DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY: SURVEYS (ANNUAL REPORT ON).

Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives, 1915 Session I, C-01a

C—la

1915. NEW ZEALAND

DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND SURVEY: SURVEYS (ANNUAL REPORT ON).

Presented to both Houses of the General Assembly by Command of His Excellency.

CONTENTS. General Report— Pa B e Appendix V— Pago Principal Survey-work performed during the Year, A Trip across the lararua Ranges, with Map and with Tables .. . ■ • • . . 2 Illustrations, by District Surveyor H. E. GirdleTriangulation Surveys ' '.'. .. ..2 stone, E.R.G.S 26 to 31 (inclusive). «!|.ni,lar<l • • ■ • 3 Appendix Vl— oio»uiw.iM Wind-screen used on Secondary Triangulation, and Settlement „ •• •• Report, with Diagrams, on his Method of reading, Native-land „ ■• •• " i &c, the 8 in. Transit Theodolite, by District Gold-mining „ ■ • • • .. 3 Surveyor H. E. Girdlcstone, F.R.G.S. (illusInspection of „ •. • • . . 3 trated) .. .. 31 to 37 (inclusive). Proposed Operations fir Year 1915-16 .. .. 3 Appendix VII —■ Draughting Staff .. .. .. .-.3 Magnetic Observatory, Christchurch, and Magnetic Surveyors' Board .. .. .. . . 4 Survey—Report, with Tables, Seismograins, and Tidal Survey . . .. • • . . 4 Magnetograms, by the Director, H. F. Skoy, tvt ■ i «„„,.„.*„„-,, 4. B.So. .. .. .. 37 to 65 (inclusive). Magnetic Observatory 4 Appendix yrn— Hector Observatory .. . . .. .. Limits of Errors in Surveying, with Diagrams, by Obituary .. . . . . .. .. a District Surveyor W. T. Neill 66 to 76 (inclusivo). Appendix I- — Appendix IX — Surveys — Extracts front Report on Standard Surveys, TriAuckland .. .. .. ..5 angulation, &c., by J. Langmuir, Inspector of Hawke's Bay . . .. .. .. 6 Surveys .. .. .. .. 77, 78 Taranaki .. .. . . •. . . 8 Tables — Wellington .. .. . . .. 9 Table 1. —Return of Field-work executed by Head Nelson .. .. .. •. ..11 Office Staff .. .. ..16 Marlborough .. .. .. .. 11 Table 2.—Return of Field-work executed by Staff Westland .. .. •• •■ ..12 and Contract Surveyors on Lands ad - Canterbury . . . . . . 13 ministered by Lands and Survey DeOtago .. .. .. ■• ..14 partment .. .. ..17 Southland.. .. .. .. ..14 Table 3. —Return of Field-work executed by Staff Aunendix ll— ,uu ' C°n.trftflt Surveyors on Lands adChief Draughtsman, Head Office, Report of .. 16 ministered by other Departments .. 18 lable 4. —Return showing Surveyors employed and Appendix lII— Work on hand .. .. ..19 Wellington City Triangulation—Report, with Dia- Tabk , s._Offlce-work done during the Year .. 19 grams and Maps, by Inspector of Surveys, J. D. j Ma p S Climie .. .. .. 19 to 24 (inclusive), j Map showing State of Public Surveys. North Appendix IV— Island .. . . .. .. At end. Wellington City Standard Survey—Report, on his Map showing State of Public Surveys, South £J Revision of Earlier Survey, by Inspect! r of Sur- Island .. .. .. .. ~ veys, J. D. Climie .. . . .. .. 25 j Map of Mount Hector Track .. .. „ The Surveyor-General to the Right Hon. the Minister of Lands. Sib,— 29th June, 1915. I have the honour herewith to present the report on survey operations for the year ended 31st March, 1915. I have, &c, E. H. WiiiMOT, Surveyor-General. The Right Hon. W. F, Massey, P.C., Minister of Lands.

1-0, v.

C—la

2

EEPOET. In framing this report, I purpose making it as concise as possible, and shall therefore present general aspects of the work performed during the year, leaving details to be found in the various tables and appendices accompanying. The volume of work performed is rather less than that of last, year. This is due, in the case of the regular staff, in large measure to the fact that no fewer than seven surveyors and five survey cadets enlisted and went to the front. Another factor has been the weather, which during (he past year lias been exceptionally boisterous, thus militating against survey operations. In consequence of this, also, the cost per acre of surveys has somewhat advanced on last year's figures, but is still quite satisfactory. A summary of the work performed during the year is given in the following tables : —

Table A.

Table B.

Triangulation. Very slow progress has been made witli this work, on which there has been only one observer, and, owing to illness' and bad weather, his efforts have been somewhat spasmodic. As is pointed out in Mr. Langmuir's report (see appendix), if this work is to make satisfactory progress the staff of observers must be increased. It is hoped that this coming year this work, which is an important one, will be pushed on with vigour on the lines suggested in his report,

Class of Work. Area. Cost per Acre. Total Cost. Triangulation, by staff surveyors Topographical, by staff surveyors Rural, by staff surveyors Rural, by licensed surveyors Rural, by licensed surveyors (cost not available) Village and suburban, by staff surveyors Town, by staff surveyors Town, by licensed surveyors Native Land Court, by staff surveyors Native Land Court, by licensed surveyors Native Land Court, by licensed surveyors (costs paid by applicants) Golcl-mining, by staff surveyors Gold-mining, by licensed surveyors (costs paid by applicants) Roads, by staff surveyors Roads, by licensed surveyors Roads, by licensed surveyors (costs not available) . . Aores. 146,443 218,101 430,562 20,050 12,862 5,514 105* 104$ 102,080 383,735 31,008 l-70d. 2-32d. l-97s. 2-57s. £ s. d. 1,034 15 4 2,109 2 7 42,316 17 4 2,579 17 9 7-1 Is. 23-67s.f 22-35s.| 15-22d. 16-87d. 1,961 1.1 1 300 13 11 34 13 0 6,475 13 6 26,988 3 3 98 2,275 9-75s. 47 16 0 233 miles 24 „ 15 „ £22-16§ £29-46§ 5,162 14 2 707 3 4 * In 254 seotions. t Per sootion. t.l thirty-one sections. § Per mil

. District. t> - a Native Land Rural Surveys. Court Surveys . Auckland Hawke's Bay Wellington .. Taranaki Nelson Marlborough. . Westland Canterbury .. Otago Southland Aores. Aores. 151,517 280,507 50,086 100,770 34,499 86,993 35,302 44,950 113,445 159 11,735 1,308 9,555 8,576 186 9,585 534 39,173 1,416 Aores. 280,507 100,770 86,993 44,950 159 1,308 186 534 1,416 Totals 463,473 516,823

3

C.—lA

Owing to lack of staff and the demands of settlement surveys, minor triangulation has been restricted to that required for the control of these surveys; and revision of old minor triangulation, which it was intended to have carried out during the year, has had to be abandoned, though such revision in several districts is urgently required. An endeavour will be made to make progress in this direction next season. Standard Surveys. Owing to the want of specially trained surveyors and apparatus there has not been Ihe amount of work accomplished that I had desired. The principal items of field-work were the continuation of the standard surveys in the suburbs of Auckland, and in Dunedin. The Auckland work has been executed by Mr. H. M. Kensington, under (lie direction of Mr. Langmuir, Inspector of Surveys, while Mr. Neill has continued the Dunedin work. The plan-work in ouch case has been kept going, though from lack of staff that of Auckland is falling into arrear* The principal work done by Mr. C. A. Mountfort has been the plans of Wanganui, Gonville, and Nelson, the bulk of the field-work of which he completed last year. Just before the close of tile year Mr. Climie started a standard survey of Vogeltown. All the surveyors have maintained the high standard of accuracy which has always been aimed at in this class of survey. An inspection of the detailed report on his year's work by Mr. Kensington shows that much of his time has been occupied in reinstating blocks, and remarking them after they have been built up or lowered. This has been rendered necessary on account of the alteration of the streetlevels by the local bodies, who therefore pay for the reinstatement. In connection with this, and the appreciation of these standard surveys by local bodies, Mr. Langmuir makes some interesting remarks in his report, which appears as an appendix to this report. Settlement Surveys. Under the heading of " Rural Surveys," in Table A, 463,473 acres are returned as having been surveyed during the year. Table B shows' the apportionment into the various districts. The average cost of this class of survey for the past year works out at. 2s. per acre. Native Surveys. During the year staff surveyors completed the survey of 102,080 acres, while 414,743 acres were surveyed by licensed surveyors. Table B shows the allocation of these acreages between the various districts. Gold-mining Surveys. Thirty-one applications were surveyed, aggregating 2,373 acres, the largest area (1,142 acres, in nine holdings) being in Wcstland. The average cost of these surveys is not obtainable, owing to the fees having been paid by the applicants'. Inspections. The inspections made from time to time by Chief Surveyors and Inspecting Surveyors show that the work of the surveyors in general is good, though there are exceptions which emphasize the necessity for systematic inspections. Proposed Operations, 1915-16. At the close of the year there were in the hands of staff surveyors 1,324,034 acres of settleiiient land (including village and suburban), and 191,943 acres of Native land; while in the hands of private surveyors there were respectively 10,835 acres and 449,268 acres. The distribution of this is shown in Table 4. Of this a considerable amount of fixed work has been completed, and before the end of June a large area will be ready for the completion of the plans. As usual, where advisable owing to weather-conditions, ore, staff surveyors will be called in for the months of July and August, and will during these months complete their plan-work Owing to enlistments the field staff has been considerably depleted, and if the usual amount of Crown land and land for settlements is available this year for survey, more use must, be made of the contract system; and it is probable that there will be no difficulty in placing contracts satisfactorily, as, owing to the war, private surveyors are finding work rather slack. There is, as I pointed out, in last, year's report, an urgent need of standard surveys both in town and country. This work can be done satisfactorily only by having a specially trained staff with the proper appliances. This I hope to be able to arrange for during the coming year. In the meantime the standard surveys of Auckland. Dunedin, and probably Napier, and some of the smaller boroughs, will be carried on by the present staff, while the standard survey and revision of original survey of Vogeltown will be continued by Mr. Climie. The secondary triangulation and revision of parts of the major and minor triangulations must be pushed on, but, as I have stated, it cannot be done unless the field staff working under Mr. Langmuir's direction is much increased. I hope it will be possible to effect this also. Draughting Staff. In his report (see appendix) the Chief Draughtsman calls attention to the time lost owing to protracted sick-leave granted to several officers, which has told against (lie output of work, and hampered the process of reorganization which is being carried out. A perusal of the report gives an idea of the variety of work performed by the Head Office staff. Special features of this year's work are the publishing of maps of the war areas in Europe, the issue of a, new form of protractor sheet for Land Transfer plans, and the completion of maps of New Zealand on scales of ten miles and one millionth, which it is expected will be published at an early date.

U.—li

4

Attention is called to the large amount of work required to be done to bring publication maps up to date, which work demands an increase of draughting staff. Surveyors' Board. The work of the year presented no unusual features. At the September examination fifteen candidates sat, of whom five completed the examination, having previously passed in some subjects; and at the March sitting eleven candidates sat, of whom one passed the whole examination and three completed and passed. The Secretary, Mr. C. E. Adams, resigned in December, and left for the Lick Observatory, California, where he is to spend a year on leave studying in connection with his work as Government Astronomer. Mr." M. C. Smith was appointed Secretary to the Board in Mr. Adams's place. The Board record's with regret the death during the year of the following surveyors : Messrs. 11. Baker, J. 0. Barnard, P. Bedliugton, G. B. Beere, J. L. Dickie, L. Simpson, W. C. Spencer, J. Stewart, and H. Trent. Tidal Survey. From March to December, 1914, flic work was carried out under the direction of Mr. C. E. Adams, Chief Computer. In January, 1915, Mr. Adams left for America, and since then the work has been carried on by Messrs. J. J. Hay and T. G. Gillespie. The work has comprised the predictions, from harmonic tidal constants already obtained, of the times and heights of high and low waters for the Ports of Auckland and Wellington, 1916. Predictions for Wellington, 1917, are nearing completion. During the year further investigations were made into an improved method of harmonic analysis. About three months were taken up in this, and some valuable work was done. On the completion of the predictions for Auckland, 1917, this investigation will again be taken up, and if the new method of analysis is found to be more practicable it will be used in preference to that of Sir George Darwin's. A start, lias been made on a new harmonic analysis for Wellington. The hourly heights for about the first three months have been measured from the gauge-sheets' supplied by the Wellington Harbour Board. These measurements have been done in duplicate, and checked. This work will also be continued on the completion-of the predictions for Auckland, 1917. Magnetic Observatory. At Christohurch the usual work of the observatory has been carried on with efficiency by Mr. Skey, whose report, with its illustrative diagrams and seismic records, may be found among the appendices. Hector Observatory. The observing for time and time-signalling have gone on as usual at the observatory, Mr. Adams, Chief Computer, who acted as Government Astronomer, left at the beginniug of this year to take up a fellowship at, Lick Observatory, and since his departure a well-known amateur astronomer from Canterbury, Mr. Westland, has taken charge of the work. Obituary. During the past twelve months, though there has been much sickness, 1 have only to record the death of one officer, Mr. John Dickie, by which the Department lost the services of a zealous and efficient officer. At the time of his death he was in the position of Land Transfer Draughtsman at Invercargill, which position he had held with credit for some years. There passed away, however, two retired officers, Mr. Horace Baker and Mr Henry Trent, each of whom at the time of his retirement was holding the position of Chief Surveyor. The former had held the position also of Commissioner of Crown Lands, while the latter, starting as a cadet in 1863, had risen through the various' grades to the joint position of Commissioner of Crown Lands and Chief Surveyor. I have also to record the death of Mr. W. C. Spencer, a private surveyor, who at one time was on the staff, serving both in the field and office. Conclusion. I cannot, conclude this report without paying a tribute of praise to those officers—young men with " all the world before them " —who have nobly decided to serve their country, giving their lives it may be, in this time of its trial. Their names and positions are as follows: Staff surveyors—V. Blake, W. M. Gray, G. Pirrit, S. T. Seddon, P. W. Watson, W. B. de L. Willis; temporary surveyor —W. S. Thomson; survey cadets —R. F. Burgess, L. W. B. Hall, T. R. Hancock, N. A. Middlemas, L. J. Poff; draughtsmen—G. J. B. Cairnie, T. S. Couch, E. H, Ingram, C. L. Purdie, 11. B. Randrup; draughting cadets—P. Coleman, R. J. Cornwall, F. H. Hudson, H. L. Wake, and E. H. Whiting. All honour to them ! The enlistment of these officers, and the unusual amount of sick-leave granted to officers during the past year —several of these have had to undergo serious operations—has resulted in the Head Office and several of the district offices having to work short-handed, and I have now pleasure in recording my appreciation of the way in which, under these difficulties, officers in general have kept the work going.

Waterfall, Wharekopae River, Poverty Bay

C— IA.

C—la

Incidents of Survey Life.

Wild Pork. Swaggino (.'amp. P. R. Wilkinson, photos.]

Native Pigeon on Roadside, Westland. E. Richardson, photo.]

C— lA

5

APPENDICES. APPENDIX I.—SURVEYS. AUCKLAND. Minor Triangulation. —ss,l6o acres by three staff surveyors is all the work done under this heading. Topographical. —The only survey made was of a small grazing-run in Rotorua County, of 6,200 acres. Rural. —The staff surveyed 127,849 acres, a large increase on last year's return, the principal areas' being in Urutawa, Waiawa, and Kawhia districts. 23,668 acres were surveyed by private surveyors, being largely subdivisions of land held under lease from the Crown, and land selected as " unsurveyed." Village and Suburban. —The staff surveyed 4,335 acres in 257 sections, comprising principally fruit farms at Waerenga, Henderson, and near Wade. Town Section Survey. —The 15 acres in 55 subdivisions by a staff surveyor under this heading is of workers' homes at Otahuhu, and 7 acres in 23 subdivisions by a contract surveyor is of an education reserve at Remuera. Native Land Survey. —The staff surveyed 75.242 acres (a large increase), chiefly in the Rotorua, Opotiki, and Kawhia Counties. Contract surveyors, 205,265 acres, in 1,173 subdivisions, which is a considerable less area than last year, but the average size of the subdivisions is much smaller. Gold-mining Survey. —Only 5 claims, of a total area of 355 acres, have been surveyed by private surveyors. Roads, disc. —The staff have this' year surveyed nearly double the length of last year, doing 113 miles scattered over the district; 26 miles were also surveyed by private surveyors. Other Work. —The usual miscellaneous surveys, inspections, reports, &c.,, are included under this heading. Inspections, —About the usual number of survey inspections were made, the work examined being found to be generally satisfactory. One of the chief obstacles surveyors have to contend with now is the difficulty in re-establishing old surveys, and the question of marking all important corners with more durable material than wood should be raised. Contract Surveys. —Fifty-four contract surveyors have on hand 1,985 acres of Crown land, 285,067 acres of Native land, and 19 miles of road. Office-work. —The Land Transfer Branch examined and approved 771 plans, comprising 106,409 acres, in 5,257 allotments, 1,274 traverse sheets were examined, 170 plans were recorded, 161 tracings prepared, 23 plans compiled. At the Land Transfer Office 3,454 plans were endorsed on certificates of titles and 30 plans prepared; 51 plans not yet checked remain in office, the average number of plans received per month being about 60. Native Land Survey Branch : 264 authorities were issued for an area of 318,912 acres; •'! road surveys also were authorized for a mileage of 10 miles; 414 plans were received for an area of 376,283 acres in 1,681 subdivisions; 4.27 plans were examined and approval for an area of 322,999 acres in 1,703 subdivisions; 66 ordinary compilations were made, and 38 plans compiled under section 60 of the Native Land Amendment Act, 1913; 142 plans are now under examination, and 40 remain untouched; 2,141 schedules of costs were checked for the sum of ,£21,935; 3,182 endorsements were made on Court orders and other instruments of title; 9 Native Land Courts were attended, £894 being collected, 434 charging-orders obtained representing charges amounting to £7,345, and 191 acres 2 roods taken in lieu of mortgages; £15,712 2s. lid. was collected for survey liens; 4.14 lithos and tracings were mounted, 249 tracings made for field data, &c, 217 tracing's being made for the Valuation Department, This branch is practically self-supporting, the cost of examination, compiled plans, &c, being added to the cost of survey, and recovered in the usual way. Statutory Plans and Roads Legalization Branch: 282 plans were examined and approved, taking and closing 343 miles of road; 618 acres of reserves for various purposes, and taking 41J miles for railways; 11 plans were compiled; 208 tracings made and 75 plans entered on records; 336 new plans were received during the year, and 292 remain unchecked. Through sick, annual, special, and territorial leave, 150 days were lost during the year; alterations of rooms in building also hampered the work about three months. Computing Branch : 219 settlement plans examined and approved; 5 mining and 6 residence sites plans' for Warden approved, of a total area of 142,792 acres, in 630 sections; 579 traverse and 36 triangle sheets examined; 419 chain lengths of surveyors' steel tapes were tested and certificates for same issued. 974 tracings for various purposes prepared. Loan proposals over 15 blocks, of 124,978 acres, for £31,915, were prepared. New trig, lithos compiled and revised for lithograph of 21 survey districts; 248 plans remain unchecked. An exceptionally large number of plans (262) was received during the year; the average for some time past has boon under 200.

C—la

6

General: 5,056 plans were endorsed on Crown grants, &c. The total number of plans examined and approved was 1,710; plans compiled, 138; tracings, &c, made, 2,300. Fees collected, £190 16s. 6d. Proposed Operations, 1915-16. —Twenty-live staff surveyors have on hand 302,816 acres of Crown land, 105,208 acres of Native land, 228iJ miles of road, and 101 acres of town surveys. In addition to the above, the larger areas of Crown land and new purchases proposed to be surveyed for selection are as follows, arranged in counties : Mangonui, 9,700 acres, national endowment; liokianga, 5,800 acres (1,000 acres national endowment); Whangaroa, 2,800 acres (1,500 acres national endowment); AVhangarei, 1,000 acres; Rodney, 700 acres; Waitemata, 1,600 acres (300 acres national endowment); Franklin, 2,300 acres (300 acres national endowment); Waitomo, 500 acres; Awakino, 12,600 acres; Waikato, 3,000 acres, national endowment; Tauranga, 5,000 acres; Piako, 3,000 acres, national endowment; Ohinemuri, 5,000 acres; Thames, 8,000 acres; Coromandel, 6,000 acres. Accounts. —There has been a large increase in the work of the Accounts Branch this year. Transfers, &c. —The field staff has been reduced during the year by the transfer of Mr. A. H. Viekerman, District Surveyor, to be officer in charge of the Roads Branch; by Mr. R. P. Greville's (Inspecting Surveyor) appointment to Superintendent of Kauri-gum Surveys; Mr. H. F. Edgecumbe, District Surveyor, to triangulation-work, under Mr. Langmuir. Messrs. W. B. de L. Willis, F. W. Watson, and G. Pirrit, Assistant Surveyors, joined the Expeditionary Force; Survey Cadets N. A. Middlemas, L. J. Poff, and L. W. B. Hall also joined the same Force. Messrs. H. T. Mitchell and G. A. Hathaway resigned; Mr. D. I. Barron transferred to office; Mr. V. I. Blake transferred to Land Transfer Draughtsman, Gisborne. Mr. A. A. Seatou has been absent all the year on sick-leave, and has since died. Messrs. Burnley, Leeds, E. V. Blake, and Surveyor's Assistant Olsen have been engaged since January on surveys of kauri-gum land under the direction of Mr. Greville. The only additions to the survey staff have been Messrs. P. V. Norman and R. M. Mclver (temporary). Messrs. G. J. B. Cairnie, H. B. Randrup, F. Coleman, and M. Hawort-h, of the office staff, joined the Expeditionary Force. The appointment and transfer of cadets and temporary draughtsmen have increased the office staff by ten during the year, but in most branches there are still arrears of work. With the rearrangement of the rooms and contemplated additions to the staff of officers to be specially trained as draughtsmen, it is confidently expected the trouble of arrears that have been banking up so long will almost disappear in the next year, or two years at the most. During the year a superannuated officer, in the person of Mr. W. C. C. Spencer, passed away. Mr. Spencer had many years of faithful service in the field and office to his credit, during which time he made friends with all whom he came in contact. Conclusion. —The work of the office for the last year has been much interfered with by the continual changes of staff and the structural alterations of the building. 1 have to specially thank all officers for their good work and strong efforts during a very arduous and troublesome year. H. M. Skeet, Chief Surveyor.

HAWKE'S BAY. Minor Triangulation. —The proposal mentioned in the report for last year for the extension of the major triangulation into this district from the Auckland side was abandoned owing to the large area of settlement surveys requiring attention and the lack of staff to take on this particular work. This extension of the triangulation is urgently required for the reason that the present minor trig, work is generally of a low standard, and, being based apparently on several different measurements, is incapable of being brought into harmony without revision on thoroughly reliable and sound lines. Only a very small area of this class of work was executed during the year, the work being done for purpose of controlling sectional surveys in the Porangahau district. Topographical Survey for Selection. —Although only 12,781 acres, at a cost of l'93d. per acre, of this class of work has been returned as completed during the year, a large amount of useful topographical survey has been done in connection with rural and Native surveys carried out by staff surveyors in different parts of the district. Included in these may be mentioned Kaiwaka, Matakuhia, and Marangairoa Blocks; also on various blocks of which field operations are complete but plans not sent in. The area returned is a careful magnetic topographical survey of Maiigamaire and part of the Whawhakanga Blocks, being subdivided for settlement purposes. The permanent survey of this block is now nearly complete. Rural. —During the year an area of 50,086 acres, at a cost of l'27s. per acre, was executed, the cost per acre of the previous year being l's7s. The principal blocks subdivided for settlement were: Kaiwaka (14,483 acres), divided into 5 small grazing-runs; Otawhao (5,045 acres), into 46 sections; Matakuhia (6,589 acres), into 2 small grazing-runs; and two blocks under Land for Settlements Act—Gwavas and Springhill Settlements —containing 12,281 acres, and divided into 31 sections. The balance of the area returned is made up of more or less small areas in different parts of the district. In every instance the operations have been carried out in open country, with the exception of Mr. Gray's Matakuhia Block, on which there was a large amount of cutting through heavy bush in rough country, this fact accounting for his cost being somewhat higher than the other surveyors' costs'. Town. —During the year 34 acres of this class was divided into 63 sections, at a cost of 26095. per section, for the purpose of workers' dwellings, known as Pakowhai and Lomas Settlements, and situated near Hastings; engineering survey of longitudinal sections was done in connection with the latter settlement.

7

C—la

Village and Suburban. —During the year 311 acres of this class of work was divided into 44 allotments, at a cost of 18435. per acre. The area is made up of 50 acres known as " Gray's Bush," Te Puia suburbs, and 50 acres at Clive, near Napier. The cost, per acre last year under this heading was 3175., but the area in that instance was fairly large, and provided 4 allotments only. Roads. —During the year 3010 miles of this class of work was done, at a cost of £1826 per mile, as against £2164 per mile in the previous year, the principal lengths being 9 miles, Maraehara Valley Road, and 6 miles, part of Te Pohue-Tutira Road, surveyed in connection with exchanges on Kaiwaka Block, the balance being for more or less short, lengths in different parts of the district. Native Surveys. —The total area surveyed during the year amounted to 100,770 acres, in 501 subdivisions. Of this area the staff completed 26,44-3 acres into 43 allotments, at a cost of 11'29d. per acre, as against, 22'33d. per acre last year. These surveys were made up principally of the Marangairoa lo and Id at East Cape and Mangawhariki Blocks. Private surveyors completed 74,327 acres, containing 458 allotments, scattered over the whole land district, at a cost of 16'24d. per acre, as'compared with 2P96d. per acre for the previous year. Field Inspections. —Thirteen Land Transfer and 6 Native Land Court inspections were carried out during the year, as against 23 in the previous year, principally by Mi-. Brook, the results, generally speaking, being satisfactory. Inspection of the work of staff surveyors was also carried out, by Mr. Brook. Detailed reports of these inspections have already been forwarded to you. Work in Progress. —Actual operations' are being carried out on the Mangamaire and Whawhakanga Blocks (12,481 acres), situated about 69 miles from Napier (this work is now nearly complete); Manawa-angiangi Block (11,551 acres), revision survey in the same locality is nearing completion; Te Pohue - Tutir-a Road, 14 miles, field-work complete; Heru-a-tureia Block (3,990 acres), about 44 miles from Napier, field-work just completed; Maungaharuru E.R. (7,750 acres), in same locality, field-work completed; Whareraurakau Native Land Court survey (3,310 acres), in same locality, field-work just commenced ; Wharekahika Block (Native Land Court survey), 42,000 acres, at East Cape, field-work to be completed in June; Waipaoa Block. (8,785 acres), situated about 95 miles from Napier, on which a large amount of field-work was done prior to the last winter recess, the work being then left in abeyance, but Mr. Walshe is again on the ground rounding off the work done by Mr. Thompson and himself with a view to completion before the winter recess; Omahaki Block (15,710 acres), situated about 50 miles from Napier, field-work completed; and Timahanga No. 1 and Waipaoa sa, sb, and 50, Native Land Court surveys, containing 23,789 acres, field-work is nearly completed. Mapping of all the above work is advanced as far as is practicable. With the exception of Native Land Court surveys mentioned, the work is being done on blocks proposed to be opened for selection at an early date. Private surveyors have 45,764 acres on requisitions from the Native Land Court under survey. Proposed, Operations. —After completing work in progress staff surveyors will carry out subdivisional and other operations as follows: Tahora Block, of 49,000 acres, situated about 50 miles west of Gisborne; Te Putere Block, 8,000 acres, situated about 60 miles in a northerly direction from Napier; Pastoral Run No. 11, 11,000 acres, situated about 60 miles from Napier in a northwesterly direction ; Pastoral Runs Nos. 13 and 14, containing 32,659 acres, situated in the same locality; Mangaorapa No. 1 and Porangahau 1b No. 4, containing about 12,783 acres, situated near to coast, about, 70 miles from Napier, in a southerly direction. Other Work. —This 1 consists of miscellaneous departmental duties; inspection of roads, ivc, for other Departments; schemes of proposed subdivisions of land for settlement; reports on blocks proposed to be acquired by the Crown; standard, survey-work in Towns of Hastings, Dannevirke, Otane; reports on exchanges; reports on roads to be opened and closed; checking of Crown plans during the winter recess: assisting with arrears in plan-work during winter recess; examination of unlicensed assistants. Office-work. —Land Transfer Branch: During the year 246 plans, consisting of 1,271 allotments, and containing 62,064 acres, were received; 256 plans, consisting of 1,501 allotments, and containing 49,661 acres, were approved; 354 sheets of co-ordinates have been examined and filed Computing Branch : During the year 35 Crown plans, consisting of 139 allotments, and containing 51,431 acres, were received ; 38 Crown plans, consisting of 235 allotments, and containing 63,151 acres, were approved; 152 Native plans, consisting of 465 allotments, and containing 100,770 acres, were received during the year; 187 Native plans, consisting of 550 allotments, and containing 84,702 acres, were approved; 145 Public Works and local bodies' plans, consisting of 1,195 allotments, were received; 143 plans, consisting of 924 allotments, were approved; 600 sheets of co-ordinates have been examined and filed. Fees collected for protractor sheets, miscellaneous tracings, sale of lithographs', &c, amounted to £63 9s. Id. Miscellaneous plans compiled in office, 20. Tracings, lithographs coloured, <fee. : 27 tracings were made for sale-poster purposes, and 1,984 were made for various purposes—settlers' tracings', tracings for Valuer-General, field data tracings, and tracings for gazetting purposes. 540 lithographs for various purposes were coloured. District, lithographs: Owing to the great, amount of routine work requiring attention, practically nothing has been done i' l this section, although the Tautane district is nearly complete, and a start, made with Porangahau. When time permits this work will be pushed on. It is an urgent necessity in this district, the only lithographs available beinp; the county maps, and these are being revised to fill the gap in the meantime. A four-mile map showing survey-district boundaries is getting well on to completion. General. —It will be observed that the volume of work has been maintained during the year, and that survey operations have been carried out at an ail-round decreased cost. During the year

C. -1a

Messrs. Cray and Thompson, of the field staff, left with the Expeditionary Force. The work and costs of these two officers has been taken over by Mr. Walshe until such time as opportunity offers for a reallocation of the work. Mr. Roddick, District Surveyor, attached to the Gisborne office, has been transferred from the field to the office staff, after a long and arduous term in the field, a change which failing health made necessary. Owing to serious ill health the Chief Draughtsman, Mr. H. Mackay, has been absent on sick-leave for some time, Mr. P. Carrington, of New Plymouth, fulfilling his duties meanwhile. The recent acquisition of Native lands and the negotiations now proceeding for the purchase of similar blocks along the route of the Napier-Gisborne 'Railway, and in other parts of the district, will make large demands on the depleted field staff during the coming year. In conclusion, I wish to tender my thanks to the staff, both field and office, for the active and loyal way in which they have carried out, their duties, and generally for their most willing help and co-operation during the year. W. 11. Skinner, Chief Surveyor. TARANAKI. Minor Triangulation. —No work of this natur-? has been done during the past year, but a scheme of triangles to control some 150 square miles of the Lower Mokau and Mohakatino basins has been prepared, and the work should be undertaken during 1915-16, as it is urgently needed to check work in hand properly and make a better connection in the triangulation itself. Standard, Surveys. —No true standard work has been done in this district for many years, and a revision and extension of earlier work in Hawera, Stratford, and Patea is urgently needed, as well as a standard survey of main roads from Eltham to Opunake and around the mountain to control the new railway route and the numerous Land Transfer surveys that are expected there. In carrying out, his inspections in the places named the office surveyor has had to do a, lot; of work that can bo utilized in connection with a complete standard survey. Now that local bodies are scarifying the roads' and laying down tarred and suchlike surfaces, it is stated to be very difficult for surveyors to find and use old marks (placed as they often are in the middle of the road). To avoid damaging these new road-surfaces is one reason why standard surveys are so much needed. Topographical Surveys for Selection. —Under this heading an area of only 856 acres was completed, and this was for the Land Purchase Board. Rural. —An area of 35,302 acres is returned under this head, the greater part of which is situated in very rough forest country, where the rainfall is heavy and continuous and location of roads difficult. An additional area of 11,000 acres has been completed in th; field, but plans are not, yet ready. Village and Suburban. —2sß acres, in 75 lots, were surveyed in the Aria Township Reserve, but as plans have not yet reached me this must appear in next year's return. Town Section Survey. —An area of 535 acres, comprising 8 lots, was surveyed in the Town of Ohura for general Government purposes. Native Land Court Surveys. —The total urea of Native land surveyed during the year amounted to 14,950 acres, the whole of the work with one exception (when a staff surveyor was employed on an area near his main camp) being completed by private surveyors. Of the 57,538 acres returned as under survey last year, 37 plans, of 35,4-62 acres, have been received and 20 approved. A total area of 60,4-98 acres is now under survey, which I expect to be completed during the coming year. Some of this work is for the subdivision of areas previously surveyed. Maori Land, Board Surveys. —The subdivisional survey of Mohakatino Parininihi Id East, containing 4,425 acres, placed in the hands of a staff surveyor (being close to his main camp), has been completed in the field, but as the plans arc not in it, must be returned next year. Roads. —In this class 25 \ miles are returned by the staff and two contract surveyors, while the field-work of 20 more, miles has been completed. Inspections. —Seven inspections were made during the year, six of Land Transfer surveys by Mr. Sole, and one of a. Native survey by Mr. District Surveyor Wilson. Three of these inspections were the work of a surveyor of the' old school, and, although not wilfully incorrect, they showed careless and slipshod work and want of up-to-date methods and proper searching for old marks. Other Work. —The expenditure under this heading amounts to £188 16s. Id., and includes the inspections mentioned, repairs to trigs., and various miscellaneous isolated surveys' of small areas, where travelling-expenses were proportionately'heavy. Chainage Closures. —The mean of all closures by the staff, mostly in rough-bush country, gave an average of 1 link per mile. Office-work. —The total number of plans checked under all heads in the General Computing Branch was 153. Of these, Crown settlement surveys were represented hj 39 plans, covering 58,399 acres in 171 sections; Native Land Court surveys by 4-1 plans, of 22,422 acres in 59 sections; road and railway surveys for Proclamation, &c, by 37 plans, covering 56 miles. The balance of 36 plans comprised trigonometrical arid miscellaneous surveys. Three candidates sat for examination as authorized assistants; one passed at his first sitting and one at his second. Land Transfer: In this branch 92 plans, with 213 traverse sheets, were checked and approved, covering 303 lots, of a total area of 7,869. acres. Land Transfer record plans are badly needed here, but I had no one available for this work (the Land Transfer Draughtsman

8

9

C.—la

being also Crown-grant draughtsman), all being required to keep pace with incoming urgent work. Titles : The plans placed on instruments of title of all kinds were 1,485, and 577 copies of leases and licenses were prepared, all by the office staff. Compilations : For photo-lithography 12 large drawings and tracings were prepared. The new survey-district lithos of Mapara and Tangitu were also completed, while those of Ohura, Heao, and Mahoe were sent for and brought up to date. The Rangi and Piopiotea West districts will soon be completed, when we shall be in a position to issue proper county maps of Ohura, Waitomo, and Whangamomona, all of which are urgently required by other Departments and the public. Miscellaneous : The usual demands made on the office staff were attended to, comprising the supplying of information to the general public; tracings for Rangers and selectors, and diagrams and tracings to illustrate letters to Head Office, and others; also numerous tracings for Proclamation purposes and taking roads under the Native Land Act. Over 45 complete sets of field data, averaging more than three to the set, were supplied checked to the staff and contract surveyors, while 198 tracings of West Coast Settlement Reserves leases were furnished to the Public Trust Office for revaluation purposes. For the Valuer-General 161 tracings were prepared, 84 of Land Transfer plans and 77 of Native blocks, while the total of the other miscellaneous tracings mentioned above amounted to 198. All recording on existing block-sheets, Crown grant, 40---chain record maps, reserve, index, and wall maps was kept well up to date, but I had no one to spare to prepare the many new maps that are urgently required. Native .Land Court work : Two hundred and ten plans have been endorsed for attachment to Native Land Court, orders by the Native Land Draughtsmen, and forwarded to the Registrar, covering an area of 44,043 acres; and 130 Native Land Court plans have been forwarded for the Court's use. The survey-costs, including cost of the examination of plans and interest due, collected for ordinary Native land surveys, amounted to £550 lis. 3d. Tracings and field data for Native surveys have been prepared. and supplied when asked for. Owing to the isolated position of the New Plymouth office with regard to the Native Land Court officials, solicitors, and surveyors, a great deal of extra correspondence and supply of data is required from this office, the outward correspondence relating to Native surveys requiring some 650 letters being drafted. Twenty-one vouchers, covering 92 subdivisions, for payment to surveyors have been prepared in this branch and sent on to the Accountant for checking and payment. Whenever necessary an officer has attended the sittings of the Native Land Court for the purpose of collecting survey fees, obtaining charging-orders, &C, and the usual detail work rendered necessary has been carried out. Proposed, Operations for 1916—16. — A staff of three permanent surveyors, with one cadet and one temporal')- surveyor, are at present engaged upon settlement surveys along the eastern, north-eastern, and north-western boundaries of this land district, and by the end of next year I expect to have the northern end of the district cleaned up. The total area to be covered by these operations amounts to 56,000 acres, of which some 11,000 acres and 20 miles of access road through Native land are completed in the field and partly mapped, leaving 35,000 acres of new country on hand for the coming season 1915-16, situated in the Survey Districts of Aria, Totoro, Mimi, Waro, Pahi, Tangitu, Rangi. and Pouatu ; and the cadet above mentioned having now passed, it is proposed to allot him an additional 10,000 acres in the Waro Block, explored by Mr. Larkin but left unfinished by him. Changes of Staff. —Tn August last, two cadets—one field and one draughting (Messrs. Hancock and Hudson) —joined the Expeditionary Force, and we now expect to lose Mr. Saxton (keeper of the safe) in July on superannuation. Mi. Laing, District, Surveyor, retired from the field last May, and joined the office staff in lieu of Mr. W. F. Gordon, who retired on pension; whilst Mr. Larkin resigned and left the Department in June. Early in February Mr. Carrington, Chief Computer, was sent to Napier as Acting Chief Draughtsman there; Mr. Laing took over his work here, and we have been short-handed ever since. Although there has been a falling-off lately in the Land Transfer and Native work, which latter must decrease from now, we are shortly expecting quantities of complicated railway land plans from the four contracts now under survey; there will also be some amount of work with the subdivisions of the valuable West Coast Settlement Reserves, and T am therefore of opinion that the draughting and computing staff wants strengthening. This, though a small, is a very busy and valuable district. Although in most parts a fairly dry season, my surveyors in Mimi, Waro, and Pouatu Survey Districts have had very heavy rainfalls. In conclusion, I wish to record my appreciation of the willing and competent assistance rendered by the whole staff. G. H. Bullard, Chief Surveyo-

WELLINGTON. Triangulation, —No work of this class has been undertaken during the past year by this office. Standard Survey.—No work under this heading has been returned, but Mr. J. D. Climie, of Head Office staff, is at present engaged upon some intricate work adjacent to the City of Wellington. There are several localities in which standard ciaverses must soon be made, but no urgency is necessary, and what is to lie done may easily await the convenience of the Department. Topographical Survey. —Field-work and plans of about 90,000 acres of Native land near Taupo were comnleted by Mr, Blake, and should prove of great assistance to the Native Depart-

2—C. la.

C—la

10

ment in the determination of individual interests. Of this area, some 80,000 acres are within the boundaries of the Auckland Province. Rural. —Under this head an area of 34,4-99 acres has been returned, of which 9,439 acres, forming the Poroporo Settlement, was thrown open for selection towards the end of the previous year. The Falloon Settlement, containing 1,035 acres, was settled during the year, and of the remaining area about, 2,300 acres will shortly be available for settlement. About 20,220 acres of the Waimarino Block have been completed, but it is probable that certain constructive roadworks may precede the actual settlement. At the present time four staff surveyors have in hand the subdivision of about 26,670 acres, the greater portion of which should be ready for settlement early in the coming year. Village and Suburban Surveys. —This head returns 302 acres, of whicti some 26 acres will be used as homestead-sites for sections in the Waimarino, and the balance, being sections of from 1 to 10 acres near Kakahi and Ohakune, will be offered shortly. Town Surveys. —The return is comparatively small, and represents an addition of about 39 sections, aggregating 17 acres, to the present Town of Raurimu. Native. Land Court Surveys. —The total area of surveys returned during the year under the authority of the Native Land Court amounted to 86,993 acres, and was all accounted for by private surveyors at schedule rates. An area of 58,022 acres is in hand for the coming year, authoritios having been issued to private surveyors. Roads. —The roads returned are independent of settlement surveys, but have been laid off in two instances to provide access to Crown land and for a deviation in the remaining case. Other Work. —The main body of settlement survey is surrounded by a fringe of small surveys, reports, inspections, &c, usually undertaken in the winter recess, and which cannot be conveniently classified under main headings. Proposed Survey Operations. —Our staff surveyor will go on with the subdivision of the Waimarino A Block, of about 14,850 acres, and, as the complexities which surrounded this block have, I believe, been satisfactorily disposed of by the Native Land Court, I am in hopes that this year will see the completion of the survey. Three staff surveyors will continue the present work in hand of about 26,670 acres in the Whirinaki, Retaruke, Ruahine, and Gorge Survey Districts, and thence proceed with such surveys as may be necessary. The services of one of the staff surveyors will be required for some time to assist in unravelling the intricacies of the Putiki Native Reserve near Wanganui, a reserve which has earned an unenviable notoriety in respect, to its titles, which, however, through recent legislation are in a, fair way to be rectified. lH:r,amina,tion of Plans —The number of plans approved during the year was 548, of which 241 were for the Land Transfer Department, 107 for the General Staff Branch, 112 for the Native Branch, and 88 for the Statutory Plans Branch, and in most cases the examination-is conducive to a large and varied amount of investigation and correspondence. The new plans in the General Branch covered 33,860 acres, embracing 168 sections, and in the Native surveys 94,531 acres, comprising 384 subdivisions. Land, Transfer. —In addition to the 211 plans approved, the branch also examined 52 applications, 1,431 transfers, 211 leases, 84 mortgages. 202 Native Land Court, orders, 32 Orders in Council, 56 Proclamations, 412 new and balance certificates, and 23 other dealings, besides placing 3,987 diagrams on certificates of title. New and improved sectional indices are now near completion, and 83 index tracings with plan references have been compiled, which, though only a portion of what is required very much, will be of great convenience to the office and the public. Native Land, Court. —Under this heading a large volume of work passes; 112 authorities, representing 345 partitions aggregating 63,966 acres, have been issued ; 431 eharging-orders representing costs of. survey amounting to £7,886 13s. lid. have been made, and 300 releases of liens, representing £4,700 os. Id., have been sent to Registrar; plans have been endorsed on 691 partitions and other Court orders; and with the additional work of checking costs and attending to the despatch of plans to the various Courts, the staff has been kept busy. The total area of surveys approved during the year was 94,531 acres. General, Draughting. —Satisfactory progress has been made, in this branch, despite the general depression which has been caused by the great Continental strife. Irrespective of the very large amount, of miscellaneous work from all transactions affecting land, the following actions may be mentioned : The preparation of 19 new plans, the compilation of 9 district maps and oif 70 tracings for photo-lithography, together with 1.235 tracings for various purposes, and 1,358 diagrams were placed on instruments. This branch of the staff lias suffered many losses and changes during the year owing to the war and departmental adjustments, the net result being that at the present time we are four officers short of what we begun with—viz., two belonging to the field and two to the office. We shall also certainly lose Mr. Lamason on the 22nd April, but we hope to get, Mr. Crawford back from the Head Office, and to be allowed to retain the services of Messrs. Freeman and De Castro until some of those who joined the Expeditionary Forces return. Now that Mr. Climie is about to retire T need a District Surveyor in Wellington to inspect surveys, to survey blocks near at hand, do scattered surveys, and put in the rest, of his time in this office. The details of the changes mentioned above are as follow :In order to fill gaps and overtake the arrears of work mentioned in ray last annual report, four computinodraughtsmen were temporarily engaged—viz., Messrs. W. F. Burgess, Lamason, Freeman, and De Castro; Messrs. Blake (Assistant Surveyor), C. L. Purdie (Computing Draughtsman). R. F. Burgess (field cadet), and E. H. Whiting (cadet) joined the Expeditionary Force; Mr. J. R. Strachan, District Surveyor, who had been at work in this office for the previous twelve months, was transferred to Nelson ; Mr. Roe was transferred to another district, and Mr. Crawford is lent to the Head Office; Mr. T. A. I;. J. Armstrong was here for a short time, but has now gone to another district; the work for which Mr. Burgess was- temporarily engaged being completed,

11

C—lA

lie left the service last December; Mr. J. R. H. Thorp, draughting cadet, joined us on the 3rd June, 1914, but two months later was lent to the Defence Department, and has only recently returned to his duties here. The above being the position regarding the staff, 1 must further remark that there has been a diminution of the work in this branch, especially during the earlier months of the war, and so far as I can foresee the present staff can cope with what there is likely to be during the next twelve months. I have to repoit my satisfaction with the efficient manner in which the Chief Draughtsman and other officers have performed their duties. I', N. Brodrick, Chief Surveyor NELSON. Triangulation. —Under this, beading 90,000 acres were completed during the year, including 50,000 acres of revision survey in Oparara district; the major part of the balance—namely, 36,000 acres—was in the Rotoroa district. The average cost is l'9d. per acre, including that of the revision. Topographical Survey lor Selection. —34,ooo acres, at an average cost of 4'3d., was completed, the main portion, 29,000 acres, being in the Waitakere district. Rural. —113,445 acres, mostly heavy-bush country, were completed during the year under this heading, the low average cost, l'6s., considering the weather experienced, being accounted for by several very large areas being included. Eleven staff surveyors, with two unlicensed assistants, were employed in the early part of the year (April to August), but only six surveyors from September to March- One contract surveyor was employed intermittently during the year. Town Surveys. —Only two areas were dealt with under this heading. Native Land Court Surveys. —ls9 acres were subdivided under this heading into eight lots, at a cost of 7'ols. per acre, by a contract surveyor. Road, Surveys. —Twenty-eight miles were surveyed, at an average cost of about £26 per mile, which is reasonable considering the rough nature of the ground and the very wet season experienced in the locality of these surveys. Office-work. —Computing Branch : 1.76 plans were examined and approved, in connection witli which there were 849 traverse sheets. These plans comprise !17 sectional plans, dealing with an area of 165,056 acres; 39 road plans; 10 mining plans, and balance miscellaneous. Land Transfer Branch :In this branch 77 plans and JOS traverse sheets were checked and approved, covering an area of 5,432 acres; 364 diagrams were placed on certificates of title, and 149 deeds and other instruments were approved. The Valuation Department was supplied with 27 tracings of deposited plans and 176 tracings from certificates of title. Fees collected for the sale of lithographs, protractor sheets, Arc, amounted to £25 6s. Proposed Operations for 1915-16. —Next year the present staff will be fully employed in settlement survey on the Okari Block, Waitakere Survey District, Rotoroa Block, Rotoroa Survey District; Tutaki Survey District; Oparara, Oparara Survey District, Block at Little Wanganui, Kongahu Survey District, and in surveying numerous applications for unsurveyed land in various parts of the land district. Office-work. —The office staff, which remains at a minimum strength, has been further depleted at times owing to the illness of several officers, two of them for a lengthy period. Changes of Staff. —During the year Mr. F. E. Greenfield, Chief Draughtsman, was transferred to Christchurch in a similar capacity, and was succeeded by Mr. A. I). Burns. Mr. W. A.. Curtis, Land Transfer Draughtsman, retired on superannuation after forty years' service in the district, and was succeeded by Mr. J. R. Strachan, District Surveyor, from the Wellington District. During the interval of six months between the time of Mr. Curtis leaving and Mr. Strachan's appointment the position of Land Transfer Draughtsman was held by Mr. P. A. Dalziell, of this office. Mr. J. D. Thomson, District Surveyor, was appointed Chief Draughtsman in Blenheim. Mr. Seddon, Assistant Surveyor, and Mr. Whiting, draughting cadet, joined the Expeditionary Force. Messrs. Armit and Waters, Assistant Surveyors, and Messrs. Hemphill and Sutton, unlicensed assistants, were transferred to Otago. I desire to place on record my appreciation of the long and faithful service rendered by Mr. W. S. Curtis, who during the year retired from the position of Land Transfer Draughtsman to take up that of censor. During a period of forty years Mr. Curtis showed a diligent, accurate, and exemplary discharge of his duties. f desire also to thank the officers, both of the office and field staffs, for their services, and in a, special degree the late Chief Draughtsman, Mr. Greenfield, and the present Chief Draughtsman, Mr. Burns. F. A. Thompson, Chief Surveyor, MARLBOROUGH. Triangulation. —A small amount only of subsidiary triangulation necessary in connection with rural surveys was done. Topographical Survey for Selection. —An area of 51,000 acres, known as " Stronvar Run," adjoining Hillersden Settlement, has been returned under this heading. The land is described generally as high, rough, barren country.

