (First year .. J unior free pupils _ _ * r (Second year [First year .. Senior free pupils j Second year j (.Third year Totals 404 207 50 12 3 676 464 265 86 14 2 831 "~ 868 472 136 26 5 1,507 465 238 57 13 I 774 489 954 303 541 91 148 16 29 1. 2 900 1,674 1,507 774

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Thus, in the case of " special " classes the total receipts amounted to £35,241 and the expenditure to £31,438, while for " associated " classes the total receipts and the total expenditure were £57,683 and £59,374 respectively. The following is a summary of the expenditure by the Government on manual and technical instruction during the year ended the 31st March, 1915 :— M'anuai instruction —■ £ £ Capitation on classes .. .. .. .. .. 32,007 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. 193 Grants for buildings, equipment, rent, &c. .. .. .. 3,205 35,405 Technical instruction — Capitation—■ Day technical schools .. .. .. ..18,854 Other classes (including free places) .. .. .. 26,209 Subsidies on voluntary contributions .. .. .. 5,427 Grants for buildings, equipment, material, rent, &c. .. .. 22,665 — 73,155 * . Manual and technical instruction — Railway fares, &c, of instructors and students .. .. 9,046 Bursaries .. .. .. .. .. 1,142 Examinations .. .. .. .. .. .. 475 Inspection and other expenses .. .. .. .. 1,136 ——— 11,799 120,359 Less recoveries (examination fees, &c.) .. .. 178 £120,181 This total includes £8,270 from national-endowment revenue. The total expenditure for the previous year in respect of capitation, subsidies on voluntary contributions, and grants for buildings, &c, was —For manual instruction £35,290, and for technical instruction £64,198. Of the total capitation paid during the year, 30 per cent, was on. account of classes of primary grade, 36 per cent, on account of classes of secondary grade (i.e., classes of secondary schools, secondary departments of district high schools, and day technical schools), and 34 per cent, on account of classes of technical schools. The Science Examinations of the Board of Education, London, and the Technological Examinations of the City and Guilds of London Institute were held as usual, "the former at fourteen and the latter at nineteen centres. The total number of entries was 426, and the number of passes 264. The percentage of passes was 62. At the National Art Competitions of the Board of Education, London, one bronze medal, two book prizes, and twelve certificates of commendation were awarded to students of technical schools in the Dominion. SECONDARY EDUCATION. (See also E.--C, Roport on Secondary Eduoation.) Number of Schools. (E.-6.—Table Fl.) Secondary education was carried on at secondary schools, district high schools, day technical schools, Maori schools, and private secondary schools. The secondary schools may be classified as follows:— (a.) " Endowed secondary schools " within the meaning of section 89 of the Education Act, 1908, and included in the Eighth Schedule to the Act 27* (b.) Secondary schools within the meaning of the same section (89), but established by the Minister under section 94 ... ... ... 4 (c.) Other endowed secondary schools not coming within the definition of section 89 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 2 Total ... ... ... ... 33 * One soparate department lor girls regarded as a separate school.

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Of the endowed secondary schools only twenty-three were in operation during the year. Of the other four —Akaroa, Greymouth, Hokitika, and Waimate—the last three have never been in operation, and the first existed as a small struggling high school for a few years only ; but a permanent increase of population might lead to the establishment (or re-establishment) of one or more of them at any time. Meanwhile, secondary education is carried on in the secondary departments of the district high schools established in each of these four centres, and statutory provision exists whereby the income derived from the endowments of the secondary schools may be devoted, if the Minister thinks fit. wholly or in part to the maintenance of these district high schools. The number of district high, schools was sixty, day technical schools eight, and Maori secondary schools ten. In addition there were a number of private secondary schools, thirteen of which were inspected by the Department's Inspectors. With the passing of the Education Act, 1914, day technical schools will be called technical high schools. Roll and Attendance. (E.-6, Tables Xl, K2, LI, and L 2.) The total number of pupils attending the twenty-nine secondary schools in • the last terms of 1913 and 1914 respectively was — , 1913. , 1914. , Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. Roll (exclusiveof lower departments) 3,413 2,390 5,803 3,606 2,450 6,056 Number in lower departments ... 222 129 351 236 126 362 Totals ... ... 3,635 2,519 6,154 3,842 2,576 6,418 Number of boarders (included above) 765 169 934 804 161 965 The following are some of the figures in connection with the roll and attendance of schools in which secondary education is given : — (a.) Secondary Schools. Boys. Girls. Number on roll at beginning of 1914, lower departments excluded 2,471 1,650 Number admitted during 1914, lower departments excluded ... 1,636 1,104 „ Number who left during 1914, lower departments excluded ... 501 304 Number on roll at end of 1914, lower departments excluded ... 3,606 2,450 Number on roll at end of 1914, lower departments included ... 3,842 2,576 Of whom the number under twelve years of age was ... ... 98 63 And the number over eighteen years of age was ... ... 178 111 Number of boarders was ... ... ... ... ... 804 161 Average attendance, lower departments excluded ... ... 6,138 Average attendance, lower departments included ... ... 6,475 (b.) Seoondaky Departments op District High Schools. Number of district high schools open at end of 1914 ... ... 60 Mean of average weekly roll of secondary departments ... ... 2,100 Number on roll at end of 1914 ... ... ... ... 1,896 Average attendance of secondary departments ... ... ... 1,923 (c.) Day Technical Schools. Boya Girlg Number on the roUs during 1914 .. .. .. ..860 979 (d.) Secondary Schools por Maoris. Number on rolls at end of 1914 .. .. ..' .. .. 435 Average weekly roll number for 1914 .. .. .. .. .. 417 (c.) Private Secondary Schools. Number on rolls during 1914 .. ~ ~ .. .. .. 850

7—E. 1.

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The total number of children receiving secondary education at these four classes of schools is shown below. The Department has no statistics of private secondary schools, which are not subject to inspection. Average Weekly Roll. 1913. 191.4. Secondary schools ... ... ... ... 5,803* 6,056* District high schools ... ... ... 2,073 2,100 Day technical schools ... ... ... 1,6641 1,889+ Maori secondary schools ... ... ... 419* 435* Private secondary schools ... ... ... 545 850 Totals ... ... ... 10,504 11,280 * Roll at end of year. t Actual number on roll during year. It will thus be seen that the number receiving secondary education during 1914 shows a slight increase over that for the previous year. Based on the estimated population of New Zealand as at the 31st December last the proportion of persons receiving some form of day secondary education is 98 per 10,000 of population, as compared with 93 for the previous year. Schemes of Control of Secondary Schools. Section 89 of the Education Act, 1914, which secures to Education Boards and parents of pupils representation on the Boards of Governors of certain secondary schools, for which such provision had not previously been made, and section 90, which determines fully the constitution of the governing bodies of certain other secondary schools, necessitated the revision of the schemes of control in these cases or the drawing-up of new schemes where none had existed before. Under section 92 of the Act schemes for nineteen secondary schools in all were submitted to the Council of Education, and, on the recommendation of that body, received Ministerial approval and were gazetted. Provisions were included in the schemes, in accordance with the Act, dealing with courses of study, fees, the respective powers of the governing body and the principal, and other matters. Free Secondary Education. (E.-6, Table X 5.) Under the regulations free places are divided into two classes —junior and senior—both being tenable at secondary schools and district high schools, or, under somewhat different conditions, at technical schools. Generally speaking, junior free places are tenable for two years, with a possible extension in certain cases to three years. In the case of their being held at- district high schools they are tenable to the age of seventeen. The qualifications are a certificate of proficiency, or a junior scholarship, or special Junior Free Place Examination. Senior free places may be obtained on passing the Intermediate Examination, or without external examination after the satisfactory completion of a two-years secondary course, on the recommendation of the principal of the school attended, to which the Director of Education concurs. The latter form of qualification is becoming increasingly applicable, there being 791 cases of complete exemption from examination and 33 cases of partial exemption in 1914. Senior free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical high schools are tenable up to the age of nineteen. To technical schools other than technical high schools this age-limit does not apply. The following are some of the figures for 1913 and 1914 in regard to free places in secondary schools : — 1913. 1914. Number of secondary schools giving free tuition 30 30 ♦Total roll number, excluding lower departments .. 5,803 6,056 Number of free-place holders .. .. . . 4,592 5,061 Free-place holders as a percentage of roll number .. 79 per cent. 84 per cent. Total annual payment by Government for free places . . £51,917 £56,1.86 Cost to Government per free pupil .. . . .. £10 15s. lid. £11 2s. Od. * The total roll of all secondary schools is taken, including Wanganui Boys' and Girls' Colleges and Christ's College, but tin se three schools aro not included in the number of secondary schools giving free tuition during 1914. Wanganui Girls' College will be open to free-place holders as from the beginning of the current year.

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It will seen that there are now very few pupils—only 16 in every 100 —who pay fees for admission into secondary schools. That the free-place system has undoubtedly been fully taken advantage of by the people of New Zealand is evidenced by the enormous increase in free places in the last few years. In 1903 there were 1,600 free pupils at secondary schools ; now the number is more than three times as great. In order to arrive at the total number of pupils in New Zealand receiving free secondary instruction it will be necessary, however, to include also 171 holders of scholarships or exhibitions carrying free instruction not otherwise enumerated, which are granted by the secondary schools included above or by endowed secondary schools not coming under the conditions for free places, 2,100 pupils in attendance at district high schools, almost all of whom were free pupils, 107 Maori pupils receiving free education in Maori secondary schools, and 1,674 holders of free places in day technical schools. Consequently, there are approximately 8,942 pupils receiving free secondary education in the Dominion, exclusive of those holder's.of free places in technical schools (mostly evening students) who, while not taking full day courses, were nevertheless receiving free education of secondary grade. The following table gives a summary of the various secondary free places at the end of the year for which payment was made by Government:— Free Places in December, 1913 and 1914. , L 913. __, , —-1914. , (i.) Secondary schools— Boys. Girls. Total. Boys. Girls. Total. (a.) Junior free pupils .. 1,815 1,466 3,281 2,024 1,556 3,580 (6.) Senior free pupils ■ .. 759 552 1,311 864 617 1,481 Totals .. .. 2,574 2,018 4,592 2,888 2,173 5,061 (ii.) District high schools .. .. 900 937 1,837 1,067 1,033 2,1.00 (iii.) Maori secondary schools .. 53 55 108 48 59 107 (iv.) Day technical schools — (a.) Junior free pupils .. 611 729 '1,340 703 792 1,495 {b.) Senior free pupils .. 65 102 167 71 108 179 Grand totals .. .. 4,203 3,841 8,044 4,777 4,165 8,942 Scholarships held at Secondary Schools and District High Schools. w (Seealso E.-6, Tables X 5, L 4, and L 5.) These scholarships are of four kinds, — (i.) National Scholarships ; (ii.) Education Board Scholarships ; (iii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships, given by the governing bodies of secondary schools ; • (iv.) Private scholarships, endowed by private owners. (i.) National Scholarships. Junior National Scholarships have up to the present been allotted to the several education districts practically on. the basis of population, as in each district there has been offered annually one scholarship for each 4,000 or part of 4,000 children in average yearly attendance at public schools. The scholarships are awarded by the Education Boards on the results of an examination conducted by the Education Department, and the Boards exercise a certain, control over the holders, and pay over to them from time to time the amounts falling due. Under the Education Act, 1914, and regulations issued under its authority, the arrangements for scholarships have been remodelled. Junior and Senior National Scholarships, to be awarded under a national scheme, replace the older Junior National and the Education Board Junior Scholarships and the Education Board Senior Scholarships respectively. The University Entrance Scholarships, which have hitherto been called Senior National Scholarships, will in future be known, in accordance with the University Amendment Act, 1914, as University National Scholarships.

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Under the scheme thus introduced junior and senior scholarships, in the proportion of nine to five, are to be awarded, the standard of qualification in any year for the respective grades being determined beforehand in such manner as approximately to provide one scholarship for every five hundred in yearly average attendance. For pupils of schools below Grade 111 a slightly lower standard is to be provided. The qualifications of candidates for Junior National Scholarships will be tested in an examination of somewhat greater difficulty than the certificate of proficiency examination. For the testing of the qualifications of applicants for the new Senior National Scholarships there will be, alternative to the examination based on the Public Service Entrance Examination, an examination of equal difficulty provided to suit the needs of those candidates who are being instructed on the lines of the rural or domestic courses now adopted in many schools. The following summary to Table L 4 in E.-6, showing the number and value of Junior National Scholarships current in December, 1913, and December, 1914, respectively, deals only with the Junior National Scholarships of the older conditions. The first award of scholarships under the new conditions will be made- as from the beginning of next year : — Number of scholarships,— 1913. 1914. Boys .. .. .. .. .. ..68 76 Girls .. .. .. ~ .. ..62 59 Totals .. .. .. .. ..130 135 Number receiving boarding-allowance (included in the above total) 72 77 Number receiving travelling-allowance (similarly included) . . 2 3 Number held at secondary schools .. .. .. .. 114 117 Number held at district high schools .. .. .. 1.6 18 Total annual rate of payment .. .. .. .. £3,460 £3,650 (ii.) Education Board Scholarships. The scholarship funds of the "Boards have for many years up to the present been provided by grants which amounted to Is. 6d. per head of the average attendance. The conditions of the scholarships have been determined by regulations approved in the case of each Board by the Minister of Education. For the award of the junior scholarships all the Boards have now for some years used the Junior National Scholarship Examination, and for their senior scholarships the Intermediate Examination as arranged for scholarship candidates ; but the awards themselves and the subsequent control of the holders have been entirely in the hands of the Boards. The number and the value of the Board scholarships in the various districts are shown in Table L 5 of E.-6, the totals of which are for the whole of New Zealand, as follows :— Scholarships. At £40 per annum .. .. .. .. ~ 118 At £35 per annum. . . . . .. .. . . . . 5 . At £33 per annum .. .. .. .. .. .. 3 At £30 per annum .. ... .. .. .. ..50 Under £30 and not under £20 per annum .. .. 14 Under £20 and not under £10 per annum .. .. .. 239 Under £10 and not under £5 per annum . . . . .. .. 159 Under £5 per annum .. .. .. .. .. 38 Total .. .. .. .. .. .. 626 Number of scholarships, — Boys .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 388 Girls .. .. .. .. ..238 Total .. .. .. .. .. ..626 Total expenditure of Boards on scholarships,— £ In 1910 .. .. .. .. .. 9,232 In 1911 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,244 In 1912 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,976 In 1913 .. .. .. .. .. .. 9,924 In 1914 .. .. .. .. .. .. 10,466