(j.—la

12

Rural. —Under this heading an area of I 1,735 acres is returned at a cost of l'o6s. per acre, and included in this area is the Wither Settlement survey. An area of 27,464 acres, being Land Transfer survey of Kekerangu Run, has been separated from work done in connection with departmental settlement operations. Town and Village. —Under " Towns," 66 sections, including llillcrsden, Wairau Valley, and Golden Bar, containing 23 acres, were surveyed, at a cost of Is'7(is. per section. Under " Village," 23 sections, containing 196 acres, were surveyed, at a cost of 2645. per acre. Roads and Railways. —Okoha - Endeavour Inlet Lioad, Gore Survey District (4 miles), is the only work done under this heading. Gold-mines Surveys. —Nil. Native Land, Surveys. —An area of 1,308 acres was subdivided into 8 sections by private surveyors at schedule rates. Other Work. —The expenditure under this heading represents Hie cost of 0 small isolated surveys by Mr. Hunt, amounting to 26 acres, and a quarter-mile of road-surveys, costing £51 135.; 6 inspection surveys, £18 12s. 6d. ; subdivision of block of Crown land, Wakainarina district, £17; and resurvey of Hapuku River land, £6 15s. .'id., were executed by office staff. Traverse Closures. —The mean closing errors in 10 circuits, with a length of 25 miles—3B9 stations—are 0"79 and 129. The work is all in hilly country, rough in places. Proposed. Operations for 1915-16, —'ihe settlement surveys throughout the season will be in the Wakainarina and Tennyson districts, where Mr. Hunt iias in hand a block of 6,570 acres ami 1,025 acres of scattered applications. In anticipation of the forest, reserve in the Upper Opouri Valley (at present being milled by the Marlborough Sawmilling Company) being cut out, Mr. Hunt will then proceed with the survey of a block of about 4,000 acres, for which there are numerous inquiries, so that when the reservation is uplifted the land can be immediately disposed of. Office-work. —Examination of plans, ike. ; The total number of plans received in the ordinary Survey Branch was 48, with 71 traverse sheets, comprising 1.5 departmental plans, containing an area of 62,900 acres; 2 Native Land Court surveys, with an area, of 1,306 acres; 14 computed plans; 7 tracings prepared for photo-lithography; 285 tracings made; 17 plans of road-surveys; 293 diagrams placed on Crown leases. Land Transfer Branch; 41 plans and 110 traverse sheets were .received, covering an area of 61,240 acres; 495 diagrams placed on certificates of title. Changes in Staff. —Mr. Bui us, Chief Draughtsman, was promoted to a, similar position in Nelson, and Mr. Thomson, District Surveyor, Nelson, was appointed in his place. Mr. Couch, draughtsman, joined the Expeditionary Force in August. I have to thank the staff for their co-operation and assistance at all times. H. G. Price, Chief Surveyor. WESTLAND. Minor Triangulation.—\ have nothing to report under this heading during the past year. Topographical Survey. —Comprises 6,450 acres in Wainiea and Ahaura Survey Districts preparatory to settlement-work. Rural Surveys. —Amount to 9,555 acres in 48 sections, mostly selected in isolated positions, under the special regulations for Westland and Karamea. This class of work entails heavy expense in moving camp, though I try to minimize it as much as possible by holding up surveys till several can be done in one district. Village and Suburban. —Amount to 284 acres in 18 sections, being small area taken up under Part VIII, (fee, of the Land Act. Road Survey. —Comprise seven miles, at a cost of £1523 per mile. These roads were laid off to give access to isolated sections. Gold-mining Surveys. —Comprise 1,142 acres, in 9 areas, the cost of which was borne by the applicants. Survey Inspections. —Several inspections have been made by myself personally, and I am glad to state that the result showed that the works had generally been carried out well up to the regulations. Proposed, Course of Operations for the coming Year. —Since Mr. Harrop came into the office my field staff has been, two below the normal, and I have not yet. been able to do anything in connection with the Bruce Bay surveys, On my list awaiting survey there are about 22,000 acres, and this will be augmented by fresh applications during the current year. It is therefore essential that the field staff should be strengthened. T would also recommend that Mr. Morison should be provided with a cadet, to be trained in the particular class of work in this district. Other Work. —Amounts to £72, details of which are given in the schedule; it includes miscellaneous reports and inspections on flood damage, &c. Office-work. —At the beginning of the year there was a shortage in the draughting staff, which was increased by the departure of Mr. E..A. Ingram, who joined the Expeditionary Force in August, and the absence through severe illness of Mr. Staveley for half the year. The total number of plans received for examination was 93, with 225 traverse sheets, comprising—Crown surveys, 50; Land Transfer, 20; mining, 8; and plans for local bodies, &c, 15. There were 584 diagrams placed on deeds, comprising 306 on Crown leases and 278 on Land Transfer titles. 302 tracings of all descriptions were made, including those for survey data,

C—la

13

and 267 lithographs were coloured; in all, 38 photo-lithographic tracings were prepared, representing 16,200 acres of land for settlement and 647,600 acres of pastoral runs. Nine compiled plans were made and 4 plans of surveys executed by the Chief Draughtsman during the year. Tracings and descriptions for Gazette notices have been prepared, while the usual routine work of recording, cross-indexing, mounting plans, Ac, is well up to date. The Crown-grant maps of the Town of Cobden have been brought up to date, but there are considerable arrears of this class of work, also of block sheets and Land Transfer record maps, 'which the present, staff are not able to overtake. Changes hi Staff. —Mr. A. N. llariop, District Surveyor, was promoted to be Chief Draughtsman in this office in May, 1914, since which iie has been very assiduous in mastering the details of his new work. Mr. Armstrong, Draughtsman, was transferred to ihe Wellington office, and Cadet Norris was appointed in his place. My cordial thanks are due to both the field and office staff for their efficient co-operation in ihc various duties allotted to them. H. D. M. HasjcoArd, Chief Suiveyor. CANTERBURY. Triangulation. —No work of this nature has been done during the year. Topography. —The 16,334 acres of topography returned represents preliminary surveys of various estates acquired. Rural. — Under this heading only 8,381 acres lias been completed by (he stall, comprising Kinlay Downs, Teschemaker, Hillboro, and Copland Settlements, Arc. In addition, the survey of Glenmark (about 11,400 acres) was almost completed. Village mid, Suburban. —There were no surveys of this description. Town See/ion Surveys. —Only about 10 acres, subdivided into 2! lots, for workers' homes at Waiiuate was executed during the year. Roads. —About 13 miles of standard survey on the Canterbury Plains, near Rangiora, represents the bulk of the return under this heading. Gold-mining Surveys. —There were none. Coal-mining Surveys. —One mining claim of 1,000 acres was surveyed by contract, and paid for by the applicant. Native Laud Court Surveys. —Altogether there were 80 subdivisions, comprising 186 acres, all done by contract surveyors, and mostly paid for by the owners concerned. Survey Inspections. —-During the year 4 field inspections of Land Transfer surveys have been made, and in 2 cases the result fully justified the expenditure. Other Work. —Consists of inspections, reports, road deviations, drainage, and water schemes, miscellaneous surveys, &c. Proposed Operations for 1915—16. —This work will comprise the subdivision of Lees Valley Block, being Huns 145 and I 45a, in conjunction with Ihe adjoining freeholds recently acquired (36,200 acres in all); the survey of Glenmark Settlement (11,400 acres), ami any new estates that may be acquired; the continuation of the standard survey of the Canterbury Plains; the survey of an extension of the Summit Road, over the Port Hills; and various small surveys in different parts of the district. Land Transfer. —During the year 281 plans have been examined and approved, embracing 51,195 acres; 2,231 transfers, leases. Proclamations, &c, have been dealt with; diagrams (in duplicate) have been endorsed on 1 ,709 certificates of title, all the copies having been made in the office. Office-work.- —During the year 24 Public Works plans, 29 road plans, 4 land-for-settlements plans, and 31 miscellaneous plans have been examined and approved. Isomagnetie charts in connection with the recent magnetic survey of the Dominion by Dr. Farr have been prepared for reproduction, but these are not all completed. The acquisition of Finlay Downs, Teschemaker, and Glenmark Settlements has entailed a large amount of office-work. Changes in the Staff. —Owing to a variety of causes there have been a, large number of changes in flic personnel of the staff. Mr. H. G. Price, Chief Draughtsman, was promoted to the position of Commissioner of Crown Lauds and Chief Survej-or at Blenheim, and was succeeded here by Mr. F. E, Greenfield, formerly Chief Draughtsman at Nelson; Messrs. D. McDonald, Crown Land's Banger, and R. J. Cornwall, cadet, have joined the Expeditionary Forces; Mr. S. H. Sapsford, (clerk, was transferred to the Defence Department at Wellington; Mr. A. E. Rosanowski, clerk, lo the Head Office; Messrs. S. P. Day and C. D. Gaudin, cadets, to the Audit and local Government Life Insurance Departments respectively; and Miss Sapsford, typiste, to the Public Works Department at Wellington. Mr. J. G. Nilson, from the Head Office, was appointed Clerk to the Receiver, and Misses Brake and Eslick joined the staff as typistes, and Messrs. Nightingale and King as cadets. In conclusion, 1 desire lo record my appreciation of the hearty co-operation of the staff, both field and office. C. R. Pollen, Chief Surveyor.

C—la

OTAGO: Minor Triangulation and Topographical. —No work of this nature was done during the last year. Rural. —A. large amount of work has been carried out, consisting of the subdivision of the Omarama Runs, Waitahuna Settlements No. 1 and No. 2, and Bellamy Sell lenient, and a number of small spotting surveys. Mr. Burton has been engaged on this work during Ihe whole of the year, and Messrs. Richmond, Armit, and Waters, together with three unauthorized assistants, during part of the year. Mr. Burton returns 8,735 acres as completed, the work of the rest of the staff being carried forward to next year, as, owning to pressure of work, it lias been impossible to complete the plans. In addition to the foregoing, 600 acres for fruit farms was done under contract by Mr. It. S. Allan, and 24-8 acres carried out by private surveyors, the cost being defrayed by settlers. Village and Suburban. —Mr. W. T. Neil] returns an area of 13 acres at Balcluflia, being an area laid off as a rifle range. Standard Survey. —The Standard survey of the City of Dunedin has been continued during the year by Mr. W. T. Neill, District Surveyor, who reports 25 miles of traversing in the Northeast Valley, including permanent blocks as completed, and in Roslyn 15 miles is traversed and about half the blocks finished. The defective and faulty surveys originally made in these portions of the city require careful examination, and are a source of considerable expenditure, which was unforeseen and not allowed for in the estimated cost of this work. Town Surveys. —Mr, S. T. Burton returns one small area in the. Town of Lawrence, and 97 acres in the Town of Alexandra was subdivided into fruit farms under contract by Mr. R. S. Allan. Mining Surveys. —The area surveyed for gold-mining purposes was 237 acres, divided into 8 sections, the whole of the work being undertaken by private surveyors for the fees. Roads and, Railways, &c. — Under this heading 27 plans for various statutory purposes were examined and approved. Native. —An area of 534 acres, being a portion of the Waikouaiti Native Reserve, was subdivided into 25 allotments under contract by Mr. N. Paterson. Land Transfer. —One hundred plans were examined and approved, comprising an area of 11,1(57 acres, including 5 plans of towns approved by the Minister in accordance with the provisions of the Land Laws Amendment Acts; 639 deeds were examined and 1,315 diagrams were put on certificates of title. Proposed Operations for Ihe Year. —Mr. W. T. Neill, District Surveyor, will continue the standard survey of the City of Dunedin, also subdivision Maia Settlement for workers' homes and field inspections: and Mr. S. T. Burton has in hand a number of spotting surveys, and about 7,500 acres of fruit and settlement farms on Earnscleugh, also ihe subdivision of the Galloway Run, 1.20,000 acres; Mr. W. D. Armit, the completion of his work on Omarama Run and Bellamy Settlement, and the subdivision of 2,170 acres of Maraeweka Estate, acquired under the Land for Settlements Act; and Mr. F. H. Waters has the completion of his Omarama work, and the subdivision of the Benmore Runs, 374,000 acres in all. Office-work. —During the year the following plans were examined : Settlement, 42; mining. 5 . statutory, 27; Native, 2; Land Transfer, 100: making a total of 176. The number of diagrams placed on various instruments of title was 962 in the Survey Office and 1,315 in the Land Transfer Office, 2,277 in all. A. new 40-chain map of the Cromwell district was drawn for lithography, and similar maps of Skipper's Creek, Earnslaw, and Strath Taieri districts were revised and brought up to date. In all, 46 plans were prepared for photo-litho sale posters, including Waitahuna Settlements Nos. 1 and 2, Omarama Runs, and Bellamy Settlement. The Land Transfer record map of Port Chalmers was completed, and two new block maps prepared for the Land Office. The work of revision of the Valuation. Department's maps is still proceeding as opportunity occurs, and the major portion of one Draughtsman's time has been taken up on the Dunedin standard plans, several of which have been copied for the City Corporation. Tracings of various kinds to the number of 982 were made, and the usual diagrams put on Ranger's field-books as needed. The Printer reports the printing of 1,450 litho plans and forms; 1,158 maps were mounted, in addition to bookbinding and such work as is necessary to keep the various plan portfolios in a state of good repair. In conclusion, I have pleasure in reporting that during this busy year the surveyors in the field and the officers of (he draughting staff have carried out their duties in an efficient manner, and wish to record my appreciation of their hearty co-operation in the work of settlement. Robt. T. Sadd, Chief Surveyor. SOUTHLAND. Minor Triangulation. —No work of this nature has been done during the past year. Rural. —Of 39,173 acres returned under this heading, 36,689 acres in 54 sections were surveyed by the staff at an average cost of l p 26s. per acre, about 8,000 acres consisting of hilly bush country and the remainder of hilly open land. Contract surveyors completed an area of 2,110 acres in 14 sections at a cost of 2Tls. per acre, made up of 154 acres. Invercargill Rifle Range, surveyed for Defence Department, and 1,956 acres, sawmill areas in various parts of the land district. The balance. 374 acres, consists of 4 coal leases in Wairio Survey District, and 1 school-site in New River Hundred, surveyed by licensed surveyors and paid for by the applicants. Village and Suburban. —Under this heading 721 acres in 21 sections are returned by the staff at an average cost of 18345. per acre, situated in the Town of Woodend and in Waikawa, Hokonui, and Wakaia Survey Districts; and there are also 145 acres in 2 sections, paid for by applicants, which were surveyed by licensed surveyors.

14

15

C—la

Town Section Surveys. —These comprise 025 acres in 2 sections, surveyed by Mr. C. Otway, in the City of Invercargill, at a total cost of £2 55., being a subdivision of an educational endowment section; and 0 - 44 acres, also educational land, in the City of Invercargill, surveyed by Mr. G. L. Cuthbertson and paid for direct by applicants. Native Land Court Surveys- A subdivision of Ruapuke Nos. 2 and 4 Blocks, Ruapuke Island, 1,416 acres, in 17 sections, was surveyed by Mr. P. R. Macdonald, at a cost of 34-13 d. per acre, including the survey of toads necessary for access. Gold-mini lit/ Surveys. —One special claim of 100 acres, surveyed by Mr. T. S. Miller, in Block VTT, Longwood Survey District, and paid for by the applicants', appears under this heading. Roads, Railways, and Water-races. — A total of 1894 miles is returned in this class, 8 - 65 miles having been executed by the staff surveyors in connection with access to Crown lands, at a cost of £1839 per mile; and 1029 miles by licensed surveyors, consisting principally of road deviations surveyed for County Councils. &C, and paid for by them. Costs not available. Other Work. —Expenditure under this heading includes revision and street-alignment surveys; redefining boundaries; engineering surveys in connection with protective works Beaumont Settlement. Silvia Stream Channel improvement. Taieri Survey District, and Hedgehope University-endowment drainage scheme; traverse to define river-encroachment, Beaumont Settlement; reports on sections, inspections, &c. : also completion of large block for landless Natives in Wainuimu Hundred, a considerable proportion of the pegging and line-cutting having been left unfinished owing to a proposal, since abandoned, to reserve the land for the Mataura waterworks. Inspections. —Five Land Transfer surveys in (lie Borough of Invercargill were inspected by Mr. R. S. Galbraith, Chief Draughtsman, during the year, with generally satisfactory results. These include surveys by practically all the surveyors who sent in Land Transfer surveys during the year. Traverse Closures.- —946 miles of traverses, representing 15 separate surrounds returned by staff surveyors, show that a very high standard of accuracy has been maintained, the closing errors averaging only 035 link's on the meridian and o'2l links on the perpendicular per mile. Proposed Operations. —Mr. C. Otway will be engaged during the coming year in the survey and subdivision of a large bush block of Crown land in Lillburn Survey District (15,000 acres), a portion of which will, it is hoped, bo ready for settlement by March next. Mr. D. Macpherson has at present in hand a small block of about 300 acres in Oreti Hundred which he expects to finish by the end of April. He will then undertake the defining of a number of uncut sectionboundaries in Blocks V and VTT, Aparima Hundred, and afterwards subdivide a block of some 2,500 acres in Block XIX, Jacob's River Hundred. Mr. N. L. Falkiner is at present engaged on the survey of 1.460 acres of Crown land in Otara Survey District, and when this is completed he will undertake the survey and subdivision for settlement of two small blocks of Crown land, containing about 700 acres, in Oteramika Hundred, being some recently-cut-out sawmill areas. General. —T would like to draw attention to the fact, that practically Ihe whole of the districts of Eyre, Eyre North, Evreside, Black Hill, Lincoln, and Takifimo require a triangulation and topographical survey, as the only information available is a reconnaissance survey made in 1857. T consider that the work is imperative, and would recommend that an additional surveyor he provided lo commence the survey in the coining spring. Office-work. —During the year 11 new application-maps and 2 new index-maps' have been prepared to replace• those worn out, 1 working-plan which was becoming illegible was redrawn, and 4 index-maps have been compiled to show the stale of Ihe mails in the laud district,— i.e.. formed, gravelled, cfec. One of these maps which has already been brought up to date has proved most useful, and if is hoped lo add the necessary information to Ihe other three during the coming year. Four district lithographic maps wqi-o revised—viz.. Tnringatura Survey District (2 sheets). Camphellfown and Waimumu Hundreds, and a new drawing of Longwood Survey District is almost completed, also the revision of a, number of other maps is well in hand. Fifty-one ordinary survey plans comprising 39,147 acres. 31 statutory plans principally of roads taken and closed, and 8 plans of new towns for Governor's approval were checked and approved ; 751 diagrams were endorsed on Crown "-rants and other instruments of title; 52 lithographic tracings for sale plans': 501 miscellaneous tracings and 201 working-tracings were prepared; 6 new maps of ridings were prepared and 1 revised, and 79 Land Transfer and deeds plans were traced for Valuation Department ; 20 local bodies' schedules were prepared in duplicate, and 226 maps of various descriptions mounted ; 3 maps in triplicate were prepared for Justice Department, in connection with three Supreme Court cases, and maps of Waimatukn River District and tracings of Taieri drainage scheme were made for Government Drainage l Engineer. Mr. Deverell has been altogether engaged during the year in the preparation of the lithographic map of Otago Land District which he commenced in January. 1914. and which is now nearing completion. Land Transfer. —Seventy-nine plans, representing 3.075 acres, were checked and approved, 964 diagrams placed on certificates of title, and 472 deeds and other instruments of title examined and passed. Changes of Staff. —During the year there have been considerable changes in the personnel of the staff, and T regret to have to record the death, on the 12th November last, of Mr. J. L. Dickie, who was for many years Land Transfer Draughtsman here, and who was a most capable and painstaking officer. Mr. O. G. Goldsmith has since been-appointed Land Transfer Draughtsman, and as his promotion left the position of Computer vacant, he has. up to the present, in so far as possible, attended to the duties of both positions. Mr. A. Macfarlane, Receiver of Land Revenue, was promoted to bo Chief Clerk at Nelson ; Mr. L. Hay, field cadet, was transferred to the Otago Land District: and Mr. J. Southern, draughting cadet, resigned. In conclusion. T wish to thank the officers of both field and office staff for their efficient assistance and co-operation in the work of the past year. G. H. M. McClure. Chief Survevoi-

C —lA

16

. APPENDIX 11. Huad Office Draughting Staff. Onk feature of the past year has been the amount of time lost by the absence on sick-leave of several members of the staff for unusually long periods, which has bad a detrimental effect on the output. Other and unusual features have been the preparation of maps of the war areas in fuirope; and the preparation of examination-papers and details for a draughtsman's examination, for which, however, no candidate sat. Owing to the absence of the Chief Computer on leave at the Lick Observatory, California, the duties of Secretary to the Surveyors' Board were taken over by the Chief Draughtsman. The completion of new fittings has made possible the proper indexing of records as soon as clerical assistance is available; and an investigation of the state of the publications generally has enabled the volume of work of that nature required to be done to be grasped, and it is very considerable. Of the 125 counties in New .Zealand, 33 remain still to be drawn and published, while a large part of those published are marked " Provisional." Of the 997 survey districts. 053 are unpublished still, and no definite plan of completing this, probably the most useful publication of the Department, is yet properly in action. There are also probably well, over a thousand small centres of population, towns and villages, of which maps would be useful but are not drawn. Revision and redrawing of the 4-mile sheets of the North Island is in progress, but there is still a good deal to be done to the large map of Wellington. The new map of New Zealand, after the outbreak of war, was put aside; it requires, however, but two or three days' work to bring it to completion. A new protractor was plotted by co-ordinatograph and put to stone during the year, and is of rectangular shape, giving greater clearness. The work of standardizing drawing-papers is so far advanced in that some 200 samples from the best makers are in hand for selection of suitable grades and characters for departmental work and records. Colours and other materials likewise are receiving attention, and it will lie possible, it is hoped, shortly to issue a list of standard draughting materials of unexceptionable character from which to order supplies. A large amount of miscellaneous work passes through (his branch in the preparation of tracings, descriptions, maps, and similar matters for other Departments and the legislative: and index-maps of all parts of New Zealand are kept up and available for consultation by all branches. Two sheets of the international ma]! subdivisions were compiled as an experiment from the mile lithographs and reduced to the standard natural scale of ■ hut were not very satisfactory, and a further sheet required will be controlled by plotted points. Seventeen schedule's for the Local Hills Committee were examined and certified to, 185 plans of towns were examined and prepared for statutory approval, 103 drawings were photo-litho-graphed, 176 technical descriptions were written, 9 surveyors' bands were tested, 70 plans of registration districts and 37 loan-blocks maps were made. Large numbers of maps were mounted and lithographs disposed of, and all the town plans were traced, and many miscellaneous tracings and maps were made, while all the land transactions of (lie Department were brought up on the county maps. M. C. Smith. Chief Draughtsman.

Table 1.—Return of Field-work executed by Head Office Staff.

Land District. * Secondary Trtangulation. Area. Cost per Acre Minor Triangnlatioii. Area. Total Cost. Miles Cost M11GS - per Mile. Town Standard Surveys. Down Standard Rural Standard ,„.„., Surveys. Surveys Inspections. No. of Surveyors. Other Work. ililps Gmt Miles Co3t ail0B - per Mile. M,iBa - per Mile. | Staff. Private. J l_ £ £ £ s. d. 23 39-75 .. .. .. ..I 1,096 7 4 Carri ed forwa rd .. .. 18 696 2 3 37 41-00 i .. .uckland .. : Carried forward Wellington .. Carried j forward £ 135 felson Totals " 135 60 80-75 ; I 18 | 1,792 9 7 * A large area i if triangiqla Aon as a! tiocvn on litograph is in progress in -,tie field;

C.—la

17

Table 2. — Return of Field-work executed by Staff and Contract Surveyors on Lands administered by Lands and Survey Department.

3—C. la.

Minor Triangulations. Topography. Roads, &c. Rural. Village and Suburban. Town. Other Work. Total Cost of Land District Acres. rl U p> o Acres. *- o T - -H Jr O ' coo 00 . Acres. +3 rc o Acres. I! jp Acres. o o ag ■l5o o"> 50 O Miles l Cost P er Miles. jme rom 1st April, 1914, to 31st March, 1915. Cos . Auckland Hawke's Bay Taranaki 55,160 1,000 d. 113 7-52 d. 6,200 6-97 12,781 1-93 s. 139,472 2-32 s. 4,335 257 5-46 311 44 18-43 22 34 s. 78 19-03 63 48-30 8 36-42 134-75 30-10 23-47 £ £ s. d. 22-83 4,009 17 8 18-26 j 726 14 2 £ s. d. 38,398 7 11 12,889 6 11 50,086 1-27 856 4-24 33,085 2-70 5 26-44 86 4 0 4,484 12 9 ■• ■"' 90,000 1-44 34,499 3-33 Wellingtoii 302 104 | 17-70 17 39 26-60 5-07 32-78 I 228 0 4 3,535 6 3 . Nelson 90,283 1-97 34,480 4-31 113,445 1-60 2 5 33-08 27-92 26-00 938 3 6 32-02 75 8 3 15-23 72 3 1 20-14 300 5 1 1,253 3 1 18-39 873 4 3 8,196 9 8 Marlborough 51,000 2-02 11,735 1-06 9,555 3-23 8,381 1-78 23 66 15-76 4-00 1,274 2 5 196 | 23 2-64 Westland 6,450 2-34 284 18 8-50 7-00 2,001 8 0 Canterbury 16,334 I 2-35 10 21 32-08 14 25 2,332 2 4 Otago .. . . 9,337 ! 1-47 I 97 9 50-93 2 22-50 8-65 1,890 0 10 Soiqthland ,36,689 ! 1-26 72 i 21 18-34 0-25 3,569 2 10 Means and totals . . .. 146,443 1-70 218,101 291 23-51 255-21 2 .. 14 07 146,443 2-32 446,284 2-00 5,500 467 7-09 210-25 22-80 8,563 3 5 78,571 ! 9 11 I 12,667 0-44 Licensed surveyors (paid by applicaqqts) 145 I 2 .. m .... Totals 293 269-28 458,951 5,645 j 469 - 210-69: I

C—la

Table 3. — Return of Field-work executed by Staff and Contract Surveyors on Lands administered by other Departments.

18

Triangu?a r tion. Topography. Rural. Village and Suburban. Roads, &c. Native-land Survey. Gold-mining. Town. Land District. Acres. *H H ID . O . P. GO Ci. CO 4= g Acres. h= g Acres. M + CO H a H Q Acres. ° o ap Acres. CO *H H <D Cl a.S 'S. - C Cl o" © 3 Cost per Mile. Acres. s'g -£ 3 ED Acres. rJS rz ° "I O (Other Work i *2,217 s. s. £ d. 251,441 1,232 | 16-58 s. £ s. d. Auckland .. Hawke's Bay .. 100,770 501 i14-94 250 19 4 Taranaki .. 2-72 2-09 23-91 44,950 53 • 14-46 102 12 1 Wellington 85,237 ! 402 18-67 •• Nelson I 159 8 84-26 98 4 9-75 Marlborough 1,308 8 25-68 18 12 6 " " Westland .. .. [ ! ■- 17-00 | Canterbury .. 534 25 33-03 1,416 17 '34-18 443 8 0 Otago *12-9 11 1 11 Southland .. *2,110 2-11 | Means and totals .. 4,327 2-42 12-9 1700 2-09 23-91 485,815 ,246 i 16-53 98 4 9-75 826 13 10 2,275 26 2,373 30 | 27,464 31,008 250 | .. Licensed surveyors (paid by applicants) .. Totals .. 31,791 516,823 ,496 » * Includes scenic reserves, sawmill areas, and other reserves.

19

C—la

Table 4. —Return showing Surveyors employed and the Work on Hand on 1st April, 1915.

Table 5. —Work done under the Land Transfer Act, etc., from the 1st April, 1914, to the 31st March, 1915.

APPENDIX lII.—WELLINGTON CITY TKIANGULATION. Durinc the year Mr. J. D. Climie, Inspector of Surveys, completed a small triangulation survey coverm" the City of Wellington, the primary purpose of which was to connect Mount Cook Initial Station, the origin of latitude and longitude for New Zealand, with the Dominion Astronomical Observatory known as the Hector Observatory. Advantage was taken of this work to tie together the earlier determination of meridian and standards of length, so as to provide reliable facts to enable comparisons of old and new surveywork to be made in future work when required, and also to form the connecting-link between the new secondary triangulation and the observatory and initial and city and suburban standard surveys. Mr. Climie has done this work most thoroughly, and has ascertained and brought together in a form convenient for record and reference a quantity of data which have hitherto been' scattered through many separate records. Copies of his report and plan follow. Triangulation etc., in connection, with the Mount Cook, Hector, and Wellington Observatories. # lam handing in herewith a plan, 30 in. by 30 in., showing'the observations I have made to connect the new observatory (Hector Observatory) at Kelburn with the Mount Cook Initial Station, also the connection with the old Wellington Observatory together with the connections with the standard survey. There is shown on the drawing the work done by Messrs. McKerrow and Marchant in 1877, and that by Mr. C. W. Adams in 1883. Altogether there are fourteen diagrams (drawn to various scales) in explanation of all the work that has been done in determining the true meridians at Mount Cook and Wellington Observatories. I have taken'much trouble in obtaining all the data that are available at this and the District Office, so that the plan should be a reliable record for easy reference in the future.

Chief Surveyors. Surveyors employed. Staff. T r™iy°~ Contract. iary. Land District. Trig. Work on Hand. Native Land Survey. Settlement. Town. Roads. H. M. Skeet W. H. Skinner .. G. H. Bullard .. T. N. Brodrick .. P. A. Thompson .. H. G. Price IT. D. M. Haszard C. R. Pollon R. T. Sadd G. H. M. MeClure 15 8 54 9 1 4 .. 6 4 4 2 2 1 2 2 1.. 4 3 Auckland Hawko's Bay Taranaki Wellington .. Nelson Marlborough Westland Canterbury .. Otago Southland .. Sq. Mis. Acres. 304,801 106,090 50,034 26,670 115,640 7,645 2,190 47,300 651,100 16,799 Acres. 101-0 0-1 258-0 Acres. 390,275 113,141 64,923 72,872 Miles. 247-5 22-21 230 42 io 41-0 V-0 . Total staff surveyors 47 13 02 47 13 62 42 1,334,869 360-1 641,211 340-75

District. Plans placed on Instrument £"8 of Title. a g rr) g ° £B :i i i a 4 (DO <£ — _«>> » to "H P CD -O f-> ,H 5 £-M <d f=i « as 23 3 §S_ J3 irf a '3 I w s " a Maps drawn. t-j 4a rd °p H . — S S ii 1 a °d T--S a 3 » g g 0i tn oil ° h ' =1 « CS flrH pq CO pl Lithos sold. Auckland Hawko's Bay 'Taranaki Wellington Nelson Marlborough Westland Canterbury Otago Southland 1,964 3,092 3,078 3,647 1 407 2,166 1,072 748 577 908 210 20 580 4,745 711 2,557 254 464 26 149 293 495 18 285 104 195 27 268 3,493 64 2,231 765 1,512 .. 639 486 1,228 1 472 1,964 407 577 580 254 293 285 268 765 486 3,092 2,166 908 4,745 464 495 104 3,493 1,512 1,228 3,078 1,072 210 711 26 18 195 64 3,647 748 20 2,557 149 1,710 618 245 548 253 102 93 369 176 161 1,710 618 245 548 253 102 93 369 176 161 ) 1.82 3,600 I 407 . . 27 i 577 3 12 S 880 9 70 I 204 2 12 ! 290 7 i 292 17 21 ) .. .. 18 i 962 4 46 1,450 606 4 52 £ s. d. 190 16 6 39 15 6 17 19 2 8 10 (i 25 0 0 25 17 3 6 I 7 29 9 0 72 8 II 53 14 9 27 2,231. 639 472 1 Totals 5,879 18,207 5,375 10,490 4,275 4,218 39 447 5,050 469 19 2

C—la

20

The following is an explanation of each diagram — Diagram No. I. —The triangulation, which is drawn to a scale of 30 chains to an inch, shows the result of the seventy-four rounds of bearings which have been taken at twenty-two different trig, points. |§Tbo initial bearing for triangulation is Mount Victoria (flagstaff) to Kaukau (349° 11' 58-8"), which was determined by Messrs. McKerrow and Marchant in 1877. Their origin was Kaukau to Mount Cook, which was astronomically determined at Mount Cook by Mr. McKerrow. I have extended this meridian from Mount Victoria to North Lamp, and thence to the true meridian passing through Mount Cook to Island Bay, which was astronomically determined by Mr. C. W. Adams in 1883, and by this extension have ascertained the difference between Messrs. McKerrow and Adams's true meridian at Mount Cook to be 2-3 seconds only, and at the old Wellington Observatory (Seddon Monument at cemetery—Henry Jackson's determination) 3 seconds. Therefore the three observed meridians by Messrs. McKerrow, Adams, and Jackson are in agreement as follows : — Mr. McKerrow's .. .. 360° 00' 00". Date, 1877. Mr. Adams's .. .. .. 360° 00' 02-3". Date, 1883. Mr. Jackson's .. .. .. 359° 59' 57". Date, 1870.* The standard of length adopted by me is that of the city standard survey of 1881, corrected by deducting 0-568 link per mile, which reduces it to the new Imperial standard. The correction of 0-568 link per mile is arrived at as follows (see F. Bk. 2187, p. 5, District Office): — (l.)'Tno 3-chain Jin. band No. 1031 used on the verification city survey in 1906 was, after a series of tests with the Imperial band, found to be o'ooB links short, which is equal to 00027 links per chain. (2.) This 3-chain Jin. band was compared with the 1-chain fin. band used, for the 1881 survey and found to be longer by 0-0126 link ; and by comparison with the Pirie Street base-line laid down with the 1881 band was 0-0146 link long. These, summarized, are as follows : 0-0126 link by f in. band; 0-0126 link by f in. band (added for weight); 0-0146 link by Pirie Street base. Mean, 0-0133 = 0-0044 of a link per chain. This is equal to 0-352 link per mile, by which the 3-chain band is longer than the 1906 Imperial standard. These results may be put in diagram form thus : —

That is, 0-0027 -j- 0-352 = 0-568 link, the total correction per mile to be deducted from the 1881 standard survey trig, distances to bring them into terms of the present chain-standard (Imperial). The 1881 standard of length (city standard survey) was shorter than the adjacent triangulation by 1-8 links per mile (see Captain Hewitt on city standard survey, District Office file 10123/60). Comparison of the base adopted for the major work along the Tararua Range with the Wellington Trig. : distances show that this is 1-56 links less per mile than the major base, thus showing that the 1881 standard survey base is shorter than the major trig, base by 0-24 link per mile. All these results put in a diagram are : —

In computing my work I have accepted the lengths of my 1.881 city triangulation (less 0-568 link per mile) of sides Mount Victoria - Kaiwarra, Mount Victoria - No. 1 Trig., Mount Victoria - Mount Albert, and Mount Victoria - Ohiro. These lengths were computed from the Pirie and Kiddiford standard base-lines by Captain Hewitt in 1881, and are sides of polygons corrected in the usual .way for seconds correction. The instrument used, excepting for the sets taken with the 8 in. micrometer, was my 5| in. Cooke micrometer with a 40-diameter, eye-piece, which has given excellent results.

* Mr. Thomas King, P.R.A.S., formerly time-observer, writes :— " In reply to your note of to-day, I am sorry to say that I am unable to give you the date on which the mcridianmark for the old time-service observatory in the cemetery was placed in position on the Tinakori Range. The observatory was built in 1869, and in January, 1870, the work of the time-service was transferred to it from the small transit-house which stood on part of the ground which is now the site of tho General Post Office, Customhouse Quay. " I have heard the late Sir James Hector say that the meridian-mark was erected under his porsonal direction, and I gathered that the necessary observations were taken by himself or by the late Archdeacon Stock, my predecessor in charge of the observatory. The late Mr. Henry Jackson may, of course, have had something to do with the placing of this mark; but I havo always understood that Mr. Jackson's astronomical work was done at the Hutt, in a small observatory erected there for longitudc-detormination purposes."

C—la

21

The average error for twenty-one triangles closed is 3-5 seconds. The smoke and haze of the city was a cause of much delay and trouble, preventing obtaining even better results.

Diagrams Nos. 2 and 3 show the connection of the Wellington and Hector Observatories with the standard survey and each other.

C—la

22

Diagram No. 4 shows the connection of the old Wellington Observatory with the standard survey in Sydney Street and Bolton Street, also the'position of 4 the Seddon Monument with reference to the situation of the transit pier in 1906.

Diagram No. 5 shows the standard survey traverse line in Cambridge Terrace adopted as a baseline for connections with Victoria Flagstaff. This was done to check the distance between Mount Cook and Flagstaff, also to obtain the correct altitude of the latter by connecting with the bench-mark close to Block 220 a. The differences made in the co-ordinates at Mount Victoria Flagstaff were —North, 0-05 link ; east, 0-01 link ; and in altitude, 0-25 ft. from my values in 1881. Diagram No. 6 shows connection of North Lamp with the standard survey.

Diagram No. 7 shows the triangulation by which the position of Mount Cook Observatory .was fixed by J. W. A. Marchant, January, 1877. On this diagram there is ajnote showing how the variation of 14° 31' 27-5" was arrived at, which has to be added to Jackson's original triangulation (which was on a magnetic meridian) to reduce it to the true meridian of Mount Cook.

0,-lA

23

Diagram No. 8 shows connection by C. W. Adams in 1883 of Mount Cook Initial with standard survey and with triangulation, with some additions made by me showing bearings and distances connecting it with the Wellingtonrand Hector Observatories. Diagram No. 9 shows connection of Mount Cook Initial, and Observatory with the standard survey by me in 1881, and also showsjMr. Girdlestone's new Mount Cook Trig. Station (fixed 1911).

Diagram No. 10. —Plan of Mount Victoria, showing position of—(1) Peg observed from by Mr. Marchant in 1877 ; (2) the large tube observed from by me in 1881, 1906, and 1914 ; (3) iron bolt trig, (concreted in) to which the Cambridge Terrace base-line is connected (see Diagram 5). Diagram No. 11 shows how bearing and distance of Mount Cook - Mount Victoria are determined for use in my present work.

C—la

24

Diagram No. 12 shows a design for south-meridian mark. Diagram. No. 13 shows a'design forjiorth-meridian mark.

Diagram No. 14 shows the'reserve at the south-meridian mark, and locality plan for finding same. F. Book No. 40 contains alh'the observations,[and has been returned to the safe. J. D. Climie, Inspector of Surveys.

C.—la

SHOWING DATA IN CONNECTION WITH WELLINGTON, HECTOR, and M t COOK OBSERVATORIES CITY OF WELLINGTON

25

C—la

APPENDIX IV.—WELLINGTON STANDARD SURVEY. Mr. J. D. Climie, Inspector of Surveys, contributes the following remarks upon the closures obtained by him in his recent revision of his earlier 1881 (first) standard survey of the streets of Wellington :— Tn the revision of the Wellington standard survey made by me in 1881 the following thirty-five circuits have been completed. Total length, twenty-three miles, embracing all the hilly portion of the city ; average length of circuit, 52-6 chains. Error, 0-055 link north and south, and 0-067 link east and west, equal per mile to 0-084 link north and south and 0-102 link east and west. The closures of the traverses to the triangulation (which was specially made in 1881 to a measured base in Pirie Street) are generally very good, indicating that the triangulation and standard of length are in agreement, and that Gale's system of traverse corrections gives satisfactory results. Apparently the position of Banks trig, is slightly in error, causing the rather larger differences in traverses affected by that position.

Revision Survey of Wellington Standard, 1906. Schedule of Standard Circuits computed by Messrs. Heenan and Hocking.

For thirty-five circuits the average is—Length, 52-6 chains. Errors—N. and S., 0-055 ;' E. and W., 0-067 =per mile, N. and S. 0-084, and E. and W. 0-102; and the largest errors, 0-19 N. and S. in 51 chains, and 0-31 E. and W. in 80 chains,

4—C. la.

No. of Circuit. Name of Circuit. Length. Errors. N. and S. E. and W. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Cotterville Street and Featherston Terrace Hobson Street, Tinakori Road, Thorndon Quay, and Davis Street Fitzherbert Terrace, Hobson, Muturoa, Pipitea, and Murphy Streets Tinakori Road, Hill, Molesworth, and Hawkestone Streets Lambton Quay, Hunter, Featherston, and Customhouse Streets May Street Circuit Murphy, Pipitea, and Molesworth Streets Tinakori Road, Hobson Street, and Fitzherbert Terrace .. Tinakori Road, Hawkestone, Molesworth, and May Streets Bolton Street, Wellington Terrace, and Aurora Terrace .. Thompson, Nairn, and Webb Streets Thorndon Quay, Mulgrave, Muturoa, and Davis Streets . . Sydney Street and Hill Street Circuit Ballance, Featherston, and Taylor Streets Circuit Lambton Quay, Bunny, and Ballanoe Streets Circuit Gre)'', Customhouse Streets, and Lambton Quay Circuit . . Mowbray, Bowen, Bolton Streets, and Wellington Terrace Sydney and Bowen Streets Circuit Boulcott, Willis, Dixon Streets, and Wellington Terrace .. Woodward and Bowen Streets, Wellington Terrace, and Lambton Quay Manners, Cuba, Dixon, and Willis Streets Circuit Farish, Manners, and Old Customhouse Streets Clyde Quay and Oriental Bay Circuit Roxburgh Street Circuit Taranaki, Buckle Streets, Banks Terrace, Howard and Wallace Streets Thompson, Webb, Taranaki, and Hankey Streets Wright, Hargreaves, Wallace Streets, and New Road Howard, Crawford, New Road, and Wallace Streets Hall and Revans Streets and Adelaide Road Crawford, John, Drummond Streets, and Adelaide Road. . Adelaide Road, Stokes, Rintoul, and Hall Streets Riddiford, Russell, Waripori, and Rintoul Streets Stokes, Rintoul, Luxford Streets, and Adelaide Road Hill, Molesworth, Hawkestone Streets, and Tinakori Road Wellington Terrace, Woodward Street, Lambton Quay, Willis, and Boulcott Streets Circuit Totals .. Chains. 23 80 0-05 0-00 ■ ; 0-06 0-01 0-31 | 0-06 61 68 16 0-10 o-oo 0-11 0-04 29 41 34 47 51 45 60 84 36 42 30 15 35 68 49 0-10 0-03 0-02 0-10 0-19 0-05 0-06 0-03 0-09 0-01 0-02 0-04 0-12 0-10 0-00 0-03 0-07 0-01 0-01 0-04 0-01 0-08 0-01 0-05 0-04 0-04 0-00 0-01 0-00 0-02 38 19 102 44 93 0-02 0-00 0-01 0-03 0-13 0-05 0-04 0-24 0-14 0-12 68 51 36 45 33 58 92 84 68 94 0-15 0-01 0-07 0-05 0-03 0-08 0-02 0-06 0-10 0-01 0-22 0-09 0-13 0-01 0-02 0-03 0-10 0-05 0-12 0-04 23 m. 2 eh. 1 -94 2-350

C—la

26

APPENDIX V. A TRIP ACROSS THE TARARUA RANGES FROM GREYTOWN TO OTAKI. [By H. E. Gibdlestonb, F.R.G.S., District Surveyor.] (Note. —For a description of the routes over the Tararua Range from Levin and Masterton (Mount Holdsworth), with map, see Appendix VII, Report of Department of Lands and Survey, 1910-11, p. 35.) Attention is drawn to the Tararua Ranges from time to time by accounts in the newspapers of different parties which have succeeded in crossing over the Mount Hector Track. Owing to the absence of information, and particularly of a good map of the locality, few people realize that within easy distance of Wellington there is an outing whioh should become one of their most popular holiday trips. Mount Hector is particularly interesting lo Wellington people, as this is the peak that stands out so clearly, snow-clad on fine winter days, away up at the head of the Hutt Valley. The track committee on the Wairarapa side has been working steadily for some time past, and a good pack-track has been cut through the bush right on to the open tops, while huts are in course of erection, which should simplify the journey considerably. It is possible to make the trip from Greytown to Otaki in two days, providing the weather is clear along the main range, but to do so it, is necessary to push ahead all the time, and half the pleasure of the outing is lost. To avoid disappointment it is well to have a few extra days in hand —there are some lovely spots to explore—and if the mist comes on when you have reached the high camps you are prepared to wait for the opportunity to push ahead, instead of having to return disgusted. The bush portion of the journey can be traversed at any time, but it is absolutely necessary to have clear weather along the tops in order to follow the main range. In this respect the Tararuas are rather unkind, as the north-westerly wind, which is the prevailing one, almost invariably brings up the mist. Numbers of people have got up as far as the bush-line and then had to return owing to the mist and because their time was limited. I had made two previous attempts last year when the weather compelled a return, so this Easter I set out with two companions, having a longer time at my disposal, and was fortunate enough to get almost ideal weather after the first day. I carried a camera and barometer, and made notes on my way through with a view to making a map of the route, and herewith give the following account oi our experiences, which should serve as a guide to future climbers: — We left Wellington by the 4.25 p.m. train on the Thursday, having with us an alpine tent, sleeping-bags, change of clothes, oilskin cape, "tucker," an alpine cooker, and a slasher. In order to lighten our load Aye travelled up in walking-costume of heavy boots, putties, short pants, grey-flannel shirt, and light coat, and caused a good deal of amusement as we marched down to Lambton Station. We arrived at Woodside about 8.15, adjusted our swags, and set out for Basset's hut. Most parties prefer to go on to Greytown by train and drive out to Basset's hut early next morning, but as it was a clear moonlight night, anil we had been over the route before, we decided to push on that night. Leaving the station we walked along the railway-line for a. few chains till we struck the Waiohine Valley Road, turned to the left, and then a few chains farther on took the right-hand turning, passed through a gate, and saw two roads ahead. The one continuing straight ahead runs to a settler's homestead, but, the one veering to the left is our route. This road runs along a stony flat, up a short rise, through a gate, along another flat past Jackson's homestead on the left, down a terrace with the Waiohine River roaring alongside, and through a gate on to a low grass flat. After proceeding along this flat for a, few chains a small stream is met with, and Basset's hut is discerned on the left about 4 chains from the road. We could not help comparing our journey up in the bright, moonlight with a former attempt in the dark, when we scrambled along nearly losing one another, almost tumbled into the Waiohine River, passed Basset's hut, and then came back and struck matches for ten minutes before we located it. We took fifty minutes to come from the station, and as we nearcd the hut, noticed two horses feeding in boxes, and approached with some misgivings as to its being occupied. We had our tent, but, as it, was now after 9 p.m. we hoped to be saved the necessity of pitching. Pushing open the door, a pile of pack-saddles, stores, and other gear denoted that the track packers were making use of it, though probably they had gone out for the holidays. We soon made ourselves at home, and, getting out the alpine cooker, had tea on in a few minutes. This cooker is worthy of a passing description. It consists of a small flat lamp burning methylated spirits, a wind-screen, two pots, a frying-pan which can be used as a lid to the pots, and a detachable handle that fits everything, the whole outfit being made of aluminium, and fitting together into a very compact light parcel. These arc in use in the Mount Cook district, and can be obtained from A. and W. McCarthy, of Dunedin. Where wood is plentiful down in the low camps the value of this cooker is not very apparent, but away up along the high tops it, is delightful to be able to squat down alongside one of the many beautiful tarns and boil the billy or have some soup without the necessity of scouring the range for firewood. We turned in hoping for a nice fine morning, but, during the night the wind arose and the rain came on, necessitating a rearrangement of positions owing to a hole in the corner of the roof. Friday turned out a miserable da}- —a howling gale with rain—so we decided to stay where we were. We added to the larder by gathering mushrooms, and kept ourselves amused by playing

27

ti.—U

quoits with some old maul-rings which wo found in the whare, and also having an eel-hunt in the adjoining stream, with fisherman's luck. At midday two men landed up in a gig, and we found them to be stalkers who were going over to try their luck in the Tauherenikau Valley, which was being opened for the first time. They decided to stay the night as the weather was still bad, and we had some very interesting accounts of deer-stalking adventures in different parts, of the Wairarapa around the fire that evening. Saturday morning found the sun shining brightly with the clouds lifting off the ranges, and our spirits rose accordingly. It did not take us long to have a dip in the stream, get breakfast over, and fix up our swags. The deer-stalkers were packing their gear on the horses, so leaving them to go up the road and follow the horse-track, we cut across the corner and made for the steep zigzag which showed up on the spur above us. This steep pinch is a real good pipe-opener, and on reaching the top we were glad of a spell to get our second wind. The barometer showed a rise of 890 ft. from the hut. Here we got the first view of the Wairarapa plains which was beginning to spread out below us. Ahead of us the track rose much more easily, and our next spell on the edge of the green bush showed 600 ft. rise and one hour's journey from the hut. Looking to the north the Waiohine River shone like a streak of silver in the sunlight with Mount Holdsworth as a background, below which the saddle, where the mountain-house is located, showed out very clearly. Away to the west Mount Reeves stood out as a bare brown patch amongst the surrounding green. The back ranges were becoming clearer, and our spirits rose as the mist floated away from each peak. The track is well cut through the bush, and, being along the top of the ridge, is fairly dry and good walking. The bush is principally birch, and this accounts for the absence of bird-life, a stray fantail or a tomtit being all that we saw. After a stretch of half an hour's bush travelling we came out, suddenly on to a small open rocky knob, 2,210 ft. altitude, or 350 ft. above the edge of the bush, where a good view was obtained of the ridge ahead. Another half an hour's bush track brought us to another rocky knob in the open, where our deer-stalking friends caught up and passed us with their horses; altitude, 2,485 ft. The ridge ahead for some distance is open and runs out level, and this was very much welcomed after our long climb from the Waiohine River. Just where the track takes to the bush again there is an old camp, where water is within easy reach down to the right. Another twenty minutes up a steeper grade and we had reached Mount Reeves, altitude 2,949 ft., after two hours and fifty minutes' journey from the hut. Here we had.a good spell, and made a start on the prunes and chocolate, which we had kept in a handy position. Mount Reeves commands a splendid view of the Wairarapa, from Rangitumau Hill above Masterton right down to Palliser Bay. The different towns are easily picked up, and the topography of the district shows up like a map. Our interest was more centred on the country towards Mount Hector. Away down below us we got a glimpse of the Tauherenikau River, and beyond it could identify the ridge up which the track goes over Bull Mound and on to Omega and Alpha, besides the main range to Hector. On our last trip we got no farther than the Tauherenikau River, and the weather was so thick the whole time that we did not even get one glimpse of the country. It looked a tremendous drop down into the Tauherenikau, and it is rather disheartening to think that after climbing up to Mount* Reeves from the Waiohine the same thing has to be done over again from the Tauherenikau to Omega. There is a good leading ridge from Mount Reeves to Mount Hector over Cone Trig., which would have avoided the big drop into the Tauherenikau, but the track committee reckoned that the ridge was too rough for a horse-track. However, it would not take much to cut a walking-track along it, and it would be a good dry route for foot traffic only, whereas the horse-track is always bound to be a bit muddy. There is a long burnt spur running out from Mount Reeves- in the direction of the Tauherenikau, and it is the intention of the committee to use this spur for the horse-track, as it is much more direct than the present route. The spurs running in several directions from Mount Reeves are rather confusing in a fog, and notice should be taken of the tin direction-pointers. Continuing our journey wo followed the ridge along a fairly level grade for about twenty minutes, and then worked away to the left and started the long drop, as we thought, to the river. After a short down grade the track ran out level, and then up slightly on to a knob, then down again, another piece of level going, and up slightly on to another knob. We knew we had a big drop in front of us, but still the track kept out level until finally avc reached what seemed to be the end of the spur, with a big drop ahead. I read the barometer, and Avorking it out later found that this drop Avas 1,320 ft. Down Aye Avent, and the loAver we got the muddier Aye found the track. Pack-horses do not take long to churn up the ground on these steep portions, coming down with all feet too-ether, sliding half the time. We slid about just as much as the horses, with our swags on our backs upsetting our balance. At last Aye heard the sound of the river, and, crossing a small creek, came out on to Mr. Workmann's camp on the Tauherenikau River bed. Whilst Aye boiled the billy Mr. Workmann, avlio is doing contract work for the committee, gave us a short description of the track tihead! He mentioned that the track Avas to be deviated and brought direct from Mount Reeves to the Tauherenikau River, meeting it just where the spur across the river leads up to Omega. A hut was being erected up under Alpha, and another one was to be built, in the Tauherenikau. This should be a favourite spot in time to come, as here the river rushes doAvn betAveen shinglobeds and small clearings, with steep bush-clad spurs toAvering up on both sides, and altogether is a charming spot. We sat in the sun smoking and having a real good spell, enjoying the surroundings and the yarn with Mr. Workmann—but not the sandflies —until we realized'that we still had some distance to go and time Avas getting along.

28

C—la

It had taken us just an hour to conic from Reeves, and in that time we had lost 1,830 ft. of our morning's climb, so we knew we had a good pull ahead to make up. Saying goodbye to our deer-stalking friends, who were camping close by, we shouldered our swags and Avere once more on the trail. We went do.vn the river-bank for about 20 chains, first through a small grass clearing and then through the bush track, and then came out on the river-bed. Several parties have had some trouble picking up the track ahead at this point, but we were well informed, and immediately on striking the river-bed we kept our eyes open for signs on the other side. We soon located an opening in the birch-t i cos, with a small notice lacked up to an adjoining tree. The river was too deep to cross dry-footed, so one of our party took off his boots and carried ihe others across. This looked so comical that ihe camera fiend took a record. Starting up the other side Aye found that all reports about the track were true. It was a stiff pull and no mistake, and to make things Avorse, the recent packing had made the track muddy. Our boots became clogged and made the going very heavy. lip Aye went with numerous spells, occasionally glancing at the barometer to see how we were faring. At last, at an altitude of 3,320 ft., or 2,200 ft. above the Tauherenikau, avc came out, on to an open rocky knob, where we were able to enjoy a good view after an hour and three-quarters climb. The peep down Ihc Tauherenikau was particularly fine. Mount Reeves stood out plainly on the other side, and Aye had the satisfaction of knowing -that Aye had more than caught up what we had lost in height before lunch. Ihe muoh-discussed Cone Ridge stood out right in front of us, with Mount Holdsworth away beyond. Our swags were beginning to feel heavy, but the barometer gave us a good deal of hope by showing us that Omega was only about 350 ft. above us. The back ranges were wonderfully clear, and Aye only hoped that we would get such another day on the morroAV. Pushing onward again, we climbed up a steep pinch and came out on to the flat swampy top known as Bull Mound. Here the horse-track turns down to the left, to avoid the bog. We had been advised id beep along the open top and pick up the track again farther on, as it was better walking. Peeping out amongst the bog avc saw the lirst of the pretty gentian mountainflowers which are so noticeable along the Hector Ridge. The lop is fairly clear, with a feAv small patches of scrub, and when Aye came to a harder surface Aye picked up the horse-track again, and soon the smell of burnt birch denoted a camp-site somewhere in the vicinity. Sure enough, in a little cosy corner, Aye struck the tent belonging to the men who Avere erecting the hut under Alpha. We debated whether to boil the billy here, but the afternoon Avas drawing on and avc still had some distance to go. However, we had some chocolate and biscuits, and shouldered our swags again. The ridge rises a little, still open along the top to a rooky knoll. We thought at first that this Avas Omega Trig., but decided aftei'Avards that Omega Avas the scrubby knob a little distance ahead, which appeared a little higher in altitude. After leaving the rocky knoll the track makes over to the right, of the spur, cuts into the scrub, and drops down into a Avell-defined saddle 350 ft. below in the direction of Alpha. We were now on the main range, as the summit runs from Rimutaka over Mount Marchant to Omega, and then takes a big bend to the west to Alpha and on to Mount Hector. From the saddle there is a sharp rise up a zigzag, Avhich the men who Avere making the track named "Hell's Gates." We were getting tired, and did not wonder at the name after avc had climbed the 595 ft. to the top. Down the other side the grade is much easier, and we could see Alpha standing out ahead of us, with our proposed camping-place inside the edge of the bush below. The sight of the end of our long day's journey cheered us up, and we commenced to step it out, singing at the tops of our voices, Avhen we suddenly ran into the hut-builders returning to their camp under Omega, and Aye shut up like rat-traps. We had a yarn with them, and then dropped gradually down to a flat saddle 365 ft. lower than the knob Aye had just passed over, and then started an easy climb towards Alpha. A short distance ahead chips on the track denoted the site of the hut, which Avas only just commenced, and five minutes later we came to an open space in the scrubby bush, where a couple of old tent-poles and the charred logs of an old fire told us that we had at last reached our camping-spot. It had taken us three hours and fifty minutes from the Tauherenikau River. It was just (i o'clock, with (he atmosphere almost down to freezing, betokening with the clear sky a frosty night Whilst two of the party pitched the tent, the other went for water. The best place is about three minutes' walk up the track, just outside the bush on the right. There is a small watercourse which appears dry, but a search discovers a little pool under an overhanging flax-bush. It did not take us long to get the tent pitched, as it was slung on a rope, but it was nearly dark by the time we had cut the scrub for the bunk. The beauty of the alpine cooker now asserted itself, for we tied the tent-door, sat on our swags, and had a three-course dinner in no time, ft, also warmed up the tent and made things very comfortable. After we had finished tea we lit our pipes and strolled around in the moonlight gathering odd bits of dead timber. After a good ileal of coaxing we managed to get a fire going, and sat toasting our toes and yarning over the day's journey. It was a peil'eel night outside, but very chilly; not a cloud 'in the sky, and a full moon lighting up the landscape with most glorious effects. We turned in oa.lv and slept soundly for about five hours I hen the cold awakened us, and each one tried to persuade the others to get up and replenish the fire. As the man that got up stood a good chance of losing his blankets "no move was made. ' We dozed off and on at intervals until daylight, when a puff of wind on the tent brought us all to attention Northerly breeze—this meant mist on the ranges. We rose and had a Mount Hoirf S wo^ 0r 6 y *" "f*' "* ""** C, ' €eping thr ° U S h the ™nge just south of Mount lloldsworth : Aye must be aAvay at once.

C—la (Apr. V).

Mountain-tarn along Main Range.

The Edge of the Bush below Alpha.

Looking towards Mount Hector from Alpha. H. E. Girdlestone, photos.]

C— la (Apr. V).

Looking towards Mount Hector from Mount Reeves.

Basset's Hut, with Spur up which Track commences.

View from Hell's Gates Zigzag. Mount Holdsworth in the Distance. H. E. Girdlestone, photos.]

C—la (App. V).

Grossing the Tauherenikau River.

The Bush above the Otaki Forks.

A Bunch of Gentians. H. E. Girdlestone, photos.]

29

C—la

We watched the sun rise over the Maungarakis, away on the far side of the Wairarapa flats, and kept an anxious eye on Mount, Hector for signs of mist Avhilst avc were cooking breakfast. We soon packed up our gear, and shortly after 8 a.m. were on our way to Alpha. It was. a glorious morning; the ground Avas hard with frost, and the atmosphere was most exhilarating. A few minutes brought us to the edge of the bush, and it was most interesting to notice how the limbs of the stunted birch-trees were clothed with moss right to the very tips. Long icicles hung down from a damp bank, and the snow-grass glistened in the sunlight as if covered with diamonds. In half an hour Aye Avere on the summit of Alpha, 720 ft. above our camp, and stopped to admire the most beautiful panoramas spread out before us. All the principal features of the Wairarapa were spread out like a map, Avith the sea showing up away in the distance. Wellington appeared no distance aAvay looking right down the Hutt Valley. Kapiti Island stood out in bold relief, Avith the South Island beyond. The coast-line from Otaki north could be easily discerned curving around and disappearing in the distance towards Wanganui. It was too hazy to the north to discern Mount Egmont or Mount Ruapehu, although the main range as far as Mount Dundas stood out very clearly in the morning light. Looking to the south the main spur leading down over Quoin to the Otaki Forks showed out very distinctly, and one of our party, who had made the trip from Kaitoke the previous year, Avas able to point out the route he had followed on that occasion. We could have spent some time drinking in the view, but all the time we Avere Avatching Mount Hector with anxious eyes. Leaving Alpha we dropped 300 ft. to a saddle, and on the way down came across the first patches of the interesting edelweiss which is so much beloved by alpine climbers. The botanist is in his glory rambling along the mountain-tops, as every step brings into vieAv some interesting alpine growth. A little farther ahead Aye came to the first of the tarns which are such a feature along the top of the Tararuas. A. steady climb ahead for some time and a turn to the west brought us to a prominent knob, from AA-hich a long high ridge branches off toAvards Renata and Kapakapanui, one hour and twenty-five minutes' journey from camp. This knob is 40 ft. higher than Alpha, but so far is not 'named. The ridge ahead veers around sharply to the north, forming an easy-sloping semicircular curve, which has the appearance of a large dress-circle. Mist was now beginning to collect around the top of Hector, so we plugged steadily ahead through the snow-grass, passed over a small knob, and dropped slightly to a saddle 700 ft. lower than Hector. We brought out the emergency rations of prunes and chocolate, and. each keeping a prune-stone in his mouth to suck, AA'e made up a narroAv ridge to another prominent knob, where we found ourselves in the mist. From this point a long spur runs out in a south-easterly direction into the head of the Tauherenikau River, and is one of the places Avhere a party coming from Hector to Alpha would be likely to go wrong in a, mist. The other place is the ridge leading to Renata, where there is also a change in the general direction of the main ridge, with a long spur running out. We could follow the main ridge without much difficulty, as Aye were rising all the time. The track committee intend at some future date to pare a line through the tussocks over these knobs to act as a guide, and this should be most useful to any parties caught in the mist on the way along the ridge. The barometer shoAved Aye were not far below Hector, and by and by a round knob loomed up through the mist like a gigantic beehive. We scrambled' up, thinking Aye had reached Hector, but discovered no cairn, so we dropped down the other side and saw another beehive ahead; scrambled up this to find we were again disappointed, and immediately ahead we scaled a third beehive. This Avas getting monotonous, so Aye looked at the "barometer and discovered Aye still had about 150 ft. to ascend. Finally, we saw a bigger mound ahead showing dimly through the mist, and a few minutes later reached the cairn—three hours' tramp from our camp. We could not see more than a feAv chains ahead, so only stopped long enough to put our names on a piece of paper and insert it in a bottle which contained many others. A lift in the mist showed us a tarn in a basin to the north, so Aye descended and found the tarn was really a spring situated in a basin alongside a prominent rock. The alpine cooker soon had some tomato-soup and fried whitebait ready, and we sat down to enjoy our lunch We were just about on the lower level of the mist, and as we were having our meal' it kept lifting up and down like a curtain, giving us most charming views of the main range north, with Mount Iloldsworlh, Mitre Peak, Mount Dundas, and Mount Crawford showing out more prominently amongst a mass of broken ridges. The mist still covered the top of Hector, and seemed to keep to the basin at the head of the streams running down into the Waiotauru River. We had a good spell, enjoying our smoke, spread out on the snow-grass in the sunshine lhis Avould be a glorious spot for a hut, though the absence of fimvood would necessitate parties bringing a cooker of some description. ' There is another tarn on the south side of Hector, to the east of the ridge before the first beehive from Hector is reached, which we passed in the mist, where several parties have camped and put the night m on their journey through. Our spring is 500 ft. below Hector, almost directly north, a little higher than the saddle between it and the west peak, and a bit to the right There are also other tarns quite handy to the ridge just below the saddle on each side As we packed up our things again after lunch the mist lifted, and we could see the west peak standing out ahead. Sidling round to the saddle 555 ft. below Hector, we ascended the Avest peak, and found that it Avas only 155 ft. loAver than the trig. For some distance ahead the ridge, which is still the main Tararua Range, widens out dropping suddenly on the west and running out in easy basins on the east', with a succession of tarns nestling amongst the snow-grass. We thoroughly enjoyed this part of the journey rambling

C—la

30

along in the sunshine admiring the beautiful gentians which were growing everywhere m great profusion, and locating the different peaks along the ranges on either side. Coining to the end of the easy country, we could see Dennan away below, with Tabletop just ahead hiding the ridge doAvn to the Otaki Forks. Before Aye commenced the steep descent avc made a detour up to a knob on the right to get a view of the main range north,' which we leave behind here after following it from Omega. A glorious view up the Otaki River rewarded us, and also a very interesting one along the range itself. It was rather unfortunate that a fogged plate spoilt the photo taken from this point, as it was a, very interesting one from a topographical point of vieAV. The barometer height, 4,700 ft., coincided with a former reading recorded. Coming down from Hector in thick weather it Avould be rather difficult to keep to the ridge leading doAvn to Dennan, as it drops fairly steeply ahead, and other spurs run out north towards the Otaki River. All the Avay down Aye passed through a regular garden of gentians, and collected a small bunch, Avhich avc photographed on the spot. There is a saddle, 3,860 ft. altitude, a drop of 840 ft. from the last knob just before Dennan is reached, and then a short rise of 150 ft. to the trig.— two hours fifteen .minutes' easy going from Hector. This climb over the trig, can be dodged by scrambling round the side, but nothing much is gained, as the scrub is fairly thick. On Dennan there is a small cairn of stones, and a board with " Mt. Crawford" carved in large letters thereon. This is an error, as Mount Crawford is a much higher peak aAvay to the north on the main range. The sun by this time Avas well over to the Avest, and lit up the Otaki River and the sea-coast in a charming manner. From Dennan a long spur runs down toAvards the Waiotauru River to the left, which would have to be borne in mind in thick weather. Our route lay in the direction of the Forks, down a short steep ridge to an easy fiat-topped one covered with beds of astelia, mutton-bird scrub, and snow-grass about the height of the knees. There is an old camping-spot here, with water a short distance to the left, which would make a good site for a whare. We met with a couple of Wellington boys Avho had camped on the edge of the bush below Tabletop the previous evening, and were having a ramble up the ridge. Tabletop is a short rise ahead, 3,450 ft. altitude, and about thirty minutes' journey from Dennan. From here the bush ridge leading down to the Forks shows out very plainly. A drop of 290 ft. through thick scrub, where a, narrow worn track makes the going much easier, brought us io the end ol' the bush ten minutes later. There is a good track cut through the bush right down to the Forks. The ridge drops steadily, barring a couple, of short rises up to small knobs, stunted trees give way to taller trees, the moss-covered trunks and banks of kidney-ferns are lefi behind, mixed timber is met with, and after fifty minutes' steady travelling an old camp-site is reached, where a sign-board indicates water in a handy position. A barometer reading showed that we had dropped 1,480 ft. from the edge of the bush. The afternoon was draAving on, so after a short spell we continued on down through bush country for some distance, passed an pld bushfelling camp, and came suddenly out on to a new burn. The country to the left has been felled, and Aye scrambled over tree-trunks in and out amongst the stumps until Aye came out, on to older-grassed land, and saw the Forks about a mile below. We kept to the spur for some distance, and then made over to the left toAvards the Waiotauru River, which we reached after one hour fifty minutes' journey from the edge of the bush below Tabletop, and four hours and a'half from Hector. We forded the river, and selected a camp-site just above a deep pool on (he bank on (he other side. In half an hour we had enjoyed a swim, pitched camp, and Avere sitting in front of a good fire watching the tea cooking. Our provisions had lasted out well, so avc were able to enjoy a really good meal. Compared to our bivouac camp under Alpha the previous evening, this camp Avas luxury, and Aye sat before the fire toasting our toes and yarning about the day's experiences until well into the night. We had an easy journey to Otaki for the Monday, so took things very easily. After a fine swim and breakfast we sat in the sun for some time on the river-bank, and did not, make a start until 10.40 a.m. The weather still continued fine, and Aye congratulated ourselves on our good fortune. From our camp-site avc made straight, up on to the good metalled dray-road which leads to Otaki. There is some very prettyy bush scenery just before the junction of the Waiotauru and the Otaki is reached, which justified the camera being brought into play. Right in the corner, betAveen the rivers, is the site of Judd's hut, known to former climbers, but recently a neAv building has been erected. A suspension bridge crosses the Waiotauru River immediately above. We read the barometer on the road above the junction, making it 370 ft. altitude; and saying goodbye to the ranges we started out along the metalled road for Otaki at 11. tO a.m. We were feeling in splendid trim, and stepped it, out gaily, admiring the many charming peeps of the Otaki Gorge on our Avay along. We reached the Waihoanga Bridge in an hour and a half, and boiled the billy for lunch. The dray-road to Otaki keeps to the left of the river until the railway is reached, and does not cross the river until a short distance from the station. We intended to go via the Waihoanga Road, the other side of the river, which is only a horse-track for half of the distance, but is much shorter. After lunch Aye crossed trie bridge, turned to the left, and folloAA r ed a dray-road for a short distance, leaving it, Avhere it turned sharply up a rise to the right. We passed through a gate straight ahead, and skirted round under a terrace and down to the edge of the river-bed, following the horse-track. Then avc rose up the side of a steep bluff through pretty bits of scenery, and down again to a, flat, where the horse-track merges info a good metalled road. As Aye passed a, wool-shed we saAv a settler busy Avith sheep. Noticing our swags he guessed that we had come over the ranges, and when he found that his surmise was correct he asked us

a—la

31

into his residence and treated us most hospitably. We bade him adieu, and, cutting out the remainder of the distance in good time, arrived at the Otaki Station in one hour thirty-five minutes' walking from the Waihoanga Bridge. We had a wash and a" change, and caught the 5 p.m. train for Wellington, thoroughly satisfied with our Easter holiday trip. Carrying a swag right, through might seem rather a strenuous task, for many, but we were in good form and used to the game. A much easier way would be to drive out from Greytown to Basset's but, arrange for a pack-horse to carry SAvags to Alpha, walk along the ridge and doAvn to Ihe Forks, and luive :> trap ready there to drive to Otaki. However, the weather-conditions have a good deal to do with the trip, and might prevent any definite arrangements being carried out. The best plan is to camp high up and be prepared to wait for the right weather for the trip along Ihe rangi-. Half tlie beauty of the outing lies in the glorious vicAvs obtained. Nothing is to be gained by trying to push through in the mist, and the party stands a good chance of being lost on the Avay. It took us about five hours to go from Alpha to Dennan, so there is some chance of parties being overtaken by mist on their way through. In such cases lines pared through the tussock over knobs Avhere blind spurs run out Avould be of great assistance. Later on, when all the huts are erected, the route should become well known to Wellington people. As the crow flies, the distance from Greytown to Otaki Station is about twenty-three miles; Greytown to Woodside is three miles; Woodside to Basset's, two miles and a half; from Basset's hut to the Otaki Forks is about twenty miles by the track; Otaki Forks to Otaki Station, twelve miles by Hautere Road and about ten by the Waihoanga Road. Distances in rough country are very deceiving, and a much better indication is given by the times taken. The following is a list of the times taken by our party between the main points, remembering that we swagged everything right through : Woodside to Basset's, 50 minutes; Basset's to Mount Reeves, 2 hours 50 minutes; Mount Reeves to Tauherenikau River, 1. hour; Tauherenikau to Omega, 2 hours 15 minutes; Omega to camp near Alpha, 1 hour •'!5 minutes; camp to Alpha Trig., 30 minutes; Alpha to Mount Hector, 2 hours 30 minutes; Mount Hector to Dennan, 2 hours; Dennan to edge of bush, 40 minutes; bush to Waiotauru River, 1 hour 50 minutes; Forks to Waihoanga Bridge, 1 hour 30 minutes; bridge to Otaki Station, 1 hour 35 minutes : total, 19 hours 5 minutes. There is a splendid paper on the botany of the Tararuas, which also describes the route from Kaitokc, by Mr. B. C. Aston, F.1.C., F.G.S., which is to be found in the "Transactions of the New Zealand Institute," Vol. xlii, 1909.

APPENDIX VI. EIGHT-INCH TRANSIT THEODOLITE. Mr. H. E. Girdlestone, who is using one of the 8 in. transit theodolites by Troughton and Simms, No. 219, on the new secondary triangulation, has put on record his method of reading the micrometers to show the error of run and corrections ; and also a description of the vertical circle of the instrument with its reading, setting, and level corrections. These are published here to render them accessible to other observers and to investigators of the results achieved in this particular triangulation. A description, with, illustrations, is also given of the breakwind which Mr. Girdlestone uses while at Avork. Wind-screen used on Secondary Triangulation. The following is a description of the wind-screen used in secondary trig, stations in the Wellington District, photos of which appear in this report. It is simple to erect, light to carry, will stand a good breeze, and has proved very effective throughout the work. Four bamboo poles are stuck in the ground to form a square of 6 ft. sides. The tops are connected with a rope, and then each pole is stayed out in two directions with ropes attached with rings to iron spikes driven in the ground. Four other bamboo poles are lashed about 4J ft. from the ground around the square. A canvas screen, 4 ft. 6 in. high and 24 ft. long, is put round the poles and drawn taut by short ropes running through eyelet-holes at intervals around the top and bottom. Above the canvas the calico blinds are tied to the uprights, the bottom of the blinds being just below the top of the canvas. These blinds run on cords top aud bottom, six separate pieces pinned together with safety-pins forming one side. The top piece is a calico square fastened in the centre to a rope running diagonally across between the top of the uprights, and the corners tied down just below the tops of the blinds. In breezy weather the top piece can also be pinned at intervals to the blinds. In observing, the blinds are left unpinned in the directions of the surrounding stations, and are drawn apart whilst sighting, and immediately closed again when the object has been intersected. When the wind and sun are from the same direction only two of the blinds will be required. • Most of the signals are of wood, bolted down to four posts. These nuts can be unscrewed, and the signal is not too heavy to shift temporarily aside. This enables the wind-screen to be properly erected, when the light for reading is then much better than under the wooden tripods, and there is more room to work. Some of the signals are permanently fixed, and in these cases the canvas and blinds are adjusted to fit round the struts. As only one observer is doing the work in each 1 district, the signal being moved aside does not interfere with the work. When the Avind is fairly strong extra bamboo poles can bo placed at mid-distance between the uprights and stayed out. It is really surprising what the screen will stand, seeing that it is such an apparently light construction.

o.—lA

32

Correction for Runs of Micrometers, 8 in. Transit Theodolite. In observing for secondary triangulation purposes with the 8 in. micrometer theodolite I have been recording the reading of the parallel wires of the micrometer on both back and forward divisions on the horizontal plate. At the end of each*setj[l'have shown the mean runs of each micrometer for the period of observation. These means will vary from time to time according to the changes in temperature. At the present time the error of the B micrometer is about 1 second, and the A micrometer about 2 seconds, the mean being 1-5 seconds. The greatest correction for runs will be half the total error, so that at the present time the correction would be about 0-75 second. Although the 8 in. theodolite is divided to seconds on the micrometer screw-head, it is difficult to guarantee any single reading to f second, so that the correction for run would be beyond the powers of the instrument. By showing the mean runs for each period of observation it can be seen at a glance whether the micrometers are in good adjustment. As long as the mean error is less than 2 seconds (giving the greatest correction less than 1 second) I do not think it should be considered, from a practical point of view. In case the increase in the mean error of the runs makes it necessary to apply a correction, I herewith give my method of reading, with examples of the application of the correction. The horizontal plate of the 8 in. theodolite is graduated to 5-minute intervals ; the comb in the micrometer gives the extra minutes, and the graduated screw-head the seconds. The micrometers are placed opposite one another at right angles to the telescope, and there is an extra microscope for reading the degrees and minutes, placed close to one side of the telescope. As the microscopes reverse the field of view the degree-figures on. the plate and division-lines are engraved upside down, so that on looking through they are seen right side up, the numbers increasing from left to right. In reading the comb of the micrometers the number of notches between the zero-line and the first division on the plate to the left indicate the number of minutes by which the zero-line has passed, providing that the instrument is in adjustment. By turning the graduated screw-head of the micrometer to give an increasing reading, the parallel wires travel from right to left. In observing it has been my practice to bring the parallel wires beyond the division-mark to the right, come carefully back and intersect, note the seconds, then screw on in the same direction until the left-hand division is intersected, and again note the seconds. Both readings are thus taken with the parallel wires working from right to left. When I first began observing with this instrument I called the first reading the " back " reading and the second one the " forward." This is an error, as, owing to the microscopes reversing the field of view, the numbers on the plate increase from loft to right, so that the left-hand division should be called the " back " reading. However, in order to keep the work in the field-book consistent lam still recording as I commenced. The corrections will therefore require a little alteration from the usual rule. In all my observations b refers to the right-hand reading, and/ to the left. Example I. (See Diagram.) Zero-line coming midway between the divisions on the plate. Let b read . . ' .. .. . . .. 360° 02' 30" and / read .. .. .. .. .. 28 ;.,'! Error in run .. .. .. — 2* Here the actual reading of the interval, instead of being five complete turns, is 2 seconds short. As the zero-line is midway between the divisions the correction to each reading will be the same —that is, half the total run. To increase the interval reading, the corrections will be -j- 1" to the forward figures and — 1" to the back figures (since it is Avorking opposite to the way the divisions on the screw-head are numbered).

Diagrams to illustrate Micrometer Readings of 8in. Transit Theodolite.

33

C—la

Face Right, Depression.

Face Right, Elevation.

Vertical Cibcle op Micrometer Theodolite No. 219. Note.—ln the above diagrams the circle is shown as fixed in one position, but it can be moved to any position by unscrewing the clamp and turning the circle by hand. Example 11. (See Diagram.) Zero-line almost coinciding with the left division-mark. Let b read .. .. .. .. .. 360° 00' 04" and f read .. .. .. .. .. 02 Error in run.. .. .. —2" Here the whole run must be applied to the b reading. The interval is again 2 seconds short of five complete turns, and must be increased, giving a correction g —2 to the b reading (since it is read backwards against the screw-head numbering). Corrected figures : b = 300° 00' 04" - 2" = 360° 00' 02" t = 02 - 0 = 360 00 02. Correction to the mean reading would be half the total run : 360° 00' 03" - 1" = 360° 00' 02". Example 111. (See Diagram.) Zero-line almost coinciding with the right-hand division-mark. Let b read .. .. .. .. .. 360° 04' 58" and f read .. .. .. .. 56" Error in run .. .. .. — 2" Again the interval reading is short of the five complete turns, but this time the whole run has to be applied to the f reading. A plus correction to the actual figures will increase the interval reading : — Corrected readings : b = 360° 04' 58" + 0" = 360° 04' 58" /= 56 +2 = 58. The correction to mean reading b^ f will be +1" : 360° 04' 57" +I" = 360° 04' 58". 64- f From the preceding examples it will be seen that the corrections to the mean reading -5* for run vary from 0, when the zero-line of the micrometer is midway between the division-marks (i.e., at reading 2' 30"), to half the total run when at extreme ends with opposite signs. Any intermediate reading can be corrected relative to the zero-line of the micrometer. When / reading is less than b the correction to -Ji will be minus from 0' to 2' 30" and plus from 2' 30" to s'. When /is more than b the signs wilLbe reversed. 5—C. IA.

C—la

34

To simplify matters the corrections can be put in tabular form. Example from F.B. 34, p. 19. Mean error in run for mic. B . . .. — 0>62" Mean run for mic. A .. .. .. .. = 2*30 Sum .. .. .. .. .. = 2-92 Total mean run .. .. .. .. = 1 -46 Extreme correction = half run . . . . = 0-73 This 0-73" is distributed over two and a half revolutions of the micrometer screw-head = 150", since when the zero-line comes at mid-interval there is 0 correction. 150 A change of 0-1" of run-correction is equal to _,o = 20-5" of the screw-head reading.

Table.

Working from 2' 30", adding and subtracting half 205" gives figures 2' 40-2" and 2' 19-8"; and from these figures, adding and subtracting the full 20-5" gives the remainder of the figures for the table. Since the / readings are less than the b readings, the sign is + from 2' 30" to 5' 00", and — from 2' 30" to o'. In using the table it is not necessary to correct every individual reading, but the figures may be grouped into sets of face left and right readings, and the corrections applied to the means. Taking the first four columns F.B. 34, page 19, and grouping the face left and right readings, gives the following results : —

Limits for 0-1 Runcorrection. Run-correction. Limits for O'l Runcorrection. ! 0' 16-8" - -7" + 4' 43-2" -■6 + 4 22-7 0 37-3 - -5 + 0 57-8 4 02-2 1 18-3 -•4 + 3 41-7 1 38-8 -■3 + 3 21-2 ] 59-3 -•2 + 3 00-7 2 19-8 ... ,] + 2 40-2 - ■() -f 2 30-0 2 30-0

Mark. j Face. Mie. b. /• b-f=r. Mean '< + / 2 Runcorrection. Corrected Means. I Brooklyn L i E( B A B A 360° 00' 07" 02 11 11 [08 L 00 Bio tJ0 360 00 07-0 Wadestown •{ A B A 360 00 07-7 203 15 10 09 17 12 07-0 08 06 17 Id 0-7 7-3 -0-7 Belmont B A B A 203 15 12-0 218 30 26 30 34 30 10-2 26 28 31 27 1-8 11-1. -0-7 203 15 10-4 E( 218 30 30-0 28-7 1-3 29-3 - 0-6 218 30 28-7 Somes B A B A 251 44 30 33 36 30 30 31 35 27 M El 251 44 32-0 251 44 32-2 30-7 1-5 31-4 + 0-6

35

a—ia

To trig. Brooklyn the mean bearing is 360° 00' 07-3". Looking up the table we see that 0' 07-3" comes between 0 and 0' 16-8", so the run-correction is — 0-7", giving final mean as 360° 00' 07-0". Similarly, to Somes the mean is 251° 44' 31-4". Looking up the table we see that 4' 31-4" comes between 4' 22-7" and 4' 43-2", and the run-correction is + -6, giving final mean as 251° 44' 32-0". The run-corrections can thus be made for any position of the zero-line of the micrometer. Vertical Angles with the 8 in. Transit. The vertical circle of the 8 in. micrometer theodolite which is being used on the secondarytriangulation work is somewhat different from the usual pattern, and consequently requires different rules for obtaining vertical angles and applying the level-corrections. The circle is graduated continuously from 0° to 360°, in the reverse direction to that in which the hands of a clock move. It is not rigidly attached to the telescopic axis, but can be moved round and clamped in any position, similarly to the horizontal plate. The level is attached to the micrometers, and is divided continuously from left to right, from oto 35 divisions. Both level and micrometers are fixed to one of the standards of the instrument, and there arc no clip-screws. To obtain a vertical angle the following method is adopted, no matter in what position the circle is clamped : Level the instrument and take face-left and then face-right readings to the object, booking both C and D micrometers. Add 180° to the mean of the face-right readings, and take the difference between this and the mean of the face-left readings. The result will be double the vortical angle to the object. If the face-left figures are the greater, then the angle will be an elevation ; and if less, then it will be a depression.

Example I. — Vertical Observations at Kaukau.

In working out the vertical angle I adopt the following method : —• Example 11. Somes. Belmont. 1. Mean of face left .. .. 0° 03' 04-5" 2° 4332-5" 2. Mean of face right plus 180° .. 5 19 56-0 2 39 31-0 3. Difference .. .. .. 5 16 51-5 0 04 01-5 4. Half difference .. .. "2 38 25-75 002 00-75 = Vertical angle. 5. Sum of half difference and lesser of face left or right .. 2 41 30-25 2 41 31-75 = True level reading. 6. Sum of lines 4 and 5.. .. 5 19 56-0 2 43 32-5 = Checks with lines lor 2 above. Line 4 gives the vertical angle, and as the face-left readings are less than the face-right readings to Somes, the angle is a depression. To Belmont the face-left readings are greater, so the angle is an elevation. Line 5 gives the true-level reading, and these figures should come out approximately the same for all objects observed to, right through one set. Should it be desired to set the telescope to point true level, all that is necessary is to sot the mean of the C and D micrometers to this reading if face left, or to reading -f- 180° if face right. Line 6 checks the working in a similar manner to taking out the half-angles when side-pegging a road. To take another set, unclamp the circle, leaving the telescope clamped on Somes Island signal, and turn the circle by hand until the reading is 45° 03. Reclamp the circle, and proceed as before.

Example III.

Face. Mie. Somes island Apex. E. O. Centre B + O 2 Correction. Belmont Apex. E. 0. Centre E + 0 2 Correction. L | E| C I) C 1) 0° 03' 07" 03 02 185 20 21 19 31 29-5 6-0 17-75 -1-4 2° 43' 35" 43 30 182 39 55 39 07 30-0 6-0 18-0 -2-9 6-5 30-5 18-5 -5-7 6-0 30-0 18-0 -2-9 Dep. 2 38 25-75 -2-15 Elev.O 02 00-75 0

Face. i Mic. ! Somes Island Apex. E. ' 0. Centre n E + o °? rreo - tnm. ■i Belmont Apex. E. O. Centre E + 0 2 Correction. L c D C i D i 45° 03' 21" 03 10 230 20 25 19 33 ! 29-5 | 5-5 5-0 129 17-5 ! 0 47° 43' 41" 43 30 227 10 03 39 11 29 5 29-5 17-0 17-5 -|- 2-9 K ! 17-0 +2-9 5-5 0 Dep. 2 38 21-7 +1-4 Elev. 0 01 59-2 + 1-4

o.—la

36

Similar sets can be taken at -f- 90° and + 135° on original set, and the final mean will be free from errors due to eccentricity of axis. It has been my practice to take four sots at 0, 45° 01', 90° 02', and 135° 03' round the circle. The vertical readings arc always taken after 10 a.m. and before 3 p.m. There is sometimes a fair difference in the angles, due to refraction, but the mean of four sets taken on different days should be the best obtainable. Level-corrections. The level is divided from left to right from 0 to 35 divisions, so that when the instrument is face left the larger figures are at the eye end; and when face right, at the object end. The sum of the eye and object bubble readings divided by 2 gives the position of the centre of the bubble. If this coincides with 17-5, the centre division of the scale, there will be no level-correc-tion, but, if not, then the following rule has to be followed : —■ If - -a — comes less than 17-5, then the correction is a plus to the actual circle reading on the circle, whether the instrument is face left or face right; if more than 17-5, then the correction will be a minus to the actual circle reading. To get the value of one division of the level scale I took a number of readings all round the circle by the usual method of slightly altering the lcA r el of the instrument and noting the differences by micrometer and level readings. This worked out at 5-73 seconds, although the Kew certificate which came out with the instrument gave the value as 8 seconds. Adopting my figures, I made out the following table to simplify the working : — • Example IV. E+_o Seconds 2 Correction. 15-50 +11-46 15-75 ±10-03 16-00 + S-59 16-25 + 7-16 16-50 + 5-73 16-75 + 4-30 17-00 + 2-86 17-25 + 1-43 17-50 0-00 17-75 - 1-43 18-00 - 2-86 18-25 — 4-30 18-50 - 5-73 18-75 - 7-16 19-00 - 8-59 19-25 -10-03 19-50 -11-46 In Examples I and 111, to get the level-corrections, work out the value ' J and look up the table in Example IV, keeping an eye on the sign. This correction can be applied to the actual circle-readings before working out the vertical angle, and then the result would be the true vertical angle free of levelerror. For instance, take Example II : the figures would be, to Somes, — Face left 0° 03' 04-5" - 1-4 =0° 03' 03-1" Face right 5 19 56-0 -5-7 = 5 19 50-3 5 16 47-2 True vertical angle = 2 38 23-6 2 41 26-7 5 19 50-3 My own method is to take out the angle as in Example II and apply the correction to angle afterwards. To do this the following rule must be remembered : Change the sign of the correction opposite the lesser of the face-left or face-right readings; take the algebraical sum of the two corrections, and divide by 2. Thus in example we have „ = — 2-15. This gives for the final angle 2° 38' 25-75" - 2-15 = 2° 38' 23-6", which is the same as by method shown above. In obtaining the final vertical angle from the different sets I put down the angles with their corrections for level-error alongside and take the mean.