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As will be seen from the above summary, the value of the scholarships hitherto given by Boards varies considerably. In five out of the thirteen education districts scholarships of the value of £40 have been offered for competition, while in another the highest scholarship offered was of the value of £24. Further, four Boards did not give scholarships of a lower value than £10 per annum, whereas others offered scholarships of a value of £2 10s. In general, holders of Education Board scholarships are also, in virtue of their scholarship qualifications, holders of secondary free places. Future awards} of junior and senior scholarships will entitle the holders to receive, in addition to free places, the sums of £5 and £10 a year respectively, in addition to a lodging-allowance of £35 a year if they are required to live away from home to prosecute their studies at the secondary school, or its equivalent, which is approved by the Minister for the purpose. The Board scholarships current will gradually disappear until they are entirely replaced by national scholarships. (iii.) Foundation (or Governors') Scholarships. These are of two kinds, those offered by the Governors of secondary schools not granting free places under the Act, and those offered as additional scholarships by the Governors of schools providing free places. (iv.) Private Scholarships. These are derived from funds provided by private donors at certain schools, by bequest or otherwise. The number of foundation and private scholarships in the last term of 1914 was 198. Of the holders, forty-five were also Government free pupils under the regulations. The total annual value of the scholarships in cash was £826. In addition, free tuition was given by the schools to holders of foundation and private scholarships to the value of £1,858 19s. Bd., the value of the Government free places already mentioned not being included in this amount. Staff. The staffing of the secondary schools was as follows: —■ , 1912. , , 1913. , 1914. , M. F. Total. M. P. Total. M. F. Total. Regular staff ... 163 118 281 168 120 288 172 127 299 Part-time teachers ... 46 38 84 46 33 79 41 32 73 The average number of pupils per teacher (excluding part-time teachers), as estimated on. the roll number at the end of the year, was 20-8 in 1912, 21-4 in 1913, and A 2l-5 in 1914. The head teacher of a district high school generally takes some part in the secondary instruction, and receives from the Government the sum of £30 in addition to the salary he would receive as head teacher of a primary school of the same size. In 1913 there were 88 special secondary assistants —37 men and 51 women. In 1914 there were 39 men and 49 women. Leaving out of consideration the head teachers, the average number of pupils per teacher was, on the roll number at the end of the year, 21*5, on the average attendance for the year, 22-1. Salaries and Status of Secondary Teachers. The total amount paid as salaries to the regular staffs of secondary schools as at the rates paid in December last was £71,992, as against £69,856 for the previous year. Full particulars will be found in Table X 4 (E.-6). The following summary shows the average salary paid to principals and assistants : — Average Salaries in Secondary Schools. 1913. , 1914. , M. F. All. M. P. All. £ £ £ £ £ £ Principals ... 531 391 484 524 397 482 Assistants ... 249 161 211 248 163 211 Whole staff ... 286 182 243 283 183 241 Note. —The salaries of part-time teachers are not taken into consideration in the above summary.

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The average salary of all women was £183 4s. 7d., and the average salary of all men was £283 ss. 4d. Conditions have been made under the Act of 1914 minimum salaries better than the present average salaries, so that higher average salaries may be expected at the end of the current year. In the secondary departments of district high schools salaries are uniform, in accordance with the schedule to the Act. The average salaries actually paid to secondary assistants, exclusive of the sums paid to head teachers by way of extra salary, were, in December, 1913 and 1914, as follows: — 1913. 1914. £ a. d. £ s. d. Male assistants ... ... ... ... 193 0 0 209 1.9 5 Female assistants ... ... ... ... 164 7 9 182 8 7 All secondary assistants ... ... ... 174 8 9 194 12 9 (The scale of salaries is the same for men and women.) The total amount paid in salaries to teachers in secondary departments of district high schools, including the special payments to head teachers, was £18,929 as against £17,295 for 1913. The professional qualifications of the secondary-school teachers of the Dominion are as follows :• — Status of Secondary Teachers (Begular Staff only), December, 1914. Distriot Secondary High Sohools Schools. (Secondary Principals,— Departments). Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 32 20 Holding certificates or other qualifications (excluding graduates)... ... ... ... ... 1 40 Assistants, — Graduates ... ... ... ... ... 217 54 Certificated (excluding graduates)... ... ... 17 27 Uncertificated ... ... ... ... ... 32 7 Totals 299 148 Finances of Secondary Schools. (Sec also E.-6, Tables X 6 to KB.) The income of secondary schools is derived from the following sources: — (i.) Rents from the special reserves allocated to them by statute : (ii.) Statutory grants given in lieu of special reserves : (iii.) Interest upon moneys derived from the sale of reserves and invested in accordance with the Education Reserves Act: (iv.) Income from the secondary-school reserves controlled by the Land Boards, divided among the secondary schools in the several land districts in proportion to the number of pupils in average attendance, lower departments excluded: (v.) Government payments—(a) Statutory capitation upon free pupils under the Act ; (&) subsidies on voluntary contributions for the general purposes of the school: (vi.) Government payments — (a) Capitation for manual - instruction classes ; (b) subsidies on voluntary contributions for manualinstruction purposes : (vii.) Special Government grants for buildings and apparatus: (viii.) Tuition fees of pupils : (ix.) Boarding fees of pupils : (x.) Miscellaneous sources, such as interest on moneys (other than those obtained by the sale of reserves), donations, and special endow ments (for scholarships, prizes, &c), rent of premises, loans raised, &c.

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The revenue derived from the sources (i) to (iv) is the income derived from endowments, and the " net annual income derived from endowments" is the average of this revenue for the three preceding years, less the expenditure upon the endowments and investments and subject to some qualification upon buildings, and less mortgage and other charges. In regard to new buildings the Education Act, 1914, provides that the expenditure shall not be deducted unless the Minister is satisfied that the buildings are necessary for the purposes of the secondary school. The Tenth Schedule to the Education Act, 1914, provides for more liberal payments than formerly to secondary schools admitting free pupils. In addition to a lump sum of £100 payable yearly to each school, the maximum rate of capitation for each free pupil has been increased from £12 10s. to £13 10s. per annum, and other rates proportionately. The schedule lays down certain conditions as to staffing and salaries of teachers as necessary before full rates of payment on account of the attendance of free pupils can be claimed. The following is a summary of the receipts and expenditure of all secondary schools for the year 1914:— Table X.—Summary of the Accounts of Income and Expenditure for 1914 furnished by the Governing Bodies of Secondary Schools. Receipts. Expenditure. £ s. d. £ s. d Credit balances on Ist January, 1914 34,723 1 2 Debit balances on Ist January, 1914 .. 23,855 18 1 Endowment reserves sold, mortgage- Expenses of management .. .. 5,056 11 7 moneys repaid, and insurance .. 607 1 6 School salaries .. .. .. 78,086 7 6 Ronts, <fee, of reserves vested in Boards 36,594 15 11 Boarding-school Account .. .. 22,512 17 7 Interest on moneys invested .. .. 1,246 0 5 Scholarships and prizes .. .. 2,771 16 4 Reserves revenue (not apportioned) .. 8,671 610 Printing, stationery, fuel, light, &c. .. 6,061 210 Government payments— v Land, buildings, furniture, insurance, For manual instruction, capitation, rent, and rates .. .. .. 50,848 10 2 and subsidies .. .. .. 1,712 16 10 On endowments .. .. .. 6,999 11 5 For free places, capitation, and subsidies 54,986 2 2 On manual instruction, exclusive of Grants for buildings, sites, furniture, buildings.. .. .. .. 1,513198 &o. .. .. .. .. 9,714 10 11 On technical instruction .. .. 2,574 10 5 Statutory grant (Marlborough High Interest and repayments of mortgages .. 1.1,029 8 6 School) .. . . .. 400 0 0 Temporary advances to pupils, and sunSchool fees (tuition).. .. .. 19,307 19 5 dries not classified .. .. 9,237 10 4 Boarding-school fees, &c. .. .. 30,338 1 4 Credit balances, 31st December, 1914 .. 32,106 19 10 For technical instruction, from Government and other sources .. .. 2,908 6 9 Transfers from Capital Account, loans and sundries not classified .. .. 31,213 4 9 Debit balances, 31st December, 1914 .. 20,231 16 3 £252,665 4 3 £252,665 4 3 The following table gives a comparison of the chief items of income and expenditure for the years 1912, 1913, and 1914: — Income. 1912. 1913. 1914. £ £ £ Income from reserves and endowments ... 42,156 48,492 46,512 Grants from Government (exclusive of building grants) ... ... ... ... 53,548 54,848 57,099 Building grants ... ... ... ... 5,254 4,964 9,715 Tuition "fees (exclusive of boarding-school fees)... 17,973 18,784 19,308 Expenditure. Salaries of staff ... ... ... ... 69,806 74,523 78,086 Working-expenses (lower departments excluded) 4,336* 11,701 11,802 Buildings, &c. ... ... ... ... 37,982 44,982 50,849 * Expenses of management only. Thirteen of the secondary-schools Boards in operation show a credit balance at the end of the year and eleven a debit balance. The net credit balance of all schools taken together is £11,875, as compared with £17,008 in 1913. The decrease is mainly owing to building operations carried on during the year.

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For the whole Dominion, if there are taken into account only the secondary schools that admit free pupils under the Act, we find from Table X 6 in E.-6 the following position as at the Ist March, 1914:— 1912. 1913. 1914. Total number of pupils, excluding lower departments (roll number beginning of first term, 1914) ... ... ... ... ... 5,515 5,693 6,009 Total net income from endowments (average of three years ended 31st December, 1914) ... £12,373 £11,533 £9,781 Net income from endowments per head ... £224 £2-02 £T63 Approximate annual rate of capitation ... £1077 £10-79 £10-60 Total available net income per free pupil for salaries and management ... ... £13-01 £12-82 £12-23 Total expenditure on salaries of staff ... ... £56,682 £60,297 £62,805 working-expenses .. ... £3,152- £9,909 £9,804 „ staff salaries, and workingexpenses ... ... £59,834 £70,206 £72,609 Expenditure per head on staff salaries ... ... £1028 £10-59 £10-45 „ per head on working-expenses ... £0-57* £1-74 £1-63" Total expenditure per head on stall salaries, and working-expenses ... ... ... £10-84 £12-33 £12-08 * Management oxponses only. The last figure given shows as nearly as may be the actual cost per annum for each pupil, exclusive of those in the lower departments. Further details of the income and expenditure of the secondary schools will be found in Tables K7 and X 8 of E.-6. Lower Departments. —The Education Act provides that pupils who have not obtained a certificate of competency in the subjects of Standard V or a higher standard of the public-school syllabus may be admitted to a lower department of a secondary school if they are taught in a separate building or class-room, and if no part of the actual cost of their instruction is met out of the endowments of the secondary school. There were lower departments in thirteen secondary schools during 1914 ; the total number of pupils in those departments was 362 ; the total expenditure on salaries of teachers was £2,400; the total amount of fees received on their account was £3,152. (See Table KlO of E.-6.) HIGHER EDUCATION. New Zealand University and Affiliated Colleges. (See also E.-7, Higher Education Report.) The New Zealand University, the body which has general control of higher education in New Zealand, was founded by the New Zealand University Acts of 1870, 1874, and 1875. In 1876 the University was recognized by Royal charter as entitled to grant the degrees of Bachelor and Master in Arts, and Bachelor and Doctor in Law, Medicine, and Music. The Amendment Act of 1883, and the supplementary charter issued in December of the same year, added the degrees of Bachelor and Doctor of Science. Moreover, in 1904 the University Degrees Act gave the University authority to confer degrees of Doctor of Literature, Master of Laws, Surgery, and Science, and Bachelor, Master, and Doctor of Veterinary Science, Dental Surgery, Mechanical, Electrical, Civil, Mining, and Metallurgical Engineering, Naval Architecture, Agriculture, Public Health, and Commerce. For these latter no further charter has been given, so that nominally they must be considered as having currency only in New Zealand. The affairs of the University of New Zealand are controlled by a Senate, which, under the New Zealand University Amendment Act, 1902, consists of twenty-four members or Fellows—four elected by the Governor in Council ; eight by the governing bodies of the four affiliated institutions, two by each ; four, one each, by the Professorial Boards ; and eight, two each, by the four District Courts of Convocation, consisting of the graduates belonging to the several University districts. The

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revenue of the University is derived chiefly from a statutory Government grant- of £3,000 per annum, from examination and diploma fees, and from interest on money invested. The University is an. examining, not a teaching, body, and four teaching institutions are affiliated to it —the Auckland University College, Victoria University College, Canterbury College, and Otago University. Of these four institutions the two first mentioned — Auckland University College and Victoria College — each receive an annual statutory grant of £4,000, supplemented last year by grants of £2,700 and £3,000 respectively for the general, purposes of the institution, while the two others—Canterbury College and Otago University—are endowed with reserves of land. The affairs of these University colleges, including the appointments of professors and lecturers, are entirely in the hands of the various Councils. - Each of the four affiliated University colleges specializes in certain directions, and to further this purpose the Government makes to each an additional annual grant to provide for the special studies pursued. This annual grant normally amounts to £2,000 in. each case, but in the case of Otago University has been during the past year increased to £4,500 to meet the special expenses attached to the medical school. Qtago University lias both medical and dental schools, and a, school of mining and metallurgical engineering; Canterbury College has a school of engineering (mechanical, electrical, and civil) ; at Auckland University College the grant is allocated for mining and commerce ; and at Victoria College it is in consideration especially of law subjects and science. Under the provisions of the New Zealand University Amendment Act of 1914 new arrangements are made for the payment- of fixed grants out of the Consolidated Fund to each of the affiliated institutions of the University ; and, in addition, provision is made for the payment to such, institutions of one-seventh part of the National Endowment- Account available for purposes of education. Two-thirds of the amount is to be distributed among the four colleges, the remaining third being paid to the University of New Zealand in trust to be distributed according to the decision of the Senate. The New Zealand University Amendment- Act of 1914 also provides for the establishment of a Board of Studies consisting of twenty members, five of whom are to be appointed by each of the Professorial Boards of the four institutions «. affiliated to the University. The Board is to have power to make recommendations to the Senate as to the appointment of examiners and as to degrees, diplomas, scholarships, prizes, courses of study, and examinations, and to receive recommendations as to any of these matters from the Professorial Boards or other bodies concerned. Other Professional Institutions. In addition to the four University colleges there are several institutions which, though not actually affiliated to the New Zealand University, are equally entitled to be considered professional in their scope and character. The Canterbury Agricultural College is recognized by the University as a school of agriculture, and matriculated students of the college may, after a two-years course, followed by a further course of one year at a University college, qualify for the degree of Bachelor of Agriculture upon passing the prescribed examination. In several respects the four training colleges at Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, and Dunedin may also be considered professional schools. Although not affiliated with, the New Zealand University, they are in several ways directly associated with the University colleges : matriculation is to a large extent the entrance examination for both ; the principal of the training, college is usually lecturer on education at the University college ; attendance at some at least of the University college courses is compulsory for trainees ; and a member of the Professorial Board of the University college is a member of the Board of Advice of the training college.