C—la (App. VI).

General View of Break-wind.

Showing Break-wind and Instrument. M. C. Smith, photos.]

C.—la (App. VI).

Break-wind and Observer.

Break-wind in Use: Observer and Recorder. M. C. Smith, photos.]

37

C—la

Example V. At Kaukau.

In keeping my field-book I show by different colours the actual figures read as printed above in roman, the means of different sets and level-corrections in italic, and the final means of the sets in antique. The height of the axis of the instrument and different parts of the signal are noted as each trig, station is visited. In Example V above, the figures taken with circle set at 90 differ from the other results. This is due to refraction, which is proved by observations to other signals taken at the same time. At every trig, station I get variations, up to about 10 seconds, even though the observations are taken at the same time of the day, so I spread the observations over a number of days and take the mean of the lot. It is not often that three out of the four sets agree so closely as in the example given.

APPENDIX VII. REPORT ON THE MAGNETIC OBSERVATORY. As in previous years, the regular observational work of the Observatory has been thoroughly carried out, and this year two years' magnetic curves have been measured at hourly intervals. Towards the end of 1914 a temporary assistant was appointed (Mr. H. S. Richards), who had been previously employed here. His services were specially employed on the work of computation of the curve-measure-ments made from the 1905 magnetograms, &c, and tabulation of the hourly values therefor. I have to congratulate Mr. Richards, who is a graduate of the New Zealand University, upon his selection, as Rhodes Scholar for the year, and to wish him success in his studies at Oxford. 1 Avish also to recognize the valuable services of Mr. T. Maben throughout the year. Every effort has been made to secure accuracy in the published tables by checking wherever possible, and any errors that have escaped detection must be very small, and are certainly very few. In no case can they appreciably affect even the mean for a single day. A number of diagrams are attached to this report, and some remarks thereon are given below under separate headings. Meteorological observations have been made twice daily, and three times on week-days, at times 9.30 a.m., 12 noon, and 5 p.m. These have been published daily for public information, and a monthly synopsis furnished to the Meteorological Department, which has kindly offered a meteorological equipment for the Amberley sub-station when it is in operation. A self-recording rain-gauge, or pluviograph, has been installed here, as it is useful in obtaining the rate of rainfall, and it is further proposed to obtain an evaporimeter. The recording barograph and thermograph have been in continuous operation. Adie Magnetograpiis. During the year these have been kept in continuous operation, and the resulting magnetograms have been developed and measured. The usual absolute observations for the determination of baseline values have been duly made. The magnetograms have been measured at hourly intervals, and the measurements converted, base-line values and temperature corrections applied, and the results tabulated for magnetic declination (D) and horizontal magnetic force (HF). These tables arc published herewith, and a glance will show that very satisfactory registration has been obtained. The few gaps in the tables are duo to lamp-failure in all cases but the Ist January, part of which day's register of D and HF was lost through the failure of a holding-clip in the recording mechanism. On the 27th January the HF recording-lamp failed for the first part of the day, but a mean for thirty whole days was still obtained. In a similar way the record of HF for the 14th December was lost, this being the only day's record of HF entirely missing. In Dno day's record is entirely missing, the only loss being the last fourteen hours of the Ist January.

Circle set at Somes Island. Level-oorrection. 0 45 90 135 Dep. 2° 38' 25-7" 2 38 21-7 2 38 11-2 2 38 20-7 -2-1 + 1-4 -1-4 + 2-9 Sum Final vertical ang,le 79-3 2 38 19-8 + 0-8 + 0-2

(1 — IA

38

The mean values for the year of the magnetic elements are as follows : — Magnetic declination, east . . .. .. .. 16° 44-84' Horizontal magnetic force . . . . . . . . 0-224130 c.g.s. unit. Inclination .. .. .. .. .. .. 67° 59-8' S. Northerly component of force . . .. . . . . 0-214626 c.g.s. unit. Easterly „ .. .. .. .. 0-064584 c.g.s. unit. Vertical ~ .. .. .. .. 0-55465 c.g.s. unit. Total magnetic force .. .. .. .. 0-59822 c.g.s. unit. Milne Seismograph No. 16. A table of forty-two earthquakes recorded by this instrument is appended, and four of the principal seismograms are reproduced herewith. Records of some of the more distant earthquakes were not obtained, their effect here being too slight, although they were of a character to do damage at places near their origin. The instrument was working well throughout the year, and a controlling value of the the boom period was obtained almost daily. Vector Diagrams oe Diurnal Horizontal Disturbing Forces for Seasons. These diagrams g,re drawn from the moan values of N (northerly component of forces) and E (easterly component), computed from the monthly means of horizontal force and declination for Greenwich mean civil hours. They exhibit clearly the mean diurnal ranges for various Greenwich hours in N and E. The radius vector drawn from E to the curve at any given hour represents in direction and magnitude the horizontal disturbing component of force at the given hour. The scale marked on the axes is applicable also to the radii vectores in deducing the disturbing-force equivalent. The diagram for the year 1914 exhibits a very general similarity to that published already for the year 1913 (see annual report, 1913-14). In both cases oh. comes on the geographical south meridian, and Bh. just slightly to the west of the geographical north meridian. Even the nocturnal loop from 8h.t016 h. is remarkably similar in the two years in every respect. This seems to indicate that the inclusion of stormy days has not affected the value of the diagrams as showing the characteristics of diurnal variation. Slow changes in this diagram may, however, probably be expected in afteryears. The diagram for summer months is also generally similar for the two years 1913-14, but in the 1914 diagram the nocturnal loop exhibits a slightly increased change of E between 14 h. and 16 h., the loop clearly opening. The small but pronounced increase of E from 12 h. to 13 h. still persists, and is of approximately the same extent. BetAveen sh. and 9h. the rate of change in Eis not altered, but the variation of N becomes much smoother for 1914. The vector diagram for equinoctial months (1914) exhibits minor changes as compared with that for the previous year. With regard to daylight hours, the most noticeable change is that oln on the curve has moved away from the geographical south meridian. The time of occurrence of the least horizontal force has evidently moved slightly ahead, and this is even noticeable to a slight extent in the diagram for the year. The nocturnal loop in the equinoctial 1914 diagram' exhibits greater smoothness, and, in fact, has opened out and become a simple invagination owing to the 12 h., 13 h., and 15 h. N values now becoming greater than the N values for 9 h., 10 h., and 11 h. However, the general variation occurring between 8 h. and 15 h. is still shown to be an increase of force to the north-west from 8 h. to 11 h. and a decrease from the north-west from f 1 h. to 15 h., a phenomenon also exhibited in the mean diagram for the year. In the winter diagram is noticed the greatest difference with the previous year's diagram. The general shape is the same, and the large amount of diurnal change in N occurring from 23 h. to 0 h. (24 h.) persists. The variation from 16 h. to 20 h. also seems to be similar. The diminished rate of variation of N between Oh. and lh., and its increase from 1 h. to 2h., are shown in the incurving at Ih. The nocturnal loop becomes more irregular, and in the curves for both years it may be suspected of being somewhat influenced by the occurrence of magnetic storms, the effect of which may even be systematic over a close group of four months together ; for it must be remembered that the other three diagrams each embrace more time than this one, the summer and equinoctial diagrams being each taken over two periods separated by these four winter months. The consideration of the mean winter variation over a number of years may be expected to disclose the origin of the apparent irregularity of the night variations in winter. The nocturnal loop in winter occurs between 7 h. and 15 h., and, strangely enough, is as large or larger than that in the equinoctial diagrams or in the year diagrams. It is plainly evident from the diagrams that the rule is, in summer, greater day variations and less night variations ; in winter, less day variations and greater night variations. In summer the hours II h. to 15 h. are characterized by large variation in N and small variation in E. In winter these hours are characterized by a small variation in N and a large variation in E. Comparing the winter diagrams for the mean of years 1902, 1903, 1904, with 1913 and 1914, it appears that, relatively, the early morning range in H, as from 16 h. to 23 h., has been gradually assuming a large proportion to the afternoon range, as from 0 h. to 5 h.

39

o.—la

Mean Monthly Curves of Diurnal Change, 1914, with Seasonal Curves. These curves are shown plotted for declination and for horizontal magnetic force. They are of the same character as those for 1913, and those for declination call for little comment; indeed, their resemblance to the declination curves for 1,913 is startling, when one considers that all days are included, stormy or calm. The declination curve for July, 1914, is evidently not so smooth as the one for 191.3, printed in the previous report, and the same remark applies to the July curves for horizontal force. This want of smoothness has made itself evident to some slight extent in the mean winter vector diagram of horizontal disturbing forces. The tendency to an invagination of the curve at 19 h. in the mean winter curve still persists, and this slight effect not being masked gives one confidence in the reliability of the mean winter curves and the deduced winter vector diagram. In the corresponding H diagram also a slight peak persists at 20 h. In 19.1.4 the February curve in H ends with a downward trend from 23 h. to 24 h., whereas in 1913 the trend is upward between these hours, corresponding in appearance rather with the termination of the 1914 January H curve. In HF also, in February, 1914, a decrease is shown from Oh. to 1 h., whereas in 19.13 an increase is shown in February between those hours, as has happened in January in both years. In May, June, and July, from Oh. to 1 h. G, the decrease of II shown in the 1913 curves lias diminished in the 1914 curves It was small for May, 1913, and has become a slight increase of Hin May, 1914. Curves oe Mean Diurnal Ranges. These two diagrams show the mean daily amount of change of declination, and of horizontal magnetic force, for each month of the years 1913, 1914. For convenience in reading off values the ordinates of the 1914 curves are drawn in. The diagrams are instructive, showing clearly the great difference in diurnal range between summer and winter, and the continuity of this phenomenon from year to year. The curves for the two years roughly approximate to each other, more especially the two declination-range curves. The minimum mean diurnal range of declination occurs in June, and the maximum in December, or at the depth of winter and the height of summer respectively. In the HF curve, however, it is remarkable that the minimum range seems to occur in May, with a secondary minimum in July and a third in September. It will be interesting to find whether this phenomenon will persist in future years, for if it persists it will show May, July, and September are less stormy months than June and August in horizontal force, although in regard to declination the coincidence of the two curves at the June ordinate seem to indicate a probable " quietness " in June in declination. It requires many years' results, however, to yield reliable evidence upon such questions, and it requires consideration not of declination and HF ranges, but, of force-ranges in the N, E, and V components. The large peak in HF range for November, 1914, indicated in the diagram is possibly due to greater storminess in November, 1914, than usual, combined with a less than usual degree of storminess in December, 1914. The general agreement of the curves for the two years is very satisfactory, and would not be evident unless the instruments were functioning well. Magnetograms reproduced. Twelve magnetograms are reproduced, showing records for tAventy-four days. Some of these are shown simply as examples of stormy days during the year ; others are typical examples, showing remarkable features not confined to these days. HF, 21st and 22nd February : Two almost " calm " days. The mean value for the 21st is 0-22123. On the 21st the curve is that of an undisturbed day, but the 22nd shows a sudden commencement of disturbance just before 12 h. ; the HF has been lower than on the 21st for the preceding six hours, and the sudden increase, though it tends immediately to diminish, persists for several hours afterwards, gradually diminishing. The mean for the day is 0-22421, very slightly lower than the mean for the month. Shortly after I4h. on the same day a similar sudden stop in the opposite direction is noted, followed by a uniform, increase of force, and similar phenomena recur in a less marked degree at 17 h. to 18 h. Dec, 3rd and 4th March : These exhibit the occurrence of pronounced peaks of minimum declination occurring within some few minutes at the same hour on successive days. Dec, 6th. and 7th April; HF, 6th and 7th April: The most stormy day of the year, involving a range of about |° of declination, and 1.00 T in horizontal force. This storm commences and ends in a gradual manner. The rapid change of compass-direction, over more than |° in about a quarter of an hour, occurring at 16| 1)., is especially remarkable. Dec, Bth and 9th April : Remarkable peaks of small declination occur between 5 h. and 9 h. on the Bth April, followed seven hours after by a sudden considerable increase of declination, which gradually disappears in the course of a few hours. Dec, sth and 6th July : On the sth July a large sudden decrease of declination occurs, which gradually disappears in the course of three hours. It is possible that a displacement in this direction is annulled more rapidly than in the case of a sudden increase of declination. Dec, 29th and 30th July : On the 29th is apparent a storm of comparatively short duration, with a large range, for most of the time in one direction. On the 30th another sharp commencement of a disturbed period, commencing with a phenomenon similar to that on the sth July. Dec, HF, 2nd and 3rd August : These curves exhibit remarkable sharp peaks. On the 2nd these approximately coincide for D and H, but on the 3rd a rapid diminution of easterly force alone

a—ia.

40

precedes a large increase in both easterly and horizontal force, which attain a maximum at the same time, and thereafter rapidly diminish. HF, 26th and 27th August : These exhibit, like the December curves for the 3rd and 4th March above, the occurrence of similar large but short disturbances on comparatively calm successive days, at the same hour, and due to solar influence. It would be instructive to compare these periods Avith the same periods on the magnetograms obtained in the hemisphere illuminated at the time. JI V, 27th and 28th October, 29th and 30th October : These comprise a long stormy period, with two portions of remarkably large amplitude. They may be especially valuable for comparison with the corresponding magnetograms obtained at other observatories. Magnetic Survey. Work upon the discussion of the data obtained is proceeding, and all available older observations made in past years by the Admiralty are being considered with a view to determining the variation of secular change in these regions. In this connection it should be mentioned that next November the Carnegie special ocean magnetic surveying-vessel of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington will visit Lyttelton, and afterwards engage in a south complete circumpolar observational cruise. I should especially like to have the Amberley sub-station equipped sufficiently to regularly operate during this cruise, and to enable the necessary observations for the standardization of their instruments to be done there. Their sea instruments are of new types, and capable of much greater accuracy than the older instruments used, and their observations will be of especial value in correcting the magnetic, variation given upon the charts of these southern seas. It certainly would be of considerable advantage for the ship's observers to be able to carry out standardization in a place beyond the influence of stray earth-currents. A small grant of £200 would be well spent in achieving this end, and enable us to co-operate much more successfully with their work. It would bo of great advantage if a free railway pass between Christchurch and Amberley were issued to the Director of this observatory. Antarctic. Permission was kindly given by the Under-Secretary for the use of the integrating curve-measur-ing machine here in the work of measuring up the splendid series of magnetograms obtained by the Australian Antarctic Expedition in Adelic Land. As Mr. Webb, the magnetic observer to the Expedition, could not afford time enough, to do the actual measurement himself, a lady assistant was procured at the expense of the Expedition, and the work of measurement is hoav far advanced. Mr. Webb, it should be stated, is himself spending his spare time in computations necessary in connection with the final evaluation of the results of the measurement. Henry F. Skey, B.Sc, Director, Magnetic Observatory, Christchurch.

C.— lA,

Records by Milne Seismograph No. 16, at Christchurch. —I.

0. IA.

Records by Milne Seismograph No. 16, at Christchurch.-2.

C-IA.

CI A

Mean Monthly Curves of Magnetic Declination.

C-lA

Curve showing Mean diurnal Range of Declination at Christchurch for 1914 thus for 1913.

C-lA

Mean Monthly Curves of Magnetic Horizontal Force.

C-lA

Curve showing Mean diurnal Range of Horizontal Force at Christchurch for 1914 thus for 1913 thus

C.—lA,

41

C—la

Records of Milne Seismograph No. 16, at Christchurch.

6—C. la.

.atitude, 43' 31' 50 . ; longitude. 172° 38' ' E. ; time emp loyei , Greenwich civi time. Date. Commencement. i. Maxima. Maxima Amplitude. Duration. Remarks. 1914. April 9 u. M. 3 46-1 H. M. 3 50-1 3 51-1 3 52-1 16 41-5 16 49-8 16 53-6 1 li 54-4 14 30-0 1.4 45-4 16 33-9 I (i 35-9 7 46-0 5 42-8 5 46-0 23 56-0 24 6-3 24 9-8 14 45-2 14 50-0 14 56-7 15 0-8 15 2-8 15 7-8 (i 33-5 6 37-0 20 38-5 20 40-0 20 44 0 20- 54-0 8 37-0 8 39-5 8 40-4 8 41-4 8 42-2 8 43-3 10 41-0 23 48-0 23 50-2 8 24-7 19 29-4 19 35-0 19 50-0 19 57-5 3 27-6 5 310 (i 10-0 21 34-0 4 27-5 9 13-5 6 22-5 15 17-8 I 31-4 I 50-3 19 20-8 12 23-6 4 170 0 21 -6 0 22-8 5 10-2 U 43-6 1.2 168 20 26-7 6 41-0 6 43-4 6 45-0 12 9-0 12 17-2 12 24-0 14 27-7 14 369 MilliiiKitns. 3 1 8-0 2-9 10-9 19-0 Mill 1 8-9 II. M. B.R 17 seconds. ., 11 1 (i 330 2 10 First larger motion commences I6h. 41-7 in. ' fa „ 20 II 2l± 4 IS 2-0 2-0 1-0 5-1 3-2 4-6 2-0 2-8 6-0 100 24-0 22-1 24-0 18-0 5-0 7-0 2-8 4-0 2-1 2-0 19-5 7-0 7-0 6-9 5-9 6-2 3-0 7-0 4-0 1-0 4-0 4-6 23-1 40 1-8 3-0 4 0 1-0 0-8 2-0 0-6 5-0 4-0 0-7 26-5 2-4 0-6 22-0 17-0 0-7 2-6 4-0 2-0 5-0 7-5 3-5 3-0 5-8 4-0 I 7-5 6-3 1 + Duration uncertain ; air-tremors in progress. „ 23 16 29-1 2 15 I 8 „ 25 May I. 7 39-0 5 36-7 8 ,. 18 23 54-0 23 55-1 I ' 22 0 45 L.W. commence 24 h. 14-3 m. „ 26 14 40-2 I 0 „ 29 I 15 End uncertain ; air-tremors. (i 9-0 1 51 Fj.W. commence 0 h. 45 m. .lime 18 20 27-0 „ 20 8 30-9 I 30 Duration uncertain. „ 20 „ 20 23 44-0 I 0 Unci uncertain. Isolated maximum ; amongst air-tremors. ., 21 „ 25 8 17-0 10 24-3 3+ I 0 Mud underlain. „ 26 „ 26 „ 26 July 8 Aug. 4 4 ■„ 22 „ 22 Sept. 29 „ 29 Oct. 6 8 ., 27 „ 28 3 21-6 5 2-0 6 7-2 21 18-0 4 26-0 9 7-0 6 17-0 15 14-5 I 30-5 I 49-8 19 18-6 12 13-0 4 14-0 0 I !>-(> 1+ 0 20 1 0 0 30 0 52 0 5 0 47 0 30 End uncertain, Duration uncertain. Long swelling. 0 15 0 4 0 23 1 0 I 7 Duration of large waves 8 m. Origin N.F. of South Island, New Zealand. Violent motion ; in midst of air-tremors. End uncertain. Irregular waves to 0 h. 36 m. approx. Tokomaru shock : L.W. end at 0 h. 28-1 m Nov. 8 8 8 8 „ 10 5 8-3 II 37-0 1.2 14-0 20 24-0 6 36-1 0 4 0 25 0 10 (I 10 End uncertain. Duration uncertain. ,. 24 12 8-2 1 0 Air-tremors in progress. L.W. commence 14h. 23-4 qn, Duration uncertain. Dec. 20 14 19-9 l'± 1915. Jan. 3 5 0 3-9 14 34-0 0 11-1 14 49-9 14 53-0 23 50-0 24 8-0 23 41-3 20 48-1 20 53-5 5-0 4-9 4-0 2-9 2-8 1-3 4-9 2-0 1 35 L.W. commence 0 h. 7-9 m. 1± 5 23 39-0 i'so 1. 20 „ 10 Feb. 25 23 33-0 20 40-5 I 55 L.W. commence 20 h. 42-9 in.

C— 1a

42

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time).

i ec mai ion easi : o: nor: ar mmui ;es. Date. Oh. lh. j 2h. 3h. | 4h. j 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h. I 9h. j lOh. I lib.. , 12h. , 13h. 14h. 15h. 16h. 17h. I 18h. 19h. i i . 20h. i 21 h. ■ I I 22h. j 23h. Mean 1914. January 1 2 3 A 5 6 8 9 „ 10 11 12 „ .14 15 16 17 18 19 20 „ 21 22 „ 23 „ 24 25 26 „ 27 28 29 30 31 ' ' 46-2 46-0 43-9 43-9 45-0 46-2 45-2 46-4 44-5 46-2 45-0 46-7 50-0 49-5 46-2 47-8 48-4 45-4 45-1 42-8 44-2 43-9 45-0 45-0 47-3 45-6 46-5 45-6 45-9 44-5 45-0 47-7 47-4 45-6 45-5 46-8 46-2 45-8 46-7 46-0 46-7 47-2 49-5 51-4 50-1 48-8 49-5 51-7 48-6 47-6 44-9 47-7 46-0 46-8 48-1 50-3 48-4 50-6 47-9 49-0 45-7 47-2 I 47-9 48-4 ': 47-4 48-6 49-9 49-0 46-9 47-3 48-5 47-2 49-0 48-5 46-6 47-0 46-2 45-6 44-8 i 44-6 45-6 45-6 i 45-0 46-6 45-6 ; 45-5 45-7 45-5 ' 461 46-7 46-2 ; 46-2 47-6 46-3 ■ 45-7 50-2 49-0 j 47-8 49-4 47-8 46-9 48-1 46-8 46-7 49-4 49-0 47-8 47-9 46-8 | 46-4 51-2 49-0 j 46-7 48-4 48-8 46-7 48-4 47-9 , 45-6 45-7 45-6 ! 45-0 49-3 49-3 47-2 48-4 49-0 46-9 47-9 47-5 | 47-0 48-2 47-3 ' 46-3 50-6 50-5 j 49-0 50-0 49-1 47-8 53-0 50-8 48-4 50-0 49-0 47-7 50-6 49-5 47-4 47-0 47-8 47-7 49-2 48-7 47-8 48-3 47-9 46-9 ! 46-2 45-2 47-3 45-1 48-4 46-8 47-2 46-2 45-1 43-8 44-2 45-5 45-0 45-1 45-0 45-0 45-8 45-7 45-9 45-4 44-9 44-8 46-2 44-8 45-8 44-8 44-2 42-5 46-6 45-8 45-7 44-8 45-7 44-7 45-7 45-0 43-9 44-2 44-7 44-5 46-2 45-1 46-2 46-2 45-8 I 44-6 45-0 j 43-4 46-8 | 45-6 46-2 \ 44-5 46-0 j 44-6 46-2 ! 44-5 45-8 ! 43-9 46-6 : 45-5 45-7 i 44-0 44-6 | 44-5 44-4 | .. 44-1 43-9 43-9 | 44-0 45-0 43-7 43-8 j 43-4 45-0 44-5 43-9 43-4 43-9 44-6 44-1 44-2 45-6 45-4 45-5 44-5 45-6 44-9 44-7 44*4 46-0 44-5 44-6 44-4 45-0 44-6 44-5 ! 43-9 44-8 44-5 44-5 ! 44-5 44-5 44-0 43-9 ', 43-4 42-9 44-1 43-9 44-1 44-1 43-9 43-9 44-0 42-7 43-4 ! 43-9 43-7 45-6 45-2 j 44-6 44-0 43-3 43-8 j 43-6 43-3 44-5 43-9 | 44-1 j 42-1 44-5 44-5 I 44-2 I 44-4 44-2 44-2 44-1 43-9 43-9 43-9 i 44-2 44-1 44-9 44-7 44-2 43-9 46-2 43-3 42-2 43-6 44-5 44-4 44-4 43-8 43-1 43-2 43-4 43-4 45-0 44-2 43-8 43-7 43-9 43-1 43-0 43-2 44-0 43-9 43-0 43-3 43-9 43-4 43-9 43-9 44-0 ! 44-4 44-2 44-1 44-6 44-4 44-4 44-2 43-8 | 44-4 43-9 j 44-2 44-4 I 44-2 44-0 I 43-8 43-7 42-8 43-0 43-0 43-3 43-2 44-1 44-2 44-2 j 43-9 44-4 44-6 44-2 44-1 43-3 j 43-7 44-1 44-2 43-3 43-3 44-1 ; 42-8 43-7 ! 43-6 43-9 ! 43-4 43-3 i 43-3 42-8 41-8 41-4 ! 42-5 43-3 | 43-4 42-3 | 43-3 44-0 I 43-3 43-6 j 43-2 43-6 I 43-0 43-7 '< 43-3 43-2 ! 43-7 43-9 ; 43-3 43-1 j 43-2 43-2 ' 43-2 43-3 I 43-1 43-9 ! 43-9 43-9 j 43-3 42-4 43-2 43-0 42-2 43-9 43-9 43-4 41-6 43-4 43-3 43-9 43-3 42-7 45-0 43-2 42-8 42-8 43-3 43-3 42-8 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-2 43-2 41-7 43-8 43-3 43-3 43-2 i II i • I I 42-3 : 42-2 42-7 43-2 42-6 39-9 40-4 ! 40-2 | 41-1 41-1 43-9 42-8 42-2 42-2 41-8 41-6 40-4 39-4 39-4 i 40-1 41-0 43-4 43-1 j 42-8 42-7 42-4 42-1 41-6 39-4 : 40-1 j 41-6 41-6 43-8 43-7 41-5 41-1 42-2 40-2 40-8 39-9 j 40-5 ! 41-7 45-5 43-6 43-2 43-2 i 42-9 42-8 41-6 41-1 41-3 ; 41-6 ! 43-2 j 43-4 43-9 41-1 41-8 41-1 40-1 40-0 39-6 40-1 41-9 ! 43-2 '• 44-6 43-4 43-3 42-8 . 42-5 42-2 41-6 40-4 I 40-3 ] 40-9 ' 43-2 43-2 43-9 432 431 43-2 42'5 41-9 411 i 39-6 39'9 i 42-2 44-1 437 43-4 43-3 43-3 43-0 41-6 40-0 38-8 38-8 ! 40-6 I 40-6 j 43-6 43-3 < 43-3 43-9 43-3 41-8 39-6 40-5 ' 39-5 | 41-4 | 44-5 I 43-7 42-8 : 42-2 42-1 i 42-2 41-6 40-0 40-0 41-0 \ 43-9 ! 46-7 44-2 43-9 43-0 42-5 42-1 40-8 39-9 I, 39-4 ' 40-2 ! 43-1 46-7 44-4 42-8 42-2 i 42-7 42-2 40-6 ! 39-5 I 37-6 37-1 i 39-4 ! 42-2 43-3 42-8 42-7 '■ 42-5 42-2 41-1 ; 41-2 | 39-4 j 38-8 | 40-8 j 43-9 44-1 43-3 43-2 j 43-9 43-2 41-5 I 40-6 38-8 ! 39-7 ! 41-1 41-1 43-6 43-3 43-3 43-3 42-8 41-8 ! 40-8 40-5 40-5 40-6 40-6 44-0 43-3 43-4 43-3 43-4 41-7 ! 41-0 40-5 40-0 40-5 41-1 43-9 42-8 42-7 43-3 43-0 42-3 I 41-4 39-7 39-2 ] 40-1 40-1 43-8 43-2 43-0 43-0 42-2 41-9 j 41-1 j 40-5 40-2 I 40-8 42-1 43-2 43-4 43-4 42-9 42-8 41-8 I 41-1 | 40-0 40-1 ' 40-8 41-6 43-9 43-1 43-9 43-3 41-8 41-5 ! 41-1 ! 40-3 41-3 43-3 44-2 44-0 43-3 43-2 ! 43-3 42-8 42-3 ' 41-9 40-6 ; 40-3 41-4 41-6 43-9 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-2 41-8 40-5 i 39-2 39-4 41-6 43-3 43-6 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-2 41-6 40-0 ! 39-3 39-4 41-1 42-8 44-4 43-3 43-3 43-2 42-8 41-2 40-0 38-9 ! 39-7 41-6 43-8 43-8 43-2 43-2 43-3 43-3 43-3 42-9 41-6 40-3 \ 39-2 38-8 43-9 42-2 42-8 i 43-3 42-2 41-1 39-6 38-7 38-3 j 40-5 43-2 43-6 43-3 43-4 43-3 43-3 42-8 41-4 j 39-4 ' 38-8 | 40-5 42-8 44-2 43-7 43-4 43-6 43-3 42-3 40-0 ! 39-1 38-5 39-4 41-6 43-7 43-3 43-3 43-8 43-8 43-3 41-2 j 38-8 37-7 39-3 40-5 43-7 43-1 42-9 '• 43-0 42-6 41-7 40-7 I 39-7 39-8 ! 41-2 42-6 ! 43-8 - i Means i I 45-8 47-8 48-3 : 45-8 44-9 ! i 43-5 ' 43-4 I i i I I I I I I 1 i

43

C—la,

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. lh. 2h. 3h. 4h. 5h. 6h. j 7h. 8h. | 9h. | lOh. llh. j 12h. j 13h. i I 14h. j 15h. I I 16h. 17h. 18h. I 19h. 20h. j 21h. j 22h. i 23h. Mesc. 1914. January 1 ,. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 ■ 31 403 409 405 410 430 421 418 421 437 419 419 424 400 417 417 399 399 403 411 406 397 411 416 406 416 404 401 402 392 403 403 409 405 410 430 421 418 421 437 419 419 424 400 417 417 399 399 403 411 406 397 411 416 406 416 404 414 I 419 416 416 414 417 426 439 439 438 436 446 429 433 423 406 416 420 425 413 410 418 428 421 428 414 i 429 424 425 421 428 427 438 440 438 454 449 446 449 444 432 419 431 437 439 423 431 424 434 431 443 430 436 436 431 436 j 426 435 438 425 437 451 446 450 458 447 434 426 448 439 440 435 434 427 436 437 450 451 | ! i I I | 443 445 435 437 438 438 ! .... ! ! I ! .. .. j .. 454 456 456 449 445 444 ' 442 ! 438 ■ 452 444 445 440 440 440 443 j 437 425 420 408 403 436 438 437 442 450 441 441 ] 440 j 439 , 441 436 433 434 436 437 438 441 436 430 421 419 434 438 439 446 444 443 438 i 437 , 438 ' 436 434 435 436 435 435 434 I 431 427 436 436 437 434 429 447 430 443 441 431 | 436 ' 434 433 436 440 436 433 429 431 422 416 407 410 416 ! 429 430 434 427 | 434 434 433 433 | 433 433 428 430 429 432 431 429 i 422 j 414 414 I 423 427 428 439 437 444 440 435 436 435 435 434 434 434 434 436 | 434 431 426 | 406 402 | 404 I 415 430 427 444 440 440 437 ! 436 i 439 | 435 I 434 434 431 ■ 433 432 j 434 434 i 427 | 420 413 j 414 j 417 I 431 444 449 | 445 439 435 436 , 435 i 435 435 433 433 436 436 , 434 432 j 425 < 416 412 | 412 ] 413 433 441 439 ! 438 435 435 435 ! 437 j 435 : 435 435 437 438 435 I 435 436 I 435. 431 423 j 416 I 416 435 442 442 | 440 437 438 437 436 \ 437 , 438 434 435 437 438 , 436 441 ; 441 i 430 411 f 405 , 405 ' 434 449 j 442 j 440 439 443 j 449 447 444 445 444 442 , 430 435 437 435 ! 425 ; 411 397 385 384 433 463 ! 451 ' 453 -I 457 453 453 I 452 445 i 447 436 435 ! 450 449 ! 444 442 ; 433 I 415 396 388 392 I 437 448 ■ 447 | 442 446 445 441 I 443 440 440 440 440 j 441 444 j 444 443 434 j 423 410 407 405 436 437 440 ; 444 441 446 450 ! 450 447 445 444 440 441 442 j 443 441 434 ! 430 412 392 ! 393 : 434 428 ; 431 I 429 429 431 437 j 435 432 , 427 427 429 431 431 i 437 430 430 417 408 392 ! 392 ! 423 449 ' 449 ! 437 440 444 447 j 443 451 , 441 437 435 ! 435 437 439 440 435 j 426 413 405 405 433 438 j 437 I 429 431 433 432 j 434 437 441 437 436 ' 435 436 439 437 ! 432 I 425 415 411 j 411 430 445 ! 438 ! 432 '• 432 434 434 435 432 i 432 432 432 -i 432 432 431 431 430 426 423 I 418 I 411 430 439 I 438 434 j 434 432 433 : 432 429 j 428 431 432 i 433 433 433 433 432 426 416 402 ; 395 j 427 432 | 430 431 436 437 I 439 439 437 I 434 435 433 438 438 ! 440 443 440 438 435 430 I 425 ! 433 424 ! 441 j 439 442 428 \ 430 431 442 j 428 429 430 i 435 432 : 438 j 423 423 j 414 402 406 i 412 : . 426 429 j 431 ! 431 431 435 434 434 434 434 435 431 430 430 I 430 ' 429 425 i 419 412 404 j 400 j 427 437 ! 436 ! 436 438 434 434 434 435 j 432 431 432 432 432 ! 434 ; 433 427 j 418 404 394 394 | 427 443 » 437 435 436 435 433 433 433 I 433 433 434 434 434 434 434 429 422 413 461 I 450' 436 454 j 451 444 443 443 439 441 437 439 439 438 438 439 440 : 440 432 422 413 403 [ 396 ! 433 .. ! 441 441 436 439 437 437 439 441 440 438 428 418 409 : 401 444 443 446 441 442 441 442 443 443 446 439 439 446 | 435 i 432 428 | 420 408 398 j 390 j 430 450 446 439 434 435 434 434 435 432 431 431 433 432 433 ! 436 433 428 417 402 I 397 j 430 437 444 428 438 442 440 439 438 440 437 432 433 434 436 j 433 433 | 428 421 411 ' 408 ! 429 446 447 446 442 447 ! 447 444 441 442 438 434 434 434 i 435 434 429 j 421 414 405 : 402 431 441 442 439 439 439 ! 438 438 438 437 436 435 435 436 436 ! 435 431 \ 423 I 414 409 408 431 1 i I I 401 402 392 403 I 401 418 401 404 415 439 415 420 433 448 427 435 ! i ! Means " j 411 421 432 438

C- -1a

44

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. 1h. 2h. I 3h. 4h. 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h. \ 9h. | lOh. i llh. i 12h. i 13h. '< 14h. I 15h. I 16h. , 17h. | 18h. ' 19h. I ! I I '.ill ' 20h. 21h. 22h. : 23h. [Mean. I | 1914. February 1 2 4 5 6 7 „ 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 " 23 24 25 26 27 28 Means " j 43-3 46-0 49-0 150-1 49-5 | 47-3 45-1 44-1 44-0 j 43-9 , 43-9 43-4 : 43-4 i 43-3 : 42-9 ; 43-3 | 42-9 | 42-8 j 42-1 ! 40-6 j 38-8 ! 37-8 38-3 40-1 43-6 44-5 46-0 47-3 j 47-3 47-7 j 47-2 45-6 45-0 44-8 I 44-7 I 44-6 43-2 ' 42-3 42-2 43-3 \ 44-4 44-5 | 43-4 | 43-9 | 44-4 ! 42-2 ' 40-5 40-6 j 42-1 44-2 44-9 46-4 47-3 48-1 48-4 : 47-7 46-4 46-2 45-6 45-4 i 44-4 42-8 I 42-5 43-3 43-3 l 43-9 ; 45-0 | 42-3 ! 42-2 I 41-2 i 40-4 I 40-3 41-1 41-6 44-2 43-3 45-7 47-6 47-8 I 48-4 47-3 45-6 45-0 44-1 ; 42-9 I 43-9 43-9 ! 43-4 43-3 42-8 I 42-8 j 43-3 i 43-3 43-3 ! 42-3 41-1 40-0 41-9 43-7 44-0 45-0 46-7 47-3 46-7 46-0 ! 45-2 : 44-5 44-7 43-3 i 42-9 \ 43-4 44-0 ' 43-9 43-3 43-3 I 43-3 43-2 ' 43-3 i 43-0 j 42-9 41-2 '. 40-3 40-2 ! 41-1 43-7 43-9 46-0 47-4 47-7 . 47-6 46-7 45-5 43-3 42-5 ! 43-2 i 42-8 41-8 : 39-4 38-3 40-0 , 40-2 41-2 | 41-1 ! 42-2 [ 42-2 40-8 I 39-9 40-2 | 41-8 42-7 44-5 47-3 49-0 48-6 '■ 47-8 I 47-3 45-6 45-1 44-4 \ 43-9 I 44-5 44-4 i 43-9 '. 42-3 42-8 43-3 i 43-9 i 44-4 i 43-4 ! 43-2 '<■ 41-4 40-5 41-1 i 41-9 44-4 43-9 44-8 49-4 49-0 ; 47-8 j 46-2 44-6 43-9 43-9 j 43-3 j 43-3 43-3 ' 43-4 ' 43-3 43-4 43-3 43-3 i 43-4 i 43-2 | 41-8 | 40-0 I 39-4 38-5 j 38-8 43-5 41-6 45-1 47-5 47-8 47-3 46-4 45-6 I 44-6 44-1 43-9 i 43-4 43-0 43-3 ' 43-2 43-2 43-1 43-3 i 43-3 I 42-8 I 41-6 ; 40-0 38-8 39-4 ! 39-4 43-4 44-9 47-9 49-6 49-5 49-0 47-8 46-3 ! 45-1 44-5 44-4 j 43-9 43-6 ! 43-3 ! 43-4 43-4 ' 43-7 43-7 ! 43-8 , 43-8 j 42-8 40-1 j 38-7 38-3 l 39-5 44-2 41-9 45-4 48-1 48-5 48-3 47-7 45-6 I 45-4 44-6 44-2 43-8 43-7 ' 43-7 i 43-0 ' 43-4 > 44-4 43-9 ! 44-0 ! 43-7 ! 42-2 ' 40-4 I 39-4 39-3 ■ 40-0 43-9 43-0 46-2 48-5 ! 48-5 47-6 ! 46-9 i 45-0 I 44-8 43-8 43-4 43-6 41-2 42-8 I 42-8 43-2 : 42-2 43-3 ! 43-3 ! 42-8 411 ! 38-8 ! 36-8 37-1 j 38-3 43-1 40-0 43-0 46-5 | 48-3 48-6 48-1 \ 46-7 ! 45-8 44-6 43-9 ' 43-6 43-9 : 43-1 I 43-3 : 43-2 ! 43-3 44-4 \ 44-5 ! 43-3 42-3 i 41-8 | 37-4 37-0 , 37-7 43-5 40-5 43-4 46-7 j 48-3 48-4 j 47-7 46-9 ' 45-7 44-6 44-2 ! 43-4 42-5 I 42-4 j 43-2 43-3 43-3 44-5 < 44-4 44-5 43-2 I 42-0 j 40-8 40-1 ! 39-4 43-9 41-6 43-8 48-4 I 50-3 I 50-4 j 49-4 48-7 I 47-3 47-2 44-9 i 42-8 42-1 ! 40-2 j 42-2 I 42-7 | 43-4 42-8 ' 43-3 , 43-3 43-0 ! 41-9 I 40-2 39-9 I 40-0 44-2 40-2 42-8 45-4 I 46-4 I 46-7 46-2 44-6 44-2 i 44-5 44-4 \ 43-8 43-7 43-2 ! 43-3 43-3 , 43-3 ! 43-3 ; 43-4 44-5 43-2 i 40-6 j 39-4 j 39-4 i 40-2 43-3 41-8 44-5 46-5 47-7 I 47-8 47-4 45-7 45-1 ! 44-7 44-6 ! 44-4 42-8 ' 42-4 ! 43-3 42-8 , 42-8 > 42-7 ! 42-2 ' 42-2 i 41-0 : 39-6 38-6 ! 39-0 I 39-4 43-3 42-8 45-1 46-6 47-3 ! 47-6 46-4 45-4 45-1 44-7 44-8 I 44-6 44-2 ' 43-7 , 43-6 43-3 j 42-8 ! 43-4 : 43-2 42-5 i 41-2 40-2 | 40-0 41-0 41-6 43-8 43-3 45-2 : 47-3 : 48-1 I 47-8 47-3 45-8 45-4 45-0 44-7 44-4 43-3 43-0 42-1 42-2 42-3 i 43-3 43-3 43-3 , 42-2 40-6 | 38-5 39-3 40-5 43-7 41-8 45-6 47-0! 48-5 j 48-4 47-2 46-2 45-1 44-9 44-7 43-9 43-8 : 43-3 43-3 43-3 : 43-9 43-3 43-0 43-0 ' 42-3 '• 40-5 j 39-3 39-2 39-2 43-8 41-9 44-9 47-5 47-8 47-8 47-0 45-8 45-0 44-2 44-2 44-2 44-1 43-9 43-4 43-3! 43-3 43-3 i 43-3 43-3 : 42-9 < 41-2 39-9 j 38-8 ' 38-8 43-7 43-9 46-0 48-4 1 49-4 j 48-4 48-2 46-3 j 45-6 45-0 44-6 44-2 43-9 43-7 43-4 43-3 l 42-2 ' 42-3 43-3 42-2 ! 42-2 40-5 41-5 42-2 42-2 44-3 45-0 46-3 48-1 49-3 i 49-0 I 48-0 46-0 j 45-0 44-8 44-7 44-4 43-9 I 43-8 j 43-4 43-4 I 43-6 43-3 43-4 : 43-3 j 43-0 41-6 39-9 39-8 41-6 \ 44-4 45-0 ! 48-7 50-3 50-2 ■ 49-1 47-6 46-5 ! 45-7 45-0 44-5 43-8 43-6 • 43-3 43-4 43-3 ' 43-4 ' 43-3 , 43-4 43-3 ,' 42-2 : 40-1 37-9 37-4 38-8 44-2 41-9 45-0 47-6 47-8 47-3 46-8 45-0 1 44-8 44-5 44-7 43-8 43-2 43-3 43-4 43-7 [ 43-7 ! 46-0 ! 44-5 43-9 ; 43-3 ' 41-4 40-0 , 39-2 39-4 43-9 43-7 j 46-2 | 47-8 48-1 48-4 47-8 ] 46-3 45-4 45-0 44-7 43-4 43-2 : 42-2 42-9 43-3 43-4 44-4 " 44-0 43-6 l 42-5 41-2 39-2 38-8 39-9 44-0 43-3 : 47-2 49-6 49-9 | 48-4 47-5 ! 46-0 44-8 44-8 44-1 43-8 42-8 42-7 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-4 : 43-7 43-4 ( 42-8 i 41-1 39-4 39-1 39-1 44-0 41-6 144-5 41-2 48-1 47-3 46-4 45-8 45-2 ! 44-9 44-6 44-1 43-6 42-8 43-3 43-3 43-7 42-7 42-8 42-9 , 41-6 40-8 39-4 40-5 41-6 43-4 I | > ■ . ' : ■ i I i 43-0 ! 45-6 47-6 48-4 48-1 ! 47-2 l 45-8 45-1 44-6 44-2 43-9 43-3 42-9 ' 42-9 43-1 43-2 43-5 43-4 43-3 i 42-3 40-7 39-4 39-5 40-3 43-8 I I I ! ; !

45

C—la

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. Ih. | 2h. j * 3h. 4h. 5h. 6h. 7h. I I I ! j 8h. 9h. ! lOh. llh. 12h. I 13h. i 14h. j 15h. ! lOh. j 17h. i ISh. I 19h. I 20h. i 21h. I i I 22h. | 23h. IMean. j | 1914. February 1 2 3 4 5 6 ,- 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 „ ' 28 Means 393 397 413 425 408 414 420 ' 423 406 403 j 418 427 398 401 413 : 413 407 416 427 ; 429 406 412 | 421 431 380 407 I 416 420 388 394 | 407 ; 420 389 394 | 405 ! 418 398 402 416 ! 435 382 396 ! 415 426 382 391 410 427 387 385 396 414 382 378 384 402 396 398 405 426 390 390 394 399 397 400 407 \ 429 405 413 ; 420 ' 426 404 405 418 . 430 394 394 , 401 411 402 401 ! 405 417 389 386 403 418 384 393 405 411 393 405 421 434 380 385 397 410 402 407 ' 414 421 390 389 396 414 392 394 j 403 412 396 395 | 409 | 420 1 ! 442 ! 443 437 436 , 436 437 ; 438 438 437 : 438 | 437 438 438 438 ! 443 443 ; 437 ! 427 I 416 406 ; 431 443 ' 443 440 434 | 444 445 ! 444 441 435 431 ! 429 434 443 438 ' 437 440 ! 436 425 415 410 432 447 448 443 . 443 . 443 445 447 443 442 438 438 441 444 442 ; 436 434 429 420 412 404 , 433 435 437 t 427 437 i 437 443 I 446 435 433 431 i 429 j 430 432 433 I 435 432 j 427 j 421 411 407 431 434 441 439 j 438 I 438 439 438 438 435 435 ! 431 I 425 429 430 j 431 431 . 431 ! 426 412 407 429 440 441 439 | 431 406 424 : 424 421 411 411 413 421 436 ; 435 ! 440 425 j 414 : 406 391 380 420 i 429 433 430 433 431 428 ! 431 430 430 432 435 428 425 I 427 ; 430 429 j 430 418 416 389 423 416 426 429 426 426 425 426 429 426 428 431 | 426 426 : 426 I 428 425 \ 422 : 412 404 400 419 429 437 434 434 435 437 i 438 438 439 436 435 433 434 434 432 432 j 424 : 413 403 401 425 440 439 435 434 430 432 I 431 431 428 428 427 428 430 432 432 434 I 429 ! 419 404 404 426 433 436 432 424 425 428 \ 432 432 ' 430 430 427 427 429 ; 427 428 429 423 412 399 390 421 435 432 431 429 428 429 j 427 429 428 426 426 j 428 430 ; 433 436 436 : 432 , 426 411 , 398 423 428 435 433 435 434 434 : 430 431 ' 430 . 429 431 | 426 432 | 438 434 434 431 422 405 j 392 423 420 428 426 : 428 426 429 429 428 426 426 425 425 433 431 '432 436 , 433 428 415 413 420 413 425 432 ; 423 430 428 j 425 424 427 421 421 421 421 420 421 420 421 412 404 402 418 418 420 423 | 421 427 427 426 425 ! 423 424 423 426 427 431 429 432 434 423 414 ; 413 419 445 | 444 435 433 424 I 433 j 429 431 j 428 \ 428 429 430 440 435 439 440 439 433 422 422 429 445 j 426 ' 432 428 433 ; 433 l 434 435 ; 434 , 430 427 426 427 425 426 430 425 416 408 404 425 434 434 430 431 430 ! 433 433 431 j 423 ! 426 422 '■ 420 423 424 424 425 423 419 414 402 423 423 427 | 427 430 429 | 435 I 436 j 434 429 427 429 j 432 429 429 426 428 ! 425 414 407 407 422 429 433 I 432 430 429 ; 429 431 ". 430 I 428 429 427 426 426 426 430 431 430 423 406 393 423 429 431 426 426 423 t 424 | 424 427 , 438 437 437 435 430 428 430 431 422 404 402 402 421 414 417 420 j 422 421 423 , 424 436 | 433 432 427 ! 424 424 424 426 424 , 425 417 405 j 393 , 417 438 442 436 433 434 431 I 433 428 428 427 426 ; 426" 427 427 425 425 422 . 415 402 383 i 423 418 415 422 425 424 425 423 423 i 420 422 421 421 421 424 428 430 426 419 409 394 : 416 428 429 425 426 430 433 434 431 429 430 432 431 435 435 434 432 429 419 407 401 : 425 426 432 431 430 428 429 429 ! 430 426 425 425 425 429 425 428 426 423 414 406 404 420 427 429 430 436 432 435 437 434 436 434 432 434 431 437 437 432 [ 425 408 I 386 I 386 : 422 431 433 i 431 431 430 ; 432 432 , 132 430 429 428 428 430 430 431 431 : 427 418 ' 408 401 424 i I

C—la

46

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16° -j- tabular minutes. Date. Oh. ih. 2h. 3h. 4h. j 5h. Ch. 7h. J_ i i 1 8h. ! 9h. lOh. llh. 12h. 13h. | 14h. loh. 16h. 17h. 18h. ] 19h. | 20h. j 21h. j 22h. 2Sh. Mean. ! I I I ! 1914. March 1 .. 2 .. 42-4 46-2 | 49-0 45-6 47-5 : 49-0 45-2 47-3 : 49-5 44-6 46-2 ! 48-3 42-2 ' 44-9 46-6 42-8 46-3 47-8 45-5 47-6 i 49-0 45-0 47-0 47-5 45-0 46-8 : 47-3 44-7 47-3 49-4 43-9 46-0 j 48-6 47-0 48-6 49-7 45-6 46-4 49-9 44-5 46-6 47-9 46-2 49-0 50-'0 43-9 46-4 : 48-4 43-9 46-7 , 48-8 43-7 47-0 I 49-2 43-9 46-0 : 46-7 44-0 46-7 i 46-8 45-0 46-7 : 47-7 43-9 45-1 45-7 44-1 45-9 47-5 45-2 47-8 49-1 49-0 50-4 50-4 46-2 47-8 48-6 43-9 46-0 48-3 46-2 47-7 . 48-1 47-7 48-0 46-8 48-4 48-4 48-4 45-5 47-9 ; 49-2 49-3 49-2 I 47-8 46-2 j 45-5 44-7 49-0 | 49-0 | 48-4 46-9 [ 45-8 44-1 49-5 50-2 49-0 47-8 46-4 45-5 48-6 47-4 46-4 45-2 43-4 45-0 46-8 46-7 \ 45-5 44-7 44-6 43-7 48-2 48-7 47-7 44-6 47-0 46-4 50-1 47-6 I 46-9 45-7 j 41-3 43-7 47-6 46-2 45-6 45-5 45-0 44-0 47-9 46-2 44-9 44-4 ! 43-9 44-5 48-4 47-2 i 45-8 45-0 j 45-0 44-9 49-1 48-2 i 47-2 46-0 : 45-0 43-3 49-6 47-3 ' 45-5 43-3 43-9 44-0 49-5 48-3 46-8 43-6 44-2 44-4 48-3 47-3 46-3 45-0 44-9 44-5 49-7 48-5 46-8 45-6 45-5 45-1 49-1 48-2 46-7 45-4 45-6 45-1 49-2 48-5 47-3 45-8 45-6 45-0 49-0 48-3 46-9 45-8 45-8 45-1 47-4 47-3 46-7 45-7 45-8 45-8 47-3 46-7 45-4 45-1 43-6 44-8 47-8 46-3 45-0 44-5 45-0 44-6 46-2 46-2 45-6 45-0 45-2 45-2 47-3 47-0 46-2 45-4 45-7 44-7 48-6 46-6 45-2 44-5 44-6 44-4 50-0 47-8 45-6 45-5 45-0 44-2 48-4 46-7 45-0 44-9 45-0 45-0 49-3 46-7 45-8 44-9 44-8 44-5 47-8 46-7 45-4 45-0 44-8 44-5 45-6 44-9 44-6 44-8 44-5 44-4 48-3 47-2 45-6 45-2 45-6 45-1 48-5 47-8 : 46-5 45-5 45-6 45-0 48-4 47-4 | 46-3 j 45-2 45-0 44-7 43-7 44-2 : 43-2 39-6 42-3 42-9 43-9 43-9 43-9 43-9 43-3 43-4 43-8 ' 43-4 45-6 46-7 46-8 46-7 43-4 43-8 43-7 45-0 < 43-8 42-9 43-9 I 43-8 45-9 43-9 ' 44-1 43-4 43-6 43-3 42-9 l 43-2 42-8 45-8 , 44-8 42-8 41-3 43-7 43-9 43-8 44-4 I 43-7 44-6 : 44-2 44-6 44-5 44-5 42-2 43-3 43-3 43-4 43-3 43-9 44-0 44-0 43-8 42-1 42-4 42-0 ! 42-8 43-3 45-0 44-1 44-1 44-5 43-9 42-5 43-3 43-9 43-4 41-2 42-1 43-2 43-9 43-9 42-8 42-3 44-2 43-9 44-2 43-9 44-4 44-2 I 43-2 43-1 43-4 43-3 44-0 , 43-9 44-5 ; 43-9 42-8 44-2 44-0 43-4 43-6 44-7 | 44-5 44-1 44-0 44-5 43-2 . 43-9 44-8 44-4 : 44-1 43-9 43-3 j 43-4 j 43-6 45-0 44-2 43-8 43-9 43-9 43-3 43-3 44-6 44-5 44-7 44-4 45-6. 43-7 44-5 45-8 43-1 45-0 44-5 44-4 43-8 43-6 44-7 44-5 43-6 43-3 43-8 43-9 44-0 44-5 44-2 : 44-5 44-4 43-9 43-6 43-8 44-9 45-0 I 46-0 44-5 44-5 43-9 ; 44-0 45-0 ■ 44-8 | 44-8 44-5 44-5 44-5 ! 44-4 44-5 44-6 : 44-2 44-2 44-5 43-9 I 43-9 41-6 43-8 ! 44-4 j 43-9 44-4 44-5 44-4 43-9 44-2 ! 44-2 ] 44-4 44-5 J 44-5 44-4 44-8 ! 44-5 ; 44-7 44-7 44-6 \ 44-6 < 44-5 44-2 44-4 | 44-2 44-1 43-9 : 43-9 \ 43-9 44-4 | 44-5 | 44-4 44-4 44-4 43-6 43-9 45-2 45-2 45-0 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-0 44-5 44-1 44-5 44-1 44-4 44-2 44-0 ■, 43-8 43-9 43-9 | 43-9 44-5 44-5 ! 43-4 43-9 : 43-9 | 41-9 40-5 40-5 44-3 44-4 45-0 45-6 45-6 j 43-9 42-7 42-4 42-9 45-1 43-9 43-9 ! 43-8 42-7 41-7 40-2 42-8 41-6 45-3 '44-0 44-1 44-2 43-3 42-8 40-6 39-4 39-5 44-3 43-4 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-1 41-9 41-8 43-3 43-9 45-6 44-4 43-4 42-9 42-5 41-1 42-2 43-9 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-4 43-0 41-6 41-6 42-2 44-8 43-9 ! 43-9 43-4 ; 42-9 41-6 40-6 40-0 40-0 43-9 43-3 43-3 43-3 42-4 41-2 40-2 40-4 42-2 43-7 43-9 42-8 43-3' 42-8 41-8 41-1 40-5 41-1 44-3 43-7 : 43-8 43-3 , 42-2 41-5 41-2 42-1 43-9 44-2 44-5 43-4 44-4 : 44-5 42-2 40-5 40-4 43-0 ; 44-5 44-0 ! 44-5 44-5 ! 43-4 42-1 40-5 40-4 41-1 44-3 43-9 43-7 43-9 43-1 42-2 40-9 41-1 41-1 i 44-2 43-3 44-5 48-4 47-4 43-9 41-1 40-0 40-0 i 45-2 43-8 43-8 43-9 43-3 42-4 40-9 40-6 40-6 : 44-4 43-3 43-3 43-4 42-8 40-8 40-0 40-5 40-1 ' 44-3 43-4 43-6 43-9 ! 43-1 42-8 41-3 41-3 42-8 j 44-4 43-4 43-4 43-8 43-4 43-0 41-9 42-3 43-9 \ 44-6 45-0 42-2 44-8 | 43-3 42-2 41-1 40-9 42-2 ! 44-2 43-3 43-3 43-3 I 43-3 42-3 41-6 42-1 42-1 44-3 43-9 43-9 43-8 43-3 42-3 42-0 41-6 42-8 44-4 44-5 43-9 43-7 43-3 42-3 41-2 41-6 42-8 44-6 43-9 43-7 ' 43-3 I 43-2 41-6 40-3 j 41-1 43-9 44-4 44-2 43-9 43-8 43-9 42-1 41-1 j 40-6 43-1 ; 44-9 44-0 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-2 42-2 | 41-4 42-8 44-8 44-5 44-1 44-4 44-2 43-4 42-0 | 42-2 43-2 • 44-8 43-9 44-0 43-9 43-8 42-8 42-1 41-2 41-6 44-5 43-9 43-4 43-0 : 41-6 41-1 42-8 44-0 46-2 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-6 : 44-5 43-9 42-8 42-1 43-9 45-3 45-2 44-5 44-5 : 44-2 43-2 42-2 41-9 42-8 45-0 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. ,. 7 . . „ 8 .. 9 .. „ 10 .. ,. 11 .. .. 12 .. „ 13 .. „ 14 .. .. 15 .. „ 16 .. „ 17 .. .. 18 .. .. 19 .. „ 20 .. 21 ','. 22 .. „ 23 .. „ 24 .. ,. 25 . . „ 26 .. „ 27 .. .. 28 .. „ 29 .. .-, 30 .. 31 .. Means 45-0 ■ 47-0 | 48-4 44-1 I 43-9 44-0 i 43-5 i 42-5 41-3 41-3 42-3 . 44-5 II I ; ! ; III II

C—lA,

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

47

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. Ih. 2h. 3h. 4h. s 5h. 6h. I 7h. 8h. [ 9h. lOh. llh. I 12h. 13h. I 14h. | 15h. I 16h. , 17h. 18h. I 19h. : 20h. ! | ! j i 21h. 22h. 23h. | Mean. I 1914. March 1 .. 2 .. "„ 3 .. 4 •• ., 5 .. 6 .. 7 - - • 8 .. 9 .. „ 10 .. „ 11 .. „ 12 .. „ 13 .. „ 14 . . „ 15 .. „ 16 .. ., 17 .. „ 18 . . „ 19 .. ., 20 .. ,; 21 .. ., 22 .. ., 23 .. .. 24 .. „ 25 .. „ 26 .. „ 27 .. „ 28 .. „ 29 .. ., 30 .. „ 31 .. Means 387 ! 392 395 389 398 406 416 419 417 401 416 ! 414 423 j 420 420 ; 421 425 429 432 i 428 430 421 : 410 398 412 388 388 373 402 410 403 418 j 418 413 : 422 j 422 425 420 j 421 422 I 422 424 421 425 I 424 422 411 \ 398 | 388 412 381 378 388 ! 410 j 418 398 401 j 419 406 416 407 414 414 ! 416 416 I 416 418 418 419 421 418 408 : 398 390 408 388 388 400 j 405 405 426 ' 425 ! 412 419 422 418 i 427 421 ; 419 425 425 423 419 420 423 : 424 415 388 | 396 414 403 409 401 ! 406 j 412 417 419 : 420 418 417 420 ! 419 421 j 421 423 422 424 ! 425 425 427 | 426 : 420 412 ! 406 417 405 405 412 416 j 418 409 : 423 j 406 430 440 439 ' 474 433 428 j 425 : 423 423 ; 430 422 426 425 420 395 373 421 383 385 402 413 ! 409 415 406 ; 414 408 420 431 I 421 ' 421 418 ! 421 418 417 418 415 420 ! 422 | 415 401 j 400 412 388 394 404 416 i 417 415 409 j 410 410 420 411 414' 418 418 i 415 419 419 419 418 417 ! 420 415 401 ! 401 412 398 407 415 424 ; 430 424 419 | 423 425 : 426 I 427 : 426 j 427 : 444 417 : 419 420 ' 422 422 424 422 413 405 401 420 396 403 412 418 ; 425 j 421 417 ! 419 421 424 : 430 429 ! 429 i 432 436 427 435 i 433 431 434 432 421 413 413 423 404 410 421 431 i 431 | 424 : 420 j 422 429 425 422 427 i 430 j 425 421 425 426 j 428 433 430 423 409 397 397 421 392 402 | 409 414 j 420 ! 421 415 ' 409 412 411 417 422 420 : 422 422 424 423 \ 424 422 427 426 417 403 : 386 415 386 398 ! 407 416 423 ! 421 i 420 I 425 425 j 424 420 421 422 i 421 422 422 423 I 424 425 434 427 425 411 398 418 396 416 ! 409 418 ' 428 430 429 ' 425 423 ' 420 420 419 '' 419 : 419 421 418 I 419 421 424 424 420 I 415 399 ; 397 418 395 402 i 406 410 : 417 417 416 j 419 422 , 423 423 424 , 423 ; 438 423 425 423 j 425 427 j 414 429 424 410 395 418 375 380 I 401 405 j 412 419 427 | 428 424 : 427 I 424 422 i 420 419 417 : 417 418 I 419 422 i 424 427 ; 423 415 i 410 416 396 405 i 413 419 | 421 425 425 427 429 430 430 427 428 427 425 427 429 ! 430 433 ! 438 447 425 408 408 424 403 402 i 396 408 j 419 417 '< 418 [ 415 423 i 424 424 424 : 422 [ 425 426 , 427 422 ! 423 425 428 , 427 j 426 415 408 419 407 411 I 419 420 ; 432 431 431 437 427 431 441 431 427 427 430 432 424 424 425 425 I 427 421 411 408 425 404 413 i 416 422 [ 424 421 i 423 j 425 430 j 435 434 436 434 428 423 421 430 426 427 i 426 j 425 | 417 405 402 423 415 417 418 421 ! 424 428 ' 427 ' 429 430 433 434 432 ! 429 431 431 : 432 ! 431 431 430 428 | 425 ' 421 421 421 427 424 423 425 427 j 428 427 428 i 427 429 429 428 431 ; 429 : 431 429 429 431 431 433 430 426 j 420 416 415 427 425 431 J 433 433 I 435 438 437 | 438 440 440 j 438 436 : 433 431 431 : 431 432 ( 432 432 j 429 j 426 ! 417 408 405 430 414 422 432 435 j 437 436 432 433 432 432 . 431 431 433 ' 432 i 433 433 432 ! 432 435 i 431 431 419 397 382 427 387 409 | 409 415 ; 421 419 421 [ 421 421 427 427 417 | 420 421 421 , 421 421 422 425 j 421 I 418 414 408 404 417 424 405 i 414 418 416 410 416 ! 420 421 418 416 418 418 419 , 419 ] 420 420 ' 421 420 423 ' 422 414 406 401 417 404 406 | 409 416 413 416 418 j 421 421 424 425 426 425 424 | 425 425 430 428 425 425 '■ 427 422 413 412 420 413 415 | 418 423 427 427 409 I 411 425 427 424 424 ] 426 419 : 423 424 424 ! 425 425 426 ! 425 421 417 409 421 415 420 i 423 428 426 426 428 j 429 427 429 j 426 426 426 427 I 427 428 429 . 429 426 422 : 415 413 412 422 424 432 432 ; 432 433 433 432 \ 432 433 434 435 i 435 434 432 433 ! 436 ! 429 431 j 431 433 431 429 426 418 414 431 418 421 i 423 426 428 423 423 424 424 422 419 420 427 422 | 426 423 417 417 417 422 , 422 j 424 417 407 421 401 406 | 411 417 421 421 421 422 423 425 ! 425 426 I 425 425 424 I 424 425 | 425 ' 426 426 425 j 418 407 402 420 i II! . 420

C—la

48

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. lh. ! 2h. 3h. : 4h. | 5h. i 1 6h. ! 7h. 8h. i 9h. lOh. 1 llh. 12h. 13h. 14h. 15h. 16k. 17h. I 18h. I 19h. > 20h. I 21k j 22h. I 23h. iHean April HH 1914. 1 .. 2 3 .. 4 .. 5 6 .. 7 8 .. 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. ' 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. Means | 43-9 45-6 47-7 47-8 47-6 46-4 45-7 44-5 42-8 44-5 45-0 45-6 45-6 45-0 44-4 43-9 43-9 43-9 45-0 46-4 46-2 45-6 1 44-8 43-9 43-9 44-0 43-9 43-7 45-8 46-7 47-3 46-6 45-0 44-7 44-5 43-9 44-5 46-2 47-3 47-3 46-6 45-0 44-9 44-9 44-5 j 43-3 44-5 44-9 47-8 47-0 46-2 45-0 44-5 37-6 44-5 45-0 46-7 50-0 i 49-1 45-6 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 45-6 46-2 45-0 46-7 46-0 40-0 43-4 33-2 45-7 46-7 '< 46-8 I 46-6 45-6 44-6 43-2 43-3 43-3 44-5 45-9 ■ 46-7 46-7 45-7 44-6 44-5 | 41-1 43-3 44-1 45-0 ! 46-6 46-8 : 46-2 44-9 44-1 44-5 43-9 45-2 46-9 j 48-4 48-5 46-2 45-8 45-5 ! 45-2 44-1 43-9 j 46-7 | 47-3 46-7 i 46-2 45-7 44-6 | 44-5 44-1 44-6 ! 47-5 49-0 48-4 46-7 45-6 45-5 i 45-0 44-8 45-0 46-7 ! 47-7 ! 47-0 46-7 45-9 45-5 j 45-0 43-9 46-2 47-3 48-3 48-6 47-4 46-4 44-4! 45-0 44-5 47-3 47-3 | 47-2 47-0 46-4 45-4 45-0 j 44-2 44-4 46-2 46-7 j 47-8 47-5 46-2 44-8 44-1 j 44-2 43-7 45-0 47-5 ; 49-0 49-5 47-9 45-0 45-6 • 44-9 44-8 45-6 ' 48-1 48-3 47-3 46-2 44-9 43-9 I 44-2 44-0 45-0 46-6 i 47-5 47-5 45-7 45-0 44-5 ! 44-5 44-2 45-0 47-4 ! 47-3 ; 47-3 j 46-3 44-9 44-1 | 44-5 44-5 45-0 46-2 I 46-9 \ 47-3 46-5 45-1 44-8 ; 44-6 44-1 45-4 46-7 i 47-5 I 47-5 | 46-2 45-1 44-5 ' 43-9 44-6 44-8 46-5 ■ 46-5 ; 47-3 ' 45-6 45-0 45-0 j 45-0 44-1 45-6 47-3 ■ 48-2 ! 48-1 j 46-8 45-6 45-0 | 45-1 44-9 44-7 46-6 I 48-2 ! 47-8 46-6 45-8 45-0 I 45-0 44-7 44-5 46-2 I 48-4 i 47-5 46-7 45-5 45-0 44-5 44-5 45-6 46-7 i 47-7 i 46-7 45-7 45-0 44-0 ! 43-0 44-5 46-2 46-7 i 47-0 ! 46-7 45-6 44-6 44-1 , 44-4 43-9 44-9 46-4 47-3 47-3 46-4 45-2 44-5 44-3 43-6 ! I ' I 44-0 43-9 38-3 , 40-4 j 39-3 j 43-9 46-7 42-5 ! 45-6 46-8 46-4 43-9 : 43-8 43-9 43-4 | 43-3 43-4 43-3 43-8 j 43-4 43-9 43-3 43-9 43-8 42-5 \ 42-3 I 43-3 | 43-7 43-7 44-6 , 44-5 43.6 43-9 43-9 \ 43-9 43-9 | 43-5 ! 43-7 | 43-6 43-4 43-4 | 43-3 43-9 43-3 44-5 . 42-2 42-2 ! 43-4 43-4 43-4 43-4 43-3 j 43-8 43-8 43-3 32-1 I 39-9 42-2 ! 42-2 44-4 41-1 ] 40-5 55-7 | 42-1 50-1 51-3 44-5 ! 43-9 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-2 43-3 I 43-3 43-3 43-3 41-0 ! 42-2 42-2 | 44-1 44-4 44-5 44-5 I 44-5 { 47-9 46-2 43-4 43-3 43-4 43-4 : 43-5 ! 43-5 44-4 43-4 43-9 I 45-0 44-5 43-9 41-2 43-3 43-3 I 43-4 i 43-9 45-6 ■ 44-6 '< 43-4 j 43-3 43-6 43-7 43-7 ' 42-9 42-3 42-5 43-3 43-9 44-5 44-5 j 44-5 44-6 43-8 43-3 42-9 43-6 43-3 ! 43-3 44-5 I 44-4 j 43-7 j 44-5 43-9 43-3 42-5 , 43-0 42-8 •. 43-3 44-6 43-9 j 42-2 ! 44-5 I 44-4 44-5 43-9 44-8 44-1 43-9 i 43-7 43-3 43-9 43-9 j 43-3 1 43-9 43-9 43-9 45-0 : 44-6 44-0 44-1 i 43-9 43-3 j 43-9 I 44-4 44-1 44-4 43-9 44-6 44-6 44-2 40-5 j 44-6 44-0 , 45-0 43-9 43-9 45-5 45-0 43-9 j 43-2 43-6 j 43-6 ! 43-7 , 44-4 ! 44-2 44-1 ! 43-9 i 43-8 43-4 43-3 , 43-8 43-3 , 43-6 , 43-9 44-5 | 44-8 i 44-5 i 44-5 43-9 43-3 44-5 43-3 43-7 43-9 43-9 , 44-4 43-9 i 44-5 44-5 44-0 43-9 44-5 : 44-5 44-1 -, 43-9 ! 44-5 ■ 44-2 43-9 44-2 j 44-1 44-1 j 43-7 43-9 43-4 43-3 42-2 j 43-9 43-9 j 43-9 | 43-9 43-9 43-4 43-7 43-9 43-8 44-2 i 44-4 44-2 44-2 ' 44-4 44-2 43-9 43-3 43-3 44-6 44-1 44-5 44-5 44-4 42-8 ■ 44-9 45-6 44-5 44-1 45-0 44-1 43-9 43-6 ' 43-9 43-9 45-1 45-6 45-0 44-5 44-8 45-0 43-9 43-3 43-3 , 43-9 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-5 I 44-5 43-9 43-4 44-8 44-5 43-9 43-9 43-4 43-1 44-5 44-5 ' 44-4 43-9 43-4 44-9 44-5 44-4 44-1 44-5 j 44-5 45-0 I 44-6 | 45-6 44-7 44-5 44-4 43-3 43-3 < 43-2 43-9 i 44-4 44-5 45-0 ' 44-5 I 43-9 43-4 | 43-9 43-9 43-9 ] 43-9 43-9 j 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-9 43-9 43-7 43-7 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-4 43-9 43-3 43-5 43-5 43-3 43-3 43-7 44-0 44-1 44-5 | 44-3 44-4 44-1 ] 43-7 42-2 i 41-4 | 42-8 i 44-2 42-8 42-2 | 41-6 i 43-3 43-8 43-3 42-5 i 41-6 '. 41-6 43-9 43-4 42-3 42-4; 42-8 44-1 42-8 41-1 j 40-5 i 41-1 ! 43-9 47-3 43-3 i 47-7 j 43-3 44-4 42-8 42-1 41-1 : 43-9 44-3 42-2 41-1 ! 42-2 ! 43-3 43-5 43-9 42-7 41-6 j 41-6 44-1 43-3 41-6 41-1 41-1 43-7 43-8 42-8 ! 41-9 ! 41-9 44-0 42-8 41-8 41-3 41-3 44-3 42-5 41-6 ' 41-3 42-2 44-0 42-9 42-2 j 42-3 42-3 44-6 42-8 42-0 41-6 42-2 44-5 42-9 42-2 '■ 42-1 43-7 44-8 42-2 41-3 ! 41-2 I 42-5 44-3 43-2 42-2 42-2 i 42-2 44-4 43-3 i 42-2 i 41-3 i 43-3 44-7 43-8 42-9 , 42-2 42-8 44-6 43-3 I 42-2 I 42-1 43-3 44-2 43-2 j 42-8 i 42-7 43-3 44-5 43-7 ' 43-4 | 44-5 44-5 44-8 43-9 ; 42-8 ! 42-1 44-2 44-7 43-4 ' 42-8 ! 42-8 42-8 44-4 42-4 ! 42-2 | 41-8 42-5 44-6 j 43-3 f 42-8 42-2 42-8 44-4 | 42-3 ! 41-1 41-2 43-2 44-4 43-3 42-2 42-4 43-4 44-4 43-3 ' 42-2 42-2 42-2 44-3 _—- . . . ' 43-3 ' 42-2 42-1 j 42-7 44-3 i 44-3

C—lA.

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

7—C. 1a

49

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. lh. | 2h. 3h. I ! I ' III 11 I 4h. I 5h. 6h. 7h. ; 8h. I 9h. lOh. llh. 12h. 13h. ' 14h. i 15h. i 16h. 17h. 18h. ' 19h. 20h. 21k. 22h. 23h. 'Mean. _J 1 ' I I I I I April 1914. 1 .. 2 .. 3 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8 ... 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. 408 409 410 403 398 412 368 404 390 415 412 388 382 391 401 411 1 400 I 394 411 397 405 i 412 402 I 405 I 402 401 407 402 j 402 407 I | 408 413 406 415 415 415 408 416 422 406 403 410 401 410 414 414 417 424 382 397 402 401 379 374 390 403 403 409 419 419 417 415 419 398 408 393 389 399 405 399 408 418 409 412 418 I 411 408 405 400 409 415 1 396 404 413 406 406 401 402 404 414 ! 408 409 416 ! 408 409 416 405 412 ! 421 405 407 413 405 413 415 403 411 413 406 417 427 409 415 417 407 -409 409 412 417 422 418 416 424 414 419 422 385 382 400 419 416 408 412 419 420 405 403 417 405 417 409 419 426 421 414 416 429 419 413 409 422 419 421 j 430 ■ 420 422 i 427 414 420 422 426 ' 426 j 429 428 I 427 425 425 422 | 424 426 431 430 ; 434 j 429 418 416 I 420 423 I 423 423 ; 425 422 422 424 S 426 425 j 418 417 416 417 429 427 ' 393 434 346 363 < 388 388 389 392 ' 397 399 405 402 | 405 403 372 406 ! 387 382 384 389 j 396 407 398 398 i 402 405 ' 405 406 411 | 409 418 416 416 •414 416 ! 413 422 415 415 425 413 416 409 413 414 413 403 397 394 ' 399 408 410 412 414 408 395 408 i 412 412 412 413 413 415 415 422 423 424 420 420 419 419 419 421 423 426 426 425 422 406 405 412 420 424 430 l 426 434 407 414 417 420 421 419 | 419 419 421 422 421 424 426 425 I 422 420 385 408 410 408 410 417 417 420 415 419 422 ' 422 424 424 ! 422 423 412 | 419 422 421 417 420 i 418 451 418 ! 416 416 416 421 422 : 422 420 427 ' 425 427 427 427 425 I 426 424 i 422 422 423 425 420 418 | 423 424 415 414 416 424 424 424 422 425 418 411 411 413 413 416 418 424 427 429 429 431 431 431 431 430 419 415 419 424 419 417 419 422 417 421 421 423 427 427 424 424 414 414 418 425 427 426 425 421 413 414 415 419 416 417 419 420 415 436 406 431 417 430 429 432 427 ; 424 421 - 419 417 417 I 422 422 420 422 422 423 417 420 419 419 j 421 434 377 390 447 , 395 406 411 404 404 410 405 406 409 408 408 409 410 i 413 409 . 410 416 408 i 409 399 408 412 409 ' 409 412 413 416 i 421 | 428 427 427 416 i 416 : 417 419 420 419 ; 420 i 424 422 i 424 419 421 419 418 : 418 425 422 '• 421 421 ' 448 419 417 419 419 < 422 420 418 ' 420 423 423 419 | 418 ' 418 418 421 424 ! 420 : 423 422 423 420 424 i 423 425 424 422 423 423 423 423 428 '< 436 421 421 j 428 419 424 426 426 427 422 425 424 425 425 422 I 417 417 417 419 430 ! 430 430 429 429 421 I 417 417 417 419 422 i 423 422 424 422 421 I 421 421 424 423 i 420 I 419 418 420 420 426 445 432 426 417 411 420 425 425 425 422 418 413 423 421 423 425 420 416 411 421 423 427 427 425 418 408 418 426 429 431 429 425 425 419 356 429 373 373 349 380 398 423 418 420 414 409 389 401 412 410 405 410 385 390 396 410 416 413 400 404 404 405 409 398 402 400 405 405 411 411 406 400 403 408 408 412 428 428 414 409 400 392 409 419 421 419 413 406 383 409 423 423 | 423 417 410 j 400 417 420 418 422 419 411 \ 411 418 425 425 I 408 419 413 j 409 418 421 421 ' 420 416 417 ■ 417 415 424 423 i 419 415 408 ; 401 417 421 421 | 419 408 395 I 390 410 423 425 | 423 413 405 \ 404 417 426 426 | 426 426 419 t 417 420 427 427 j 425 420 412 409 419 426 428 424 412 405 410 421 426 426 | 428 425 420 410 420 426 425 424 418 411 411 419 421 422 422 416 414 412 415 431 436 429 420 412 400 425 422 422 424 417 412 404 417 424 427 427 417 409 406 419 424 423 423 418 411 406 419 420 423 419 415 408 405 415 Means 402 404 409 , 412 413 415 420 420 415 III

C.--1A

50

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of non li) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. Ih. 2h. 3h. I 4h. 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h. 9h. I -I II 10k. } llh. | 12h 13h. 14h. 15h. 16h. . j I I 17h. 18k. ! 19k. 20h. 21h. 22h. j 23k. jMean. i I I i ; 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-2 43-3 I 43-9 i 44-2 44-4 44-4 44-2 43-9 43-4 43-4 ! 43-4 43-9 43-9 43-9 43-8 43-4 43-4 . 43-8 43-7 43-9 43-8 43-6 43-9 44-5 ! 44-5 44-4 44-4 44-4 43-9 43-3 44-5 ! 44-5 44-5 45-0 43-3 43-9 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-9 43-3 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-7 43-3 44-6 ; 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-4 45-0 45-1 45-0 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-0 43-9 44-5 44-5 143-9 44-4 43-9 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-0 44-5 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 42-8 43-4 43-3 43-9 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-5 i 43-8 44-0 43-9 44-4 44-9 45-0 44-5 44-5 44-5 144-5 44-5 44-5 45-0 44-6 44-6 44-7 :44-6 45-0 45-2 45-6 44-0 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-4 44-2 44-5 44-5 45-0 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-7 45-0 45-2 44-8 44-7 44-5 44-4 44-5 44-6 44-8 44-7 45-0 44-0 43-9 44-5 i 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-4 44-8 i 45-2 45-1 45-0 45-0 43-9 44-6 42-8 i 43-3 48-6 43-3 43-4 44-9 44-5 44-7 45-0 45-0 44-9 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-2 44-5 45-0 44-5 44-5 44-1 44-1 44-5 44-6 45-0 45-0 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-5 45-0 45-0 45-4 45-0 45-0 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-8 46-7 43-4 44-5 44-9 44-3 44-4 44-7 44-5 44-3 | 44-3 44-2 1914. May 33 33 33 3? 33 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8 .. 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 ... 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 ..- 31 .. 45-2 45-0 44-6 44-8 46-2 45-0 45-0 45-6 44-5 44-8 45-1 45-6 45-0 45-5 45-2 45-0 .. | 44-5 .. j 45-0 .. ; 43-9 .. i 43-9 45-6 45-0 45-4 44-8 45-9 45-6 46-2 45-0 45-6 44-5 44-5 46-7 46-2 46-7 45-2 46-7 45-6 46-7 46-7 45-6 46-7 47-9 47-3 46-2 46-7 45-2 46-2 45-6 46-0 45-0 45-0 47-3 47-2 47-3 46-6 47-3 46-6 46-2 45-0 45-6 45-6 45-5 47-3 46-7 46-8 ; 45-6 47-3 46-7 46-7 47-3 46-2 47-3 47-9 47-8 46-2 46-7 46-2 46-7 45-5 46-2 45-6 46-3 47-9 48-4 47-8 47-6 47-3 46-7 46-7 45-6 45-5 45-5 45-6 46-7 47-7 46-7 45-6 46-7 46-2 46-6 46-8 45-8 47-7 46-7 47-0 45-6 46-2 46-2 46-2 45-7 46-4 45-6 46-4 46-8 48-4 47-7 47-6 47-3 46-2 46-2 46-2 44-9 | 45-0 [ 45-9 | 45-9 47-8 45-6 45-6 45-7 45-6 46-5 46-7 45-6 47-0 46-0 46-2 45-6 45-9 45-7 46-2 46-2 45-7 45-4 45-6 46-2 46-6 46-2 47-0 46-2 45-5 j 45-5 i 45-6 j 44-5 ;45-6 145-9 45-0 47-8 45-0 44-6 45-0 45-0 45-6 45-2 45-0 46-2 44-9 44-9 44-8 45-6 45-0 42-9 47-8 45-4 45-0 45-0 45-0 45-6 45-0 45-2 45-1 44-5 45-0 43-9 44-5 45-0 45-6 44-5 44-5 45-7 45-0 44-5 44-5 43-9 \ 43-9 44-5 i 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-7 44-5 44-5 44-5 ! 44-5 45-2 45-0 44-6 44-1 44-5 44-5 44-0 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-2 43-9 43-9 46-7 46-2 44-7 j 45-0 44-8 45-0 44-6 44-2 45-0 i 45-0 44-8 44-5 44-5 ' 44-4 ' 45-6 ! 44-8 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-9 44-5 44-5 43-9 44-1 44-5 44-4 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-4 44-5 I 44-2 43-9 44-6 44-5 i 44-5 I 43-9 44-4 44-6 43-9 43-9 43-9 43-9 44-0 43-7 43-4 14-7 44.4 45-0 44-4 43-3 45-0 44-5 43-9 44-5 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-9 44-6 44-4 44-5 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-2 44-0 44-5 44-2 43-9 44-6 46-8 45-0 43-9 44-5 44-8 44-5 43-9 44-1 44-5 44-0 44-4 44-0 43-9 44-5 44-2 43-3 44-4 43-4 43-8 44-5 43-3 43-3 43-8 43-3 44-6 44-0 43-9 43-9 44-5 44-0 42-3 44-5 44-7 43-9 44-6 44-6 44-5 45-0 44-4 44-6 44-5 44-4 44-1 43-9 44-5 43-9 43-9 43-3 43-4 43-9 44-4 43-3 42-2 - 43-0 43-9 44-5 43-3 43-7 42-2 44-5 43-3 43-0 44-2 44-5 44-1 44-7 44-6 44-5 43-9 44-4 44-6 42-8 44-5 42-8 43-9 44-5 43-2 44-5 44-4 42-2 43-4 43-3 43-3 43-3 43-3 44-5 43-9 44-5 44-5 43-9 43-9 42-4 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-6 43-3 43-4 43-9 43-9 43-3 43-9 43-9 43-4 41-4 41-9 44-4 43-9 45-0 | 45-0 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-0 44-4 44-5 44-7 43-9 44-4 45-0 44-2 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-6 42-2 41-6 44-5 44-6 42-2 43-2 44-5 U4-5 44-5 ; 44-5 43-9 | 43-3 42-2 42-8 43-3 44-5 43-3 43-3 43-3 44-7 42-8 43-1 43-9 44-2 43;8 43-3 43-4 44-1 42-3 42-8 43-3 44-6 43-3 43-9 44-5 44-6 42-8 43-3 43-3 44-5 42-8 43-3 43-3 ' 44-5 42-5 42-8 42-8 44-4 43-3 43-0 43-3 ■ 45-0 42-8 J 42-8 43-9 [ 44-5 44-5 I 44-5 44-4 j 44-8 43-3 i 44-5 44-8 i 44-4 44-0 | 44-0 44-5 44-8 44-6 ! 44-2 44-5 44-2 44-5 ! 43-3 43-3 j 44-4 44-5 44-5 44-1 45-1 45-0 45-6 44-9 45-1 43-2 42-8 43-3 44-4 43-3 43-4 43-9 44-6 44-4 44-5 44-9 45-1 43-9 43-9 43-9 j 45-1 43-7 43-9 43-8 44-8 43-9 43-4 43-9 44-9 43-9 44-5 45-5 45-1 44-5 45-0 45-0 44-5 43-9 43-9 43-9 44-8 43-9 44-5 44-5 44-3 44-5 44-5 44-4 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-8 44-5 44-5 44-5 44-7 Means 45-1 46-3 46-7 46-5 I .' i ! 46-0 ! 45-2 44-6 ! 44-5 i i 44-3 44-4 44-1 J 143-8 i 43-9 44-0 44-7 43-7 43-8 44-0 I 44-6 I I

C— 1a

51

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

horizontal 'orce : 0-22 . . . C.< Date. Ok. ] I I I ih. 2k. | 3k. 4h. 5k. J I i Ph. 7k. 8k. I 9k. | 10k. Ilk. 12k. 13k. 14k. i 15h. 16k. 17h. j 18h. 19h. j 20h. 21h. 22k. 23L. Mean. I I ' Hay 33 33 33 33 33 3? 33 33 33 33 1914. 1 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 8 .. 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. 31 .. 399 405 411 421 418 418 424 407 412 405 413 409 416 417 421 386 .. 416 417 423 405 405 416 406 413 411 408 418 410 419 417 421 403 405 406 416 420 418 420 407 414 405 420 413 421 416 421 396 409 421 413 405 406 416 404 413 414 413 418 410 418 417 416 407 405 411 412 425 416 410 409 412 405 425 414 424 419 420 405 404 417 407 407 411 419 408 418 419 412 418 410 418 416 416 415 406 413 413 425 416 403 406 417 407 428 419 421 418 424 408 402 425 401 409 412 419 418 419 425 417 422 411 421 434 415 419 412 418 419 425 421 398 414 421 410 428 426 41S 425 427 415 416 421 401 413 418 422 421 423 427 421 422 418 I 421 I 422 i 419 420 406 420 425 430 428. 400 421 421 412 429 425 419 427 429 391 394 423 405 415 421 424 421 423 429 420 418 420 421 422 424 421 409 422 427 432 430 408 413 425 416 430 425 427 428 425 41: 399 427 403 415 420 427 424 415 42*6 426 418 421 421 424 427 422 421 421 419 423 425 431 430 435 431 431 428 420 417 413 411 422 423 423 423 j 431 433 | 425 425 428 429 I 428 ' 427 427 428 419 i 419 411 I 387 420 421 407 409 I 416 419 421 422 427 427 j 422 423 418 413 426 426 | 427 421 422 413 422 422 419 418 426 423 431 430 423 421 421 420 423 431 428 426 413 413 424 423 433 425 430 431 424 418 404 421 : 411 j 422 424 427 ■ 424 407 | 425 i 423 I 425 | 423 ! 420 ; 424 426 425 423 420 427 423 425 431 430 429 429 425 426 413 417 414 420 425 423 j 423 422 ! 427 425 425 425 427 429 428 427 421 414 408 409 398 411 420 419 413 411 421 421 425 426 427 427 424 424 411 412 425 425 I 417 409 I 422 421 1 422 420 420 420 424 423 424 424 423 425 429 426 429 427 416 415 423 420 428 425 426 422 413 419 420 418 415 419 425 424 422 412 421 407 418 420 419 423 421 418 422 426 425 432 427 416 418 421 425 424 423 425 421 413 417 417 418 415 419 428 428 422 411 421 405 418 415 420 420 428 417 417 422 421 425 422 425 425 429 i 429 425 : 427 417 422 420 420 421 421 426 424 421. I 426 421 422 425 425 421 422 418 415 424 418 412 413 416 416 415 414 418 417 423 423 421 424 422 422 415 414 423 424 409 412 418 419 415 415 420 420 420 420 428 431 i 419 422 423 425 428 428 I 423 415 424 426 426 427 426 425 422 420 421 422 i 426 426 429 427 426 426 425 426 '' 428 430 435 433 430 428 429 434 433 431 433 j' 430 428 423 426 432 437 425 427 i 426 i 420 413 419 421 421 424 : 423 415 421 417 420 421 419 419 j 418 419 419 418 421 420 423 421 \ 420 418 \ 414 412 427 427 429 429 431 4 28 422 422 431 ! 431 4-30 431 i 428 424 424 41.6 423 : 424 426 426 ! 429 429 431 431 426 : 428 428 428 428 426 424 420 425 427 427 427 \ 427 427 I 428 424 415 420 425 426 \ 427 419 | 424 410 416 418 422 418 : 422 421 j 421 421 415 416 ! 417 : 417 | 421 425 I 429 425 414 416 418 418 422 425 426 426 415 416 i 417 417 423 427 423 416 418 423 ] 423 424 426 427 '■ 421 416 423 424 427 427 : 427 420 414 414 420 422 424 424 j 425 421 419 412 \ 422 422 423 425 428 427 423 413 I 420 418 421 422 423 423 423 416 426 424 i 426 431 422 ; 430 : 421 416 418 425 418 420 ■ 425 422 413 420 420 422 422 424 ■ 422 420 j 420 415 418 420 422 425 425 427 430 427 423 423 423 423 425 , 426 429 424 420 420 424 427 430 j 430 430 j 430 426 421 I 421 434 438 436 428 > 428 421 423 I 423 425 426 j 425 423 , 420 I 419 418 422 426 429 425 416 416 420 420 426 424 425 425 421 413 412 420 413 417 420 423 420 417 423 417 420 420 421 424 426 ! ! 1 ! ! Means .. I 412 413 414 416 419 419 421 422 421 421 421 421 420 421 421