B—E. 1.

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New Zealand University. The following are some figures in connection with the annual examination conducted by the University :— 1913. 1914. Total number of candidates at all examinations, &<;. .. 3,444 3,472 Number who qualified for degrees .. .. .. .. 183 211 Of whom the number gaining honours was .. .. .. 44 56 Number passing Matriculation Examination .. .. 502 617 Total number of graduates so far admitted .. .. 1,755 1,879 The following table shows the principal items of income and expenditure of the University of New Zealand for the years 1913 and 1914: — Income. Expenditure. 1913. 1914. 1913. 1914. Balances— £ £ £ £ General Account .. 5,676 5,104 Scholarships .. .. 2,283 2,496 Scholarship Account; .. 26,049 26,548 Examinations .. .. 7,761 7,307 — Office salaries .. .. 1,106 -1,095 31,725 31,652 Expenses of Senate meetings 644 " 692 Statutory grant .. 3,000 3,000 Miscellaneous .. .. 793 656 Fees .. .. 8,062 7,710 Balances .. .. 31,653 31,412 Interest .. .. 1,283 1,191 Miscellaneous.. .. 170 ■ 105 j £44,240 £43,658 £44,240 £43,658 In the above statement no account has been taken of special scholarships and prize funds. The balance at the end of the year, £31,412, consists of a balance on the Scholarships Account of £26,743, and a balance on the General Account of £4,669. The amount in hand for general purposes was therefore £4,669, the only liabilities of importance against which are amounts of £1,911 due to English examiners for the degree examinations of November, 1914, and £2,002 due to the Scholarship Account. The net balance on the General Account has therefore decreased from £3,143 in 1913 to £2,557 in 1914, a net decrease of £586. Degrees obtained and Scholarships awarded. Table M below gives the numbers of those qualifying for degrees and scholarships in 1914. For the sake of clearness no notice has been taken of similar degrees awarded on the results of a single examination—as, for instance, Master and Honours, or the double degree of Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery.

Table M. —Number of Successful Candidates at the Examinations for Degrees in 1914.

Luckland rniversity College. Victori Univers; Collei!' ity e. anterl Colle airy je. Otai Univei Ity. Total Degrees. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. M. I F. 1 i Total. M. F. Total. M. F. Total. Doctor of Medicine Doctor of Science Honours in Arts.. Honours in Science Honours in Laws Master of Arts Master of Laws Master of Science Bachelor of— Arts Science Medicine and Surgery .. Dental Surgory Laws Music Commerce Engineering (Mechanical) (Civil) (Electrical) Senior University Scholarships John Tinline Scholarships 7 3 1 1 S 10 3 1 1 1 7 1 4 2 8 1 1 'i i '.'. 10 11 1 2 .... 5 .. .. 2 .. .. 1 .. i 12 1 8 5 5 1 13 5 1 .. 2 .. 33 12 8 .. 2 1 7 1 2 .. 1 .. 12 i 1 1 2 45 8 3 8 2 1 '_ *2 i 12 1 4 16 1 8 1 10 2 18 9 11 3 .. .. 20 17 2 27 2 3 7 1 24 3 27 2 8 46 32 4 3 27 .. 2 .. 21 .. 1 1 1 2 .. 1 .. 5 5 32 3 78 7 27 2 21 1 1 1 2 1 10 1 '7 'j io io i .. l .. i 1 1 2 1 4 1 1 1 .. 2 .. 1 .. 2 2 2 '. 2 4 i i 5 1 1 1 1 Totals .. 34 9 43 35 18 53 30 14 44 68 14 82 167 55 55 222 i

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Out of 2,257 students on the books of the University colleges there were thus . 141 who were entitled to rise from the status of undergraduate to that of graduate, and sixty-seven from that of Bachelor to the status of Master of Arts, Laws, or Science. In addition, two students qualified for the degree of Doctor of Science, and one for that of. Doctor of Medicine, making a total of 211—a percentage of 9-3, as compared with. 7-9 for the year 1913. Affiliated [Colleges. Reference to Table Ma will show that there were 2,134 students actually in attendance at the four University colleges, a decrease of 84 as compared with the number for the previous year. Of these, 108 were graduates, 1,463 were undergraduates, and 565 were unmatriculated students. In addition to the matriculated students mentioned above, there were 123 students attached to the various University colleges, but exempt from lectures—that is, they were prevented by distance; or by the necessity of earning their living from attending lectures at the college, but were allowed to keep terms, except in certain, science and professional subjects, by passing the annual college examination.

Table Ma.—Students on the Books of the Affiliated Institutions.

Auckland University College. Victoria University College. Canterbury College. Otago University. Totals for 1914. Ii Attending lectures (whether terms were kept or not) — (1.) Matriculated students— (a.) Graduates— Men Women 16 9 17 7 18 3 31 7 82 26 Total graduates attending leotures 25 24 21 38 108 (b.) Undergraduates— Men Women 244 156 197 104 189 120 315 136 945 516 Total undergraduates attending lectures .. 400 301 309 451 1,461 (c.) All matriculated students (a) and (b) — Men Women 260 165 214 111 207 123 346 143 1,027 542 Total matriculated students attending leotures (2.) Non-matrioulated students— Men , Women 425 325 330 489 1,569 68 117 29 23 172 36 80 4(1 349 216 Total non-matriculated students attending lectures (3.) All students attending lectures (1) and (2) — Men ... Women 185 62 208 120 565 328 282 243 134 379 159 426 183 1,376 758 Total of all students attending lectures 610 377 538 609 2,134 II. Exempt students not attending leotures, not included above— Men Women 15 1 43 21 6 1 25 8 89 34 Total exempt students 10 07 33 123 III. Total of all students (I and II) — Men Women 343 283 286 158 385 160 45] 191 1,465 792 Grand total of all students, 1914 Grand total of all students, 1913 626 665 444 512 545 537 642 604 2,257 2,318

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Table Mb shows the degree courses taken during the year 1914 by students attending lectures at the various University colleges, including the professiona schools attached thereto.

Table Mb.—Courses taken by Students attending Lectures at University Colleges in 1914.

The total staff of the four University colleges consists of forty-six professors and seventy lecturers. The following table shows the staff of the several institutions: — Professors and Lecturers (1914). Lecturers, Professors. Demonstrators, and Assistants. Auckland University College ... ... ... ... 8 16 Victoria University College ... ... ... ... 10 17 Canterbury College .... ... ... ... ... 10 12 Otago University ... ... ... ... .... I,B* 251 Totals ... ... ... ... ... 46 70 * Also lour Emeritus Professors. I Also the honorary staff oi the Dunedin Hospital act as lecturers on Clinical Medicine and Clinical Surgery. Finances of the Affiliated Institutions in 1914. The detailed statements of accounts of the New Zealand University, the four affiliated institutions, and the Canterbury Agricultural College, Lincoln, will be found in the Appendix to E.-7. The following summary gives a general view of the finances of the University colleges. No notice has been taken of special trust accounts and of non-university institutions under the control of a College Council, such as (for instance) the museum, public library, or school, of art controlled by the Board of Governors of Canterbury College!, or the museum connected with Otago University.

Course. Mon. Women. Total Arts (as for B.A., M.A., &c.) ... ... ... 342 Science (as for B.Se, M.Sc, &c.) ... ... ... 76 Law (as forLL.B., LL.M., &c.) ... ... ... 207 Commerce (as for B.Com., &c.) ... ... ... 110 Medicine (as for M.B., &c.) ... ... ... 147 Dentistry (as for B.D.S.) ... ... .. ... 9 Engineering (as for B.E., Civil, Mechanical, or Electrical) 52 Mining Engineering (as for degree)... ... ... 29 Homo Science ... ... ... ... 342 14 1 I 3 15 684 90 208 113 162 9 52 29 45 • "45 i Totals, 1914 ... ... ... 972 Totals, 1913 ... ... ... 884 420 400 1,392 1,284 Difference ... ... ... 88 20 108

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Table Mc.— Summary of Accounts.

Receipts — (exclusive of Special Trusts). From Government. ti„i.™»„ r_i._ Statutory Grant, University College. Specialization Grant, and Addition to 1 Statutory Grant. — I : 1 Bents from Grants ior Grants for Scholarship Endowments, Fees _ Donations, &e. Miscellaneous. Buildings Material o„i_,ii„ and Bursary Total irom T„r*re-t, and and Subsidies. Payme nts, and Government. interest. Fittings. Apparatus. Miscellaneous. Total. [__ [_ 1 !. L_ " i — 1 7 f I £ s, d. Auckland .. .. .. 9,825 0 0 Victoria (to 31st March, 1915) .. 9,000 0 0 Canterbury .. .. .. 2,149 0 9 Ota-jo (to 31st March, 1915) .. 5,636 12 6 £ s. d. £ s. d. £ a. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ 8. d. £ a. d. 150 0 0 485 5 2 10,460 5 2 581 14 9 2,948 10 0 150 0 0 405 19 5 175 3 9 699 8 9 9,874 12 6 88 13 9 1,994 10 6 305 15 0 8 13 4 150 0 0 j 61 7 2 100 0 0 , 575 11 0 3,035 18 11 11,314 4 10 . 2,731 11 0 100 0 0 1,633 7 1 6,748 1110: .. .. 50 0 0 12,435 4 4 *7,686 12 9 j 7,366 17 1 2,099 2 6 16 19 1 £ s. d. 14,546 9 4 12,272 5 1 18.815 1 10 29.604 15 9 Total of four University Colleges 26,610 13 3 6,898 11 10 61 7 2 425 3 9 1,810 4 11 35,806 0 11 19,671 6 1 15,041 8 7 2,654 17 6 2,064 18 11 75,238 12 0 Canterbury Agricultural College .. 3,610 2 10 1,587 13 11 .. J6.221 10 2' 3,610 2 10 1,587 13 11 I6.221 10 2 > 11,419 6 11 11,419 6 11 * Including £1,800 paid (annually) by the Presbyterian Church Board. Expenditure — (exclusive of Special Trusts). tie of Svecial i T. 1 rusts). l/C Uf OfJCtstW J 7 UGbO). '■: i ! ; Material and Renewals, &c. Expenditure on Endowments. Interest. Libraries. Scholarships. Miscellaneous. TotaL University College. Administration. Salaries. 8ites - hidings, ' Equipm^a nd TotaL I ■ I i £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. Auckland .. .. .. 1,394 4 6 9,813 12 4 113 11 5 323 14 1 Victoria (to 31st March, 1915) .. 1,000 15 11 9,962 8 4 51 0 10 467 9 0 Canterbury .. .. ... 1,829 5 8 11,096 10 11 2,294 3 4 1,474 12 11 Otagro (to 31st March, 1915) .. 1.219 3 1 15,932 8 10 11,373 7 8 717 0 2 £ s. d. 119 14 0 92 10 1 289 16 7 819 6 7 £ s. d. 371 ie 5 128 17 8 £ s. d. o i6 9 ; 423 5 4 440 0 0 £ s. d. 162 10 7 167 0 7 172 5 11 114 13 6 i £ s. d. 50 0 0 87 10 0 276 0 0 £ a. d. 516 13 8 643 1 2 1.030 11 10 1,106 19 7 £ s. d. 12,494 17 4 12,471 15 11 19,258 8 11 31,851 17 1 Total of four University Colleges 5,443 9 2 46,805 0 5 13,832 3 3 2,982 16 2 46,805 0 5 13,832 3 3 2,982 16 2 1,321 7 3 500 14 1 864 2 1 616 10 7 ! 413 10 0 3,297 6 3 76,076 19 Canterbury Agricultural College .. 127 0 3 1,787 14 6 888 4 5 388 12 3 1,787 14 6 888 4 5 388 12 3 3,014 19 11 45 11 0 28 18 „ 6 | 5,546 14 2 11,827 15 0 I I I