52

C— lA

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16' + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. i I lh. 2h. 3h. 4k. 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h. 9k. lOh. llh. 12h. 13h. 14h. 15k. | 16k. 17k. 18k. ; 19k. | 20k. 21 h. 22k. 23k. Mean. June 33 3; 33 S3 33 33 33 33 33 33 1914. 1 .. 2 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 8 ., 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. . 46-3 45-1 44-6 45-7 45-1 45-0 45-7 45-1 45-7 45-7 45-1 44-6 45-7 44-2 46-3 45-7 46-3 45-8 47-4 45-7 44-6 44-6 45-7 ! 44-0 43-4 45-3 47-9 45-7 45-1 45-1 47-9 46-0 45-7 45-7 45-1 46-6 46-5 46-3 45-7 45-7 45-1 46-0 46-3 46-3 46-3 45-7 46-3 46-0 47-4 45-7 45-6 45-7 45-7 45-2 44-9 45-3 47-9 45-7 46-1 46-3 50-7 47-4 46-7 45-7 46-5 46-3 45-7 45-1 46-7 47-4 46-9 46-7 46-3 46-3 45-2 44-6 46-1 46-3 45-7 44-8 46-8 46-6 45-7 44-7 47-4 46-8 46-0 45-6 46-7 47-3 46-3 45-7 46-3 46-3 45-7 44-6 45-8 45-7 45-6 44-6 45-8 46-3 45-9 44-6 46-8 46-8 46-3 44-9 46-6 47-1 46-7 45-6 46-8 47-4 46-3 45-0 46-9 47-0 46-3 45-0 45-7 46-3 45-7 44-6 46-1 46-0 46-0 45-1 46-0 45-7 44-7 44-6 47-9 47-4 46-8 46-8 45-7 46-3 i 46-3 45-2 45-7 ' 46-3 I 46-3 45-8 46-8 46-7 45-8 45-1 46-4 46-7 45-7 45-1 45-7 46-3 46-3 45-2 45-1 , 45-1 45-0 45-1 45-7 | 45-7 46-3 46-3 48-0 | 47-9 48-5 45-7 47-9 45-1 46-9 44-6 46-4 ! 46-8 45-7 45-1 46-4 45-8 46-5 43-4 46-3 46-5 46-1 45-2 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-0 44-5 45-7 44-6 44-1 44-0 44-2 44-5 45-1 44-7 44-6 44-0 44-7 44-5 45-6 45-1 44-8 46-6 44-5 44-6 44-9 45-1 44-0 43-4 45-0 42-3 44-6 44-7 45-1 44-6 44-6 44-5 45-0 44-0 44-6 44-0 44-5 44-5 44-8 44-7 44-7 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-7 45-1 44-7 46-6 44-5 44-6 46-3 45-1 43-4 44-9 45-2 45-7 44-2 39-4 43-0 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-0 44-6 42-9 44-6 44-5 44-0 44-0 44-0 44-1 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-0 44-6 42-3 44-6 44-0 44-0 44-0 ' 44-0 44-0 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-8 44-1 44-5 44-7 44-6 44-8 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-8 44-7 44-8 44-7 I 44-7 44-7 44-2 44-6 44-0 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-1 44-2 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-0 41-3 44-6 44-0 44-0 44-6 43-3 43-4 44-8 44-0 44-6 42-9 44-0 45-1 45-1 44-6 43-5 44-6 43-5 43-4 44-5 44-1 44-6 44-5 1 43-4 ! 44-0 44-0 44-5 43-9 44-3 44-7 44-5 44-1 44-7 | 44-5 44-0 44-0 44-0 43-4 44-6 44-6 42-4 44-0 40-6 44-0 45-0 44-1 44-3 44-5 43-7 42-9 43-0 43-4 43-4 44-6 44-2 44-0 44-6 44-7 44-0 44-6 43-4 44-0 44-5 44-6 44-0 44-6 44-2 44-6 44-0 44-0 44-8 44-6 44-2 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-1 44-6 44-7 44-8 44-6 44-8 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-5 44-5 43-5 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-6 44-7 44-0 44-6 44-1 44-5 43-1 44-6 43-4 43-4 45-7 44-6 44-6 45-1 45-7 I 44-5 i 43-9 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-7 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 45'-0 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-6 } 44-8 j 44-7 41-3 44-6 44-6 45-7 44-6 45-1' 44-9 45-0 45-6 45-1 45-1 44-6 43-4 44-6 44-6 44-6 46-3 45-7 45-1 44-7 44-0 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-3 45-7 45-1 44-6 45-1 44-9 45-1 44-7 44-6 44-0 44-6 44-6 45-1 45-1 44-7 44-9 44-6 45-3 45-1 I 45-3 45-1 45-0 45-1 44-6 45-1 45-1 I 44-9 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-6 j 45-1 44-5 44-6 45-7 44-0 44-6 44-7 ! 44-6 44-6 43-4 44-6 44-0 45-6 45-3 I 45-1 45-9 45-7 44-6 44-6 45-1 45-2 45-3 45-1 45-0 45-7 44-5 44-6 44-6 ; 44-6 45-3 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-7 44-7 ! 44-8 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-6 j 44-7 45-1 44-9 44-8 44-7 | 44-9 44-6 44-7 45-1 44-9 44-9 44-8 j 44-6 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 j 44-7 43-8 45-0 44-8 44-9 45-0 45-0 I 44-9 44-8 44-7 44-8 44-8 44-9 : 44-8 44-7 44-6 44-8 45-1 45-3 45-1 45-0 45-1 44-9 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-0 44-8 44-7 44-6 44-7 45-1 45-1 45-1 44-6 44-7 44-5 44-7 45-1 45-1 45-0 44-7 j 44-7 44-6 45-0 45-1 45-li44-9 44-6 44-5.43-5 45-1 45-3 45-5 45-1 44-6 44-6 44-0 41-2 4 4-7 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-2 46-8 45-1 45-3 45-1 44-6 | 44-6 44-5 44-0 45-1 46-8 45-7 45-1 44-8 45-1 44-0 45-1 45-6 45-7 45-9 45-7 45-7 45-7 45-0 45-3 45-6 45-1 i 45-1 45-5 46-3 47-4 46-5 45-7 45-6 45-1 44-6 44-3 44-8 j 45-1 45-1 45-0 | 44-7 44-9 44-5 I I 43-4 44-0 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-1 44-0 44-5 44-1 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-0 43-8 44-0 44-0 44-0 44-0 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-0 44-5 44-5 44-0 44-0 44-2 44-2 44-1 43-5 43-4 43-4 44-5 44-6 44-7 45-0 44-6 45-1 44-5 I 43-4 43-4 . 43-4 43-9 43-8 43-5 43-5 43-4 j 43-4 47-4 47-9 45-0 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-8 ! 45-1 45-7 45-7 44-6 44-0 45-0 45-0 44-5 44-3 44-7 45-1 45-1 44-7 44-7 44-8 44-9 44-8 45-0 45-0 45-0 45-2 45-1 44-9 45-4 44-9 44-8 44-8 44-9 44-8 44-5 44-9 45-1 45-1 45-3 45-1 —; 1 , : : 44-9 Means 45-4 46-0 46-1 44-6 44-8 44-5 44-5 44-1 44-5 44-0 44-2 44-4 44-6 44-7 44-4

C—la

53

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

.orizoni orce : Date. Ok. lh. 2h. 3h. 4k. Ph. I 6k. I 7k. 8k I I I I ! I -I I ' II I 9h. 10k. [ Ilk. 1 12k. i 13k. 14k. 15k. i 16k. 17k. i 18h. 19k. 20k. i 21h. ! 22h. 23k. 'Mean. '• I i I j I ! I June 33 33 33 33 1914. 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 8 .. 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. 377 398 411 402 398 412 420 417 413 418 411 402 414 414 415 413 414 414 417 423 413 406 412 408 415 412 393 393 409 410 384 398 409 402 398 410 417 419 413 418 411 402 411 412 417 413 420 419 417 423 409 404 412 406 413 413 393 386 397 405 340 398 399 400 400 412 420 421 413 418 407 404 411 411 415 412 421 421 421 417 406 403 410 403 422 410 393 391 402 404 371 391 400 405 405 405 405 407 398 I 401 419 419 417 ! 416 418 j 422 412 ! 413 422 423 406 406 414 418 414 | 419 412 417 414 420 416 419 423 426 423 424 418 416 416 421 407 410 402 408 407 411 406 417 422 | 432 408 415 393 398 374 397 408 , 411 398 405 389 407 405 417 408 423 416 j 425 j 417 ! 428 415 421 423 422 424 419 426 425 403 421 415 411 414 420 428 420 405 398 417 400 388 | 378 383 395 392 I 393 400 407 j 407 407 409 411 I 411 [ 408 397 404 402 403 I 405 409 431 412 414 416 414 412 415 414 408 406 398 399 411 413 420 421 419 419 421 419 419 416 416 416 421 420 416 416 i 412 418 421 420 415 410 417 408 415 415 410 414 413 414 414 426 426 423 423 423 422 419 418 418 418 418 . 418 j 418 418 418 421 420 421 ! 421 ' 421 420 422 ; 423 421 424 ; 423 : 421 : 420 422 j 420 422 420 419 420 422 424 424 422 424 424 422 419 420 421 421 422 '' 423 j 423 419 427 427 427 426 , 423 425 423 423 I 423 423 423 423 423 422 415 ; 417 419 419 i 416 417 418 417 | 412 407 414 419 421 418 413 i 417 418 418 419 419 418 411 411 414 413 i 411 > 414 417 416 415 415 416 418 416 416 420 420 420 422 422 420 420 422 412 399 412 . 407 416 416 j 424 421 421 421 416 411 416 405 403 399 ; 400 403 437 412 ! 399 388 412 j 418 I 412 407 410 417 415 407 | 409 i 430 415 , 430 411 416 ' 416 423 I 426 416 ! 418 i 415 414 414 I 416 | 416 417 417 397 397 396 401 401 I 405 I 405 j 408 407 407 407 392 421 i 416 | 406 406 407 406 419 I 419 411 401 401 407 414 412 411 413 413 413 418 j 416 416 412 412 410 416 I 414 413 416 417 418 418 ! 420 423 i 420 418 413 413 408 411 418 416 418 420 j 422 423 425 420 410 416 421 417 417 418 418 418 421 425 423 421 419 415 413 417 417 419 419 420 | 429 432 432 429 419 410 420 420 423 414 414 418 I 416 418 418 418 418 415 415 416 418 418 418 420 421 425 425 422 416 418 418 422 422 422 : 420 420 j 425 425 424 418 422 418 419 422 424 425 ! 424 420 419 422 418 417 417 417 420 420 418 420 I 423 427 428 427 423 423 419 422 i 422 : 422 423 423 \ 424 424 424 423 422 422 421 422 421 420 421 422 | 423 424 ' 427 429 429 429 421 419 419 419 419 421 ' 422 423 [ 426 423 425 421 421 419 421 420 422 423 ! 424 425 | 428 432 : 430 424 421 423 425 423 423 423 424 426 : 427 428 429 428 424 423 425 424 423 423 424 426 '' 426 424 422 422 423 416 : 416 419 416 420 ] 421 427 I 432 425 426 417 419 423 ! 422 419 421 419 I 423 420 ' 422 427 427 420 420 419 I 419 419 421 422 425 426 | 427 430 428 428 419 417 418 419 419 420 j 421 422 ! 424 428 I 429 421 415 418 416 416 417 419 419 420 j 420 ' 422 420 418 416 420 i 423 423 424 425 I 425 427 427 ' 431 432 i 427 420 | 414 I 414 406 399 399 396 408 | 409 I 406 418 I 415 413 415 ] 414 414 416 418 420 422 | 426 ! 425 413 399 416 I 410 I 411 410 414 415 415 417 I 421 j 417 417 415 408 410 413 414 415 419 424 425 419 j 417 421 415 407 419 ! 413 411 413 416 419 420 425 I 417 422 418 415 414 ; 411 419 416 416 421 422 424 425 424 419 415 416 417 416 j 417 418 419 j 421 423 423 422 419 416 Means 409 408 407 408 413 415 416

C—lA.

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

54

Declination (east o: north) : 16' -f- tabular minutes. Date. Oh. lh. 2k. 3k. 4k. 5k. | 6k. 7k. 8h. 9k. lOh. Ilk. ; 12k. ; 13k. 1 14k. j 15k. i 16k. 17k. | 18k. ' 19k. j 20k. ! 21k. I 22k. 1 23k. Mean. I I ' I I I I i • July 1914. 1 .. 2 .. 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8 .. 9 .. 10 .. 11 .. 12 .. 13 .. 14 .. 15 .. 16 .. 17 .. 18 .. 19 .. 20 .. 21 .. 22 .. 23 .. 24 .. 25 .. 26 .. 27 .. 28 .. 29 .. 30 .. 31 .. 45-1 46-8 46-3 46-3 45-8 46-7 44-0 45-1 45-1 46-8 44-9 46-3 45-1 45-6 45-7 45-7 44-6 45-1 47-4 47-9 44-0 45-9 44-0 45-6 44-0 45-1 44-6 45-7 45-1 46-3 44-6 45-3 45-1 46-5 44-7 46-3 45-1 46-3 45-7 46-7 45-1 46-4 46-3 45-8 44-6 45-8 44-6' 45-1 44-8 i 46-0 44-0 : 45-1 45-7 i 45-7 44-0 45-1 44-6 45-1 46-8 47-4 46-3 46-8 46-7 45-6 i 45-1 44-6 , 44-0 1 44-6 46-8 46-3 I 45-6 44-6 44-0 | 43-5 45-8 ' 45-8 j 45-7 44-6 44-7 44-0 45-7 46-1 I 45-7 44-6 l 44-6 | 44-6 46-8 47-4 I 46-8 46-3 47-8 ! 46-8 46-9 45-7 45-7 45-1 44-6 | 44-6 46-8 46-8 46-1 44-6 44-7 | 45-1 45-7 I 45-7 46-3 45-3 44-6 j 44-6 45-7 45-8 46-8 45-1 44-6 , 44-7 49-1 47-9 46-3 44-6 44-9 ' 44-f 46-3 46-3 46-3 45-1 44-9 44-8 46-3 46-0 : 46-7 45-5 44-9 45-1 45-7 , 45-6 ; 45-8 45-1 44-9 45-7 46-3 45-7 46-3 45-2 44-6 44-6 46-1 46-0 ! 45-8 45-7 45-0 ! 45-1 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-1 44-1 43-] 47-4 47-0 I 46-3 45-7 44-7 45- 1 46-8 I 46-8 ; 46-3 45-7 45-1 I 45-1 47-4 47-4 47-1 46-3 45-7 45-7 46-7 ! 46-7 45-7 44-6 45-1 44-7 47-4 46-8 46-8 45-6 45-1 45-1 47-9 47-9 47-4- 45-7 45-1 45-1 46-8 47-4 46-3 \ 45-0 43-4 ; 44-6 46-1 46-7 45-7 45-1 , 44-6 | 45-1 46-8 47-4 46-7 44-6 27-1 44-0 45-8 I 47-3 45-7 '• 43-4 45-1 < 45-1 46-3 45-7 46-3 45-7 451 45-1 46-1 46-8 46-5 45-7 42-3 45-7 44-6 46-0 45-8 45-1 44-6 45-1 47-4 46-8 46-8 ! 46-3 46-3 j 43-4 47-9 45-1 45-7 , 45-1 41-2 '] 40-6 : ] 46-6 ' 46-5 46-2 45-2 44-1 , 44-7 44-0 I 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 i 44-6 .44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 ! 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-6 ! 44-7 44-6 44-5 44-0 44-7 j 44-6 ' 27-7 35-4 I 43-3 43-5 44-6 44-0 42-3 , 44-0 44-7 42-9 44-5 42-3 ! 44-0 44-6 44-6 44-6 I 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 43-8 43-5 43-7 44-0 44-0 , 43-4 42-9 I 41-6 44-6 44-6 44-5 44-5 : 44-6 45-1 44-7 44-6 44-6 ' 44-6 44-8 44-6 44-3 44-0 44-6 44-6 ! 44-6 44-8 44-0 44-6 45-1 : 45-1 ! 44-6 44-6 ] 44-5 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-9 ! 44-6 44-6 45-0 ! 45-1 45-0 I 45-1 44-6 43-8 42-9 45-7 45-1 45-1 44-8 44-2 44-7 44-6 44-0 44-0 , 43-8 45-1 44-6 44-0 41-2 44-6 44-9 45-1 44-6 42-3 43-4 44.9 44.0 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-1 44-7 44-6 44-0 | 44-1 44.6 44.0 43-9 40-1 , 44-0 46-7 43-4 44-0 43-4 j 46-0 45-7 45-6 44-0 43-4 44-0 42-4 45-6 44-5 44-6 44-6 45-1 44-0 45-7 41-7 39-5 45-6 45-1 42-5 44-0 42-3 43-4 i 44-6 43-4 45-1 44-2 44.7 j 44-6 43-8 43-5 44-0 1 I - 44-6 44-6 44-7 45-1 j 45-1 45-1 44-6 44-7 44-7 44-9 ! 45-1 45-0 44-5 44-6 44-6 44-7 I 45-1 45-0 44-6 44-7 45-1 45-1 45-2 45-1 44-6 41-3 45-7 44-0 44-6 46-3 44-5 44-6 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-7 45-0 44-9 45-7 46-8 45-6 45-6 44-9 45-1 I 45-7 45-7 45-7 45-6 42-3 42-3 j 44-0 43-8 44-6 44-6 41-4 42-9 >' 44-6 44-9 44-8 45-1 44-6 45-1 45-7 45-6 45-7 45-6 44-6 44-7 45-1 45-1 45-7 45-6 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-1 45-1 44-9 44-6 44-6 I 44-9 45-1 45-1 45-1 44-5 44-6 I 44-7 44-7 44-7 45-3 44-6 44-6 44-8 45-3 45-3 45-1 45-1 44-5 I 45-1 45-0 45-1 45-1 44-0 45-1 I 45-7 45-7 45-7 45-7 43-4 45-1 I 45-1 45-7 45-7 45-6 43-4 43-4 '•■■ 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-0 44-6 44-7 45-1 43-4 44-6 45-1 45-7 45-8 45-6 44-6 44-7 45-7 45-7 46-3 45-3 44-0 44-9 45-2 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-7 46-3 45-7 45-7 45-7 45-7 46-0 45-6 45-7 45-7 46-3 45-7 43-5 46-8 44-6 45-7 45-7 45-7 43-4 45-1 46-8 45-7 45-7 45-7 39-3 32-2 32-7 40-1 41-2 46-8 45-1 41-2 44-7 44-6 44-0 44-6 44-6 45-6 j 45-7 51-2 44-6 44-7 44-1 44-1 ! 44-7 45-3 45-1 45-3 44-8 45-1 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-7 45-0 45-6 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-1 44-6 44-9 44-8 45-1 45-1 45-5 45-3 45-7 44-9 45-1 45-1 45-7 44-6 45-1 45-1 45-1 44-7 45-1 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-1 44-6 44-6 44-7 44-6 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-1 45-2 45-7 45-7 45-7 46-3 45-7 45-7 45-1 45-7 44-6 j 45-7 45-1 : 46-3 45-7 45-7 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-9 44-5 43-5 43-4 44-8 44-7 44-6 44-5 44-9 45-1 45-1 45-1 44-9 44-7 44-6 44-6 44-2 44-2 44-0 44-0 44-8 44-6 43-4 43-4 44-9 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-1 44-7 44-6 45-1 44-5 44-6 44-6 43-4 44-8 44-6 43-4 43-4 45-0 44-7 44-0 j 43-4 45-1 45-1 44-6 44-0 44-9 44-7 44-7 ! 44-7 45-0 44-6 44-2 44-0 45-0 44-6 44-6 44-6 44-8 44-7 44-7 44-6 45-2 45-7 45-1 44-6 45-3 44-6 44-6 44-6 45-4 44-0 44-0 44-0 44-7 44-6 44-6 i 44-6 44-9 45-1 45-6 44-1 45-3 45-7 45-7 j 45-1 45-2 45-1 45-6 ! 44-6 45-1 45-7 45-7 \ 44-0 44-4 45-2 45-1 ; 44-6 45-2 44-7 44-6 1 44-6 45-2 45-1 44-0 i 44-5 45-0 44-6 44-6 j 44-6 I 43-1 45-7 46-8 46-8 45-2 44-7 44-6 I 45-1 45-1 44-8 44-7 I 44-4 44-9 I Means 45-1 46-0 45-2 j 45-3 I I ■ I i

C—lA,

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

55

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh Ih. 2b 3h. 4h. Ph. 6k. 7k. 8k. | 9h. 10k. Ilk. 12k. j 13k. I 14k. I I i 1 I ! i I 15h. 16h. | 17k. ! 18k. 19k. I 20h. 21k. | 22h. 23k. I Mean. I I ! I 1914. 422 421 418 419 420 422 419 418 381 396 405 411 410 411 416 415 416 415 407 429 414 414 418 418 421 423 419 419 421 418 422 419 423 422 421 420 418 418 415 410 418 417 404 409 413 : 415 417 I 418 403 405 419 j 407 423 | 406 400 411 421 413 390 385 415 j 452 • July 1 .. „ 2 .. 3 -• „ 4 .. 5 .. „ 6 .. „ 8 .. „ 9 .. „ 10 .. „ 11 .. „ 12 • • „ 13 -■ „ 14 •. „ 15 - - „ 16 .. „ .17 - - „ 18 „ 19 „ 20 .. „ 21 .. 22 I 23 „ 24 .. „ 25 .. „ 26 .. „ 27 „ 28 .. „ 29 .. „ 30 „ 31 .. .. 412 .. ! 405 .. | 417 .. 423 ..I 421 .. I 394 .. | 392 .. I 399 .. ! 408 .. I 396 .. ; 406 410 .. I 413 .. \ 403 .. 419 418 420 420 410 410 ..I 410 ..I 407 .. 412 .. ! 416 .. I 403 403 410 419 409 380 387 411 405 409 418 416 394 392 401 406 394 402 405 411 409 417 421 418 420 409 410 408 404 405 415 403 402 417 410 409 378 401 407 407 408 416 435 380 393 401 401 394 402 405 411 406 411 414 419 419 411 413 407 406 410 416 407 385 413 404 411 378 403 408 410 411 414 441 402 399 409 405 401 406 406 415 410 414 414 417 421 412 411 408 409 403 416 i 404 I 387 I 398 [ 400 413 ; 392 ! 384 417 414 418 418 431 409 407 416 411 401 410 415 420 417 419 413 422 424 414 408 411 419 410 418 110 379 407 396 416 389 395 420 419 | 419 418 417 I 419 424 424 423 422 419 419 408 397 383 412 411 407 [ 411 413 413 421 419 ' 419 418 417 417 406 406 j 405 408 415 414 416 420 418 425 421 414 425 i 422 424 420 417 421 414 412 j 413 423 423 j 423 425 425 i 425 419 I 419 | 416 410 410 ! 413 418 417 | 416 421 422 422 415 413 415 420 416 418 400 349 390 402 411 411 413 ! 416 416 390 397 392 413 410 413 385 390 395 396 404 j 410 419 419 421 418 391 407 410 417 417 410 415 419 417 424 422 419 422 422 416 411 417 421 415 415 403 432 41"2 439 409 395 401 419 419 417 417 378 406 408 I 417 415 407 416 418 420 424 422 422 422 422 419 406 415 417 417 416 397 387 404 406 404 ': 385 j 403 417 415 423 419 383 404 403 417 412 417 414 415 420 417 416 418 420 415 419 411 420 411 416 417 404 409 408 412 390 391 394 417 416 420 418 390 407 406 ! 415 427 417 414 415 417 417 416 418 422 415 414 415 418 413 417 415 404 407 406 409 414 408 399 417 417 420 418 398 406 414 416 415 420 414 415 424 415 415 419 420 415 414 413 414 415 418 416 416 407 415 406 419 387 399 417 423 419 417 i 417 419 421 421 423 418 419 421 425 395 388 407 409 410 412 415 413 415 417 417 417 419 419 412 413 417 414 417 418 418 418 420 424 419 420 413 417 418 415 414 416 421 423 423 420 422 423 420 420 424 415 414 416 413 423 416 429 416 416 412 ' 412 I 421 416 416 415 417 420 420 407 408 410 411 419 411 415 411 411 411 402 406 422 402 437 406 401 399 409 409 426 420 422 420 422 424 426 423 423 392 400 412 410 415 416 ; 420 423 420 423 420 417 420 420 420 422 422 423 420 422 421 426 426 : 428 425 ! 425 429 425 418 418 418 420 421 424 416 419 421 421 424 420 414 ! 414 413 416 412 415 406 408 427 372 403 408 397 394 424 427 427 I 424 419 424 428 429 j 424 417 431 435 438 433 422 428 431 431 431 421 407 407 404 404 403 412 414 412 407 406 418 421 423 416 410 424 428 427 420 416 424 420 414 j 404 415 425 425 420 | 418 411 422 425 425 j 425 415 428 425 422 j 422 417 428 428 429 | 425 ! 420 428 427 429 I 423 419 430 437 440 j 440 421 430 432 435 j 435 421 430 432 433 427 423 427 432 425 422 422 422 423 423 423 417 426 423 420 418 : 414 428 431 426 416 418 426 426 423 421 416 424 428 428 ! 421 416 427 412 410 j 419 417 419 417 414 411 405 418 i 416 412 i 412 407 421 I 429 432 ! 429 414 419 i 423 413 ; 409 410 380 ; 383 397 390 407 411 | 403 401 401 394 407 409 i 412 412 405 Means i 408 : ——: I ! i j I I J 407 406 j 408 411 413 412 413 413 I 415 | 411 414 | 415 414 411 I 413 ! 413 ! i 416 | 415 417 : 416 417 417 421 422 422 | 419 414

a—ii

56

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Decimation (east of north) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. ih. 2h. I 3h. I 4h. 5h. 6k. 7k. 8k. 9k. j 10k. i llh. 12k. 13h. ! I'll 14k. | 15k. j 16h. 17h. I 18h. ; 19h. ! 20h. ! 21h. | 22h. I 23k. Mean. j i i i i 1914. August 1 .. 2 .. . 3 .. 4 .. 5 .. 6 .. 7 .. 8 .. 9 ",, 10 • • „ 11 • • „ 12 • • „ 13 .. „ 14 - • 15.. „ 16.. „ 17.. „ 18 - - „ 19 • • „ 20 .. „ 21 .. „ 22 .. „ 23 .. » 24 .. „ 25 .. „ 26 .. „ 27 .. „ 28 .. „ 29 .. ,. 30 .. „ 31 .. 45-8 45-8 44-7 45-1 44-1 44-1 46-4 45-2 43-5 44-1 44-6 45-2 44-7 44-6 44-7 44-7 44-7 45-8 44-8 45-8 43-5 45-2 44-7 44-7 44-1 43-5 43-5 43-5 45-2 44-1 45-7 45-8 46-9 45-8 46-4 45-0 45-8 47-2 45-2 44-8 45-8 46-4 46-9 45-8 45-0 45-8 45-8 44-1 45-8 46-9 48-1 45-2 46-9 46-9 45-8 45-2 45-2 44-8 44-8 46-8 45-8 46-9 46-4 47-9 47-5 48-1 46-4 48-0 49-0 45-8 47-5 47-5 48-0 47-5 46-9 45-8 46-9 46-8 46-9 46-9 48-4 49-2 46-9 48-1 48-1 46-8 45-8 46-9 46-7 45-9 46-4 46-9 48-6 46-9 47-5 47-9 47-6 47-9 49-2 49-3 46-9 47-5 48-0 48-0 47-9 46-9 45-4 47-9 48-0 47-6 47-8 48-5 49-7 47-9 48-1 48-1 47-1 46-8 47-5 47-1 46-5 45-0 48-0 49-1 46-4 I 45-2 46-9 ; 46-4 46-9 45-8 47-7 ' 46-4 47-5 45-2 49-7 48-0 48-6 46-9 46-9 46-8 47-5 46-9 48-4 47-9 48-0 47-5 47-5 46-9 46-9 45-9 46-9 46-4 47-5 46-9 47-5 46-9 48-0 47-2 46-9 46-4 47-5 46-9 46-9 48-6 47-5 46-8 47-2 45-8 49-3 45-9 47-0 46-4 47-5 46-9 47-9 46-7 47-8 46-9 46-9 46-8 49-9 48-0 47-5 45-7 48-0 46-8 45-1 45-7 45-2 43-5 45-0 44-7 45-8 45-8 .45-8 45-8 46-4 45-8 45-8 45-8 44-7 45-7 45-8 45-3 45-8 45-8 45-3 45-2 48-0 45-7 45-8 45-7 45-4 44-3 45-9 45-8 41-3 43-5 45-7 45-2 43-0 41-3 44-6 46-4 41-3 43-4 41-8 42-4 40-7 45-7 45-2 45-2 47-0 46-8 45-2 45-8 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-2 43-5 45-8 45-8 45-2 45-2 45-8 46-4 45-7 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-3 45-2 45-7 45-8 44-8 45-7 45-2 45-2 45-8 44-7 44-7 45-2 45-7 45-7 46-4 45-8 45-2 45-2 ' 45-2 44-7 45-8 45-8 45-7 45-7 45-7 43-3 45-6 45-2 44-8 45-2' 45-3 45-2 46-8 45-2 44-3 45-8 45-8 ; 45-8 45-8 45-7 45-2 45-7 45-2 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-8 : 45-8 39-6 44-6 j 45-2 45-8 45-2 40-7 45-2 45-8 ! 49-0 44-7 43-4 44-6 44-7 45-2 45-8 45-2 46-4 46-4 45-2 \ 45-7 46-4 45-2 44-8 44-8 44-6 44-7 45-2 45-8 46-4 48-0 45-7 45-8 45-8 45-8 44-8 43-5 43-5 .41-3 45-7 43-9 44-6 43-0 46-4 44-0 46-1 44-9 45-8 48-4 49-7 44-8 44-7 44-1 44-1 44-8 45-2 45-1 44-8 45-9 46-4 46-0 45-8 45-8 44-7 43-5 44-1 44-9 44-7 44-7 44-8 45-2 45-4 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-7 45-7. 44-7 44-7 44-1 44-7 44-8 ; 44-7 45-3 45-7 45-8 45-8 48-6 45-8 46-9 46-9 49-0 46-9 46-4 44-8 45-2 44-8 45-2 43-9 44-8 4-5-2 45-2 45-2 45-1 45-7 44-7 44-1 44-6 44-6 44-7 i 45-2 45-6 45-6 45-8 45-8 46-2 46-4 46-1 46-4 45-8 45-2 45-2 45-2 44-7 j 44-8 44-7 44-8 45-8 45-7 ; 45-8 45-7 45-2 45-8 45-1 < 43-6 43-2 45-2 44-7 j 44-6 45-2 45-2 45-8 45-7 : 45-8 46-0 45-7 45-8 45-4 44-7 44-1 45-3 43-6 : 44-7 44-4 44-7 45-3 45-2 1 45-8 45-8 46-2 46-9 46-6 45-8 45-7 45-4 ] 45-1 : 45-0 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-9 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-2 44-7 44-1 43-5 43-5 44-7 44-7 44-8 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-2 45-7 44-2 43-5 43-5 45-2 43-5 44-1 44-8 43-5 44-7 45-2 45-7 45-2 45-2 45-6 44-7 43-6 43-6 44-8 44-7 44-7 44-8 44-7 44-8 44-9 45-1* 45-2 45-2 45-8 44-7 44-1 44-1 45-7 45-2 44-7 44-7 44-7 44-7 45-7 45-6 45-2 44-8 45-8 45-0 \ 44-7 44-7 45-2 44-7 44-1 44-7 44-7 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-7 45-2 44-7 44-0 43-6 43-6 44-8 42-4 43-6 44-1 44-3 45-8 44-1 ' 44-7 45-1 ] 45-0 45-1 44-6 I 44-6 44-6 45-2 45-2 44-7 44-7 44-2 45-1 44-8 45-7 45-8 ' 45-8 45-2 45-0 48-6 46-4 44-8 45-2 45-1 44-4 42-9 44-6 44-7 45-8 44-8 45-0 47-0 44-6 43-5 43-0 42-4 44-7 | 44-7 44-7 43-5 43-6 45-2 45-8 45-4 45-2 45-2 43-9 43-5 43-5 44-9 45-0 1 44-7 44-8 45-7 45-2 45-7 45-6 45-7 45-8 45-8 45-2 44-1 43-4 45-2 44-7 I 44-1 41-6 43-6 44-7 45-2 44-8 44-8 45-2 45-7 44-7 43-5 43-5 45-7 45-2 45-2 45-8 45-8 45-8 46-0 I 46-0 45-8 45-8 46-8 45-8 44-1 43-5 45-0 44-8 44-8 44-8 44-7 44-7 45-4 I 45-9 45-8 45-7 45-8 44-7 43-6 43-5 44-1 43-5 43-0 44-0 44-7 44-8 45-7 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-8 44-8 44-7 44-1 44-8 45-8 44-7 44-7 45-2 44-8 45-2 45-7 45-7 45-2 45-2 44-6 44-7 43-8 45-2 44-8 44-7 41-3 43-6 44-6 44-7 I 45-0 45-8 45-8 45-8 44-8 44-7 43-6 41-8 42-3 40-7 41-3 44-1 45-2 44-7 : 45-2 44-7 44-7 44-6 43-8 44-7 43-0 44-7 44-7 44-7. 44-1 45-8 45-8 45-8 45-8 46-4 45-8 45-8 45-2 45-2 44-7 42-4 43-6 44-7 45-1 44-8 45-2 45-8 j 45-8 45-7 45-2 44-7 44-1 43-5 43-5 44-5 44-5 | 44-5 44-5 44-7 45-2 45-4 I 45-8 45-6 > 45-5 45-8 45-2 i 44-5 ! 44-1 ! I I 45-4 45-4 45-3 45-0 45-4 46-5 45-8 45-7 45-4 45-8 45-9 45-8 45-2 45-0 45-3 45-5 45-4 45-1 45-9 45-6 45-0 45-6 45-4 45-8 45-3 45-3 45-4 45-0 44-5 45-4 45-0 I— Means 44-7 45-9 47-2 1 47-7 47-6 46-7 45-4 45-3 45-1 : 44-6 45-4 I

C—la,

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

B—C. 1a

57

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. lh. 2h. 3h. 4k. j 5k. I 6k. 7k. '. 8k 9k. 10k. Ilk. I 12k. j 13k. 14h. I 15h. I 16k. 17h. , 18h. 19k. 20h. 21h. 22h. 23h. iMean. J ; 1914. August 1 .. 2 .. „ 3.. „ 4.. 5 .. 6 •- 7 .. „ 8.. 9 .. „ 10 .. „ 11 • • „ 12.. „ 13 .. „ 14 .. „ 15 .. „ 16.. „ 17.. „ 18 .. „ 19 .. „ 20 .. „ 21 .. „ 22 .. „ 23 .. „ 24 .. „ 25 .. „ 26 .. ., 27 .. ., 28 .. ., 29 .. .. 30 .. ,, 31 .. 407 407 397 401 398 410 391 412 400 403 405 407 411 411 418 411 416 411 400 406 411 400 404 407 405 399 408 420 412 412 399 ! 407 ' 401 406 407 409 403 403 403 411 415 401 401 404 409 415 392 388 381 386 400 399 388 390 400 397 397 ; 392 387 383 382 387 ' 385 390 394 394 412 409 410 j 418 419 400 j 400 395 | 402 408 403 I 396 396 : 405 413 405 400 399 404 415 410 [ 405 406 406 ■ 414 407 j 407 410 411 418 405 i 406 410 410 415 413 i 406 408 406 412 413 ! 413 413 408 411 416 , 409 400 399 405 411 404 409 416 420 400 401 405 414 416 406 376 386 381 398 405 401 401 405 409 400 396 399 408 , 411 394 ! 387 391 401 391 402 404 408 410 , 407 405 411 410 405 384 401 400 394 403 411 398 ! 398 ' 399 403 410 409 | 403 403 403 409 401 385 404 391 378 411 409 406 405 402 404 403 ! 404 408 411 : 398 415 I 416 404 405 387 404 j 418 407 417 | 409 I 411 414 414 395 413 408 I 418 416 I 408 403 410 401 407 I 402 I 412 410 412 398 413 415 404 407 411 395 422 402 406 401 379 418 413 409 407 410 412 387 375 394 397 400 397 412 402 399 ! 411 411 410 I 418 410 413 419 418 414 414 415 414 417 404 409 416 415 417 410 414 412 i 411 415 415 405 407 411 | 418 416 417 414 410 420 410 401 403 405 406 408 410 409 412 411 372 399 : 411 413 410 408 412 413 416 414 408 413 415 414 422 422 423 388 430 399 416 415 405 414 414 409 414 : 441 413 407 408 393 412 407 410 406 389 418 393 396 399 389 395 396 402 399 414 405 408 408 409 404 399 397 404 404 400 394 399 399 409 407 409 409 409 408 409 408 407 408 411 412 418 415 412 412 412 410 412 412 415 415 415 415 412 413 414 414 414 412 412 414 422 407 406 409 415 415 414 415 414 415 417 416 412 409 416 414 ! 411 409 411 412 409 | 407 412 413 413 413 410 405 409 404 408 406 , 403 428 413 411 | 404 411 411 409 408 403 '■■ 403 409 401 410 408 434 412 411 408 410 412 413 414 413 410 412 413 409 424 405 405 406 411 430 407 406 409 420 421 412 411 410 417 422 401 384 384 400 404 405 | 405 404 408 410 400 400 400 409 413 407 408 409 409 413 416 399 408 409 405 408 417 417 416 411 411 407 413 410 412 409 407 403 403 410 417 412 412 409 410 413 391 410 j 400 i i i i i i i 411 405 411 412 401 417 391 410 410 406 401 411 406 391 405 394 399 404 389 ; 388 401 399 402 406 409 415 j 416 408 408 408 408 411 421 ! 426 408 409 423 418 407 402 399 404 409 409 409 414 421 ' 424 429 408 409 413 413 407 I 409 407 415 415 417 417 422 j 423 423 417 417 416 419 422 ; 425 421 417 422 417 419 I 431 430 424 414 413 416 415 425 427 432 419 419 417 419 429 430 429 411 413 415 418 423 429 430 412 412 416 418 418 428 430 413 415 418 421 429 424 421 412 413 416 419 429 438 442 408 j 409 413 413 418 422 422 407 I 405 411 415 423 418 411 404 403 406 412 \ 415 421 421 408 406 408 413 j 418 418 420 410 412 411 411 ! 415 417 421 417 424 420 417 420 421 423 413 416 417 420 ; 427 429 420 412 420 418 422 | 422 422 420 409 414 419 419 423 432 430 409 410 414 419 428 430 431 415 414 416 425 426 426 423 394 398 399 398 410 407 407 409 ! 392 406 414 j 408 409 412 400 399 403 406 415 416 413 410 410 412 414 418 420 418 413 409 401 406 401 401 409 402 415 407 404 399 429 404 407 410 420 411 413 413 415 414 429 415 424 415 430 415 430 414 424 415 433 415 417 413 403 410 418 405 416 409 417 409 418 408 417 413 420 412 422 412 430 413 423 416 407 400 412 408 408 407 Means 406 | i j 404 I 400 ■ 401 404 406 408 410 409 408 409 409 417 ! 410

C—la

58

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16° + ;abular minutes. Date. Oh. lh. 2h. i 3h. { 4h. 5h. 6h. 7k. 8h. j 9h. lOh. llh. 12h. 13h. 14h. 15h. 16h. 17h. 18h. 19h. 20h. 21h. 22h. 23h. Mean. 1914. September 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 45-3 45-3 45-3 45-9 43-1 44-8 43-1 44-2 44-7 45-3 43-5 43-6 44-8 43-6 43-6 44-9 43-6 45-9 44-8 43-1 44-2 44-8 44-2 44-2 44-8 45-3 44-8 50-4 43-6 44-8 47-0 j 45-9 I 45-3 45-9 45-3 46-5 44-3 | 45-2 ': 46-5 47-0 45-1 45-9 47-0 45-9 45-8 47-2 45-9 47-0 46-8 44-8 46-7 47-6 47-0 45-9 45-9 46-5 45-3 : 49-7 44-9 : 46-5 ! 48-0 47-0 48-0 46-5 47-3 46-5 45-9 45-9 48-0 47-6 46-5 47-6 48-7 47-0 47-6 49-1 47-6 49-3 48-1 47-0 48-1 48-7 47-6 47-6 47-1 46-9 46-5 49-3 47-0 47-6 48-0 47-0 48-1 47-0 47-7 47-0 47-0 46-9 48-8 48-1 46-7 48-1 49-3 47-2 48-1 49-1 48-2 49-8 48-8 48-0 48-1 48-2 48-7 48-7 47-1 47-6 47-0 48-7 47-6 47-6 47-0 46-5 48-1 47-0 47-1 48-0 45-3 47-5 49-3 47-7 47-1 47-6 48-7 47-6 48-2 48-7 48-1 | 48-6 I 48-7 j 47-0 48-4 47-6 49-8 48-6 47-6 47-6 47-6 47-0 48-1 47-6 45-9 45-9 47-6 46-9 46-5 47-6 46-2 47-6 48-7 46-5 46-5 46-5 48-1 46-6 47-6 47-3 47-1 48-7 48-0 46-9 47-6 47-0 49-8 47-0 47-0 47-0 47-0 45-3 48-0 47-1 45-3 ! 45-3 44-8 45-3 I 45-3 45-3 45-9 45-8 45-8 45-9 45-9 45-7 46-2 45-9 45-9 46-3 43-2 45-1 45-3 45-9 45-3 46-5 46-2 45-9 46-3 45-9 45-8 45-9 I 45-9 45-3 45-8 I 45-8 44-9 45-9 45-9 43-7 47-0 46-9 45-9 46-0 i 45-9 45-8 45-9 I 45-9 45-9 45-9 I 45-8 45-9 46-5 46-5 45-9 44-2 45-9 46-0 47-6 I 44-7 45-4 46-5 45-9 45-3 46-9 46-9 46-3 45-8 45-9 45-8 47-1 - 47-0 41-8 44-7 40-3 45-3 45-9 ! 45-9 44-8 46-5 45-9 45-9 46-5 45-9 44-8 43-1 44-9 45-3 45-9 45-3 44-2 45-9 45-9 45-9 44-8 45-3 45-8 45-7 45-9 45-1 45-3 45-9 45-8 45-3 44-9 43-7 45-9 45-8 45-9 45-9 45-9 46-0 45-4 45-3 46-3 45-8 41-8 45-3 44-8 45-9 44-8 45-3 44-2 45-9 44-7 44-8 45-9 44-8 45-9 44-8 45-8 45-9 45-9 45-3 44-7 44-8 45-9 45-9 45-9 39-2 45-9 45-9 45-8 45-3 45-9 45-9 41-1 45-5 41-4 45-9 45-3 45-3 43-6 44-8 43-1 44-2 ; 45-5 44-8 44-5 43-7 45-0 45-3 44-8 45-1 44-8 44-2 45-3 45-2 45-3 43-9 45-9 45-3 45-3 45-8 45-9 45-3 44-0 44-8 43-5 45-3 45-3 44-9 43-7 42-5 43-2 44-2 45-3 44-2 44-2 44-8 44-8 44-8 44-2 44-7 44-8 41-4 45-2 45-2 44-9 44-9 45-3 44-7 44-7 45-2 45-3 45-3 41-9 44-2 44-7 45-3 45-8 ' 43-6 42-5 42-6 i I 43-5 44-7 44-8 45-3 45-3 I 44-8 i 45-3 44-9 44-8 45-4 45-9 45-9 45-9 | 45-8 ] 45-3 45-3 44-7 44-8 45-3 45-9 45-9 45-9 , 45-4 j 44-9 45-1 44-7 47-0 45-4 44-8 ! 45-8 45-9 45-3 44-8 43-6 40-3 42-5 42-8 j 44-8 ! 45-3 i 45-3 45-0 45-3 45-3 45-9 45-9 45-9 45-1 '' 45-3 44-8 44-8 45-3 45-8 45-3 j 45-8 45-3 45-3 45-3 45-8 45-9 45-9 45-8 45-9 45-8 45-3 45-0 44-8 46-9 | 45-9 45-4 45-9 I 45-9 44-9 43-6 43-6 40-3 • 44-8 45-8 45-5 45-1 45-1 44-8 44-8 45-3 45-8 45-9 44-8 45-8 44-9 42-5 43-1 44-3 44-8 45-8 44-8 j 44-8 44-8 45-3 45-3 45-3 | 45-3 45-2 44-9 45-3 45-3 45-0 44-8 45-3 ; 45-2 45-1 45-0 44-9 44-8 42-7 44-4 44-8 44-9 44-9 44-8 I 44-9 j 44-8 44-8 44-8 44-7 44-7 44-8 45-9 \ 45-9 | 45-9 45-2 44-8 45-9 j 45-9 45-8 45-3 45-9 ; 44-9 43-6 45-9 45-8 | 45-9 45-9 45-9 I 45-8 45-3 44-7 44-0 44-9 45-8 45-9 45-9 ! 44-9 44-9 45-3 43-6 43-6 44-7 45-9 42-6 45-3 45-3 45-8 45-9 45-8 45-9 45-9 45-9 I 45-5 44-8 45-3 45-2 45-1 45-3 45-8 45-3 45-3 \ 44-8 40-3 42-5 43-6 45-9 46-9 47-0 I 50-4 52-5 43-6 43-6 44-8 45-3 45-9 45-9 j 45-8 I 45-1 44-8 44-2 45-9 46-5 45-5 45-3 j 44-9 I 44-9 ! 45-3 45-9 45-9 45-5 45-5 45-5 | 45-7 45-3 I 43-1 44-3 43-0 42-5 45-9 j 47-0 I 49-2 | 52-7 ! 44-8 44-8 44-8 44-8 44-8 j 44-8 44-8 43-6 ; 41-4 42-5 41-4 42-4 42-6 42-5 i 43-5 43-1 44-8 45-3 44-9 44-2 46-5 45-3 j 44-8 45-8 44-3 44-6 44-7 45-1 45-4 45-3 45-6 45-5 44-8 43-7 44-8 43-6 44-2 43-1 44-9 43-6 45-3 44-8 45-3 44-1 44-8 44-0 44-8 i 43-7 44-7 j 43-7 44-9 43-6 44-2 ' 41-9 44-5 43-7 44-2 42-1 44-2 42-3 44-3 42-5 44-8 43-6 44-8 : 42-5 44-2 42-5 43-6 41-9 44-1 42-5 44-2 42-5 43-7 41-9 49-3 43-6 44-8 42-5 44-8 43-3 44-8 43-6 48-1 | 54-3 42-6 ; 41-4 43-1 43-1 44-8 I 43-6 43-1 43-1 45-0 42-5 41-9 45-2 42-2 41-9 45-5 43-6 43-1 45-4 43-6 43-7 44-8 43-1 I 42-5 45-3 42-6 j 41-9 45-0 43-2 j 42-5 45-5 43-6 43-6 | 45-8 42-5 | 42-5 ' 45-1 41-4 41-4 44-5 43-1 | 43-1 44-8 41-9 41-9 45-6 41-4 42-5 45-1 41-9 42-5 45-1 42-6 42-6 45-3 41-4 | 41-4 45-4 41-4 I 42-5 45-7 41-4 I 41-4 45-3 41-9 j 41-9 44-9 41-4 I 41-4 45-6 414 41.9 454 42-5 42-6 45-7 42-5 42-6 45-0 43-4 43-4 45-1 43-1 43-1 ! 45-6 51-5 ' 50-4 : 46-8 40-5 42-5 j 45-1 43-6 ! 43-6 I 44-1 43-6 j 44-1 j 45-3 Means 44-6 46-2 47-5 47-9 I 47-8 47-2 j i 45-9 I 45-6 45-3 44-9 : i 44-7 i i l j 44-4 44-6 44-7 43-4 42-7 42-8 45-3 j ■ "

C.--1a

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

59

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. lh. 2h. 3k. 1 4h. | 5k. j 6k. 7h. I 8h. 9h. | 10k. llh. j 12h. 13k. | 14h. | 15h. 16k. 17k. , 18h. 19k. ' 20h. 21h. 22h. 23k. Mean. 1914. September 1 2 3 4 5 6 33 ' 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 403 403 404 409 406 404 408 408 411 409 409 409 407 403 404 413 407 398 406 404 406 419 415 419 425 425 423 399 396 394 411 402 404 405 401 400 409 400 J 394 408 406 ! 402 410 407 I 405 406 403 I 402 394 395 j 391 406 406 I 400 402 396 j 396 411 i 408 i 406 397 402 i 407 398 399 404 398 ! 400 403 378 | 364 ! 375 401 j 399 398 403 397 399 407 405 405 348 361 364 387 389 395 393 392 378 405 408 414 410 408 403 404 413 420 401 406 401 392 406 405 401 402 398 400 403 411 410 410 375 394 405 403 368 395 392 I ! 408 I 409 410 i 411 406 414 | 414 413 i 416 415 422 421 419 419 423 414 : 411 414 417 419 413 417 414 | 412 412 409 ! 408 409 I 402 401 405 409 409 412 411 412 ! 414 415 415 417 413 386 403 414 415 410 411 416 419 420 408 j 404 406 i 406 406 406 413 416 ' 413 421 404 403 411 | 407 411 408 408 413 ' 414 417 410 411 405 411 417 410 411 415 416 416 409 , 411 412 410 403 396 391 384 385 396 402 404 401 , 401 396 406 ! 405 406 ! 410 410 412 414 416 416 417 414 414 414 411 411 418 408 401 389 394 385 393 381 413 402 395 400 405 404 403 410 414 413 j 413 413 408 j 418 419 396 381 369 | 364 365 379 384 405 382 371 370 366 399 396 398 i 400 400 402 415 421 418 , ■414 405 415 414 404 422 418 415 413 416 417 410 410 406 400 410 418 414 424 406 409 418 397 I 387 i 368 I 400 410 I 402 416 I 402 j 403 415 414 413 414 421 419 419 421 i 419 419 419 412 J 436 415 410 435 409 404 i 407 407 416 416 417 414 412 410 410 411 430 399 404 401 421 420 I 429 430 408 411 | 413 409 411 409 I 408 408 412 409 : 410 409 412 413 I 410 410 419 414 ! 416 408 406 416 413 I 409 412 413 | 411 ! 415 404 401 I 402 \ 399 403 403 i 403 ! 406 409 408 I 409 ! 419 I 418 417 I 409 409 414 416 ' 416 412 449 446 451 i 405 404 399 402 I 402 405 406 404 : 399 420 415 | 415 410 j 407 412 I 425 410 i 392 394 397 397 j 376 407 384 386 399 397 | 399 403 412 411 | 411 409 I I 406 407 410 414 415 415 417 414 416 439 426 413 429 410 414 410 410 408 412 414 417 411 j 413 414 411 404 406 407 ! 403 402 410 412 411 401 I 401 403 409 412 413 409 416 412 412 411 412 428 408 404 412 409 408 403 | 402 405 406 408 410 412 409 418 410 I 412 412 419 ! 416 416 400 [ 400 405 399 401 405 401 I 407 404 409 j 410 414 411 I 403 419 399 397 399 394 396 392 405 I 400 407 406 414 417 439 429 410 412 411 411 407 410 401 409 409 412 428 412 403 406 412 410 419 400 399 401 409 411 399 394 405 412 412 415 423 416 418 424 428 417 419 429 426 409 412 416 424 410 414 415 419 414 415 417 423 414 417 424 426 415 415 423 430 406 406 414 I 415 404 I 411 413 I 419 411 406 411 | 417 402 408 413 j 415 414 | 416 423 i 428 412 413 413 j 420 412 414 421 I 423 404 411 416 j 420 408 412 416 | 417 405 406 408 412 412 411 413 i 416 410 i 409 417 I 417 414 I 415 418 i 420 415 ; 421 425 I 429 405 j 407 402 417 407 ! 411 415 415 406 j 411 414 419 414 I 411 418 j 420 398 ; 411 379 i 350 404 | 403 410 417 393 i 391 393 ' 394 401 I 398 396 j 403 409 i 411 414 j 417 i I 423 423. 431 424 424 421 424 423 421 423 425 419 426 429 430 429 411 414 416 421 416 412 421 423 429 428 422 425 422 421 413 411 416 418 411 411 418 413 414 412 416 415 428 423 413 403 415 413 418 415 420 421 334 344 417 412 391 395 401 395 423 410 421 416 419 419 j 417 417 417 415 I 407 410 I 429 415 I 423 417 411 411 419 413 406 409 416 410 426 412 412 412 411 413 411 411 416 409 404 402 411 405 412 410 415 413 439 416 388 410 413 399 415 406 418 412 344 395 405 389 391 388 388 398 i ! i 401 1 ■ . 406 l 405 406 I 407 407 406 I 407 407 410 I 408 409 1 417 415 417 i 411 409 Means .. 402 : 400 400 400 405 j i i i I

C—la.

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

60

Declination (east of north) : 16° -4- tabular minutes. Date. Oh. Ik. 2k. 3h. 4h. 5h. j 6h. j 7h. 8h. 9k. | lOh. I llh. 12h. | 13h. 14h. j 15h. ; 16h. 17h. I 18h. 19h. i 20h. 21h. 22h. 23h. Mean. I i \ I 1914. ctober 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 44-8 46-0 43-7 44-9 44-3 45-4 47-1 46-1 45-6 46-1 45-8 45-1 46-0 43-7 44-6 47-0 44-8 45-9 45-4 45-5 45-4 45-4 44-9 44-9 42-3 45-4 46-6 45-4 47-1 47-9 48-2 47-1 47-1 46-1 47-7 46-3 47-1 48-8 47-7 47-2 47-7 47-3 46-9 47-3 45-5 46-6 49-4 47-7 47-7 47-1 47-7 48-2 47-1 46-1 45-8 44-0 47-0 47-8 47-4 49-2 49-6 49-9 48-8 49-2 48-8 49-0 48-2 48-3 49-8 49-1 48-8 48-0 48-6 47-8 48-2 47-8 48-2 50-5 49-7 48-6 48-5 49-3 49-6 48-1 46-6 47-2 50-9 48-3 48-2 49-6 50-5 50-5 51-0 50-4 49-9 48-2 49-4 48-8 48-8 49-2 49-4 48-8 47-7 48-7 48-5 48-8 49-4 48-2 50-7 49-6 48-5 48-9 49-5 49-6 48-2 46-6 48-1 50-5 48-4 47-7 50-0 51-0 49-5 50-5 49-4 48-2 46-2 46-0 41-5 43-6 44-3 43-6 44-0 42-4 45-5 i 44-9 49-9 48-2 47-1 45-9 45-6 45-4 45-0 j 43-7 44-9 ; 45-0 44-9 : 45-6 48-8 47-9 46-0 j 46-0 45-0 44-9 45-2 I 44-9 44-8 44-9 45-4 ; 45-6 j 48-8 47-2 46-6 1 46-7 46-0 45-0 43-7 ' 45-4 44-3 45-3 45-9 | 45-9 ! 48-8 47-8 46-9 1 46-6 46-6 46-0 45-0 45-4 45-0 45-4 45-9 j 45-9 48-2 46-6 46-0 | 46-0 45-4 44-9 I 46-0 I 44-3 44-3 44-9 44-9 | 46-0 ! 48-8 47-1 46-3 I 45-9 45-4 45-9 j 45-0 j 45-4 | 44-9 , 44-8 45-4 ] 47.2 48-8 48-1 46-9 46-6 ; 46-0 45-9 | 45-4 ! 44-9 , 44-0 j 44-1 45-0 I 47-1 47-6 47-0 47-6 I 45-2 | 43-6 44-3 45-3 I 44-9 | 45-4 j 45-2 45-3 j 45-9 47-1 47-0 47-0 i 46-9 46-6 46-1 ' 44-8 ' 39-8 j 41-0 , 42-5 43-7 43-7 48-2 47-0 46-6 I 46-0 '< 46-0 46-0 i 47-2 ! 44-3 | 44-3 I 44-3 43-7 43-7 47-8 47-4 46-0 | 46-0 | 45-4 45-4 j 44-8 , 44-6 I 45-4 I 43-8 43-7 I 43-7 48-0 47-0 46-1 j 45-9 45-4 45-2 j 43-5 j 45-2 44-9 44-9 44-9 45-0 48-8 48-1 46-4 ! 46-0 \ 46-0 45-9 i 45-8 ; 45-4 45-4 44-9 44-9 44-9 48-3 47-3 45-8 I 45-5 \ 45-8 45-4 ; 44-3 i 43-6 44-9 44-9 44.8 45-0 49-9 48-7 48-2 I 47-1 , 44-9 46-1 I 45-4 I 44-8 45-5 45-4 45-1 45-2 49-5 48-6 47-0 j 46-6 j 46-2 46-0 j 40-0 I 39-9 .' 44-3 j 44-9 44-8 j 44-9 48-6 48-2 46-6 46-4 46-3 44-0 43-2 I 42-6 42-6 43-8 43-1 43-7 48-8 48-5 47-0 i 46-6 j 45-4 45-3 45-4 45-3 45-4 I 45-4 45-3 j 45-2 '• 49-3 48-2 46-4 I 46-0 I 42-2 43-2 ! 44-9 44-9 I 44-9 i 45-0 45-2 45-2 49-9 | 46-0 48-6 ! 47-7 ! 46-0 46-3 I 46-1 46-0 ; 45-6 i 44-9 44-9 ! 44-8 47-3 j 46-6 46-6 45-9 I 45-4 44-9 ! 45-2 45-9 j 46-0 | 44-3 44-9 i 44-9 47-1 47-1 44-5 45-4 1 45-4 45-3 1 44-9 45-0 44-9! 44-9 44-9 44-9 48-1 j 47-0 I 46-0 j 45-8 ! 46-0 46-0 j 45 -8 j 44-9 I 45-3 , 45-0 44-9 44-9 49-5 48-8 47-5 ! 46-6 j 46-4 46-0 I 46-0 | 45-9 45-9 I 45-4 45-4 45-4 47-6 46-9 46-6 '• 46-3 ? 46-2 46-0 I 45-9 I 45-0 45-0 44-9 45-2 44-8 47-7 ! 48-2 47-1 46-6 ! 46-6 45-5 45-4 | 42-6 43-7 43-8 44-9 | 44-8 52-2 ' 49-4 46-6 48-2 [ 44-3 45-5 I 44-9 41-0 | 37-8 41-6 47-0 j 47-3 52-1 ' 46-6 | 47-7 48-7 \ 47-1 45-1 j 38-9 43-3 47-1 45-2 46-0 I 47-1 48-2 | 47-2 I 45-1 45-0 j 44-5 44-3 I 44-2 ! 45-1 45-9 45-6 45-4 45-3 48-8 | 48-1 i 46-4 46-0 | 45-5 45-4 | 45-4 I 45-3 j 45-3 46-0 45-6 44-9 I l| j ■ ' 48-8 47-6 I 46-6 46-3 i 45-4 45-3 44-7 j 44-3 j 44-6 44-6 45-1 45-3 | 44-8 I 44-9 45-8 46-0 I 44-9 43-4 ' 43-2 43-8 45-3 46-1 46-6 47-1 46-0 ! 44-3 i 42-6 ■ 41-5 I 42-6 45-8 i 45-4 46-0 48-1 46-0 i 44-9 I 42-7 ! 42-0 42-0 45-6 46-0 \ 46-0 46-0 45-5 | 43-7 j 42-6 i 42-6 42-9 45-7 45-2 ! 46-0 46-6 46-0 43-7 42-0 [ 42-5 43-2 45-8 46-0 : 45-0 44-6 43-8 42-6 i 40-9 | 42-6 46-0 45-4 46-6 ! 45-3 '< 45-0 44-8 43-4 ! 42-5 '< 43-2 44-9 45-9 45-0 | 45-1 i 45-0 44-8 43-6 j 42-5 j 43-7 45-4 45-8 44-8 44-9 i 44-9 44-9 I 44-3 j 43-7 | 45-4 46-0 45-7 43-6 ' 43-7 I 43-7 44-0 j 43-7 ! 43-7 ' 44-3 44-3 44-9 43-8 I 44-9 ! 44-9 44-9 I 43-5 42-8 j 43-2 43-7 45-4 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-3 t 43-5 42-6 1 43-6 44-3 45-2 45-0 45-2 45-4 45-0 44-3 42-9 1 42-9 42-6 45-4 44-9 44-9 44-8 44-3 , 43-2 42-5 j 42-6 42-6 45-4 44-9 44-3 | 44-5 44-0 , 43-2 42-7 ! 43-7 43-7 45-2 45-0 44-9 i 44-9 43-7 ! 42-4 42-0 42-6 43-2 45-9 45-0 44-9 44-9 44-0 ; 42-6 40-9 1 42-0 43-2 45-1 43-7 43-8 44-9 43-7 ; 42-7 41-5 j 42-6 42-8 44-9 I 44-9 44-9 44-3 42-8 i 41-5 40-4 1 41-6 43-2 45-3 45-2 45-0 44-9 43-7 I 42-0 40-9 \ 40-9 42-6 45-1 494 44.9 44.3 44.3 | 43.3 42-5 j 42-9 44-3 46-1 44-9 44-9! 44-9 43-8 i 42-9 42-0 42-0 42-6 45-2 44-9 44-9 I 44-3 43-2 \ 41-8 41-7 > 42-6 43-7 44-8 45-0 44-9 44-9 43-7 j 42-7 42-5 43-2 44-3 45-3 45-4 45-4 I 45-0 45-3 ! 43-1 42-0 43-2 | 43-7 45-8 44-9 44-9 I 43-7 42-7 I 40-9 41-0 42-6 I 45-0 45-2 44.9 44.9 j 434 41.7 40-9 40-0 40-9 43-2 44-9 44-3 42-9 42-7 42-6 42-3 41-6 42-9 45-0 45-1 45-6 46-0 1 46-0 43-6 41-7 40-4 42-0 45-0 46-0 44-9 44-9! 43-6 42-5 41-2 40-9 42-6 44-3 45-3 44-3 43-8 1 43-6 42-0 41-8 ■ 40-9 432 44-9 45-7 45-1 45-0 1 44-9 44-1 I 42-9 42-0 42-7 43-8 45-4 i 1 Means 45-5 47-4 I 48-9 49-1; 45-4

C.—la.

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

61

Horizontal Force: 0-22 . . . C.G.S. Date. Oh. lh. 2h. 3h. 4h. I 5h. 6h. 7h. 8h 9h. lOh. llh. 12h. j 13h. 14h. j 15h. j 16k. 17h. f 18h. 19h. j 20h. 21h. | 22h. 23k. Mean1914. October 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 „ 31 398 398 388 385 373 370 389 390 378 379 384 381 367 370 381 390 390 392 401 406 391 394 400 405 399 402 397 399 377 381 391 404 402 416 413 399 395 398 399 405 386 389 394 401 381 386 | 389 392 391 394 401 409 390 389 I 394 399 383 381 390 395 395 395 | 394 394 388 389 ' 386 396 387 394 I 400 396 390 403 ' 398 409 375 379 I 388 399 388 390 399 412 392 397 I 398 407 399 393 ' 387 399 396 396 | 400 404 394 395 I 401 405 395 396 ' 400 405 410 415 j 418 418 417 404 j 422 423 378 381 | 399 403 383 392 i 386 390 388 ' 400 j 400 404 383 | 381 ! 393 393 401 386 I 390 I 395 397 399 388 I 402 j 401 403 ■ 402 402 398 383 394 399 414 412 411 407 406 413 410 404 400 411 409 407 394 397 398 407 398 399 ! 402 405 ! 412 404 400 I 401 396 413 412 409 ! 405 403 397 404 408 j 406 409 400 i 400 399 I 399 394 413 I 414 407 398 394 405 408 410 410 410 402 407 409 407 407 398 400 395 ! 393 392 406 405 406 j 406 411 403 399 392 399 401 414 410 405 I 404 403 412 408 417 405 405 421 402 391 386 364 410 407 402 ! 401 392 401 412 407 j 399 399 412 411 398 I 405 ! 403 409 I 411 407 | 406 406 410 410 411 j 412 414 427 ! 422 419 i 428 426 426 < 402 379 | 343 398 380 . 414 364 359 383 393 ' 395 395 398 i 400 404 ! 405 405 ! 401 ; 403 ■ ! 405 i 405 400 ' 399 , 401 i I - 388 391 < 393 395 I 417 : 393 \ 408 396 ' 400 399 397 I 400 399 399 395 395 400 399 j 407 408 415 410 j 408 406 [ 410 409 413 411 407 406 393 399 402 403 I 402 402 403 404 '. 405 405 I 400 408 411 I 406 401 386 381 397 400 400 392 399 398 398 j 400 400 i 402 403 403 I 403 398 391 392 394 404 401 416 406 I 403 403 '■ 406 409 I 407 409 411 414 403 391 384 404 405 410 406 I 407 411 I 407 j 406 413 416 420 413 412 404 392 388 406 400 395 404 I 421 ! 403 398 I 394 403 400 405 398 400 398 393 381 400 406 402 403 ! 407 406 400 j 404 404 403 405 405 406 403 403 397 401 394 399 404 j 398 402 400 405 400 j 400 403 403 407 402 387 j 382 401 406 ! 399 418 I 409 397 399 ! 395 398 I 404 400 400 I 401 397 386 381 401 396 : 395 394 I 393 ; 393 405 > 399 398 [ 398 403 403 I 403 396 394 i 391 398 392 ; 393 399 401 j 412 j 404 j 401 402 I 403 I 405 408 j 411 407 401 [ 398 399 389 > 379 393 399 ! 399 ' 402 401 401 | 403 ! 406 406 | 404 399 395 | 393 400 406 ! 408 404 405 I 410 404 '< 403 404 I 405 : 406 409 j 411 406 401 : 393 404 409 409 416 412 409 407 j 405 414 407 j 408 409 ; 409 406 398 , 398 404 399 I 400 400 j 403 401 403 | 401 400 ' 403 ' 403 404 j 404 401 395 I 391 399 405 ' 423 395 | 396 399 411 I 396 396 : 396 398 399 395 394 387 377 398 407 : 403 401 I 401 423 400 \ 404 407 ! 405 404 406 403 396 393 393 401 405 i 410 413 I 414 414 414 I 416 414 416 418 414 403 394 384 379 406 391 I 397 404 ! 407 407 408 j 408 410 411 413 411 407 400 394 392 j 402 392 401 402 403 422 411 ' 405 403 : 410 414 409 406 403 397 394 j 400 397 I 398 412 413 412 I 403 I 403 406 ; 406 i 408 408 409 404 394 , 392 | 403 404 i 401 402 405 ■ 405 405 ! 405 403 , 403 | 405 405 403 396 391 388 ! 401 405 I 405 405 j 404 404 403 j 404 404 j 405 409 409 408 400 399 397 | 403 406 j 408 406 I 405 405 406 I 404 404 \ 405 410 412 410 406 398 394 405 414 415 412 ! 413 415 413 \ 411 411 411 414 418 413 404 402 403 ! 409 423 ' 421 425 -, 418 | 414 416 415 413 j 440 j 430 425 418 412 409 410 420 382 ; 381 371 363 390 ; 385 : 383 j 393 j 396 I 403 388 ! 365 372 368 379 | 389 381 ! 399 385 401 387 387 389 390 383 | 381 381 j 375 370 371 371 j 384 400 ' 403 406 404 403 402 : 400 398 397 I 398 397 ! 393 482 374 374 I 398 406 404 404 406 i 410 407 406 408 408 j 411 409 j 399 390 383 385 402 400 | 402 403 ! 404 i 406 403 ' 403 404 405 407 406 ! 404 402 392 389 401 Means 390 I 392 396 401

C— IA.

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

62

Decimation (east of north) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. lh. j 2h. 3k. j 4k. 5k. I 6k. 7k. 8h. • 9k. j 10k. j llh. I 12h. 13h. ! 14k. 15k. 16k. 17k. ' 18h. ! 19h. I 20h. 21h. I 22h. 23k .Mean 1914. November 1 2 3 4 6 33 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 | 47-1 48-8 i 50-5 47-7 49-5 j 50-1 48-3 49-9 ! 50-1 47-2 48-8 I 50-1 46-6 47-9 ! 49-6 46-0 47-7 j 49-0 47-7 49-9 I 51-6 46-4 48-0 j 49-8 46-6 49-1 i 49-9 47-0 48-6 , 49-6 48-8 50-9 I 52-2 46-4 48-2 49-5 44-3 47-4 I 49-5 48-0 50-5 ! 51-0 I 49-4 50-4 I 50-5 j 48-8 50-1 i 50-1 ! 50-8 50-8 I 50-6 j 49-9 51-6 51-6 49-9 51-6 i 52-2 48-3 50-9 ' 51-6 I 47-4 50-0 ! 51-6 46-6 48-3 i 49-9 46-3 48-2 50-4 48-1 49-4 49-9 48-2 47-7 48-3 46-6 48-2 49-4 47-7 48-8 51-6 46-0 48-2 48-8 48-2 49-5 I 49-9 47-1 48-8 j 49-8 ! I ' ' I I 50-3 49-2 48-0 46-9 46-6 46-0 45-4 45-1 44-9 44-3 48-3 42-6 39-8 44-9 | 47-1 44-3 49-5 48-1 47-7 : 46-0 46-0 43-2 44-4 44-8 44-9 45-9 45-4 46-0 45-4 43-7 ! 44-2 43-7 49-5 48-1 47-1 '< 46-0 i 45-4 45-9 43-8 46-6 43-7 j 44-3 45-0 44-1 44-9 46-4 j 45-4 43-1 j 50-1 49-9 49-9 43-1 ! 47-4 46-6 39-8 41-9 44-3 ' 41-9 44-8 44-3 44-9 44-6 I 44-3 43-7 50-1 49-4 46-6 46-6 46-3 45-4 43-1 j 44-4 45-1 44-3 45-3 44-9 I 44-9 44-8 44-8 44-3 49-4 48-8 48-1 46-4 46-3 46-0 46-3 | 45-4 44-5 | 44-9 44-9 45-4 45-2 46-4 ! 45-6 j 45-1 51-0 49-2 48-2 44-9 i 46-6 44-3 42-5 I 44-1 43-7 I 43-7 44-5 44-9 47-1 ! 46-0 ! 44-9 ] 44-1 49-9 48-3 47-2 46-6 46-2 45-4 45-2 j 44-3 44-5 44-9 44-9 44-9 45-0 I 44-9 ! 44-9 143-8 50-9 49-7 48-8 47-6 46-6 46-6 46-2 ' 46-3 45-8 \ 45-6 45-4 45-4 I 45-4 I 45-0 I 44-9 ! 44-3 I 49-4 48-1 47-1 46-6 46-2 45-9 45-5 I 45-4 | 45-1 i 45-0 44-9 45-0 44-9 44-8 | 43-7 43-0 j 51-8 50-6 49-4 47-7 45-9 46-3 45-0 I 44-3 ' 44-6 ! 43-2 42-0 39-2 42-6 47-0 ' 43-2 45-3 | 48-8 j 47-7 46-2 46-1 45-4 45-6 43-8 44-8 j 44-0 [ 45-4 44-6 44-3 44-3 ; 44-9 | 44-9 44-3 i 48-8 I 48-8 47-8 46-6 46-1 45-9 45-9 , 45-9 : 45-4 ! 45-4 45-4 45-4 45-4 45-2 I 45-0 ! 45-4 | 49-8 48-8 48-0 47-0 46-0 45-5 45-4 44-9 | 43-7 | 41-8 40-9 41-8 43-4 i 44-3 43-7 I 43-7 49-5 49-3 48-1 46-6 44-9 46-1 43-8 44-3 : 45-6 j 44-9 45-0 45-4 45-0 ! 46-6 45-4 j 44-9 I 50-0 49-4 47-7 46-6 j 46-2 45-9 46-0 | 45-4 j 45-4 j 45-9 44-3 44-9 44-9 j 44-9 43-8 > 42-6 49-4 48-7 48-2 46-1 | 45-4 45-4 45-5 i 45-6 ■ 45-4 44-6 44-9 47-2 45-9 44-9 I 44-9 I 45-5 I 50-4 48-7 47-1 45-4 44-9 44-9 45-0 | 44-8 | 44-9 45-4 45-0 44-9 44-8 j 43-7 43-8 l 42-6 | 51-6 50-5 | 48-3 46-6 44-4 45-4 43-8 45-3 | 44-9 45-1 44-9 46-0 47-2 46-1 46-6 j 44-3 | I 51-6 50-0 48-2 46-6 45-4 45-1 45-0 ! 44-9 j 44-9 45-9 46-0 46-0 46-0 46-0 45-3 >44-3 \ 51-6 50-9 49-2 47-1 | 46-2 46-0 45-9 f 45-4 I 43-8 44-9 45-0 45-0 45-9 44-9 44-9 i 43-7 50-5 49-5 48-2 47-1 I 46-1 46-0 45-9 j 45-5 | 45-4 45-3 45-2 45-1 45-0 44-9 44-8 j 43-7 49-5 48-8 47-7 i 45-5 45-4 45-9 45-9 \ 45-4 I 45-0 45-0 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-9 43-7 j 42-7 49-4 49-2 48-2 ! 46-6 46-1 46-0 45-4 j 45-4 j 45-2 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-2 j 43-2 48-9 I 48-8 47-9 | 46-4 46-1 46-0 46-0 I 45-5 ' 45-2 44-9 44-9 44-9 I 44-9 44-9 I 44-8 I 43-7 50-5 i 50-3 48-3 i 46-6 I 46-1 46-0 46-0 45-9 I 45-0 45-0 45-1 45-0 44-9 44-3 43-7 | 42-0 52-8 i 51-3 I 49-4 , 48-2 47-1 47-1 46-6 45-0 j 43-7 43-8 44-3 46-0 [ 43-8 43-8 43-2 ; 43-2 49-4 48-7 48-2 ; 46-6 46-6 I 44-8 45-4 44-9 | 44-9 44-8 44-5 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-0 I 43-5 49-9 49-2 48-2 i 47-0 46-6 i 44-2 44-3 44-5 43-8 45-4 45-0 44-6 46-0 44-9 43-7 j 43-1 49-4 , 48-8 48-2 j 46-7 46-0 45-4 45-4 45-2 45-4 45-4 46-0 47-4 146-6 46-0 44-1 j 42-6 50-1 49-2 48-0 ! 46-5 46-0 45-6 44-9 45-0 44-8 44-7 44-9 44-8 45-0 45-1 44-6 43-8 42-6 41-5 40-4 42-0 42-5 41-6 31-2 43-2 41-5 40-4 39-8 40-9 43-2 41-0 41-3 41-6 43-3 42-0 41-7 42-0 43-6 ! 41-8 39-9 40-4 43-2 I 41-6 40-4 41-5 42-6 I 41-5 41-5 42-0 42-6 ! 40-9 41-4 42-0 i 41-5 | 40-4 40-4 42-3 i 46-0 | 44-3 I 42-0 42-7 ■ 42-5 j 41-5 40-5 41-5 43-7 42-6 42-0 43-1 42-6 i 42-5 I 41-5 46-0 43-2 42-3 42-0 43-7 42-5 ! 40-8 40-9 42-6 43-6 43-1 43-3 45-4 40-5 40-1 39-8 42-6 42-6 i 41-5 42-0 43-7 42-6 | 40-4 39-8 42-0 42-0 I 41-5 41-5 42-7 42-2 j 40-4 40-5 43-2 41-5 41-5 41-5 43-6 41-5 41-0 40-9 42-6 43-7 43-2 42-0 42-8 40-4 42-5 39-3 40-9 41-9 40-4 40-5 41-8 42-6 I 42-6 42-6 44-8 42-0 40-4 40-4 40-9 41-5 ! 40-9 40-9 42-6 44-5 45-5 46-0 45-4 44-8 45-2 43-7 44-9 43-7 45-3 42-9 45-4 43-7 45-4 43-8 45-3 44-3 45-9 45-8 ! 45-3 44-3 45-8 41-5 I 44-9 43-1 ! 45-6 48-2 | 45-4 46-1 : 46-0 45-4 I 45-6 47-7 46-4 46-0 ! 45-4 46-0 | 46-3 44-4 ! 45-9 44-1 ! 45-9 45-4 j 45-6 : 46-1 45-4 42-6 | 45-4 44-8 j 45-6 45-4 | 45-3 43-7 I 45-7 45-4 45-5 41-5 45-1 43-7 45-6 ! ' Means 47-6 49-3 50-3 47-6 42-5 ! 41-5 41-1 42-6 44-6 45-5

C,-lA

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

63

.orizom orce : Date. Oh. lh. 2k I 3h. 4h. 5h. 6h. 7h. I 8h. 9h. i i i i': ■, T ' ) i I 10h. llh. 12k i 13k. 14k 15k. 16k. 17k 18k 19k. 20k 21h. ■ 22k j 23k. Mean. | ! I | 1914. November 1 2 3 4 33 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 391 382 386 376 376 376 352 377 368 392 387 377 378 375 394 388 396 402 374 377 370 385 386 396 392 398 388 387 380 391 398 i 394 397 401 383 385 375 389 375 402 395 385 382 386 406 405 396 417 386 I 389 379 392 398 401 400 407 ' 403 I 392 j 388 398 405 401 408 409 400 399 393 400 398 409 414 390 388 394 417 410 403 416 395 401 396 403 403 407 407 417 420 409 396 400 411 412 409 I 410 420 422 415 423 403 402 406 407 408 411 405 404 410 417 414 416 433 417 399 398 395 395 403 403 420 412 415 418 419 415 426 422 405 408 411 413 411 424 412 422 416 420 415 416 409 413 415 427 383 425 402 ! 414 409 ! 413 411 i 412 410 409 405 399 420 423 440 435 407 402 j 410 399 415 405 406 406 413 407 412 412 425 417 400 393 396 398 | 411 402 408 390 405 410 409 394 412 403 412 400 411 406 421 419 421 408 420 412 414 416 413 410 415 413 403 399 404 I 408 411 ! 406 { 414 | 408 375 373 396 | 397 402 398 395 395 | 395 397 390 377 387 5 414 399 374 376 383 ! 389 411 | 403 398 401 | 399 398 ! 400 \ 402 403 I 404 408 394 | 402 416 i 401 402 400 ! 396 394 ' 399 394 403 403 402 : 402 402 409 414 408 I 410 407 415 406 404 404 408 390 ; 389 394 393 394 398 401 401 400 400 400 399 399 396 390 388 392 420 396 399 408 409 413 413 415 403 : 405 407 410 410 395 392 402 408 412 411 409 411 409 412 406 : 406 406 j 403 403 415 412 412 408 408 413 : 413 411 408 408 410 412 410 410 407 415 413 416 416 410 411 413 415 415 415 410 416 420 418 413 401 399 413 422 430 398 ! 394 401 401 403 I 404 ! 404 ! 405 402 405 i 404 404 | 404 403 403 408 398 397 392 401 401 404 395 403 406 407 401 401 394 402 412 407 412 407 402 407 409 408 412 416 413 404 403 409 403 420 417 409 391 393 386 416 398 404 396 394 397 402 397 397 394 399 400 394 389 387 391 389 395 418 ' 401 392 394 394 397 399 396 398 398 404 407 I 401 401 410 405 409 ] 411 400 i 395 396 400 400 i 404 401 402 406 404 ! 402 ' 405 405 406 407 412 i 415 ! 415 452 392 375 ; 411 389 I 389 398 388 390 388 396 j 395 399 : 397 396 396 396 I 403 387 j 394 392 388 393 I 398 401 399 397 402 400 j 399 420 408 407 407 408 408 403 415 407 404 406 406 408 410 403 407 407 412 407 404 411 412 417 411 404 405 407 407 406 414 406 404 410 407 412 415 409 409 409 410 411 410 407 406 406 406 408 409 409 407 407 408 411 412 411 ! 415 ; 413 414 413 414 413 I 410 j 412 408 j 410 422 404 ' 398 | 403 401 | 402 396 401 . 401 \ 399 401 j 401 400 410 i 415 412 411 | 409 402 403 I 410 406 410 | 408 402 407 403 402 403 j 403 404 392 399 403 390 397 403 404 405 406 418 386 402 402 394 395 401 406 408 403 412 408 405 406 407 411 413 395 400 407 400 374 367 367 372 395 389 382 369 373 396 399 386 376 381 399 385 378 366 361 I 394 388 385 380 379 396 398 391 376 376 398 401 396 395 370 396 396 387 383 380 396 397 396 387 386 400 407 399 394 389 407 378 378 370 372 401 398 388 381 381 I 392 392 379 372 372 ! 393 386 371 355 369 391 398 : 383 371 371 398 392 383 381 369 405 389 382 365 384 402 395 380 375 370 404 391 377 361 ' 367 j 400 412 393 368 i 368 j 401 398 • 387 377 375 j 403 ! 395 ! 385 380 381 405 399 j 393 394 391 409 398 | 392 387 392 407 411 • 403 398 393 409 409 I 405 379 374 410 392 j 387 382 383 402 391 : 388 i 380 378 398 409 I 384 384 384 402 391 379 379 | 382 401 395 386 376 377 400 Means 383 , ! 390 I 404 I 410 | 414 412 I 407 401 401 | 405 405 406 I I : 405 406 400 I I I I I I I

C—lA

64

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

Declination (east of north) : 16° + tabular minutes. Date. Oh. lh. 2k. 3k. 4k. 5k 6k 7k. 8k. 9k. ! 10k. llh. ! 12h. 13k 14h. I 15k. 16k 17k. j 18k. 19k. ; 20k. 21k j 22k. 23k. Mean 1914. December 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 49-4 52-2 52-8 i 51-7 50-3 49-4 51-6 51-0 50-1 48-8 48-2 49-9 51-5 \ 51-0 49-4 46-0 48-5 50-3 '■ 50-8 50-5 49-4 49-9 52-2 j 53-2 51-6 47-1 49-9 51-0 52-1 51-6 48-8 i 49-4 51-0 51-3 50-8 46-0 48-2 49-9 51-0 50-5 46-6 49-2 50-5 ! 50-1 49-4 47-2 49-2 | 49-8 : 49-0 48-8 46-6 48-8 , 49-4 ' 49-0 48-1 48-2 49-5 | 50-5 49-9 48-8 48-2 : 51-5 | 52-8 ; 51-0 48-8 494 504 | 49-9 48-8 48-1 48-8 49-4 ; 49-9 i 49-8 48-2 49-9 51-6 51-5 49-9 48-9 51-7 54-4 56-3 j 55-6 I 52-2 47-1 48-8 j 49-4 49-4 | 49-0 49-9 50-5 52-2 54-4 : 51-9 46-3 48-5 49-0 48-8 I 48-5 47-3 49-9 50-3 I 50-3 i 49-9 45-4 47-6 49-2 | 48-7 49-4 47-7 49-4 49-9 50-0 [ 49-5 45-3 47-7 49-4 49-4 47-7 46-2 48-5 50-4 50-0 I 49-6 43-7 45-4 46-3 48-2 [ 50-4 47-4 49-9 51-0 50-5 49-4 47-9 48-8 50-1 49-9 49-4 46-0 48-2 48-8 48-2 47-1 44-9 46-6 47-2 47-7 47-7 45-4 47-6 48-8 48-3 48-8 49-2 47-0 48-1 47-1 50-0 49-8 48-8 49-3 48-3 47-9 47-1 | 47-7 47-1 47-1 S 47-7 | 46-0 49-4 47-8 50-5 47-6 49-0 48-6 48-6 46-6 47-7 50-5 48-1 46-8 ! 46-6 47-4 48-1 i 46-6 45-3 45-4 1 45-4 45-4 45-5 45-0 i 43-8 44-9 44-9 44-9 45-0 46-6 I 45-9 45-4 j 46-0 45-0 44-9 47-0 i 46-3 45-8 j 45-6 45-4 45-4 47-7 46-0 45-0 43-7 44-3 44-9 47-1 | 46-0 45-2 : 45-3 45-2 45-3 , 45-4 44-9 44-2 ! 44-3 j 44-6 43-2 j 48-2 I 47-1 46-0 i 42-2 | 44-9 44-5 j 47-7 46-7 46-0 ! 45-9 45-6 43-7 46-6 ; 46-0 45-4 42-6 43-6 43-3 46-6 46-0 j 45-9 45-4 44-3 44-9 46-1 '■ 45-9 | 46-0 45-6 43-8 43-7 I 46-6 j 46-1 45-9 | 45-8 45-4 46-0 | 46-0 45-4 45-3 ! 45-4 45-4 45-4 j 46-0 i 45-4 46-0 | 45-3 44-9 44-3 44-3 44-3 45-1 44-8 44-8 45-4 j 47-0 | 45-6 44-3 | 43-3 44-3 44-3 46-6 46-0 45-6 j 45-4 44-5 44-3 47-4 i 45-4 45-9 ! 45-4 45-5 43-2 | 46-8 46-1 45-8 j 45-4 45-3 45-4 47-1 ! 46-6 46-3 46-2 45-9 45-8 I 47-9 j 47-2 46-6 46-4 46-0 45-5 47-2 47-2 46-3! 46-6 46-0 46-1 46-4 46-7 46-3 46-2 45-9 44-9 46-1 46-2 46-2 46-0 45-4 45-6 | 49-4 48-6 46-6 46-0 46-0 46-0 474 47.2 47-0 47-0 46-3 46-0 1 47-1 47-0 46-6 42-0 44-2 45-3 [ 45-4 45-6 46-6 46-4 46-4 45-6 46-6 46-6 45-9 45-9 46-1 j 46-0 48-2 47-7 46-4 45-6 46-0 : 46-3 45-9 46-0 j 46-0 46-0 45-9 45-0 43-8 42-6 45-9 46-0 45-9 \ 45-6 45-4 44-9 43-8 42-0 45-4 45-4 45-4 I 45-0 44-8 43-8 : 42-6 41-4 45-2 46-1 44-9 ! 45-0 44-9 43-7 j 42-9 41-2 45-0 45-4 45-6 45-9 45-4 45-0 1 43-7 42-5 45-4 45-5 45-5 \ 46-0 45-9 46-0! 44-9 41-6 43-7 44-9 44-9 45-0 44-9 43-7 43-2 41-5 44-9 44-8 44-9 j 44-9 45-0 44-9 j 43-7 41-9 44-9 44-8 44-9 ; 44-9 44-9 45-0 j 43-8 42-0 43-2 43-8 44-3 ! 44-9 44-5 43-7 | 42-5 41-5 44-9 44-3 44-9 , 44-9 44-9 44-8 I 43-6 42-0 44-9 45-6 45-4 44-9 45-0 44-9 j 44-3 41-9 46-0 46-0 45-9 ! 45-4 45-0 44-8 I 43-2 41-5 45-0 45-9 45-6 I 45-4 I 44-9 43-8 , 42-8 41-6 44-9 46-0 45-4 j 45-3 45-2 44-3 I 41-9 40-4 45-8 46-0 46-0 ! 46-0 j 45-1 44-9 j 44-6 44-4 43-7 44-9 45-0 j 45-4 | 45-0 44-3 i 43-7 42-5 44-9 44-9 45-3 45-2 i 45-4 44-9 [ 43-8 42-6 42-6 I 45-4 45-4 45-4 I 45-0 44-8 43-7 42-5 45-0 I 44-9 44-9 44-9 45-0 45-0 I 44-3 42-7 45-9 ! 46-0 46-0 l 45-9 46-0 45-0 | 44-3 42-7 45-4 | 45-4 45-4 j 45-3 45-3 45-4 | 43-2 42-6 45-9 | 45-4 44-9 ; 44-9 44-9 44-1 43-2 40-9 44-3 44-9 43-2 43-7 42-7 42-6 41-5 S 41-4 45-4 45-3 45-2 | 44-9 44-9 44-1 42-5 > 40-5 45-9 46-0 45-0 45-0 44-9 j 44-8 44-3 j 43-7 45-4 44-9 44-9 44-9 46-6 42-7 42-6 j 41-4 46-0 44-9 45-2 47-6 43-6 : 43-7 48-2 S 45-4 46-0 45-6 45-5 44-9 44-9 44-9 44-3 43-5 46-0 46-0 45-0 44-6 44-1 I 43-7 42-6 41-4 46-6 45-9 45-0 44-9 44-9 , 44-3 43-3 43-7 45-2 45-4 45-2 j 45-2 45-0 j 44-4 j 43-6 42-2 I I I- I I 40-9 40-7 I 42-6 46-0 46-3 ; 40-9 41-0 42-6 42-6 45-5 39-8 39-8 I 41-9 43-7 45-4 39-2 39-1 j 42-6 45-9 45-4 I 40-9 40-4 41-4 42-6 45-9 40-4 38-7 39-2 40-9 45-6 I 40-9 40-4 I 40-4 42-6 45-1 I 40-4 40-9 I 42-0 43-7 45-4 ! 39-8 40-4 42-9 45-0 45-5 40-7 ! 40-4 41-5 j 44-3 44-4 40-4 [ 39-3 41-5 j 43-8 45-1 42-6 41-6 42-9 | 45-2 45-6 | 40-4 | 40-4 43-8 47-1 46-0 40-9 j 41-5 j 43-7 45-9 45-6 40-4 ! 41-6 j 44-9 47-7 45-6 42-6 ! 42-0 44-3 47-1 46-1 40-9 ; 40-4 42-0 44-4 46-3 40-9 | 40-8 42-3 45-4 45-4 42-6 J 41-4 42-0 44-0 46-1 41-3 1 41-3 42-0 44-3 45-4 41-0 1 40-4 42-0 42-9 45-9 41-5 I 41-5 42-0 44-3 45-7 39-9 40-4 41-5 42-9 45-6 40-4 41-8 i 42-0 43-2 I 44-4 41-2 42-7 43-7 45-4 J 45-6 42-6 i 40-9 40-5 41-4 I 45-5 42-0 ! 43-7 43-7 44-3 ! 46-0 42-4 42-8 I 42-0 44-2 I 45-9 43-4 44-1 45-4 45-4 45-8 41-5 41-3 43-2 44-3 45-1 43-2 43-7 44-9 45-4 46-0 41-2 41-1 | 42-5 44-4 45-6 i i— ;■ i I I i I.I Means 47-5 49-4 50-4 50-3 \ 49-5 j i 48-1 46-8 46-2 45-8 I 45-2 45-2 I 45-0 I 45-8 45-2 46-8

C—l_

65

Table of Hourly Values (Greenwich Mean Civil Time)— continued.

9—C. la,

Horizontal Force : 0-22 . . . C.G.S. I ' I |l | 1 i I "I 7 " ; ~ I '"' I ! I . Date. dh ih. 2h : 3k. -lh. Ph. 6h. 7h. 8h 9h. lnh. Ilk : 12h. 131i. 14h. ; 15k. | Dili. i 17h. 18k. ! 19k. 20k. 21k. 22k. : 23k. Meai ; l ' 1914. December 1 2 " 3 4 5 6 7 33 8 9 10 It 12 13 14 15 16 17 is 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Means |_. I i \_ j I I I I ! ! 1 I \_ 387 397 418 419 430 121 413 104 410 410 : 409 409 405 405 405 404 405 405 : 410 414 394 399 411 422 426 422 414 407 407 408 411 106 408 410 408 411 412 416 419 417 383 j 390 406 415 423 421 416 413 418 419 415 415 417 416 417 j 420 419 , 422 ; 428 I 423 394 404 410 411 429 413 406 40! 102 403 106 406 402 408 411 410 401 409 409 409 380 385 ; 401 | 104 420 418 417 411 407 ; 411 110 409 408 408 406 408 404 411 ; 415 413 387 400 411 421 422 414 : 408 102 403 404 401 402 402 401 401 102 404 407 4 10 113 389 390 393 398 104 417 403 404 : 405 405 420 422 427 423 412 405 414 412 ; 409 109 390 391 396 405 407 423 ; 405 406 ! 112 405 400 402 399 400 400 ; 400 401 402 403 395 389 396 403 411 403 111 405 401 398 402 406 408 398 402 397 397 397 403 406 401 382 i 392 1 400 : 402 : - 409 411 . 396 399 399 405 402 396 400 -400 395 ; 398 407 j 399 398 397 392 i 396 : 402 414 417 416 101 403 104 : 407 405 405 411 409 403 399 395 ■ 102 401 402 387 393 406 413 419 414 I 409 407 408 408 410 404 403 400 398 396 398 400 ; 400 398 387 391 395 405 413 417 397 394 399 397 400 399 397 396 395 396 396 397 '' 398 394 395 396 398 396 399 392 397 402 404 411 410 408 440 405 406 406 405 106 405 397 391 387 408 415 415 411 411 : 412 406 413 415 115 417 414 424 420 417 ; 421 417 414 388 397 402 406 397 397 402 398 ; 382 379 390 387 401 407 397 | 396 398 401 401 389 391 396 403 408 408 406 400 399 ! 400 I 403 404 405 406 406 404 I 405 407 106 405 401 370 370 391 387 111 117 411 HO 402 I 412 412 409 413 403 403 405 405 405 105 : 392 382 386 : 391 396 401 410 104 404 401 : 399 400 401 402 4O0 400 399 401 407 400 406 381 388 398 403 407 101 101 399 399 : 401 400 i 399 398 401 401 403 403 403 403 403 385 383 392 404 111) 408 ' 408 411 111 ' 413 418 418 415 418 418 420 418 417 414 402 382 384 393 400 411 411 410 412 412 410 410 408 407 409 407 407 405 408 110 408 394 398 401 403 404 414 416 416 : 121 422 '■ 422 424 416 411 411 399 394 399 : 399 397 381 386 390 394 392 404 407 410 409 405 : 406 405 405 405 405 401 404 404 : 403 398 380 383 386 390 394 405 ; 407 412 j 412 ; 410 : 408 411 409 . 408 412 j 406 406 401 401 : 399 385 397 400 405 405 407 411 406 411 409 411 416 414 411 414 414 415 410 407 401 385 387 , 390 388 399 395 402 413 121 390 402 405 409 410 412 392 397 400 386 398 382 382 388 397 403 402 400 400 399 ! 398 I 399 395 395 396 393 395 395 ■ 396 397 392 395 395 396 394 395 395 397 401 ; 405 ; 402 402 402 403 : 403 403 404 403 406 404 403 395 395 400 396 398 402 415 419 j 417 I 400 417 ! 417 405 407 406 400 400 102 : 404 : 400 387 391 399 401 409 410 406 406 106 405 : 407 407 407 406 405 404 404 106 406 403 I _ [ _L ' « I I I I I ! ■ ; ' I J I i_ - 1 405 396 410 410 108 117 394 388 383 409 108 388 387 387 411 397 387 373 372 403 409 399 387 382 405 106 394 379 379 403 403 394 389 383 405 389 378 375 375 398 388 386 372 373 398 394 | 389 389 ; 387 398 398 394 386 389 j 402 398 388 376 376 400 383 375 373 378 ! 395 388 383 I 381 381 399 101 390 ! 371 378 : 408 374 374 367 375 392 389 377 j 367 361 398 391 383 : 377 374 398 106 401 ; 392 386 399 400 399 ! 391 385 399 406 396 I 387 382 ' 406 404 ' 404 i 394 389 404 391 388 ! 388 ! 288 I 405 389 384 | 382 382 ; 398 402 394 387 384 400 392 387 \ 386 386 404 376 380 378 ; 383 396 386 383 390 : 390 391 396 390 386 [ 397 399 395 389 387 ■ 390 | 402 396 389 383 383 40] i

a—l_

66

A.PPENDIX VIII.