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Scholarships, Bursaries, etc. University scholarships may be divided into three broad classes : (1) Entrance scholarships, (2) scholarships awarded during the degree course, (3) post-graduate scholarships. (1.) University entrance scholarships are awarded annually on the results of the University Junior Scholarship Examination, and are as follows : University Junior, University National, and Taranaki Scholarships, in addition to some thirty or forty local and privately endowed scholarships awarded on the results of the same examination. In addition to the scholarships, and partly in connection therewith, a scheme of bursaries entitling students to free tuition is also in operation, as set out in detail below. (2.) Scholarships awarded during the degree course are the Senior University, Tinline, and Sir George G-rey Scholarships. The first two are tenable by candidates sitting for their final examination for B.A. or B.Sc, and may therefore be regarded in a sense as post-graduate. (3.) The chief scholarships awarded at the end of the University course are the Rhodes Scholarship, the 1851 Exhibition Scholarship, the Medical Travelling Scholarship, and the National Research Scholarships. The first three are all travelling scholarships—that is, they are tenable abroad. The Research Scholarships are each of the value of £100 per annum, with laboratory fees and expenses. They have hitherto been offered annually by the Government, one to each of the affiliated institutions, to promote research work likely to be of benefit to New Zealand industries. By the University Amendment Act of 1914, however, the Research Scholarships are now placed under the control of the University of NewZealand. So far twelve Rhodes Scholarships have been granted, of which five have been gained by students of Auckland University College, four by students of Otago University, and two by students of Victoria University College, and the last scholarship (1915) was awarded to H. S. Richards, 8.A., of Canterbury College. So far (1915) sixteen Research Scholarships have been awarded under the old conditions. Of these, four were in active operation in 1914 and two were taken up at the beginning of 1915. The subjects of research undertaken have been in each case closely connected with some New Zealand industry, or with some industry which, though not yet undertaken in this Dominion, may at an early date be an »industry of importance in New Zealand. Even if the discoveries made in the course of the research have no immediate commercial value, yet the training of a body of students in the application of scientific methods to the national industries cannot fail to be of great ultimate benefit to the Dominion. Of recent years the inclination of Professorial Boards has been to endeavour to arrange for new research scholars to carry on the work as from the stage at which it has been left by former students. There is no doubt that such a method, taking into consideration the fact that the tenure is for two years only (though with a possible extension to a third year), is more likely to result in discoveries of economic value. The following are the subjects approved for the Research Scholarships now in operation: — Victoria University College : Silver-blight in fruit-trees (1914). The stopping-power of gases for Alpha rays ; and, A determination of the thermal conductivity of pumice (1915). Canterbury College : A systematic examination of the refractory clays, &c, of the Canterbury District, with special reference to their use for firebricks and furnace-linings (1914). Otago University : The volatile constituents of red-pine and other New Zealand timbers, with the object of determining how the timber can be improved by chemical treatment (1914). The University bursaries that were awarded up to the end of 1914 were, on the coming into force of the University Amendment Actof that into two classes —University bursaries proper and educational bursaries. The. Act

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provided that the former, awarded on the credit pass in the University Entrance Scholarship Examination or on a higher leaving-certificate qualification, should pass under the control of the University of New Zealand, while the latter were provided for by regulations under the Education Act, 1914. Any matriculated student is entitled to an educational bursary who— (i.) Has within the six months immediately preceding completed his term of service as a pupil-teacher or probationer in some education district in accordance with regulations and to the satisfaction of the Education Board and of the Senior Inspector of that district, and declares his intention of entering a recognized training college on the completion of the tenure of his bursary ; or (ii.) Has satisfactorily completed his course of training at a recognized training college and gained a trained-teacher's certificate ; or (iii.) Has otherwise gained a teacher's certificate of a class not lower than Class C. A University bursary is tenable for three years, with a possible extension 'to a fourth, and the conditions applying to University national scholars apply also to University bursars, with some relaxation of the rule regarding the keeping of terms. An educational bursary is tenable for three years, with possibly two yearly extensions, at a University college or recognized school of agriculture. The classes taken must be such as to form part of a course in arts, science, or agriculture, and proof of satisfactory progress must be given. The number of bursaries held in 1914 was 286, of which number 110 were held under clause 1 (a) or 1 (5) of the older regulations, and 175 under clause 1 (c), 1 (d), or 1 (c) of those regulations. The total amount paid in fees on account of the bursaries was £3,469, of which amount £2,574 was in respect of the former class of bursaries. Holders of bursaries under clause 1 (a) or 1 (b) will be eligible to continue as University bursars in 1915. There will be 155 such cases. Bursaries under clause 1 (c), 1 (d), or 1 (c) will be tenable as educational bursaries under the new conditions. There will be 100 such bursaries, distributed as follows : Auckland University College, 13 ; Victoria University College, 32 ; Canterbury College, 30 ; Otago University, 25. With the view of extending the sphere of usefulness of the special courses in home science and domestic arts inaugurated by the Council of the Otago University, regulations providing for the award of bursaries in connection therewith were issued » in November, 1912, under the Regulations for Manual and Technical Instruction. These bursaries may be awarded on the recommendation of the Council to students who have been resident in the Dominion for not less than twelve months. Applicants must hay (1.) Passed the Matriculation Examination or some other examination approved for the purpose ; or (2.) Obtained at least a partial pass in the examination for the Class 0 teachers' certificate ; or (3.) Gained a higher leaving certificate or, in the case of pupil-teachers or probationers, a lower leaving certificate. Applicants are required to make a declaration that they will on completion of their course engage in teaching for not less than three years. The term of a bursary is two years, but may be extended for one year longer. A bursar under these regulations receives £20 per annum, together with the fees for the course for the degree or the diploma in home science and domestic arts, and, if obliged to live away from home, an allowance of £30 per annum. These bursaries are not tenable by holders of any other bursaries or of any scholarship of the value of £20 and upwards. Bursaries of this kind have been awarded to six students for the current year (1915), making in all twenty-one bursars in attendance at classes. Fifteen bursars are taking the course for the degree, and six that for the diploma. The degree of bachelor of science in home science has been conferred on two students, while five have qualified for the diploma.

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Table Md shows the number of scholarships, bursaries, and studentships held at each University college during the year 1914.

Table Md.—Scholarships, Bursaries, Exhibitions, and Studentships held at the Affiliated Institutions in 1914.*

The University Endowment Act, 1868. The income accrued under this Act, and applicable to the purposes of higher education vet to be determined by Parliament, amounted, on the 31st March, 1915, t<> £313 lis. 8(1., received from reserves in Westland. Taranaki Scholarships Endowment Act, 1910. The balance on account of the Taranaki Scholarships Endowment amounted, on the 31st March, 1915, to £12,023. The control of Taranaki Scholarships has now been transferred from the Education Department to the University of New Zealand. GENEKAL. Expenditure out or the Public Funds on Education. „ In the following tables, N, N 1, N2, N3, and N4, an attempt is made to analyse the public expenditure on the various branches of education, and to show under what heads the increase of expenditure in recent years has taken place ; to give the expenditure per head of the population and per head of the roll of schools. colleges, &c. ; and to present a comparative statement of the increase in the number of persons under instruction. Tables N and Nl give an analysis of the expenditure for the years 1913-14 and 1914-15 respectively.

Table N. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1913-14.

Auckland Scholarships, cfcc. University College. University Canterbury Otago College y 0olle S e - University. Total. Junior University Scholarships ... ... 7 Senior National Scholarships ... ... 13 Taranaki Scholarships ... Senior University Scholarships ... ... 4 University bursaries ... ... ... 49 Sir George Grey Scholarships ... ... I Other scholarships and exhibitions ... 2 Training-college, studentships ... .... 108 6 4 11 11 14 19 3 ... 3 2 5 75 56 106 I ... 1 3 8 31+ 105 96 115 206 178 291 170 168 260 2H 57 6 11 286 8 44 424 Totals 1914 ... ... 184 Totals 1913 ... ... 154 859752 Difference ... ... 30 * Exolusive of Rhodes Scholarships and International Exhib: Zealand), and exclusive also of Research Sooolarships given by the 0 36 10 31 ition Scholarships (which are tenabli lovornment. \ Including 19 home-sci 107 e out of New ience bursars.

(Figures givmi in every case to the net arest £1,000.) Out Branch of Ddnoatio.. * I i of Public Funds. Out t oi Income New Build- from ings and Total. Reserves. Additions. Total for all Items from all rublii Sources. Maintenance. £ A. (1.) Primary (including Native sohools, physical train- 921,000 ing, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 103,000 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. . . . • 34,000 (4.) Higher (including university and higher teohnioal) 37,000 £ £ £ 82,000 1.003.000 92,000 5,000 108,000 ' 54,000 21,000 55,000 8,000 10,000 47,000 26,000 £ 1,096,000$ 102.000 63,000 73,000 Totals A (1-4) 1,095,000 118,000 1,213,000 180,000 1,393.000 B. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. 43,000 0. Special schools(Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward 6,000 Children) I). Superannuation, medical inspection, and miscellaneous 33,000 4,000 47,0(H) 2.000 2,000 8,000 I ,000 49,000 9.000 33,000 124,000 1,301,000 183,000§ 33.000 Totals A, B, C, D 1,177,000 1,484.0(H) * Expended out of Consolidated Fund. t Expended out of P ! and allowances, £732.000 ; repairs and rebuilding, £87,000 ; new buil( total, £1,095,000. § £51,000 from National Endowment Reserves Pi 'ublic Works Fund. % Teach dings. £82.000; all other expenses, und. era' salaries , £194.000:

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Table N— continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,134,506, including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education for 1913-14.

Table N1. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand for the Year 1914-15.

Table N1 — continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population (1,140,172, including Maoris but excluding Cook and other Pacific Islands) on Education, 1914-15.

9—E, 1.

(Figures given in every case to the nearest penny.) Out of Publio Funds. Out of Income from Reserves. Total tor all Items from all Public Sources. Branch of Education. _ „ .., . j New BuildJVlain- j ngs ana - Total, tenancc. I Additions. !_ . s. d. s. d. s. d. A. (1.) Primary (including Nativo schools, physical train- 16 3 15 17 8 ing, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and second- 1 10 0 1 1 11 ary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 0 7 0 5 10 (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical).. 0 8 0 2 0_ 10 Totals A (1-4) .. .. 19 4 2 1 21 5 | B. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. 0 9 0 1 0 10 0. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward 0 2 .. 0 2 Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous .. .. .. 0 7 .. 0 7 s. d. 1 7 0 11 0 2 0 6 s. d. 19 3* 2 10 1 2 1 4 3 2 24 7 0 10 •0 2 0 7 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 20 10 2 2 23 0 3 2 26 2 * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 12s. lOd.; repairs and rebuilding, Is. 6d.; new buili expenses, 3s. 6d. : total, 19s. 3d. dings, Is. 5c 1.; all other

(Figures given in every ca sc to ti io nei ,rest (Jul of Public Fui ids. Branch of Education. Out of Income from Beserves. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. * Maintenance. t New Buildings and Additions. Total. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) £ 985,000 £ 86,000 £ 1,071,000 £ 113,000 £ 1,184,000J 114,000 6,000 120,000 55,000 175,000 33,000 40,000 20,000 7,000 53,000 47,000 8,000 29.000 61,000 76,000 Totals A (1-4) 1,172,000 119,000 1,291,000 205,000 1,496,000 B. Industrial schools C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Homo for Backward Children) D. Superannuation and miscellaneous 46,000 7,000 3,000 2,000 49,000 9,000 2,000 1,000 51,000 10,000 29,000 29,000 29,000 Totals A, B, C, D 1,254,000 124,000 1,378,000 208,000§ 1,586,000 * Expended out of Consolidated Fund. f Expeiu and allowances, £796,000 ; ropairs and rebuilding, £91,000 ; £211,000: total, £1,184,000. § £75,000 from National led out of now buildii Endowmen Public Worl rigs and addi it Reserves ! ks Fund, itions, £86,01 Fund. J Teachi 10 ; all oth( ers' salaries 3r expenses,

(Figures given in every cai se io to the nearost penny. la Out of Public Fui ids. Out of Income from Besorvos. Total for all Items from all Public Sources. Branch of Education. m i„ N c w BuildMttm " inns -ind tcnancc. A 3«? t ; l 0 » d s . Is. Total. A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools, physical training, and training colleges) (2.) Secondary (including seoondary schools and secondary departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical (4.) Higher (including university and higher technical) s. (1. s. d. 17 3 16 s. (1. 18 9 s. (1. 2 0 s. d. 20 9* 2 0 0 1 2 1 I 0 3 1 0 7 0 4 0 8 0 1 0 11 0 9 0 2 0 6 1 1 1 3 Totals A (1-4) 20 6 2 0 26 2 2 0 22 6 3 8 B. Industrial schools ( '. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Homo for Backward Children) I). Superannuation and miscellaneous 0 10 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 II 0 2 0 I 0 I 1 0 0 3 0 6 0 6 0 6 Totals A, !!, CD 21 11 2 2 24 I 3 10 27 II * Teachers' salaries and allowances, 14s. 0(1. ; repairs expenses, 3<. 8d. : total, 20s. 9d. and rebuild' ing, Is. 7d. j ; now build lings. Is. Od. 1. ; all other

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For primary education the cost per head of population, excluding the cost ofnew schools and additions, was 19s. 3d., an increase of Is. sd. in the cost per head for the previous year. The total expenditure likewise per head on primary education shows an increase of Is. 6d. over that for the year 1913-14. The cost of secondary education has increased by 3d. per head, while that of technical and higher education have each decreased by Id. The total cost of education per head of population shows an increase of Is. 9d. The following figures show the approximate cost of primary education per head, excluding new schools and additions, contributed out of public funds (general and local) in some other countries : — s. d. England .. .. . . . . .. . . 13 2 Wales .. .. .. .. .. .. ..1611 Scotland .. .. .. .. .. .. 17 (I United States (including State of New York) .. .. .. ...177 ■ Table N2 analyses the expenditure on education in New Zealand out of public funds for the five-yearly periods as from 1898-9. The total amounts spent on the various branches of education are shown to the nearest thousand pounds, and the expenditure per head of the population to the nearest penny.

Table N2. (1.) Analysis of Expenditure on Education in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods as from 1898-9, out of Public Revenue.

Table N2 —continued. (2.) Expenditure per Head of Population in New Zealand (exclusive of New Buildings, Sites, etc.), for Five-yearly Periods as from 1898-9 out of Public Revenue.

(Figures given in every case to the nearest £1,000 1898-9.* 1903-4.* 1908-9.* 1913-11 1911-15. 1,008,373 1,134,506 1,140,172 Population (including Maoris, but excluding Cook and other 783,317 875,648 Pacific islands) Branch of Education. Total. Total. Total. Total. Total. i .' £ £ A. (1.) Primary (including Native schools and training collogcs) 482,000 565,000 (2.) Secondary (including secondary schools and secondary .. 26,000 departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technical .. .. .. 5,000 23,000 (4.) Higher education (including university and higher 12,000 12,000 technical) ■— £ £ £ 750,000 i 1,013,000 I 1,098,000 74,000 157,000 i 169,000 59,000 12,000 | 41,000 28,000 03,000 I 69,000 Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. 499,000 626,000 917,000 1,275,000 ; 1,377,000 B. Industrial sohools' .. .. .. .. .. 15,000 37,000 C. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward 3,000 13,000 Children) D. Superannuation, medioal inspection, and miscellaneous .. 2,000 3,000 Totals A, B, C, D .. .. .. 519,000 079,000 39,000 17,000 15,000 48,000 7,000 8,000 14,000 33,000 29,000 987,000 1,360,000 1,462,000 * Exclusive of income from reserves.

(Figures given in every oase to the nearest penny.) Branch of Education. 1898-9.* 1908-4.* 1908-9.* 1918-14, 1911-15. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d, .. (1.) Primary (inoluding Native schools and training colleges) 12 4 12 11 14 11 17 10 19 3 (2.) Secondary (including seoondary schools and secondary .. 0 7 1 5 2 9 2 11 departments of district high schools) (3.) Continuation and technioal .. .. ..0 2 0 0 12 0 9 0 9 (4.) Higher education (including university and higher 0 4 0 3 0 7 12 13 teohnioal) 1 1 . Totals A (1-4) .. .. .. 12 10 14 3 18 1 22 G 24 2 !. Industrial schools .. .. .. .. .. 0 5 0 10 0 9 0 9 0 10 I. Special schools (Deaf and Blind, and Home for Backward 0 1 0 it 0 4 0 2 0 2 Children) ). Superannuation, medical inspection, and miscellaneous .. .. 0 1 0 4 0 7 0 0 0 9 0 2 0 10 0 ■?. 0 7 0 6 Totals A, B, 0, D .. .. ..: 13 4 15 6 19 0 24 0 25 8 _ j _ i * Exclusive of income from reserves.

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In Table N 3 is shown the cost to the State per individual pupil or student.

Table N3. —Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the several Schools, Colleges, and other Institutions

If we include reserves revenue (still excluding cost of new buildings) the average expenditure per head out of public funds and endowments .was in the year 1914 In primary schools, £6 2s. lid. ; secondary, £16 4s. Id. ; continuation and technical, £2 9s. 4d. ; higher, £29 17s. sd. ; all branches, except primary, £9 10s. 2d. The cost in each branch, excepting, technical and continuation, shows an increase over that for the previous year. The decrease in the cost per head of technical and continuation education results in the cost of all branches, excepting primary, being less by £1 14s. Bd. than it was in the year 1913. In. the United States, according to the latest reports in this office, the cost of primary education is 24 dollars 81 cents, or £5 3s. 4cL, and the cost of all branches of education is £7 2s. 2d. per head of roll number.

Table N4.—Progress in Education: A Comparison of the Number of Pupils under Instruction in the Several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, 1908, 1913, and 1914 respectively.

(excluding Reserves Revenue and Cc ist of New Buildings). Branch of Education. 1,898. 1903. 1908. 1913. 1914. £ s. d. I. Primary, &c. .. . . 3 4 10 II. Secondary, &c. III. Continuation and technioal . . I 2 10 IV. Higher .. .. . . 10 18 11 £ 8. d. £ s. d. 3 17 2 4 15 2 4 2 6 8 0 2 1 13 8 3 4 4 9 4 3 1.4 12 3 !• £ 8. d. 5 6 10 10 6 10 2 4 9 15 12 I £ s. d. 5 10 4 10 18 8 1 .19 9 17 6 3 All branches, oxeept primary .. 5 13 II 3 7 11, 5 14 8 3 7 II 9 I 3 6 7 6

Actual Numbers. Actual Numbers. Number per 10,000 of 1908. 1913. 1911. 1898. 1903. .1908. Population, 1898. 1903. 1913. 1911. 'opulatifm 783,317 875,648 1,008,373 1,134,506 1,140,172 I. Primary education (including public and Native sohools, all receiving free tuition) II. Industrial and special schools .. 136,652 136,546 148,180 172,390 178,621 1,744 j 1,551 1,467 148,180 172,390 1,526 1,567 7 (i 809 732 ' 809 732 ' ouy (oz III. Secondary education (including secondary sohools, seoondary departments .of district high schools, day technical schools, and Maori secondary schools) IV, Continuation and technical education V. University education 3,046 5,818 7,742 9,959 10,428 j 39 66 77 88 91 1,750* 708 6,533* 13,051* 15,206 16,602 1,194 1,711 2,371 2,310 22~ 75 129 134 14G 9 14 17 21 20 (Private schools not inoluded above, principally primary) 14,857 15,609 18,367 19,428 | 21,613*1 190 177 182 172 189 . Total under instruction 157,013 5,504 165,700 ' 189,051 220,163 230,306 .2,004 1,883 1,872 1,948 2,019 VI. Total under instruction higher than primary (III, IV, and V above) Number of latter (VI) reoeiving free tuition 1,178+ 13,545 22,504 27,536 29,349 4,260+ 7,959 ! 12,574 13,920 * Estimated. t Approximate. 70 15 155 49 223 79 244 111 257 122

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£.—1

Table N3. —Expenditure out of Public Revenue on each Branch of Education for each Individual on the Roll of the several Schools, etc. (excluding Reserves Revenue and Cost of new Buildings).

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Table N4. —Number of Children under Instruction in the several Branches of Education in the Years 1898, 1903, 1908, 1913, and 1914.

National Endowment. By the provisions of the Land Act, 1908, areas of land, not to exceed in the total 9,000,000 acres, are set apart as national endowments, and, after administration and other expenses allowed by law have been deducted, 70 per cent, of the

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balance is applied for the purposes of education. The sum thus applied amounted last year to £55,139, and was allocated as follows : Primary education, £27,570 ; secondary education, £8,270 ; manual, and technical instruction, £8,270; higher education, £5,515 ; Native schools, £2,757 ; school for the deaf, £300; education of the blind, £57 ; Otekaike Home for Backward Children, £300 ; industrial schools, £2,100. A NNUAL EXAMINATIO NS. (Sec also E.-8.) The annual examinations were conducted by the Education Department as usual for the various purposes of Junior National Scholarships, junior and senior free places in secondary schools, district high schools, and technical schools, and teachers' certificates. On behalf of the various Education Boards examinations were conducted for Junior and Senior Board Scholarships and for the First Examination of Pupil-teachers. Also, by arrangement with the Public Service Commissioner, examinations were held for admission to and promotion in the Public Service. The examinations were held from the 18th to the 25th November, and on the 26th and 27th November, 1914, and from the sth to the 20th January, 1915, at fifty-eight centres. The following table shows collectively, in comparison with the preceding year, the number who entered for the various examinations above enumerated, the number present, and the number of absentees :■ — Number who entered, 1914-15 .. .. .. .. ..10,126 1913-14 .. .. .. .. .. 9,613 Number who actually sat for examination, 1914-15 .. .. .. 8,727 1913-14 .. .. .. 8,305 Number of absentees .. .. 1914-15 .. .. .. 1,399 .... 1913-14 .. .. .. 1,308 The high proportion of absentees—approximately 14 per cent, of the number of candidates—in the last two years is attributable to the following causes : — (1.) In the case of senior free-place candidates, to the application of a principle—now in operation for several years—by which awards of senior free places have been made with the concurrence of the Inspector-General of Schools on the recommendation of the principal * of the secondary school attended, or, for district high schools, of an Inspector of Schools. In such cases the candidate has not been required to attend the examination for which he originally entered. (2.) In the case of the teachers' examinations, to a somewhat similar provision embodied in the Training College Regulations. (3.) To the usual causes, mainly illness and lack of preparation, the latter being particularly evident in the case of the Public Service Senior candidates, many of whom, being led to enter by various considerations, found themselves finally unprepared to meet the examiner. The number of candidates who actually presented themselves in the examina-tion-room is given below. For the sake of comparison the figures for the previous three years are also given : — Junior National and Education Board Scholarships and ' junior free places .. .. .. .. ..2,564 2,934 3,154 3,562 Intermediate (Education Board Senior Scholarships, .senior free places, First Pupil-teachers) and Public Service Entrance .. .. .. .. .. 2,563 2,770 2,756 2,739 Teachers D and C .. .. .. .. .. 1,626 1,753 1,524 1,576 Public Service Senior .. .. 518 574 871 804 Typists' Examination .. .. .. .. .. •. .. 46 Totals .. .. *.. .. .. 7,271 8,031 8,305 8,727 The Department's examination for Junior National Scholarships has latterly been used by all the Education Boards of the Dominion for the award of their junior scholarships, superseding thus without exception any examination locally

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conducted in earlier years for this purpose. For the award of their senior scholarships Education Boards have used the Intermediate Examination as arranged for this purpose, the papers set being the same as those provided for the Public Service Entrance Examination, and the terms in each case being determined by the regulations of the several Boards offering senior scholarships for competition. Other purposes for which the Intermediate Examination of 1914 was used, with certain modifications to suit a purely qualifying or non-competitive candidature, were— (1) The award by examination of senior free places in secondary schools and district high schools ; (2) as an examination for pupil-teachers of the second or third year, and for appointment to pupil-teacherships of the second year or to probationerships under the provisions of the Education Amendment Act, 1908 ; and (3) general purposes of educational certificates of this standing. Under the provisions of the Education Act, 1914, Junior and Senior Board Scholarships will no longer be awarded, being replaced entirely by National Scholarships. As noted in the general introductory statement, National Scholarship Examinations will now lose their competitive character, all candidates who reach the standard fixed for the year, and are otherwise eligible, receiving junior or senior scholarships. For the senior examination the Public Service Entrance Examination papers will still largely be used. A iurther change will result from the issue of the new Regulations for Pupilteachers made in December last. As no provision is made for special examinations for pupil-teachers in subjects other than those of professional training, the examination hitherto known as the First Examination of Pupil-teachers will now disappear. The cost of conducting the Department's examinations was as follows :— Total expenses, including cost of additional clerical services temporarily £ employed .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6,919 Less recoveries— £ Fees paid by candidates for teachers' certificates and others 2,024 Paid by Public Service Commissioner for expense of conducting Public Service Examinations, for which in general no fees are now payable — Public Service Entrance . .. .. 729 Public Service Senior .. .. .. .. 1,048 3,801 £3,118 Teachers' Superannuation Fund. (See also E.-9.) The balance at the credit of the fund on the 31st December, 1914, was £302,701, an increase over that on the 31st December, 1913, of £37,565. The income for 1914 was £78,626, and the expenditure £41,061. During the year 522 members were admitted, while 270 left the fund, a net increase of 252. At the end of 1914,— The number of contributors was .. .. .. .. .. 4,269 Of whom members under Part IX of Education Act, 1908, numbered .. 90 And members admitted under sections 3 and 4 of the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908 (universities), numbered . . .: . . . . . . . . 56 The annual rate of contribution paid as at the end of the year was . . £47,831 The number of allowances in force at the end of the year was . . . . 504 representing an annual charge of .. .. .. .. £35,191 viz.,.— Ordinary retiring - allowances were .. .. 318, representing £28,709 Retiring-allowances in medically unfit cases .. 56, ~ 4,419 Allowances to widows .. 72, ~ 1,309 Allowances to children . . 58, „ 754 The amount held by the Public Trustee at the end of the year was . . £294,283

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The fund receives interest on daily balances in the hands of the Public Trustee — 4|. per cent, on the first £6,000 and 4J per cent, on the balance. No charge is is made for investment. Provision has been made for the payment by the Government of the contributions of contributors to the fund who have enlisted with the Expeditionary Forces engaged in the war, until the release of the contributors from military duties. The triennial investigation of the fund, as provided for under the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908 (section 38), has been made by the Actuary appointed by the Governor for the purpose, and his report thereon will be laid before Parliament during the coming session. Public Libraries. (See also E.-10.) As in previous years, the sum of £4,000 was voted by Parliament in 1914"f0r distribution to public libraries. The libraries participating are such as belong to the public in the sense of not being under the control of an association, society, or club whose membership is composed of a section of the community only, and if within a borough, the reading-room must be open to the public free of charge. The only other important stipulation made is that the receipts from subscriptions and donations during the year to the funds of the library seeking to participate in the vote must not be less than £2. This is regarded as a very low minimum to ensure that a certain amount of local interest is taken in the library. In the New Zealand Gazette of the 12th November, 1914, a notice was inserted stating that £4,000 had been voted, by Parliament for distribution to libraries. Forms of application were then sent to all the libraries known to the Department. There was presented to the Department by each library applying for participation in the vote a statement of the method of management, the books belonging to the library, and the accounts for the preceding year. The amount received by each library during the year in the way of subscriptions, donations, and rates is taken as the basis of calculation in distributing the vote. To this amount is made a nominal addition of £25, but no library receives credit for a. larger income than £75 —that is, in no case does the amount on which subsidy is based exceed £100. In this manner the interests of small libraries in country districts are protected. The number of libraries among which the subsidy * was divided in March, 1915, was 380, the vote yielding a subsidy of 4s. 10 - 96 d. in the pound on the nominal income, and the subsidies paid ranging from £6 12s. 7d. to £24 lis. 4d. The number of libraries participating in the vote shows a decrease of twenty-one as, compared with the number aided in the previous year. This is largely accounted for by the fact that many applications had to be refused owing to the income from subscriptions, &c, having been less than £2. Many applications were also received too late to be considered. In order that the purpose intended to be served by the vote may be attained, it is made a condition that the whole of the subsidy granted to each library must be expended in the purchase of books. It is further enjoined upon the authorities in charge of the libraries that a due proportion of the books purchased shall be books having a permanent value. There is still room for very great improvement in this respect, although an analysis of the books purchased this year shows that 75*9 per cent, were works of fiction, as compared with 83*0 per cent, in the previous year. If the additions made by the large libraries were not taken into consideration the proportion of novels purchased would increase to 86"8 per cent. In the case of 110 libraries practically all of the books added during the year were works of fiction. It is realized that many books coming under this heading form useful readingmatter, but it is feared that a large proportion of the books purchased have little or no educational or instructive value. This cannot be considered as a satisfactory state of affairs, as it is clearly not the intention of the Government that the subsidy should be expended in the purchase of such literature, and the authorities whose duty it is to expend the money to the fullest advantage would do well to bear this fact in mind if they wish to retain the sympathy of the Government in connection with future grants.