LIMITS OV ERRORS IN SURVEYING. |By W. T. Nicti.n, District Surveyor, Dunedin.] At the present time, when greater accuracy is required in field operations in connection with standard traverses and major triangulation, the writer is of opinion that the limit cf error of the various classes of measurements should be reduced to a uniform standard, based on the mathematical theory of the probability of errors of observation. The following is an endeavour to attain this desirable end, which may be of interest and value to professional surveyors in the Dominion. Pakt 1. Limits oe Eeroes in Subveying. Under the regulations for conducting the survey of land in New Zealand for 1897 the following are the extreme errors allowable : — (1.) Minor triangulation, 2 links per mile. Error in the summation of angles of a triangle, 30". (2.) Closing error of traverses, 4 links per mile. Error of bearing, 3. (3.) Closing error of city traverses, 2 links per mile. These values were revised under the 1908 regulations, and are given as follows : — (1.) Minor triangulation, 6 in. per mile. Error in the summation of angles of a triangle, 20". (2.) Closing error of traverses, 4 links. Error of bearing, 2. (3.) Closing error of city traverses, 1 link per mile. All work having error in excess of those limits requires revising. The degree of accuracy attained in field operations depends on a number of causes, among which arc —weather-conditions ; instability of the ground, as in peat, swamps, and moss growths in forests, and, in town work, the vibration of the traffic, &c. The carefulness and accuracy of the surveyor and the chainmen are largo factors in the accuracy of any survey. The principal factor, however, affecting the accuracy of a survey is dependent on the instruments and apparatus used in the performance of the work, and this factor alone will be the subject of the following theoretical investigations : — A Determination of the Closing Error in Traverses made nil It a Sin. Transit Theodolite, and a long Steel Band. Investigations of the effects of errors in surveying require the application of the results derived from the theory of errors. One of the most important results is the probability curve, or curve of errors, the equation of which is— , y= k c "x ' (O This is termed the exponential law of errors, k and h being constants, and c the base of the Napierian system of logarithms. Prom equation (1) a criterion of the degree of uncertainty of the result of a number of measures is deduced. The criterion of the degree of uncertainty of the result of a series of equally good measures or observations has three distinct definitions, — (1.) The mean error, or the average error, is defined as the arithmetic mean of the separate errors taken all with the same sign. (2.) The error of mean square is defined as the square root of the arithmetic mean of the squares of the individual errors. (3.) The probable error- is such that there are as many errors of greater magnitude as there are of smaller magnitude. The following table, from Airy's " Theory of Errors," shows the connection between the mean error, the error of mean square, and the probable error, and, when one is known, by use of the table it can be converted to either of the other two. Proportions of the different constants, —

These three criteria—namely, the mean error (E m ), the error of mean square (7o? s ), and the probable error (E v ) —are equally good from a theoretical standpoint, and in selecting one of them for the purpose of testing the accuracy of a field traverse preference is given to that which is easiest to compute —viz., the mean error.

n terms of modulus "n terms of mean error "n terms of mean error of square n terms of probable error ... Modulus. 1-000000 1-772454 ... I 1-414214 ... i 2-096665 Mean Error, 0.564189 1000000 0-797885 1-182910 Error of Mean Probable Square. Error. 0-707107 0-476949 1-253314 0-845369 I 000000 0-674506 1-482567 1-000000

a—ia

67

tn selecting the mean error as a test of the accuracy of field measurements, the same test must be applied to determine all the instrumental constants. Thus the mean error of reading and sighting of a theodolite and the mean error in the chaining constant must be used throughout. If either the probable error or the error of mean square is used a different set of instrumental constants will ensue, but all leading to the same final result. From the table of constants the relation is,— B m - I'lß3 E v (2) E m = 0-798 E. (3) It is necessary to remark that the above errors are true errors, as distinct from apparent errors. For instance, the difference between the sum of throe angles of a triangle and 180° is a true error, but the difference between each value of a series of measures of a baso-line and the arithmetic mean is an apparent error, because the true length of the line is an unknown quantity. The values are, — E m Apparent mean error of arithmetic mean = + !" (.1) Vu Ej m True mean error of arithmetic mean = + , - (5) Vn — 1 In fixing the limits of error permissible in field-work the accuracy aimed at should not be difficult to obtain with the steel tape and theodolite, without special apparatus. A spring balance to register the pull and a thermometer to give the the temperature are necessary. The errors in traversing are due to two causes : (I) Errors in the linear measurements; (2) errors in the angular measurements. Cumulative error in linear measurement is represented by— c = c v ' I (6) where c is a constant depending on the apparatus used, and I the length of the line. For a steel band, on the level", using plummets to effect the marking of the terminals, the value of c has been determined to lie between + 0'0()15 and ± o'oo2o. Adopting the value 0002, and taking a stretch of 5 chains, gives, from (6) — c = + -022 VSOO = + '045 ■ (7) The above result is open to criticism, but most chaiumen would undertake to measure a distance and keep the marking of the separate lengths within the above limit without any special precaution. The result in (7) includes the error due to inaccurate tension, error due to imperfect alignment, and the personal errors of the chainmen, &c. When the measured distance is inclined to the horizon the effect of the errors due to angular reading and refraction have to be determined and combined with the result in (7). For lengths between 5 and 10 chains the value of refraction can be taken as 30". Angles of elevation will be 30" too great, and angles of depression 30" too small. In taking these observations in the field a forward reading is usually taken for the first band-length and a backward sight for the second length. If, then, the grade does not change sign (that is, change from, say, uphill to downhill) the effects of refraction will balance each other. In cases where vertical angles are large, and close readings are required, reciprocal angles can be taken without any undue expenditure of time : thus the refraction can be eliminated by suitable methods of observation, and will not be included in this investigation, The error due to imperfect reading and sighting of the vertical circle of a 5" theodolite in good adjustment, for the purpose of obtaining the slopes, can be taken as I. The average slope of all the lines of a traverse to embrace all kinds of surveys is difficult to determine. For road traverse the grades are confined by regulation, and an average of 3° can be taken. The result of experience is that the number ol lines with slopes under 10° is very much greater than the number of lines with slopes over 10°. By using an average slope of 10° for the total length of the traverse a larger mean error will be found than if the correct average were used, except in the case of surveys in stsep and very broken country. The reduction formula is— If = I cos 0 (8) Where / is the included distance and 0 the inclination, the mean error being— -E H = ± ✓ (Ef cos a 0 + E,V sin 8 0) (9) taking 6 = 10°, I = 500, El = ± (105, E c = I', E B = ± -05 (9) that is, the mean error of measuring a single baud length for any line, level or inclined, is + '05. The errors in the horizontal angles come under the headings— (a) Errors due to sighting ; (b) errors due to reading the vernier ; (c) errors due to imperfect centring. The error due to sighting depends very much on atmospheric conditions, and to a lesser extent on the length of the lines, and a constant mean value for all lines can be used. The reading-error is independent of the length of the lines, and the errors of sighting and reading can be combined and a constant average error of 15" will be used throughout. The mean error in reading any theodolite can be found by an examination for the errors due to eccentricity

C—la

68

and the errors in graduation of the divided circles, by using the constant angle between the two verniers ami finding the readings at intervals of 5° or .10° from 0° to 360°. From these readings the exact angle between the verniers can be determined and the eccentricity can be computed. Then by correcting the readings for eccentricity the remainders represent the errors of graduation and reading. Surveyors often find that an instrument used for measuring the angles of a traverse, by reading one vernier only, consistently gives the bearings of the lines too great or too small when compared with a check-bearing, and no amount of repeating the work will disclose any appreciable error. Such results are caused by eccentricity, or the centres of 'the axis of rotation and the divided circles not being coincident. This error is eliminated by taking the mean of both verniers, or by finding the error due to eccentricity, which may amount to 10" in some cases, and correcting each angle. c The error due to imperfect centring is almost negligible for long lines, but it N. increases very rapidly as the lines shorten. If a maximum error ris decided on. and A,B,C, three consecutive stations of a traverse, then the mean error of centring is— N u =± 3. 4 AI. A EC . - 10 ) / A (For the mathematical investigation of the error of centring, see " Effects of Errors in Surveying, by IT. Briggs). To determine an average value for r, consideration has to be given to the plummet, and deflections by wind or other causes. A value of r = '05 will bo used. If the angle ABC is denoted by a, AC 2 = v' (AB 2 + BC 2 - 2 AB ■BC cos a) This is greatest when a = 180", and therefore the mean error of ranging a straight line is greater than that of making a traverse with the same number of stations or sights, a result proved by experience. Having decided on the moan value of the sighting and reading error of the instrument as 15", the maximum centring displacement as '05, and the coefficient for the band c = '0022, the mean error of any traverse can be computed and compared with the actual closing error of the survey. If the actual closing error is not greater than the computed moan error the work can be considered as satisfactory. If, however, the closing error is greater than the computed mean error, a revision of the survey should be made. The following is from a closed survey by steel band and 5 in. theodolite over hilly country. Denoting the length of the lines by /,, 12,l 2 , /,,, &0., /„, the bearings of the lines by Bj, 83,B 3 , 88,B B , &c, B,„ the mean error of idle bearings by /;,, b. it b., &c, />,,, the mean error in the latitude of the end point— = ± V j'C 8 (/, cos- Bj -1 /;■' cos- 8., -f / n cos- B„) + (/,,- 1,.; sin- 15, -1- I* tV sin- B, + l\ b\ cos 2 B B )j (11) The mean error in the departure of the end point - = + \/-]C- (/, sin a B, + I, sin" Bj + l\ sin ß B n ) + l\ b\ cos 2 .15, +l\ b\ cos- B a + l\ b\ cos 2 B n ) f (12) The mean error at the end of the traverse— =± -/ { C 2 (I, +I, + /„) +l\b\+l\b\+ l\ b\ + P„ b\) \ (.13) Example of traverse over hilly country

„ e ? Bearing. Distance. Number. b Links. . 1 271° 49' 20" 1117-2 2 ! 278 31 00 10930 3 i 346 25 00 3916 4 I 314 37 00 2017-8 5 i 280 31 00 514-4 6 235 27 00 898-7 7 203 08 00 483-2 8 227 57 00 869-6 9 340 25 00 422-6 10 8 33 20 3039-5 11 19 14 00 3913-7 12 90 00 00 4209-2 18 ■ 180 00 00 7652-3 Latitude. Departure. Total Latitude. I Total Departure, ! I I || + 35-5 - 1116-6 + 35.5 1116-6 161-9 1081-0 197-4 2197-6 380-6 92-0 5780 2289-6 14173' 1486-3 1995-3 3725-9 + 93-9 505-8 2089-2 4231-7 509-7 74.0-2 1579-5 4971-9 444-3 189-8 L185-2 5161-7 582-4 645-7 5528 5807-1 + 398-2 - 141-6 951-0 5949-0 3005-7 |- 452-2 ;. 3956-7 5496-8 + 3695-2 1289-3 7651-9 - 4207-5 + 4209-2 + 7651-9 : + 1-7 - 7652-3 ... 0.4 +C7 Total ... 26622-8 ■ The actual error in latitude is v { (0-4) ! + (1-7)' } =- L75. 0 4, and in departure 1'7, therefore the total actual error is

C—la

69

To compute the mean error the centring error is obtained by using equation (10), and combining the result with tiie mean sighting and reading error of 15" for each angle. A total error of 54" is found for the bearing of the last line. Then using equation (13) for the total mean error at the end of the traverse, the square of the error due to linear measurement is found to be 1289, and the square of the mean error due to angular measurement 5-519. The total mean error is s (1-289 + 5-519) = 2-6—about 1 in 10,000, or about 0-8 per mile. The lines in the above traverse being long is favourable to a high degree of accuracy, and the actual error is about -7 of the mean error, a result that is satisfactory. This example shows that for open country, with traverse lines from about 5 chains long and upwards, the error of the bearing should not exceed I', and the actual closing error in latitude and departure should be not greater than 1 link per mile for each : that is, the actual error should be less than D 414 per mile for the length of traverse. The limits of error permissible in traverses deduced from the last example are not applicable to traverses through broken forest country or for surveys in mountainous localities, where the lines are usually short. In a traverse with forty or fifty lines to the mile the error of reading the chain at each station must be considered, and the sighting and reading error should be increased from 15" to 30" for each line. The reading end of the baud is divided into links, and the reading taken to the nearest tenth of a link, either by scale or by estimation. When a scale divided into tenths is used the greatest error that can occur is o's link, and since the error may have any value between -05 and zero the mean error of reading the chain for each station is therefore '025 link. Taking fifty stations to the mile as an average, the moan error of reading can he found as if it depended on the distance, and consequently combined with the band coefficient. Thus if r denote the roadhig-orror when fifty lines are taken to the mile, and the average line 160 links in length, then — r = ± -025 V 50/8000 = ± T77/ \/8000='002. Combining this with the value of c = '002 gives a coefficient of '0029. Using this value, '0029, for the band coefficient and 30" for the sighting and reading error, with -05 as the greatest displacement in the centring, the mean error can bo computed and serve as a guide to the degree of accuracy attainable in this class of work. Taking the last example, with the lines one-tenth as long as used there, the moan errors are found to hi; as follows : The closing error in bearing is 2' 35" ; the moan closing error is 09. in the case of the angular errors, the error due to imperfect centring is nearly equal to the reading and sighting error. The closing error is 2-71 per mile. for work of this class the error in the bearing should not exceed 3', and the closing error in latitude and departure should not exceed 2 links to the mile, thus giving an actual closing error of 2-83 per mile on the total length of the traverse. The next case to consider is surveys in cities, whore greater accuracy is desired. Such work usually consists in measuring short distances from standard marks, and turning angles off' lines the bearings of which have been accurately measured, When the surveyor, with his staff and instruments, is on the ground the extra time required to measure the distances twice and to take mean bearings is not great. For this work the instrumental constants will be taken as follows : Band coefficient, '0015 — c, ; sighting and reading error, 10" = v ; greatest centring displacement, 0-015 link =a. This band coefficient gives an error of '033 for a 500--band length on the level. The following example is an actual survey on hilly ground, the grades ranging from 30" to 15° 30", the greater number of lines having vortical angles between 6° and B°. In this case all the operations connected with the computation are shown in full.

Example of City Traverse.

The actual closing error in this traverse is 0-01 in latitude and o'os in departure, or a total error of '051 for the traverse of 2956 links. To compute the mean error due to the constants adapted for the theodolite and band, the first step is to determine the centring error from equation (10).

a o d c2 Observed Bearing, Measured Distance. Latitude. Departure. Total Latitude from No. 1. Total Departure from No. I. I links. 1 2 3 4 j 5 6 7 8 1 165 lJ 46' 24" 130 30 00 L85 30 00 232 00 00 320 40 00 271 31 00 329 34 15 59 34 .15 390-99 535 00 250-00 140-00 10000 228-69 882-20 429-25 000 - 379-00 347-45 248-85 - 86-19 + 77-35 + 6-05 ■+- 760-68 + 217-40 o-oo + 9609 + 406-82 - 23-96 - 110-32 63-38 - 228-6.1 - 446-8.1 4- 370-12 0-00 - 379-00 726-45 975-30 - 1061-49 - 984-14 987-09 - 217-41 001 o-oo + 96-09 + 50291 ■f 478-95 + 368-63 + 305-25 + 7(474 - 370-17 0 05

C—la

70

4r \C Angular centring error ~3t ab B( v Applying this to each station gives the following: — Square of centring error (using rounded-off values)— (1) =( ' l X \ ( M() V 3ii > \3 x 31,11.6/ \390 x 430/ " 10"' (2) = 4 0 5 ( 87 ° V 7 " 18 10" \390 x 530/ ~ 10 10 4-05/ 710 V_ll6B 10 c V-530 x 250/ 10"' 4-05/ 360 V 42-85 10 s V 250 x 140/ *' 10 1 " ... 4-05 / 180 \ 66-95 IO 6 V, 140 x 100/ =: IO 10 405/ 300 V 68-90 (' ~ 10 x 230/ " 10"' _ 405 / 1020 V io ' 2< ' ) "> ~ 10 \230 x 880/ 10"' _ 4-05 / 990 V _ 2 7 7 (0) ~ IO" \BBO x 430/ "" IO 10 ' The second step is to determine the mean error in the traverse angles due to the sighting and reading error of 10". This gives v = + 10" = 10" '' 4848 in circular measure, .'. v' 2 =10 10 x 2350 for each angle. The error in the bearing of each lino is shown in the following table : —

The closing error in the bearing is therefore 10 ' in circular measure or 0' 42" in arc. The last step consists in computing the error in the total length of the traverse due to the coefficient of the chain and the errors in the traverse due to the angular errors in each line. c = 0015, 24 = 2956 links, .'. c 2 M = -006651. The square of the mean error for each line is as follows : — (2-3) 10 "' x 26-96 x 530' 2 = '000757 (3-4) 10 J " x 57-64 x 250 2 - -000360 (4-5) 10 10 x 92-77 x 140 2 = -000182 (5-6) 10" l 0 x 159-12 x 100 2 - -000159 (6-7) 10 1G x 249-57 x 230 2 = 001320 (7-8) 10 l 0 x 341-97 x 880 2 = -026482 (8-1) 10 '" x 375-76 x 430 2 = -006948 Sum = -036208 Mean error of closure — + (-006651 -|- -036208) = ± -207. Expressed in terms of a mile it is '56, or 0-395 in latitude and departure. The errors in the bearing in the above example due to imperfect centring are a little greater than those caused by the error of sighting and reading. This is accounted for by the three short

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. I a". A 1 + 2. Mean (error)' 2 in Bearing. I I Line. 10 10 x 3-46 10 '" x 7-18 10 '" x 1.1-63 10 '" x 42-85 10 "' x 66-95 10 '" x 68-90 10 '" x 10-29 IO 1 " x 2-77 10 '" x 23-50 10 '" x 26-96 10 "' x 23-50 10 '" x 30-68 10 '" x 23-50 10"'" x 3513 10 l0 x 23-50 10 "' x 06-35 10 "' x 2350 10 "' x 90-45 10 '" x 2350 10" 1 " x 92-40 LO l0 x 23-50 10 J " x 33-79 10 »- x 23-50 10 "' x 26-27 — I" 10 '" x 26-96 10 "' x 57-64 10 "' x 92-77 10 '" x .159-12 10 '" x 24957 10-'" x 341-97 10 l0 x 375-76 10'" X 402-03 2 3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6 7 7-8 8-1 L-2 10 "' x 214-03 10 '" x 18800 10 '" x 40203

71

C—la

lines 4-5, 5-6, and 6-7. The error of closure due to chaining is small compared with the total angular error, the angular error being about two and a half times as great as the chaining-error, a result that shows the superiority of the steel-tape measurements compared with the theodolite observations. The actual closing error in the above survey, '051, represents lin 58,000, or -14 per mile, or -10 in latitude and departure per mile. In standard work connecting the permanent monuments of a city survey the closing error should not exceed this limit; such small closing errors can only be obtained by the use of special apparatus for measuring, and high-grade theodolites for the angular work. The results obtained by the above theoretical investigations agree very well with the closing errors in the surveys by experienced and competent surveyors ; and for larger limits allowable by the regulations there is the disadvantage that carelessness and inaccuracy may be induced in the field-work, and frequently mistakes amounting to 5 links are not detected on account of the closing error being within the prescribed limits. A summary of the results and a suggested limit for the errors in the three classes of work investigated can now be given : — (1.) For traverses in open country which is level and undulating the theoretical value is 0-8 per mile for the closing error in latitude and departure, and 54" for the error in bearing. (2.) Traverses in broken forest country or mountainous localities where the lines are short, theory gives 1-9 per mile in latitude and departure, and 2' 35" for the closing error in the bearing. (3.) In town surveys the theoretical values are o'4 per mile in latitude and departure, and 42" for the error in bearing. The suggested limits are as follows: In class (1), 1 link per mile in latitude and departure and 1' error in the bearing ; in class (2), 2 links per mile in latitude and departure and 3' error in the bearing; in class (3), half a link per mile in latitude and departure and 1' error in the bearings. These errors are either positive or negative, hence the range of the errors is twice the above amounts. Error due to Imperfect Centring. The mean error due to imperfect centring is not given in most text-books on least square. An analytical investigation is given by Briggs in ''The Effects of Errors in Surveying," and the following treatment of the problem is somewhat similar : —

Let A, S, and B denote three consecutive stations of the traverse, and r the maximum error permitted in centring. AESB is the arc of a circle passing through the three stations. Describe a circle about Sas centre with radius r. Then the point over which the instrument is set will lie within this circle, and the probability of it being over C is equal to that of it being over any other point. Denote the angles ASB by 2a and AOB by 2ft. Bisect ASB by the line SD. Denote DSC by $ and SC by x. When the instrument stands over C the angle ACB (2/J) will be measured instead of ASB (2a), and the angular error is 2 (ft - a). Let AS = Dj and BS = D, . xsin (a + <b) sin SAC = or, since the angle SAC is small, angle SAC = i_k&i±2l D, .... , or> „ x sin (a —0) Similarly, angle SBC = A — .: SAC + SBC,^ sin {; i + ' rSin g + ) or 2 (/J-a) = ± + (14)

a—ia

72

The value of 2 (ft — d) is zero for any point on the arc ESF. and since the radius r of the small circle is not great the tangent at S of the arc ASH will not differ sensibly from the arc ESF within the small circle. Therefore from (I) for any point on ESF, =j sin (a + <j> 0 ) = — g sin (a — <t> ) /I', + DA ••• tftn * = (l),- D 1) tma , i /I>i + DA i ~.--, or r/> 0 = tan -1 - I ~~- - I tan a ■ U'->) where cf> o is the angle ESD, Therefore where <p is less than <j>, or greater than rr + <j> the error 2(ft —o) will be positive, and for all values of </!> between <ji 0 ami -rr + q!> 0 it will be negative. In other words, 2/3 is greater or less than 2a according as the point C lies above or below ESF. Suppose the point C to be contained in an elemental area dx by Ay, of which dx is in the direction of the radius anil dy at right angles, and let the angle subtended by dy at She d<f,. The number of such points as C within the semicircle above ESF, in which 2 (ft — a) is positive, is,— g-(» . r . */dx, dy) (16) i Id) , ~ Within the elemental area at a distance x from the centre there are X -j— such points as O. Therefore the sum of the angular errors for all points in the semicircle above ESF is given by the definite integral— f<i>o f r ■- (sm ( a + <£) i sin ( a z J+ o +*.J 0 \ i* d, m and the mean angular centring error is obtained by dividing this result by (16), and is---2 />, /"'^f si »(; + + t, r. ■ \ I), 1), / _4 . r // 1 1 2 cos 2a\ 3.77 V 1.)/ " DjD, / A similar expression with the negative sign determines the mean error of centring of the semicircle below ESF: hence the mean centring error is— E„ = + „I \'(T)S + I),'' - 21), IX cos 2a)/D, IX 3-r Now, A (D, 2 + D,' 2 - 21), 1)„ cos 2,0 Al5, therefore, jb c = + . , (17) 3-r. AS. I>S The distance between two stations adjacent to the one under consideration is termed by Mr. Briggs a transeotor: Thus Al> is the transector of the station S. Part 2. Limits of Ebeoes in Tbiangulation, In practice the accuracy of triangulation is judged from the measured and calculated length of a check base, or the agreement of the computed values of any line through a geometrical figure. A triangulation servos as a back-bone survey, the purpose of it being to establish a number of fixed points over the country with a high degree of accuracy. These triangulation stations control the traverses connected with them, and when well placed the traverses will usually run from one station to the next. The accuracy in the triangulation should be such that when the closing error in the traverse is being assessed there should be no need to take the triangulation error into account. Now, if x denote the error due to the traverse, and y the error in the triangulation, the total error zis represented by z— + VV 2 + if. If yin the above expression is one-third of x, z= + \ —- 1 05,t, or the influence of // on : is only about + 6 of x, and can be considered negligible. If the error in the traverse has a maximum value of 1 in (1,000, a suitable error in the triangulation should be 1 in 18,000. The triangulation error (a) can be divided into the error in the measurement of the baseline (/)) and the error due to the angular measurements (c), and therefore a = + Vb + c. Error in. Ease-line Measurement. With the steel ribband it is not difficult to measure a base-lino with an accuracy of I in 200,000, and the discovery of invar and its application to the measurement of distances provides a rapid and inexpensive method of base-line measurement of a high degree of accuracy. The metal invar is an iron-nickel alloy containing about 36 per cent, nickel. The coefficient of expansion of invar wires drawn in the steel-works of Imphy ranges from one hundred to fifty times less than that of steel.

73

a—ia

It is well known that iron has three different forms—namely, alpha, beta, and gamma iron— each possessing different physical characteristics. Alpha, or iron about atmospheric temperature, is highly magnetic. Alpha iron heated to a dull red becomes beta, and with increase of temperature changes to gamma at a cherry red. Beta iron is non-magnetic. The expansion of the iron when heated on the passage from the beta to gamma form changes, and a sharp contraction occurs. The effect of alloying the iron with nickel lowers the temperature at which allotropic change takes place. and with 36 per cent, of nickel the alloy fluctuates between the beta and gamma forms at ordinary temperatures. This means that invar wires will have a slight expansion until a certain temperature is reached, and afterwards contract if the temperature increases, the total range depending on the percentage of nickel added. The, coefficient of linear expansion of an invar tape was determined by Dr. Glazebrook as follows : — L, - L„ [1 + -0000007., T - 000000008,, T 2 or 6 = - 7 - = 10 " -7-1T - 10*' -0089T 2 ,7/J .-. SL = 74 - 1-78T = 0. <7T T = 41-6". Thus the tape expands from 0° to 41-6° C, and with a further rise of temperature it contracts. The extension for 1° C. at 0° C. is 100000073 - 100 for 1 chain, or 10 4 x '73 ; the extension for a steel band for I°C. is 10 ' x 1125 ; and the extension of this invar tape is about t l that of a steel one at O°C. It is therefore not difficult to obtain with the invar tape an accuracy of + { 2g, or 1 m 500,000, in the base-measurement at a reasonable cost, a result that is considered sufficiently accurate for primary work. Consequently, when the accuracy of the triangulation is lin 18,000 the error of the base-measurement of ± 2/x is negligible compared to the errors of the angular measurements. When the angles of a triangle have been measured by the same method, the mean angular error can be taken as of equal amount in each of them ; and since the sum of the angles of a triangle is sensibly 180", the error in the measurement of each angle is a known quantity : thus if the sum of the observed angles is 180° -f 12", the correction to be applied to each observed angle is — 4". Suppose the three angles of a triangle observed, and one side known : it is required to find the form of the triangle in order that the other sides may be least affected by errors in the observations. An admittedly unsatisfactory investigation of this problem is given under " Geodesical operations " in ToJhunter's " Spherical Trigonometry (4th edition), the result being that an equilateral is the best-conditioned triangle. In the of a single triangle the equilateral is the best-conditioned, as is shown as follows: — Let the side (a) and the three angles be measured: then— , sin B sin C b — a -. —-. c =-- a — — -. sm A sm A If each angle have a mean error c, the error in b=be v (cot 2 A -f cot 2 B), and the mean error in a — cc 4 1 /(cot' 2 A + cot' 2 C). The smallest error in b is when A = B, and the smallest error in c is when A = C, or the best result is obtained when the triangle is equilateral. When a triangle forms one link in a triangulation scheme, the angular errors will not only affect the computed lengths of the unmeasured sides, but will be carried forward through the whole scheme ; and the triangle must be treated as an agent for transmitting distance, and each of the unmeasured sicles must be given the same weight. Thus the first condition for the best form is that the triangle be of isosceles shape. The second condition is that the triangle will have the best form when it fulfils its function as a transmitter of distance with a minimum of error. In the triangle ABC the second condition is fulfilled when the ratio of the error in aorb to the side aorb is the least possible. Thus if Z a and /,, are the errors in a and b, then — = - 1 ' is a minimum. a b In an isosceles triangle— C = TT -2A (1) and »- c £c <*> =-t J * ■ #,. 2 +" 2 " a cot 2 A +a 2 v 2 cot-'C-v <sm 2 C I ...!» = ± \Z{" a ( cot2A + fiot2 °) + (tjY} b y ( 2 )- - ± A/^ 2 («>t 2 A + eot*2A) + by (1).

10—C. H.

C—la

74

This has its least value when cot 2 A + cot 2 A is a minimum, Putting— y = cot 2 A + cot 2 2A ' X = 2 cot A + cot 2A sec 2 A = 0 dk ' :. cos 2 2A + 3 cos 2A =- 1 COS 2A rr v/5 ~ 8 2 A = 66" 15' nearly. The theoretical best shape is therefore an isosceles triangle, with the angles adjacent to the base, equal to 56" 15', and the apical angle to 67" 30. In such a triangle the unmeasured sides are less than the base in length, consequently a triangulation scheme could not be advantageously laid out with triangles of this form, but they can be used with advantage to expand a short base by the quadrilateral method. A point of great importance in a triangulation scheme is that the stations should be spread over the country at fairly regular intervals, and this is attained by triangles not differing much from the, equilateral form ; and for economical reasons the shape of the triangles is governed by the topography of the country to be surveyed, since the stations must usually be fixed on elevated points that command a clear view of the surrounding country. By plotting the curve y = cot 2 A + cot 2 2A for values of C between 0" and 180°, at intervals of 10°, a graphical representation is obtained, from which it is easy to see how far the angles of an isosceles triangle may safely depart from the equilateral form.

Ihe diagram shows that for isosceles triangles the angle at the apex may vary from 50" to 90" and the triangle remain well-conditioned. The ordinate increases rapidly for angles less than 30 or greater than 120" so that no angle in a triangle should lie outside these limits a well-known rule which is generally observed. The survey districts in the Dominion of New Zealand are about 124 miles square and the sides of the minor triangles are usually from three to five miles in length ; thus there are usually about twenty triangles in a district, generally depending on a measured base. The error in the summation of the three angles in a triangle, according to the latest regulations, is not to exceed .0 By taking 21 as the error m the summation of the triangles a correction of 7" for each angle may be used, and the error in an average set of triangles computed Taking the formula— f ±V j ,/ 2 (cot' 2 A I- cot 2 C + (§V [ ( 3 ) where C is the base-line and I in the error in the base-measurement, by following a chain of triangles winch leads to a check base or returns to the original base a comparison can be obtained of the measured and computed lengths, and the fractional error thus found can be used as a test of the accuracy of the angular results. ' The fractional error in the second triangle, using the computed value of (a) as a new base gives f' = ±p/!v 2 (cot 2 D + cot 2 F) + (4) =± -/ {-•' (cot 2 A + cof 2 C + cot 2 D + cot 2 F) + (-)*} by (1).

75

C—la

Similarly, if zis the n th line— fr i / ii 1 \- \ '■ __ i / -2 /sum of squares of cotangents of alleles 1 ! i I ''1 I ,r,\ y XV ( ' V opposite Hues used as basea / "I - Iq f ) > ' When the triangles are well conditioned, or are nearly equilateral in shape, (3) reduces to— E, v*2n SEA* T= ±V ir + y-e-) If the n th line returns to the base, and since the error in the base is independent of the angle observations, the total error due to angular measurement is given by— - + ± V V- -g (6) Taking the triangles around the boundary of a district, a fair average of the number of triangles in the chain is 15, and therefore n = 16. E. 1 If v = 7" = 10 " x 3394 in radians, then - - = „-..-, very nearly. c 9000 J J This is the most favourable result that can be expected in this class of survey, since the triangles are all equilateral. If 50° is "taken as a fair average for obtaining the angular errors the E 1 resulting error due to angular measurement is - = -5-57^-c 8800 These results are usually obtained by actual experience in minor triangulation, in which the angles are measured with a 5 in. theodolite. For the triangulation to be of value as a controlling agent the accuracy should be 1 in 18,000 instead of 1 in 9,000, as determined by the error in the summation of the angles of a triangle not exceeding 21". The accuracy of the work can be increased by reducing the number of triangles, with a corresponding increase in the length of the sides, or by measuring bases at intermediate points, or by reducing the error in the summation of the triangles. The first method, of making the triangles larger, is the most economical, but it suffers from the disadvantage that the stations are widely separated and are often too distant to be available for checking traverses that do not extend from one station to the next. The second method, of measuring base-lines at more frequent intervals, has very little to recommend it. In the first place, suitable base-lines must be situated on fairly level or easy country to measure over, and even on flat plains the bases would require to be very numerous to add greatly to the accuracy of the results. Thus to double the accuracy, or to obtain lin 18,000, would require a measured base-line at every third triangle. The third method, of reducing the error in the summation of the angles of the triangles, is the most practicable, but it means the employment of larger and more powerful instruments than 5 in. theodolites. To find the error in the summation of the angles of the triangles, to ensure an accuracy of 1 in 18,000 between the measured and computed values through a chain of 15 triangles, the average angles from which the (cotangents) 2 are used being taken as 50°, gives, by using the formulae (4), 10" ; or the mean error in each angle should not exceed To obtain this result the methods of observing and the instrument used will require a short notice. There are two methods in general use for observing angles—namely, repetition and reiteration. In repetition, an angle is multiplied a number of times on the graduated limb; the result is obtained by dividing the total angle by the number of repetitions. In the reiteration or direction method the angle is obtained as the mean of a number of simple measurements on different parts of the graduated circle. Let v" denote the error in the measurement of an angle. Now, vis a total error due to two principal causes —viz., the error of reading and the error of sighting. Let E t be the mean error in taking one reading of a vernier or reading-microscope. Now, E t will include the effects of uneven graduation of the divided circle. Let E, denote the sighting-error and be held to include tho small errors due to imperfect levelling, and instrumental errors not completely eliminated by the act of observing on both faces. Consider an angle measured by n repetitions on each face, by an instrument equipped with two verniers. Each vernier is read twice in obtaining the multiple angle on each face. The mean error of reading of the multiple angle is therefore ±E r V 2 for each vernier. Dividing the multiple angle by n and taking the mean of the two verniers reduces the reading-error for each face to ± EJn, or a final result of ± E t ju V' 2 for the mean error of reading. Again 2« sights are taken on each face, and their influence on the multiple angle is therefore ± E s \/2n or 4- E \ - on quotient, and taking the mean of the two faces ± E s j \ n, is the mean error of sighting. Combining the errors of reading and sighting gives : Mean error in an angle measured by n repetitions on each face, — "1= ± V , 2ri> I 11 > {<) When an angle is measured by n reiterations on each face, the mean of 2m angles is taken, each angle being measured separately by both verniers. Reading one angle by one vernier a mean reading-error of ± E t \/2 results, which reduces to + E x by taking the mean of both verniers.

11—C. la.

C— Ia

76

When the mean of the 2m angles is obtained the reading-error in the final result is ± E r jv2n. In the measurement of each angle two sights are taken, and the mean error in each due to sighting is -jr&',V2. The final result as the mean of 2» angles is therefore ± E e /Vn. Combining the errors of reading and sighting gives: Mean error in an angle measured by n reiteration on each face :— , \E\ E\) " a== ± » \2u + n > {) The sighting-error is equal in each method, and if the reading-error is equal to the sighting-error r, : iv = Yd | 2n : VSn or, for an angle measured by three repetitions and also by three reiterations on each face— I',: r, = Vf : 3 = 2-65 : 3. In the introduction to the "Adjustment of Observations" (2nd edition), by Wright and Hayford, is the following: " The repeating theodolite has fallen far short of the expectations of its first advocates, who hoped that with it the errors of measurement of an angle could be reduced almost indefinitely. The mechanical difficulties have proved insurmountable, and the repeating theodolite is now known to be capable of no greater accuracy than the direction instrument." The writer, after several years' experience in testing the two methods with several instruments, concurs with the above quotation, and is of opinion that preference should be given to the method of directions, which is usually more expeditious in the field. The amount of eccentricity and the errors of graduations should be determined for every instrument. The analysis is given in most text-books on geodesy and practical astronomy. The following results were obtained by the writer from an 8 in, transit instrument by Troughton and Simms :— Vertical circle: Verniers apart, 180" 00' 146"; line of no eccentricity, 49 .19' 00" (el. face right) ; correction to vernier, A — 93" (a — 229° 19'). A second analysis of the vertical circle disclosed a small error of 151", due to the pivot being of elliptical form. As the instrument is an old one the wear on the under-surface is quite noticeable. Horizontal circle : Verniers apart, 1800003": line of no eccentricity, 79" 1130" ; correction for a single reading to vernier—-A = 436" sin (a - 79" 11' 30"); B = - T36' sin (a - 79° 11' 30"). The mean of the two verniers is free from the error due to eccentricity. In the above formulas ais the angle or bearing under the vernier. In the case of a traverse running in the direction of 169" or thereabouts, and only one vernier used, the bearing would soon be affected by the eccentricity. The mean error of one vernier of the horizontal circle of the above instrument due to errors of graduation and accidental errors of reading was found to be + 290". By taking the mean of the two verniers this is reduced to ± 206". The sighting can be assessed by the observer. An error in sighting of +2" represent l-Jin. at a distance of five miles, and is about equal to one-half the thickness of the signal-pole, and is probably the maximum displacement of the central wires, in the field of view from the signal, that occurs with even an indifferent observer. Accepting this value will give + 283" as the mean sighting-error in the measurement of an angle. Combining these results by the formula— IE: 1 s,-\ " 2 - ± * U + 11 ) where n is three reiterations on eacii face, the usual number of observations at each station 111 minor triangulation. Substitute these values of E t and E,. _ ,(2'06) 2 (283) 2 "» -± ✓ q + —g~ or v, = + 1-89", The above amount represents the mean error in an angle measured by this 8 in. theodolite. Using this result to compute the accurracy in the chain of triangles gives— E., 1 + = v., x 4 x cot 50" - qqTW) (nearly). The increased accuracy obtained by using better instruments in a triangulation survey for the angular measurements is obvious from the above result, and is much preferable to increasing the size of the triangles or measuring a greater number of base-lines. The results obtained are that a 5 in. theodolite can only be expected to give an accuracy of 1 in 9,000 in a minor-triangulation survey, and that an accuracy of 1 in 18,000 is required for controlling the ordinary traverse by 5 in. theodolite and long measuring-tapes. Further, the desired accuracy can be easily obtained or exceeded by adopting 7 in. or 8 in. theodolites for the angular work. Fuller investigations of the results contained in this article can be found by-consulting the following authorities: "Astronomy" (Chavenet) ; "Geodesy" (Crandal); "Effects of Errors in Surveying" (Briggs); " Progress of Geodesy" (MoCaw); " Adjustment of Observations " (Wright and Hayford).

77

C—la

APPENDIX IX. EXTRACTS FROM REPORT OF Me. J. LANGMUIR, INSPECTOR OF SURVEYS. Standard Surveys. In addition to 23 miles of new wink, an exceptional amount of reinstatement work has been done in the City of Auckland during the year. This is always a rather complicated work. Under the most favourable circumstances, when due notice of the proposed disturbance is given, and the block can be short-fixed, then the cost is minimized, but if the blocks are disturbed before they are fixed, then the cost is frequently heavy. The Auckland City Council authorities now, however, appreciate the necessity of working with the Department to maintain the usefulness of the survey which has been executed at such a large cost. Other local bodies are also for the most, part alive to the importance of this class of survey, and are doing their best, to assist in every way. and pay the cost, of the reinstatement of the blocks when the necessity arises owing to street or road improvements. A considerable amount of wink of this class both in the city and suburbs of Auckland is still in hand unfinished. Proposed Work for the Yhau 1915 16. The Auckland City Council is desirous of having a complete standard and, alignment, survey made of Remuera, Grey Lynn, and Arch Hill, three local districts which have lately joined the city. It will also ask that the survey he taken in hand as soon as possible. The Borough of Onehunga, Mangere Road Board, and the Manukau County Council have all agreed to bear the cost, of the standard blocks With east-iron surface, boxes, and it will lie a matter for regret if this work cannot be carried out at an early date, hut to do so assistance in the field will be required. In regard to alignments, f myself have sn far taken the responsibility for all so far determined, and if the surveys of Remuera, Grey Lynn, and Arch Hill are taken in hand there will he a large amount of (his work to undertake as the work proceeds, some of it complicated and difficult. The office is in arrears with standard plans, and unless further assistance, is given in the office progress will, of necessity, he slow. Secondary Triangulation. Large signals were built at thirty-four stations extending over country from Whakarara, about 8 miles east of Whangaroa Harbour, to Pohokura, on the boundary between the Auckland and Hawke's Bay Land Districts. Building is now going on about Lake Taupo, hut other parties have ceased, work lor the present. There are still nine stations in the southern part of i\u\ district, including White Island, which require signals, and sixteen stations in the northern part ; these latter will be taken in hand about August. The, building of thirty-four signals does not, perhaps, appear a big turnout, hut the parties were not engaged continuously, and a large amount of track and other clearing had to be done, much of it in difficult country and during bad weather. A considerable number of the signals are made of jarrah. hut in nil other eases the timber has been cut and pit-sawn or axed, out, on the ground. At one station. " llii.rri.iki," which is built on the top of a rock, over 1.00(1 superficial feet of totara was sawn on the ground for the signal required. llr. H. F. Edgecumbe started observations on the 14th May, and continued same to < lie, 17th November, when he was granted twenty-eight days' sick-leave, but did not take the field again until after Christmas, and little success was obtained when he had to leave the work again on the Ist March owing to a return of his illness. The total number of stations observed at were twenty-two. of which eleven were secondary triangulation, six were old major stations the angles of which were reobserved, and live were extra stations in the vicinity of Auckland lor the purpose of a, standard triangulation connection to the North Shore. Revision ok Old lVlajou and Minor Triangulations. This is a, work which should he started at once- in fact, the secondary triangulation will not he ol any practical use until this is done. I - have had a number of permanent signals erected at such stations as seemed desirable, hut at many stations temporary signals will he quite sufficient, and there is no necessity for these to he erected until the observer is on the ground. The old work is disconnected also in many places, and new stations are required to complete polygons, &c. Again, new stations will sometimes he required to take the place of stations destroyed or closed in by plantations. Taking the three classes of survey which 1 have been permitted to supervise during the last, few years viz.. secondary triangulation. standard surveys, and revision of major and minor triangulation much more assistance is required if any practical results are to he obtained within a reasonable time. Two observers are required for the secondary triangulation, one extra standard surveyor, one surveyor to start the revision of the old major and minor triangulations where required, and. if possible, a start should he made with the precise levelling of the district. Dealing with all classes of work in hand, the requirements, in order, appear to he as follows : — (1.) Pinal determination of the values of the new secondary base-lines measured. (2.) Continuation of the observation of secondary triangles by two observers for the Auckland District. Extra observations for true meridian are required.

G.—lx

78

(3.) Computing stall I presume, in Wellington—to carry out the computations in connection with the secondary triangulation in the first place; hut as soon as possible to also undertake the reeomputation and harmonizing of the revised old major and minor triangulations therewith. (I.) Revision of the old major and minor triangulations. these two works to he carried out simultaneously by the same observers. (5.) Continuation of standard and alignment surveys along the main lines of traffic and close settlement, (li.) Precise levelling. In regard to major and minor triangulation closes, &c. I have Hot given much detail, for the reason that the late Mr. Cussen went fully into the matter, and his valuable report is available' for reference. Again, much of the old major work may no doubt be finally adopted, and possibly a good deal of the minor- that is. as far as the observations are concerned ; but the whole of the work in the Auckland District requires field revision, in a sense, to complete series and polygons, with a reeomputation of the whole of the old work.

Approximate Coat of Paper.— Preparation, not, ; printing (1,350 oopies), iuoluding diagrams and maps, i'llii.

Authority: John Mackay, Government Printer, Wellington. IDlfi

Price Us. 6_.]

1 . ! ■

NORTH ISLAND (TE IKA-A-MAUI)

E. H. WILMOT, Surveyor General. NORTH ISLAND (TE IKA-A-MAUI) Showing the State of Public Surveys, 1915.

SOUTH ISLAND (TE WAI-POUNAMU) Showing the State of Public Surveys, 1915.

c- 1A

TOPOGRAPHICAL PLAN OF THE MOUNT HECTOR TRACK OVER THE TARARUA RANGES FROM GREYTOWN TO OTAKI.