10— E. 1

ft.—!.

The following table shows the distribution according to the education districts :—

Summary of Distribution of Public Libraries Subsidy.

Some General Observations. So great an expansion in. work and expenditure as the preceding pages of this report disclose in the furtherance of the educational well-being of the children of our schools is only the natural outcome of improved ideas of the duty of the State in this matter that have happily of recent years been gaining a firmer and wider ground ; but with every step of advance that has been, made there opens to the view a new horizon of educational wants accompanied, of course, by corresponding demands on the public funds, which more or less determine the extent to which they can be met. A few of these wants may now be stated with some of the principles underlying the progress to be made. 1, Increased Staffing and Improved Organization. —The size of the classes controlled by a single teacher has long been one of the chief grounds of reproach in educational systems both here and elsewhere, and the chief obstacle to the introduction of desirable reforrs in. instructional methods. Towards an increase of the staffing and the corresponding reduction, of classes something has already been done by recent legislation. The results, so far as expenditure is concerned, have frequently been stated. It may be sufficient to point out -here that during the last ten years the amount expended on salaries has doubled itself, increasing from £366,000 in 1904 to £757,000 in 1914, although during the same period the average attendance has risen by less than one-third. Apart from the question of cost, for various reasons, among which the available supply of qualified teachers furnishes a very important limitation, progress in. improved organization is necessarily slow. Even with a very small advance in this direction the increase in the cost of salaries to be paid is not the only consequent increase that has to be met. Rooms and buildings that, suit, for instance, a pupil-teacher organization are not suitable for an organization in which adult teachers are alone employed, and if an additional teacher on the staff is introduced there is commonly an additional room to be built, or some other demand of reconstruction is fairly to be expected. Until the average number of pupils to be taught by a single teacher, even in the largest schools, is brought down to a maximum that permits of the introduction of the best methods of instruction, and until every school is staffed throughout by a complement of trained certificated teachers, no finality in this respect can be regarded as reached. 2. Improved Methods and Educational Aims. —The spread of practical instruction—learning by doing—and the wide application of the undoubtedly sound principle that methods of observation and experiment—in other words, methods of

Education Districts. Number of Libraries. Income upon which Subsidy is based. Subsidy. • Auckland Taranaki Wanganui Wellington Hawke's Bay .. Marlborough Nelson Grey .. Westland North Cantevbuiy South Canterbury Otago Southland Stewart Island Chatham Islands 91 13 28 18 22 6 22 3 7 61 22 5.1 34 1 1 £ s. d. 3,627 1 8 576 2 11 1,350 17 7 1,028 S 8 1,140 14 7 i 282 2 4 1,057 5 i 232 6 6 279 i 6 2,463 2 6 980 0 1 1,991 14 10 1,193 1 1 45 19 3 35 10 0 £ s. d. 890 17 0 141 10 4 331 15 11 252 12 2 280 5 0 69 6 8 259 13 8 57 1 5 68 11 6 605 2 9 240 15 1 489 9" 0 293 3 "7 11 5 11" 8 14 5 Totals 380 16,283 6 5 4,000 0 0 380

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individual inquiry or research—are the only true methods of procedure, has of recent years been responsible for a vast increase of expenditure in all departments of education. The principle applies not only to instruction in new subjects not hitherto attempted, but still more to many, if not all, subjects that have hitherto been treated in a different way through the aid of text-books. All this demands a, heavy expense in. many directions—in the training and equipment of teachers, in the employment of specialized instructors, in the provision, of improved apparatus, workshops and workrooms, laboratories and gardens, and other accessories. Further, the duty of the' schoolmaster does not end with the training of the brain, the hand, and the eye of the child in such a manner that they may contribute jointly and separately the most that in them lies towards his future social efficiency and give him the power to do the right thing, and do it well, in any given set of circumstances in after-life. Nor is it sufficient to add to this the grave "moral responsibility imposed upon the school in the formation, through example, precept, and wisely directed tradition, of habits and character that will afterwards make the good citizen. Physical training and well-being must now also claim in an increasing degree serious attention and effective treatment. The demands of improved hygienic conditions must thus be met, and a separate organization maintained for medical and physical inspection with a wide vista of future expansion in the interests of the children's physical well-being. 3. Medical Inspection and Physical Training. —By the appointment later of a common head of good professional standing to direct both medical inspection and physical training it is hoped to secure the best correlation of physical education with the medical aspect of the matter. The two branches are mutually dependent, and should be under the same control. At present under war-conditions it is impossible to take further action either jjby widening the scope of the medical inspection beyond the tentative scheme already adopted, or by making necessary additions to the staff to enable the scheme to be expanded. As soon as conditions become more favourable it is intended, subject to the necessary provision by Parliament, to make in both respects a substantial advance. So far as the scheme has yet been developed, the yearly expenditure of the double service amounts to a little over £10,000 per annum. With the importance of effective medical inspection, and in conjunction therewith of effective physical education, the Department is strongly impressed. The physical, mental, and moral interests of the children are closely interwoven, and all are equally comprised within the duties of the State towards its future manhood and womanhood. Whether at the same time it may be found practicable to graft upon the scheme of medical inspection the elements of a scheme for medical treatment will be a matter for future consideration. The intimate relation of schemes for treatment with schemes for inspection is recognized as of the highest importance from every point of view ; but the question of cost is a serious one, and the incidence of social obligations, parental and civic, in the matter has yet to be determined. The establishment of dental clinics at convenient centres, or of a movable character, to deal with one of the most prevalent of physical defects, the utilization of the services of school nurses to link the school inspection with the home, and systematic courses of lectures to parents on the care of children are among suggestions that will need consideration. in the new movement the teachers themselves are in a position to render most valuable assistance —indeed, without their hearty co-operation little success can be achieved. In. the physical condition of the children there is among teachers a. growing interest, and, notwithstanding that their co-operation in the work of the medical inspection entails in many cases a considerable amount of tedious clerical work, less is now heard of objections, and the general report is one of cheerful service. Increased attention to school and personal hygiene has, brought with it a demand for more air-space and playground-accommodation. Where this is most needed,

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however, the cost is greatest, and in many instances prohibitive. In general, the finances at the disposal of the Department at present allow a grant only by way of subsidy on local effort where extension is found desirable. In the domain of physical education the notion that physical training is concerned most with muscular development is no longer applicable. The exercises adopted have a widely different purpose, having relation particularly to the healthy development of bodily organs and functions, and in association with organized games, which may with advantage be still further developed, are carefully adapted to improve the whole physical well-being. In the scheme the intimate connection subsisting between mental processes and bodily movements is an underlying assumption, and the value of an exhilarating interest is fully recognized in the nature and variety of the exercises practised. 4. Special Schools. —There appears no reason to be dissatisfied with the results of the system established by the Industrial Schools Act in 1882 for the care of neglected and delinquent children, but the operations of the intervening thirty years might well be examined more closely to obtain an assurance that the country is getting value for its expenditure in this direction, and to ascertain what improvements or developments it would be reasonable to expect. In addition to the institutions for many years in existence for the care and education of blind and deaf children, the former on a. private foundation and the latter maintained entirely by the State, the problem of providing for children mentally defective, but not incapable of development, has recently received mow; attention, initial operations in this direction suffered considerable delay owing to the necessity of obtaining fuller information from the experience of other countries on so difficult a subject, and the extent of the provision that required to be made was not for some time fully realized. To meet the demand the existing school at Otekaike is being considerably extended, and another institution intended specially for girls is now in course of erection elsewhere. At the two centres the buildings now in progress will involve an approximate cost of about £20,000. 5. Domestic Training. —Of the special adaptations of school curricula to meet universal wants of later life none is more important than those that concern home life and the domestic arts. Changes in social conditions insistently demand increased * attention in this respect. " By ensuring that in future every girl's education shall include some knowledge of the science which affects her home problems, and some practice of the domestic arts, the whole standard of home life would be raised, and trained experience substituted for instinct and tradition which have hitherto been the chief guides for mothers." In the public schools much is already done through the medium of manualtraining classes in plain cooking and laundry-work, and instruction in needlework and domestic hygiene, but more is needed. Domestic courses are also formed and widely utilized in the technical schools, and in two of the chief centres traininghostels on a model that might well be followed elsewhere have been established. The secondary schools also in many instances make provision for a domestic course, and much encouragement is given to girls to take it, but other influences, chief among which is the necessity of earning their own living, work strongly in an opposite direction. That girls are not averse to devote their attention to such a course in preference to more academic studies is amply shown by the fact that when this necessity is less pressing the course is popular, and, in fact, evokes a good deal of enthusiasm. The maintenance of a department of home science at one of the University centres with a diploma in home science, and the recognition by University of a home-science degree do much to lend dignity to the study, and the Domestic Science Bursaries now in operation provide for a supply of competently trained teachers. Wherever an opportunity occurs to encourage further effort in the training of young people in. women's special work it will be the duty of responsible authorities to take it.

E.—l.

6. Agriculture. —Better provision for agricultural education is another problem that demands early solution and further consideration, and it can be regarded as postponed only until financial conditions enable it to be dealt with with some degree of effectiveness. With closer settlement, and the need of increased production, improved methods and specialized knowledge in many directions become necessary, and towards the desired result the preliminary training provided by schools and similar institutions must contribute their share. In any and every circumstance the basic nature-study of the primary school, together with the work of the schoolgarden under the supervision of special instructors, must be maintained and developed. At a later stage there is some danger of a false step, and the whole question is of sufficient importance to await mature deliberation. 7. General Industrial Education. —The needs of industrial education generally are being met more or less efficiently by the technical schools—to what extent the statistics given show in much detail. The organization under which the means an'e provided for the necessary expenditure under this head, is not ideal, but it is the best that can under present circumstances be applied. This special form of education is necessarily from its very nature expensive ; it might even be said that the better it is the more expensive it is ; but the expense and the need of progressively greater expense must be faced. With, the decay of apprenticeship and the expansion of factory production on a large scale the education of the worker in institutions specially adapted to his needs becomes moire and more insistent, and for the captain of industry only the very highest and best technical education will suffice. One of the most urgent needs in connection with post primary education concerns the position of boys and girls who leave the primary school and fail to continue their education elsewhere. Attendance at continuation or technical classes between the ages of fourteen and seventeen is still to a large extent merely voluntary, and the difficulties facing any generally compulsory provisions are considerable. The existing powers given under section 124 of the Act have been made use of to a very limited extent only. Regulations under these powers have been adopted for certain school districts by four of the Education. Boards ; the others have shown no inclination to take advantage of the provisions. In European countries the compulsory principle for adolescents has long been recognized, and. there is now a very general consensus of opinion that more must be done to supplement our system in this way. If the necessary time off could be granted by the employers to enable hours of instruction weekly to be given in the daytime the problem would be much simplified. 8. Expenditure on School Buildings. —Capital expenditure on public-school buildings—that is, on buildings required to' provide for new settlement, or increase of population, or new services, or expansion of existing services- has during the past ten years practically doubled, rising from about £65,000 to about £125,000-per annum. The bulk of this increase is, of course, due to natural progress, but no small part is the result of the great increase in the cost of building that has taken place in. recent years. The demands for these buildings a,re for the most part such as must be met, and in spite of the large expenditure much remains to be done. In view of the requirements in this direction it is to be regretted that, as the result of financial conditions that have arisen, restriction in public expenditure in various directions has become imperative, and only urgent demands can in the immediate future be considered. In some cases accommodation that would in ordinary circumstances be regarded as insufficient will have to serve the purpose for a further period. At the same time indications, it must be admitted, are not wanting that the State is not always getting the best value for this expenditure. Each of the local Boards whose business it is to attend to the erection of the buildings has its own ideas on the subject of school architecture, and some of these do not always conform to tin; best principles. It is probable that, good would result from a systematic investigation of the subject. For the maintenance of the school buildings vested in the Education Boards for public-school purposes, including in the term " maintenance " the replacement

11— E. i.

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of worn-out buildings, a system of allowances to these Boards was laid down by the Education Committee of the House of Representatives in 1903, by which it was intended to provide for this important branch of the public property. For some years, however, the annual report of the Department has called attention to the apparent insufficiency of the funds in the hands of the Boards to meet liabilities on this account, and a review of the position cannot be long delayed. During the same period the expenditure on technical and high-school buildings has advanced at a more than corresponding rate. During the past ten years it has increased approximately from £10,000 to £28,000 per annum, and from the growing wants in this direction, due to various causes, finality is very far from being yet in sight. In addition, the average expenditure on buildings for higher (University) education has been at the rate of £8,000 per annum. Whatever demands there may be for buildings for secondary and higher education in the immediate future, it cannot be too strongly emphasized that where financial provision cannot be made for all, the claims of the primary school, as representing the school of the bulk of the people, must be paramount and have the first consideration. Volunteers for Military Service. In common with other sections of the community, the Education service of the Dominion has answered to the call of patriotism, Inspectors, teachers, students, and members of the clerical staffs of the governing bodies being fully represented in the overseas forces. To married teachers going as officers of commissioned rank specially favourable terms have been granted, for the reason thai, the Imperial authorities had pressing need of men so qualified, and special inducements were accordingly necessary. All others have gone on terms generally applicable to those employed in the Government service, including the reservation of their positions for their return, and the payment by the Government in the meantime of their superannuation contributions. The depletion of the professional ranks thus caused will accentuate the difficulty of obtaining a complement of trained teachers adequate to the full requirements of the schools, but the country, it may well be anticipated, will not in vain look to those who are left to minimize the inconveniences caused by the absence of their comrades.

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APPENDIX.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries in respect of all Services under the Control or Supervision of the Minister of Education during the Year ended 31st March, 1915.

12— B. 1.

£ s. d. £ s. d. Head Offioe (Vote No. 72). £ s. rl. £ s. d. £ s. d. ■ Inspector-General of Schools .. .. .. .. .. 875 0 0 Secretary .. ... .. .. .. .. .. 700 0 0 Assistant Inspector-General .. .. .. .. .. 650 0 0 Chief Clerk and Secretary to Teachers' Superannuation Board .. 525 0 0 Two Inspectors, at £500 .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,000 0 0 Inspector of Special Sohools .. .. .. .. .. 400 0 0 Clerks and clorical assistance .. .. .. .. .. 8,274 0 0 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. .. 513 0 0 Telephones .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Ill 0 0 Publications, books of roforence, &o. .. .. .. .. 2100 Office requisites .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 362 0 0 Contingencies .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 100 0 0 875 0 0 700 0 0 650 0 0 525 0 0 1,000 0 0 460 0 0 8,274 0 0 513 0 0 111 0 0 21 0 0 362 0 0 100 0 0 Elementary Education (Votes Nos. 73, 85, and 86, Consolidated Fund ; and 96, Public Works Fund). Grants to Education Boards for— Teachers' salaries (including lodging-allowances of pupilteachers) .. .. .. .. .. .. 739,481 0 0 Teachers' house allowances (Vote No. 85) .. .. .. 18,926 0 0 General administrative purposes: Capitation at 12s. on average attendance .. .. .. .. .. 92,563 0 0 Grant of £250 per annum to each Board (9 months) .. .. 2,437 0 0 Relieving-teachers : Capitation at 6d. on average attendance .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 3,930 0 0 Inspection of private schools .. .. .. .. ! .. 679 0 0 School and class libraries .. .. .. .. I .. 2,123 0 0 School buildings— General maintenance and replaoemont of worn-out buildings (Vote No. 85) .. .. .. 88,058 0 0 Less amount received for sale of old buildings .. 232 0 0 87,820 0 0 13,591 0 0 Rent of buildings and sites used for school purposes (Vote No. 85) .. .. .. ..: .. 3,334 0 0 Schools destroyed or damagod by fire (Vote No. 85)— Rebuilding and repairs .. .. .. j .. 1,985 0 0 New buildings, additions, and teachers' residences (Vote No. 96) .. .. .. .. .. 78,301 0 0 Salaries of Inspectors .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,739 0 0 Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. .. .. .. .. 554 0 0 Medical inspection of school-ohildren — Salaries • .. .. .. .. .. .. 1,744 0 0 Travelling-expenses .. .. .. .. .. 433 0 0 Material, apparatus, forwarding-charges, advertising, &c. 125 0 0 2,302 0 0 Schools at Chatham Islands .. .. .. .. .. 716 0 0 Grants in aid of free kindergartens (Vote No. 86) .. .. ■ .. 919 0 0 Conveyance and board of school-children (£12,299); conveyance of teaohers (£160) .. .. .. .. .. 12,459 0 0 Preparation of standard test questions in English and arithmetic .. 20 0 0 Illustrations: Natural history, &c. .. .. .. .. 105 0 0 School Journal —Printing, &c. (Vote No. 73), £2,357 ; postage (Vote No. 86), £659 .. .. .. .. .. 3,016 0 0 Less amount received for sales .. .. 187 0 0 , 2,829 0 0 Wall-sheets .. .. .. .. .. .. 489 0 0 Less amount received for sales .. .. .. 12 0 0 489 0 0 12 0 0 •1,056,744 0 0 —— ' 111 v u Sundries .. .. .. .. .. .. .. '?j» c *S! 39 ° ° Carriod forward 1,070,335 0 0 * Including £27,570 from national-endowment reserves revenue, and .483,214 from revenue from prlmary-ed lucation reserves.

E,— 1.

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,070,335 0 0 Brought forward Secondary Education (Vote No. 74, Consolidated Fund ; 96, Publio Works Fund; and statutory payments). Grants to Education Boards for— Scholarships : Not exceeding oapitation allowanoe at Is. 6d. on average attendance District high schools : Salaries of secondary teachers District high schools : Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) National Scholarships, Junior (Education Act, 1908) Secondary schools and colleges : Capitation Seoondary schools and colleges : Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) Conveyance of pupils to secondary and district high schools .. Scholarships awarded to Maoris attending public schools Marlborough High School : Statutory payment (Marlborough High School Act, 1899) Grants to seoondary schools for buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 96)— Auckland Grammar School New Plymouth (rent) Hamilton Otago Girls' Gore (clearing land, &a.) .. • 10,097 0 0 17,648 0 0 837 0 0 3,882 0 0 56,380 0 "0 324 0 0 4,377 0 0 165 0 0 400 0 0 « 3,000 0 0 150 0 0 1,204 0 0 370 0 0 228 0 0 Salary of temporary Inspeotor Sundries 4,952 0 0 225 0 0 9 0 0 *99,902 0 0 Manual and Technical Instruction (Votes Nos. 75 and 85, Consolidated Fund; 96, Publio Works Fund ; and the Education Aot, 1908). .957 0 0 Salaries of Inspectors (2) Examinations — Science and Art, Board of Education, London City and Guilds of London Institute 66 0 0 409 0 0 Less recoveries .. .. .. 475 0 0 178 0 0 , 297 0 0 Capitation— Manual instruction : Public-sohool classes, £30,329; secondary-school classes, £1,678 Technical instruction (including free places) : Special and associated classes, £23,960; day technical schools, £18,854 ; college classes, £2,249 32,007 0 0 j 45,003 0 0 Material for technical classes Buildings and permanent apparatus (Vote No. 96) .. Rents (Vote No. 85) Conveyance of instructors Conveyance of students attending registered olasses.. Conveyance of public-school pupils attending manual-training centres Conveyance of holders of free places at technical sohools Travelling-expenses of Inspectors .. Subsidies on contributions (Education Act, 1908) Scholarships and bursaries Sundries 2,093 0 0 22,943 0 0 834 0 0 2,023 0 0 | 340 0 0 4,566 0 0 ! 2,117 0 0 171 0 0 5,620 0 0 1,142 0 0 8 0 0 ! |120,181 0 0 Training Colleges and Training of Teachers (Votes Nos. 76, Consolidated Fund; and 96, Publio Works Fund). Training collegesSalaries of staff (half is oharged to teachers' salaries " Elementary Education " ) Allowances and fees for students Special instruction, libraries, and incidental expenses .. Buildings, sites, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 96) .; 8,096 0 0 ' 23,339 0 0 1,471 0 0 5,007 0 0 Classes at subcentres— Grants to Education Boards Fares of teachers Sundries 3,050 0 0 6,249 0 0 5 0 0 47,217 0 0 Carried forward .. .. .. ; 1,337,635 0 0 * Including t'8,271 from national-endowment reserves revenue. t Ii II < icluding £8,270 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward • Higher Education (Votes Nos. 74 and 96, Public Works Fund ; and statutory payments.) £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,337,635 0 0 Statutory prants— University of New Zealand (New Zealand University Act, 1908) Auokland University College (Auckland University College Act, 1882) Victoria University College, Wellington (Victoria College Aot, 1905) 3,000 0 0 4,000 0 0 • 4,000 0 0 Addition to statutory grants (Voto No. 74) — Auckland University College Victoria University College, Wellington 11,000 0 0 2,700 0 0 3,000 0 0 5,700 0 0 Specialization grants (Vote No. 74)— Auckland University College : Commerce, mining Victoria University College, Wellington : Law, science .. Canterbury College: Engineering University of Otago : Mining, medicine, dental, and veterinary soience 2,000 0 0 2,000 0 0. 2,000 0 0 10,500 0 0 4,500 0 0 Grant for buildings, &c.— Otago University (Vote No. 96) Otago University—subsidy on Mrs. Oliver's gift (Vote No. 85) .. 6,321 0 0 Sir George Grey Scholarships (Vote No. 74) National Scholarships, Senior (Education Act, 1908) Research scholarships (Vote No. 74) Bursaries (Vote No. 74) 428 0 0 6,749 0 0 150 0 0 3,044 0 0 238 0 0 3,443 0 0 *40,824 0 0 Native Schools (Votes Nos. 77 and 85, Consolidated Fund ; 96, Publio Works Fund). Salaries of Inspectors (two) Salaries and allowances of teachers Higher education (inoluding industrial and nursing scholarships) Books, school requisites, sewing material, &o. Expenses of removals of teachers Travelling-expenses of Inspectors Buildings: New sohools, additional class-rooms, &c. (Vote No. 96) Rebuilding and general maintenance of buildings (Vote No. 85) Manual instruction: Payment of instructors and material for olasses Fuel, and rewards for supplying fuel Ferrying and conveyance of ohildren Sundries,—Advertising, planting sites, sanitation, &o. Schools at Cook Islands and Niue Island—Salaries, £96 ; removal expenses and material, &o., £99 990 0 0 29,074 0 0 2,412 0 0 881 0 0 664 0 0 441 0 0 527 0 0 1,012 0 0 137,133 0 0 403 0 0 26 0 0 476 0 0 60 0 0 195 0 0 Less recoveries 37,161 0 0 28 0 0 Infant-life Protection (Vote No. 78). Salaries of visiting nurses and local representatives Travelling-expenses Board of infants in foster-homes and medical attendance Rent of offices (Auckland and Dunedin) Telephones 1,018 0 0 216 0 0 135 0 0 48 0 0 28 0 0 Less recoveries 1,445 0 0 71 0 0 1,374 0 0 Carried forward 1,416,966 0 0 * I ill! lldlli; _5,514 from national-endowment reserves revenue. I Including _2,767 from national-endowmoni reserves revenue.

E.-4

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

Brought forward £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 1,416,966 0 0 SPECIAL SCHOOLS. School for the Deaf (Votes Nos. 79 and 85, Consolidated Fund.) Salaries— Director and teaohers Matron and servants Medical Offioer 2,797 0 0 1,140 0 0 22 0 0 2,797 0 0 1,140 0 0 22 0 0 General maintenance Travelling-expenses, including transit of pupils General maintenance of buildings, furniture, repairs, &c. (Vote No. 85) " 3,959 0 0 1,740 0 0 200 0 0 213 0 0 *3,979 0 0 - Less recoveries 6,112 0 0 2,133 0 0 Education of the Blind (Vote No. 80, Consolidated Fund). Charges for pupils at Jubilee Institute, Auckland Less recoveries Otekaike Home (Votes Nos. 81 and 85, Consolidated Fund ; and 96, Publio Works Fund). 804 0 0 646 0 0 tl58 0 0 Salaries — Principal and teaohers Matron, attendants, and servants 602 0 0 1,907 0 0 602 0 0 1,907 0 0 Travelling-expenses General maintenance General maintenance of buildings, repairs, furniture, &o. (Consolidated Fund, Vote No. 85), £172 ; additional buildings, &o. (Publio Works Fund, Vote No. 96), £2,245 2,509 0 0 247 0 0 2,130 0 0 2,417 0 0 *5,753 0 0 Less recoveries 7,303 0 0 1,550 0 0 Industrial Schools (Votes Nos. 88 and 85, Consolidated Fund ; and 96, Public Works Fund). Salaries of Assistant Inspector, two Visiting Officers, one Probation Officer, and one Official Correspondent Travelling-expenses of Inspectors, Visiting Offioers, Departmental Officers, Probation Officer, and Official Correspondent Travelling-expenses of Managers of Schools Rent of offioe and office requisites for Probation Offioer, Auck- I land, £65; office requisites for Offioial Correspondent, Nelson, £5 .. 1,090 0 0 902 0 0 488 0 0 70 0 0 2,550 0 0 Schools, — Auckland — Salaries Genoral maintenance Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 85) .. Children boarded out 820 0 0 1,297 0 0 325 0 0 2,095 0 0 820 0 0 1,297 0 0 325 0 0 2,095 0 0 Less recoveries 4,537 0 0 1,815 0 0 4,537 0 0 1,815 0 0 2,722 0' 0 Boys' Training Farm, Weraroa— Salaries General maintenance Small works and repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 85) 2,807 0 0 5,652 0 0 528 0 0 2,807 0 0 5,652 0 0 528 0 0 Less recoveries 8,987 0 0 2,274 0 0 8,987 0 0 2,274 0 0 6,713 0 0 Carried forward 11,985 0 0 1,426,856 0 0 Includini £300 from national-endowment reserves revenue. tlni dudini _57 from national-endowment reserves revenue.

E—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. £ s. d. 11,985 0 0 £ a. d. 1,426,856 0 0 Brought forward Special Schools: Industrial Schools— continued. Reoeiving Home, Wellington— Salaries General maintenance Repairs, &c, to buildings (Vote No. 85), £35 Children boarded out 1,016 0 0 2,011 0 0 35 0 0 9,243 0 0 Less recoveries 12,305 0 0 6,959 0 0 BoyB' Training Farm, Nelson— Salaries General maintenance Additional buildings, &c. (Vote No. 96), £2,416; repairs, <_o. (Vote No. 85), £704 Children boarded out 5,346 0 0 2,592 0 0 3,890 0 0 3,120 0 0 557 0 0 Less recoveries 10,159 0 0 1,689 0 0' • Receiving Home, Christohuroh — Salaries General maintenance Rent Furnishings, repairs to buildings, &c. (Vote No. 85) .. Children boarded out 8,470 0 0 921 0 0 1,037 0 0 143 0 0 32 0 0 5,659 0 0 Less recoveries 7,792 0 0 2,718 0 0 Te Oranga Home, Christchurch — Salaries.. General maintenance Rent Repairs to buildings, furniture, &c. (Vote No. 85). .. 5,074 0 0 1,228 0 0 1,450 0 0 15 0 0 560 0 0 Less recoveries 3,253 0 0 219 0 0 Burnham — Salaries Genoral maintenance Additional buildings, rebuilding, small works, repairs, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 85), £982; (Vote No. 96), £12 3,034 0 0 3,413 0 0 4,864 0 0 994 0 0 Less recoveries 9,271 0 0 879 0 0 Caversham — Salaries.. General maintenance Drainage and water-supply, repairs to buildings, furniture, &o. (Vote No. 85), £205; (Vote No. 96), £314 Children boarded out 8,392 0 0 1,156 0 0 1,269 0 0 519 0 0 4,151 0 0 Less recoveries 7,095 0 0 3,794 0 0 Private Sohools — St. Mary's, Auckland — Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 3,301 0 0 1,444 0 0 396 0 0 1,048 0 0 St. Joseph's, Upper Hutt — Oapitation grants, &o. Less recoveries 257 0 0 126 0 0 131 0 0 St. Mary's, Nelson — Capitation grants, &o. Less recoveries 519 0 0 156 0 0 363 0 0 St. Vinoent de Paul's, Dunedin— Capitation grants, &c. Less recoveries 74 0 0 34 0 0 40 0 0 85 0 0 Inmates maintained at other institutions .. .'. Amount paid to Postal Department for payment of boardingout orders Sundries 100 0 0 49 0 0 Carried forward *47,418 0 0 1,474,274 0 0 * Including £2, 100 from national-ondi wment reserves re' r enue.

E.—l

Statement of Expenditure and Recoveries, etc. — continued.

£ s. d. £ s. d. £ B. d. 1,474,274 0 0 Brought forward Physical Training and Junior Cadets (Vote No. 90, Consolidated Fund.) Salaries Training classes for teachers, inoluding camps Equipment for training classes Travelling-expenses Books, offioe-oleaning, advertising, &c. Junior Cadets —miniature-rifle ranges, rent of store, freights, &c. 2,771 0 0 3,706 0 0 224 0 0 1,800 0 0 179 0 0 151 0 0 Less recoveries (sale of cadet equipment) 8,831 0 0 590 0 0 Miscellaneous (Votes Nos. 73 and 86, Consolidated Fund ; and the Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Act, 1908). 8,241 • Milne seismograph No. 20, maintenance of (Vote No. 86) Postage and telegrams (Vote No. 86) Teachers' Superannuation Board : Travelling-expenses of members, and medical examination of applicants for retirement (Vote No. 86) .. .. Contribution to Teachers' Superannuation Fund (Public Service Classification and Superannuation Amendment Aot, 1908) .. F.xamination expenses (Vote No. 86) : Teachers', Public Service, and Scholarships Less recoveries \j \j \j - 1,809 0 0 92 0 0 9 0 0 1,809 0 0 92 0 0 17,000 0 0 17,000 0 0 6,684 0 0 3,874 0 0 2,810 0 0 Subsidies to public libraries on basis of voluntary contributions (Vote No. 86) .. .. .. Printing and stationery (Vote No. 86) Flags for sohools —New Zealand Ensigns (Vote No. 86) Store for general departmental purposes : Incidental expenses (Vote No. 86) Auckland Exhibition : Expenses of exhibits (Vote No. 86) Allowance to Messrs. Poland and Thomson, M's.P., for services as members of Education Commission : Balance (Vote No. 86) Compassionate allowance to widow of late T. G. Galloway, physioal instructor (Vote No. 86) Grant to Government Life Insurance Department for actuarial services in connection with Teachers' Superannuation Fund (-Vote No. 86) .. Leotures by Professor Findlay, Manchester (Vote No. 86) Text-book, New Zealand Geology : Balance of printing (Vote No. 86) Conference of Education authorities 2,810 0 0 3,985 0 0 n nr7A f\ r\ 3,985 0 0 2,070 0 0 60 0 0 2,070 0 0 60 0 0 7 0 0 7 0 0 317 0 0 317 0 0 117 0 0 117 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 209 0 0 209 0 0 129 0 0 129 0 0 14 0 0 14 0 0 179 0 0 179 0 0 Less recoveries 28,907 0 0 39 0 0 ' 28,868 0 0 28,868 0 (I Total £1,511,383 0 0 SUMMARY Service. Paid from l'arlia- Paid from Totals mentary Votos. Reserves Revenue. Head offico Elementary education Secondary eduoation Manual and teohnical instruction Training colleges, &c. Higher education Native schools Infant-life protection School for the Deaf Education of the blind Otekaike Home Industrial schools Physical training and Junior Cadets Miscellaneous service £ s. d. £ s. d. £ s. d. 13,591 0 0 .. 13,591 0 0 945,960 0 0 110,784 0 0 1,056,744 0 0 91,631 0 0 8,271 0 0 99,902 0 0 111,911 0 0 8,270 0 0 120,181 0 0 47,217 0 0 .. 47,217 0 0 35,310 0 0 5,514 0 0 40,824 0 0 34,376 0 0 2,757 0 0 37,133 0 0 1,374 0 0 .. 1,374 0 0 3,679 0 0 300 0 0 3,979 0 0 101 0 0 57 0 0 158 0 0 5,453 0 0 300 0 0 5,753 0 0 45,318 0 0 2,100 0 0 47,418 0 0 8,241 0 0 .. 8,241 0 0 28,868 0 0 .. 28,868 0 0 Totals .. .. .. .. .. : 1,373,030 0 0 138,353 0 0 1,511,383 0 0 Notk. -For a statement of the cost of eduoation—inclusive of amo - see Table N, pages 64 and 65. lunt collected from iducational bodies' mdowmeut reserves

E.—l

I N I) E X .

A. Afflicted children. See Special schools. Agricultural instruction.—Progress in elementary agriculture, 41. Rural courses in district high sohools, 41; in secondary sohools, 42; in day technical sohools. 48 j agricultural oollege, 57. Attendance (see also Roll number) — Public primary schools, 9. Increase since 1913, 10. Compulsory attendance, 11. Average attendance as compared with other countries, I I. Native sohools, I 1. 33. Chatham Islands sohools, 1 1, 36. Private primary schools, 1.1, 13. Secondary schools.—Lower departments, 1.1, 49. All sohools, 49. Speoial schools, 11. University colleges, 59. B. Blind, Sohool for the. See Special schools. Board of primary soholars, 14. Bursaries, Domestic Science, 68, Bursaries, Educational, 63. Bursaries, University, 62. C. Cadet equipment, Junior, I 8, Centralization of Inspectors, 4. Chatham Islands schools. — Number of schools, 36. Weekly roll number, 9, 36. Average attendance, II, 36. Expenditure, 36. List of teachers, 36. Class-books and libraries, 14. Compulsory continuation classes, 45. Conveyance of scholars, 14. Cost per head of education system. See Finance. D. '•* Deaf, School for the. See Speoial schools. Degrees conferred. See Universities. Department, Reorganization of, 4. Dependent children. See Special schoois. District high schools.—Roll number, 49. Average attendance, 49. Rural courses, 41. E. .Education Act (1914), 4. Education Board's finance. See Finance. Education Department, Head Office.—Expenditure, 65. Eduoation reserves.—Distribution of revenue, 32. Elementary education. See Public primary schools. Enrolment. See Roll number. Rxaminations conducted by Department.—Number of candidates, 71. Expenditure, 72. . F. Feeble-minded, School for the. See Special sohools. Finances — All items of expenditure.—Analysis, 64, 79. Cost per head of population, 65. Comparison with other countries, 66. Analysis from 1898 in five-yearly periods, 66. Expenditure per head of population from public revenue, 86. Expenditure per pupil, 67. Detailed statement of expenditure for year 1914-15, 79-84. Education Boards.—General Aocount, 31. Buildings Account, 31. Diversion of moneys from Buildings Account, 32. Statement of receipts and expenditure, 28, 29. School Committees, Amount paid to, per unit of average attendance, 30.

; Finances— continued. Native schools, 36, 81. Chatham Islands, 36, 79. Special schools, 37, 39, 40, 82-83. Manual instruction, 42, 48, 80. Physical education, 18, 84. Technical instruction, 47, 80. Secondary schools.—Sources of income, 54. Receipts and expenditure, 56, 80. Universities, 58, 61, 62, 81. Free places. See Secondary schools ; Technical schoois: University colleges, bursaries. » G.' General Counoil of Education, 4. H. Health of school-children. See Medical inspection. High schools. See Secondary schools. I. Income. See Finance. Industrial schools. See Special schools. Industrial training. See Technical instruction. Infant-life protection.—Number of licensed foster-homes, 38. Number of children maintained, 38. Expenditure. 38, 81. Inspectors, Centralization of, 4. L. Libraries.—Method of distributing vote, 73. Number of libraries participating, 73. Amount distributed, 74. Libraries, School, 14. M. Manual instruction— In public schools.—Percentage of schools, 40. Number of classes, 40. Subjects of instruction, 40. Progress in elementary agriculture, 41. Rural oourses in district high schools, 41. Building operations, 40. Capitation and expenditure 42. In secondary schools:—Subjects of instruction, 42. Rural pursuits, 42. Building operations, 42. Maori children.—Number attending Native village schools, 11, 33. Number attending mission schools, 35. Number attending public schools, 35. Number attending secondary schools, 35. Number under special technical training, 35. Number of schools at which Maoris are taught, 33, 35. Medical inspection of school-children, 16. Model sohools, 26. N. National endowment, 71. Native schools— Scholars.—Average attendance, 11, 33. Roll, 9, 33. Regularity of attendance, 34. Classification of scholars, 35. Results of inspection, 35. Number of Maoris attending Native village schools, 9, 33; attending Native mission schools, 35; attending public schools, 35. Number of Europeans in Native schools, 33. Schools.—Number of schools, 33. Teaohers.—Number of teachers, 36. Salaries, 36, Expenditure, 36, 81.

E.—l

P. Physical eduoation, 17. Private primary schools.—-Roll number, 9, 13. Average attendance, 11, 13. Present at examination, 13. Number of proficiency and competency certificates issued, 13. Regularity of attendance, 13. Professors, Number of, at University colleges, 60. Publio libraries. See Libraries. Public primary sohools— Sohoiars.—Roll—Average weekly, 8 ; at end of year, 9; at annual examination, 13. Averageattendan.ee, -9; as percentage of roll, 10; increase since 1913, 9; compulsory attendance, 11 ; attendance compared with other countries, 11. Number in each standard, 12. Number at various ages, 12. Examination, 13. Average age, 13. Sex, 12. Sohools. — Number, 6. Percentage of sole-teacher schools, 7. Increases and decreases in number of sohools for separate districts, 7. Teaohers.—Number of adults, 18. Number of pupilteachers, 18. Sex, 19-20. Salaries, 20-22. Status as regards certificates, 23-25. Training, 25-27. Uncertificated teachers, 27. Expenditure, 27-32, 75. Publications issued by Department, 15. Pupils. See Scholars. R. Roll number— Primary sohools.—Average weekly, 8 ; at end of year, 9; at annual examination, 13. Native schools, 9, 33. Chatham Islands schools, 9, 36. Private primary schools, 9, 13. Secondary schools, 49. University colleges, 59. Reserves. See Education reserves. S. Sohoiars — Primary schools. See Public primary schools. Scholarships— At secondary schools.—Number of Junior National Scholarships, 52. Total rate of payment, 52. Number of Education Board scholarships, 52. Rate of payment, 53. Foundation scholarships, 53. Private scholarships, 53. At University colleges.—Description of scholarships, 62. Scholarships held—Rhodes, 62 ; Research, 62 ; Junior University, 62 ; University National, 62; Taranaki, 62 ; Senior University, 62 ; Sir George Grey, 62 ; Bursaries, 62, 63 ; other, 62. '"* School Committees, Amount paid to, per unit of average attendance, 30. School Journal, 15. School libraries, 14. Secondary schools— Scholars.—Roll, 49.g Attendance, 49.J Proportion of population receiving secondary instruction, 50. Roll of lower departments, 9, 56. Average attendance of lower departments, 11, 56. Sohools.—Number of sohools, 48.

Secondary schools— continued. Teachers.—Staffing, 53. Number of pupils per teacher 53. Salaries and status, 53. Free seoondary eduoation.—Junior free places, 50. Senior free places, 50. Statistics, 51. Total number benefited, 51. Speoial schools— Industrial schools. — Roll, 37. Expenditure, 37. Parental contributions, 37. Payments by Charitable Aid Boards, 38. Savings of inmates, 38. School for the Deaf.—Roll, 38. Expenditure, .'l9. Recoveries, 39. Jubilee Institute for the Blind. — Expenditure, 40. Recoveries, 40. School for Feeble-minded.—Numbers, 39. Expenditure, 40. Control over twenty-one years of age, 40. Staffing. See Teachers. Superannuation.—Classes of contributors, 72. Statistics, 72. Expenditure, 72. X. Taranaki Scholarships Endowment Act, 64. TeachersPublic schools.—Number of adults, 18. Number of pupil-teachers, 18. Sex, 19,20. Head teaohers, 18. Assistants, 18. Sole teachers, 18. Ratio of males to females, 19. Staffing, 18, 19. Salaries, 20-22. Status as regards certificates, 23-25. Training. 25-27. Uncertificated, 27. Native schools.—Staffing, 36. Salaries, 36. Secondary schools.—Staffing, 53. Number of pupils per teacher, 53. Salaries and status, 53. All teachers.—Status as regards certificates, 23-25. Technical instructionTechnical classes.—Progress during year, 42. Speoial classes, 43. Associated classes, 43. College classes, 43. Number of students, 43. Age and sex, 43. Occupations, 44. Number of classes, 43. Group oourses, 45. Subjects taken, 44. Compulsory classes. 45. Free places, 45. Payments, 47. Day technical schools.—Number of schools, 46. Number of students, 46. Sex, 46. Free places, 47. Courses of instruction, 46. Capitation, 46. Training colleges. — Students, 25. Ratio of males to females, 25. Professional work, 26. University work, 26. Number in training in each college, 25. Classification, 25. Number of scholars in normal schools, 26. Expenditure, 27. U. Universities — New Zealand University.'—lts functions, 56-57. The Senate, 56. Number of persons examined by, 58. Income and expenditure, 58. Degrees conferred, 58. University colleges.—Their functions, 57. Number of students, 59. Courses taken, 60. Staffing, 60. Finances, 60. Other professional institutions.—Canterbury Agrioultural College, 57. Training colleges, 57. University bursaries and scholarships, 62-64. University Endowment Act, 64.

Authority : John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington.—l9ls.

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EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.], Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, E-01

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42,987

EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, E-01

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EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, E-01

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EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, E-01

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EDUCATION: THIRTY-EIGHTH ANNUAL REPORT OF THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION. [In continuation of E.-1, 1914.] Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, E-01

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